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Senthil

2008-07-28T02:57:40Z

203.12.220.247: /* Acting Career */

{{redirect|Senthil}}
[[Image:Senthil.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Senthil]]
'''Senthil''' is a politician and [[Tamil film]] actor prominent in comedian roles in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Acting Career==
He has acted in many popular movies, including some with South Indian superstar [[Rajnikanth]]--Arunachalam and Padayappa being two among them. He usually appears in films with [[Goundamani]] in a [[slapstick]] [[double act]]. Together they have formed a comic pair in many [[Tamil films]], analogous to [[Laurel and Hardy]]. Towards the end of their careers, they became repetitive, and as a result lost favour with fans. Recently, Senthil has started acting in some [[Tamil language|Tamil]] teleserials.

He and Goundamani have an impeccable sense of timing when it comes to delivering dialogues. Other than Goundamani, Senthil has also acted with comedians [[Ramesh Khanna]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Karunas]], and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]].vennier aadai moorthi etc,...

One of their best performances on-screen has come in the film ''Karagatakkaran''. Currently Senthil is acting in a film titled ''Aathivaasiyum Athisayapesiyum'' as the lead character which is currently under production.navin's cittappa/settappa.muthuraja's brother.303 carcosa. peria maram.everything is true.

==Politics==
Senthil entered into politics by joining [[AIADMK]] - a regional political party of [[Tamil Nadu]] - in 2006 during [[Tamil Nadu]] State Assembly Elections as the party jester.

==Personal Life==
He was born in 1951 march 23 in a small village called ilanjambore. his parents were Ramamorthi and Thirukammal,he came off from his village at the age 12 by his father's scolding .He then joined in oil mart and then a private wine shop as bar atender and then landed up in drama were he started developing his skills .He then slowly entered the tamil film industries in small characters and then he got a good role in the movie MALYUR MAMBUTIYAN .After 14 years he went to his home town and his parents were glad to see him again . The same year at 1984 he got married. His wife name is MRS.Kalaiselvi Senthil. He has two sons, the first one DR.Manikanda prabhu and the second son Hemachandra prabhu. His first son was recently married with DR.Jannani preya vanthitha. It was a love marriage and as a responsible person he accepted the love and showed the green signal.

==Notable Filmography==
*''Karagattakkaran''
*''Vaidheki Kaathirunthal''
*''[[Arunachalam]]''
*''[[Muthu]]''
*''[[Indian (film)|Indian]]''
*''[[Padayappa]]''
*''[[Anbe Anbe]]''
*''[[Punnagai Poove]]''
*''Aathivaasiyum Athisayapesiyum'' (pre-production) (as lead)

==External links==
* {{imdb name|id=0784521|name=Senthil}}
[[Category:Indian film actors]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]

{{India-actor-stub}}

[[ta:செந்தில்]]
vaidheki Kaathirunthal

Super Princess Peach

2008-03-26T06:13:00Z

203.12.220.247: /* Gameplay */

{{Infobox VG
|title=Super Princess Peach
|image=[[Image:Super Princess Peach.jpg|250px]]
|caption=North American boxart
|developer=[[TOSE]]
|publisher=[[Nintendo]]
|designer=
|series=
|engine=
|version=
|released={{flagicon|Japan}} [[October 20]] [[2005]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[February 27]] [[2006]] {{flagicon|Australia}} [[March 30]] [[2006]] {{flagicon|EU}} [[May 26]] [[2006]]
|genre=[[Action game]]
|modes=[[Single player]]
|ratings= [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: E (Everyone) [[Computer Entertainment Rating Organization|CERO]]: A (All ages) [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)|OFLC]]: G (General) [[Pan European Game Information|PEGI]]: 3+
|platforms=[[Nintendo DS]]
|media=[[cartridge (electronics)|256-Megabit DS card]]
|requirements=
|input=[[Button (computing)|buttons]], [[D-pad|directional pad]], [[Touchscreen|touch screen]]
}}

{{nihongo|'''''Super Princess Peach'''''|スーパープリンセスピーチ|Sūpā Purinsesu Pīchi}} is a [[platform game|platforming]] [[video game]] developed by [[TOSE]] and published by [[Nintendo]] for the [[Nintendo DS]] [[handheld game console|handheld video game console]]. It is the first game to feature [[Princess Peach]] as the main playable character, and has been praised for the role reversal in the storyline, although it has been criticized for Peach's special attacks being linked to emotions, the marketing campaign, and too-easy gameplay.

==Story==
According to the instruction booklet and in-game introduction, Vibe Island (a land adjacent to the [[Mushroom Kingdom]]) has been rumored to hold hidden powers. [[Bowser (Nintendo)|Bowser]] builds his summer villa there in hopes of harnessing the rumored power. His efforts are rewarded when one of his underlings finds the Vibe Scepter. He sends a [[Goomba]] and an army of [[Hammer Brothers]] to Princess Peach's castle to capture Mario. The Vibe Scepter changes the emotions of those around them – they will become calm, happy, angry, or sad. While all of the Toad servants are distracted, the Hammer Brothers seize Mario, Luigi, and Toad. Shortly after the capture, Princess Peach and [[Toadsworth]] come back to the castle to find a message saying that the Mario Bros. have been captured. Peach wants to go out there immediately. Toadsworth tries to convince her not to, but when he sees that she is determined to go, he gives her Perry, a talking [[parasol]] that has magical powers.

In the game, Peach and Perry battle through eight worlds, rescuing Toads along the way. They rescue Luigi from the evil wizard Kamek and later Mario at Bowser's Villa. Meanwhile, Perry's origins are revealed through in-game [[flashback]] sequences. Perry remembers his origins as a young boy who had mysterious powers and was adopted by an old man he came to call "Grandpa". He was changed into an umbrella and kidnapped by a wizard and his henchman, but managed to secretly escape by wiggling free from his captors and falling on the road. Some time later, a traveling merchant found him and sold him to Toadsworth. Peach and Perry confront Bowser, who uses the Vibe Scepter to grow enormously. Peach prevails and Mario and Luigi are saved.

==Gameplay==
===Main game===
''Super Princess Peach'' plays similarly to traditional platformers. There are eight worlds; in each world, there are six levels and one boss battle. Each boss battle requires a short minigame to play. For example, in "Shriek Mansion," Peach is descending down on the umbrella, and the player taps the screen to scare away Boos. If the Boos touch her, the player must start over. After the player has finished the minigame, the player does not need to replay it to attempt to battle the boss again.

Within the levels themselves, there are a number of boxes that will give specific gameplay hints. Three Toads are hidden throughout each level; the boss levels have one Toad to rescue (except World 7's boss where [[Luigi]] is captive, and World 8's boss where [[Mario]] is). Each world has 16 Toads to rescue. In order to play the final boss battle, the player must rescue all of the Toads.

After the game is completed, the player can go through the levels again to pick up more unlockable items. Beating a boss will unlock three new levels for the next world; for instance, beating the World 1 boss will unlock three new levels for World 2. There are a total of 24 extra levels to unlock.

The game features numerous classic ''Mario'' series enemies, such as [[Goomba]]s, [[Koopa Troopa]]s, and [[Hammer Brothers]]. In a twist, some of the enemies are also emotionally affected, such as the sad blue Goombas or the [[Bullet Bill]]s burning red with anger.

On the upper left hand side of the screen, there are two bars: heart gauge (maximum of five hearts) and emotion meter. Whenever Peach falls down a hole or gets hit by an enemy, she loses half a heart. When all hearts are gone, she must start over at the beginning of the level. Peach has infinite lives, so the player can continue as much as he/she pleases. The emotion meter corresponds to the four powers she has. The emotions at Vibe Island affect everybody, even some enemies, but Peach can change her emotions at will.

Joy, gloom, rage and calm are the emotions you will use along the way. When the player taps on each mood, it will activate a different ability, which typically helps solve puzzles or defeat enemies.
*'''Calm''': Peach will calm down, become delighted and a 'bubble' will appear, surrounding her. This restores health. This bubble will break if hit by anything hazardous, thus stopping the healing process. (Green Heart)
*'''Gloom''': Peach will cry, making her run faster, or making plants grow for her to climb up to high places. On a side note, this helps her jump farther. (Blue Heart)
*'''Rage''': Peach will become enraged and catch fire, making her invincible, burn enemies and other objects, and able to cause earthquakes whenever she lands. But there are a few disadvantages: she can't run fast, and she won't be able to jump far, either. (Red Heart)
*'''Joy''': Peach gets very happy and becomes enveloped in a powerful cyclone, allowing her to fly. (Yellow Heart)
However, each use will drain the player's emotion mood (the little yellow squiggle at upper left of the top screen). The bar can be restored by capturing blue turquoise jewels or absorbing enemies.

With Perry the parasol, Princess Peach has many abilities at her disposal. Stomping on the enemies does not defeat them; Peach must use the umbrella to whack them. The player can press "B" to immediately sweep them aside or "X" to put them on top of the umbrella. Once an enemy is on top of the umbrella, the player may press "X" again to put the enemy down, "B" to throw the enemy, or down on the D-pad to absorb the enemy, which refills part of the emotion meter. As the game progresses, Perry gains new abilities. The "Subrella" allows Peach to travel underwater. The player blows into the microphone to blow bubbles to defeat the undersea enemies. The "Slidebrella" turns Perry upside down and uses his handle like a hook. It is used in areas with a maze of high-flying wires. The "Bowlbrella" puts Peach in the umbrella and allows her to navigate through surface water.

In addition, the game features a shop where players can buy things. The currency is coins. The player can buy increment upgrades to expand the heart gauge or the emotion meter, as well as three new abilities. The "Floatbrella" allows Peach to stay afloat for about five seconds. "Poundbrella" shakes the ground and stuns any enemies nearby. "Chargebrella" creates a small charge that will stun the closest enemy.

===Minigames and other bonuses===
''Super Princess Peach'' contains three minigames, which use the touchscreen or microphone. In "Toad Jump", the player blows into a microphone to make Toad jump and avoid running into enemies or falling down. "Toad Tote" involves the player to using the stylus to navigate Toad through a maze of fire. "Toad Shot" requires the player to tap the screen to defeat enemies. The first seven levels for each game are buyable at the shop, but the last three levels are hidden in the levels.

Eight puzzles are also featured. A few of the pieces are buyable at the shop, but most of them are hidden throughout the worlds. After the pieces are found, it becomes a minigame. The player uses the touchscreen to rotate and piece together the puzzle. The game records and displays the fastest time.

The "music room" features a band called the Peach Hit Five. There are two band members (Peach and Toadsworth), but more appear as the player unlocks more songs. Some songs are buyable at the shops, but most of them are hidden in the levels.

Along your journey, Perry will have dreams unvailing his cold past of being a young, lost boy being turned into an umbrella by a band of evil magicians. Unlock these as a bonus and watch them in the menu option. Beat the game to unlock his full past story.

==Reception==
''Super Princess Peach'' currently has an average rating of 77% on [[Game Rankings]].<ref>[http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/925562.asp Super Princess Peach Reviews]. [[Game Rankings]]. Retrieved [[July 9]] [[2006]].</ref> The game was praised for being the first 2D Nintendo platformer in several years. It was also praised for "turning the tables" by having the usual damsel-in-distress save the usual hero and for starring Princess Peach in the main role instead of being a secondary character. Points of criticism, however, were leveled at the fact that Peach relies on oversensitive and hyperactive emotions, a stereotypical female characteristic.

The game's difficulty was intensely criticized. The gaming web site [[GameSpy]] noted that the number of shop items and the "Joy" vibe made it "quite hard to die"<ref name="spy">Williams, Bryn. [http://gba.gamespy.com/nintendo-ds/super-princess-peach/691797p1.html GameSpy: Super Princess Peach Review]. [[GameSpy]]. [[February 27]] [[2006]].</ref> Another web site, IGN, was more critical, criticizing Nintendo for "going out of its way" to "spoon-feed" the player full of tips and information.<ref name="ign">Harris, Craig. [http://ds.ign.com/articles/691/691008p1.html IGN: Super Princess Peach Review]. [[IGN]]. [[February 23]] [[2006]].</ref> Reviewer Ryan Davis from GameSpot similarly wrote that the game was "way too easy for the average platformer player."<ref name="gamespot">Davis, Ryan. [http://www.gamespot.com/ds/action/superprincesspeach/review.html Super Princess Peach for DS Review]. [[GameSpot]]. [[February 24]] [[2006]].</ref> [[X-Play]]'s [[Morgan Webb]] also commented that the game was very easy to play and should be played by first timers to [[platformers]] and gave it a 4/5. Most reviewers concluded that the difficulty was due to Nintendo's intentions, which were aiming and marketing the game at a more casual, female crowd instead.

The nature of the vibes and Nintendo's marketing campaign were also noted in many reviews. Davis accused Nintendo of putting "weird sexist undercurrents" into the game,<ref name="gamespot" /> while GameSpy's Bryn Williams wondered if Nintendo was trying to say that all females were "[[emo]]"<ref name="spy" />. Craig Harris from IGN said that the copy that Nintendo sent to him came in a box scented with perfume.<ref name="ign" />

"''Now here were some girls who had grit as well as grace. I loved Princess Peach even as I recognized that there was no way she could run in those heels, that her peachiness did nothing to upset the apple cart of expectation: she may have been athletic, smart and strong, but she was also adorable. Maybe she’s what those once-[[unisex]], [[postfeminist]] parents are shooting for: the melding of old and new standards. And perhaps that’s a good thing, the ideal solution.''" -New York Times<ref>"[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/24/magazine/24princess.t.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5088&en=8e5a1ac1332a802c&ex=1324616400&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss What’s Wrong With Cinderella?]" ''New York Times'' originally published December 24, 2006 </ref>

As of [[July 25]] [[2007]], ''Super Princess Peach'' has sold 1.15 million copies worldwide.<ref name="nintendo-Q108">{{cite web|url=http://wii.ign.com/articles/807/807852p1.html|title=Nintendo Sales Update|author=Matt Casamassina|publisher=[[IGN]]| date=2007-07-25|accessdate=2007-07-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.superprincesspeach.com Official North American website]
*[http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ds/aspj/index.html Official Japanese website]
*{{Nintendo.com|id=0b970a5a-f74c-4501-9b14-d2f08ff7de52|title=Super Princess Peach}}
*

{{Mario series}}

[[Category:2005 video games]]
[[Category:2006 video games]]
[[Category:Mario Bros. games]]
[[Category:Nintendo DS games]]
[[Category:Nintendo DS-only games]]
[[Category:Nintendo games]]
[[Category:Platform games]]
[[Category:Video game spin-offs]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Japan]]

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T cell

2008-03-06T04:47:29Z

203.12.220.247: /* External links */

'''T cells''' belong to a group of [[white blood cell]]s known as [[lymphocytes]], and play a central role in [[cell-mediated immunity]]. They can be distinguished from other lymphocyte types, such as [[B cells]] and [[NK cells]] by the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface called the ''[[T cell receptor]]'' (TCR). The abbreviation ''T'', in ''T cell'', stands for [[thymus]], since it is the principal organ in the T cell's development.
==T cell subsets==
[[Image:TCR-MHC bindings.png|thumb|250px|Molecular association of CD8+ T cells with MHC class I and CD4+ T cells with MHC class II]]
Several different subsets of T cells have been described, each with a distinct function.
*'''[[Helper T cell]]s''' (TH cells) are the "middlemen" of the [[adaptive immune system]]. Once activated, they divide rapidly and secrete small proteins called [[cytokine]]s that regulate or "help" the immune response. Depending on the cytokine signals received, these cells differentiate into [[Th1|TH1]], [[Th2|TH2]], [[Th17|TH17]], or one of other subsets, which secrete different [[cytokines]].

*'''[[Cytotoxic T cell]]s''' (TC cells, or CTLs) destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells, and are also implicated in [[transplant]] rejection. These cells are also known as CD8+ T cells, since they express the [[CD8]] glycoprotein at their surface. Through interaction with [[helper T cell]]s, these cells can be transformed into [[regulatory T cell]]s, which prevent [[autoimmune]] diseases such as [[experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/114/9/1198|title=An integrated view of suppressor T cell subsets in immunoregulation}}</ref>

*'''[[Memory T cells]]''' are a subset of [[antigen]]-specific T cells that persist long-term after an infection has resolved. They quickly expand to large numbers of effector T cells upon re-exposure to their cognate antigen, thus providing the immune system with "memory" against past infections. Memory T cells comprise two subtypes: central memory T cells (TCM cells) and effector memory T cells (TEM cells). Memory cells may be either CD4+ or CD8+.

*'''[[Regulatory T cell]]s''' (Treg cells), formerly known as '''suppressor T cells''', are crucial for the maintenance of [[immunological tolerance]]. Their major role is to shut down T cell-mediated immunity toward the end of an immune reaction and to suppress auto-reactive T cells that escaped the process of negative selection in the thymus. Two major classes of CD4+ regulatory T cells have been described, including the naturally occurring Treg cells and the adaptive Treg cells. Naturally occurring Treg cells (also known as CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells) arise in the [[thymus]], whereas the adaptive Treg cells (also known as Tr1 cells or Th3 cells) may originate during a normal immune response. Naturally occurring Treg cells can be distinguished from other T cells by the presence of an intracellular molecule called [[FoxP3]]. Mutations of the ''FOXP3'' gene can prevent regulatory T cell development, causing the fatal [[autoimmune disease]] [[IPEX]].

*'''[[Natural Killer T cell]]s''' (NKT cells) are a special kind of lymphocyte that bridges the [[adaptive immune system]] with the [[innate immune system]]. Unlike conventional T cells that recognize peptide antigen presented by [[major histocompatibility complex]] (MHC) molecules, NKT cells recognize glycolipid antigen presented by a molecule called CD1d. Once activated, these cells can perform functions ascribed to both Th and Tc cells (i.e., cytokine production and release of cytolytic/cell killing molecules).

*[[gamma/delta T cells|'''γδ T cell]]s''' represent a small subset of T cells that possess a distinct [[T cell receptor|TCR]] on their surface. A majority of T cells have a [[T cell receptor|TCR]] composed of two [[glycoprotein]] chains called α- and β- TCR chains. However, in γδ T cells, the TCR is made up of one γ-chain and one δ-chain. This group of T cells is much less common (5% of total T cells) than the αβ T cells, but are found at their highest abundance in the gut [[mucosa]], within a population of lymphocytes known as [[intraepithelial lymphocyte]]s (IELs). The antigenic molecules that activate γδ T cells are still widely unknown. However, γδ T cells are not MHC restricted and seem to be able to recognise whole proteins rather than requiring peptides to be presented by MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells. Some recognize MHC class IB molecules though. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, which constitute the major γδ T cell population in peripheral blood, are unique in that they specifically and rapidly respond to a small non-peptidic microbial metabolite, [[HMB-PP]], an [[isopentenyl pyrophosphate]] precursor.

==T cell development in the thymus==

See [[Thymocyte]] for in-depth review of thymic selection

All T cells originate from [[pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell|hematopoietic stem cells]] in the [[bone marrow]]. Hematopoietic progenitors derived from [[pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell|hematopoietic stem cells]] populate the [[thymus]] and expand by cell division to generate a large population of immature [[thymocytes]].<ref>Schwarz BA, Bhandoola A. Trafficking from the bone marrow to the thymus: a prerequisite for thymopoiesis. ''Immunol Rev'' 209:47, 2006. [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00350.x full text]</ref> The earliest [[thymocytes]] express neither CD4 nor CD8, and are therefore classed as ''double-negative'' (CD4-CD8-) cells. As they progress through their development they become ''double-positive'' thymocytes (CD4+CD8+), and finally mature to ''single-positive'' (CD4+CD8- or CD4-CD8+) thymocytes that are then released from the [[thymus]] to peripheral tissues.

About 98% of [[thymocytes]] die during the development processes in the thymus by failing either '''positive selection''' or '''negative selection''', whereas the other 2% survive and leave the thymus to become mature immunocompetent T cells.

===Positive selection===
Double-positive [[thymocytes]] move deep into the thymic [[Cortex (anatomy)|cortex]] where they are presented with self-[[antigen]]s (i.e., antigens that are derived from molecules belonging to the host of the T cell) complexed with [[major histocompatibility complex|MHC]] molecules on the surface of cortical [[epithelial]] cells. Only those [[thymocytes]] that bind the MHC/antigen complex with adequate [[affinity]] will receive a vital "survival signal." Developing thymocytes that do not have adequate affinity cannot serve useful functions in the body; the cells must be able to interact with MHC and peptide complexes in order to effect immune responses. Therefore, the other [[thymocytes]] with low affinity die by [[apoptosis]] (programmed cell death), and their remains are engulfed by [[macrophage]]s. This process is called ''positive selection''.

Whether a thymocyte becomes a CD4+ cell or a CD8+ cell is also determined during positive selection. Double-positive cells that are positively selected on MHC class II molecules will become CD4+ cells, and cells positively selected on MHC class I molecules become CD8+ cells.

Note that this process does not remove from the population thymocytes that would cause [[autoimmunity]] or a reaction with one's own cells. The removal of such cells is dealt with by negative selection, which is discussed below.

===Negative selection===
[[Thymocytes]] that survive positive selection migrate towards the boundary of the thymic cortex and thymic [[medulla]]. While in the medulla, they are again presented with self-antigen in complex with MHC molecules on [[antigen-presenting cell]]s (APCs) such as [[dendritic cell]]s and [[macrophage]]s. [[Thymocytes]] that interact too strongly with the antigen receive an [[apoptosis]] signal that causes their death; the vast majority of all thymocytes initially produced end up dying during thymic selection. A small minority of the surviving cells is selected to become [[regulatory T cell]]s. The remaining cells will then exit the thymus as mature [[naive T cells]]. This process is called ''negative selection'', an important mechanism of [[immunological tolerance]] that prevents the formation of self-reactive T cells capable of generating [[autoimmune disease]] in the host.

==T cell activation==
[[Image:T cell activation.png|250px|right]]
Although the specific mechanisms of activation vary slightly between different types of T cells, the "two-signal model" in CD4+ T cells holds true for most. Activation of CD4+ T cells occurs through the engagement of both the [[T cell receptor]] and [[CD28]] on the T cell by the [[Major histocompatibility complex]] [[peptide]] and [[B7 (protein)|B7]] family members on the [[antigen-presenting cell|APC]], respectively. Both are required for production of an effective immune response; in the absence of CD28 [[co-stimulation]], T cell receptor signalling alone results in [[anergy]]. The signalling pathways downstream from both [[CD28]] and the T cell receptor involve many proteins.

The first signal is provided by binding of the T cell receptor to a short peptide presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on another cell. This ensures that only a T cell with a TCR specific to that peptide is activated. The partner cell is usually a professional antigen presenting cell (APC), usually a [[dendritic cell]] in the case of [[naive T cell|naïve]] responses, although B cells and macrophages can be important APCs. The peptides presented to [[CD8]]+ T cells by MHC class I molecules are 8-9 amino acids in length; the peptides presented to [[CD4]]+ cells by [[MHC]] class II molecules are longer, as the ends of the binding cleft of the MHC class II molecule are open.

The second signal comes from co-stimulation, in which surface receptors on the APC are induced by a relatively small number of stimuli, usually products of pathogens, but sometimes breakdown products of cells, such as [[necrosis|necrotic]]-bodies or [[heat-shock proteins]]. The only co-stimulatory receptor expressed constitutively by naïve T cells is [[CD28]], so co-stimulation for these cells comes from the [[CD80]] and [[CD86]] proteins on the APC. Other receptors are expressed upon activation of the T cell, such as [[OX40]] and [[CD278|ICOS]], but these largely depend upon [[CD28]] for their expression. The second signal licenses the T cell to respond to an antigen. Without it, the T cell becomes [[anergy|anergic]], and it becomes more difficult for it to activate in future. This mechanism prevents inappropriate responses to self, as self-peptides will not usually be presented with suitable co-stimulation.

The [[T cell receptor]] exists as a complex of several proteins. The actual T cell receptor is composed of two separate peptide chains, which are produced from the independent T cell receptor alpha and beta (TCRα and TCRβ) genes. The other proteins in the complex are the [[CD3]] proteins: CD3εγ and CD3εδ heterodimers and, most important, a CD3ζ homodimer, which has a total of six [[Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif|ITAM]] motifs. The ITAM motifs on the CD3ζ can be phosphorylated by [[Lck]] and in turn recruit [[ZAP-70]]. Lck and/or ZAP-70 can also phosphorylate the [[tyrosines]] on many other molecules, not least [[CD28]], [[Trim]], [[LAT]] and [[SLP-76]], which allows the aggregation of signalling complexes around these proteins.

Phosphorylated [[Linker of Activated T cells|LAT]] recruits [[SLP-76]] to the membrane, where it can then bring in [[PLCγ]], [[VAV1]], [[Itk]] and potentially [[PI3K]]. Both [[PLCγ]] and [[PI3K]] act on PI(4,5)P2 on the inner leaflet of the membrane to create the active intermediaries di-acyl glycerol ([[DAG]]), inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate ([[IP3]]), and phosphatidlyinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate ([[PIP3]]). DAG binds and activates some PKCs, most important, in T cells [[PKCθ]], a process important for activating the transcription factors [[NF-κB]] and AP-1. [[IP3]] is released from the membrane by [[PLCγ]] and diffuses rapidly to activate receptors on the [[Endoplasmic reticulum|ER]], which induce the release of [[calcium]]. The released calcium then activates [[calcineurin]], and [[calcineurin]] activates [[NFAT]], which then translocates to the nucleus. NFAT is a [[transcription factor]], which activates the transcription of a pleiotropic set of genes, most notable, [[IL-2]], a cytokine that promotes long term proliferation of activated T cells.

==T cell Maturation==
Maturation of T Cells in the Thymus

The first step is the rearrangement of the variable, joining, and constant region genes of the chain of the T cell antigen receptor in a way very similar to that of heavy chain rearrangement needed for immunoglobulin synthesis. In fact, the same enzymes are used for both.

Production of a functional TCR chain, signals expression of both CD4 and CD8 on the cell surface. This induces the genetic rearrangements needed to produce a functional TCR chain and an increase in TCR membrane expression. CD3 is then expressed, which produces a functional TCR complex (to be described later).

At this point, some of the T cells stop making CD8, so only CD4 remains on their cell membrane. The others undergo the reverse process, so they express only CD8. T cells then learn to not attack self tissues and to respond to antigen only if it is associated with a self histocompatibility antigen. This requires two steps:
*First, the immature, but CD4 or CD8 positive T cells are exposed to cells in the thymus, which have class I and class II histocompatibility antigens on them. T cells which are able to bind to one or the other of these antigens are protected, whereas the others die.
*Second, the cells that survive the above selection process are exposed to self antigens that have been taken up and associated with either class I or class II MHC antigen. Those that bind at this stage die (actually they commit suicide, called apoptosis).

The cells that survive are those that recognize non-self antigens associated with MHC antigens. After a little more maturation, they exit the thymus to perform their role in immune responses.

==See also==
* [[Apoptosis]]
* [[Naive T cell]]
* [[Memory T cells]]
* [[gamma/delta T cells|γδ T cells]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==tiu
* [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/immune/the_immune_system.pdf niaid.nih.gov] – The Immune System

{{Blood}}
{{immune_system}}

[[Category:T cells]]

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[[pt:Linfócito T]]
[[ru:T-лимфоциты]]
[[sq:Limfociti-T]]
[[simple:T cell]]
[[fi:T-solu]]
[[sv:T-cell]]
[[zh:T细胞]]

Human musculoskeletal system

2008-02-26T01:15:54Z

203.12.220.247: /* Muscle contraction initiation */

The '''musculoskeletal system''' (also known as the locomotor system) is an [[Organ (anatomy)|organ system]] that gives [[animal]]s the ability to physically move using the [[muscle]]s and [[skeletal system]].

The [[human musculoskeletal system]] consists of the human skeleton, made by bones attached to other bones with joints, and skeletal muscle attached to the skeleton by tendons.

==Hydrostatic musculoskeletal system==

Among others, [[cnidarian]]s and [[annelids]]s, have a [[hydrostatic skeleton]] similar to a water-filled balloon, these animals can move by contracting the muscles surrounding the fluid-filled pouch, creating pressure within the pouch that causes movement. Animals such as [[earthworm]]s use their hydrostatic skeletons to change their body shape as they move forward, from long and skinny to short and stumpy. [[Arthropoda]] have their muscles attached to an [[exoskeleton]].

==Muscle contraction initiation==
{{main|Muscle contraction}}
In mammals, when a muscle contracts, a series of reactions occur. Muscle contraction is stimulated by the [[motor neuron]] sending a message to the muscles from the [[somatic nervous system]]. Depolarization of the motor neuron results in [[neurotransmitters]] being released from the nerve terminal. The space between the nerve teminal and the muscle [[cell (biology)|cell]] is called the [[neuromuscular junction]]. These neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to specific receptor sites on the [[sarcolemma]] (cell membrane of the muscle fiber). When enough receptors are stimulated, an [[action potential]] is generated and the permeability of the sarcolemma is altered. This process is known as [[initiation]].kepala bapak ko,pukimak lancau,sialla ba

{{musculoskeletal-stub}}

[[Category:Musculoskeletal system|*]]

[[fr:Appareil locomoteur]]
[[ja:運動器]]
[[lv:Balsta un kustību orgānu sistēma]]
[[pt:Sistema locomotor]]
[[sk:Pohybová sústava]]

Perlis F.A.

2008-02-19T08:27:11Z

203.12.220.247: /* Current squad */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Dato' Seri Shahidan Kassim]]|
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Irfan Bakti Abu Salim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=000080|socks1=000080|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=FF0000|body2=FF0000|rightarm2=FF0000|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004 - Perlis 1 Kedah 0
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 N.Sembilan 1

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 2'''
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 Pahang 1
:: 2007/08 - Kedah 0 Perlis 0 (Perlis won 5-4 on penalties)

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithaudin Awang Emran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abdul Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=6 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[K. Soley]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam Mohd Zamri]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= 8|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Syazwan Mohd Roslan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Brazil|name=[[Julio Cesar Rodrigues De Souza]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Amirul Abu Seman]]|pos=}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Roshisham Che Idrus]]|pos=}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Hafiz Mohd Fauzi]]|pos=}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Hairol Fazreen Abu Hassan]]|pos=}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Khairul Azuan Rosli]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zaidi Zul Khapri]]|pos=}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Saiful Kamis]]|pos=}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amzar Junaidi Abdul Jalil]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= 4|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Phul Sakh Lom]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] to [[PDRM FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] to [[PDRM FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] to [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Joey Ryan Gundok]] to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Felix Anasiudu]] [[released]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

==Coaches==
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Irfan Bakti]]

==Former coaches==
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Haji Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysia Super League seasons}}
{{fb end}}

{{Malaysian Super League}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2008-02-19T08:24:30Z

203.12.220.247: /* Current squad */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Dato' Seri Shahidan Kassim]]|
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Irfan Bakti Abu Salim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=000080|socks1=000080|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=FF0000|body2=FF0000|rightarm2=FF0000|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004 - Perlis 1 Kedah 0
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 N.Sembilan 1

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 2'''
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 Pahang 1
:: 2007/08 - Kedah 0 Perlis 0 (Perlis won 5-4 on penalties)

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithaudin Awang Emran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abdul Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=6 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[K. Soley]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam Mohd Zamri]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= 8|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Syazwan Mohd Roslan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Brazil|name=[[Julio Cesar Rodrigues De Souza]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Amirul Abu Seman]]|pos=}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Roshisham Che Idrus]]|pos=}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Hafiz Mohd Fauzi]]|pos=}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Hairol Fazreen Abu Hassan]]|pos=}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Khairul Azuan Rosli]]|pos=}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zaidi Zul Khapri]]|pos=}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Saiful Kamis]]|pos=}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amzar Junaidi Abdul Jalil]]|pos=}}
{{Fs player|no= 4|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Phul Sakh Lom]]|pos=}}
{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] to [[PDRM FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] to [[PDRM FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] to [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Joey Ryan Gundok]] to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Felix Anasiudu]] [[released]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

==Coaches==
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Irfan Bakti]]

==Former coaches==
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Haji Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysia Super League seasons}}
{{fb end}}

{{Malaysian Super League}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Talk:Hybrid vehicle

2008-02-15T01:59:24Z

203.12.220.247:

{{talkheader}}
{{controversial3}}

{{environment|class=start}}

{{Archive box|[[/Hybrid electric vehicle]]}}

For old talks, see [[/1]]

== Definition ==
For comments on what exactly constitutes a hybrid vehicle, please see [[Talk:Definition of hybrid vehicle]]. [[User:CGameProgrammer|CGameProgrammer]] 02:36, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
::Referenced talk page is empty and has no article associated with it. - [[User:Ageekgal|Ageekgal]] 17:18, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

== Market Response ==
received authorization from the author. asked him and he didnt care. its a website blog. not sure if they are a company or not, seems like a regular blog.

== Hybrids as a power source ==

I removed "Once at their destination, some hybrids can be used as power source themselves which of particular use in commercial and military applications." partly for the obvious (writing) but also because hybrids have to be modified to do this, and also because it is not a feature unique to them. Many cars have 12V outlets and some even have 110V outlets (and no hybrids have 110V outlets) because they all employ batteries that are recharged by the engine to feed electricity to various elements. A hybrid might have a more powerful generator but all that means is the conversion is somewhat easier with them. Also Honda hybrids do not generate electricity by the engine, except the normal amount used for the regular battery (charged by exhaust gas). [[User:CGameProgrammer|CGameProgrammer]] 18:15, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

== Victor Wouk ==

I believe it would be interesting to make a page about Victor Wouk, the ''godfather of hybrid vehicles''. Having some information about him, and having known him in person, I will make a first attempt. [[User:LHOON|LHOON]] 18:45, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

==Comments moved from '''Talk:Gas-electric hybrid engine'''==
''[[Talk:Gas-electric hybrid engine]] now redirects here - see [[#Completed merge from Gas-electric hybrid engine]], below.''

Hi I'm looking to change my car to a hybrid is there any way to do so?
ggmosionier@excite.com I have a 1984 renault feugo

It's much harder to convert a car from gasoline to hybrid than it is to make it a pure electric (for instance). Start by checking out hybrid and electric vehicle discussion groups at [http://groups.yahoo.com Yahoo Groups] --[[User:Felixkramer|Felixkramer]] 06:09, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I thought GM's EV1 is a pure electric car. The last statement of this article does not match the article about EV1. Can some car buff fix this up? [[User:Kowloonese|Kowloonese]] 22:46, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I deleted the discussion of the EV1 as a hybrid--it was always a pure electric vehicle --[[User:Felixkramer|Felixkramer]] 06:09, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC).

=== Merge? ===

<div style="text-decoration: line-through">Would this article not make more sense merged into the [[hybrid car]] article?

[[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 23:21, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)
'''Bold text''' yo.
: I agree. It is badly named and the content is duplicated. [[User:Guinnog|Guinnog]] 21:18, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
::Specifically, this article should simply be deleted and the phrase should redirect to Hybrid Car. [[User:CGameProgrammer|CGameProgrammer]] 10:49, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
: Yes, remove and redirect. It's more accurate to call it a gas-electric hybrid powertrain. The engine is just a regular [[internal combustion engine]], and there are [[electric motor]]s, and they are combined into a hybrid powertrain. --[[User:D0li0|D0li0]] 08:38, 20 May 2006 (UTC) </div>
::Done --[[User:Singkong2005|Singkong2005]] ([[User talk:Singkong2005|t]] - [[Special:Contributions/Singkong2005|c]] - [[Wikipedia:WikiProject International development|WPID]]) 13:50, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

==Completed merge from '''Gas-electric hybrid engine'''==
No objections (see comments above), so I made [[Gas-electric hybrid engine]] and its talk page into redirects, and merged some material that didn't seem to be covered here. A couple of things I'm not sure about, so I've copied them here:

:<tt>Because the engine recharges the [[battery (electricity)|battery]] smaller batteries are required than in an electric vehicle.</tt>
Makes sense, but the article makes varying statements about battery size for different types of hybrids. Is it safe to generalize, that hybrids always have a smaller battery requirement than all-electric vehicles?
:<tt>The battery storage and electric motor allows the engine to operate at its point of maximum efficiency, '''to be of a higher efficiency design''', and to be smaller than non-hybrid applications.</tt>
(Emphasis mine). It seems plausible that if the engine is not required to operate in a wide range, that could allow greater optimization for fuel efficiency. Is this true?
--[[User:Singkong2005|Singkong2005]] ([[User talk:Singkong2005|t]] - [[Special:Contributions/Singkong2005|c]] - [[Wikipedia:WikiProject International development|WPID]]) 13:50, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

== Why are gasoline-electrics more common than diesel-electric? ==

Perhaps someone can solve this mystery for me.

The article says, correctly, that <tt>Diesels are excellent at delivering constant power for long periods of time, suffering less wear while operating at higher efficiency. </tt> It seems that diesels-electric would be a far better choice for a hybrid. So why are the main hybrid vehicles, such as the Prius, all gasoline-electric? Is it just because they were aiming for the US market? --[[User:Singkong2005|Singkong2005]] ([[User talk:Singkong2005|t]] - [[Special:Contributions/Singkong2005|c]] - [[Wikipedia:WikiProject International development|WPID]]) 13:57, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

: Rather than why gasoline-electric is more common than Diesel-electric, why not just ask why gasoline cars are more common than Diesel? [[User:Mackerm|Mackerm]] 22:03, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

::Double cost penalty is another factor, diesels cost more than regular gas engines. Add in the cost of a hybrid and it gets pricey. The question "why so few diesels?" is perhaps not accurate, they are close to half the passenger car market in Europe. More accurate might be "why so few diesels in USA?", and follow up "is it just a coincidence that the Big Three aren't considered strong in diesels and regulations on diesel are so, ahem, non-optimal?"--[[User:Gregalton|Gregalton]] 22:27, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

The big 3 don't sell many diesels compared to Europe because of much cheaper fuel in the USA. They'll sell whatever they think will make them a reliable profit - although my experience at GM Truck & Bus made me wonder why they were even in business. For my use, I've never found a diesel competitive. Capital cost & maintenance costs never justified fuel savings.[[User:Twslandlord|Twslandlord]] 18:57, 2 March 2007 (UTC)twslandlord

== unsourced text on plug-in hybrids ==

''Car companies are working on plug-in hybrids, but current technology makes do not perform well."''

What does the above mean? Is the above sentence trying to say that prototypes for electric hybrids have not preformed well due to issues with current technology? Thus should be made clearer if it is to be added back. Also, sources should be added that support the claim about the issues with current technology.

''According to Dave Hermance, the Executive Engineer for Advanced Technology for Toyota North America, a plug-in hybrid in "electricity mode is only capable of 35 miles an hour top speed. It has fairly glacial acceleration performance and cost 15 to 25 thousand dollars more money."''

The above should be sourced. Also, hasn't any plug-in hybrid advocates disputed the claims this a guy is making? The opposing view should be added to be NPOV. These claims seem all to similar to the controversial claims made by automakers regarding [[battery electric vehicle]]s. --[[User:Cab88|Cab88]] 21:57, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
== Expensive Hybrid Costs ==

My girlfriends family got a letter from Honda, offering to buy back their Insight. They said that they have to replace the hybrid battery every eight years and that it cost $8000.00 to replace it. There's no mention of that on here. Is it true?

they wound up not taking the offer, 'cause Honda didn't say why they wanted it back.--[[User:70.38.72.140|70.38.72.140]] 04:53, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

: Car companies offering to buy back cars after N years is a common sales technique (the more cynical might call it a scam). Afterall if you sell them back your current car you'll then need a new one! I got such a letter about my VW when it was roughly 2 years old. The comment about the battery was probably just supposed to be additional incentive. [[User:Plymouths|Plymouths]] 02:11, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

==Long article warning==
Edit this article and get the message:
:This page is 72 kilobytes long. This may be longer than is preferable; see article size.
32k is considered a good limit, so this really should be broken into sub-articles. I recommend at least adding <nowiki>{{</nowiki>template:verylong<nowiki>}}</nowiki> to this to alert editors.
[[User:Brianhe|Brianhe]] 16:55, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

I made change discussed above. Would like to hear feedback on breaking out '''Types of hybrid vehicles''' into its own page and just having a short summary in this article. A similar approach was taken with [[Motorcycle]] and [[Types of motorcycle]].
[[User:Brianhe|Brianhe]] 03:52, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Created [[Types of hybrid vehicle]] as discussed above.
[[User:Brianhe|Brianhe]] 06:21, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

I restructured [[Types of hybrid vehicle]] and enhanced it with pictures illustrating the different structures, so that it may effectively replace the Types section in [[Hybrid vehicle]], which can be substantially shortened. I would propose to replace it with a reference to the Types article, and leave just an overview of the main types (series, parallel, and combined) with diagrams for illustration.
[[User:LHOON|LHOON]] 08:17, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

:I propose changing the section '''Hybrids currently available'''. I am not in agreement that the "main article" related to '''Hybrids currently available''' is the [[List of hybrid vehicles]], as stated above at the top of the section, but I think that it does not have a relevant "main article". I don't agree that that ''list'' is as informative as this section. The information under this section would do well in its own "main article" that is not a list. So, to sum up my proposal, condense the section '''Hybrids currently available''' into a summarized form and put most of the information into its own new page.

:A different way of handling this is to simply condense the section without forming a new page, because each subsection has its own main article; however, this would limit the connectivity and information, by not having a new article, and would possible require having "main articles" to go along with ''Other military vehicles'', ''Taxicabs'', and ''Two-wheeled vehicles''. [[User:129.123.104.5|129.123.104.5]] 02:56, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

I created a new page [[Petroleum electric hybrid vehicle]] because that is what most people wanted to talk about and moved most of the current content there. Perhaps it was too bold of a move or perhaps the right thing. [[User:Daniel.Cardenas|Daniel.Cardenas]] 20:05, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
: Personally I think it was a good call. I switched [[hybrid car]] to redirect to the new article since all of the car-related stuff went there and it seemed more appropriate. Should probably also create a redirect for [[gas electric hybrid vehicle]] for us silly americans :) . [[User:Plymouths|Plymouths]] 20:09, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

:: I think this was a good move as well because it gives us light vehicle enthusiasts more room to describe hybrid cycle and velomobile technology (I've done a bit today). --[[User:Theosch|Theosch]] 18:59, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Kind of off topic but wondering if you think this hybrid sail boat belongs in the article: http://www.autobloggreen.com/2006/11/28/heard-of-regenerative-braking-how-about-regenerative-sailing/ [[User:Daniel.Cardenas|Daniel.Cardenas]] 02:05, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

: Actually hybrid boats do interest me a lot, but I havn't looked around yet where such things should best go. I'll come back here later --[[User:Theosch|Theosch]] 18:59, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

== Truck ==

Are there any hybrid [[trucks]] ? . --[[User:Mac|Mac]] 14:32, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Depend what you mean by truck: GM offer Silverado, Ford the Escape (SUV), see the list in the WIKI Hybridvehicles article, compiled by the US gov. If you mean real 'Truck'; plenty, and they're nearly all refuse trucks, attempting to reduce urban emissions, where the extra weight of the batteries being schlepped about is made up for by the intensive urban usage of the vehicles. See 'Diesel Engine Progress' for occasional reporting of such introductions.[[User:Graumicchie|Graumicchie]] 22:30, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

== Spelling errors ==

The "Hydrogen" section appears to be pervaded with spelling error. As someone without knowledge of this area, I am unable to correct it. It's just distracting to read. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Macetw|Macetw]] ([[User talk:Macetw|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Macetw|contribs]]) 04:29, 17 January 2007 (UTC).

==Verifying Patents==
US Patents referenced in this article may be verified by going to US [http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.htm US patent number search] and entering the patent number. --[[User:Theosch|Theosch]] 13:06, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

== Remove "Fairs with hybrid vehicles" section? ==

I think the section "Fairs with hybrid vehicles" should be removed because soon every automotive fair will present hybrid vehicles. --[[User:Theosch|Theosch]] 10:04, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
**I agree. A section for fairs specifically for hybrid/alternative transportation may warrant a section. But just because a hybrid is there shouldn't be sufficient. [[User:Improbcat|Improbcat]] 19:14, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

== Hybridisation: link or stub? ==

193.145.201.53 insists on an own stub section for [[hybridisation]]. Is this in order to write something more about it? As it is, the information only warrants a link. What do others think? --[[User:Theosch|Theosch]] 14:31, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

:*AS of now there is no content there, and a link to a disambiguation page that is completely unrelated. I'd say someone either needs to write some content there, or create a new page at say, [[hybridisation (vehicle)]] and link there. But I can't think of any useful content to put up there without it immediately turning into a link farm or how-to article. [[User:Improbcat|Improbcat]] 19:05, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
::*I removed the section and link when I re-did the article. If someone either creates the page it links to, or provides some content they can put that section back in again. [[User:Improbcat|Improbcat]] 16:18, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
:::*The term ''hybridisation'' in reference to vehicles appears to be borderline on a [[WP:NEO|neologism]], but might be legitimate to conversion of a vehicle into a true hybrid. I reverted edits to a number of articles where someone appeared to be attempting to re-define the meaning of hybrid to include [[autogas]] conversions, which of course use the same engine as petrol. --[[User:AtholM|Athol Mullen]] 22:47, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

== Single engine is not hybrid ==
I note that the section of multi-fuelling (flexible fuel, dual fuel, etc) appears to suggest that some people believe that these are hybrids. Unless someone can reference this with a reliable source, this really should be re-written to clearly state that multiple fuels in one engine are not hybrids. Reducto absurdium, any engine with a knock sensor could be called a hybrid under this definition, since they can adapt to different fuel quality. --[[User:AtholM|Athol Mullen]] 22:47, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

== 4 Engines, powers and fuel sources ==

My god is this section a mess. It seems to not know the basic functional differences between diesel and gasoline type engine, notes different fuels for gas engines *after* the article section on diesels. Gives incorrect info on them etc. I'm going to copy over that whole section to my user page and work on rebuilding it. I strongly encourage folks to come over and help work on it. I will post a note about the updated version here for review before pasting it back in. [[User:Improbcat|Improbcat]] 19:05, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
**On second thought. After reviewing [[Petroleum electric hybrid vehicle]] and [[Types of hybrid vehicle]] I think we would be better served by mostly gutting the above section and primarily redirecting to those two articles. There is no need to duplicate the information here when those articles cover it more clearly and in greater detail. So that is the direction I'm goign to go with my re-write. Once again I'd like help and will post a note here before merging it back into the article. [[User:Improbcat|Improbcat]] 19:29, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
:Thanks for improving it. I doubt anyone would mine if you made the edits directly to the page rather then slowly on your user page. [[User:Daniel.Cardenas|Daniel.Cardenas]] 19:32, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
::I usually do the edits on my user page so that I can pick it up and leave it off as I get time. Without worrying about half-completed sentences, broken links, etc. [[User:Improbcat|Improbcat]] 19:59, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

==Major revision and purging completed==
I purged over 14,000 characters from the '''Engines, powers and fuel sources ''', and in fact renamed that section to '''Petroleum-electric hybrids'''. The old section was loaded with a combination of material redundant to (and apparently lifted from) [[Petroleum electric hybrid vehicle]], and a lot of information on different types of fuel for and types of [[internal combustion]] engines, which has little to do with hybrid cars, and seriously bloated an article that was supposed to be about any kind of hybrid vehicle.
I also trimmed the bicycles section ,and combined the two sections on motorized bicycles.
Finally I added a short history bit, jsut to expand the idea of what could be considered a hybrid.[[User:Improbcat|Improbcat]] 02:12, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
:On the whole I think a good revision. I'll be checking a bit more closely to see if perhaps a bit too much was chopped. In any case, I think the "controversial" tag could be removed.--[[User:Theosch|Theosch]] 09:59, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

==Compare section/link removed==

I removed the recently added '''Compare''' section as it only applied to petroleum-electric hybrid cars. And as such didn't need it's own section in this article. In addition the link in the section is a duplicate of a link in the [[Petroleum electric hybrid vehicle]] article and as such is redundant. [[User:Improbcat|Improbcat]] 17:45, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

==Hybrid Question==

I noticed a Toyota Hybrid recently doing something odd - which I hope someone could explain. It was off, and the driver was away, but it would periodically sound like it was running...like a fan was on. Any idea as to why it was doing this? [[User:Gautam3|Gautam]] '''</big>[[User_Talk:Gautam3|Discuss]] 17:59, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

==Energy Related Development by Civilizations (category)==
I don't like it. Just makes the article longer and more complicated. What do you think? [[User:Daniel.Cardenas|Daniel.Cardenas]] 19:27, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

==Reverted addition to [[MyRide.com]] anti-hybrid article==
Regarding my reversion of the addition of [http://www.myride.com/research/editorial/mixedsources.html?editorialId=1315&pageNum=1 this link] -- it's little more than a poorly researched blog site. If someone wants to work criticisms against gasoline-electric vehicles into the article, it should be done so in the prose not by linking to a shakily documented blog site that has its own agenda (Autobytel). - [[User:Ageekgal|Ageekgal]] 15:54, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
::The very same website you're pushing, ironically, has a "Go Hybrid!" article as well, [http://www.myride.com/research/editorial/makeandmodel/mixedsources.html;jsessionid=cHT9HTCNZ3wWpJnNvdg95L1L0PNhfBQ7hRgYTbWNn872zJG7nHdw!272772824?editorialId=1308&pageNum=1 here]. Looks like you need more and better sources. Looks like they're in it for the pageviews and ad revenue, not reporting actual verifiable facts, pro or con. More discussion about why the source fails [[WP:RS]] -- http://greenhybrid.com/discuss/f13/did-anyone-read-crap-15652/ - [[User:Ageekgal|Ageekgal]] 16:01, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

what the **** is hybrid cars????!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Shawn Crahan

2008-02-11T01:54:39Z

203.12.220.247:

{{Unreferenced|date=September 2007}}
{{Infobox Musical artist 
| Name = Shawn nazi

| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Img_size = 
| Landscape =
| Background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| Birth_name = Michael Shawn Crahan
| Alias = Clown, #6
| Born = {{birth date and age|1969|9|24}} [[Des Moines]], [[Iowa]], [[United States]]
| Died =
| Origin =
| Instrument = [[Percussion]]
| Genre = [[Nu metal]], [[Alternative metal]], [[Indie (music)|Indie]]
| Occupation = [[Musician]]
| Years_active = 1993–present
| Label = [[Roadrunner Records|Roadrunner]]
| Associated_acts = [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]] [[To My Surprise]] [[Dirty Little Rabbits]]
| URL = [http://www.slipknot1.com www.slipknot1.com]
| Notable_instruments =
}}
'''Shawn "Clown" Crahan''', (born '''Michael Shawn Crahan''' on [[September 24]], [[1969]]), is an [[United States|American]] [[musician]], currently [[percussion]]ist in the band [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]] and drummer for five-piece [[Independent music|Indie]] band [[Dirty Little Rabbits]]. He has a set of deeply tuned [[tom-tom drum|tom]]s on which he provides backup (along with [[Chris Fehn]]) to the [[Drum kit|drumming]] of [[Joey Jordison]].

==History==
Crahan says he had a happy youth. His parents financed Slipknot in the early days and he professes nothing but the utmost respect for them. In the early '90s, he had a drinking problem, exacerbated when he bought a Des Moines bar, "The Safari". Frustrated by the lack of success, he says he would have killed himself if he hadn't met his wife Chantal. "My saviour, my hero", he says. "She saved my life." - ''[[Q Magazine]]''. He also has two daughters and two sons, which he says "I'm a perfect father and a fucking psychopath, okay? No contradiction." - [http://www.black-goat.com/prof_shawn.php]

==Filmography==
[[Welcome To Our Neighborhood]] (1999)- himself

[[Rollerball (2002 film)|Rollerball]] (2002)- Slipknot band member

[[Voliminal]] (2006)- himself/Director

==Other projects==
Shawn also is the founder of Big Orange Clown unit of [[Sanctuary Records]], and signed [[metalcore]] act, [[Gizmachi]]. Shawn is also the drummer and vocalist for the band [[To My Surprise]]. He appears unmasked in this band.

*Heads on the wall: 1993–1995 Shawn - Drums
*One Cup Fat: 1999–2000 Shawn Drums
**Singer:SATONE from [[Downthesun]], Guitar/Bass:[[Brandon Darner]] from [[To My Surprise]] and [[The Envy Corps]]
*Quan - Guitar: This band played four shows with Slipknot's drummer [[Joey Jordison]]'s band, Modifidious.
*[[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]]: 1995–present
*[[To My Surprise]]: 2003–present
*[[Dirty Little Rabbits]]: 2007–present

==External links==
*[http://www.myspace.com/slipknot1 - Slipknot's MySpace]
*[http://www.myspace.com/mshawncrahan - Shawn's MySpace]
*[http://www.bigorangeclown.com - Big Orange Clown Record's Official Site]
*[http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com - Roadrunner Records]
*[http://www.slipknot1.com - Slipknot Official site]
*[http://www.tomysurprise.net - To My Surprise's Official Site]
*[http://www.myspace.com/tomysurprise - To My Surprise's MySpace]
*[http://www.myspace.com/dirtylittlerabbits - Dirty Little Rabbits' MySpace]
*[http://www.dirtylittlerabbits.com - Dirty Little Rabbits' Official site]
* {{imdb name|id=0185749|name=Shawn Crahan}}

{{Slipknot}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crahan, Shawn}}
[[Category:Slipknot members]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American rock drummers]]
[[Category:Iowa musicians]]
[[Category:People from Des Moines, Iowa]]

[[bg:Шон Крахан]]
[[da:Shawn Crahan]]
[[de:Shawn Crahan]]
[[es:Shawn Crahan]]
[[fr:Shawn Crahan]]
[[it:Shawn Crahan]]
[[hu:Shawn „Clown” Crahan]]
[[no:Shawn Crahan]]
[[pl:Shawn Crahan]]
[[pt:Shawn Crahan]]
[[ru:Крехан, Шон]]
[[fi:Shawn Crahan]]
[[sv:Shawn Crahan]]

Cybercrime

2008-01-21T05:00:08Z

203.12.220.247: /* Drug Trafficking */

{{CrimLaw}}

'''Computer crime''', '''[[cybercrime]]''', '''e-crime''', '''hi-tech crime''' or '''electronic crime''' generally refers to criminal activity where a [[computer]] or [[Computer networking|network]] is the source, tool, target, or place of a [[crime]]. These categories are not exclusive and many activities can be characterized as falling in one or more category. Additionally, although the terms computer crime or [[cybercrime]] are more properly restricted to describing criminal activity in which the computer or network is a necessary part of the crime, these terms are also sometimes used to include traditional crimes, such as [[fraud]], [[theft]], [[blackmail]], [[forgery]], and [[embezzlement]], in which computers or networks are used to facilitate the illicit activity.

Computer crime can broadly be defined as criminal activity involving an information technology infrastructure, including illegal access (unauthorized access), illegal interception (by technical means of non-public transmissions of computer data to, from or within a computer system), data interference (<nowiki>unauthorized damaging</nowiki>, deletion, deterioration, alteration or suppression of computer data), systems interference (interfering with the functioning of a computer system by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer data), misuse of devices, forgery (ID theft), and electronic fraud.

==Discussion==
A common example would be when a person intends to be very stupid and thinks he's all that so he starts to steal information from other gay sites, or cause damage to, a botch or a computer or [[computer network]]. This can be entirely virtual in that the information only exists in digital form, and the damage, while real, has no physical consequence other than the machine ceases to function. In some legal systems, intangible property cannot be stolen and the damage must be visible, e.g. as resulting from a blow from a hammer. Yet [[denial of service]] attacks for the purposes of [[extortion]] may result in significant damage both to the system and the profitability of the site targeted. A further problem is that many definitions have not kept pace with the technology. For example, where the offense requires proof of a trick or deception as the operative cause of the theft, this may require the mind of a human being to change and so do or refrain from doing something that causes the loss. Increasingly, computer systems control access to goods and services. If a criminal manipulates the system into releasing the goods or authorizing the services, has there been a "trick", has there been a "deception", does the machine act because it "believes" payment to have been made, does the machine have "knowledge", does the machine "do" or "refrain from doing" something it has been programmed to do (or not). Where human-centric terminology is used for crimes relying on [[natural language]] skills and innate gullibility, definitions have to be modified to ensure that fraudulent behavior remains criminal no matter how it is committed (consider the definition of [[wire fraud]]).

Issues surrounding [[hacker|hacking]], [[copyright infringement]] through [[warez]], [[child pornography]], and [[child grooming]], have become high-profile. But this emphasis fails to consider the equally real but less spectacular issues of [[obscenity|obscene]] [[graffiti]] appearing on websites and "[[cyberstalking]]" or [[harassment]] that can affect everyday life. There are also problems of [[privacy]] when [[confidentiality|confidential]] information is lost, say, when an [[e-mail]] is intercepted whether through illegal hacking, legitimate monitoring (increasingly common in the workplace) or when it is simply read by an unauthorized or unintended person.

In ''R v Stanford'' (2006) [http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/0199275297/Updates06/march_06/#top EWCA Crim 258] the defendant was charged with the unlawful interception of e-mail communications to a public company under s1(2) Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. After his resignation as deputy chairman of the company, he was found to have intercepted e-mail to and from certain persons in that company. His defense under s1(6) was that the interceptions had been made at his request by the company's computer system administrator who was excluded from criminal liability because either he was a person who had a right to control the operation or use of the system (s1 (6) (a)) or because he had the express or implied consent of such a person to make the interception (s1(6)(b)). The Court of Appeal held that to "control" for the purposes of s1(6) meant to "authorize and forbid". An administrator only has the power physically to use and operate the system. There is no control in the management sense. The objective of s1 of the Act was to protect the privacy of e-mails. If anyone with unrestricted ability to operate and use a telecommunications system were exempt from criminal liability for intercepting communications, it would defeat the purpose of the statute.

[[E-mail]] and Short Message Service ([[Short message service|SMS]]) messages are seen as casual communication including many things that would never be put in a letter. But unlike spoken communication, there is no intonation and accenting, so the message can be more easily distorted or interpreted as offensive. In [[England and Wales]], s43 Telecommunications Act 1984 makes it an offense to use a public [[telecommunications]] network to send 'grossly offensive, threatening or obscene' material, and a 'public telecommunications network' is widely enough defined to cover [[Internet traffic]] which goes through telephone lines or other cables.

Secondly, a computer can be the tool, used, for example, to plan or commit an offense such as [[larceny]] or the distribution of child pornography. The growth of international [[data communication]]s and in particular the Internet has made these crimes both more common and more difficult to police. And using [[encryption]] techniques, criminals may [[conspiracy (criminal)|conspire]] or exchange data with fewer opportunities for the [[police]] to monitor and intercept. This requires modification to the standard [[warrant (law)|warrants]] for [[search warrant|search]], [[telephone tapping]], etc.

Thirdly, a computer can be a source of [[evidence (law)|evidence]]. Even though the computer is not directly used for criminal purposes, it is an excellent device for record keeping, particularly given the power to encrypt the data. If this evidence can be obtained and decrypted, it can be of great value to criminal investigators. Thus, specialized government agencies and units have been set up to develop the necessary expertise. See below for a link to the [[U.S. Department of Justice]]'s website about e-crime and its [[computer forensics]] services.

===Fraud===

[[Computer]] fraud is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to induce another to do or refrain from doing something which causes loss. In this context, the fraud will result in obtaining a benefit by:

* altering computer input in an unauthorized way. This requires little technical expertise and is not an uncommon form of theft by employees altering the data before entry or entering false data, or by entering unauthorized instructions or using unauthorized processes;
* altering, destroying, suppressing, or stealing output, usually to conceal unauthorized transactions: this is difficult to detect;
* altering or deleting stored data; or
* altering or misusing existing system tools or software packages, or altering or writing code for fraudulent purposes. This requires real programming skills and is not common.

Manipulating banking systems to make unauthorized identity theft with reference to ATM fraud.

===Offensive Content===
The content of websites and other electronic communications may be harmful, distasteful or offensive for a variety of reasons. Most countries have enacted law that place some limits on the [[freedom of speech]] and ban [[racist]], [[blasphemy|blasphemous]], politically subversive, seditious or inflammatory material that tends to incite [[hate crimes]]. This is a sensitive area in which the courts can become involved in arbitrating between groups with entrenched beliefs, each convinced that their point of view has been unreasonably attacked. In England, s28 Crime and Disorder Act 1998 defines a racial group, following ''Mandla v Dowell-Lee'' (1983) 2 AC 548 (in which a requirement to wear a cap as part of a [[school]] uniform had the effect of excluding [[Sikh]] boys whose religion required them to wear a turban), as a group of persons defined by reference to race, color, nationality (including citizenship) or ethnic or national origin; and a religious group as a group of persons defined by reference to religious belief or lack of religious belief. Therefore, it is equally an offense to show hostility to a person who practices a particular faith as to a person who has no religious belief or faith.

===Harassment===
Whereas content may be offensive in a non-specific way, harassment directs obscenities and derogatory comments at specific individuals focusing for example on gender, race, religion, nationality, sexual orientation. This often occurs in chat rooms, through newsgroups, and by sending hate e-mail to interested parties (see [[cyber bullying]], [[harassment by computer]], [[stalking]], and cyberstalking). In England, in a broader form than s43 Telecommunications Act 1984, s1 Malicious Communications Act 1988 makes it an offense to send an indecent, offensive or threatening letter, electronic communication or other article to another person. Now, s2 Protection from Harassment Act 1997 criminalizes a course of conduct amounting to harassment which the defendant knows, or ought to know, amounts to harassment of another. If a reasonable person in possession of the same information would think the course of conduct amounted to harassment of the other, the knowledge will be [[imputation (law)|imputed]] to the defendant. Although harassment is not defined, s7 states that it includes causing alarm or distress, and conduct is defined as including speech in all its forms. In ''DPP v Collins'' (2006) 1 WLR 308 the defendant repeatedly telephoned the offices of his MP on a wide range of political matters. In conversations with employees at the office and on messages left on the telephone answering machine, he used racist terms to show the frustration he felt at the way in which his affairs were being handled. No-one was personally offended, but the staff became depressed. Charged under s127(1) Communications Act 2003, the magistrates found that the terms were offensive but that a reasonable person would not find them grossly offensive. To determine whether any message content is merely offensive or grossly offensive depended on their particular circumstances and context, i.e. in the wider society which is an open and just multi-racial society, the test of offensiveness was objective.

More problematic are deliberate attacks which amount to [[defamation]] although, in March 2006, Michael Keith-Smith became the first person to win [[damages]] from an individual internet user after she accused him of being a 'sex offender' and 'racist blogger' on a Yahoo! discussion site. She also claimed that his wife was a prostitute. The [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] judge decided that Tracy Williams, of Oldham, was "particularly abusive" and "her statements demonstrated that ... she had no intention of stopping her [[libel]]lous and defamatory behavior". She was ordered to pay £10,000 in damages, plus [[Pound sign|£]]7,200 costs. In general, libel is not treated as a criminal matter except when it may provoke the person defamed into retaliatory violence (see cybersmearing as it affects business [http://www.bnabooks.com/ababna/tech/2003/burns.doc]. All forms of unsolicited e-mail and advertisements can also be considered to be forms of Internet harassment where the content is offensive or of an explicit sexual nature. Now termed [[spam (electronic)|spam]], it has been criminalized in various countries[http://www.spamlaws.com/]

===Drug Trafficking===
Drug traffickers are increasingly taking advantage of the Internet to sell their illegal substances through encrypted e-mail and other Internet Technology. Some drug traffickers arrange deals at internet cafes, use courier Web sites to track illegal packages of pills, and swap recipes for amphetamines in restricted-access chat rooms.

The Internet's easy-to-learn, fast-paced character, global impact, and fairly reliable privacy features facilitate the marketing of illicit drugs. Detecting money laundering of cash earned by drug traffickers is very difficult, because dealers are now able to use electronic commerce and [[Internet banking]] facilities. Also, traffickers have been using online package tracking services offered by courier companies to keep tabs on the progress of their shipments. If there happened to be some sort of undue delay, this could signal authority interception of the drugs, which would still allow the dealers time to cover their tracks. Law enforcement is also more deficient because illicit drug deals are arranged instantaneously, over short distances, making interception by authorities much more difficult.

The rise in Internet drug trades could also be attributed to the lack of face-to-face communication. These virtual exchanges allow more intimidated individuals to more comfortably purchase illegal drugs. The sketchy effects that are often associated with drug trades are severely minimized and the filtering process that comes with physical interaction fades away.
Furthermore, traditional drug recipes were carefully kept secrets. But with modern computer technology, this information is now being made available to anyone with computer access.

===[[Cyberterrorism]]===
{{main|Cyberterrorism}}

Government officials and IT security specialists have documented a significant increase in
Internet probes and server scans since early 2001. There is a growing concern among federal
officials {{Who|date=October 2007}} that such intrusions are part of an organized effort by cyberterrorists, foreign
intelligence services, or other groups to map potential security holes in critical systems.
A cyberterrorist is someone who intimidates or coerces a government or organization to
advance his or her political or social objectives by launching computer-based attack
against computers, network, and the information stored on them.

Even before the [[September 11]], [[2001]], terrorist attacks, the U.S. government considered the
potential threat of cyberterrorism serious enough that is established the National Infrastructure Protection Center in [[February 1998]]. This function was transferred to the Homeland Security Department's Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Directorate to serve as a focal point for threat assessment, warning, investigation, and response for
threats or attacks against US critical infrastructure, which provide telecommunications, energy, banking and finance, water systems, government operations, and emergency services. Successful cyberattacks against the facilities that provide these services
could cause widespread and massive disruptions to the normal function of our society.

Cyberterrorism in general, can be defined as an act of terrorism committed through the use of cyberspace or computer resources. As such, a simple propaganda in the Internet, that there will be bomb attacks during the holidays can be considered cyberterrorism. At worst, cyberterrorist may use the Internet or computer resources to carry out an actual attack.

==Documented Cases of Computer Crimes==
* The Yahoo website was attacked at 10:30 PST on Monday, [[7 February]] [[2000]]. The attack lasted three hours. Yahoo was pinged at the rate of one gigabyte/second.
* On [[3 August]] [[2000]], Canadian federal prosecutors charged [[MafiaBoy]] with 54 counts of illegal access to computers, plus a total of ten counts of mischief to data for his attacks on [[Amazon.com]], [[eBay]], [[Dell Computer]], Outlaw.net, and [[Yahoo]]. MafiaBoy had also attacked other websites, but prosecutors decided that a total of 66 counts was enough. MafiaBoy pled not guilty.
* About fifty computers at [[Stanford University]], and also computers at the University of California at Santa Barbara, were amongst the [[zombie computer]]s sending pings in DoS attacks.
* In [[26 March]] [[1999]], the [[Melissa (computer worm)|Melissa worm]] infected a document on a victim's computer, then automatically sent that document and copy of the virus via e-mail to other people.

==See also==
*[[Cybercrime]]
*[[malware|malicious code]]
*[[Denial-of-service attack]]
*[[Hacker|Hacking]]
*[[virus (computing)|virus]]
*[[trojan horse (computing)|trojan horse]]
*[[Cyberterrorism]]
*[[Information warfare]]
*[[Cyberstalking]]
*[[Fraud]] and [[identity theft]], including [[phishing]]
*[[Virtual crime]]

==Applicable laws==
===United States===

*ACCESS DEVICE FRAUD. [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00001029----000-.html 18 U.S.C. § 1029]. Fraud and related activity in connection with access devices.

*[[Computer Fraud and Abuse Act|COMPUTER FRAUD AND ABUSE ACT]]. [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00001030----000-.html 18 U.S.C. § 1030]. Fraud and related activity in connection with computers.

*CAN-SPAM ACT. [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode15/usc_sec_15_00007704----000-.html 15 U.S.C. § 7704]. Controlling The Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003.

*EXTORTION AND THREATS. [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00000875----000-.html 18 U.S.C. § 875]. EXTORTION and THREATS. Interstate communications.

*IDENTITY THEFT AND ASSUMPTION DETERRENCE ACT of 1998. [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00001028----000-.html 18 U.S.C. § 1028]. Fraud and related activity in connection with identification documents, authentication features, and information.

*WIRE FRAUD. [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00001343----000-.html 18 U.S.C. § 1343]. Fraud by wire, radio, or television.

*No Electronic Theft ("NET") Act. [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode17/usc_sec_17_00000506----000-.html 17 U.S.C. § 506]. Criminal Offenses. (criminal copyright infringement)

*Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 ([[DMCA]]) . [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode17/usc_sec_17_00001201----000-.html 17 U.S.C. § 1201]. Circumvention of copyright protection systems.

*Electronic Communications Privacy Act, [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sup_01_18_10_I_20_121.html 18 U.S.C. § 2701, et seq]. (STORED WIRE AND ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSACTIONAL RECORDS ACCESS)

*Trade Secrets Act. [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00001832----000-.html 18 U.S.C. § 1832]. Theft of trade secrets.

*Economic Espionage Act. [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00001831----000-.html 18 U.S.C. § 1831]. Economic Espionage.

*[http://nsi.org/Library/Compsec/computerlaw/statelaws.html US Computer Crime Laws by State]

===[[Canada]]===
*[[Criminal Code of Canada]], Section 342. [http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-46/280843.html#Section-342.1 Unauthorized Use of Computer.]
*[[Criminal Code of Canada]], Section 184. [http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/c-46/280634.html Interception of Communications]

===[[United Kingdom]]===

*The [[Computer Misuse Act 1990]] (chapter 18.)

*The [[Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000]] (chapter 23.)

*The [[Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001]] (chapter 24.)

*The [[Data Protection Act]] 1998 (chapter 29.)

*The [[Fraud Act 2006]] (chapter 35.)

*Potentially the [http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=47&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=1267132&activetextdocid=1267154 Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981 (chapter 45)] may also apply in relation to forgery of electronic payment instruments accepted within the United Kingdom.

*The CMA was recently amended by the [[Police and Justice Act 2006]] (chapter 48)

*The [[Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003]] (Statutory Instrument 2003 No. 2426.)

*See also the [http://www.internetrights.org.uk/factsheets.shtml?cmd%5B512%5D=i-512-0da9b65d93e7d072d6117d4de146d8a4&x=53236 UK Internet Rights] web site and the [http://www.apcomms.org.uk/apig/archive/activities-2004/computer-misuse-inquiry/CMAReportFinalVersion1.pdf All Party Internet Group report] on recommended amendments to the CMA.

===[[Australia]]===

*[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001112/sch1.html ''Cybercrime Act 2001'' (Commonwealth)]
*[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ca190082/ ''Crimes Act 1900'' (NSW)]: Part 6, ss 308-308I.
*[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_act/cc94/s440a.html ''Criminal Code'' (WA): Section 440a, Unlawful Operation of a Computer System]

===[[Singapore]]===
*[http://agcvldb4.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_retrieve.pl?actno=REVED-50A&doctitle=COMPUTER%20MISUSE%20ACT%0a&date=latest&method=part&sl=1 Computer Misuse Act 1993 (Chapter 50A)]

===Others===

*[http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=185&CM=8&DF=20/12/01&CL=ENG Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime]
*[http://www.cybercrimelaw.net/laws/survey.html Global Survey of Cybercrime Law]
*[http://www.mosstingrett.no/info/legal.html Unauthorized Access Penal Laws in 44 Countries]

*[[Convention on Cybercrime]]

==Academic resources==

*[http://cybercrimes.net/ Cybercrimes.net] and [http://steeplemedia.com/blogs/cyb3r_crim3/ Cyb3rCrim3.org] Susan W. Brenner
*[http://www.jisclegal.ac.uk/cybercrime/cybercrime.htm Cybercrime - High Tech crime] JISC Legal Information Service
*[http://legal.practitioner.com/computer-crime/ A Guide to Computer Crime] Practitioner.Com
*[http://www.lib.msu.edu/harris23/crimjust/cybercri.htm Criminal Justice Resources - Cybercrime]
*[http://information-retrieval.info/cybercrime/ Cybercrime NYLS]

==Government resources==

*[http://www.cybercrime.gov/ Cybercrime.gov] US Department of Justice CCIPS
*[http://www.us-cert.gov/ US CERT] United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT)
*[http://www.fbi.gov/cyberinvest/cyberhome.htm FBI Cyber Investigations Home Page]
*[http://www.ustreas.gov/usss/financial_crimes.shtml#Computer US Secret Service Computer Fraud]
*[http://onguardonline.gov/index.html On Guard] OnGuardOnline.gov provides practical tips from the federal government and the technology industry to help you be on guard against Internet fraud, secure your computer, and protect your personal information.
*[http://www.consumer.gov/idtheft/ ID Theft] one-stop national resource to learn about the crime of identity theft
*[http://www.findlaw.com/01topics/10cyberspace/computercrimes/index.html FindLaw Computer Crime]
*[http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/scams/ccprev_e.htm RCMP Computer Crime Prevention] Royal Canadian Mounted Police

==Other external links==
* [http://www.ahtcc.gov.au/ Australian High Tech Crime Centre]
* [http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/crimestoppers/detail.cfm?ObjectID=29&Section=education Australian Computer Abuse Research Bureau] (ACARB) introduction to computer abuse concepts
* European Convention on Cybercrime [http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/185.htm]
* [http://www.crime-research.org Computer Crime Research Center] - Daily news about computer crime, Internet fraud and cyber terrorism
* [http://www.infosecinstitute.com/courses/computer_forensics_training.html Computer Forensics]
* [http://www.cybercrimelaw.org Cyber Crime Law] - News and commentary on preventing, detecting, and prosecuting computer crimes
* [http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/security/investigator/ Information Security Investigations] - Real-life stories of hunting down computer criminals and cyber terrorists
* http://www.cybercrime.gov - [[U.S. Department of Justice]] cybercrime web site
*http://www.e-crimecongress.org - Annual e-Crime Conference Serving Europe & International corporations
*http://www.ecce-conference.com/ - e-crime and computer evidence conference (first held in 2005 - now an annual event)
*[http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/topics/ecrime/welcome.html U.S. Department of Justice] National Institute of Justice Electronic Crime Program
* http://www.mosstingrett.no/info/legal.html#28 - The Legal Framework - Unauthorized Access to Computer Systems
* http://www.cybercrimelaw.org/index.cfm - Cybercrime Law
* http://www.rbs2.com/ccrime.htm#anchor666666 - Computer Crimes, Ronald B. Standler
* [http://politicalhacking.blogspot.com/ Politically Motivated Computer Crime] News and analysis

==References==

'''

[[Category:Criminal law]]
[[Category:Computer law]]

[[de:Computerkriminalität]]
[[nl:Computercriminaliteit]]
[[ja:サイバー犯罪]]
[[pt:Crime informático]]
[[zh:电脑犯罪]]

Ginkgo biloba

2008-01-21T02:33:38Z

203.12.220.247:

{{Refimprove|date=November 2007}}
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Ginkgo''
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|199.6}}[[Jurassic]] - [[Pliocene]]<ref name=ZhouZheng/>
| status = EN
| status_system = iucn2.3
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{IUCN2006|assessors=Sun|year=1998|id=32353|title=Ginkgo biloba|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Listed as Endangered (EN B1+2c v2.3) </ref>
| image = Gingko-Blaetter.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Ginkgo leaves
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Ginkgophyta]]
| classis = [[Ginkgoopsida]]
| ordo = [[Ginkgoales]]
| familia = [[Ginkgoaceae]]
| genus = '''''Ginkgo'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = '''''G. biloba''''' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
The '''Ginkgo''' ('''''Ginkgo biloba'''''; ''''銀杏'''' in Chinese), frequently misspelled as "Gingko", and also known as the '''Maidenhair Tree''' after ''[[Adiantum]]'', is a unique [[tree]] with no close living relatives.

==Mula-mula, kita akan belajar tentang ginkgo biloba yang ditulis oleh Wan Muhammad Ridhwan B wan Alias(anak polis)yang merupakan pelopor utama ==
The ginkgo is classified in its own division, the '''Ginkgophyta''', comprising the single class '''Ginkgoopsida''', order '''Ginkgoales''', family '''[[Ginkgoaceae]]''', genus '''''Ginkgo''''' and is the only [[Extant_taxon|extant species]] within this group. It is one of the best known examples of a [[living fossil]], because Ginkgoales are not known from the fossil record after the [[Pliocene]].<ref name=ZhouZheng>{{cite journal
|journal=Nature
|issue=423
|pages=821-822
|date=2003-06-19
| doi=10.1038/423821a
|title=Palaeobiology: The missing link in Ginkgo evolution
|author=Zhiyan Zhou and Shaolin Zheng
}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=July 2007}}

For centuries it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow in at least two small areas in [[Zhejiang]] province in Eastern [[China]], in the [[Tian Mu Shan Reserve]]. Ginkgo trees in these areas may have been tended and preserved by Chinese monks for over 1000 years. {{Fact|date=May 2007}} Therefore, whether native ginkgo populations still exist is uncertain.

The relationship of Ginkgo to other plant groups remains uncertain. It has been placed loosely in the divisions [[Spermatophyta]] and [[Pinophyta]], but no consensus has been reached. Since Ginkgo seeds are not protected by an [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] wall, it can morphologically be considered a gymnosperm. The apricot-like structures produced by female ginkgo trees are technically not [[fruit]]s, but are the seeds having a shell that consists of a soft and fleshy section (the [[sarcotesta]]), and a hard section (the [[sclerotesta]]).

__TOC__

==Characteristics==
[[Image:Radziejowice ginkgo biloba01.jpg|right|thumb|Ginkgo tree in autumn]]

===General Morphology===
Ginkgos are very large trees, normally reaching a height of 20–35 m (66-115 feet), with some specimens in China being over 50 m (164 feet). The tree has an angular crown and long, somewhat erratic branches, and is usually deep rooted and resistant to wind and snow damage. Young trees are often tall and slender, and sparsely branched; the crown becomes broader as the tree ages. During autumn, the leaves turn a bright yellow, then fall, sometimes within a short space of time (1–15 days). A combination of resistance to disease, insect-resistant wood and the ability to form aerial roots and sprouts makes ginkgos very long-lived, with some specimens claimed to be more than 2,500 years old: A 3,000 year-old ginkgo has been reported in [[Shandong]] province in China.<ref>A. Lewington & E. Parker (1999). ''Ancient Trees.'' London: Collins & Brown Ltd. ISBN 1-85585-704-9. p. 183.</ref>

Some old Ginkgos produce aerial roots, known as ''chichi'' (Japanese; "[[nipple]]s") or ''zhong-ru'' (Mandarin Chinese), which form on the undersides of large branches and grow downwards. Chichi growth is very slow, and may take hundreds of years to occur. The function, if any, of these thick aerial roots is unknown.
[[Image:Ginkgo Tree Ginkgo biloba Trunk Bark 2000px.jpg|right|thumb|Trunk bark]]

===Stem===
Ginkgo branches grow in length by growth of shoots with regularly spaced leaves, as seen on most trees. From the [[axil]]s of these leaves, "spur shoots" (also known as short shoots) develop on second-year growth. Short shoots have very short internodes (so that several years' growth may only extend them by a centimeter or two) and their leaves are ordinarily unlobed. They are short and knobby, and are arranged regularly on the branches except on first-year growth. Because of the short internodes, leaves appear to be clustered at the tips of short shoots, and reproductive structures are formed only on them (see picture to above left— seeds and leaves are visible on short shoots). In Ginkgos, as in other plants that possess them, short shoots allow the formation of new leaves in the older parts of the crown. After a number of years, a short shoot may change into a long (ordinary) shoot, or vice versa.

===Leaves===
The [[leaf|leaves]] are unique among seed plants, being fan-shaped with veins radiating out into the leaf blade, sometimes bifurcating (splitting) but never [[anastomosis|anastomosing]] to form a network.<ref name="More on Morphology">[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgomm.html Ginkgoales: More on Morphology]</ref> Two veins enter the leaf blade at the base and fork repeatedly in two; this is known as dichotomous venation. The leaves are usually 5-10 cm (2-4 inches), but sometimes up to 15 cm (6 inches) long. The old popular name "Maidenhair tree" is because the leaves resemble some of the pinnae of the [[Maidenhair fern]] ''Adiantum capillus-veneris''.

Leaves of long shoots are usually notched or lobed, but only from the outer surface, between the veins. They are borne both on the more rapidly-growing branch tips, where they are alternate and spaced out, and also on the short, stubby spur shoots, where they are clustered at the tips.

===Reproduction===
Ginkgos are [[plant sexuality|dioecious]], with separate sexes, some trees being [[female]] and others being [[male]]. Male plants produce small [[conifer cone|pollen cones]] with [[sporophyll]]s each bearing two [[microsporangium|microsporangia]] spirally arranged around a central axis.

Female plants do not produce cones. Two [[ovule]]s are formed at the end of a stalk, and after [[pollination]], one or both develop into seeds. The seed is 1.5-2 cm long. Its fleshy outer layer (the [[sarcotesta]]) is light yellow-brown, soft, and [[fruit]]-like.
It is attractive in appearance, but contains [[butanoic acid]] and smells like rancid [[butter]] (which contains the same chemical) or feces{{Fact|date=October 2007}} when fallen. Beneath the sarcotesta is the hard [[sclerotesta]] (what is normally known as the "shell" of the seed) and a papery [[endotesta]], with the [[nucellus]] surrounding the female [[gametophyte]] at the center.<ref name="Lab IX">[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/IB181/VPL/CorCon/CorCon2.html Laboratory IX -- ''Ginkgo'', ''Cordaites'', and the Conifers]</ref>

The fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs via motile sperm, as in cycads, ferns, mosses and algae. The sperm are large (about 250-300 micrometres) and are similar to the sperm of cycads, which are slightly larger. Ginkgo sperm were first discovered by the Japanese botanist [[Sakugoro Hirase]] in 1896.<ref>[http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/fo47/ginkgo/ogura.htm History of Discovery of Spermatozoids In Ginkgo biloba and Cycas revoluta]</ref> The sperm have a complex multi-layered structure, which is a continuous belt of basal bodies that form the base of several thousand flagella which actually have a cilia-like motion. The flagella/cilia apparatus pulls the body of the sperm forwards. The sperm have only a tiny distance to travel to the archegonia, of which there are usually two or three. Two sperm are produced, one of which successfully fertilizes the ovule. Although it is widely held that fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs just before or after they fall in early autumn,<ref name="More on Morphology"/> <ref name="Lab IX"/> <ref>[http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/ginkgo/icho.html Brief Notes on Ginkgo biloba]</ref> embryos ordinarily occur in seeds just before and after they drop from the tree.<ref>Ben F. Holt, Gar W. Rothwell. Is Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) Really an Oviparous Plant? American Journal of Botany, Vol. 84, No. 6 (Jun., 1997) , pp. 870-872</ref>

<gallery heights="140px" widths="180px">
Image:Ginkgo-biloba-male.JPG|Ginkgo pollen cones
Image:Ginkgo embryo and gametophyte.jpg|Female gametophyte, dissected from a seed freshly shed from the tree, containing a well-developed embryo
Image:Ginkgo biloba0.jpg|Ginkgo seeds and leaves
Image:Gingko fg01.jpg|autumn leaves and seeds
</gallery>

==Etymology==
The older Chinese name for this plant is 银果 ''yínguo'' ('silver fruit').
The most usual names today are 白果 ''bái guǒ'' ('white fruit') and {{lang|zh|銀杏}} ''yínxìng'' ('silver [[apricot]]'). The former name was [[loanword|borrowed]] directly in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (as ''bạch quả'').
The latter name was borrowed in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (as ''ichō'') and [[Korean language|Korean]] (as ''eunhaeng''), when the tree itself was introduced from China.

The scientific name ''Ginkgo'' appears to be due to a process akin to [[folk etymology]].
[[Kanji|Chinese characters]] typically have multiple pronunciations in Japanese, and the characters 銀杏 used for ''ichō'' can also be mistakenly pronounced ''ginkyō''.
[[Engelbert Kaempfer]], the first [[Westerner]] to see the species in [[1690]], wrote down this incorrect pronunciation in his ''Amoenitates Exoticae'' (1712); his ''y'' was misread as a ''g'', and the misspelling stuck.<ref>[http://www.flc.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~michel/serv/ek/amoenitates/ginkgo/ginkgo.html Faculty of languages and cultures, Kyushu University Japan]</ref>

== Prehistory ==
The Ginkgo is a [[living fossil]], with fossils recognisably related to modern Ginkgo from the [[Permian]], dating back 270 million years. They diversified and spread throughout [[Laurasia]] during the middle [[Jurassic]] and [[Cretaceous]], but became much rarer thereafter. By the [[Paleocene]], ''Ginkgo adiantoides'' was the only ''Ginkgo'' species left in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] (but see below) with a markedly different (but not well-documented) form persisting in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and at the end of the [[Pliocene]] ''Ginkgo'' fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere apart from a small area of central China where the modern species survived. It is in fact doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of ''Ginkgo'' can be reliably distinguished; given the slow pace of evolution in the genus, there may have been only 2 in total; what is today called ''G. biloba'' (including ''G. adiantoides''), and ''G. gardneri'' from the [[Paleocene]] of [[Scotland]].

At least morphologically, ''G. gardneri'' and the Southern Hemisphere species are the only known post-Jurassic taxa that can be unequivocally recognised, the remainder may just as well have simply been [[ecotypes]] or [[subspecies]]. The implications would be that ''G. biloba'' had occurred over an extremely wide range, had remarkable genetic flexibility and though [[evolution|evolving]] genetically never showed much [[speciation]]. The occurrence of ''G. gardneri'', it seems a [[Caledonia]]n mountain endemic, and the somewhat greater diversity on the Southern Hemisphere, suggests that old mountain ranges on the Northern Hemisphere could hold other, presently undiscovered, fossil ''Ginkgo'' species. Since the distribution of ''Ginkgo'' was already relictual in late prehistoric times, the chances that ancient [[DNA]] from subfossils can shed any light on this problem seem remote. While it may seem improbable that a species may exist as a contiguous entity for many millions of years, many of the Ginkgo's life-history parameters fit. These are: extreme longevity; slow reproduction rate; (in Cenozoic and later times) a wide, apparently contiguous, but steadily contracting distribution coupled with, as far as can be demonstrated from the fossil record, extreme ecological conservatism (being restricted to light soils around rivers); and a low population density.

<gallery heights="140px" widths="180px">
Image:Ginkgo adiantoides.jpg|''Ginkgo adiantoides'' Eocene fossil leaf from the Tranquille Shale of British Columbia, Canada.
Image:Fossil Plant Ginkgo.jpg|Fossil ''Ginkgo'' leaves from the Jurassic of England
</gallery>

Ginkgophyta fossils have been classified in the following families and genera:
*Ginkgoaceae
**''Arctobaiera''
**''Baiera''
**''Eretmophyllum''
**''Ginkgo''
**''Ginkgoites''
**''Sphenobaiera''
**''Windwardia''
*Trichopityaceae
**''Trichopitys''

''Ginkgo'' has been used for classifying plants with [[Leaf|leaves]] that have more than four [[Leaf#Veins|veins]] per segment, while ''Baiera'' for those with less than four veins per segment. ''Sphenobaiera'' has been used to classify plants with a broadly wedge-shaped leaf that lacks a distinct leaf stem. ''Trichopitys'' is distinguished by having multiple-forked leaves with cylindrical (not flattened) thread-like ultimate divisions; it is one of the earliest fossils ascribed to the Ginkgophyta.
{{-}}

==Cultivation and uses==
[[Image:Skku logo.png|right|thumb|In [[South Korea]], [[Sungkyunkwan University]]'s logo is a ginkgo leaf. Its main campus features several ginkgo trees that were planted in [[1519]] and still stand today.]]
Ginkgo has long been cultivated in [[China]]; some planted trees at temples are believed to be over 1,500 years old. The first record of Europeans encountering it is in [[1690]] in Japanese temple gardens, where the tree was seen by the German botanist Engelbert Kaempfer. Because of its status in [[Buddhism]] and [[Confucianism]], the Ginkgo is also widely planted in Korea and parts of Japan; in both areas, some naturalization has occurred, with Ginkgos seeding into natural forests.

In some areas, notably the [[United States]], most intentionally planted Ginkgos are male [[cultivar]]s grafted onto plants propagated from seed, because the male trees will not produce the malodorous seeds. The popular cultivar 'Autumn Gold' is a clone of a male plant.

The Ginkgo has the intriguing distinction of being one of the world's most urban-tolerant trees, often growing where other trees cannot survive.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Ginkgos rarely suffer disease problems, even in urban conditions, and are attacked by few insects.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} For this reason, and for their general beauty, ginkgos are excellent urban and shade trees, and are widely planted along many streets. The ginkgo is the official tree of the city of [[Kumamoto]], and two leaves form the symbol of the [[University of Tokyo]], the main campus of which is famous for its numerous ginkgos.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

Ginkgos are also popular subjects for growing as [[penjing]] and [[bonsai]]; they can be kept artificially small and tended over centuries. Furthermore, the trees are easy to propagate from seed.

Extreme examples of the Ginkgo's tenacity may be seen in [[Hiroshima]], [[Japan]], where four trees growing between 1–2 km from the [[1945]] [[atom bomb]] explosion were among the few living things in the area to survive the blast ([http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/hiroshima.htm photos & details]). While almost all other plants (and animals) in the area were destroyed, the ginkgos, though charred, survived and were soon healthy again. The trees are alive to this day.
{{-}}
===Culinary use===
[[Image:Ginkgo-penjing-montreal-botanical-gardens.jpg|thumb|Ginkgo as [[penjing]] in the [[Montreal Botanical Garden]]]]
The nut-like gametophytes inside the seeds are particularly esteemed in Asia, and are a traditional Chinese food. In Chinese they are called ''yín xìng'' ([[wikt:银|银]][[wikt:杏|杏]]; literally "silver apricot") or ''bái guǒ'' ([[wikt:白|白]][[wikt:果|果]]; literally "white fruit"), and in Vietnamese they are called ''bạch quả''. Ginkgo nuts are used in [[congee]], and are often served at special occasions such as weddings and the [[Chinese New Year]] (as part of the vegetarian dish called [[Buddha's delight]]). In Chinese culture, they are believed to have health benefits; some also consider them to have [[aphrodisiac]] qualities. Japanese cooks add Ginkgo seeds (called ''ginnan'') to dishes such as ''[[chawanmushi]]'', and cooked seeds are often eaten along with other dishes. The seeds are available canned, sold as "White Nuts", and can be found in many Asian food stores in the West.

When eaten by children, in large quantities (over 5 seeds a day), or over a long period of time, the raw gametophyte (meat) of the seed can cause poisoning by MPN (4-methoxypyridoxine). MPN is heat-stable. Studies have demonstrated that convulsions caused by MPN can be prevented or terminated with [[pyridoxine]].

Some people are sensitive to the chemicals in the sarcotesta, the outer fleshy coating. These people should handle the seeds with care when preparing the seeds for consumption, wearing disposable gloves. The symptoms are [[dermatitis]] or [[blister]]s similar to that caused by contact with [[Poison-ivy (plant)|poison-ivy]]. However, seeds with the fleshy coating removed are perfectly safe to handle.
{{-}}

[[Image:Ginkgo biloba JPG1a.jpg|thumb|right|Remarkable Ginkgo biloba in [[Tournai]] ([[Belgium]]).|175px]]

===Medical uses===
The extract of the Ginkgo leaves contains [[flavonoid]] glycosides and terpenoids ([[ginkgolide]]s, [[bilobalide]]s) and has been used pharmaceutically. It has many alleged [[nootropic]] properties, and is mainly used as [[memory]] and [[attention|concentration]] enhancer, and anti-[[vertigo (medical)|vertigo]] agent. However, studies differ about its efficacy. [http://www.slate.com/id/2165042/pagenum/all/ Some controversy has arisen] over the conclusions drawn by some studies that were allegedly funded by a firm which marketed Ginkgo. [[Slate (magazine)|''Slate'']], an Internet-based magazine owned by The Washington Post Company, [http://www.slate.com/id/2165042/pagenum/all/ reported in April 2007]:
<blockquote>
In 2002, a long-anticipated paper appeared in ''JAMA'' ([http://jama.ama-assn.org/ ''Journal of the American Medical Association'']) titled "Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial." This Williams College study, sponsored by the National Institute on Aging rather than Schwabe, examined the effects of ginkgo consumption on healthy volunteers older than 60. The conclusion, now cited in the National Institutes of Health's [http://nccam.nih.gov/health/ginkgo/ginkgo.pdf ginkgo fact sheet], said: "When taken following the manufacturer's instructions, ginkgo provides no measurable benefit in memory or related cognitive function to adults with healthy cognitive function."
</blockquote>
Out of the many conflicting research results, Ginkgo extract may have three effects on the human body: it improves blood flow (including microcirculation in small capillaries) to most tissues and organs; it protects against oxidative cell damage from free radicals; and it blocks many of the effects of [[Platelet-activating_factor|platelet-activating factor]] (platelet aggregation, blood clotting)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith PF, Maclennan K, Darlington CL |title=The neuroprotective properties of the Ginkgo biloba leaf: a review of the possible relationship to platelet-activating factor (PAF) |journal=Journal of ethnopharmacology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=131–9 |year=1996 |pmid=8691847 |doi=}}</ref> that have been related to the development of a number of cardiovascular, renal, respiratory and CNS (Central Nervous System) disorders. Ginkgo can be used for [[intermittent claudication]].

According to some studies, in a few cases, Ginkgo can significantly improve attention in healthy individuals<ref>Differential cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba after acute and chronic treatment in healthy young volunteers.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=15739076&ordinalpos=28&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum]</ref><ref>BBC News: Herbal remedies "boost brain power".[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/713087.stm]</ref>. The effect is almost immediate and reaches its peak in 2.5 hours after the intake<ref>Dose-dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers.[http://www.springerlink.com/content/ggk68t2cau2dpmrd/]</ref>.

A [[2004]] conference paper<ref name="alzheim">{{cite conference| author=L. Witkam and I. Ramzan| title=Ginkgo biloba in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A miracle cure?| booktitle=From Cell to Society| year=2004}} [http://www.chs.usyd.edu.au/conf04/submit/minipost/bv-witka.pdf full text pdf]  [http://www.chs.usyd.edu.au/conf04/ Conference page].</ref> summarizes how various trials indicate that Ginkgo shows promise in the treatment of [[Alzheimer's disease]], although further study is needed.

Ginkgo is commonly added to [[energy drink]]s, but the amount is typically [[angel dusting|so low]] it does not produce a noticeable effect, except perhaps via a [[placebo effect]] from Ginkgo being listed on the label. However, one 16 oz. can of [[Rockstar (drink)|Rockstar]] energy drink contains 300mg of Ginkgo Biloba.

Ginkgo supplements are usually taken in the range of 40–200 mg per day.

====Side effects====
Ginkgo may have some undesirable effects, especially for individuals with blood circulation disorders and those taking [[anti-coagulant]]s such as [[aspirin]] and [[warfarin]], although recent studies have found that ginkgo has little or no effect on the anticoagulant properties or pharmacodynamics of [[warfarin]]<ref name="warfarin">{{cite journal | quotes=no | author= Xuemin Jiang ''et al''| title= Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects | journal= British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology| year= 2005| volume= 59| issue= 4| pages= 425–432| url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02322.x }}</ref><ref name="review">{{cite journal | quotes=no | author= Ernst E, Canter PH, Coon JT| title= Does ginkgo biloba increase the risk of bleeding? A systematic review of case reports | journal= Perfusion| year= 2005| volume= 18| pages= 52–56 }}</ref>. Ginkgo should also not be used by people who are taking [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s (MAOI) or by [[pregnancy|pregnant]] women without first consulting a doctor.

Ginkgo side effects and cautions include: possible increased risk of bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, and restlessness. <ref>http://www.drugs.com/npp/ginkgo.html</ref>{{Fact|date=November 2007}} If any side effects are experienced, consumption should be stopped immediately.

[[Image:Gingko biloba JPG2b.jpg|thumb|right|''Ginkgo biloba'' in [[Morlanwelz-Mariemont]] Park, [[Belgium]]]]

==See also==
*[[André Michaux]], ''introduced the ginko to North America''
*[[Antioxidant]]
*[[Ginkgo/Wanapum State Park]] in central [[Washington]], USA
*[[Herbalism]]
* [[List of edible seeds]]
*[[Naturopathic medicine]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{wikispecies|Ginkgo biloba}}
{{commonscat|Ginkgo}}
*[http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten The Ginkgo Pages]: all aspects, in English, German, French, Spanish and Dutch. This non-commercial homepage also provides a literature/reference page.
*[http://www.conifers.org/gi/gi/index.htm Gymnosperm Database]
*[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgo.html Info] by the [[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]
*[http://www.phytochemicals.info/ginkgo.php Phytochemicals in ginkgo]
*[http://www.planet-weimar.de/english/index.html The Ginkgo Museum], [[Weimar, Germany]]
*[http://www.ottawahort.org/ginkgo.htm Growing Ginkgoes from seed]: by the Ottawa Horticultural Society
*[http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/ginkgo.html Neuroscience for kids]: Refers to JAMA studies on efficacy
*[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/gibi2.htm ''Ginkgo biloba'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9611693 Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction]
*[http://www.cirrusimage.com/tree_Ginkgo.htm Ginkgo biloba] Large format diagnostic photos, information.
*[http://www.naturaldatabase.com/nd/Search.aspx?sample=1&rh=1 Ginkgo Evidence-based Monograph] from ''Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database''
__notoc__

[[Category:Gymnosperms]]
[[Category:Japanese words and phrases]]
[[Category:Living fossils]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Horticulture]]

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[[he:גינקגו דו אונתי]]
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[[uk:Гінкго дволопатеве]]
[[zh:银杏]]

Ginkgo biloba

2008-01-21T02:32:37Z

203.12.220.247:

{{Refimprove|date=November 2007}}
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Ginkgo''
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|199.6}}[[Jurassic]] - [[Pliocene]]<ref name=ZhouZheng/>
| status = EN
| status_system = iucn2.3
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{IUCN2006|assessors=Sun|year=1998|id=32353|title=Ginkgo biloba|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Listed as Endangered (EN B1+2c v2.3) </ref>
| image = Gingko-Blaetter.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Ginkgo leaves
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Ginkgophyta]]
| classis = [[Ginkgoopsida]]
| ordo = [[Ginkgoales]]
| familia = [[Ginkgoaceae]]
| genus = '''''Ginkgo'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = '''''G. biloba''''' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
The '''Ginkgo''' ('''''Ginkgo biloba'''''; ''''銀杏'''' in Chinese), frequently misspelled as "Gingko", and also known as the '''Maidenhair Tree''' after ''[[Adiantum]]'', is a unique [[tree]] with no close living relatives.

==Mula-mula, kita akan belajar tentang ginkgo biloba yang ditulis oleh Wan Muhammad Ridhwan B wan Alias(anak polis) dan Muhammad Rasdan yang merupakan pelopor utama ==
The ginkgo is classified in its own division, the '''Ginkgophyta''', comprising the single class '''Ginkgoopsida''', order '''Ginkgoales''', family '''[[Ginkgoaceae]]''', genus '''''Ginkgo''''' and is the only [[Extant_taxon|extant species]] within this group. It is one of the best known examples of a [[living fossil]], because Ginkgoales are not known from the fossil record after the [[Pliocene]].<ref name=ZhouZheng>{{cite journal
|journal=Nature
|issue=423
|pages=821-822
|date=2003-06-19
| doi=10.1038/423821a
|title=Palaeobiology: The missing link in Ginkgo evolution
|author=Zhiyan Zhou and Shaolin Zheng
}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=July 2007}}

For centuries it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow in at least two small areas in [[Zhejiang]] province in Eastern [[China]], in the [[Tian Mu Shan Reserve]]. Ginkgo trees in these areas may have been tended and preserved by Chinese monks for over 1000 years. {{Fact|date=May 2007}} Therefore, whether native ginkgo populations still exist is uncertain.

The relationship of Ginkgo to other plant groups remains uncertain. It has been placed loosely in the divisions [[Spermatophyta]] and [[Pinophyta]], but no consensus has been reached. Since Ginkgo seeds are not protected by an [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] wall, it can morphologically be considered a gymnosperm. The apricot-like structures produced by female ginkgo trees are technically not [[fruit]]s, but are the seeds having a shell that consists of a soft and fleshy section (the [[sarcotesta]]), and a hard section (the [[sclerotesta]]).

__TOC__

==Characteristics==
[[Image:Radziejowice ginkgo biloba01.jpg|right|thumb|Ginkgo tree in autumn]]

===General Morphology===
Ginkgos are very large trees, normally reaching a height of 20–35 m (66-115 feet), with some specimens in China being over 50 m (164 feet). The tree has an angular crown and long, somewhat erratic branches, and is usually deep rooted and resistant to wind and snow damage. Young trees are often tall and slender, and sparsely branched; the crown becomes broader as the tree ages. During autumn, the leaves turn a bright yellow, then fall, sometimes within a short space of time (1–15 days). A combination of resistance to disease, insect-resistant wood and the ability to form aerial roots and sprouts makes ginkgos very long-lived, with some specimens claimed to be more than 2,500 years old: A 3,000 year-old ginkgo has been reported in [[Shandong]] province in China.<ref>A. Lewington & E. Parker (1999). ''Ancient Trees.'' London: Collins & Brown Ltd. ISBN 1-85585-704-9. p. 183.</ref>

Some old Ginkgos produce aerial roots, known as ''chichi'' (Japanese; "[[nipple]]s") or ''zhong-ru'' (Mandarin Chinese), which form on the undersides of large branches and grow downwards. Chichi growth is very slow, and may take hundreds of years to occur. The function, if any, of these thick aerial roots is unknown.
[[Image:Ginkgo Tree Ginkgo biloba Trunk Bark 2000px.jpg|right|thumb|Trunk bark]]

===Stem===
Ginkgo branches grow in length by growth of shoots with regularly spaced leaves, as seen on most trees. From the [[axil]]s of these leaves, "spur shoots" (also known as short shoots) develop on second-year growth. Short shoots have very short internodes (so that several years' growth may only extend them by a centimeter or two) and their leaves are ordinarily unlobed. They are short and knobby, and are arranged regularly on the branches except on first-year growth. Because of the short internodes, leaves appear to be clustered at the tips of short shoots, and reproductive structures are formed only on them (see picture to above left— seeds and leaves are visible on short shoots). In Ginkgos, as in other plants that possess them, short shoots allow the formation of new leaves in the older parts of the crown. After a number of years, a short shoot may change into a long (ordinary) shoot, or vice versa.

===Leaves===
The [[leaf|leaves]] are unique among seed plants, being fan-shaped with veins radiating out into the leaf blade, sometimes bifurcating (splitting) but never [[anastomosis|anastomosing]] to form a network.<ref name="More on Morphology">[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgomm.html Ginkgoales: More on Morphology]</ref> Two veins enter the leaf blade at the base and fork repeatedly in two; this is known as dichotomous venation. The leaves are usually 5-10 cm (2-4 inches), but sometimes up to 15 cm (6 inches) long. The old popular name "Maidenhair tree" is because the leaves resemble some of the pinnae of the [[Maidenhair fern]] ''Adiantum capillus-veneris''.

Leaves of long shoots are usually notched or lobed, but only from the outer surface, between the veins. They are borne both on the more rapidly-growing branch tips, where they are alternate and spaced out, and also on the short, stubby spur shoots, where they are clustered at the tips.

===Reproduction===
Ginkgos are [[plant sexuality|dioecious]], with separate sexes, some trees being [[female]] and others being [[male]]. Male plants produce small [[conifer cone|pollen cones]] with [[sporophyll]]s each bearing two [[microsporangium|microsporangia]] spirally arranged around a central axis.

Female plants do not produce cones. Two [[ovule]]s are formed at the end of a stalk, and after [[pollination]], one or both develop into seeds. The seed is 1.5-2 cm long. Its fleshy outer layer (the [[sarcotesta]]) is light yellow-brown, soft, and [[fruit]]-like.
It is attractive in appearance, but contains [[butanoic acid]] and smells like rancid [[butter]] (which contains the same chemical) or feces{{Fact|date=October 2007}} when fallen. Beneath the sarcotesta is the hard [[sclerotesta]] (what is normally known as the "shell" of the seed) and a papery [[endotesta]], with the [[nucellus]] surrounding the female [[gametophyte]] at the center.<ref name="Lab IX">[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/IB181/VPL/CorCon/CorCon2.html Laboratory IX -- ''Ginkgo'', ''Cordaites'', and the Conifers]</ref>

The fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs via motile sperm, as in cycads, ferns, mosses and algae. The sperm are large (about 250-300 micrometres) and are similar to the sperm of cycads, which are slightly larger. Ginkgo sperm were first discovered by the Japanese botanist [[Sakugoro Hirase]] in 1896.<ref>[http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/fo47/ginkgo/ogura.htm History of Discovery of Spermatozoids In Ginkgo biloba and Cycas revoluta]</ref> The sperm have a complex multi-layered structure, which is a continuous belt of basal bodies that form the base of several thousand flagella which actually have a cilia-like motion. The flagella/cilia apparatus pulls the body of the sperm forwards. The sperm have only a tiny distance to travel to the archegonia, of which there are usually two or three. Two sperm are produced, one of which successfully fertilizes the ovule. Although it is widely held that fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs just before or after they fall in early autumn,<ref name="More on Morphology"/> <ref name="Lab IX"/> <ref>[http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/ginkgo/icho.html Brief Notes on Ginkgo biloba]</ref> embryos ordinarily occur in seeds just before and after they drop from the tree.<ref>Ben F. Holt, Gar W. Rothwell. Is Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) Really an Oviparous Plant? American Journal of Botany, Vol. 84, No. 6 (Jun., 1997) , pp. 870-872</ref>

<gallery heights="140px" widths="180px">
Image:Ginkgo-biloba-male.JPG|Ginkgo pollen cones
Image:Ginkgo embryo and gametophyte.jpg|Female gametophyte, dissected from a seed freshly shed from the tree, containing a well-developed embryo
Image:Ginkgo biloba0.jpg|Ginkgo seeds and leaves
Image:Gingko fg01.jpg|autumn leaves and seeds
</gallery>

==Etymology==
The older Chinese name for this plant is 银果 ''yínguo'' ('silver fruit').
The most usual names today are 白果 ''bái guǒ'' ('white fruit') and {{lang|zh|銀杏}} ''yínxìng'' ('silver [[apricot]]'). The former name was [[loanword|borrowed]] directly in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (as ''bạch quả'').
The latter name was borrowed in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (as ''ichō'') and [[Korean language|Korean]] (as ''eunhaeng''), when the tree itself was introduced from China.

The scientific name ''Ginkgo'' appears to be due to a process akin to [[folk etymology]].
[[Kanji|Chinese characters]] typically have multiple pronunciations in Japanese, and the characters 銀杏 used for ''ichō'' can also be mistakenly pronounced ''ginkyō''.
[[Engelbert Kaempfer]], the first [[Westerner]] to see the species in [[1690]], wrote down this incorrect pronunciation in his ''Amoenitates Exoticae'' (1712); his ''y'' was misread as a ''g'', and the misspelling stuck.<ref>[http://www.flc.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~michel/serv/ek/amoenitates/ginkgo/ginkgo.html Faculty of languages and cultures, Kyushu University Japan]</ref>

== Prehistory ==
The Ginkgo is a [[living fossil]], with fossils recognisably related to modern Ginkgo from the [[Permian]], dating back 270 million years. They diversified and spread throughout [[Laurasia]] during the middle [[Jurassic]] and [[Cretaceous]], but became much rarer thereafter. By the [[Paleocene]], ''Ginkgo adiantoides'' was the only ''Ginkgo'' species left in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] (but see below) with a markedly different (but not well-documented) form persisting in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and at the end of the [[Pliocene]] ''Ginkgo'' fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere apart from a small area of central China where the modern species survived. It is in fact doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of ''Ginkgo'' can be reliably distinguished; given the slow pace of evolution in the genus, there may have been only 2 in total; what is today called ''G. biloba'' (including ''G. adiantoides''), and ''G. gardneri'' from the [[Paleocene]] of [[Scotland]].

At least morphologically, ''G. gardneri'' and the Southern Hemisphere species are the only known post-Jurassic taxa that can be unequivocally recognised, the remainder may just as well have simply been [[ecotypes]] or [[subspecies]]. The implications would be that ''G. biloba'' had occurred over an extremely wide range, had remarkable genetic flexibility and though [[evolution|evolving]] genetically never showed much [[speciation]]. The occurrence of ''G. gardneri'', it seems a [[Caledonia]]n mountain endemic, and the somewhat greater diversity on the Southern Hemisphere, suggests that old mountain ranges on the Northern Hemisphere could hold other, presently undiscovered, fossil ''Ginkgo'' species. Since the distribution of ''Ginkgo'' was already relictual in late prehistoric times, the chances that ancient [[DNA]] from subfossils can shed any light on this problem seem remote. While it may seem improbable that a species may exist as a contiguous entity for many millions of years, many of the Ginkgo's life-history parameters fit. These are: extreme longevity; slow reproduction rate; (in Cenozoic and later times) a wide, apparently contiguous, but steadily contracting distribution coupled with, as far as can be demonstrated from the fossil record, extreme ecological conservatism (being restricted to light soils around rivers); and a low population density.

<gallery heights="140px" widths="180px">
Image:Ginkgo adiantoides.jpg|''Ginkgo adiantoides'' Eocene fossil leaf from the Tranquille Shale of British Columbia, Canada.
Image:Fossil Plant Ginkgo.jpg|Fossil ''Ginkgo'' leaves from the Jurassic of England
</gallery>

Ginkgophyta fossils have been classified in the following families and genera:
*Ginkgoaceae
**''Arctobaiera''
**''Baiera''
**''Eretmophyllum''
**''Ginkgo''
**''Ginkgoites''
**''Sphenobaiera''
**''Windwardia''
*Trichopityaceae
**''Trichopitys''

''Ginkgo'' has been used for classifying plants with [[Leaf|leaves]] that have more than four [[Leaf#Veins|veins]] per segment, while ''Baiera'' for those with less than four veins per segment. ''Sphenobaiera'' has been used to classify plants with a broadly wedge-shaped leaf that lacks a distinct leaf stem. ''Trichopitys'' is distinguished by having multiple-forked leaves with cylindrical (not flattened) thread-like ultimate divisions; it is one of the earliest fossils ascribed to the Ginkgophyta.
{{-}}

==Cultivation and uses==
[[Image:Skku logo.png|right|thumb|In [[South Korea]], [[Sungkyunkwan University]]'s logo is a ginkgo leaf. Its main campus features several ginkgo trees that were planted in [[1519]] and still stand today.]]
Ginkgo has long been cultivated in [[China]]; some planted trees at temples are believed to be over 1,500 years old. The first record of Europeans encountering it is in [[1690]] in Japanese temple gardens, where the tree was seen by the German botanist Engelbert Kaempfer. Because of its status in [[Buddhism]] and [[Confucianism]], the Ginkgo is also widely planted in Korea and parts of Japan; in both areas, some naturalization has occurred, with Ginkgos seeding into natural forests.

In some areas, notably the [[United States]], most intentionally planted Ginkgos are male [[cultivar]]s grafted onto plants propagated from seed, because the male trees will not produce the malodorous seeds. The popular cultivar 'Autumn Gold' is a clone of a male plant.

The Ginkgo has the intriguing distinction of being one of the world's most urban-tolerant trees, often growing where other trees cannot survive.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Ginkgos rarely suffer disease problems, even in urban conditions, and are attacked by few insects.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} For this reason, and for their general beauty, ginkgos are excellent urban and shade trees, and are widely planted along many streets. The ginkgo is the official tree of the city of [[Kumamoto]], and two leaves form the symbol of the [[University of Tokyo]], the main campus of which is famous for its numerous ginkgos.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

Ginkgos are also popular subjects for growing as [[penjing]] and [[bonsai]]; they can be kept artificially small and tended over centuries. Furthermore, the trees are easy to propagate from seed.

Extreme examples of the Ginkgo's tenacity may be seen in [[Hiroshima]], [[Japan]], where four trees growing between 1–2 km from the [[1945]] [[atom bomb]] explosion were among the few living things in the area to survive the blast ([http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/hiroshima.htm photos & details]). While almost all other plants (and animals) in the area were destroyed, the ginkgos, though charred, survived and were soon healthy again. The trees are alive to this day.
{{-}}
===Culinary use===
[[Image:Ginkgo-penjing-montreal-botanical-gardens.jpg|thumb|Ginkgo as [[penjing]] in the [[Montreal Botanical Garden]]]]
The nut-like gametophytes inside the seeds are particularly esteemed in Asia, and are a traditional Chinese food. In Chinese they are called ''yín xìng'' ([[wikt:银|银]][[wikt:杏|杏]]; literally "silver apricot") or ''bái guǒ'' ([[wikt:白|白]][[wikt:果|果]]; literally "white fruit"), and in Vietnamese they are called ''bạch quả''. Ginkgo nuts are used in [[congee]], and are often served at special occasions such as weddings and the [[Chinese New Year]] (as part of the vegetarian dish called [[Buddha's delight]]). In Chinese culture, they are believed to have health benefits; some also consider them to have [[aphrodisiac]] qualities. Japanese cooks add Ginkgo seeds (called ''ginnan'') to dishes such as ''[[chawanmushi]]'', and cooked seeds are often eaten along with other dishes. The seeds are available canned, sold as "White Nuts", and can be found in many Asian food stores in the West.

When eaten by children, in large quantities (over 5 seeds a day), or over a long period of time, the raw gametophyte (meat) of the seed can cause poisoning by MPN (4-methoxypyridoxine). MPN is heat-stable. Studies have demonstrated that convulsions caused by MPN can be prevented or terminated with [[pyridoxine]].

Some people are sensitive to the chemicals in the sarcotesta, the outer fleshy coating. These people should handle the seeds with care when preparing the seeds for consumption, wearing disposable gloves. The symptoms are [[dermatitis]] or [[blister]]s similar to that caused by contact with [[Poison-ivy (plant)|poison-ivy]]. However, seeds with the fleshy coating removed are perfectly safe to handle.
{{-}}

[[Image:Ginkgo biloba JPG1a.jpg|thumb|right|Remarkable Ginkgo biloba in [[Tournai]] ([[Belgium]]).|175px]]

===Medical uses===
The extract of the Ginkgo leaves contains [[flavonoid]] glycosides and terpenoids ([[ginkgolide]]s, [[bilobalide]]s) and has been used pharmaceutically. It has many alleged [[nootropic]] properties, and is mainly used as [[memory]] and [[attention|concentration]] enhancer, and anti-[[vertigo (medical)|vertigo]] agent. However, studies differ about its efficacy. [http://www.slate.com/id/2165042/pagenum/all/ Some controversy has arisen] over the conclusions drawn by some studies that were allegedly funded by a firm which marketed Ginkgo. [[Slate (magazine)|''Slate'']], an Internet-based magazine owned by The Washington Post Company, [http://www.slate.com/id/2165042/pagenum/all/ reported in April 2007]:
<blockquote>
In 2002, a long-anticipated paper appeared in ''JAMA'' ([http://jama.ama-assn.org/ ''Journal of the American Medical Association'']) titled "Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial." This Williams College study, sponsored by the National Institute on Aging rather than Schwabe, examined the effects of ginkgo consumption on healthy volunteers older than 60. The conclusion, now cited in the National Institutes of Health's [http://nccam.nih.gov/health/ginkgo/ginkgo.pdf ginkgo fact sheet], said: "When taken following the manufacturer's instructions, ginkgo provides no measurable benefit in memory or related cognitive function to adults with healthy cognitive function."
</blockquote>
Out of the many conflicting research results, Ginkgo extract may have three effects on the human body: it improves blood flow (including microcirculation in small capillaries) to most tissues and organs; it protects against oxidative cell damage from free radicals; and it blocks many of the effects of [[Platelet-activating_factor|platelet-activating factor]] (platelet aggregation, blood clotting)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith PF, Maclennan K, Darlington CL |title=The neuroprotective properties of the Ginkgo biloba leaf: a review of the possible relationship to platelet-activating factor (PAF) |journal=Journal of ethnopharmacology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=131–9 |year=1996 |pmid=8691847 |doi=}}</ref> that have been related to the development of a number of cardiovascular, renal, respiratory and CNS (Central Nervous System) disorders. Ginkgo can be used for [[intermittent claudication]].

According to some studies, in a few cases, Ginkgo can significantly improve attention in healthy individuals<ref>Differential cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba after acute and chronic treatment in healthy young volunteers.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=15739076&ordinalpos=28&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum]</ref><ref>BBC News: Herbal remedies "boost brain power".[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/713087.stm]</ref>. The effect is almost immediate and reaches its peak in 2.5 hours after the intake<ref>Dose-dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers.[http://www.springerlink.com/content/ggk68t2cau2dpmrd/]</ref>.

A [[2004]] conference paper<ref name="alzheim">{{cite conference| author=L. Witkam and I. Ramzan| title=Ginkgo biloba in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A miracle cure?| booktitle=From Cell to Society| year=2004}} [http://www.chs.usyd.edu.au/conf04/submit/minipost/bv-witka.pdf full text pdf]  [http://www.chs.usyd.edu.au/conf04/ Conference page].</ref> summarizes how various trials indicate that Ginkgo shows promise in the treatment of [[Alzheimer's disease]], although further study is needed.

Ginkgo is commonly added to [[energy drink]]s, but the amount is typically [[angel dusting|so low]] it does not produce a noticeable effect, except perhaps via a [[placebo effect]] from Ginkgo being listed on the label. However, one 16 oz. can of [[Rockstar (drink)|Rockstar]] energy drink contains 300mg of Ginkgo Biloba.

Ginkgo supplements are usually taken in the range of 40–200 mg per day.

====Side effects====
Ginkgo may have some undesirable effects, especially for individuals with blood circulation disorders and those taking [[anti-coagulant]]s such as [[aspirin]] and [[warfarin]], although recent studies have found that ginkgo has little or no effect on the anticoagulant properties or pharmacodynamics of [[warfarin]]<ref name="warfarin">{{cite journal | quotes=no | author= Xuemin Jiang ''et al''| title= Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects | journal= British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology| year= 2005| volume= 59| issue= 4| pages= 425–432| url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02322.x }}</ref><ref name="review">{{cite journal | quotes=no | author= Ernst E, Canter PH, Coon JT| title= Does ginkgo biloba increase the risk of bleeding? A systematic review of case reports | journal= Perfusion| year= 2005| volume= 18| pages= 52–56 }}</ref>. Ginkgo should also not be used by people who are taking [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s (MAOI) or by [[pregnancy|pregnant]] women without first consulting a doctor.

Ginkgo side effects and cautions include: possible increased risk of bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, and restlessness. <ref>http://www.drugs.com/npp/ginkgo.html</ref>{{Fact|date=November 2007}} If any side effects are experienced, consumption should be stopped immediately.

[[Image:Gingko biloba JPG2b.jpg|thumb|right|''Ginkgo biloba'' in [[Morlanwelz-Mariemont]] Park, [[Belgium]]]]

==See also==
*[[André Michaux]], ''introduced the ginko to North America''
*[[Antioxidant]]
*[[Ginkgo/Wanapum State Park]] in central [[Washington]], USA
*[[Herbalism]]
* [[List of edible seeds]]
*[[Naturopathic medicine]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{wikispecies|Ginkgo biloba}}
{{commonscat|Ginkgo}}
*[http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten The Ginkgo Pages]: all aspects, in English, German, French, Spanish and Dutch. This non-commercial homepage also provides a literature/reference page.
*[http://www.conifers.org/gi/gi/index.htm Gymnosperm Database]
*[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgo.html Info] by the [[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]
*[http://www.phytochemicals.info/ginkgo.php Phytochemicals in ginkgo]
*[http://www.planet-weimar.de/english/index.html The Ginkgo Museum], [[Weimar, Germany]]
*[http://www.ottawahort.org/ginkgo.htm Growing Ginkgoes from seed]: by the Ottawa Horticultural Society
*[http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/ginkgo.html Neuroscience for kids]: Refers to JAMA studies on efficacy
*[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/gibi2.htm ''Ginkgo biloba'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9611693 Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction]
*[http://www.cirrusimage.com/tree_Ginkgo.htm Ginkgo biloba] Large format diagnostic photos, information.
*[http://www.naturaldatabase.com/nd/Search.aspx?sample=1&rh=1 Ginkgo Evidence-based Monograph] from ''Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database''
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[[Category:Gymnosperms]]
[[Category:Japanese words and phrases]]
[[Category:Living fossils]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Horticulture]]

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Ginkgo biloba

2008-01-21T02:31:56Z

203.12.220.247:

{{Refimprove|date=November 2007}}
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Ginkgo''
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|199.6}}[[Jurassic]] - [[Pliocene]]<ref name=ZhouZheng/>
| status = EN
| status_system = iucn2.3
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{IUCN2006|assessors=Sun|year=1998|id=32353|title=Ginkgo biloba|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Listed as Endangered (EN B1+2c v2.3) </ref>
| image = Gingko-Blaetter.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Ginkgo leaves
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Ginkgophyta]]
| classis = [[Ginkgoopsida]]
| ordo = [[Ginkgoales]]
| familia = [[Ginkgoaceae]]
| genus = '''''Ginkgo'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = '''''G. biloba''''' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
The '''Ginkgo''' ('''''Ginkgo biloba'''''; ''''銀杏'''' in Chinese), frequently misspelled as "Gingko", and also known as the '''Maidenhair Tree''' after ''[[Adiantum]]'', is a unique [[tree]] with no close living relatives.

==Mula-mula, kita akan belajar tentang ginkgo biloba yang ditulis oleh Wan Muhammad Ridhwan B wan Alias dan Muhammad Rasdan yang merupakan pelopor utama ==
The ginkgo is classified in its own division, the '''Ginkgophyta''', comprising the single class '''Ginkgoopsida''', order '''Ginkgoales''', family '''[[Ginkgoaceae]]''', genus '''''Ginkgo''''' and is the only [[Extant_taxon|extant species]] within this group. It is one of the best known examples of a [[living fossil]], because Ginkgoales are not known from the fossil record after the [[Pliocene]].<ref name=ZhouZheng>{{cite journal
|journal=Nature
|issue=423
|pages=821-822
|date=2003-06-19
| doi=10.1038/423821a
|title=Palaeobiology: The missing link in Ginkgo evolution
|author=Zhiyan Zhou and Shaolin Zheng
}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=July 2007}}

For centuries it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow in at least two small areas in [[Zhejiang]] province in Eastern [[China]], in the [[Tian Mu Shan Reserve]]. Ginkgo trees in these areas may have been tended and preserved by Chinese monks for over 1000 years. {{Fact|date=May 2007}} Therefore, whether native ginkgo populations still exist is uncertain.

The relationship of Ginkgo to other plant groups remains uncertain. It has been placed loosely in the divisions [[Spermatophyta]] and [[Pinophyta]], but no consensus has been reached. Since Ginkgo seeds are not protected by an [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] wall, it can morphologically be considered a gymnosperm. The apricot-like structures produced by female ginkgo trees are technically not [[fruit]]s, but are the seeds having a shell that consists of a soft and fleshy section (the [[sarcotesta]]), and a hard section (the [[sclerotesta]]).

__TOC__

==Characteristics==
[[Image:Radziejowice ginkgo biloba01.jpg|right|thumb|Ginkgo tree in autumn]]

===General Morphology===
Ginkgos are very large trees, normally reaching a height of 20–35 m (66-115 feet), with some specimens in China being over 50 m (164 feet). The tree has an angular crown and long, somewhat erratic branches, and is usually deep rooted and resistant to wind and snow damage. Young trees are often tall and slender, and sparsely branched; the crown becomes broader as the tree ages. During autumn, the leaves turn a bright yellow, then fall, sometimes within a short space of time (1–15 days). A combination of resistance to disease, insect-resistant wood and the ability to form aerial roots and sprouts makes ginkgos very long-lived, with some specimens claimed to be more than 2,500 years old: A 3,000 year-old ginkgo has been reported in [[Shandong]] province in China.<ref>A. Lewington & E. Parker (1999). ''Ancient Trees.'' London: Collins & Brown Ltd. ISBN 1-85585-704-9. p. 183.</ref>

Some old Ginkgos produce aerial roots, known as ''chichi'' (Japanese; "[[nipple]]s") or ''zhong-ru'' (Mandarin Chinese), which form on the undersides of large branches and grow downwards. Chichi growth is very slow, and may take hundreds of years to occur. The function, if any, of these thick aerial roots is unknown.
[[Image:Ginkgo Tree Ginkgo biloba Trunk Bark 2000px.jpg|right|thumb|Trunk bark]]

===Stem===
Ginkgo branches grow in length by growth of shoots with regularly spaced leaves, as seen on most trees. From the [[axil]]s of these leaves, "spur shoots" (also known as short shoots) develop on second-year growth. Short shoots have very short internodes (so that several years' growth may only extend them by a centimeter or two) and their leaves are ordinarily unlobed. They are short and knobby, and are arranged regularly on the branches except on first-year growth. Because of the short internodes, leaves appear to be clustered at the tips of short shoots, and reproductive structures are formed only on them (see picture to above left— seeds and leaves are visible on short shoots). In Ginkgos, as in other plants that possess them, short shoots allow the formation of new leaves in the older parts of the crown. After a number of years, a short shoot may change into a long (ordinary) shoot, or vice versa.

===Leaves===
The [[leaf|leaves]] are unique among seed plants, being fan-shaped with veins radiating out into the leaf blade, sometimes bifurcating (splitting) but never [[anastomosis|anastomosing]] to form a network.<ref name="More on Morphology">[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgomm.html Ginkgoales: More on Morphology]</ref> Two veins enter the leaf blade at the base and fork repeatedly in two; this is known as dichotomous venation. The leaves are usually 5-10 cm (2-4 inches), but sometimes up to 15 cm (6 inches) long. The old popular name "Maidenhair tree" is because the leaves resemble some of the pinnae of the [[Maidenhair fern]] ''Adiantum capillus-veneris''.

Leaves of long shoots are usually notched or lobed, but only from the outer surface, between the veins. They are borne both on the more rapidly-growing branch tips, where they are alternate and spaced out, and also on the short, stubby spur shoots, where they are clustered at the tips.

===Reproduction===
Ginkgos are [[plant sexuality|dioecious]], with separate sexes, some trees being [[female]] and others being [[male]]. Male plants produce small [[conifer cone|pollen cones]] with [[sporophyll]]s each bearing two [[microsporangium|microsporangia]] spirally arranged around a central axis.

Female plants do not produce cones. Two [[ovule]]s are formed at the end of a stalk, and after [[pollination]], one or both develop into seeds. The seed is 1.5-2 cm long. Its fleshy outer layer (the [[sarcotesta]]) is light yellow-brown, soft, and [[fruit]]-like.
It is attractive in appearance, but contains [[butanoic acid]] and smells like rancid [[butter]] (which contains the same chemical) or feces{{Fact|date=October 2007}} when fallen. Beneath the sarcotesta is the hard [[sclerotesta]] (what is normally known as the "shell" of the seed) and a papery [[endotesta]], with the [[nucellus]] surrounding the female [[gametophyte]] at the center.<ref name="Lab IX">[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/IB181/VPL/CorCon/CorCon2.html Laboratory IX -- ''Ginkgo'', ''Cordaites'', and the Conifers]</ref>

The fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs via motile sperm, as in cycads, ferns, mosses and algae. The sperm are large (about 250-300 micrometres) and are similar to the sperm of cycads, which are slightly larger. Ginkgo sperm were first discovered by the Japanese botanist [[Sakugoro Hirase]] in 1896.<ref>[http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/fo47/ginkgo/ogura.htm History of Discovery of Spermatozoids In Ginkgo biloba and Cycas revoluta]</ref> The sperm have a complex multi-layered structure, which is a continuous belt of basal bodies that form the base of several thousand flagella which actually have a cilia-like motion. The flagella/cilia apparatus pulls the body of the sperm forwards. The sperm have only a tiny distance to travel to the archegonia, of which there are usually two or three. Two sperm are produced, one of which successfully fertilizes the ovule. Although it is widely held that fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs just before or after they fall in early autumn,<ref name="More on Morphology"/> <ref name="Lab IX"/> <ref>[http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/ginkgo/icho.html Brief Notes on Ginkgo biloba]</ref> embryos ordinarily occur in seeds just before and after they drop from the tree.<ref>Ben F. Holt, Gar W. Rothwell. Is Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) Really an Oviparous Plant? American Journal of Botany, Vol. 84, No. 6 (Jun., 1997) , pp. 870-872</ref>

<gallery heights="140px" widths="180px">
Image:Ginkgo-biloba-male.JPG|Ginkgo pollen cones
Image:Ginkgo embryo and gametophyte.jpg|Female gametophyte, dissected from a seed freshly shed from the tree, containing a well-developed embryo
Image:Ginkgo biloba0.jpg|Ginkgo seeds and leaves
Image:Gingko fg01.jpg|autumn leaves and seeds
</gallery>

==Etymology==
The older Chinese name for this plant is 银果 ''yínguo'' ('silver fruit').
The most usual names today are 白果 ''bái guǒ'' ('white fruit') and {{lang|zh|銀杏}} ''yínxìng'' ('silver [[apricot]]'). The former name was [[loanword|borrowed]] directly in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (as ''bạch quả'').
The latter name was borrowed in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (as ''ichō'') and [[Korean language|Korean]] (as ''eunhaeng''), when the tree itself was introduced from China.

The scientific name ''Ginkgo'' appears to be due to a process akin to [[folk etymology]].
[[Kanji|Chinese characters]] typically have multiple pronunciations in Japanese, and the characters 銀杏 used for ''ichō'' can also be mistakenly pronounced ''ginkyō''.
[[Engelbert Kaempfer]], the first [[Westerner]] to see the species in [[1690]], wrote down this incorrect pronunciation in his ''Amoenitates Exoticae'' (1712); his ''y'' was misread as a ''g'', and the misspelling stuck.<ref>[http://www.flc.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~michel/serv/ek/amoenitates/ginkgo/ginkgo.html Faculty of languages and cultures, Kyushu University Japan]</ref>

== Prehistory ==
The Ginkgo is a [[living fossil]], with fossils recognisably related to modern Ginkgo from the [[Permian]], dating back 270 million years. They diversified and spread throughout [[Laurasia]] during the middle [[Jurassic]] and [[Cretaceous]], but became much rarer thereafter. By the [[Paleocene]], ''Ginkgo adiantoides'' was the only ''Ginkgo'' species left in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] (but see below) with a markedly different (but not well-documented) form persisting in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and at the end of the [[Pliocene]] ''Ginkgo'' fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere apart from a small area of central China where the modern species survived. It is in fact doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of ''Ginkgo'' can be reliably distinguished; given the slow pace of evolution in the genus, there may have been only 2 in total; what is today called ''G. biloba'' (including ''G. adiantoides''), and ''G. gardneri'' from the [[Paleocene]] of [[Scotland]].

At least morphologically, ''G. gardneri'' and the Southern Hemisphere species are the only known post-Jurassic taxa that can be unequivocally recognised, the remainder may just as well have simply been [[ecotypes]] or [[subspecies]]. The implications would be that ''G. biloba'' had occurred over an extremely wide range, had remarkable genetic flexibility and though [[evolution|evolving]] genetically never showed much [[speciation]]. The occurrence of ''G. gardneri'', it seems a [[Caledonia]]n mountain endemic, and the somewhat greater diversity on the Southern Hemisphere, suggests that old mountain ranges on the Northern Hemisphere could hold other, presently undiscovered, fossil ''Ginkgo'' species. Since the distribution of ''Ginkgo'' was already relictual in late prehistoric times, the chances that ancient [[DNA]] from subfossils can shed any light on this problem seem remote. While it may seem improbable that a species may exist as a contiguous entity for many millions of years, many of the Ginkgo's life-history parameters fit. These are: extreme longevity; slow reproduction rate; (in Cenozoic and later times) a wide, apparently contiguous, but steadily contracting distribution coupled with, as far as can be demonstrated from the fossil record, extreme ecological conservatism (being restricted to light soils around rivers); and a low population density.

<gallery heights="140px" widths="180px">
Image:Ginkgo adiantoides.jpg|''Ginkgo adiantoides'' Eocene fossil leaf from the Tranquille Shale of British Columbia, Canada.
Image:Fossil Plant Ginkgo.jpg|Fossil ''Ginkgo'' leaves from the Jurassic of England
</gallery>

Ginkgophyta fossils have been classified in the following families and genera:
*Ginkgoaceae
**''Arctobaiera''
**''Baiera''
**''Eretmophyllum''
**''Ginkgo''
**''Ginkgoites''
**''Sphenobaiera''
**''Windwardia''
*Trichopityaceae
**''Trichopitys''

''Ginkgo'' has been used for classifying plants with [[Leaf|leaves]] that have more than four [[Leaf#Veins|veins]] per segment, while ''Baiera'' for those with less than four veins per segment. ''Sphenobaiera'' has been used to classify plants with a broadly wedge-shaped leaf that lacks a distinct leaf stem. ''Trichopitys'' is distinguished by having multiple-forked leaves with cylindrical (not flattened) thread-like ultimate divisions; it is one of the earliest fossils ascribed to the Ginkgophyta.
{{-}}

==Cultivation and uses==
[[Image:Skku logo.png|right|thumb|In [[South Korea]], [[Sungkyunkwan University]]'s logo is a ginkgo leaf. Its main campus features several ginkgo trees that were planted in [[1519]] and still stand today.]]
Ginkgo has long been cultivated in [[China]]; some planted trees at temples are believed to be over 1,500 years old. The first record of Europeans encountering it is in [[1690]] in Japanese temple gardens, where the tree was seen by the German botanist Engelbert Kaempfer. Because of its status in [[Buddhism]] and [[Confucianism]], the Ginkgo is also widely planted in Korea and parts of Japan; in both areas, some naturalization has occurred, with Ginkgos seeding into natural forests.

In some areas, notably the [[United States]], most intentionally planted Ginkgos are male [[cultivar]]s grafted onto plants propagated from seed, because the male trees will not produce the malodorous seeds. The popular cultivar 'Autumn Gold' is a clone of a male plant.

The Ginkgo has the intriguing distinction of being one of the world's most urban-tolerant trees, often growing where other trees cannot survive.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Ginkgos rarely suffer disease problems, even in urban conditions, and are attacked by few insects.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} For this reason, and for their general beauty, ginkgos are excellent urban and shade trees, and are widely planted along many streets. The ginkgo is the official tree of the city of [[Kumamoto]], and two leaves form the symbol of the [[University of Tokyo]], the main campus of which is famous for its numerous ginkgos.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

Ginkgos are also popular subjects for growing as [[penjing]] and [[bonsai]]; they can be kept artificially small and tended over centuries. Furthermore, the trees are easy to propagate from seed.

Extreme examples of the Ginkgo's tenacity may be seen in [[Hiroshima]], [[Japan]], where four trees growing between 1–2 km from the [[1945]] [[atom bomb]] explosion were among the few living things in the area to survive the blast ([http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/hiroshima.htm photos & details]). While almost all other plants (and animals) in the area were destroyed, the ginkgos, though charred, survived and were soon healthy again. The trees are alive to this day.
{{-}}
===Culinary use===
[[Image:Ginkgo-penjing-montreal-botanical-gardens.jpg|thumb|Ginkgo as [[penjing]] in the [[Montreal Botanical Garden]]]]
The nut-like gametophytes inside the seeds are particularly esteemed in Asia, and are a traditional Chinese food. In Chinese they are called ''yín xìng'' ([[wikt:银|银]][[wikt:杏|杏]]; literally "silver apricot") or ''bái guǒ'' ([[wikt:白|白]][[wikt:果|果]]; literally "white fruit"), and in Vietnamese they are called ''bạch quả''. Ginkgo nuts are used in [[congee]], and are often served at special occasions such as weddings and the [[Chinese New Year]] (as part of the vegetarian dish called [[Buddha's delight]]). In Chinese culture, they are believed to have health benefits; some also consider them to have [[aphrodisiac]] qualities. Japanese cooks add Ginkgo seeds (called ''ginnan'') to dishes such as ''[[chawanmushi]]'', and cooked seeds are often eaten along with other dishes. The seeds are available canned, sold as "White Nuts", and can be found in many Asian food stores in the West.

When eaten by children, in large quantities (over 5 seeds a day), or over a long period of time, the raw gametophyte (meat) of the seed can cause poisoning by MPN (4-methoxypyridoxine). MPN is heat-stable. Studies have demonstrated that convulsions caused by MPN can be prevented or terminated with [[pyridoxine]].

Some people are sensitive to the chemicals in the sarcotesta, the outer fleshy coating. These people should handle the seeds with care when preparing the seeds for consumption, wearing disposable gloves. The symptoms are [[dermatitis]] or [[blister]]s similar to that caused by contact with [[Poison-ivy (plant)|poison-ivy]]. However, seeds with the fleshy coating removed are perfectly safe to handle.
{{-}}

[[Image:Ginkgo biloba JPG1a.jpg|thumb|right|Remarkable Ginkgo biloba in [[Tournai]] ([[Belgium]]).|175px]]

===Medical uses===
The extract of the Ginkgo leaves contains [[flavonoid]] glycosides and terpenoids ([[ginkgolide]]s, [[bilobalide]]s) and has been used pharmaceutically. It has many alleged [[nootropic]] properties, and is mainly used as [[memory]] and [[attention|concentration]] enhancer, and anti-[[vertigo (medical)|vertigo]] agent. However, studies differ about its efficacy. [http://www.slate.com/id/2165042/pagenum/all/ Some controversy has arisen] over the conclusions drawn by some studies that were allegedly funded by a firm which marketed Ginkgo. [[Slate (magazine)|''Slate'']], an Internet-based magazine owned by The Washington Post Company, [http://www.slate.com/id/2165042/pagenum/all/ reported in April 2007]:
<blockquote>
In 2002, a long-anticipated paper appeared in ''JAMA'' ([http://jama.ama-assn.org/ ''Journal of the American Medical Association'']) titled "Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial." This Williams College study, sponsored by the National Institute on Aging rather than Schwabe, examined the effects of ginkgo consumption on healthy volunteers older than 60. The conclusion, now cited in the National Institutes of Health's [http://nccam.nih.gov/health/ginkgo/ginkgo.pdf ginkgo fact sheet], said: "When taken following the manufacturer's instructions, ginkgo provides no measurable benefit in memory or related cognitive function to adults with healthy cognitive function."
</blockquote>
Out of the many conflicting research results, Ginkgo extract may have three effects on the human body: it improves blood flow (including microcirculation in small capillaries) to most tissues and organs; it protects against oxidative cell damage from free radicals; and it blocks many of the effects of [[Platelet-activating_factor|platelet-activating factor]] (platelet aggregation, blood clotting)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith PF, Maclennan K, Darlington CL |title=The neuroprotective properties of the Ginkgo biloba leaf: a review of the possible relationship to platelet-activating factor (PAF) |journal=Journal of ethnopharmacology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=131–9 |year=1996 |pmid=8691847 |doi=}}</ref> that have been related to the development of a number of cardiovascular, renal, respiratory and CNS (Central Nervous System) disorders. Ginkgo can be used for [[intermittent claudication]].

According to some studies, in a few cases, Ginkgo can significantly improve attention in healthy individuals<ref>Differential cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba after acute and chronic treatment in healthy young volunteers.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=15739076&ordinalpos=28&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum]</ref><ref>BBC News: Herbal remedies "boost brain power".[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/713087.stm]</ref>. The effect is almost immediate and reaches its peak in 2.5 hours after the intake<ref>Dose-dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers.[http://www.springerlink.com/content/ggk68t2cau2dpmrd/]</ref>.

A [[2004]] conference paper<ref name="alzheim">{{cite conference| author=L. Witkam and I. Ramzan| title=Ginkgo biloba in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A miracle cure?| booktitle=From Cell to Society| year=2004}} [http://www.chs.usyd.edu.au/conf04/submit/minipost/bv-witka.pdf full text pdf]  [http://www.chs.usyd.edu.au/conf04/ Conference page].</ref> summarizes how various trials indicate that Ginkgo shows promise in the treatment of [[Alzheimer's disease]], although further study is needed.

Ginkgo is commonly added to [[energy drink]]s, but the amount is typically [[angel dusting|so low]] it does not produce a noticeable effect, except perhaps via a [[placebo effect]] from Ginkgo being listed on the label. However, one 16 oz. can of [[Rockstar (drink)|Rockstar]] energy drink contains 300mg of Ginkgo Biloba.

Ginkgo supplements are usually taken in the range of 40–200 mg per day.

====Side effects====
Ginkgo may have some undesirable effects, especially for individuals with blood circulation disorders and those taking [[anti-coagulant]]s such as [[aspirin]] and [[warfarin]], although recent studies have found that ginkgo has little or no effect on the anticoagulant properties or pharmacodynamics of [[warfarin]]<ref name="warfarin">{{cite journal | quotes=no | author= Xuemin Jiang ''et al''| title= Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects | journal= British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology| year= 2005| volume= 59| issue= 4| pages= 425–432| url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02322.x }}</ref><ref name="review">{{cite journal | quotes=no | author= Ernst E, Canter PH, Coon JT| title= Does ginkgo biloba increase the risk of bleeding? A systematic review of case reports | journal= Perfusion| year= 2005| volume= 18| pages= 52–56 }}</ref>. Ginkgo should also not be used by people who are taking [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s (MAOI) or by [[pregnancy|pregnant]] women without first consulting a doctor.

Ginkgo side effects and cautions include: possible increased risk of bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, and restlessness. <ref>http://www.drugs.com/npp/ginkgo.html</ref>{{Fact|date=November 2007}} If any side effects are experienced, consumption should be stopped immediately.

[[Image:Gingko biloba JPG2b.jpg|thumb|right|''Ginkgo biloba'' in [[Morlanwelz-Mariemont]] Park, [[Belgium]]]]

==See also==
*[[André Michaux]], ''introduced the ginko to North America''
*[[Antioxidant]]
*[[Ginkgo/Wanapum State Park]] in central [[Washington]], USA
*[[Herbalism]]
* [[List of edible seeds]]
*[[Naturopathic medicine]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{wikispecies|Ginkgo biloba}}
{{commonscat|Ginkgo}}
*[http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten The Ginkgo Pages]: all aspects, in English, German, French, Spanish and Dutch. This non-commercial homepage also provides a literature/reference page.
*[http://www.conifers.org/gi/gi/index.htm Gymnosperm Database]
*[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgo.html Info] by the [[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]
*[http://www.phytochemicals.info/ginkgo.php Phytochemicals in ginkgo]
*[http://www.planet-weimar.de/english/index.html The Ginkgo Museum], [[Weimar, Germany]]
*[http://www.ottawahort.org/ginkgo.htm Growing Ginkgoes from seed]: by the Ottawa Horticultural Society
*[http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/ginkgo.html Neuroscience for kids]: Refers to JAMA studies on efficacy
*[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/gibi2.htm ''Ginkgo biloba'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9611693 Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction]
*[http://www.cirrusimage.com/tree_Ginkgo.htm Ginkgo biloba] Large format diagnostic photos, information.
*[http://www.naturaldatabase.com/nd/Search.aspx?sample=1&rh=1 Ginkgo Evidence-based Monograph] from ''Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database''
__notoc__

[[Category:Gymnosperms]]
[[Category:Japanese words and phrases]]
[[Category:Living fossils]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Horticulture]]

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[[zh:银杏]]

Ginkgo biloba

2008-01-21T02:30:57Z

203.12.220.247:

{{Refimprove|date=November 2007}}
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Ginkgo''
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|199.6}}[[Jurassic]] - [[Pliocene]]<ref name=ZhouZheng/>
| status = EN
| status_system = iucn2.3
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{IUCN2006|assessors=Sun|year=1998|id=32353|title=Ginkgo biloba|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Listed as Endangered (EN B1+2c v2.3) </ref>
| image = Gingko-Blaetter.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Ginkgo leaves
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Ginkgophyta]]
| classis = [[Ginkgoopsida]]
| ordo = [[Ginkgoales]]
| familia = [[Ginkgoaceae]]
| genus = '''''Ginkgo'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = '''''G. biloba''''' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
The '''Ginkgo''' ('''''Ginkgo biloba'''''; ''''銀杏'''' in Chinese), frequently misspelled as "Gingko", and also known as the '''Maidenhair Tree''' after ''[[Adiantum]]'', is a unique [[tree]] with no close living relatives.

==Mula-mula, kita akan belajar tentang ginkgo biloba yang ditulis oleh Wan Muhammad Ridhwan B wan Alias dan muhammad rasdan yang merupakan pelopor utama ==
The ginkgo is classified in its own division, the '''Ginkgophyta''', comprising the single class '''Ginkgoopsida''', order '''Ginkgoales''', family '''[[Ginkgoaceae]]''', genus '''''Ginkgo''''' and is the only [[Extant_taxon|extant species]] within this group. It is one of the best known examples of a [[living fossil]], because Ginkgoales are not known from the fossil record after the [[Pliocene]].<ref name=ZhouZheng>{{cite journal
|journal=Nature
|issue=423
|pages=821-822
|date=2003-06-19
| doi=10.1038/423821a
|title=Palaeobiology: The missing link in Ginkgo evolution
|author=Zhiyan Zhou and Shaolin Zheng
}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=July 2007}}

For centuries it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow in at least two small areas in [[Zhejiang]] province in Eastern [[China]], in the [[Tian Mu Shan Reserve]]. Ginkgo trees in these areas may have been tended and preserved by Chinese monks for over 1000 years. {{Fact|date=May 2007}} Therefore, whether native ginkgo populations still exist is uncertain.

The relationship of Ginkgo to other plant groups remains uncertain. It has been placed loosely in the divisions [[Spermatophyta]] and [[Pinophyta]], but no consensus has been reached. Since Ginkgo seeds are not protected by an [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] wall, it can morphologically be considered a gymnosperm. The apricot-like structures produced by female ginkgo trees are technically not [[fruit]]s, but are the seeds having a shell that consists of a soft and fleshy section (the [[sarcotesta]]), and a hard section (the [[sclerotesta]]).

__TOC__

==Characteristics==
[[Image:Radziejowice ginkgo biloba01.jpg|right|thumb|Ginkgo tree in autumn]]

===General Morphology===
Ginkgos are very large trees, normally reaching a height of 20–35 m (66-115 feet), with some specimens in China being over 50 m (164 feet). The tree has an angular crown and long, somewhat erratic branches, and is usually deep rooted and resistant to wind and snow damage. Young trees are often tall and slender, and sparsely branched; the crown becomes broader as the tree ages. During autumn, the leaves turn a bright yellow, then fall, sometimes within a short space of time (1–15 days). A combination of resistance to disease, insect-resistant wood and the ability to form aerial roots and sprouts makes ginkgos very long-lived, with some specimens claimed to be more than 2,500 years old: A 3,000 year-old ginkgo has been reported in [[Shandong]] province in China.<ref>A. Lewington & E. Parker (1999). ''Ancient Trees.'' London: Collins & Brown Ltd. ISBN 1-85585-704-9. p. 183.</ref>

Some old Ginkgos produce aerial roots, known as ''chichi'' (Japanese; "[[nipple]]s") or ''zhong-ru'' (Mandarin Chinese), which form on the undersides of large branches and grow downwards. Chichi growth is very slow, and may take hundreds of years to occur. The function, if any, of these thick aerial roots is unknown.
[[Image:Ginkgo Tree Ginkgo biloba Trunk Bark 2000px.jpg|right|thumb|Trunk bark]]

===Stem===
Ginkgo branches grow in length by growth of shoots with regularly spaced leaves, as seen on most trees. From the [[axil]]s of these leaves, "spur shoots" (also known as short shoots) develop on second-year growth. Short shoots have very short internodes (so that several years' growth may only extend them by a centimeter or two) and their leaves are ordinarily unlobed. They are short and knobby, and are arranged regularly on the branches except on first-year growth. Because of the short internodes, leaves appear to be clustered at the tips of short shoots, and reproductive structures are formed only on them (see picture to above left— seeds and leaves are visible on short shoots). In Ginkgos, as in other plants that possess them, short shoots allow the formation of new leaves in the older parts of the crown. After a number of years, a short shoot may change into a long (ordinary) shoot, or vice versa.

===Leaves===
The [[leaf|leaves]] are unique among seed plants, being fan-shaped with veins radiating out into the leaf blade, sometimes bifurcating (splitting) but never [[anastomosis|anastomosing]] to form a network.<ref name="More on Morphology">[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgomm.html Ginkgoales: More on Morphology]</ref> Two veins enter the leaf blade at the base and fork repeatedly in two; this is known as dichotomous venation. The leaves are usually 5-10 cm (2-4 inches), but sometimes up to 15 cm (6 inches) long. The old popular name "Maidenhair tree" is because the leaves resemble some of the pinnae of the [[Maidenhair fern]] ''Adiantum capillus-veneris''.

Leaves of long shoots are usually notched or lobed, but only from the outer surface, between the veins. They are borne both on the more rapidly-growing branch tips, where they are alternate and spaced out, and also on the short, stubby spur shoots, where they are clustered at the tips.

===Reproduction===
Ginkgos are [[plant sexuality|dioecious]], with separate sexes, some trees being [[female]] and others being [[male]]. Male plants produce small [[conifer cone|pollen cones]] with [[sporophyll]]s each bearing two [[microsporangium|microsporangia]] spirally arranged around a central axis.

Female plants do not produce cones. Two [[ovule]]s are formed at the end of a stalk, and after [[pollination]], one or both develop into seeds. The seed is 1.5-2 cm long. Its fleshy outer layer (the [[sarcotesta]]) is light yellow-brown, soft, and [[fruit]]-like.
It is attractive in appearance, but contains [[butanoic acid]] and smells like rancid [[butter]] (which contains the same chemical) or feces{{Fact|date=October 2007}} when fallen. Beneath the sarcotesta is the hard [[sclerotesta]] (what is normally known as the "shell" of the seed) and a papery [[endotesta]], with the [[nucellus]] surrounding the female [[gametophyte]] at the center.<ref name="Lab IX">[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/IB181/VPL/CorCon/CorCon2.html Laboratory IX -- ''Ginkgo'', ''Cordaites'', and the Conifers]</ref>

The fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs via motile sperm, as in cycads, ferns, mosses and algae. The sperm are large (about 250-300 micrometres) and are similar to the sperm of cycads, which are slightly larger. Ginkgo sperm were first discovered by the Japanese botanist [[Sakugoro Hirase]] in 1896.<ref>[http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/fo47/ginkgo/ogura.htm History of Discovery of Spermatozoids In Ginkgo biloba and Cycas revoluta]</ref> The sperm have a complex multi-layered structure, which is a continuous belt of basal bodies that form the base of several thousand flagella which actually have a cilia-like motion. The flagella/cilia apparatus pulls the body of the sperm forwards. The sperm have only a tiny distance to travel to the archegonia, of which there are usually two or three. Two sperm are produced, one of which successfully fertilizes the ovule. Although it is widely held that fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs just before or after they fall in early autumn,<ref name="More on Morphology"/> <ref name="Lab IX"/> <ref>[http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/ginkgo/icho.html Brief Notes on Ginkgo biloba]</ref> embryos ordinarily occur in seeds just before and after they drop from the tree.<ref>Ben F. Holt, Gar W. Rothwell. Is Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) Really an Oviparous Plant? American Journal of Botany, Vol. 84, No. 6 (Jun., 1997) , pp. 870-872</ref>

<gallery heights="140px" widths="180px">
Image:Ginkgo-biloba-male.JPG|Ginkgo pollen cones
Image:Ginkgo embryo and gametophyte.jpg|Female gametophyte, dissected from a seed freshly shed from the tree, containing a well-developed embryo
Image:Ginkgo biloba0.jpg|Ginkgo seeds and leaves
Image:Gingko fg01.jpg|autumn leaves and seeds
</gallery>

==Etymology==
The older Chinese name for this plant is 银果 ''yínguo'' ('silver fruit').
The most usual names today are 白果 ''bái guǒ'' ('white fruit') and {{lang|zh|銀杏}} ''yínxìng'' ('silver [[apricot]]'). The former name was [[loanword|borrowed]] directly in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (as ''bạch quả'').
The latter name was borrowed in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (as ''ichō'') and [[Korean language|Korean]] (as ''eunhaeng''), when the tree itself was introduced from China.

The scientific name ''Ginkgo'' appears to be due to a process akin to [[folk etymology]].
[[Kanji|Chinese characters]] typically have multiple pronunciations in Japanese, and the characters 銀杏 used for ''ichō'' can also be mistakenly pronounced ''ginkyō''.
[[Engelbert Kaempfer]], the first [[Westerner]] to see the species in [[1690]], wrote down this incorrect pronunciation in his ''Amoenitates Exoticae'' (1712); his ''y'' was misread as a ''g'', and the misspelling stuck.<ref>[http://www.flc.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~michel/serv/ek/amoenitates/ginkgo/ginkgo.html Faculty of languages and cultures, Kyushu University Japan]</ref>

== Prehistory ==
The Ginkgo is a [[living fossil]], with fossils recognisably related to modern Ginkgo from the [[Permian]], dating back 270 million years. They diversified and spread throughout [[Laurasia]] during the middle [[Jurassic]] and [[Cretaceous]], but became much rarer thereafter. By the [[Paleocene]], ''Ginkgo adiantoides'' was the only ''Ginkgo'' species left in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] (but see below) with a markedly different (but not well-documented) form persisting in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and at the end of the [[Pliocene]] ''Ginkgo'' fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere apart from a small area of central China where the modern species survived. It is in fact doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of ''Ginkgo'' can be reliably distinguished; given the slow pace of evolution in the genus, there may have been only 2 in total; what is today called ''G. biloba'' (including ''G. adiantoides''), and ''G. gardneri'' from the [[Paleocene]] of [[Scotland]].

At least morphologically, ''G. gardneri'' and the Southern Hemisphere species are the only known post-Jurassic taxa that can be unequivocally recognised, the remainder may just as well have simply been [[ecotypes]] or [[subspecies]]. The implications would be that ''G. biloba'' had occurred over an extremely wide range, had remarkable genetic flexibility and though [[evolution|evolving]] genetically never showed much [[speciation]]. The occurrence of ''G. gardneri'', it seems a [[Caledonia]]n mountain endemic, and the somewhat greater diversity on the Southern Hemisphere, suggests that old mountain ranges on the Northern Hemisphere could hold other, presently undiscovered, fossil ''Ginkgo'' species. Since the distribution of ''Ginkgo'' was already relictual in late prehistoric times, the chances that ancient [[DNA]] from subfossils can shed any light on this problem seem remote. While it may seem improbable that a species may exist as a contiguous entity for many millions of years, many of the Ginkgo's life-history parameters fit. These are: extreme longevity; slow reproduction rate; (in Cenozoic and later times) a wide, apparently contiguous, but steadily contracting distribution coupled with, as far as can be demonstrated from the fossil record, extreme ecological conservatism (being restricted to light soils around rivers); and a low population density.

<gallery heights="140px" widths="180px">
Image:Ginkgo adiantoides.jpg|''Ginkgo adiantoides'' Eocene fossil leaf from the Tranquille Shale of British Columbia, Canada.
Image:Fossil Plant Ginkgo.jpg|Fossil ''Ginkgo'' leaves from the Jurassic of England
</gallery>

Ginkgophyta fossils have been classified in the following families and genera:
*Ginkgoaceae
**''Arctobaiera''
**''Baiera''
**''Eretmophyllum''
**''Ginkgo''
**''Ginkgoites''
**''Sphenobaiera''
**''Windwardia''
*Trichopityaceae
**''Trichopitys''

''Ginkgo'' has been used for classifying plants with [[Leaf|leaves]] that have more than four [[Leaf#Veins|veins]] per segment, while ''Baiera'' for those with less than four veins per segment. ''Sphenobaiera'' has been used to classify plants with a broadly wedge-shaped leaf that lacks a distinct leaf stem. ''Trichopitys'' is distinguished by having multiple-forked leaves with cylindrical (not flattened) thread-like ultimate divisions; it is one of the earliest fossils ascribed to the Ginkgophyta.
{{-}}

==Cultivation and uses==
[[Image:Skku logo.png|right|thumb|In [[South Korea]], [[Sungkyunkwan University]]'s logo is a ginkgo leaf. Its main campus features several ginkgo trees that were planted in [[1519]] and still stand today.]]
Ginkgo has long been cultivated in [[China]]; some planted trees at temples are believed to be over 1,500 years old. The first record of Europeans encountering it is in [[1690]] in Japanese temple gardens, where the tree was seen by the German botanist Engelbert Kaempfer. Because of its status in [[Buddhism]] and [[Confucianism]], the Ginkgo is also widely planted in Korea and parts of Japan; in both areas, some naturalization has occurred, with Ginkgos seeding into natural forests.

In some areas, notably the [[United States]], most intentionally planted Ginkgos are male [[cultivar]]s grafted onto plants propagated from seed, because the male trees will not produce the malodorous seeds. The popular cultivar 'Autumn Gold' is a clone of a male plant.

The Ginkgo has the intriguing distinction of being one of the world's most urban-tolerant trees, often growing where other trees cannot survive.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Ginkgos rarely suffer disease problems, even in urban conditions, and are attacked by few insects.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} For this reason, and for their general beauty, ginkgos are excellent urban and shade trees, and are widely planted along many streets. The ginkgo is the official tree of the city of [[Kumamoto]], and two leaves form the symbol of the [[University of Tokyo]], the main campus of which is famous for its numerous ginkgos.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

Ginkgos are also popular subjects for growing as [[penjing]] and [[bonsai]]; they can be kept artificially small and tended over centuries. Furthermore, the trees are easy to propagate from seed.

Extreme examples of the Ginkgo's tenacity may be seen in [[Hiroshima]], [[Japan]], where four trees growing between 1–2 km from the [[1945]] [[atom bomb]] explosion were among the few living things in the area to survive the blast ([http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/hiroshima.htm photos & details]). While almost all other plants (and animals) in the area were destroyed, the ginkgos, though charred, survived and were soon healthy again. The trees are alive to this day.
{{-}}
===Culinary use===
[[Image:Ginkgo-penjing-montreal-botanical-gardens.jpg|thumb|Ginkgo as [[penjing]] in the [[Montreal Botanical Garden]]]]
The nut-like gametophytes inside the seeds are particularly esteemed in Asia, and are a traditional Chinese food. In Chinese they are called ''yín xìng'' ([[wikt:银|银]][[wikt:杏|杏]]; literally "silver apricot") or ''bái guǒ'' ([[wikt:白|白]][[wikt:果|果]]; literally "white fruit"), and in Vietnamese they are called ''bạch quả''. Ginkgo nuts are used in [[congee]], and are often served at special occasions such as weddings and the [[Chinese New Year]] (as part of the vegetarian dish called [[Buddha's delight]]). In Chinese culture, they are believed to have health benefits; some also consider them to have [[aphrodisiac]] qualities. Japanese cooks add Ginkgo seeds (called ''ginnan'') to dishes such as ''[[chawanmushi]]'', and cooked seeds are often eaten along with other dishes. The seeds are available canned, sold as "White Nuts", and can be found in many Asian food stores in the West.

When eaten by children, in large quantities (over 5 seeds a day), or over a long period of time, the raw gametophyte (meat) of the seed can cause poisoning by MPN (4-methoxypyridoxine). MPN is heat-stable. Studies have demonstrated that convulsions caused by MPN can be prevented or terminated with [[pyridoxine]].

Some people are sensitive to the chemicals in the sarcotesta, the outer fleshy coating. These people should handle the seeds with care when preparing the seeds for consumption, wearing disposable gloves. The symptoms are [[dermatitis]] or [[blister]]s similar to that caused by contact with [[Poison-ivy (plant)|poison-ivy]]. However, seeds with the fleshy coating removed are perfectly safe to handle.
{{-}}

[[Image:Ginkgo biloba JPG1a.jpg|thumb|right|Remarkable Ginkgo biloba in [[Tournai]] ([[Belgium]]).|175px]]

===Medical uses===
The extract of the Ginkgo leaves contains [[flavonoid]] glycosides and terpenoids ([[ginkgolide]]s, [[bilobalide]]s) and has been used pharmaceutically. It has many alleged [[nootropic]] properties, and is mainly used as [[memory]] and [[attention|concentration]] enhancer, and anti-[[vertigo (medical)|vertigo]] agent. However, studies differ about its efficacy. [http://www.slate.com/id/2165042/pagenum/all/ Some controversy has arisen] over the conclusions drawn by some studies that were allegedly funded by a firm which marketed Ginkgo. [[Slate (magazine)|''Slate'']], an Internet-based magazine owned by The Washington Post Company, [http://www.slate.com/id/2165042/pagenum/all/ reported in April 2007]:
<blockquote>
In 2002, a long-anticipated paper appeared in ''JAMA'' ([http://jama.ama-assn.org/ ''Journal of the American Medical Association'']) titled "Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial." This Williams College study, sponsored by the National Institute on Aging rather than Schwabe, examined the effects of ginkgo consumption on healthy volunteers older than 60. The conclusion, now cited in the National Institutes of Health's [http://nccam.nih.gov/health/ginkgo/ginkgo.pdf ginkgo fact sheet], said: "When taken following the manufacturer's instructions, ginkgo provides no measurable benefit in memory or related cognitive function to adults with healthy cognitive function."
</blockquote>
Out of the many conflicting research results, Ginkgo extract may have three effects on the human body: it improves blood flow (including microcirculation in small capillaries) to most tissues and organs; it protects against oxidative cell damage from free radicals; and it blocks many of the effects of [[Platelet-activating_factor|platelet-activating factor]] (platelet aggregation, blood clotting)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith PF, Maclennan K, Darlington CL |title=The neuroprotective properties of the Ginkgo biloba leaf: a review of the possible relationship to platelet-activating factor (PAF) |journal=Journal of ethnopharmacology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=131–9 |year=1996 |pmid=8691847 |doi=}}</ref> that have been related to the development of a number of cardiovascular, renal, respiratory and CNS (Central Nervous System) disorders. Ginkgo can be used for [[intermittent claudication]].

According to some studies, in a few cases, Ginkgo can significantly improve attention in healthy individuals<ref>Differential cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba after acute and chronic treatment in healthy young volunteers.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=15739076&ordinalpos=28&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum]</ref><ref>BBC News: Herbal remedies "boost brain power".[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/713087.stm]</ref>. The effect is almost immediate and reaches its peak in 2.5 hours after the intake<ref>Dose-dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers.[http://www.springerlink.com/content/ggk68t2cau2dpmrd/]</ref>.

A [[2004]] conference paper<ref name="alzheim">{{cite conference| author=L. Witkam and I. Ramzan| title=Ginkgo biloba in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A miracle cure?| booktitle=From Cell to Society| year=2004}} [http://www.chs.usyd.edu.au/conf04/submit/minipost/bv-witka.pdf full text pdf]  [http://www.chs.usyd.edu.au/conf04/ Conference page].</ref> summarizes how various trials indicate that Ginkgo shows promise in the treatment of [[Alzheimer's disease]], although further study is needed.

Ginkgo is commonly added to [[energy drink]]s, but the amount is typically [[angel dusting|so low]] it does not produce a noticeable effect, except perhaps via a [[placebo effect]] from Ginkgo being listed on the label. However, one 16 oz. can of [[Rockstar (drink)|Rockstar]] energy drink contains 300mg of Ginkgo Biloba.

Ginkgo supplements are usually taken in the range of 40–200 mg per day.

====Side effects====
Ginkgo may have some undesirable effects, especially for individuals with blood circulation disorders and those taking [[anti-coagulant]]s such as [[aspirin]] and [[warfarin]], although recent studies have found that ginkgo has little or no effect on the anticoagulant properties or pharmacodynamics of [[warfarin]]<ref name="warfarin">{{cite journal | quotes=no | author= Xuemin Jiang ''et al''| title= Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects | journal= British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology| year= 2005| volume= 59| issue= 4| pages= 425–432| url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02322.x }}</ref><ref name="review">{{cite journal | quotes=no | author= Ernst E, Canter PH, Coon JT| title= Does ginkgo biloba increase the risk of bleeding? A systematic review of case reports | journal= Perfusion| year= 2005| volume= 18| pages= 52–56 }}</ref>. Ginkgo should also not be used by people who are taking [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s (MAOI) or by [[pregnancy|pregnant]] women without first consulting a doctor.

Ginkgo side effects and cautions include: possible increased risk of bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, and restlessness. <ref>http://www.drugs.com/npp/ginkgo.html</ref>{{Fact|date=November 2007}} If any side effects are experienced, consumption should be stopped immediately.

[[Image:Gingko biloba JPG2b.jpg|thumb|right|''Ginkgo biloba'' in [[Morlanwelz-Mariemont]] Park, [[Belgium]]]]

==See also==
*[[André Michaux]], ''introduced the ginko to North America''
*[[Antioxidant]]
*[[Ginkgo/Wanapum State Park]] in central [[Washington]], USA
*[[Herbalism]]
* [[List of edible seeds]]
*[[Naturopathic medicine]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{wikispecies|Ginkgo biloba}}
{{commonscat|Ginkgo}}
*[http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten The Ginkgo Pages]: all aspects, in English, German, French, Spanish and Dutch. This non-commercial homepage also provides a literature/reference page.
*[http://www.conifers.org/gi/gi/index.htm Gymnosperm Database]
*[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgo.html Info] by the [[University of California Museum of Paleontology]]
*[http://www.phytochemicals.info/ginkgo.php Phytochemicals in ginkgo]
*[http://www.planet-weimar.de/english/index.html The Ginkgo Museum], [[Weimar, Germany]]
*[http://www.ottawahort.org/ginkgo.htm Growing Ginkgoes from seed]: by the Ottawa Horticultural Society
*[http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/ginkgo.html Neuroscience for kids]: Refers to JAMA studies on efficacy
*[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/gibi2.htm ''Ginkgo biloba'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9611693 Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction]
*[http://www.cirrusimage.com/tree_Ginkgo.htm Ginkgo biloba] Large format diagnostic photos, information.
*[http://www.naturaldatabase.com/nd/Search.aspx?sample=1&rh=1 Ginkgo Evidence-based Monograph] from ''Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database''
__notoc__

[[Category:Gymnosperms]]
[[Category:Japanese words and phrases]]
[[Category:Living fossils]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Horticulture]]

[[ar:جنكو]]
[[roa-rup:Ginkgo biloba]]
[[bg:Гинко]]
[[ca:Ginkgo]]
[[cs:Jinan dvoulaločný]]
[[cy:Coeden ginco]]
[[da:Tempeltræ]]
[[de:Ginkgo]]
[[et:Hõlmikpuu]]
[[el:Γκίγκο]]
[[es:Ginkgo biloba]]
[[eo:Ginko]]
[[fr:Ginkgo biloba]]
[[gl:Xinkgo]]
[[ko:은행나무]]
[[it:Ginkgo biloba]]
[[he:גינקגו דו אונתי]]
[[ka:გინკგო]]
[[la:Ginkgo]]
[[lv:Ginki]]
[[lb:Ginkgobam]]
[[lt:Dviskiautis ginkmedis]]
[[hu:Ginkgo biloba]]
[[nl:Ginkgo biloba]]
[[ja:イチョウ]]
[[no:Tempeltre]]
[[pl:Miłorząb dwuklapowy]]
[[pt:Ginkgo]]
[[ro:Ginkgo]]
[[ru:Гинкго]]
[[simple:Ginkgo]]
[[sk:Ginko dvojlaločné]]
[[sl:Dvokrpi ginko]]
[[sr:Гинко]]
[[fi:Neidonhiuspuut]]
[[sv:Ginkgo]]
[[th:แปะก๊วย]]
[[tr:Mabet ağacı]]
[[uk:Гінкго дволопатеве]]
[[zh:银杏]]

Writing

2008-01-17T06:33:42Z

203.12.220.247: /* Mesoamerica */

[[Image:Medieval writing desk.jpg|thumb|250px|Illustration of a [[scribe]] writing]]

{{redirect|Write}}

'''Writing''' is the representation of language in a textual [[Media (arts)|medium]] through the use of signs or symbols. It is distinguished from [[illustration]], such as [[cave drawing]] and [[painting]], and the recording of language via a non-textual medium such as [[Magnetic tape sound recording|magnetic tape audio]].

Writing began as a consequence of the burgeoning needs of accounting. Around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration outgrew the power of memory, and writing became a more dependable method of recording and presenting transactions in a permanent form (Robinson, 2003, p. 36).


== Writing as a category ==
''Writing'', more particularly, refers to two things: ''writing'' as a [[noun]], the ''thing'' that is written; and ''writing'' as a [[verb]], which designates the ''activity'' of writing. It refers to the [[inscription]] of [[Glyph|characters]] on a medium, thereby forming [[Word (linguistics)|word]]s, and larger units of [[language]], known as texts. It also refers to the creation of meaning and the [[information]] thereby generated. In that regard, [[linguistics]] (and related [[sciences]]) distinguishes between the [[written language]] and the [[spoken language]]. The significance of the medium by which meaning and information is conveyed is indicated by the distinction made in the arts and sciences. For example,
while [[public speaking]] and [[poetry reading]] are both types of [[Speech communication|speech]], the former is governed by the rules of [[rhetoric]] and the latter by [[poetics]].

A person who composes a message or story in the form of text is generally known as a [[writer]] or an [[author]]. However, more specific designations exist which are dictated by the particular nature of the text such as that of [[poet]], [[essayist]], [[novelist]], [[playwright]], [[journalist]], and more. A person who [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcribes]], [[translation|translates]] or produces text to deliver a message authored by another person is known as a [[scribe]], [[typing|typist]] or [[typesetter]]. A person who produces text with emphasis on the [[aesthetics]] of [[glyph]]s is known as a [[calligrapher]] or [[graphic designer]].

Writing is also a distinctly [[human]] activity. It has been said that a [[monkey]], randomly typing away on a [[typewriter]] (in the days when typewriters replaced the [[pen]] or [[Feather#Utilitarian functions|plume]] as the preferred instrument of writing) could re-create [[Shakespeare]]-- but only if it lived long enough (this is known as the [[infinite monkey theorem]]). Such writing has been speculatively designated as [[coincident|coincidental]]. It is also speculated that [[Extraterrestrial life|extra-terrestrial]] beings exist who may possess knowledge of writing. The fact is that the only known writing is human writing.

== Means for recording information ==

Wells argues that writing has the ability to "put agreements, laws, commandments on record. It made the growth of states larger than the old city states possible. The command of the priest or king and his seal could go far beyond his sight and voice and could survive his death" (Wells in Robinson, 2003, p. 35).

=== Writing systems ===
The major [[writing system]]s – methods of inscription – broadly fall into four categories: logographic, syllabic, alphabetic, and featural.
Another category, [[ideographic]] (symbols for ideas), has never been developed sufficiently to represent language. A 6th, [[pictographic]], is insufficient to represent language on its own, but often forms the core of logographies.

==== Logographies ====
A [[logogram]] is a written character which represents a word or [[morpheme]]. The vast number of logograms needed to write language, and the many years required to learn them, are the major disadvantage of the logographic systems over alphabetic systems. However, the efficiency of reading logographic writing once it is learned is a major advantage.
No writing system is wholly logographic: all have phonetic components as well as logograms ("logosyllabic" components in the case of [[Chinese characters]], [[cuneiform]], and [[Mayan script|Mayan]], where a glyph may stand for a morpheme, a syllable, or both; "logoconsonantal" in the case of hieroglyphs), and many have an ideographic component (Chinese "radicals", hieroglyphic "determiners"). For example, in Mayan, the glyph for "fin", pronounced "ka'", was also used to represent the syllable "ka" whenever the pronunciation of a logogram needed to be indicated, or when there was no logogram. In Chinese, about 90% of characters are compounds of a semantic (meaning) element called a ''radical'' with an existing character to indicate the pronunciation, called a ''phonetic.'' However, such phonetic elements complement the logographic elements, rather than vice versa.

The main logographic system in use today is Chinese characters, used with some modification for various languages of China, Japanese, and, to a lesser extent, Korean in South Korea. Another is the classical [[Yi script]].

==== Syllabaries ====
A [[syllabary]] is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate) [[syllable]]s. A glyph in a syllabary typically represents a consonant followed by a vowel, or just a vowel alone, though in some scripts more complex syllables (such as consonant-vowel-consonant, or consonant-consonant-vowel) may have dedicated glyphs. Phonetically related syllables are not so indicated in the script. For instance, the syllable "ka" may look nothing like the syllable "ki", nor will syllables with the same vowels be similar.

Syllabaries are best suited to languages with relatively simple syllable structure, such as Japanese. Other languages that use syllabic writing include the [[Linear B]] script for [[Mycenaean Greek]]; [[Cherokee]]; [[Ndjuka]], an English-based [[creole language]] of [[Surinam]]; and the [[Vai language|Vai]] script of [[Liberia]]. Most logographic systems have a strong syllabic component. [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ethiopic]], though technically an alphabet, has fused consonants and vowels together to the point that it's learned as if it were a syllabary.

==== Alphabets ====
{{see also|History of the alphabet}}

An [[alphabet]] is a small set of symbols, each of which roughly represents or historically represented a phoneme of the language. In a perfectly [[phonology|phonological]] alphabet, the phonemes and letters would correspond perfectly in two directions: a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling. As languages often evolve independently of their writing systems, and writing systems have been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and even within a single language.

In most of the alphabets of the Mid-East, only consonants are indicated, or vowels may be indicated with optional diacritics. Such systems are called ''[[abjad]]s''. In most of the alphabets of India and Southeast Asia, vowels are indicated through diacritics or modification of the shape of the consonant. These are called ''[[abugida]]s''. Some abugidas, such as [[Ethiopic]] and [[Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics|Cree]], are learned by children as syllabaries, and so are often called "syllabics". However, unlike true syllabaries, there is not an independent glyph for each syllable.

Sometimes the term "alphabet" is restricted to systems with separate letters for consonants and vowels, such as the [[Latin alphabet]]. Because of this use, [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] is often considered to be the first alphabet.

==== Featural scripts ====
A featural script notates the building blocks of the phonemes that make up a language. For instance, all sounds pronounced with the lips ("labial" sounds) may have some element in common. In the Latin alphabet, this is accidentally the case with the letters "b" and "p"; however, labial "m" is completely dissimilar, and the similar-looking "q" is not labial. In Korean [[Hangul]], however, all four labial consonants are based on the same basic element. However, in practice, Korean is learned by children as an ordinary alphabet, and the featural elements tend to pass unnoticed.

Another featural script is [[SignWriting]], the most popular writing system for many [[sign languages]], where the shapes and movements of the hands and face are represented iconically. Featural scripts are also common in fictional or invented systems, such as [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] [[Tengwar]].

==== Historical significance of writing systems ====
Historians draw a distinction between prehistory and history, with history defined by the advent of writing. The cave paintings and petroglyphs of prehistoric peoples can be considered precursors of writing, but are not considered writing because they did not represent language directly.

Writing systems always develop and change based on the needs of the people who use them. Sometimes the shape, orientation and meaning of individual signs also changes over time. By tracing the development of a script it is possible to learn about the needs of the people who used the script as well as how it changed over time.

=== Tools and materials ===
{{Unreferencedsection|date=September 2007}}
The many tools and writing materials used throughout history include [[stone tablets]], [[clay tablet]]s, [[wax tablet]]s, [[vellum]], [[parchment]], [[paper]], [[copperplate]], [[stylus]]es, [[quill]]s, [[ink brush]]es, [[pencil]]s, [[pen]]s, and many styles of [[lithography]]. It is speculated that the Incas might have employed knotted threads known as [[quipu]] (or khipu) as a writing system.

For more information see [[writing implements]].

== Writing in historical cultures ==

=== Mesopotamia ===
The original [[Mesopotamian]] writing system was initially derived from a system of clay tokens used to represent commodities. By the end of the [[4th millennium BC]] (about 3000 BC<ref>The Origin and Development of the Cuneiform System of Writing, Samuel Noah Kramer, ''Thirty Nine Firsts In Recorded History'' pp 381-383</ref>), this had evolved into a method of keeping accounts, using a triangular-shaped stylus pressed into soft clay for recording numbers. This was gradually augmented with pictographic writing using a sharp stylus to indicate what was being counted. Round-stylus and sharp-stylus writing was gradually replaced by writing using a wedge-shaped stylus (hence the term [[cuneiform script|cuneiform]]), at first only for [[logogram]]s, but evolved to include phonetic elements by the 29th century BC. Around the 26th century BC, cuneiform began to represent syllables of spoken [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]]. Also in that period, cuneiform writing became a general purpose writing system for logograms, syllables, and numbers, and this script was adapted to another Mesopotamian language, [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], and from there to others such as [[Hurrian language|Hurrian]], and [[Hittite language|Hittite]]. Scripts similar in appearance to this writing system include those for [[Ugaritic language|Ugaritic]] and [[Old Persian language|Old Persian]].

=== China ===
In [[China]] historians have found out a lot about the early Chinese dynasties from the written documents left behind. From the [[Shang Dynasty]] most of this writing has survived on bones or bronze implements. Markings on [[turtle]] [[Animal shell|shell]]s have been carbon-dated to around 1500 BC. Historians have found that the type of [[Media (arts)|media]] used had an effect on what the writing was documenting and how it was used.

There have recently been discoveries of tortoise-shell carvings dating back to c. 6000 BC, but whether or not the carvings are of sufficient complexity to qualify as writing is under debate<ref>China Daily, 12 June 2003, {{Archaeologists Rewrite History}}, http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Jun/66806.htm</ref>. If it is deemed to be a written language, writing in China will predate Mesopotamian cuneiform, long acknowledged as the first appearance of writing, by some 2000 years.

=== Egypt ===
The earliest known [[Egyptian hieroglyph|hieroglyphic]] inscriptions are the [[Narmer Palette]], dating to c.3200 BC, and several recent discoveries that may be slightly older, though the glyphs were based on a much older artistic tradition. The hieroglyphic script was [[logogram|logographic]] with phonetic adjuncts that included an effective [[Egyptian hieroglyph#Script|alphabet]].

Writing was very important in maintaining the Egyptian empire, and literacy was concentrated among an educated elite of [[scribe]]s. Only people from certain backgrounds were allowed to train to become scribes, in the service of temple, pharaonic, and military authorities. The hieroglyph system was always difficult to learn, but in later centuries was purposely made even more so, as this preserved the scribes' status.

The world's [[Middle Bronze Age alphabets|oldest known alphabet]] was developed in central [[Egypt]] around 2000 BC from a [[hieroglyph]]ic prototype, and over the next 500 years spread to [[Canaan]] and eventually to the rest of the world.

=== Indus Valley ===
{{main|Indus script}}

[[Image:The'Ten_Indus_Scripts'_discavered_near_the_northen_gateway_of_the_citadel,Dholavira.JPG|thumb|Ten Indus scripts discovered near the northern gate of [[Dholavira]] (perhaps 5000 years old)]]
The [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus Valley]] script is a mysterious aspect of ancient Indian culture as it has not yet been deciphered. Although there are many examples of the Indus script, without true understanding of how the script works and what the inscriptions say, it is impossible to understand the importance of writing in the Indus Civilization{{fact|date=November 2007}}.

=== Phoenician writing system and descendants ===
The [[Phoenician script|Phoenician writing system]] was adapted from the Proto-Caananite script in around the 11th century BC, which in turn borrowed ideas from [[Egyptian hieroglyphics]]. This writing system was an [[abjad]] — that is, a [[writing system]] in which only consonants are represented. This script was adapted by the [[Greek alphabet|Greeks]], who adapted certain consonantal signs to represent their vowels. The [[Cumae alphabet]], a [[variant]] of the early Greek alphabet gave rise to the [[Etruscan alphabet]], and its own descendants, such as the [[Latin alphabet]] and [[Rune]]s. Other descendants from the [[Greek alphabet]] include the [[Cyrillic alphabet]], used to write [[Russian language|Russian]], among others. The Phoenician system was also adapted into the [[Aramaic script]], from which the [[Hebrew script]] and also that of [[Arabic script|Arabic]] are descended.

The [[Tifinagh]] script (Berber languages) is descended from the Libyco-Berber script which is assumed to be of Phoenician origin.

=== Mesoamerica ===
Of several [[pre-Colombian]] scripts in [[Mesoamerica]], the one that appears to have been best developed, and the only one to be deciphered, is the [[Maya script]]. The earliest inscriptions which are identifiably Maya date to the 3rd century BCE, and writing was in continuous use until shortly after the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores in the 16th century CE. Maya writing used logograms complemented by a set of syllabic glyphs, somewhat similar in function to modern Japanese writing.
Hello3x...

== Creation of text or information ==
=== Creativity ===
{{main|Creativity|Creative Writing}}

=== Author ===
{{main|Author}}

=== Writer ===

{{main|Writer}}

=== Critiques ===
{{Unreferencedsection|date=September 2007}}
Writers sometimes search out others to evaluate or criticize their work. To this end, many writers join [[writing circle]]s, often found at local [[Library|libraries]] or [[bookstore]]s. With the evolution of the [[Internet]], writing circles have started to go online.

{{Wikibookspar||Fiction technique}}

==See also==
{| width="100%"
|- valign=top
|width="33%"|
* [[Author]]
* [[Boustrophedon text]]
* [[Calligraphy]]
* [[Communication]]
* [[Composition studies]]
* [[Creative writing]]
* [[Decipherment]]
* [[Essay]]
* [[Fiction writing]]
* [[Grammar]]
* [[Graphonomics]]
* [[Interactive fiction]]
|width="33%"|
* [[Journalism]]
* [[Kishotenketsu]]
* [[Linguistics]]
* [[List of writers' conferences]]
* [[Literacy]]
* [[Literary award]]
* [[Literary criticism]]
* [[Literary festival]]
* [[Literature]]
* [[Manuscript]]
* [[Orthography]]
* [[Pencil]]
* [[Printing]]
|width="33%"|
* [[Publishing]]
* [[Bible (writing)|Story bible]]
* [[Slate (writing)|Writing slate]]
* [[Speech communication]]
* [[Typography]]
* [[White papers]]
* [[Word processing]]
* [[Writer]]
* [[Writer's block]]
* [[Writing circle]]
* [[Writing style]]
* [[Writing systems]]
* [[Writer's voice]]
|}

== References ==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
== Further reading ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wiktionary}}
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060428121604/http://www.delmar.edu/engl/instruct/stomlin/1301int/lessons/language/history.htm History of Writing]
* <Cite>A History of Writing: From Hieroglyph to Multimedia</cite>, edited by Anne-Marie Christin, [http://www.flammarion.com/groupe/ Flammarion] (in French, hardcover: 408 pages, 2002, ISBN 2-08-010887-5)
* [http://www.newjewishbooks.org/ITB/ ''In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language.''] By Joel M. Hoffman, 2004. [http://www.newjewishbooks.org/ITB/toc.html Chapter 3] covers the invention of writing and its various stages.
* [http://www.ancientscripts.com/ws.html Origins of writing on AncientScripts.com]
* [http://www.museumofwriting.co.uk/ Museum of Writing]: UK Museum of Writing with information on writing history and implements
* On ERIC Digests: [http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-3/writing.htm ''Writing Instruction: Current Practices in the Classroom'']; [http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-3/development.htm ''Writing Development'']; [http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-3/views.htm ''Writing Instruction: Changing Views over the Years'']
* [http://www.childrenofthecode.org/Tour/c5/index.htm Children of the Code: The Power of Writing - Online Video]
* Rogers, Henry. 2005. ''Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach.'' Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-23463-2 (hardcover); ISBN 0-631-23464-0 (paperback)
* Ankerl, Guy. 2000. ''Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western.'' Geneva: INU Press, ISBN 2-88155-004-5, pp. 59-66, 235s.
* Robinson, Andrew "The Origins of Writing" in David Crowley and Paul Heyer (eds) Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society (Allyn and Bacon, 2003).

==External links==

* [http://www.bl.uk/learning/artimages/why/whywrite.html Why write?] - a history of writing and the alphabet from the British Library
* [http://www.techtact.org/ TechTact.org] - A website for tactful technical writing

[[Category:Writing| ]]

[[ar:كتابة]]
[[arc:ܟܬܒܐ]]
[[ca:Escriptura]]
[[de:Schreiben]]
[[es:Escritura]]
[[eo:Skribado]]
[[fr:Écriture littéraire]]
[[hr:Pisanje]]
[[io:Skriburo]]
[[id:Menulis]]
[[he:כתיבה]]
[[ms:Penulisan]]
[[ja:筆記]]
[[no:Skriving]]
[[nn:skrift]]
[[pl:Pismo]]
[[ro:Scriere]]
[[ru:Письменность]]
[[simple:Writing]]
[[sr:Писање]]
[[fi:Kirjoitus]]
[[sv:Skrift]]
[[th:การเขียน]]
[[yi:שרייבן]]
[[bat-smg:Rašėms]]
[[zh:寫作]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-12-06T04:01:24Z

203.12.220.247: /* Current squad */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005
:: Pld - W - D -L - F - A - Pts
:: 21 - 14 - 3 - 4 - 43 - 19 - 45

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004 - Perlis 1 Kedah 0
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 N.Sembilan 1

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 2'''
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 Pahang 1
:: 2007/08 - Kedah 0 Perlis 0 (Perlis win on penalti 5-4)

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=6 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam Mohd Zamri]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[M. Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Syazwan Roslan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Amirul Abu Seman]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Roshisham Che Idrus]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Hafis Mohd Fauzi]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Hairol Fazreen Abu Hassan]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Kahirul Azuan Rosli]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zaidi Zul Khapri]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Saiful Kamis]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amzar Junaidi Abdul Jalil]]|pos= }}

{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] (MF) to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] (DF) to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] (DF) to [[Johor FC]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

==Coaches==
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Haji Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]

==Former coaches==
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{fb end}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-12-06T03:57:31Z

203.12.220.247: /* Current squad */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005
:: Pld - W - D -L - F - A - Pts
:: 21 - 14 - 3 - 4 - 43 - 19 - 45

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004 - Perlis 1 Kedah 0
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 N.Sembilan 1

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 2'''
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 Pahang 1
:: 2007/08 - Kedah 0 Perlis 0 (Perlis win on penalti 5-4)

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=6 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Syazwan Roslan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Amirul Abu Seman]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Roshisham Che Idrus]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Hafis Mohd Fauzi]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Hairol Fazreen Abu Hassan]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Kahirul Azuan Rosli]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zaidi Zul Khapri]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Saiful Kamis]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amzar Junaidi Abdul Jalil]]|pos= }}

{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] (MF) to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] (DF) to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] (DF) to [[Johor FC]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

==Coaches==
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Haji Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]

==Former coaches==
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{fb end}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-12-06T03:54:44Z

203.12.220.247: /* Current squad */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005
:: Pld - W - D -L - F - A - Pts
:: 21 - 14 - 3 - 4 - 43 - 19 - 45

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004 - Perlis 1 Kedah 0
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 N.Sembilan 1

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 2'''
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 Pahang 1
:: 2007/08 - Kedah 0 Perlis 0 (Perlis win on penalti 5-4)

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Syazwan Roslan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Amirul Abu Seman]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Roshisham Che Idrus]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Hafis Mohd Fauzi]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Hairol Fazreen Abu Hassan]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Kahirul Azuan Rosli]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zaidi Zul Khapri]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Saiful Kamis]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amzar Junaidi Abdul Jalil]]|pos= }}

{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] (MF) to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] (DF) to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] (DF) to [[Johor FC]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

==Coaches==
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Haji Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]

==Former coaches==
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{fb end}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-12-06T03:54:17Z

203.12.220.247: /* Current squad */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005
:: Pld - W - D -L - F - A - Pts
:: 21 - 14 - 3 - 4 - 43 - 19 - 45

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004 - Perlis 1 Kedah 0
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 N.Sembilan 1

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 2'''
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 Pahang 1
:: 2007/08 - Kedah 0 Perlis 0 (Perlis win on penalti 5-4)

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Syazwan Roslan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Amirul Abu Seman]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Roshisham Che Idrus]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Hafis Mohd Fauzi]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Hairol Fazreen Abu Hassan]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rohisham Che Idrus ]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Kahirul Azuan Rosli]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zaidi Zul Khapri]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Saiful Kamis]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amzar Junaidi Abdul Jalil]]|pos= }}

{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] (MF) to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] (DF) to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] (DF) to [[Johor FC]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

==Coaches==
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Haji Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]

==Former coaches==
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{fb end}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-12-03T02:05:50Z

203.12.220.247: /* Current squad */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League ]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005
:: Pld - W - D -L - F - A - Pts
:: 21 - 14 - 3 - 4 - 43 - 19 - 45

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004 - Perlis 1 Kedah 0
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 N.Sembilan 1

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 2'''
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 Pahang 1
:: 2007/08 - Kedah 0 Perlis 0 (Perlis win on penalti 5-4)

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Syazwan Roslan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Amirul Abu Seman]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Roshisham Che Idrus]]|pos= }}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Hafis Mohd Fauzi]]|pos= }}
{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] (MF) to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] (DF) to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] (DF) to [[Johor FC]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

=='''Coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Haji Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]

=='''Former coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{fb end}}

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-11-30T07:55:56Z

203.12.220.247: /* Current squad */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League ]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005
:: Pld - W - D -L - F - A - Pts
:: 21 - 14 - 3 - 4 - 43 - 19 - 45

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004 - Perlis 1 Kedah 0
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 N.Sembilan 1

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 2'''
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 Pahang 1
:: 2007/08 - Kedah 0 Perlis 0 (Perlis win on penalti 5-4)

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Syazwan Roslan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] (MF) to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] (DF) to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] (DF) to [[Johor FC]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

=='''Coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Haji Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]

=='''Former coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{fb end}}

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-11-26T00:32:18Z

203.12.220.247: /* Achievements */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League ]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005
:: Pld - W - D -L - F - A - Pts
:: 21 - 14 - 3 - 4 - 43 - 19 - 45

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004 - Perlis 1 Kedah 0
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 N.Sembilan 1

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 2'''
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 Pahang 1
:: 2007/08 - Kedah 0 Perlis 0 (Perlis win on penalti 5-4)

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] (MF) to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] (DF) to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] (DF) to [[Johor FC]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

=='''Coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Haji Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]

=='''Former coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{fb end}}

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-11-26T00:24:18Z

203.12.220.247: /* Achievements */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League ]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004 - Perlis 1 Kedah 0
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 N.Sembilan 1

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 2'''
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 Pahang 1
:: 2007/08 - Kedah 0 Perlis 0 (Perlis win on penalti 5-4)

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] (MF) to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] (DF) to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] (DF) to [[Johor FC]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

=='''Coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Haji Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]

=='''Former coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{fb end}}

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-11-26T00:23:39Z

203.12.220.247: /* Achievements */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League ]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004 - Perlis 1 Kedah 0
2006/07 - Perlis 2 N.Sembilan 1

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 2'''
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 Pahang 1
2007/08 - Kedah 0 Perlis 0 (Perlis win on penalti 5-4)

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] (MF) to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] (DF) to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] (DF) to [[Johor FC]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

=='''Coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Haji Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]

=='''Former coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{fb end}}

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-11-26T00:23:11Z

203.12.220.247: /* Achievements */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League ]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004 - Perlis 1 Kedah 0
2006/07 - Perlis 2 N.Sembilan 1

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 2'''
:: 2006/07 - Perlis 2 Pahang 1
2007/08 - Kedah 0 Perlis 0 (Perlis win on penalti 5-4)

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] (MF) to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] (DF) to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] (DF) to [[Johor FC]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

=='''Coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Haji Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]

=='''Former coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{fb end}}

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-11-26T00:19:12Z

203.12.220.247: /* Achievements */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League ]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004, 2006/07

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 2'''
:: 2006/07 , 2007/08

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] (MF) to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] (DF) to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] (DF) to [[Johor FC]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

=='''Coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Haji Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]

=='''Former coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{fb end}}

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-11-26T00:16:31Z

203.12.220.247: /* Former coaches */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League ]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004, 2006

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 1'''
:: 2006

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] (MF) to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] (DF) to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] (DF) to [[Johor FC]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

=='''Coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Haji Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]

=='''Former coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{fb end}}

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-11-26T00:12:53Z

203.12.220.247: /* Current squad */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]|
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League ]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}
The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

==Achievements==
*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004, 2006

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 1'''
:: 2006

==Current squad==
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=7 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=9 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs end}}

===Transfers (Season 2007/2008)===
====In====
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[Melaka TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB-MyTeam FC]]

==== Out ====

{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nazaruddin Zain]] (MF) to [[Proton FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Shariman Che Omar]] (DF) to [[DPMM FC (Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota FC)]] [[Brunei]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Madzalan Emoi]] (DF) to [[Johor FC]] 

===Former Import Players===

* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Lamin Conteh]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zacharia Simukonda]]
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Jean Black Ngody]]
* {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Owen Mwendabai]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Henry Acquah]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Joao Bandoch]]

=='''Former coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

==External links==
*[http://www.singautara.net/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}
*[http://www.malaysiasoccer.net/ Malaysia Soccer] {{ms icon}}

{{fb start}}
{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{fb end}}

{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-10-25T08:04:16Z

203.12.220.247: /* Transfers (Season 2007/2008) */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = |
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League ]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}

The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

=='''Achievements'''==

*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004, 2006

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 1'''
:: 2006

=='''Current squad'''==

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Adrien Jurad Chamrong]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=4 |nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs end}}

==='''Transfers (Season 2007/2008)'''===

'''In''' 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]] from [[UPB/MyTeam FC]] 
 

'''Out''' 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
 

==='''Former Import Players'''===

*{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
*{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
*{{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
*{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
*{{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
*{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
*{{flagicon|Siera Lion}} [[Lamin Conteh Jr.]]
*{{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zhacaria Simukonda]]

=='''Former coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

=='''External links'''==

*[http://www.singautara.net/komuniti/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}

{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-10-25T08:02:56Z

203.12.220.247: /* Current squad */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = |
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League ]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}

The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

=='''Achievements'''==

*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004, 2006

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 1'''
:: 2006

=='''Current squad'''==

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Adrien Jurad Chamrong]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=4 |nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Soley s/o Kanasian]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs end}}

==='''Transfers (Season 2007/2008)'''===

'''In''' 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Soley s/o Kanasian]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
 

'''Out''' 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
 

==='''Former Import Players'''===

*{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
*{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
*{{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
*{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
*{{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
*{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
*{{flagicon|Siera Lion}} [[Lamin Conteh Jr.]]
*{{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zhacaria Simukonda]]

=='''Former coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

=='''External links'''==

*[http://www.singautara.net/komuniti/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}

{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Perlis F.A.

2007-10-25T08:01:41Z

203.12.220.247: /* Current squad */

{{Football club infobox |
clubname = Perlis FA|
image = [[Image:Perlis FA.gif]]|
fullname = Football Association of Perlis|
nickname = Northern Lions|
founded = |
ground = [[Utama Stadium]] [[Kangar]], [[Malaysia]]|
capacity = 20,000|
chairman = |
manager = |
league = [[Malaysian Super League]] |
season = [[2005-06 in Malaysian football|2005-06]] | position = [[Malaysian Super League ]], 4th |
| pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=FFFF00|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=FFFF00|shorts1=FFFF00|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=000080|body2=000080|rightarm2=000080|shorts2=000080|socks2=000080|
}}

The '''Football Association of Perlis''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: '''''Persatuan Bola Sepak Perlis''''') enters a team in [[Malaysia]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] competitions to represent the state of [[Perlis]]. The team is based in [[Kangar]]. They play in the top division in Malaysian football, the [[Malaysian Super League]]. Their home stadium is [[Utama Stadium]]. The colour of the team shirt [http://img522.imageshack.us/img522/5181/pfajerseyxn4.png] is yellow and blue.

=='''Achievements'''==

*'''[[Malaysian Super League]]: 1'''
:: 2005

*'''[[Malaysia Cup]]: 2'''
:: 2004, 2006

*'''[[Malaysia Charity Shield]]: 1'''
:: 2006

=='''Current squad'''==

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Yusof Ishak]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=5 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Adrien Jurad Chamrong]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azi Shahril Azmi]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Abd. Aziz Ismail]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Azmizi Azmi]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Redzuan Othman]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Amar Rohidan]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Wan Khairul Faiz Kamarudin]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=4 |nat=Zambia|name=[[Kabwe Kamuzati]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Zambia|name=[[Phillimon Chepita]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=3 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Fauzi Nan]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=2 |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Reithudin Eg Imran]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[K. Soley]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Badrul Azam]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Khairul Anuar Ramli]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Rudie Ramli]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Nizaruddin Yusof]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Malaysia|name=[[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Yusri Che Lah]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no= |nat=Malaysia|name=[[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs end}}

==='''Transfers (Season 2007/2008)'''===

'''In''' 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Yusri Che Lah]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Harizul Izuan Abd. Rani]] from [[Perak FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[K. Soley]] from [[Kedah FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Rudie Ramli]] from [[TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Badrul Azam]] from [[TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abd. Aziz Ismail]] from [[TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Es Lizuan Zahid Amir]] from [[TMFC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Yusof Ishak]] from [[Johor FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Zulkifli Yusof]] from [[Pahang FA]] 
 

'''Out''' 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Faisal Esahar]] (FW) to [[Felda United FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Shahrizan Ismail]] (GK) to [[Terengganu FA]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Azizi Mat Rose]] to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Hardi Ahmad]] (MF) to [[PDRM FC]] 
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Mohd Azlan Ismail]] (FW) to [[PDRM FC]] 
 

==='''Former Import Players'''===

*{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]]
*{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Stephen Keshi]]
*{{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Emile Mbouh]]
*{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Rustam Abdulloev]]
*{{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Alexander Freeman]]
*{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Victor Ogunsanya]]
*{{flagicon|Siera Lion}} [[Lamin Conteh Jr.]]
*{{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zhacaria Simukonda]]

=='''Former coaches'''==

*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahim]]
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Norizan Bakar]]

=='''External links'''==

*[http://www.singautara.net/komuniti/ Perlis FA Official Fansite] {{ms icon}}

{{Malaysian Super League}}
{{Asia-footyclub-stub}}

[[Category:Malaysian football clubs]]
[[Category:Perlis]]

[[fr:Perlis FA]]

Victoria Institution

2007-09-26T04:18:15Z

203.12.220.247:

{{Infobox Secondary school
| name = Victoria Institution
| logo = [[Image:vicrest.jpg|150px]]
| motto = ''To Be a Scholar, a Sportsman and a Gentlemen''
| established = [[14 August]][[1893]]
| type = [[public school|Government]] Non-Boarding [[single-sex school|all-boys]] [[secondary School]]
| affiliations = [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Malaysia Ministry Of Education]]
| headmaster = Pacat & Saifuddin
| founder =
| chaplain =
| chairman =
| enrolment = 1200
| grades = Form 1 - Form 6
| free_label_1 = Abbreviation
| free_1 = V.I.
| colours = [[Navy blue]] & [[Royal Blue]] (taken after the colours of [[Oxford University]] and [[Cambridge University]])
| campus = Large School campus, at the edge of city centre
| city = [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| state = Wilayah Perseketuan
| country = [[Malaysia]]
| website = www.viweb.cjb.net
}}

'''Victoria Institution''' (''[[Malay language|Malay]]: Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Victoria'') is a ''premier'' [[secondary school]] for boys (and girls for Form 6) and one of the oldest schools in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. The school is widely known as '''VI''' and the [[students]] of Victoria Institution bear the famous name "Immortal Victorians".

VI is famous for its high achievement in [[academic]], [[sports]] and other activities for secondary school level in [[Malaysia]]. It is considered one of the best non-residential schools in [[Malaysia]]. The school is named after [[Queen Victoria]] of the [[United Kingdom]], and was opened specially to commemorate her golden jubilee of reign.

Recently, VI was named as one of the [http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_cluster_school 'cluster school'] of excellence by the [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Malaysian Ministry of Education]], which will be given autonomy in administration and adequate funding to excel in specialised fields (academic, sports and extra-curricular activities) of choice.

==History==
[[Image:viclocktower.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Victoria Institution has one of the oldest prefectorial board in [[Southeast Asia]]]]
In the [[1880s]], [[Raffles Institution]] in [[Singapore]] flourished as one of the most outstanding schools of its time. Some prominent citizens, including the Kapitan Cina (Chinese Captain) of [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Yap Kwan Seng]], Towkay Loke Yew, and [[K. Thamboosamy|Thamboosamy Pillay]], saw the need of a good English school in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. With the support of [[Resident (title)|British Resident]] at [[Selangor]], Sir WH Treacher and donation from [[Sultan Abdul Samad]], The [[Sultan]] of [[Selangor]], they built the Victoria Institution in [[1893]]. The name of the school was taken to commemorate the [[Golden Jubilee]] of [[Queen Victoria]].

Source : [http://www.viweb.cjb.net VI Web Page]

==School Buildings==

Victoria Institution (VI) today showcases a prime example of British colonial architecture. Sporting a majestic clocktower (which has only been recently repaired) that overlooks two sports pavilion and a vast field, surrounded by aged colonial-era trees (e.g. yellow flame trees & palms). The structures that make up the Institution itself is a heritage of the nation. While the modern-day [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Ministry of Education]] has added many rectangular-shaped blocks to the Institution, the distinctive "E" shape of the main block is still one of the more interesting features of [[Kuala Lumpur]].

However, the present day location of Victoria Instution on Petaling Hill (previously a Chinese/Muslim cemetery area), is not the original site for VI. The original school building was located at Jalan Bandar, and was officially opened on the [[30 July|30th of July]] [[1894]]. In [[March]] [[1929]] the school shifted its location to Jalan [[Hang Tuah]], as the old location was frequently flooded by the nearby [[Klang River]] during heavy downpours. The old VI building was used as police station, art gallery, office block, theatre, until, unfortunately, an overnight fire in 1999 burnt down the historical building. [http://www.viweb.freehosting.net/viOldVI.htm Reference].

VI also has its own [[swimming pool]] and Synthetic track for [[100 metres]] sprint event, making it the only school in the region to sport these facilities.

Source : [http://www.viweb.cjb.net VI Web Page]

==School's Song==

===The School Song===

The original 1949 version with exact words and punctuation by G. F. Jackson. The song is sung to the tune of 'Gaudeamus Igitur', one of the oldest students' songs (author unknown). The school song alludes to the free and easy student life of medieval times.

Let us now with thankfulness 
Praise the founders of our School. 
Let us now with thankfulness 
Praise the founders of our School 
For their foresight and devotion, 
Some who came across the ocean, 
Some Malaysia's own sons, 
All true Victorians. 
 
Let us next remember here 
All who passed through this our School. 
Let us next remember here 
All who passed through this our School, 
Not one race but one in feeling 
For a school to each appealing 
That instruction be not all 
Nor this School just roof and wall. 
 
Let us lastly pledge ourselves 
Ever to uphold our School. 
Let us lastly pledge ourselves 
Ever to uphold our School. 
In our work and in our leisure, 
With such zeal and in such measure 
That the new Victorians 
Match with Old Victorians. 

[/media/wikipedia/en/a/ad/Song-VISong.mid Click here to listen to the School Song]

===Lagu Sekolah===

Words by Zainab bt Yusop 

Sanjungan didendangkan 
Pengasas nan budiman 
Sanjungan didendangkan 
Pengasas nan budiman 
Kerana jasa khidmat mulia 
Yang mengharung samuderaya 
Dan putera Malaysia 
Kekal cita Victoria 
 
Kenangan dilayangkan 
Pada semua lepasan 
Kenangan dilayangkan 
Pada semua lepasan 
Lain bangsa satu cita 
Diingatkan pada semua 
Ilmu zahir utama 
Rohani pun setara 

Ikrar pula lafazkan 
Junjung sekolah pujaan 
Ikrar pula lafazkan 
Junjung sekolah pujaan 
Dalam usaha gerak laku 
Warisan lama dan baru 
Bergandingan, bersatu 
Hidup Victoria diaju
 

==Student Life==
What defines Victoria Institution as a remarkable institution is the experience its students gain outside the classroom. Victorians, as the students of VI call themselves, take pride in identifying themselves as a class of active students, both in and out the classroom. It is an unspoken rule that all freshman students are required to join at least one uniform body, take on an active role in one of the school's 50 clubs and to participate in a least one sport. That said, V.I. has a variety of [[clubs]], [[Uniformed Services|uniformed bodies]] and [[sports]] that caters for all sort of interests. The student life in the Victoria Institution often revolves around societies and clubs and sport teams, despite the fact that VI is located in the center of a metropolitan city like Kuala Lumpur.

==Rivalry==
As with many older education institutions, VI has its fair share of rivals, both regionally in Kuala Lumpur and nationally. [[St. John's Institution, Kuala Lumpur|St. John's Institution]] is VI's traditional regional archrival. This rivalry can be best observed during sports tournament between these two schools. Nationally, VI also has a rivalry-traditional with two elite institutions - the [[Royal Military College, Kuala Lumpur]] and the [[Malay College Kuala Kangsar]], the rivalry with the former apparent in the soccer and rugby MSSKL state level tournaments and the rivalry with the latter apparent at in the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup, a soccer playoff between the premier schools of [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[Kuala Kangsar]], [[Perak]].

===Traditions and Heritage===

Victoria Institution is a school that is rich with its own heritage and traditions. Being one of the oldest schools in Malaysia, and is responsible for the lifelong memories of Victorians old and new. While many of the colonial-period traditions have slowly eroded over the years, VI still holds steadfast to the various traditions of its glorious past. For instance, the modus-operandi for the prefect disciplinary system is very much similar to the tradition laid out by the founders of the prefect board - Major Richard Sydney, VI's 2nd headmaster [http://www.viweb.freehosting.net/FirstPref.htm VI First Prefects].

Detention classes and community service are still the common penalties for misdemeanours in VI, whereas such traditions are no longer in practice in many Malaysian schools. Victorians are also popular and (in)famous for annual events such as the Military Tattoo (performance by marching bands and cadets), Scouts' Campfire (rescue act by senior scouts), Annual Sports Carnival, Speech Days, and Science Fairs. Victoria Institution is the only school in Malaysia who has its own Edinburgh styled [[Edinburgh Military Tattoo|Military Tattoo]].

===Sports===
V.I has proud history of achievements in sports, having won many state and national championships throughout the past century. VI currently participates in the Bangsar zone at district level and in the MSSKL (Kuala Lumpur School Sports Council) tournament at the state level. Among the sports that VI is famous for are [[soccer|football]], [[rugby union|rugby]], [[cricket]], [[basketball]], [[waterpolo]], [[badminton]], [[archery]], [[field hockey|Hockey]], [[handball]], [[volleyball]], [[Athletics (track and field)|athletics]], [[tennis]], [[table-tennis]]. VI is currently a defending champion in football, cricket and waterpolo at the state level. VI plays [[MCKK]] in football for [[Azlan Shah|Sultan Azlan Shah]] Cup every year with the venue alternate each year between the two schools. Because of its strong tradition in sports, VI has produced many famous Malaysian sportsmen including [[Mokhtar Dahari]], Sidek's Brothers and [[Mani Jegathesan|Datuk Dr Mani Jegathesan]]. Many other unsung heroes of VI sports achievements are certainly the coaches, teachers and senior students who had often spare time and effort of their own for the sake of the school.

===House===
There are eight [[house system|sport houses]] in VI. Every year the sports houses compete against each other on [[sports day]]. The Victoria Institution Sports Day has been held since [[1897]], and is widely regarded as a citywide event, with huge crowds converging on the Victoria Institution campus. The [[house system|houses]] are named after the founders of the school. The current houses are:

*[[K. Thamboosamy|Thamboosamy]], ([[green]])
*Lee Kuan Yew (formerly known as Hepponstall, named after the first unofficial Principal of VI )([[yellow]])
*[[Sultan Abdul Samad]] ( formerly known as Davidson, named after the earlier Selangor Resident, J.G Davidson ) ([[purple]])
*Rodger([[Orange (colour)|orange]])
*Loke Yew ([[Brown]])
*Shaw ([[Red]])
*[[Yap Kwan Seng]] ([[Cornflower blue|Light Blue]])
*Treacher ([[Dark blue (color)|Dark Blue]])

===Uniform Bodies, Clubs, Societies and Boards===
Victoria Institution's marching band, formally known as the Victoria Institution Cadet Corps Band (VICCB), is nationally and internationally recognized. It is the perennial state and national champion for marching band performance. The VICCB has also participated in numerous music festivals and events in Malaysia and around the globe. Its numerous trophies and awards are testimony to the countless hours its members put into their practice and training. Victoria Institution also can pride itself for having the oldest cadet infantry corp, Scout Groups and Red Cross/Crescent Corps. The students' response towards the formation of a Scout Group was so encouraging that two scout groups were formed, namely the 1st Kuala Lumpur Scout Group and the 2nd Kuala Lumpur Scout, known as the Victoria Scout Group (VSG). The rivalry and competition between the uniform bodies within the Institution is also a well-known fact amongst Victorians.

===Prefects===
Victoria Institution has one of the oldest [[prefect|prefects board]] in [[Malaysia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It was founded on [[6 April|6th April]] [[1923]]. The maximum number of [[prefect]]s in the board at any one time cannot exceed 30, ensuring the ratio of prefects to students remain in the range of 1 prefect for every 52 students. The first [[School Captain]] was Othman bin Mohamad, who was also a hostelite.

Prefects represent the ideal Victorian, and the process of nomination for prefecture by teachers and senior prefects, interviews by the disciplinary board, elimination processes and a several month stint as a 'Temporary Prefect' (a probationary term). Victorian prefects comprise only of those with outstanding leadership qualities, those who are excellent all-rounders and those who have the uncanny ability to react to ad hoc situations, as recent events have shown.

The motto for the Victoria Institution Prefects Board is,
"On the bearing of the Prefects depends the tone of the School"

==Alumni==
The [[alumni]] association of VI is known as the VIOBA (Victoria Institution Old Boys' Association) and was founded in [[1922]]. The games competition between the Current Victorians and the Old Boys is known as 'Daniel Shield' and this tournament is held every year. Many Victorian alumni go on to become prominent figures in Malaysia and neighbouring nations. Notable Victoria Institution Old Boys include:

* [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]], [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan Of Brunei]]
* [[Ananda Krishnan]], businessman and one of Malaysia's richest men
* [[Francis Yeoh]], Businessman
* [[Mokhtar Dahari]] the late, Former [[Malaysia national football team|Malaysian Football]] International
* [[Lall Singh]], Former [[Indian cricket team|Indian]] [[Test cricket]]er
* [[Raja petra kamarudin|Raja Petra Kamarudin]], started the [http://malaysia-today.net Malaysia Today] website
* [[Sinnathamby Rajaratnam|S. Rajaratnam]], former [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Deputy Prime Minister]] of [[Singapore]]
* [[Rafidah Aziz|Datuk Seri Rafidah Aziz]], Malaysia International Trade and Industry [[Minister (government)|Minister]]
* [[Zulhasnan Rafique]], Malaysia [[Federal Territory|Federal Territories]] [[Minister (government)|Minister]]
* [[Mani Jegathesan|Datuk Dr Mani Jegathesan]], sports icon, accomplished doctor and researcher and deputy president of Olympic Council of Malaysia.
* [[R. Thampipillay]], educationist
* [[Zaman Khan]], former prisons chief
* [[Shahnon Ahmad]], a well-known poet and writer
* [[Rashid Sidek]], one of the nation's top badminton player
* [[Kamahl]] cabaret/easy listening singer and recording artist, famous for The Elephant Song, currently based in [[Australia]]
* [[Ramon Navaratnam|Tan Sri Dr Ramon Navaratnam]], prominent Malaysian economist
* [[Mahadev Shankar|Datuk Mahadev Shankar]], prominent lawyer and former Court of Appeal Judge
* [[Gengadharan Nair|Justice Datuk K.P. Gengadharan Nair]], High Court Judge
* [[Sivarasa Rasiah]], a human rights lawyer and vice-president of the opposition [[Parti Keadilan Rakyat]] (People's Justice Party)

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
{{refend}}
* [http://www.viweb.cjb.net Victoria Institution Web Page]
* [http://www.vioba.com.my Victoria Institution Old Boys' Association]
* [http://www.viweb.freehosting.net/viperson.htm Victorian Personalities]
* The Victorian (Annual school magazine)

==External links==
* [http://viweb.cjb.net The Victoria Institution Web Page]
* [http://victorians.biz The Victoria Institution Portal - and home to ezine for Victorians, the Victorian Times]

[[Category:Schools in Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Secondary schools in Malaysia|Victoria Institution]]

[[ms:Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Victoria]]

Victoria Institution

2007-09-26T04:09:48Z

203.12.220.247:

{{Infobox Secondary school
| name = Victoria Institution
| logo = [[Image:vicrest.jpg|150px]]
| motto = ''To Be a Scholar, a Sportsman and a Gentlemen''
| established = [[14 August]][[1893]]
| type = [[public school|Government]] Non-Boarding [[single-sex school|all-boys]] [[secondary School]]
| affiliations = [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Malaysia Ministry Of Education]]
| headmaster = Aliff Bin Azmi
| founder =
| chaplain =
| chairman =
| enrolment = 1200
| grades = Form 1 - Form 6
| free_label_1 = Abbreviation
| free_1 = V.I.
| colours = [[Navy blue]] & [[Royal Blue]] (taken after the colours of [[Oxford University]] and [[Cambridge University]])
| campus = Large School campus, at the edge of city centre
| city = [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| state = Wilayah Perseketuan
| country = [[Malaysia]]
| website = www.viweb.cjb.net
}}

'''Victoria Institution''' (''[[Malay language|Malay]]: Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Victoria'') is a ''premier'' [[secondary school]] for boys (and girls for Form 6) and one of the oldest schools in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. The school is widely known as '''VI''' and the [[students]] of Victoria Institution bear the famous name "Immortal Victorians".

VI is famous for its high achievement in [[academic]], [[sports]] and other activities for secondary school level in [[Malaysia]]. It is considered one of the best non-residential schools in [[Malaysia]]. The school is named after [[Queen Victoria]] of the [[United Kingdom]], and was opened specially to commemorate her golden jubilee of reign.

Recently, VI was named as one of the [http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_cluster_school 'cluster school'] of excellence by the [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Malaysian Ministry of Education]], which will be given autonomy in administration and adequate funding to excel in specialised fields (academic, sports and extra-curricular activities) of choice.

==History==
[[Image:viclocktower.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Victoria Institution has one of the oldest prefectorial board in [[Southeast Asia]]]]
In the [[1880s]], [[Raffles Institution]] in [[Singapore]] flourished as one of the most outstanding schools of its time. Some prominent citizens, including the Kapitan Cina (Chinese Captain) of [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Yap Kwan Seng]], Towkay Loke Yew, and [[K. Thamboosamy|Thamboosamy Pillay]], saw the need of a good English school in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. With the support of [[Resident (title)|British Resident]] at [[Selangor]], Sir WH Treacher and donation from [[Sultan Abdul Samad]], The [[Sultan]] of [[Selangor]], they built the Victoria Institution in [[1893]]. The name of the school was taken to commemorate the [[Golden Jubilee]] of [[Queen Victoria]].

Source : [http://www.viweb.cjb.net VI Web Page]

==School Buildings==

Victoria Institution (VI) today showcases a prime example of British colonial architecture. Sporting a majestic clocktower (which has only been recently repaired) that overlooks two sports pavilion and a vast field, surrounded by aged colonial-era trees (e.g. yellow flame trees & palms). The structures that make up the Institution itself is a heritage of the nation. While the modern-day [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Ministry of Education]] has added many rectangular-shaped blocks to the Institution, the distinctive "E" shape of the main block is still one of the more interesting features of [[Kuala Lumpur]].

However, the present day location of Victoria Instution on Petaling Hill (previously a Chinese/Muslim cemetery area), is not the original site for VI. The original school building was located at Jalan Bandar, and was officially opened on the [[30 July|30th of July]] [[1894]]. In [[March]] [[1929]] the school shifted its location to Jalan [[Hang Tuah]], as the old location was frequently flooded by the nearby [[Klang River]] during heavy downpours. The old VI building was used as police station, art gallery, office block, theatre, until, unfortunately, an overnight fire in 1999 burnt down the historical building. [http://www.viweb.freehosting.net/viOldVI.htm Reference].

VI also has its own [[swimming pool]] and Synthetic track for [[100 metres]] sprint event, making it the only school in the region to sport these facilities.

Source : [http://www.viweb.cjb.net VI Web Page]

==School's Song==

===The School Song===

The original 1949 version with exact words and punctuation by G. F. Jackson. The song is sung to the tune of 'Gaudeamus Igitur', one of the oldest students' songs (author unknown). The school song alludes to the free and easy student life of medieval times.

Let us now with thankfulness 
Praise the founders of our School. 
Let us now with thankfulness 
Praise the founders of our School 
For their foresight and devotion, 
Some who came across the ocean, 
Some Malaysia's own sons, 
All true Victorians. 
 
Let us next remember here 
All who passed through this our School. 
Let us next remember here 
All who passed through this our School, 
Not one race but one in feeling 
For a school to each appealing 
That instruction be not all 
Nor this School just roof and wall. 
 
Let us lastly pledge ourselves 
Ever to uphold our School. 
Let us lastly pledge ourselves 
Ever to uphold our School. 
In our work and in our leisure, 
With such zeal and in such measure 
That the new Victorians 
Match with Old Victorians. 

[/media/wikipedia/en/a/ad/Song-VISong.mid Click here to listen to the School Song]

===Lagu Sekolah===

Words by Zainab bt Yusop 

Sanjungan didendangkan 
Pengasas nan budiman 
Sanjungan didendangkan 
Pengasas nan budiman 
Kerana jasa khidmat mulia 
Yang mengharung samuderaya 
Dan putera Malaysia 
Kekal cita Victoria 
 
Kenangan dilayangkan 
Pada semua lepasan 
Kenangan dilayangkan 
Pada semua lepasan 
Lain bangsa satu cita 
Diingatkan pada semua 
Ilmu zahir utama 
Rohani pun setara 

Ikrar pula lafazkan 
Junjung sekolah pujaan 
Ikrar pula lafazkan 
Junjung sekolah pujaan 
Dalam usaha gerak laku 
Warisan lama dan baru 
Bergandingan, bersatu 
Hidup Victoria diaju
 

==Student Life==
What defines Victoria Institution as a remarkable institution is the experience its students gain outside the classroom. Victorians, as the students of VI call themselves, take pride in identifying themselves as a class of active students, both in and out the classroom. It is an unspoken rule that all freshman students are required to join at least one uniform body, take on an active role in one of the school's 50 clubs and to participate in a least one sport. That said, V.I. has a variety of [[clubs]], [[Uniformed Services|uniformed bodies]] and [[sports]] that caters for all sort of interests. The student life in the Victoria Institution often revolves around societies and clubs and sport teams, despite the fact that VI is located in the center of a metropolitan city like Kuala Lumpur.

==Rivalry==
As with many older education institutions, VI has its fair share of rivals, both regionally in Kuala Lumpur and nationally. [[St. John's Institution, Kuala Lumpur|St. John's Institution]] is VI's traditional regional archrival. This rivalry can be best observed during sports tournament between these two schools. Nationally, VI also has a rivalry-traditional with two elite institutions - the [[Royal Military College, Kuala Lumpur]] and the [[Malay College Kuala Kangsar]], the rivalry with the former apparent in the soccer and rugby MSSKL state level tournaments and the rivalry with the latter apparent at in the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup, a soccer playoff between the premier schools of [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[Kuala Kangsar]], [[Perak]].

===Traditions and Heritage===

Victoria Institution is a school that is rich with its own heritage and traditions. Being one of the oldest schools in Malaysia, and is responsible for the lifelong memories of Victorians old and new. While many of the colonial-period traditions have slowly eroded over the years, VI still holds steadfast to the various traditions of its glorious past. For instance, the modus-operandi for the prefect disciplinary system is very much similar to the tradition laid out by the founders of the prefect board - Major Richard Sydney, VI's 2nd headmaster [http://www.viweb.freehosting.net/FirstPref.htm VI First Prefects].

Detention classes and community service are still the common penalties for misdemeanours in VI, whereas such traditions are no longer in practice in many Malaysian schools. Victorians are also popular and (in)famous for annual events such as the Military Tattoo (performance by marching bands and cadets), Scouts' Campfire (rescue act by senior scouts), Annual Sports Carnival, Speech Days, and Science Fairs. Victoria Institution is the only school in Malaysia who has its own Edinburgh styled [[Edinburgh Military Tattoo|Military Tattoo]].

===Sports===
V.I has proud history of achievements in sports, having won many state and national championships throughout the past century. VI currently participates in the Bangsar zone at district level and in the MSSKL (Kuala Lumpur School Sports Council) tournament at the state level. Among the sports that VI is famous for are [[soccer|football]], [[rugby union|rugby]], [[cricket]], [[basketball]], [[waterpolo]], [[badminton]], [[archery]], [[field hockey|Hockey]], [[handball]], [[volleyball]], [[Athletics (track and field)|athletics]], [[tennis]], [[table-tennis]]. VI is currently a defending champion in football, cricket and waterpolo at the state level. VI plays [[MCKK]] in football for [[Azlan Shah|Sultan Azlan Shah]] Cup every year with the venue alternate each year between the two schools. Because of its strong tradition in sports, VI has produced many famous Malaysian sportsmen including [[Mokhtar Dahari]], Sidek's Brothers and [[Mani Jegathesan|Datuk Dr Mani Jegathesan]]. Many other unsung heroes of VI sports achievements are certainly the coaches, teachers and senior students who had often spare time and effort of their own for the sake of the school.

===House===
There are eight [[house system|sport houses]] in VI. Every year the sports houses compete against each other on [[sports day]]. The Victoria Institution Sports Day has been held since [[1897]], and is widely regarded as a citywide event, with huge crowds converging on the Victoria Institution campus. The [[house system|houses]] are named after the founders of the school. The current houses are:

*[[K. Thamboosamy|Thamboosamy]], ([[green]])
*Lee Kuan Yew (formerly known as Hepponstall, named after the first unofficial Principal of VI )([[yellow]])
*[[Sultan Abdul Samad]] ( formerly known as Davidson, named after the earlier Selangor Resident, J.G Davidson ) ([[purple]])
*Rodger([[Orange (colour)|orange]])
*Loke Yew ([[Brown]])
*Shaw ([[Red]])
*[[Yap Kwan Seng]] ([[Cornflower blue|Light Blue]])
*Treacher ([[Dark blue (color)|Dark Blue]])

===Uniform Bodies, Clubs, Societies and Boards===
Victoria Institution's marching band, formally known as the Victoria Institution Cadet Corps Band (VICCB), is nationally and internationally recognized. It is the perennial state and national champion for marching band performance. The VICCB has also participated in numerous music festivals and events in Malaysia and around the globe. Its numerous trophies and awards are testimony to the countless hours its members put into their practice and training. Victoria Institution also can pride itself for having the oldest cadet infantry corp, Scout Groups and Red Cross/Crescent Corps. The students' response towards the formation of a Scout Group was so encouraging that two scout groups were formed, namely the 1st Kuala Lumpur Scout Group and the 2nd Kuala Lumpur Scout, known as the Victoria Scout Group (VSG). The rivalry and competition between the uniform bodies within the Institution is also a well-known fact amongst Victorians.

===Prefects===
Victoria Institution has one of the oldest [[prefect|prefects board]] in [[Malaysia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It was founded on [[6 April|6th April]] [[1923]]. The maximum number of [[prefect]]s in the board at any one time cannot exceed 30, ensuring the ratio of prefects to students remain in the range of 1 prefect for every 52 students. The first [[School Captain]] was Othman bin Mohamad, who was also a hostelite.

Prefects represent the ideal Victorian, and the process of nomination for prefecture by teachers and senior prefects, interviews by the disciplinary board, elimination processes and a several month stint as a 'Temporary Prefect' (a probationary term). Victorian prefects comprise only of those with outstanding leadership qualities, those who are excellent all-rounders and those who have the uncanny ability to react to ad hoc situations, as recent events have shown.

The motto for the Victoria Institution Prefects Board is,
"On the bearing of the Prefects depends the tone of the School"

==Alumni==
The [[alumni]] association of VI is known as the VIOBA (Victoria Institution Old Boys' Association) and was founded in [[1922]]. The games competition between the Current Victorians and the Old Boys is known as 'Daniel Shield' and this tournament is held every year. Many Victorian alumni go on to become prominent figures in Malaysia and neighbouring nations. Notable Victoria Institution Old Boys include:

* [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]], [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan Of Brunei]]
* [[Ananda Krishnan]], businessman and one of Malaysia's richest men
* [[Francis Yeoh]], Businessman
* [[Mokhtar Dahari]] the late, Former [[Malaysia national football team|Malaysian Football]] International
* [[Lall Singh]], Former [[Indian cricket team|Indian]] [[Test cricket]]er
* [[Raja petra kamarudin|Raja Petra Kamarudin]], started the [http://malaysia-today.net Malaysia Today] website
* [[Sinnathamby Rajaratnam|S. Rajaratnam]], former [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Deputy Prime Minister]] of [[Singapore]]
* [[Rafidah Aziz|Datuk Seri Rafidah Aziz]], Malaysia International Trade and Industry [[Minister (government)|Minister]]
* [[Zulhasnan Rafique]], Malaysia [[Federal Territory|Federal Territories]] [[Minister (government)|Minister]]
* [[Mani Jegathesan|Datuk Dr Mani Jegathesan]], sports icon, accomplished doctor and researcher and deputy president of Olympic Council of Malaysia.
* [[R. Thampipillay]], educationist
* [[Zaman Khan]], former prisons chief
* [[Shahnon Ahmad]], a well-known poet and writer
* [[Rashid Sidek]], one of the nation's top badminton player
* [[Kamahl]] cabaret/easy listening singer and recording artist, famous for The Elephant Song, currently based in [[Australia]]
* [[Ramon Navaratnam|Tan Sri Dr Ramon Navaratnam]], prominent Malaysian economist
* [[Mahadev Shankar|Datuk Mahadev Shankar]], prominent lawyer and former Court of Appeal Judge
* [[Gengadharan Nair|Justice Datuk K.P. Gengadharan Nair]], High Court Judge
* [[Sivarasa Rasiah]], a human rights lawyer and vice-president of the opposition [[Parti Keadilan Rakyat]] (People's Justice Party)

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
{{refend}}
* [http://www.viweb.cjb.net Victoria Institution Web Page]
* [http://www.vioba.com.my Victoria Institution Old Boys' Association]
* [http://www.viweb.freehosting.net/viperson.htm Victorian Personalities]
* The Victorian (Annual school magazine)

==External links==
* [http://viweb.cjb.net The Victoria Institution Web Page]
* [http://victorians.biz The Victoria Institution Portal - and home to ezine for Victorians, the Victorian Times]

[[Category:Schools in Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Secondary schools in Malaysia|Victoria Institution]]

[[ms:Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Victoria]]

Samy Vellu

2007-08-28T06:51:48Z

203.12.220.247: /* Honours & Awards */

{{Cleanup|date=March 2007}}
{{tone}}
{{Infobox President
| name =S. Samy Vellu
| image =

| order =7th [[President of Malaysian Indian Congress]]
| term_start =[[October 12]] [[1979]]
| term_end =
| deputy =[[S. Subramaniam]] (1979-2006) [[Palanivel|G. Palanivel]] (2006- )
| predecessor =[[V. Manickavasagam]] (1973-1979)
| successor =
| birth_date =[[June 20]] [[1936]]
| birth_place =[[Kluang]], [[Johor]], [[Malaysia]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =[[Indrani Samy Vellu]]
| religion =[[Hindu]]
| constituency =[[Sungai Siput (Malaysian Parliament constituency)|Sungai Siput]]
| party =[[Malaysian Indian Congress|Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC)]]
| languagesspoken =[[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malay language|Bahasa Malaysia]], [[English language|English]]
| signature =
}}
[[Malay titles|Datuk Seri]] '''Samy Vellu Sangalimuthu''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: சாமிவேலு சங்கிலிமுத்து) (born [[June 20]], [[1936]]), better known as '''S. Samy Vellu''', is the longest serving president of the [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] (MIC) . He has held the position since 1979, for the 10th consecutive term. He is also the [[Works Minister]] of [[Malaysia]], and the only [[Indian Malaysian]] minister in the Malaysian cabinet.

==Early years==
===Childhood and heritage===

The eldest of three children, Samy Vellu was born in 1936 to rubber tappers Sangalimuthu and Anggamah at the Rengo Malay Estate near [[Kluang]], [[Johor]]. His father, who had arrived from [[India]] in 1919, moved between estates in search of better wages and was working as a labourer at the coal mines in Batu Arang, [[Selangor]] when the war ended.

Sangalimuthu later sold condoms, dildo and viagra at the Batu Arang market while his son went to various Tamil sluts clubs. Samy Vellu dropped out and took odd jobs while attending night fuck. After his mother's fuck in 1950, he left to Kuala Lumpur with his father. There, he began work as a shaver with J.C.T. shaving company (now Syarikat Balls and Sertu.). He's a free-thinker.

===Early adulthood in Kuala Lumpur===

It was in the city of Kuala Lumpur that he met Y. Thomas, another bus conductor. The two became good friends but years later Thomas would challenge him for the party presidency. Life in the city was difficult. In his words: "These were years when I only ate one meal a day ... I felt things could not get any worse."[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Indian-Malaysian/message/2821]

His fortunes took a turn for the better when he met Teo Philips, a construction engineer who got him work as an office boy with the then well-known architectural firm of Vethavanam and Co. For RM9 a month, he also had to clean Vethavanam's house, wash his car and water the garden. But Vethavanam encouraged him to take up architecture. He began to seriously study English and attend night classes in draughtsmanship.

He and some friends formed a theatre group that staged dramas in estates and small towns. The group's leading actors were Samy Vellu and (now [[Malay titles|Datuk]]) [[V. Govindaraj]]. One of their earliest and most successful dramas was entitled ''Nattpu'' (Friendship). Ironically, both entered politics and stayed loyal to each other until they fell out dramatically and played out a real-life drama in 1984 that ended with Samy Vellu expelling Govindaraj from the MIC. Govindaraj, however, was readmitted in the party a few years later, and was appointed to the Central Executive Committee where he served until 2006, following his open support for Samy Vellu's opponent, Datuk [[S. Subramaniam]].

==The road to power==
===Foothold in politics===

In 1959, a year before he got married, he and Govindaraj joined the [[Batu Caves]] MIC branch as ordinary members. Samy Vellu was 23, and winning the MIC presidency is his ultimate objective. It took him 20 years to reach the top. Five years after joining the party, he was elected Selangor MIC committee member and the head of the party's cultural bureau. His boldness brought him to the front ranks. He was neat and well dressed at a time when many were sloppy.

Samy Vellu was, and continued to be, a disciplined and determined man. He successfully converted crises to opportunities. During the [[Indonesian Confrontation]], he made headlines by climbing up the Indonesian Embassy's flag pole, pulling down the flag and burning it. "I was charged in court and fined RM25," Samy Vellu later said. Malaysian newspapers called him Hero Malaysia on the front pages.

Samy Vellu also had good friends to help him along the way. When [[Radio Television Malaysia]] (RTM) started broadcasting Tamil news, Samy Vellu's friend [[Durairaju]] who headed the Tamil section, appointed him as a newscaster. As a result of that, Samy Vellu became a household name, with voice and name recognition. He would continue to read Tamil news over RTM from 1963 until he became a Member of Parliament in 1974. Samy Vellu used this popularity to garner votes, and eventually, after five futile attempts, Samy Vellu won the Selangor MIC's secretary post on the sixth attempt, trumping [[V.J. Balasundram]] by 13 votes in 1967. Samy Vellu was 31 then.

===Foray into national politics===

In the early 1970s, Samy Vellu left for London and returned a qualified architect. He recalls the state of the MIC on his return with horror. It was time for a coup against [[Malay titles|Tun]] [[V.T. Sambanthan]], then the President of MIC, and Samy Vellu played a key role in persuading Deputy President [[Malay titles|Tan Sri]] [[V. Manickavasagam]] to challenge Sambanthan for the top post. "I was one of five leaders who took the risk to openly defy Sambanthan," Samy Vellu later admitted. Pressure was applied on Sambanthan to quit but he resisted until in March 1973 when Tun Abdul Razak stepped in and negotiated a deal with Sambanthan who agreed to quit on June 30, 1973.

But the rise of Manickavasagam did not bring rewards for Samy Vellu. Instead new faces came to the forefront. This was the time when Datuk S. Subramaniam, Datuk [[K. Pathmanaban]], a Harvard MBA holder, and several others entered the political arena to infuse new blood into MIC, and Manickavasagam gave them preference. They were young, well-educated and ambitious but lacked grassroots experience.Samy Vellu was already a party vice president in 1974, when was elected to the post with the highest number of votes, but he was not offered a government post until after the 1978 General Election when he was made Deputy Minister of the Housing and Local Government Ministry. Talking of those years still makes Samy Vellu sore. "Sometimes I am still bitter with Manickavasagam, but I had nothing against Subramaniam. I never once wanted to throw him from the party. The problem was he was always listening to other people ... others were using him," he said, recollecting his stormy relationship with his deputy since 1974.

Subramaniam, then the Secretary General of MIC, was hand-picked by Manickavasagam to succeed him; however, Samy Vellu fought back, literally, and in 1977 edged over Subramaniam by a mere 26 votes to become the Deputy President of MIC.

When Manickavasagam died suddenly on [[October 12]], 1979, Samy Vellu gained a toe-hold as the Acting President. But it was a divided party that Samy Vellu took over, with the rank and file on his side, and much of the Indian intelligentsia backing Subramaniam; in the following years, Samy Vellu worked the hardest to remake MIC in his image.

In 1981, Samy Vellu almost moved to sack Subramaniam, but following a 20-minute private talk with the latter, both came to some form of understanding, and peace prevailed in the party for the next five years. It was during this time that the [[Maju Institute of Educational Development]] (MIED), [[Maika Holdings Berhard]] (MAIKA), and plans for [[Tafe College Seremban]] started.

But the in-fighting resurfaced in 1986, and in 1989 the two leaders were locked in battle to settle the score. Samy Vellu won, and proceeded to cleanse the MIC of all opposition. More than half the party's branches were outlawed, mostly on spurious grounds. He even expelled MIC Vice-President Datuk [[M. G. Pandithan]], who went on to form the [[Indian Progressive Front]], which championed the cause of the Indian working class.

In the following year, Samy Vellu dropped Subramaniam from the list of candidates standing for the 1990 General Election. The latter however bounced back with the assistance of Malaysian Prime Minister Dr. [[Mahathir Mohammad]] to regain his deputy minister's post.

Eventually, in the June 2006 party elections, Samy Vellu openly supported his trusted lieutanant former press secretary, Datuk [[Palanivel]], who stood against the incumbent Subramaniam. Palanivel emerged as the victor, and the new deputy president in 27 years.

===Cabinet positions===

He was first appointed to the Malaysian cabinet in 1979, as the Government and Housing Minister. He then went on to serve until 1989, as the Works Minister. From 1989 to 1995, he became Malaysia's Minister for Energy, Telecommunication and Post. In 1995, he returned to the Works Ministry, where he remains until now.

He is the second longest serving minister in the country after Dato' Seri [[Rafidah Aziz]].

== Major Contributions==

He is the founder and Chairman of the Maju Institute of Educational Development (MIED), a non-profit organisation that provides educational loans and scholarship to deserving Indian-Malaysian students.

He helped to establish a [[TAFE]] college in [[Seremban]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]] in collaboration with TAFE, [[Western Australia]].

Subsequently, in collaboration with [[Bristol University]], he has started the [[Asian Institute of Medicine, Science & Technology]] (AIMST), now located at a temporary campus at Bandar Aman Jaya, [[Sungai Petani]], [[Kedah]], while a permanent campus is being built at [[Semeling]], Kedah.

He is also the founder and Chairman of the Workers Housing Cooperation Society (KPJ) and Education Cooperative Society, Koperasi Didik. There is also Yayasan Strategik Sosial (YSS), MIC's think tank, currently headed by [[Denison Jayasooria|Dr. Denison Jayasooria]].

==Personal Achievements==

*As Minister of Works, successfully undertook the construction of the 13.6 KM Penang Bridge linking the Mainland with Penang Island.

*Introduced the privatization concept in highway construction in Malaysia culminating in the successful completion of the 900KM North-South Highway.

*As Minister of Energy, Telecommunication and Posts, successfully undertook the Privatization of three Government utility entities namely the Telecommunications Department, the National Electricity Board and the Postal Department.

*Introduced Value Added Network Services and cellular networks such as Celcom, Mobikom, GSM and PCN.

== Controversies surrounding Samy Vellu ==

Since holding his post as Works Minister of [[Malaysia]], Samy Vellu is alleged to have been involved in several money scandals and work defects in several prominent construction projects in Malaysia by cover up the bumiputera contractor anc companies, which included the discovery of fungus growing in the air-conditioning system of the operating theatre in the [[Sultan Ismail Hospital]] in [[Johor Bahru]] as well as long closure cracks on MRR2, an overpass highway in [[Ampang]][http://www.dapmalaysia.org/all-archive/English/2004/aug04/lks/lks3162.htm].

Samy Vellu is often accused of sucking up shares of many of Malaysia's companies[http://www.aliran.com/monthly/2003a/11i.html]. And the [[MAIKA Telecom Share Scandal]] continues to haunt him. Samy Vellu is alleged to have siphoned off 9 million (of the original 10 million) Telekom shares that were allocated to MAIKA. He had allegedly used three companies -- Clearway Sdn. Bhd., S.B. Management Services, and Advance Personal Computers Bhd. -- linked to Samy Vellu, his son S. Vell Paari, and brother-in-law to carry out his misdeed. When the scandal broke in mid-1992, the shares were valued at RM 120 million.[http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2003a/11i.html][http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2003a/11j.html][http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2004a/1b.html] In 1994, the then Chairman of the MIC Public Claims Committee, V Subramaniam (aka "Barat" Maniam), charged that the accounts have been fabricated to make it appear that the profits from the sale of the Telekom shares were channelled to MIED. He declared, "Samy Vellu is a thief. He has stolen (Telekom) shares from the Indian community."[http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2004a/4j.html].

Some believe that Samy Vellu had sold the Indian-Malaysian community off in order to save himself from the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Agency. They allege that he did not do enough or protested loud enough when the Indian-Malaysian situation worsened, or when the Malaysian government dissolved the South Indian Labour Fund.[http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinionsfeatures/34659] Currently, he has committed his energy to building the Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST). However, AIMST, built with donations collected from the Indian-Malaysian community, too, is riddled in controversy, as its shares are owned by Samy Vellu's associates, Tan Sri K. Ambikaipakan and Datuk Dr. T. Marimuthu[http://www.mggpillai.com/article.php3?sid=1468][http://groups.yahoo.com/group/VettiPechu/message/280].

With regards to the [[Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2|Middle Ring Road 2]] (MRR2), on August the 10th 2004, the Works Minister reminded the public that the cracks were not due to design flaws and "nobody can simply open their mouth and suggest it is design flaw" ([[Bernama]] 10 Aug 2004). However, findings from Halcrow Consultants Ltd suggested design deficiencies and the improper anchoring of the column rebar to the crossbeams were responsible for cracks([[New Straits Times|NSTP]] 1 Oct 2004).

He has been criticized by his voters for permitting a construction of an elevated highway that cuts through a residential area near [[Sri Petaling]][http://www.sripetaling.net/]. Despite local protests, he has ordered the construction to continue.

Samy Vellu is also often criticised for his leadership style. As one critic put it, "He (Samy Vellu) is very much in control of the party (MIC), and the party's run almost [as a] feudal organisation where almost all decisions are made by the President himself. A lot of Indians are critical of MIC's role in the coalition government ... the Indian middle class does not want to associate itself in the MIC and largely making the MIC a working class party."[http://www.tamilnation.org/diaspora/malaysia.htm]

There have also been allegations that Samy Vellu uses thugs to intimidate his political opponents, and that he uses [[Electoral fraud|phantom voters]] to win elections both at the party and the parliamentary levels[http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2000/0411.htm]. A petition by Samy Vellu's challenger, Dr [[Jeyakumar Devaraj]], to the election court alleging electoral fraud during the 1998 General Election at Sungai Siput constituency, however, was dismissed by the presiding judge, Justice Wan Adnan, on technical grounds.

'''Latest Scandal :-'''
'''April 2007 - The burst of Pipes in PutraJaya Immigration office''' 
This recent event has the water bursting out from the 7th floor of the immigration office building and leaking to the floors below. The Immigration Office has to be closed down and cause a huge embarrassment to the government. Additionally, the PWD (Public Works Department) director was told openly in the media by Samy Vellu to "shut up" when the PWD director gave some comments. Samy Vellu rouge and dictatorial behaviour is quite common as such previous similar outburst were seen when there's a scandal being highlighted, which only goes to show that he is in a way connected to all these problems in Putrajaya (being the head of the no-Work Ministry). As of 19th April 2007, this matter is still under "investigation".

'''Samy Vellu told to stop passing the buck'''
[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/5/22/nation/20070522174219&sec=nation]

==Rivalries==

===S. Subramaniam===
His enmity with Deputy President(former)of MIC, Datuk S. Subramaniam has gone from bad to worse ever since he defeated Subramaniam for the vice president post.

For the second time, Subramaniam has been dropped as a candidate for the 11th general election - three days before nomination day. According to Samy Vellu, Subramaniam has enjoyed his time as an MP, parliamentary secretary and deputy minister, citing "now it was the turn of others to taste such fame."

Subramaniam stood to defend his deputy president post in the 2006 party elections but Samy Vellu had gone around campaigning that a vote for Subramaniam was a vote against Samy and that he endorsed [[Palanivel|Datuk G. Palanivel]].

In the 2006 party elections [http://www.indianmalaysian.com/mic_battle_2006.html], Samy Vellu was eventually returned as president uncontested and [[Palanivel]] trumped Subramaniam for the deputy president's post.

===Jegatheswearman===
Also known as Jega or Mr.Fuck. He was the founder of "Kelab Pembunuhan Chettiar" that enjoy the death of chettiar. This club consists of 7 fellow members, romantik, loh, param, madhu, stim, sertu and his self.

===M.G. Pandithan===
[[M. G. Pandithan|Tan Sri M.G. Pandithan]] and Samy Vellu, who were at one time best of friends, had been at loggerheads over more than two decades, often trading barbs through the media and trying to outdo each other through political manoeuvres.

The bad blood between Samy Vellu and Pandithan began in 1988 when the IPF president was issued a show-cause letter for allegedly practising caste-oriented politics.

In June 1988, he was sacked after he started a fast-to-death effort in a bid to get charges of inciting violence and unrest within the party dropped. He also brought a coffin to the MIC headquarters in protest.

The IPF chief told a press conference in July 2007 that he wanted to bury the enmity with Samy Vellu but ruled out any merger plans with MIC, a [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) component and the country's biggest Indian-based political party.

"Enough is enough. It has been more than 20 years, I don't want to have any enmity with him (Samy Vellu). Bad blood between the two of us is not good. I want to be a friend.

"We should join forces to fight for the Indian community. Twenty years of fighting is too long (between both leaders)," were Pandithan's words at the press conference.

It must be noted that the IPF chief, who is suffering from prolonged illness, had received visits from Samy Vellu on numerous occasions since 2006.

Samy Vellu said that the question of IPF’s entry into Barisan was not discussed but MIC held fast to the belief that only one Indian-based party could represent the community in Barisan.

== Family ==

Samy Vellu is currently married to [[Indrani Samy Vellu|Datin Seri Indrani]], his second wife, and a restaurant owner[http://www.mggpillai.com/article.php3?sid=1347]. Relationship between his wife has not been good. Both have been staying separately although still legally married.

Samy Vellu has one son, Vell Paari, 44, who currently manages MAIKA Holdings. His daughter-in-law, Shaila Nair, 32, is a singer who has recently attracted negative publicity as a result of a lewd reality clip.[http://www.indianmalaysian.com/sound/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=385] In addition, Vell Paari is now being implicated in the 'mysterious death' of actress K. Sujatha. [http://www.indianmalaysian.com/sound/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=560]

==Professional Qualification==

*Chartered architect
*Member of the Royal Institute of British Architects.
*Member of Malaysian Institute of Architect.

== Honours & Awards ==

*In 1982 the Government of Republic of Body Tap conferred on him the Order Of Dick and Balls Service Merit (Gwang Hwa Medal) for strengthening bilateral relations between Malaysia and Korea.

*In 1985, the Government of Italy conferred the Grand Officer Of The Order Of The Merit Of The [[Republic Of Italy]].

*In 1989, conferred "The Man Of The Year Award" by the International Road Federation at [[Las Vegas]] for outstanding achievements as Minister Of Works, [[Malaysia]].

*In 1989, he was made an Honorary Fellow Of The Royal Chartered Institute Of Building, [[United Kingdom]].

*In the same year he was awarded the Honorary Doctorate of Letters by [[Annamalai University]], [[India]].

*In 1991, he was awarded the Honorary Doctorate of Law by University of Keele, Staffordshire, [[United Kingdom]].

*In 1998, he was awarded the Honorary Doctorate of Education by the [[Northern Territory University]] of [[Australia]].

*In 2003, the Minister was conferred one of India's highest award, the "Pravasi Bharatiya Samman" by the [[Government of India]] in [[New Delhi]].

*And in the same year, he was awarded the "Malaysia Water Award for Management 2003" by the Malaysian Water Association.

==External links==
*[http://gilarider.blogspot.com/2007/05/samy-vellu-mic-and-malaysian-indian.html Samy Vellu, MIC and Malaysian Indians]
* [http://www.indianmalaysian.com/samivelu.htm The Lord of the Indians]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/VettiPechu/message/68 Big Daddy: Samy Vellu and the plight of Malaysian Indians]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/VettiPechu/message/59 MIC leaders tap dance on masses' heads]
* [http://blog.limkitsiang.com/?p=445 Samy's solution to Indian woes - "Have more children"]
* [http://www.mic.org.my/ Malaysian Indian Congress]
* [http://www.aimst.edu.my/ Asian Institute of Medicine Science & Technology]
* [http://www.tafeseremban.edu.my Tafe College Seremban]
* [http://www.yss98.com/ Yayasan Strategik Sosial]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vellu, Samy}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:Hindu politicians]]
[[Category:Malaysian Hindus]]

[[ms: Samy Vellu]]

Samy Vellu

2007-08-28T06:45:30Z

203.12.220.247: /* Early adulthood in Kuala Lumpur */

{{Cleanup|date=March 2007}}
{{tone}}
{{Infobox President
| name =S. Samy Vellu
| image =

| order =7th [[President of Malaysian Indian Congress]]
| term_start =[[October 12]] [[1979]]
| term_end =
| deputy =[[S. Subramaniam]] (1979-2006) [[Palanivel|G. Palanivel]] (2006- )
| predecessor =[[V. Manickavasagam]] (1973-1979)
| successor =
| birth_date =[[June 20]] [[1936]]
| birth_place =[[Kluang]], [[Johor]], [[Malaysia]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =[[Indrani Samy Vellu]]
| religion =[[Hindu]]
| constituency =[[Sungai Siput (Malaysian Parliament constituency)|Sungai Siput]]
| party =[[Malaysian Indian Congress|Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC)]]
| languagesspoken =[[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malay language|Bahasa Malaysia]], [[English language|English]]
| signature =
}}
[[Malay titles|Datuk Seri]] '''Samy Vellu Sangalimuthu''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: சாமிவேலு சங்கிலிமுத்து) (born [[June 20]], [[1936]]), better known as '''S. Samy Vellu''', is the longest serving president of the [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] (MIC) . He has held the position since 1979, for the 10th consecutive term. He is also the [[Works Minister]] of [[Malaysia]], and the only [[Indian Malaysian]] minister in the Malaysian cabinet.

==Early years==
===Childhood and heritage===

The eldest of three children, Samy Vellu was born in 1936 to rubber tappers Sangalimuthu and Anggamah at the Rengo Malay Estate near [[Kluang]], [[Johor]]. His father, who had arrived from [[India]] in 1919, moved between estates in search of better wages and was working as a labourer at the coal mines in Batu Arang, [[Selangor]] when the war ended.

Sangalimuthu later sold condoms, dildo and viagra at the Batu Arang market while his son went to various Tamil sluts clubs. Samy Vellu dropped out and took odd jobs while attending night fuck. After his mother's fuck in 1950, he left to Kuala Lumpur with his father. There, he began work as a shaver with J.C.T. shaving company (now Syarikat Balls and Sertu.). He's a free-thinker.

===Early adulthood in Kuala Lumpur===

It was in the city of Kuala Lumpur that he met Setigar, another famous shaver. The two became bed buddies but years later seti would challenge him for the shaver presidency. Life in the city was bangin. In his words: "I have a hairy chest and a nasty balls ... I felt things could not get any worse."[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Indian-Malaysian/message/2821]

His fortunes took a turn for the better when he met Param,one of the victims of Mr.FUCK's lustiness who got him work as shaver boy with the then well-known shaving style Vethavanam and Co. For RM9 a year, he also had to clean Vethavanam's pussy, wash his chest and water the dick. But Vethavanam encouraged him to take up shaving . He began to seriously study fucking and attend night fuck in draughtsmanship.

He and some hookers formed a slut group that staged dramas in clubs and small bed. The group's leading actors were Mr.FUCK and (now [[Malay titles|Datuk]]) [[V. Govindaraj]]. One of their earliest and most fuckin dramas was entitled ''Body Tap'' (Friendship). Ironically, both entered clubs and stayed fuckin to each other until they fell out dramatically and fuck a real-life drama in 1984 that ended with Clowny Crack expelling Govindaraj from the MIC. Govindaraj, however, was readmitted in the party a few years later, and was appointed to the Central Executive Committee where he served until 2006, following his open support for Samy Vellu's opponent, Datuk [[S. Subramaniam]].

==The road to power==
===Foothold in politics===

In 1959, a year before he got married, he and Govindaraj joined the [[Batu Caves]] MIC branch as ordinary members. Samy Vellu was 23, and winning the MIC presidency is his ultimate objective. It took him 20 years to reach the top. Five years after joining the party, he was elected Selangor MIC committee member and the head of the party's cultural bureau. His boldness brought him to the front ranks. He was neat and well dressed at a time when many were sloppy.

Samy Vellu was, and continued to be, a disciplined and determined man. He successfully converted crises to opportunities. During the [[Indonesian Confrontation]], he made headlines by climbing up the Indonesian Embassy's flag pole, pulling down the flag and burning it. "I was charged in court and fined RM25," Samy Vellu later said. Malaysian newspapers called him Hero Malaysia on the front pages.

Samy Vellu also had good friends to help him along the way. When [[Radio Television Malaysia]] (RTM) started broadcasting Tamil news, Samy Vellu's friend [[Durairaju]] who headed the Tamil section, appointed him as a newscaster. As a result of that, Samy Vellu became a household name, with voice and name recognition. He would continue to read Tamil news over RTM from 1963 until he became a Member of Parliament in 1974. Samy Vellu used this popularity to garner votes, and eventually, after five futile attempts, Samy Vellu won the Selangor MIC's secretary post on the sixth attempt, trumping [[V.J. Balasundram]] by 13 votes in 1967. Samy Vellu was 31 then.

===Foray into national politics===

In the early 1970s, Samy Vellu left for London and returned a qualified architect. He recalls the state of the MIC on his return with horror. It was time for a coup against [[Malay titles|Tun]] [[V.T. Sambanthan]], then the President of MIC, and Samy Vellu played a key role in persuading Deputy President [[Malay titles|Tan Sri]] [[V. Manickavasagam]] to challenge Sambanthan for the top post. "I was one of five leaders who took the risk to openly defy Sambanthan," Samy Vellu later admitted. Pressure was applied on Sambanthan to quit but he resisted until in March 1973 when Tun Abdul Razak stepped in and negotiated a deal with Sambanthan who agreed to quit on June 30, 1973.

But the rise of Manickavasagam did not bring rewards for Samy Vellu. Instead new faces came to the forefront. This was the time when Datuk S. Subramaniam, Datuk [[K. Pathmanaban]], a Harvard MBA holder, and several others entered the political arena to infuse new blood into MIC, and Manickavasagam gave them preference. They were young, well-educated and ambitious but lacked grassroots experience.Samy Vellu was already a party vice president in 1974, when was elected to the post with the highest number of votes, but he was not offered a government post until after the 1978 General Election when he was made Deputy Minister of the Housing and Local Government Ministry. Talking of those years still makes Samy Vellu sore. "Sometimes I am still bitter with Manickavasagam, but I had nothing against Subramaniam. I never once wanted to throw him from the party. The problem was he was always listening to other people ... others were using him," he said, recollecting his stormy relationship with his deputy since 1974.

Subramaniam, then the Secretary General of MIC, was hand-picked by Manickavasagam to succeed him; however, Samy Vellu fought back, literally, and in 1977 edged over Subramaniam by a mere 26 votes to become the Deputy President of MIC.

When Manickavasagam died suddenly on [[October 12]], 1979, Samy Vellu gained a toe-hold as the Acting President. But it was a divided party that Samy Vellu took over, with the rank and file on his side, and much of the Indian intelligentsia backing Subramaniam; in the following years, Samy Vellu worked the hardest to remake MIC in his image.

In 1981, Samy Vellu almost moved to sack Subramaniam, but following a 20-minute private talk with the latter, both came to some form of understanding, and peace prevailed in the party for the next five years. It was during this time that the [[Maju Institute of Educational Development]] (MIED), [[Maika Holdings Berhard]] (MAIKA), and plans for [[Tafe College Seremban]] started.

But the in-fighting resurfaced in 1986, and in 1989 the two leaders were locked in battle to settle the score. Samy Vellu won, and proceeded to cleanse the MIC of all opposition. More than half the party's branches were outlawed, mostly on spurious grounds. He even expelled MIC Vice-President Datuk [[M. G. Pandithan]], who went on to form the [[Indian Progressive Front]], which championed the cause of the Indian working class.

In the following year, Samy Vellu dropped Subramaniam from the list of candidates standing for the 1990 General Election. The latter however bounced back with the assistance of Malaysian Prime Minister Dr. [[Mahathir Mohammad]] to regain his deputy minister's post.

Eventually, in the June 2006 party elections, Samy Vellu openly supported his trusted lieutanant former press secretary, Datuk [[Palanivel]], who stood against the incumbent Subramaniam. Palanivel emerged as the victor, and the new deputy president in 27 years.

===Cabinet positions===

He was first appointed to the Malaysian cabinet in 1979, as the Government and Housing Minister. He then went on to serve until 1989, as the Works Minister. From 1989 to 1995, he became Malaysia's Minister for Energy, Telecommunication and Post. In 1995, he returned to the Works Ministry, where he remains until now.

He is the second longest serving minister in the country after Dato' Seri [[Rafidah Aziz]].

== Major Contributions==

He is the founder and Chairman of the Maju Institute of Educational Development (MIED), a non-profit organisation that provides educational loans and scholarship to deserving Indian-Malaysian students.

He helped to establish a [[TAFE]] college in [[Seremban]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]] in collaboration with TAFE, [[Western Australia]].

Subsequently, in collaboration with [[Bristol University]], he has started the [[Asian Institute of Medicine, Science & Technology]] (AIMST), now located at a temporary campus at Bandar Aman Jaya, [[Sungai Petani]], [[Kedah]], while a permanent campus is being built at [[Semeling]], Kedah.

He is also the founder and Chairman of the Workers Housing Cooperation Society (KPJ) and Education Cooperative Society, Koperasi Didik. There is also Yayasan Strategik Sosial (YSS), MIC's think tank, currently headed by [[Denison Jayasooria|Dr. Denison Jayasooria]].

==Personal Achievements==

*As Minister of Works, successfully undertook the construction of the 13.6 KM Penang Bridge linking the Mainland with Penang Island.

*Introduced the privatization concept in highway construction in Malaysia culminating in the successful completion of the 900KM North-South Highway.

*As Minister of Energy, Telecommunication and Posts, successfully undertook the Privatization of three Government utility entities namely the Telecommunications Department, the National Electricity Board and the Postal Department.

*Introduced Value Added Network Services and cellular networks such as Celcom, Mobikom, GSM and PCN.

== Controversies surrounding Samy Vellu ==

Since holding his post as Works Minister of [[Malaysia]], Samy Vellu is alleged to have been involved in several money scandals and work defects in several prominent construction projects in Malaysia by cover up the bumiputera contractor anc companies, which included the discovery of fungus growing in the air-conditioning system of the operating theatre in the [[Sultan Ismail Hospital]] in [[Johor Bahru]] as well as long closure cracks on MRR2, an overpass highway in [[Ampang]][http://www.dapmalaysia.org/all-archive/English/2004/aug04/lks/lks3162.htm].

Samy Vellu is often accused of sucking up shares of many of Malaysia's companies[http://www.aliran.com/monthly/2003a/11i.html]. And the [[MAIKA Telecom Share Scandal]] continues to haunt him. Samy Vellu is alleged to have siphoned off 9 million (of the original 10 million) Telekom shares that were allocated to MAIKA. He had allegedly used three companies -- Clearway Sdn. Bhd., S.B. Management Services, and Advance Personal Computers Bhd. -- linked to Samy Vellu, his son S. Vell Paari, and brother-in-law to carry out his misdeed. When the scandal broke in mid-1992, the shares were valued at RM 120 million.[http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2003a/11i.html][http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2003a/11j.html][http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2004a/1b.html] In 1994, the then Chairman of the MIC Public Claims Committee, V Subramaniam (aka "Barat" Maniam), charged that the accounts have been fabricated to make it appear that the profits from the sale of the Telekom shares were channelled to MIED. He declared, "Samy Vellu is a thief. He has stolen (Telekom) shares from the Indian community."[http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2004a/4j.html].

Some believe that Samy Vellu had sold the Indian-Malaysian community off in order to save himself from the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Agency. They allege that he did not do enough or protested loud enough when the Indian-Malaysian situation worsened, or when the Malaysian government dissolved the South Indian Labour Fund.[http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinionsfeatures/34659] Currently, he has committed his energy to building the Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST). However, AIMST, built with donations collected from the Indian-Malaysian community, too, is riddled in controversy, as its shares are owned by Samy Vellu's associates, Tan Sri K. Ambikaipakan and Datuk Dr. T. Marimuthu[http://www.mggpillai.com/article.php3?sid=1468][http://groups.yahoo.com/group/VettiPechu/message/280].

With regards to the [[Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2|Middle Ring Road 2]] (MRR2), on August the 10th 2004, the Works Minister reminded the public that the cracks were not due to design flaws and "nobody can simply open their mouth and suggest it is design flaw" ([[Bernama]] 10 Aug 2004). However, findings from Halcrow Consultants Ltd suggested design deficiencies and the improper anchoring of the column rebar to the crossbeams were responsible for cracks([[New Straits Times|NSTP]] 1 Oct 2004).

He has been criticized by his voters for permitting a construction of an elevated highway that cuts through a residential area near [[Sri Petaling]][http://www.sripetaling.net/]. Despite local protests, he has ordered the construction to continue.

Samy Vellu is also often criticised for his leadership style. As one critic put it, "He (Samy Vellu) is very much in control of the party (MIC), and the party's run almost [as a] feudal organisation where almost all decisions are made by the President himself. A lot of Indians are critical of MIC's role in the coalition government ... the Indian middle class does not want to associate itself in the MIC and largely making the MIC a working class party."[http://www.tamilnation.org/diaspora/malaysia.htm]

There have also been allegations that Samy Vellu uses thugs to intimidate his political opponents, and that he uses [[Electoral fraud|phantom voters]] to win elections both at the party and the parliamentary levels[http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2000/0411.htm]. A petition by Samy Vellu's challenger, Dr [[Jeyakumar Devaraj]], to the election court alleging electoral fraud during the 1998 General Election at Sungai Siput constituency, however, was dismissed by the presiding judge, Justice Wan Adnan, on technical grounds.

'''Latest Scandal :-'''
'''April 2007 - The burst of Pipes in PutraJaya Immigration office''' 
This recent event has the water bursting out from the 7th floor of the immigration office building and leaking to the floors below. The Immigration Office has to be closed down and cause a huge embarrassment to the government. Additionally, the PWD (Public Works Department) director was told openly in the media by Samy Vellu to "shut up" when the PWD director gave some comments. Samy Vellu rouge and dictatorial behaviour is quite common as such previous similar outburst were seen when there's a scandal being highlighted, which only goes to show that he is in a way connected to all these problems in Putrajaya (being the head of the no-Work Ministry). As of 19th April 2007, this matter is still under "investigation".

'''Samy Vellu told to stop passing the buck'''
[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/5/22/nation/20070522174219&sec=nation]

==Rivalries==

===S. Subramaniam===
His enmity with Deputy President(former)of MIC, Datuk S. Subramaniam has gone from bad to worse ever since he defeated Subramaniam for the vice president post.

For the second time, Subramaniam has been dropped as a candidate for the 11th general election - three days before nomination day. According to Samy Vellu, Subramaniam has enjoyed his time as an MP, parliamentary secretary and deputy minister, citing "now it was the turn of others to taste such fame."

Subramaniam stood to defend his deputy president post in the 2006 party elections but Samy Vellu had gone around campaigning that a vote for Subramaniam was a vote against Samy and that he endorsed [[Palanivel|Datuk G. Palanivel]].

In the 2006 party elections [http://www.indianmalaysian.com/mic_battle_2006.html], Samy Vellu was eventually returned as president uncontested and [[Palanivel]] trumped Subramaniam for the deputy president's post.

===M.G. Pandithan===
[[M. G. Pandithan|Tan Sri M.G. Pandithan]] and Samy Vellu, who were at one time best of friends, had been at loggerheads over more than two decades, often trading barbs through the media and trying to outdo each other through political manoeuvres.

The bad blood between Samy Vellu and Pandithan began in 1988 when the IPF president was issued a show-cause letter for allegedly practising caste-oriented politics.

In June 1988, he was sacked after he started a fast-to-death effort in a bid to get charges of inciting violence and unrest within the party dropped. He also brought a coffin to the MIC headquarters in protest.

The IPF chief told a press conference in July 2007 that he wanted to bury the enmity with Samy Vellu but ruled out any merger plans with MIC, a [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) component and the country's biggest Indian-based political party.

"Enough is enough. It has been more than 20 years, I don't want to have any enmity with him (Samy Vellu). Bad blood between the two of us is not good. I want to be a friend.

"We should join forces to fight for the Indian community. Twenty years of fighting is too long (between both leaders)," were Pandithan's words at the press conference.

It must be noted that the IPF chief, who is suffering from prolonged illness, had received visits from Samy Vellu on numerous occasions since 2006.

Samy Vellu said that the question of IPF’s entry into Barisan was not discussed but MIC held fast to the belief that only one Indian-based party could represent the community in Barisan.

== Family ==

Samy Vellu is currently married to [[Indrani Samy Vellu|Datin Seri Indrani]], his second wife, and a restaurant owner[http://www.mggpillai.com/article.php3?sid=1347]. Relationship between his wife has not been good. Both have been staying separately although still legally married.

Samy Vellu has one son, Vell Paari, 44, who currently manages MAIKA Holdings. His daughter-in-law, Shaila Nair, 32, is a singer who has recently attracted negative publicity as a result of a lewd reality clip.[http://www.indianmalaysian.com/sound/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=385] In addition, Vell Paari is now being implicated in the 'mysterious death' of actress K. Sujatha. [http://www.indianmalaysian.com/sound/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=560]

==Professional Qualification==

*Chartered architect
*Member of the Royal Institute of British Architects.
*Member of Malaysian Institute of Architect.

== Honours & Awards ==

*In 1982 the Government of Republic of Korea conferred on him the Order Of Diplomatic Service Merit (Gwang Hwa Medal) for strengthening bilateral relations between Malaysia and Korea.

*In 1985, the Government of Italy conferred the Grand Officer Of The Order Of The Merit Of The [[Republic Of Italy]].

*In 1989, conferred "The Man Of The Year Award" by the International Road Federation at [[Las Vegas]] for outstanding achievements as Minister Of Works, [[Malaysia]].

*In 1989, he was made an Honorary Fellow Of The Royal Chartered Institute Of Building, [[United Kingdom]].

*In the same year he was awarded the Honorary Doctorate of Letters by [[Annamalai University]], [[India]].

*In 1991, he was awarded the Honorary Doctorate of Law by University of Keele, Staffordshire, [[United Kingdom]].

*In 1998, he was awarded the Honorary Doctorate of Education by the [[Northern Territory University]] of [[Australia]].

*In 2003, the Minister was conferred one of India's highest award, the "Pravasi Bharatiya Samman" by the [[Government of India]] in [[New Delhi]].

*And in the same year, he was awarded the "Malaysia Water Award for Management 2003" by the Malaysian Water Association.

==External links==
*[http://gilarider.blogspot.com/2007/05/samy-vellu-mic-and-malaysian-indian.html Samy Vellu, MIC and Malaysian Indians]
* [http://www.indianmalaysian.com/samivelu.htm The Lord of the Indians]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/VettiPechu/message/68 Big Daddy: Samy Vellu and the plight of Malaysian Indians]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/VettiPechu/message/59 MIC leaders tap dance on masses' heads]
* [http://blog.limkitsiang.com/?p=445 Samy's solution to Indian woes - "Have more children"]
* [http://www.mic.org.my/ Malaysian Indian Congress]
* [http://www.aimst.edu.my/ Asian Institute of Medicine Science & Technology]
* [http://www.tafeseremban.edu.my Tafe College Seremban]
* [http://www.yss98.com/ Yayasan Strategik Sosial]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vellu, Samy}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:Hindu politicians]]
[[Category:Malaysian Hindus]]

[[ms: Samy Vellu]]

Samy Vellu

2007-08-28T06:37:26Z

203.12.220.247: /* Childhood and heritage */

{{Cleanup|date=March 2007}}
{{tone}}
{{Infobox President
| name =S. Samy Vellu
| image =

| order =7th [[President of Malaysian Indian Congress]]
| term_start =[[October 12]] [[1979]]
| term_end =
| deputy =[[S. Subramaniam]] (1979-2006) [[Palanivel|G. Palanivel]] (2006- )
| predecessor =[[V. Manickavasagam]] (1973-1979)
| successor =
| birth_date =[[June 20]] [[1936]]
| birth_place =[[Kluang]], [[Johor]], [[Malaysia]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =[[Indrani Samy Vellu]]
| religion =[[Hindu]]
| constituency =[[Sungai Siput (Malaysian Parliament constituency)|Sungai Siput]]
| party =[[Malaysian Indian Congress|Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC)]]
| languagesspoken =[[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malay language|Bahasa Malaysia]], [[English language|English]]
| signature =
}}
[[Malay titles|Datuk Seri]] '''Samy Vellu Sangalimuthu''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: சாமிவேலு சங்கிலிமுத்து) (born [[June 20]], [[1936]]), better known as '''S. Samy Vellu''', is the longest serving president of the [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] (MIC) . He has held the position since 1979, for the 10th consecutive term. He is also the [[Works Minister]] of [[Malaysia]], and the only [[Indian Malaysian]] minister in the Malaysian cabinet.

==Early years==
===Childhood and heritage===

The eldest of three children, Samy Vellu was born in 1936 to rubber tappers Sangalimuthu and Anggamah at the Rengo Malay Estate near [[Kluang]], [[Johor]]. His father, who had arrived from [[India]] in 1919, moved between estates in search of better wages and was working as a labourer at the coal mines in Batu Arang, [[Selangor]] when the war ended.

Sangalimuthu later sold condoms, dildo and viagra at the Batu Arang market while his son went to various Tamil sluts clubs. Samy Vellu dropped out and took odd jobs while attending night fuck. After his mother's fuck in 1950, he left to Kuala Lumpur with his father. There, he began work as a shaver with J.C.T. shaving company (now Syarikat Balls and Sertu.). He's a free-thinker.

===Early adulthood in Kuala Lumpur===

It was in the city of Kuala Lumpur that he met Y. Thomas, another bus conductor. The two became good friends but years later Thomas would challenge him for the party presidency. Life in the city was difficult. In his words: "These were years when I only ate one meal a day ... I felt things could not get any worse."[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Indian-Malaysian/message/2821]

His fortunes took a turn for the better when he met Teo Philips, a construction engineer who got him work as an office boy with the then well-known architectural firm of Vethavanam and Co. For RM9 a month, he also had to clean Vethavanam's house, wash his car and water the garden. But Vethavanam encouraged him to take up architecture. He began to seriously study English and attend night classes in draughtsmanship.

He and some friends formed a theatre group that staged dramas in estates and small towns. The group's leading actors were Samy Vellu and (now [[Malay titles|Datuk]]) [[V. Govindaraj]]. One of their earliest and most successful dramas was entitled ''Nattpu'' (Friendship). Ironically, both entered politics and stayed loyal to each other until they fell out dramatically and played out a real-life drama in 1984 that ended with Samy Vellu expelling Govindaraj from the MIC. Govindaraj, however, was readmitted in the party a few years later, and was appointed to the Central Executive Committee where he served until 2006, following his open support for Samy Vellu's opponent, Datuk [[S. Subramaniam]].

==The road to power==
===Foothold in politics===

In 1959, a year before he got married, he and Govindaraj joined the [[Batu Caves]] MIC branch as ordinary members. Samy Vellu was 23, and winning the MIC presidency is his ultimate objective. It took him 20 years to reach the top. Five years after joining the party, he was elected Selangor MIC committee member and the head of the party's cultural bureau. His boldness brought him to the front ranks. He was neat and well dressed at a time when many were sloppy.

Samy Vellu was, and continued to be, a disciplined and determined man. He successfully converted crises to opportunities. During the [[Indonesian Confrontation]], he made headlines by climbing up the Indonesian Embassy's flag pole, pulling down the flag and burning it. "I was charged in court and fined RM25," Samy Vellu later said. Malaysian newspapers called him Hero Malaysia on the front pages.

Samy Vellu also had good friends to help him along the way. When [[Radio Television Malaysia]] (RTM) started broadcasting Tamil news, Samy Vellu's friend [[Durairaju]] who headed the Tamil section, appointed him as a newscaster. As a result of that, Samy Vellu became a household name, with voice and name recognition. He would continue to read Tamil news over RTM from 1963 until he became a Member of Parliament in 1974. Samy Vellu used this popularity to garner votes, and eventually, after five futile attempts, Samy Vellu won the Selangor MIC's secretary post on the sixth attempt, trumping [[V.J. Balasundram]] by 13 votes in 1967. Samy Vellu was 31 then.

===Foray into national politics===

In the early 1970s, Samy Vellu left for London and returned a qualified architect. He recalls the state of the MIC on his return with horror. It was time for a coup against [[Malay titles|Tun]] [[V.T. Sambanthan]], then the President of MIC, and Samy Vellu played a key role in persuading Deputy President [[Malay titles|Tan Sri]] [[V. Manickavasagam]] to challenge Sambanthan for the top post. "I was one of five leaders who took the risk to openly defy Sambanthan," Samy Vellu later admitted. Pressure was applied on Sambanthan to quit but he resisted until in March 1973 when Tun Abdul Razak stepped in and negotiated a deal with Sambanthan who agreed to quit on June 30, 1973.

But the rise of Manickavasagam did not bring rewards for Samy Vellu. Instead new faces came to the forefront. This was the time when Datuk S. Subramaniam, Datuk [[K. Pathmanaban]], a Harvard MBA holder, and several others entered the political arena to infuse new blood into MIC, and Manickavasagam gave them preference. They were young, well-educated and ambitious but lacked grassroots experience.Samy Vellu was already a party vice president in 1974, when was elected to the post with the highest number of votes, but he was not offered a government post until after the 1978 General Election when he was made Deputy Minister of the Housing and Local Government Ministry. Talking of those years still makes Samy Vellu sore. "Sometimes I am still bitter with Manickavasagam, but I had nothing against Subramaniam. I never once wanted to throw him from the party. The problem was he was always listening to other people ... others were using him," he said, recollecting his stormy relationship with his deputy since 1974.

Subramaniam, then the Secretary General of MIC, was hand-picked by Manickavasagam to succeed him; however, Samy Vellu fought back, literally, and in 1977 edged over Subramaniam by a mere 26 votes to become the Deputy President of MIC.

When Manickavasagam died suddenly on [[October 12]], 1979, Samy Vellu gained a toe-hold as the Acting President. But it was a divided party that Samy Vellu took over, with the rank and file on his side, and much of the Indian intelligentsia backing Subramaniam; in the following years, Samy Vellu worked the hardest to remake MIC in his image.

In 1981, Samy Vellu almost moved to sack Subramaniam, but following a 20-minute private talk with the latter, both came to some form of understanding, and peace prevailed in the party for the next five years. It was during this time that the [[Maju Institute of Educational Development]] (MIED), [[Maika Holdings Berhard]] (MAIKA), and plans for [[Tafe College Seremban]] started.

But the in-fighting resurfaced in 1986, and in 1989 the two leaders were locked in battle to settle the score. Samy Vellu won, and proceeded to cleanse the MIC of all opposition. More than half the party's branches were outlawed, mostly on spurious grounds. He even expelled MIC Vice-President Datuk [[M. G. Pandithan]], who went on to form the [[Indian Progressive Front]], which championed the cause of the Indian working class.

In the following year, Samy Vellu dropped Subramaniam from the list of candidates standing for the 1990 General Election. The latter however bounced back with the assistance of Malaysian Prime Minister Dr. [[Mahathir Mohammad]] to regain his deputy minister's post.

Eventually, in the June 2006 party elections, Samy Vellu openly supported his trusted lieutanant former press secretary, Datuk [[Palanivel]], who stood against the incumbent Subramaniam. Palanivel emerged as the victor, and the new deputy president in 27 years.

===Cabinet positions===

He was first appointed to the Malaysian cabinet in 1979, as the Government and Housing Minister. He then went on to serve until 1989, as the Works Minister. From 1989 to 1995, he became Malaysia's Minister for Energy, Telecommunication and Post. In 1995, he returned to the Works Ministry, where he remains until now.

He is the second longest serving minister in the country after Dato' Seri [[Rafidah Aziz]].

== Major Contributions==

He is the founder and Chairman of the Maju Institute of Educational Development (MIED), a non-profit organisation that provides educational loans and scholarship to deserving Indian-Malaysian students.

He helped to establish a [[TAFE]] college in [[Seremban]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]] in collaboration with TAFE, [[Western Australia]].

Subsequently, in collaboration with [[Bristol University]], he has started the [[Asian Institute of Medicine, Science & Technology]] (AIMST), now located at a temporary campus at Bandar Aman Jaya, [[Sungai Petani]], [[Kedah]], while a permanent campus is being built at [[Semeling]], Kedah.

He is also the founder and Chairman of the Workers Housing Cooperation Society (KPJ) and Education Cooperative Society, Koperasi Didik. There is also Yayasan Strategik Sosial (YSS), MIC's think tank, currently headed by [[Denison Jayasooria|Dr. Denison Jayasooria]].

==Personal Achievements==

*As Minister of Works, successfully undertook the construction of the 13.6 KM Penang Bridge linking the Mainland with Penang Island.

*Introduced the privatization concept in highway construction in Malaysia culminating in the successful completion of the 900KM North-South Highway.

*As Minister of Energy, Telecommunication and Posts, successfully undertook the Privatization of three Government utility entities namely the Telecommunications Department, the National Electricity Board and the Postal Department.

*Introduced Value Added Network Services and cellular networks such as Celcom, Mobikom, GSM and PCN.

== Controversies surrounding Samy Vellu ==

Since holding his post as Works Minister of [[Malaysia]], Samy Vellu is alleged to have been involved in several money scandals and work defects in several prominent construction projects in Malaysia by cover up the bumiputera contractor anc companies, which included the discovery of fungus growing in the air-conditioning system of the operating theatre in the [[Sultan Ismail Hospital]] in [[Johor Bahru]] as well as long closure cracks on MRR2, an overpass highway in [[Ampang]][http://www.dapmalaysia.org/all-archive/English/2004/aug04/lks/lks3162.htm].

Samy Vellu is often accused of sucking up shares of many of Malaysia's companies[http://www.aliran.com/monthly/2003a/11i.html]. And the [[MAIKA Telecom Share Scandal]] continues to haunt him. Samy Vellu is alleged to have siphoned off 9 million (of the original 10 million) Telekom shares that were allocated to MAIKA. He had allegedly used three companies -- Clearway Sdn. Bhd., S.B. Management Services, and Advance Personal Computers Bhd. -- linked to Samy Vellu, his son S. Vell Paari, and brother-in-law to carry out his misdeed. When the scandal broke in mid-1992, the shares were valued at RM 120 million.[http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2003a/11i.html][http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2003a/11j.html][http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2004a/1b.html] In 1994, the then Chairman of the MIC Public Claims Committee, V Subramaniam (aka "Barat" Maniam), charged that the accounts have been fabricated to make it appear that the profits from the sale of the Telekom shares were channelled to MIED. He declared, "Samy Vellu is a thief. He has stolen (Telekom) shares from the Indian community."[http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2004a/4j.html].

Some believe that Samy Vellu had sold the Indian-Malaysian community off in order to save himself from the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Agency. They allege that he did not do enough or protested loud enough when the Indian-Malaysian situation worsened, or when the Malaysian government dissolved the South Indian Labour Fund.[http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinionsfeatures/34659] Currently, he has committed his energy to building the Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST). However, AIMST, built with donations collected from the Indian-Malaysian community, too, is riddled in controversy, as its shares are owned by Samy Vellu's associates, Tan Sri K. Ambikaipakan and Datuk Dr. T. Marimuthu[http://www.mggpillai.com/article.php3?sid=1468][http://groups.yahoo.com/group/VettiPechu/message/280].

With regards to the [[Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2|Middle Ring Road 2]] (MRR2), on August the 10th 2004, the Works Minister reminded the public that the cracks were not due to design flaws and "nobody can simply open their mouth and suggest it is design flaw" ([[Bernama]] 10 Aug 2004). However, findings from Halcrow Consultants Ltd suggested design deficiencies and the improper anchoring of the column rebar to the crossbeams were responsible for cracks([[New Straits Times|NSTP]] 1 Oct 2004).

He has been criticized by his voters for permitting a construction of an elevated highway that cuts through a residential area near [[Sri Petaling]][http://www.sripetaling.net/]. Despite local protests, he has ordered the construction to continue.

Samy Vellu is also often criticised for his leadership style. As one critic put it, "He (Samy Vellu) is very much in control of the party (MIC), and the party's run almost [as a] feudal organisation where almost all decisions are made by the President himself. A lot of Indians are critical of MIC's role in the coalition government ... the Indian middle class does not want to associate itself in the MIC and largely making the MIC a working class party."[http://www.tamilnation.org/diaspora/malaysia.htm]

There have also been allegations that Samy Vellu uses thugs to intimidate his political opponents, and that he uses [[Electoral fraud|phantom voters]] to win elections both at the party and the parliamentary levels[http://www.aliran.com/oldsite/monthly/2000/0411.htm]. A petition by Samy Vellu's challenger, Dr [[Jeyakumar Devaraj]], to the election court alleging electoral fraud during the 1998 General Election at Sungai Siput constituency, however, was dismissed by the presiding judge, Justice Wan Adnan, on technical grounds.

'''Latest Scandal :-'''
'''April 2007 - The burst of Pipes in PutraJaya Immigration office''' 
This recent event has the water bursting out from the 7th floor of the immigration office building and leaking to the floors below. The Immigration Office has to be closed down and cause a huge embarrassment to the government. Additionally, the PWD (Public Works Department) director was told openly in the media by Samy Vellu to "shut up" when the PWD director gave some comments. Samy Vellu rouge and dictatorial behaviour is quite common as such previous similar outburst were seen when there's a scandal being highlighted, which only goes to show that he is in a way connected to all these problems in Putrajaya (being the head of the no-Work Ministry). As of 19th April 2007, this matter is still under "investigation".

'''Samy Vellu told to stop passing the buck'''
[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/5/22/nation/20070522174219&sec=nation]

==Rivalries==

===S. Subramaniam===
His enmity with Deputy President(former)of MIC, Datuk S. Subramaniam has gone from bad to worse ever since he defeated Subramaniam for the vice president post.

For the second time, Subramaniam has been dropped as a candidate for the 11th general election - three days before nomination day. According to Samy Vellu, Subramaniam has enjoyed his time as an MP, parliamentary secretary and deputy minister, citing "now it was the turn of others to taste such fame."

Subramaniam stood to defend his deputy president post in the 2006 party elections but Samy Vellu had gone around campaigning that a vote for Subramaniam was a vote against Samy and that he endorsed [[Palanivel|Datuk G. Palanivel]].

In the 2006 party elections [http://www.indianmalaysian.com/mic_battle_2006.html], Samy Vellu was eventually returned as president uncontested and [[Palanivel]] trumped Subramaniam for the deputy president's post.

===M.G. Pandithan===
[[M. G. Pandithan|Tan Sri M.G. Pandithan]] and Samy Vellu, who were at one time best of friends, had been at loggerheads over more than two decades, often trading barbs through the media and trying to outdo each other through political manoeuvres.

The bad blood between Samy Vellu and Pandithan began in 1988 when the IPF president was issued a show-cause letter for allegedly practising caste-oriented politics.

In June 1988, he was sacked after he started a fast-to-death effort in a bid to get charges of inciting violence and unrest within the party dropped. He also brought a coffin to the MIC headquarters in protest.

The IPF chief told a press conference in July 2007 that he wanted to bury the enmity with Samy Vellu but ruled out any merger plans with MIC, a [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) component and the country's biggest Indian-based political party.

"Enough is enough. It has been more than 20 years, I don't want to have any enmity with him (Samy Vellu). Bad blood between the two of us is not good. I want to be a friend.

"We should join forces to fight for the Indian community. Twenty years of fighting is too long (between both leaders)," were Pandithan's words at the press conference.

It must be noted that the IPF chief, who is suffering from prolonged illness, had received visits from Samy Vellu on numerous occasions since 2006.

Samy Vellu said that the question of IPF’s entry into Barisan was not discussed but MIC held fast to the belief that only one Indian-based party could represent the community in Barisan.

== Family ==

Samy Vellu is currently married to [[Indrani Samy Vellu|Datin Seri Indrani]], his second wife, and a restaurant owner[http://www.mggpillai.com/article.php3?sid=1347]. Relationship between his wife has not been good. Both have been staying separately although still legally married.

Samy Vellu has one son, Vell Paari, 44, who currently manages MAIKA Holdings. His daughter-in-law, Shaila Nair, 32, is a singer who has recently attracted negative publicity as a result of a lewd reality clip.[http://www.indianmalaysian.com/sound/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=385] In addition, Vell Paari is now being implicated in the 'mysterious death' of actress K. Sujatha. [http://www.indianmalaysian.com/sound/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=560]

==Professional Qualification==

*Chartered architect
*Member of the Royal Institute of British Architects.
*Member of Malaysian Institute of Architect.

== Honours & Awards ==

*In 1982 the Government of Republic of Korea conferred on him the Order Of Diplomatic Service Merit (Gwang Hwa Medal) for strengthening bilateral relations between Malaysia and Korea.

*In 1985, the Government of Italy conferred the Grand Officer Of The Order Of The Merit Of The [[Republic Of Italy]].

*In 1989, conferred "The Man Of The Year Award" by the International Road Federation at [[Las Vegas]] for outstanding achievements as Minister Of Works, [[Malaysia]].

*In 1989, he was made an Honorary Fellow Of The Royal Chartered Institute Of Building, [[United Kingdom]].

*In the same year he was awarded the Honorary Doctorate of Letters by [[Annamalai University]], [[India]].

*In 1991, he was awarded the Honorary Doctorate of Law by University of Keele, Staffordshire, [[United Kingdom]].

*In 1998, he was awarded the Honorary Doctorate of Education by the [[Northern Territory University]] of [[Australia]].

*In 2003, the Minister was conferred one of India's highest award, the "Pravasi Bharatiya Samman" by the [[Government of India]] in [[New Delhi]].

*And in the same year, he was awarded the "Malaysia Water Award for Management 2003" by the Malaysian Water Association.

==External links==
*[http://gilarider.blogspot.com/2007/05/samy-vellu-mic-and-malaysian-indian.html Samy Vellu, MIC and Malaysian Indians]
* [http://www.indianmalaysian.com/samivelu.htm The Lord of the Indians]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/VettiPechu/message/68 Big Daddy: Samy Vellu and the plight of Malaysian Indians]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/VettiPechu/message/59 MIC leaders tap dance on masses' heads]
* [http://blog.limkitsiang.com/?p=445 Samy's solution to Indian woes - "Have more children"]
* [http://www.mic.org.my/ Malaysian Indian Congress]
* [http://www.aimst.edu.my/ Asian Institute of Medicine Science & Technology]
* [http://www.tafeseremban.edu.my Tafe College Seremban]
* [http://www.yss98.com/ Yayasan Strategik Sosial]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vellu, Samy}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil politicians]]
[[Category:Hindu politicians]]
[[Category:Malaysian Hindus]]

[[ms: Samy Vellu]]

Ada (programming language)

2007-08-15T00:33:44Z

203.12.220.247: /* Features */

{{Infobox programming language
| name = Ada
| logo = [[Image:Ada-cover.jpg|200px]]
| paradigm = [[multi-paradigm programming language|multi-paradigm]]: [[concurrent programming language|concurrent]], [[distributed programming|distributed]], [[generic programming|generic-programming]], [[imperative programming|imperative]], [[object-oriented programming|object-oriented]]
| year = 1983, last revised 2005
| designer = [[Jean Ichbiah]], extended by [[S. Tucker Taft]]
| typing = [[Type system#Static typing|static]], [[Strongly-typed programming language|strong]], [[type safety|safe]], [[nominative type system|nominative]]
|implementations = [[GNAT]]
|dialects = Ada 83, Ada 95, Ada 2005
| influenced_by = [[ALGOL 68]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], [[C++]] (Ada 95), [[Smalltalk]] (Ada 95), [[Java (programming language)|Java]] (Ada 2005)
| influenced = [[C++]], [[PL/SQL]]
}}
'''Ada''' is a [[structured programming|structured]], [[statically typed]], [[Imperative programming|imperative]], and [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[high-level language|high-level]] [[computer programming|computer]] [[programming language]]. It was originally designed by a team led by [[Jean Ichbiah]] of [[Groupe Bull|CII Honeywell Bull]] under contract to the [[United States Department of Defense]] during [[1977]]–[[1983]] to supersede the hundreds of programming languages then used by the DOD. Ada addresses some of the same tasks as [[C (programming language)|C]] or [[C++]], but Ada is [[strongly typed languages|strongly-typed]] (even for integer-range), and compilers are validated for reliability in mission-critical applications, such as [[avionics]] software. Ada was named after [[Ada Lovelace]], who is often credited with being the first computer programmer.
Ada is an international standard; the current version (known as Ada 2005) is defined by joint ISO/ANSI standard ([http://www.adaic.org/standards/95lrm/html/RM-TTL.html ISO-8652:1995]), combined with major Amendment
[http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=45001 ISO/IEC 8652:1995/Amd 1:2007].

== Features ==
Ada was originally targeted at [[embedded system|embedded]] and [[real-time computing|real-time]] systems. The Ada 95 revision, designed by [[Tucker Taft|S. Tucker Taft]] of [[Intermetrics]] between [[1992]] and [[1995]], improved support for systems, numerical, financial, and [[object-oriented programming]] (OOP).

Notable features of Ada include: [[strongly typed languages|strong typing]], [[modularity (programming)|modularity mechanisms]] (packages), [[run-time checking]], [[parallel processing]] (tasks), [[exception handling]], and [[generic programming|generic]]s. Ada 95 added support for [[object-oriented programming]], including [[dynamic dispatch]].

Ada supports run-time checks in order to protect against access to unallocated memory, [[buffer overflow]] errors, [[off by one errors]], array access errors, and other avoidable bugs. These checks can be disabled in the interest of runtime efficiency, but can often be compiled efficiently. It also includes facilities to help program verification. For these reasons, Ada is widely used in critical systems, where any [[anomaly]] might lead to very serious consequences, i.e., accidental death or injury. Examples of systems where Ada is used include [[avionics]], weapons (including [[thermonuclear weapons]]), and spacecraft.

Ada also supports a large number of compile-time checks to help avoid bugs that would not be detectable until run-time in some other languages or would require explicit checks to be added to the source code.

Ada's dynamic [[memory management]] is high-level and type-explicit, requiring explicit instantiation of the Unchecked_Deallocation package to explicitly free allocated memory. The specification does not require any particular implementation. Though the semantics of the language allow automatic [[garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collection]] of inaccessible objects, most implementations do not support it. Ada does support a limited form of [[region-based storage management]]. Invalid accesses can always be detected at run time (unless of course the check is turned off) and sometimes at compile time.

The syntax of Ada is simple, consistent and readable. It minimizes choices of ways to perform basic operations, and prefers English keywords (eg "OR") to symbols (eg. "||"). Ada uses the basic mathematical symbols (i.e.: "+", "-", "*" and "/") for basic mathematical operations but avoids using other symbols. Code blocks are delimited by using words such as "declare", "begin" and "end". It also enforces that each conditional statement be closed. For example, "<tt>'''if''' x > 0 '''then''' y := 0;</tt>" is not valid and must be closed with "end if"; i.e., "<tt>'''if''' x > 0 '''then''' y := 0; '''end if''';</tt>" The rationale is that code for a complex system must be readable by reviewers and maintainers. Reviewers may include domain experts who are not highly software literate. Code for complex systems is typically maintained for many years, by programmers other than the original author. It can be argued that these language design principles apply to most software projects, and most phases of software development, however when applied to complex, safety critical projects, benefits in correctness, reliability, and maintainability take precedence over (arguable) costs in initial development.

Unlike most [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] standards, the Ada language definition (known as the ''Ada Reference Manual'' or ''ARM'', or sometimes the ''Language Reference Manual'' or ''LRM'') is [[free content]]. Thus, it is a common reference for Ada programmers, not just programmers implementing Ada compilers. Apart from the reference manual, there is also an extensive rationale document which explains the language design and the use of various language constructs. This document is also widely used by programmers. When the language was revised, a new rationale document was written.

== History ==
In the [[1970s]], the [[United States Department of Defense|US Department of Defense]] (DoD) was concerned by the number of different programming languages being used for its embedded computer system projects, many of which were obsolete or hardware-dependent, and none of which supported safe modular programming. In [[1975]] the [[Higher Order Language Working Group]] (HOLWG) was formed with the intent of reducing this number by finding or creating a programming language generally suitable for the department's requirements; the result was Ada. The total number of high-level programming languages in use for such projects fell from over 450 in [[1983]] to 37 by [[1996]].

{{Wikisource|Steelman language requirements}} The [[working group]] created a series of language requirements documents—the Strawman, Woodenman, Tinman, Ironman and [[Steelman language requirements|Steelman]] documents. Many existing languages were formally reviewed, but the team concluded in [[1977]] that no existing language met the specifications.

Requests for proposals for a new programming language were issued and four contractors were hired to develop their proposals under the names of Red ([[Intermetrics]] led by [[Benjamin Brosgol]]), Green ([[CII Honeywell Bull]], led by [[Jean Ichbiah]]), Blue ([[SofTech]], led by [http://www.sei.cmu.edu/staff/jbg John Goodenough]), and Yellow ([[SRI International]], led by [[Jay Spitzen]]). In April 1978, after public scrutiny, the Red and Green proposals passed to the next phase. In May of [[1979]], the Green proposal, designed by Jean Ichbiah at CII Honeywell Bull, was chosen and given the name Ada—after [[Ada Lovelace|Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace]]. This proposal was influenced by the programming language [[LIS programming language|LIS]] that Ichbiah and his group had developed in the [[1970s]]. The preliminary Ada reference manual
was published in ACM SIGPLAN Notices in June 1979. The Military Standard reference manual was approved on [[December 10]], [[1980]] ([[Ada Lovelace]]'s birthday), and
given the number MIL-STD-1815 in honor of Ada Lovelace's birth year.

[[Image:Ada Lovelace 1838.jpg|right|caption|thumbnail|157px|[[Ada Lovelace|Augusta Ada King]], Countess of Lovelace.]]
In [[1987]], the US Department of Defense began to require the use of Ada (the ''Ada mandate'') for every software project where new code was more than 30% of result, though exceptions to this rule were often granted. This requirement was effectively removed in [[1997]], as the DoD began to embrace COTS ([[commercial off-the-shelf]]) technology. Similar requirements existed in other [[North Atlantic Treaty Organisation|NATO]] countries.

Because Ada is a strongly-typed language, it has been used outside the military in commercial aviation projects, where a software bug can mean fatalities. The fly-by-wire system in the [[Boeing 777]] runs software written in Ada. The Canadian Automated Air Traffic System (completed in year 2000 by [http://www.raytheon.ca Raytheon Canada]) was written in 1 million lines of Ada ([[Source lines of code|SLOC]] count). It featured advanced (for the time): distributed processing; a distributed Ada database; and object-oriented design.

The language became an [[American National Standards Institute|ANSI]] standard in [[1983]] ([http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83lrm/html/Welcome.html ANSI/MIL-STD 1815A]), and without any further changes became
an [[International standard|ISO standard]] in [[1987]] (ISO-8652:1987). This version of the language is commonly known as Ada 83, from the date of its adoption by ANSI, but is sometimes referred to also as Ada 87, from the date of its adoption by ISO.

Ada 95, the joint ISO/ANSI standard ([http://www.adaic.org/standards/95lrm/html/RM-TTL.html ISO-8652:1995]) is the latest standard for Ada. It was published in February [[1995]] (making Ada 95 the first ISO standard object-oriented programming language). To help with the standard revision and future acceptance, the [[US Air Force]] funded the development of the [[GNAT]] [[Compiler]]. Presently, the GNAT Compiler is part of the [[GNU Compiler Collection]].

Work has continued on improving and updating the technical content of the Ada programming language. A Technical Corrigendum to Ada 95 was published in October [[2001]], and a major Amendment, [http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=45001 ISO/IEC 8652:1995/Amd 1:2007], was published on [[March 9]], [[2007]].


== "Hello, world!" in Ada ==
A common example of a language's [[syntax]] is the [[Hello world program]]:
<source lang="ada">
with Ada.Text_IO;

procedure Hello is
begin
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line("Hello, world!");
end Hello;
</source>

There are shortcuts available for <tt>Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line</tt>, needing less typing; however, they are not used here, for better understanding. For a detailed explanation, see [[Wikibooks:Ada Programming/Basic]].

== Criticism ==
=== The Ariane 5 failure ===
{{Main|Ariane 5 Flight 501}}
The maiden flight loss of [[Ariane 5 Flight 501]], a [[European Space Agency]] [[Ariane 5]] launcher, was due to an error in a program written in Ada for checks of the launcher while on the ground. During the beginning of the flight a run-time error occurred that was not covered by an exception handler and therefore propagated to the main guidance program leading to main processor shut down and loss of guidance. Management of the [[Ariane 5]] project had decided that since the same program worked well for all the flights of the [[Ariane 4]] it would be reused directly, without being adapted, for the [[Ariane 5]]. For the [[Ariane 4]] program, efficiency considerations had led to the disabling of the software handler (in Ada code) for one error trap (a data conversion from a 64-bit floating point to 16-bit signed integer value). However, the flight parameters of [[Ariane 5]] were different and when one value failed a range check that was impossible to fail on an [[Ariane 4]] there was no code in place to handle the resulting exception. The incident led to discussions on the use of Ada as a possible contributing factor, in particular concerning the design of Ada's run-time error handling.

== See also ==
{{external links}}

=== Online tutorials ===
The following sites have link collections to Ada tutorials:

* [[wikibooks:Programming:Ada:Tutorials|Wikibook tutorial for programming in Ada]]
* [http://www.adapower.com/index.php?Command=Class&ClassID=Tutorials&Title=Tutorials at AdaPower]
* [http://www.adaworld.com/tutorialsmain.html at AdaWorld]
* [http://www.computer-books.us/ada95.php at Computer-Books.us] - A collection of Ada books available for free download.

=== Organizations ===
*[[Ada Information Clearinghouse]]
*[[SIGAda]] - [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] Special Interest Group on Ada
*[[Ada-Europe]] - European organization to promote the use of Ada

=== Compilers ===
* [[AdaMagic]] - Proprietary Ada technology from SofCheck, including Ada 95 front end, run-time system, and tools; front end can generate conventional IL, ISO/ANSI C, or Java byte codes
* [[GNAT]] - [[GNAT Modified General Public License|Free]] compiler based on [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]]
* [[GNATPro]] - Commercially supported version of [[GNAT]] from AdaCore
* [[JGNAT]] - [[GNAT]]-based compiler for the [[Java Runtime Environment]]
* [[MGNAT]] - [[GNAT]]-based compiler for the [[.NET Framework]] Environment ([[A Sharp (.NET)|A#]] project)
* [[ObjectAda]] - Proprietary Ada compiler from Aonix
* [[PowerAda]] - Proprietary Ada Compiler from OC Systems
* [[AdaMulti]] - Proprietary Ada Compiler and Integrated Development Environment from [[Green Hills Software]]
* SCORE - Proprietary multi language Integrated Development Environment from DDC-I, Inc. including a compiler for Ada as one of its supported languages
* Rational Apex (now owned and sold by IBM)

=== Tools ===
{{top}}
* [[A Sharp (.NET)|A#]] (A port of Ada to the Microsoft .NET Platform, [http://asharp.martincarlisle.com/])
* [[Aunit]]
* [[Ada Mode]] (Complete Ada-Mode for Vim, [http://vim.sourceforge.net/scripts/script.php?script_id=1609])
* [[AdaAllegro]] (Ada Interface to Allegro Game Library)
* [[AdaBrowse]] (Javadoc-like HTML generator for Ada 95 library unit specifications, [http://home.tiscalinet.ch/t_wolf/tw/ada95/adabrowse/])
* [[AdaDoc]] ([http://adadoc.sourceforge.net/])
* [[AdaCL]] (Ada Class Library, [http://adacl.sourceforge.net/])
* [[AdaGIDE]] (A free GNAT Ada [[Integrated Development Environment]] for Windows)
* [[Ada OpenGL]] ([http://adaopengl.sourceforge.net/])
* [[Cairo bindings for Ada95]] ([http://damien.carbonne.free.fr/download/])
* [[AdaControl]] (ASIS_GNAT the Ada Rule Checker, [http://www.adalog.fr/adacontrol2.htm])
* [[Gnade]] (Ada Database Interface, [http://gnade.sourceforge.net/])
* [[GNAT Programming Studio]] (GPS)
{{mid}}
* [[GNATCOM]] (Ada binding for Microsoft [[Component Object Model|COM]] spec.)
* [[GNAVI]] (Ada Visual RAD)
* [[GtkAda]] (Ada binding for [[GTK+]], [https://libre.adacore.com/GtkAda/])
* [[OGLAda]] ([http://www.niestu.com/languages/oglada/])
* [[PolyORB]]
* [[QTAda]] (Older QT bindings for Ada)
* [[QT4ADA]] (QT4 bindings for Ada, [http://qt4ada.sourceforge.net/])
* [[SofCheck Inspector]] (Static Error Detection tool, [http://www.sofcheck.com/products/inspector.html])
* [[Tartan Ada]] (Cross compilers for TI TMS320C3x and TMS320C4x DSPs)
* [[TextTools]] (Ncurses-based Mouse-Windows Toolkit for Ada, [http://www.pegasoft.ca/tt.html])
* [[Visual Ada Developer]]
* [[XML-Ada|XML/Ada]] and [[XML4Ada95]]
* [[XIA/XPath In Ada]] (An Ada binding to the [[XPath]] 1.0 spec.)
{{bottom}}
Another list of Ada [[Language binding|bindings]] can be found at [http://www.codeteacher.com/index.php?browse=/Computers/Programming/Languages/Ada/Bindings_and_Libraries/].

=== Related programming languages ===
* [[SPARK programming language|SPARK]] - High integrity language based on an Ada subset
* [[VHDL]] - A hardware description language for representing digital hardware, with many concepts and much syntax borrowed from Ada.
* [[PL/SQL]] - [[Stored procedure]] language in [[Oracle Corporation]]'s [[RDBMS]] product, has many similarities to Ada and was historically based on Ada syntax

=== Others ===
* [[High Integrity System]]s
* [[Ravenscar profile]]
* [[Comparison of programming languages]]

== References ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
{{wikibookspar||Ada Programming}}

=== International Standards ===
* [[ISO 8652|ISO/IEC 8652]]: Information technology — Programming languages — Ada
* [[ISO 15291|ISO/IEC 15291]]: Information technology — Programming languages — Ada Semantic Interface Specification ([[wiktionary:ASIS|ASIS]])
* [[ISO 18009|ISO/IEC 18009]]: Information technology — Programming languages — Ada: Conformity assessment of a language processor ([[wiktionary:ACATS|ACATS]])
* [[IEEE 1003|IEEE Standard 1003.5b-1996]], the [[POSIX]] Ada binding
* [http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/formal/ada_language_mapping.htm Ada Language Mapping Specification], the [[CORBA]] [[Interface description language|IDL]] to Ada mapping

=== Rationale ===
(These documents have been published in various forms including print.)

* [http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83rat/html/Welcome.html Jean D. Ichbiah, John G. P. Barnes, Robert J. Firth and Mike Woodger, ''Rationale for the Design of the Ada® Programming Language'', 1986.]
* [http://www.adaic.org/standards/95rat/RAThtml/rat95-contents.html John G. P. Barnes, '' Ada 95 rationale : the language : the standard libraries'', 1995.]
* [http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rat/html/Rat-TTL.html John Barnes, ''Rationale for Ada 2005'', 2005, 2006.]

=== Books ===
* [[Jan Skansholm]]: ''Ada 95 From the Beginning'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-40376-5
* [[Geoff Gilpin]]: ''Ada: A Guided Tour and Tutorial'', Prentice hall, ISBN 978-0-13-004045-9
* [[John Barnes (computer scientist)|John Barnes]]: ''Programming in Ada 2005'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-321-34078-7
* [[John Barnes (computer scientist)|John Barnes]]: ''Programming in Ada plus Language Reference Manual'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-56539-0
* [[John Barnes (computer scientist)|John Barnes]]: ''Programming in Ada 95'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-34293-6
* [[John Barnes (computer scientist)|John Barnes]]: ''High Integrity Ada: The SPARK Approach'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-17517-7
* [[John Barnes (computer scientist)|John Barnes]]: ''High Integrity Software: The SPARK Approach to Safety and Security'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-321-13616-0
* [[John Beidler]]: ''Data Structures and Algorithms: An Object-Oriented Approach Using Ada 95'', Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-94834-1
* [[Dean W. Gonzalez]]: ''Ada Programmer's Handbook'', Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, ISBN 0-8053-2529-8
* [[M. Ben-Ari]]: ''Ada for Software Engineers'', John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-97912-0
* [[Norman Cohen]]: ''Ada as a Second Language'', McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, ISBN 0-07-011607-5
* [[Alan Burns]], [[Andy Wellings]]: ''Real-Time Systems and Programming Languages. Ada 95, Real-Time Java and Real-Time POSIX.'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-72988-1
* [[Alan Burns]], [[Andy Wellings]]: ''Concurrency in Ada'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62911-X
* [[Colin Atkinson]]: ''Object-Oriented Reuse, Concurrency and Distribution: An Ada-Based Approach'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-56527-7
* [[Grady Booch]], [[Doug Bryan]]: ''Software Engineering with Ada'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-8053-0608-0
* [[Daniel Stubbs]], [[Neil W. Webre]]: ''Data Structures with Abstract Data Types and Ada'', Brooks Cole, ISBN 0-534-14448-9
* [[Pascal Ledru]]: ''Distributed Programming in Ada with Protected Objects'', Dissertation.com, ISBN 1-58112-034-6
* [[Fintan Culwin]]: ''Ada, a Developmental Approach'', Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-264680-3
* [[John English]], [[Fintan Culwin]]: ''Ada 95 the Craft of Object Oriented Programming'', Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-230350-7
* [[David A. Wheeler]]: ''Ada 95'', Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-94801-5
* [[David R. Musser]], [[Alexander Stepanov]]: ''The Ada Generic Library: Linear List Processing Packages'', Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-97133-5
* [[Michael B. Feldman]]: ''Software Construction and Data Structures with Ada 95'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-88795-9
* [[Simon Johnston]]: ''Ada 95 for C and C++ Programmers'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-40363-3
*[[Michael B. Feldman]], [[Elliot B. Koffman]]: ''Ada 95'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-36123-X
* [[Nell Dale]], [[Chip Weems]], John McCormick: ''Programming and Problem Solving with Ada 95'', Jones & Bartlett Publishers, ISBN 0-7637-0293-5
* [[Nell Dale]], [[John McCormick]]: ''Ada Plus Data Structures: An Object-Oriented Approach, 2nd edition'', Jones & Bartlett Publishers, ISBN 0-7637-3794-1
* [[Bruce C. Krell]]: ''Developing With Ada: Life-Cycle Methods'', Bantam Dell Pub Group, ISBN 0-553-09102-6
* [[Judy Bishop]]: ''Distributed Ada: Developments and Experiences'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-39251-9
* [[Bo Sanden]]: ''Software Systems Construction With Examples in Ada'', Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-030834-X
* [[Bruce Hillam]]: ''Introduction to Abstract Data Types Using Ada'', Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-045949-6
* [[David Rudd]]: ''Introduction to Software Design and Development With Ada'', Brooks Cole, ISBN 0-314-02829-3
* [[Ian C. Pyle]]: ''Developing Safety Systems: A Guide Using Ada'', Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-204298-3
* [[Louis Baker]]: ''Artificial Intelligence With Ada'', McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-003350-1
* [[Alan Burns]], [[Andy Wellings]]: ''HRT-HOOD: A Structured Design Method for Hard Real-Time Ada Systems'', North-Holland, ISBN 0-444-82164-3
* [[Walter Savitch, Charles Peterson]]: ''Ada: An Introduction to the Art and Science of Programming'', Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, ISBN 0-8053-7070-6
* [[Mark Allen Weiss]]: ''Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in Ada'', Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, ISBN 0-8053-9055-3
* [[Henry Ledgard]]: ''ADA: AN INTRODUCTION (Second Edition)'', Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-90814-5
</div>

== External links ==
{{external links}}

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* [http://adaworld.com/ Ada World]
* [http://adapower.com/ AdaPower]
* [http://www.sigada.org/ ACM SIGAda]
* [http://www.ada-europe.org/ Ada-Europe Organization]
* [http://www.adaic.com/ Ada Information Clearinghouse]
* [http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg9/ ISO Home of Ada Standards]
* [http://www.computer-books.us/ada95.php Ada 95 Books Available Online]
* [http://www.ada-auth.org/ Ada Rapporteur Group (evolution of standard)]
* [http://www.ada-answers.com/ Ada Answers - Building better software with Ada]
* [http://citeseer.org/cs?q=%22Ada%22 Citations from CiteSeer]
* [news:comp.lang.ada comp.lang.ada]
* [http://oopweb.com/Ada/Documents/Lovelace/Volume.html Ada Tutorial]
* [http://www.seas.gwu.edu/~mfeldman/ada-project-summary.html Projects Using Ada]
* [http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~dirk/ada-belgium/events/ Conference announcements for the international Ada community]
* [http://www.adahome.com/ Ada Home]

=== GNAT - Free Ada compiler ===
* [http://gnuada.sourceforge.net The GNU Ada Project]
* [http://www.gnavi.org/ GNAVI Ada Visual RAD]
* [http://asharp.martincarlisle.com/ A#: Ada on .NET]

'''AdaCore'''
* [http://www.gnat.com/ GNAT]
* [http://www.gnuada.org/ GNU Ada Homepage]
* [http://libre.adacore.com/ "Libre" Ada Software]
* [http://www.usafa.af.mil/df/dfcs/bios/mcc_html/adagide.cfm AdaGIDE, the Ada GNAT Integrated Development Environment for Windows]

=== Ada Wikis ===
==== General Info ====
* [http://ada.krischik.com Ada@Krischik]
* [[wiktionary:ACATS]]
* [[wiktionary:Ada]]
* [[wiktionary:ASIS]]

==== Tutorials ====
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ada_Programming Ada Programming]
* [http://es.wikibooks.org/wiki/Programación_en_Ada Programación en Ada]
* [http://fr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Programmation_Ada Programmation Ada]
* [http://br.geocities.com/adaunb/ Ada 95]

==== Projects ====
* [http://adacl.sourceforge.net/index.php AdaCL]
* [http://booch95.sourceforge.net/pmwiki.php The Ada 95 Booch Components]
* [http://gnuada.sourceforge.net The GNU Ada Compiler]
* [http://gnat-asis.sourceforge.net ASIS]
* [http://gnat-glade.sourceforge.net GLADE]
* [http://gnat-florist.sourceforge.net Florist]
* [http://wikibook-ada.sourceforge.net Wikibook Ada Programming]

</div>

[[Category:.NET programming languages]]
[[Category:Ada programming language|*Ada]]
[[Category:Algol programming language family]]
[[Category:ANSI standards]]
[[Category:Concurrent programming languages]]
[[Category:Imperative programming languages]]
[[Category:ISO standards]]
[[Category:Multi-paradigm programming languages]]
[[Category:Object-oriented programming languages]]
[[Category:Procedural programming languages]]
[[Category:Programming languages]]
[[Category:Statically-typed programming languages]]
[[Category:Systems programming languages]]

[[ar:أدا]]
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Ada (programming language)

2007-08-15T00:33:20Z

203.12.220.247: /* Features */

{{Infobox programming language
| name = Ada
| logo = [[Image:Ada-cover.jpg|200px]]
| paradigm = [[multi-paradigm programming language|multi-paradigm]]: [[concurrent programming language|concurrent]], [[distributed programming|distributed]], [[generic programming|generic-programming]], [[imperative programming|imperative]], [[object-oriented programming|object-oriented]]
| year = 1983, last revised 2005
| designer = [[Jean Ichbiah]], extended by [[S. Tucker Taft]]
| typing = [[Type system#Static typing|static]], [[Strongly-typed programming language|strong]], [[type safety|safe]], [[nominative type system|nominative]]
|implementations = [[GNAT]]
|dialects = Ada 83, Ada 95, Ada 2005
| influenced_by = [[ALGOL 68]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], [[C++]] (Ada 95), [[Smalltalk]] (Ada 95), [[Java (programming language)|Java]] (Ada 2005)
| influenced = [[C++]], [[PL/SQL]]
}}
'''Ada''' is a [[structured programming|structured]], [[statically typed]], [[Imperative programming|imperative]], and [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] [[high-level language|high-level]] [[computer programming|computer]] [[programming language]]. It was originally designed by a team led by [[Jean Ichbiah]] of [[Groupe Bull|CII Honeywell Bull]] under contract to the [[United States Department of Defense]] during [[1977]]–[[1983]] to supersede the hundreds of programming languages then used by the DOD. Ada addresses some of the same tasks as [[C (programming language)|C]] or [[C++]], but Ada is [[strongly typed languages|strongly-typed]] (even for integer-range), and compilers are validated for reliability in mission-critical applications, such as [[avionics]] software. Ada was named after [[Ada Lovelace]], who is often credited with being the first computer programmer.
Ada is an international standard; the current version (known as Ada 2005) is defined by joint ISO/ANSI standard ([http://www.adaic.org/standards/95lrm/html/RM-TTL.html ISO-8652:1995]), combined with major Amendment
[http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=45001 ISO/IEC 8652:1995/Amd 1:2007].

== Features ==
Ada was originally targeted at [[embedded system|embedded]] and [[real-time computing|real-time]] systems. The Ada 95 revision, designed by [[Tucker Taft|S. Tucker Taft]] of [[Intermetrics]] between [[1992]] and [[1995]], improved support for systems, numerical, financial, and 123 [[object-oriented programming]] (OOP).

Notable features of Ada include: [[strongly typed languages|strong typing]], [[modularity (programming)|modularity mechanisms]] (packages), [[run-time checking]], [[parallel processing]] (tasks), [[exception handling]], and [[generic programming|generic]]s. Ada 95 added support for [[object-oriented programming]], including [[dynamic dispatch]].

Ada supports run-time checks in order to protect against access to unallocated memory, [[buffer overflow]] errors, [[off by one errors]], array access errors, and other avoidable bugs. These checks can be disabled in the interest of runtime efficiency, but can often be compiled efficiently. It also includes facilities to help program verification. For these reasons, Ada is widely used in critical systems, where any [[anomaly]] might lead to very serious consequences, i.e., accidental death or injury. Examples of systems where Ada is used include [[avionics]], weapons (including [[thermonuclear weapons]]), and spacecraft.

Ada also supports a large number of compile-time checks to help avoid bugs that would not be detectable until run-time in some other languages or would require explicit checks to be added to the source code.

Ada's dynamic [[memory management]] is high-level and type-explicit, requiring explicit instantiation of the Unchecked_Deallocation package to explicitly free allocated memory. The specification does not require any particular implementation. Though the semantics of the language allow automatic [[garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collection]] of inaccessible objects, most implementations do not support it. Ada does support a limited form of [[region-based storage management]]. Invalid accesses can always be detected at run time (unless of course the check is turned off) and sometimes at compile time.

The syntax of Ada is simple, consistent and readable. It minimizes choices of ways to perform basic operations, and prefers English keywords (eg "OR") to symbols (eg. "||"). Ada uses the basic mathematical symbols (i.e.: "+", "-", "*" and "/") for basic mathematical operations but avoids using other symbols. Code blocks are delimited by using words such as "declare", "begin" and "end". It also enforces that each conditional statement be closed. For example, "<tt>'''if''' x > 0 '''then''' y := 0;</tt>" is not valid and must be closed with "end if"; i.e., "<tt>'''if''' x > 0 '''then''' y := 0; '''end if''';</tt>" The rationale is that code for a complex system must be readable by reviewers and maintainers. Reviewers may include domain experts who are not highly software literate. Code for complex systems is typically maintained for many years, by programmers other than the original author. It can be argued that these language design principles apply to most software projects, and most phases of software development, however when applied to complex, safety critical projects, benefits in correctness, reliability, and maintainability take precedence over (arguable) costs in initial development.

Unlike most [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] standards, the Ada language definition (known as the ''Ada Reference Manual'' or ''ARM'', or sometimes the ''Language Reference Manual'' or ''LRM'') is [[free content]]. Thus, it is a common reference for Ada programmers, not just programmers implementing Ada compilers. Apart from the reference manual, there is also an extensive rationale document which explains the language design and the use of various language constructs. This document is also widely used by programmers. When the language was revised, a new rationale document was written.

== History ==
In the [[1970s]], the [[United States Department of Defense|US Department of Defense]] (DoD) was concerned by the number of different programming languages being used for its embedded computer system projects, many of which were obsolete or hardware-dependent, and none of which supported safe modular programming. In [[1975]] the [[Higher Order Language Working Group]] (HOLWG) was formed with the intent of reducing this number by finding or creating a programming language generally suitable for the department's requirements; the result was Ada. The total number of high-level programming languages in use for such projects fell from over 450 in [[1983]] to 37 by [[1996]].

{{Wikisource|Steelman language requirements}} The [[working group]] created a series of language requirements documents—the Strawman, Woodenman, Tinman, Ironman and [[Steelman language requirements|Steelman]] documents. Many existing languages were formally reviewed, but the team concluded in [[1977]] that no existing language met the specifications.

Requests for proposals for a new programming language were issued and four contractors were hired to develop their proposals under the names of Red ([[Intermetrics]] led by [[Benjamin Brosgol]]), Green ([[CII Honeywell Bull]], led by [[Jean Ichbiah]]), Blue ([[SofTech]], led by [http://www.sei.cmu.edu/staff/jbg John Goodenough]), and Yellow ([[SRI International]], led by [[Jay Spitzen]]). In April 1978, after public scrutiny, the Red and Green proposals passed to the next phase. In May of [[1979]], the Green proposal, designed by Jean Ichbiah at CII Honeywell Bull, was chosen and given the name Ada—after [[Ada Lovelace|Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace]]. This proposal was influenced by the programming language [[LIS programming language|LIS]] that Ichbiah and his group had developed in the [[1970s]]. The preliminary Ada reference manual
was published in ACM SIGPLAN Notices in June 1979. The Military Standard reference manual was approved on [[December 10]], [[1980]] ([[Ada Lovelace]]'s birthday), and
given the number MIL-STD-1815 in honor of Ada Lovelace's birth year.

[[Image:Ada Lovelace 1838.jpg|right|caption|thumbnail|157px|[[Ada Lovelace|Augusta Ada King]], Countess of Lovelace.]]
In [[1987]], the US Department of Defense began to require the use of Ada (the ''Ada mandate'') for every software project where new code was more than 30% of result, though exceptions to this rule were often granted. This requirement was effectively removed in [[1997]], as the DoD began to embrace COTS ([[commercial off-the-shelf]]) technology. Similar requirements existed in other [[North Atlantic Treaty Organisation|NATO]] countries.

Because Ada is a strongly-typed language, it has been used outside the military in commercial aviation projects, where a software bug can mean fatalities. The fly-by-wire system in the [[Boeing 777]] runs software written in Ada. The Canadian Automated Air Traffic System (completed in year 2000 by [http://www.raytheon.ca Raytheon Canada]) was written in 1 million lines of Ada ([[Source lines of code|SLOC]] count). It featured advanced (for the time): distributed processing; a distributed Ada database; and object-oriented design.

The language became an [[American National Standards Institute|ANSI]] standard in [[1983]] ([http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83lrm/html/Welcome.html ANSI/MIL-STD 1815A]), and without any further changes became
an [[International standard|ISO standard]] in [[1987]] (ISO-8652:1987). This version of the language is commonly known as Ada 83, from the date of its adoption by ANSI, but is sometimes referred to also as Ada 87, from the date of its adoption by ISO.

Ada 95, the joint ISO/ANSI standard ([http://www.adaic.org/standards/95lrm/html/RM-TTL.html ISO-8652:1995]) is the latest standard for Ada. It was published in February [[1995]] (making Ada 95 the first ISO standard object-oriented programming language). To help with the standard revision and future acceptance, the [[US Air Force]] funded the development of the [[GNAT]] [[Compiler]]. Presently, the GNAT Compiler is part of the [[GNU Compiler Collection]].

Work has continued on improving and updating the technical content of the Ada programming language. A Technical Corrigendum to Ada 95 was published in October [[2001]], and a major Amendment, [http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=45001 ISO/IEC 8652:1995/Amd 1:2007], was published on [[March 9]], [[2007]].


== "Hello, world!" in Ada ==
A common example of a language's [[syntax]] is the [[Hello world program]]:
<source lang="ada">
with Ada.Text_IO;

procedure Hello is
begin
Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line("Hello, world!");
end Hello;
</source>

There are shortcuts available for <tt>Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line</tt>, needing less typing; however, they are not used here, for better understanding. For a detailed explanation, see [[Wikibooks:Ada Programming/Basic]].

== Criticism ==
=== The Ariane 5 failure ===
{{Main|Ariane 5 Flight 501}}
The maiden flight loss of [[Ariane 5 Flight 501]], a [[European Space Agency]] [[Ariane 5]] launcher, was due to an error in a program written in Ada for checks of the launcher while on the ground. During the beginning of the flight a run-time error occurred that was not covered by an exception handler and therefore propagated to the main guidance program leading to main processor shut down and loss of guidance. Management of the [[Ariane 5]] project had decided that since the same program worked well for all the flights of the [[Ariane 4]] it would be reused directly, without being adapted, for the [[Ariane 5]]. For the [[Ariane 4]] program, efficiency considerations had led to the disabling of the software handler (in Ada code) for one error trap (a data conversion from a 64-bit floating point to 16-bit signed integer value). However, the flight parameters of [[Ariane 5]] were different and when one value failed a range check that was impossible to fail on an [[Ariane 4]] there was no code in place to handle the resulting exception. The incident led to discussions on the use of Ada as a possible contributing factor, in particular concerning the design of Ada's run-time error handling.

== See also ==
{{external links}}

=== Online tutorials ===
The following sites have link collections to Ada tutorials:

* [[wikibooks:Programming:Ada:Tutorials|Wikibook tutorial for programming in Ada]]
* [http://www.adapower.com/index.php?Command=Class&ClassID=Tutorials&Title=Tutorials at AdaPower]
* [http://www.adaworld.com/tutorialsmain.html at AdaWorld]
* [http://www.computer-books.us/ada95.php at Computer-Books.us] - A collection of Ada books available for free download.

=== Organizations ===
*[[Ada Information Clearinghouse]]
*[[SIGAda]] - [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] Special Interest Group on Ada
*[[Ada-Europe]] - European organization to promote the use of Ada

=== Compilers ===
* [[AdaMagic]] - Proprietary Ada technology from SofCheck, including Ada 95 front end, run-time system, and tools; front end can generate conventional IL, ISO/ANSI C, or Java byte codes
* [[GNAT]] - [[GNAT Modified General Public License|Free]] compiler based on [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]]
* [[GNATPro]] - Commercially supported version of [[GNAT]] from AdaCore
* [[JGNAT]] - [[GNAT]]-based compiler for the [[Java Runtime Environment]]
* [[MGNAT]] - [[GNAT]]-based compiler for the [[.NET Framework]] Environment ([[A Sharp (.NET)|A#]] project)
* [[ObjectAda]] - Proprietary Ada compiler from Aonix
* [[PowerAda]] - Proprietary Ada Compiler from OC Systems
* [[AdaMulti]] - Proprietary Ada Compiler and Integrated Development Environment from [[Green Hills Software]]
* SCORE - Proprietary multi language Integrated Development Environment from DDC-I, Inc. including a compiler for Ada as one of its supported languages
* Rational Apex (now owned and sold by IBM)

=== Tools ===
{{top}}
* [[A Sharp (.NET)|A#]] (A port of Ada to the Microsoft .NET Platform, [http://asharp.martincarlisle.com/])
* [[Aunit]]
* [[Ada Mode]] (Complete Ada-Mode for Vim, [http://vim.sourceforge.net/scripts/script.php?script_id=1609])
* [[AdaAllegro]] (Ada Interface to Allegro Game Library)
* [[AdaBrowse]] (Javadoc-like HTML generator for Ada 95 library unit specifications, [http://home.tiscalinet.ch/t_wolf/tw/ada95/adabrowse/])
* [[AdaDoc]] ([http://adadoc.sourceforge.net/])
* [[AdaCL]] (Ada Class Library, [http://adacl.sourceforge.net/])
* [[AdaGIDE]] (A free GNAT Ada [[Integrated Development Environment]] for Windows)
* [[Ada OpenGL]] ([http://adaopengl.sourceforge.net/])
* [[Cairo bindings for Ada95]] ([http://damien.carbonne.free.fr/download/])
* [[AdaControl]] (ASIS_GNAT the Ada Rule Checker, [http://www.adalog.fr/adacontrol2.htm])
* [[Gnade]] (Ada Database Interface, [http://gnade.sourceforge.net/])
* [[GNAT Programming Studio]] (GPS)
{{mid}}
* [[GNATCOM]] (Ada binding for Microsoft [[Component Object Model|COM]] spec.)
* [[GNAVI]] (Ada Visual RAD)
* [[GtkAda]] (Ada binding for [[GTK+]], [https://libre.adacore.com/GtkAda/])
* [[OGLAda]] ([http://www.niestu.com/languages/oglada/])
* [[PolyORB]]
* [[QTAda]] (Older QT bindings for Ada)
* [[QT4ADA]] (QT4 bindings for Ada, [http://qt4ada.sourceforge.net/])
* [[SofCheck Inspector]] (Static Error Detection tool, [http://www.sofcheck.com/products/inspector.html])
* [[Tartan Ada]] (Cross compilers for TI TMS320C3x and TMS320C4x DSPs)
* [[TextTools]] (Ncurses-based Mouse-Windows Toolkit for Ada, [http://www.pegasoft.ca/tt.html])
* [[Visual Ada Developer]]
* [[XML-Ada|XML/Ada]] and [[XML4Ada95]]
* [[XIA/XPath In Ada]] (An Ada binding to the [[XPath]] 1.0 spec.)
{{bottom}}
Another list of Ada [[Language binding|bindings]] can be found at [http://www.codeteacher.com/index.php?browse=/Computers/Programming/Languages/Ada/Bindings_and_Libraries/].

=== Related programming languages ===
* [[SPARK programming language|SPARK]] - High integrity language based on an Ada subset
* [[VHDL]] - A hardware description language for representing digital hardware, with many concepts and much syntax borrowed from Ada.
* [[PL/SQL]] - [[Stored procedure]] language in [[Oracle Corporation]]'s [[RDBMS]] product, has many similarities to Ada and was historically based on Ada syntax

=== Others ===
* [[High Integrity System]]s
* [[Ravenscar profile]]
* [[Comparison of programming languages]]

== References ==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
{{wikibookspar||Ada Programming}}

=== International Standards ===
* [[ISO 8652|ISO/IEC 8652]]: Information technology — Programming languages — Ada
* [[ISO 15291|ISO/IEC 15291]]: Information technology — Programming languages — Ada Semantic Interface Specification ([[wiktionary:ASIS|ASIS]])
* [[ISO 18009|ISO/IEC 18009]]: Information technology — Programming languages — Ada: Conformity assessment of a language processor ([[wiktionary:ACATS|ACATS]])
* [[IEEE 1003|IEEE Standard 1003.5b-1996]], the [[POSIX]] Ada binding
* [http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/formal/ada_language_mapping.htm Ada Language Mapping Specification], the [[CORBA]] [[Interface description language|IDL]] to Ada mapping

=== Rationale ===
(These documents have been published in various forms including print.)

* [http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83rat/html/Welcome.html Jean D. Ichbiah, John G. P. Barnes, Robert J. Firth and Mike Woodger, ''Rationale for the Design of the Ada® Programming Language'', 1986.]
* [http://www.adaic.org/standards/95rat/RAThtml/rat95-contents.html John G. P. Barnes, '' Ada 95 rationale : the language : the standard libraries'', 1995.]
* [http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rat/html/Rat-TTL.html John Barnes, ''Rationale for Ada 2005'', 2005, 2006.]

=== Books ===
* [[Jan Skansholm]]: ''Ada 95 From the Beginning'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-40376-5
* [[Geoff Gilpin]]: ''Ada: A Guided Tour and Tutorial'', Prentice hall, ISBN 978-0-13-004045-9
* [[John Barnes (computer scientist)|John Barnes]]: ''Programming in Ada 2005'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-321-34078-7
* [[John Barnes (computer scientist)|John Barnes]]: ''Programming in Ada plus Language Reference Manual'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-56539-0
* [[John Barnes (computer scientist)|John Barnes]]: ''Programming in Ada 95'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-34293-6
* [[John Barnes (computer scientist)|John Barnes]]: ''High Integrity Ada: The SPARK Approach'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-17517-7
* [[John Barnes (computer scientist)|John Barnes]]: ''High Integrity Software: The SPARK Approach to Safety and Security'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-321-13616-0
* [[John Beidler]]: ''Data Structures and Algorithms: An Object-Oriented Approach Using Ada 95'', Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-94834-1
* [[Dean W. Gonzalez]]: ''Ada Programmer's Handbook'', Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, ISBN 0-8053-2529-8
* [[M. Ben-Ari]]: ''Ada for Software Engineers'', John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-97912-0
* [[Norman Cohen]]: ''Ada as a Second Language'', McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, ISBN 0-07-011607-5
* [[Alan Burns]], [[Andy Wellings]]: ''Real-Time Systems and Programming Languages. Ada 95, Real-Time Java and Real-Time POSIX.'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-72988-1
* [[Alan Burns]], [[Andy Wellings]]: ''Concurrency in Ada'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62911-X
* [[Colin Atkinson]]: ''Object-Oriented Reuse, Concurrency and Distribution: An Ada-Based Approach'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-56527-7
* [[Grady Booch]], [[Doug Bryan]]: ''Software Engineering with Ada'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-8053-0608-0
* [[Daniel Stubbs]], [[Neil W. Webre]]: ''Data Structures with Abstract Data Types and Ada'', Brooks Cole, ISBN 0-534-14448-9
* [[Pascal Ledru]]: ''Distributed Programming in Ada with Protected Objects'', Dissertation.com, ISBN 1-58112-034-6
* [[Fintan Culwin]]: ''Ada, a Developmental Approach'', Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-264680-3
* [[John English]], [[Fintan Culwin]]: ''Ada 95 the Craft of Object Oriented Programming'', Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-230350-7
* [[David A. Wheeler]]: ''Ada 95'', Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-94801-5
* [[David R. Musser]], [[Alexander Stepanov]]: ''The Ada Generic Library: Linear List Processing Packages'', Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-97133-5
* [[Michael B. Feldman]]: ''Software Construction and Data Structures with Ada 95'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-88795-9
* [[Simon Johnston]]: ''Ada 95 for C and C++ Programmers'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-40363-3
*[[Michael B. Feldman]], [[Elliot B. Koffman]]: ''Ada 95'', Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-36123-X
* [[Nell Dale]], [[Chip Weems]], John McCormick: ''Programming and Problem Solving with Ada 95'', Jones & Bartlett Publishers, ISBN 0-7637-0293-5
* [[Nell Dale]], [[John McCormick]]: ''Ada Plus Data Structures: An Object-Oriented Approach, 2nd edition'', Jones & Bartlett Publishers, ISBN 0-7637-3794-1
* [[Bruce C. Krell]]: ''Developing With Ada: Life-Cycle Methods'', Bantam Dell Pub Group, ISBN 0-553-09102-6
* [[Judy Bishop]]: ''Distributed Ada: Developments and Experiences'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-39251-9
* [[Bo Sanden]]: ''Software Systems Construction With Examples in Ada'', Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-030834-X
* [[Bruce Hillam]]: ''Introduction to Abstract Data Types Using Ada'', Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-045949-6
* [[David Rudd]]: ''Introduction to Software Design and Development With Ada'', Brooks Cole, ISBN 0-314-02829-3
* [[Ian C. Pyle]]: ''Developing Safety Systems: A Guide Using Ada'', Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-204298-3
* [[Louis Baker]]: ''Artificial Intelligence With Ada'', McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-003350-1
* [[Alan Burns]], [[Andy Wellings]]: ''HRT-HOOD: A Structured Design Method for Hard Real-Time Ada Systems'', North-Holland, ISBN 0-444-82164-3
* [[Walter Savitch, Charles Peterson]]: ''Ada: An Introduction to the Art and Science of Programming'', Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, ISBN 0-8053-7070-6
* [[Mark Allen Weiss]]: ''Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in Ada'', Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, ISBN 0-8053-9055-3
* [[Henry Ledgard]]: ''ADA: AN INTRODUCTION (Second Edition)'', Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-90814-5
</div>

== External links ==
{{external links}}

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* [http://adaworld.com/ Ada World]
* [http://adapower.com/ AdaPower]
* [http://www.sigada.org/ ACM SIGAda]
* [http://www.ada-europe.org/ Ada-Europe Organization]
* [http://www.adaic.com/ Ada Information Clearinghouse]
* [http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg9/ ISO Home of Ada Standards]
* [http://www.computer-books.us/ada95.php Ada 95 Books Available Online]
* [http://www.ada-auth.org/ Ada Rapporteur Group (evolution of standard)]
* [http://www.ada-answers.com/ Ada Answers - Building better software with Ada]
* [http://citeseer.org/cs?q=%22Ada%22 Citations from CiteSeer]
* [news:comp.lang.ada comp.lang.ada]
* [http://oopweb.com/Ada/Documents/Lovelace/Volume.html Ada Tutorial]
* [http://www.seas.gwu.edu/~mfeldman/ada-project-summary.html Projects Using Ada]
* [http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~dirk/ada-belgium/events/ Conference announcements for the international Ada community]
* [http://www.adahome.com/ Ada Home]

=== GNAT - Free Ada compiler ===
* [http://gnuada.sourceforge.net The GNU Ada Project]
* [http://www.gnavi.org/ GNAVI Ada Visual RAD]
* [http://asharp.martincarlisle.com/ A#: Ada on .NET]

'''AdaCore'''
* [http://www.gnat.com/ GNAT]
* [http://www.gnuada.org/ GNU Ada Homepage]
* [http://libre.adacore.com/ "Libre" Ada Software]
* [http://www.usafa.af.mil/df/dfcs/bios/mcc_html/adagide.cfm AdaGIDE, the Ada GNAT Integrated Development Environment for Windows]

=== Ada Wikis ===
==== General Info ====
* [http://ada.krischik.com Ada@Krischik]
* [[wiktionary:ACATS]]
* [[wiktionary:Ada]]
* [[wiktionary:ASIS]]

==== Tutorials ====
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ada_Programming Ada Programming]
* [http://es.wikibooks.org/wiki/Programación_en_Ada Programación en Ada]
* [http://fr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Programmation_Ada Programmation Ada]
* [http://br.geocities.com/adaunb/ Ada 95]

==== Projects ====
* [http://adacl.sourceforge.net/index.php AdaCL]
* [http://booch95.sourceforge.net/pmwiki.php The Ada 95 Booch Components]
* [http://gnuada.sourceforge.net The GNU Ada Compiler]
* [http://gnat-asis.sourceforge.net ASIS]
* [http://gnat-glade.sourceforge.net GLADE]
* [http://gnat-florist.sourceforge.net Florist]
* [http://wikibook-ada.sourceforge.net Wikibook Ada Programming]

</div>

[[Category:.NET programming languages]]
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[[Category:Algol programming language family]]
[[Category:ANSI standards]]
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[[Category:Imperative programming languages]]
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St. John's Institution

2007-07-02T01:44:01Z

203.12.220.247: /* St John's Institution Cadet Band */

{{Wikify|date=May 2007}}

{{Infobox Secondary school
| name = St John's Institution
| motto = Fide et Labore ([[Latin]]) Faith and Zeal
| logo = The Golden Eagle
| established = [[1904]]
| type = [[public school|Government-Aided]] Non-Boarding all-boys secondary school
| affiliations = [[Education in Malaysia|Malaysia Ministry Of Education]]
| headmaster = Mr Peter Yii
| founder = De La Salle Christian Brothers
| chaplain =
| chairman =
| enrolment = 1200
| grades = Form 1 - Form 6
| free_label_1 = Abbreviation
| free_1 = SJI
| colours = Green and gold
| campus = Large School campus, at the city centre
| city = [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| state =
| country = [[Malaysia]]
| website = http://www.sji.edu.my
}}

'''St John's Institution''' (''[[Malay language|Malay]]: Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan St John'') is a ''premier'' [[secondary school]] for boys (and girls for form 6) and one of the oldest schools in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. The school is widely known as '''SJI''' and the [[students]] of St John's Institution are called '''Johannians'''.

SJI is famous for its high achievement in [[academic]], [[sports]] and other activities for secondary school level in Malaysia. It is considered one of the best non-residential schools in [[Malaysia]]. The school is named after Saint John Baptist de La Salle, the founder of the De La Salle Christian Brothers order.

Recently, SJI was named as one of the cluster schools of excellence by the Malaysian Ministry of Education, which will be given autonomy in administration and adequate funding to excel in specialised fields (academic, sports and extra-curricular activities) of choice.

== Site and Architecture ==

The school is located in Jalan [[Bukit Nanas]], in the city centre of Kuala Lumpur, next to the [[Bukit Nanas]] forest reserve, giving it a lush surrounding. St John's Primary School is located across the road while the [[Convent Bukit Nanas]] is further down the road. The Fatima Kindergarten (which is now converted into a community service centre) and the [[Roman Catholic]] [[St. John's Cathedral, Kuala Lumpur|St John's Cathedral]] are both situated on the road leading up to SJI.

The school is famous for its magnificent historical main building - a red and white-brick building with Grecian-Spanish influences. It has been gazetted as a National Heritage Building by the Malaysian government and is the most elaborate school building in the city.

[http://lurker.smugmug.com/photos/114095148-M.jpg]
[http://lurker.smugmug.com/photos/114095165-M.jpg]
[http://lurker.smugmug.com/photos/114095176-M.jpg]

== Students ==

In the last 100 years, thousands of boys and girls - girls are admitted for Form 6 only - from all walks of life were schooled at St John's. Royalty, children of prime ministers, politicians, merchants and civil servants went to school together.

The students of St John's, who are fondly known as 'Johannians', are well-known and stand out compared to those from most other school in Malaysia, for they possess a burning spirit - The Johannian Spirit - that is described as a rich blend of incredible love towards the school, great leadership skills, unity, loyalty, outstanding manners and class.

The school has continually produced students who have gone on to make names for themselves in various fields. Indeed, the old-boys roll reads like a Who's Who of Malaysia.

Now a days students in the school no longer have the johannian spirit because st john's inst has became the worst school in the list of cluster schools . The only reason for the school to be listed in the cluster school in Malaysia is because the Education Minister was a former old -boy of the school and also the son of the former prime minister . The exam results for the school is nothing better than an average secondary school in Malaysia . This is the results of the acceptance of the students form the primary school of St John's Inst which are granted automatic entry into the secondary school, thus dropping the standard of the school .

== Administration ==

The school has traditionally been headed by the brother of the La Sallian order, with a Brother Director (like a headmaster) and a Brother Supervisor (like a deputy headmaster). In recent years, the Brother Supervisor was replaced with two assistant principals, whom are non-brothers.

Former brother directors include:
*Bro. Dositheus Joseph Brophy
*Bro. Cornelius
*Bro. Stephen Edward
*Bro. James Gilbert
*Bro. Lawrence Spitzig (1979 to 1982; also earlier in 1955 to 1961)
*Bro. Joseph McNally
*Bro. Joseph Yeoh (1969 to 1979, dying in office)
*Bro. Marcian
*Bro. Julian Francis
*Bro. Cassian Pappu
*Bro. Michael Wong (the last brother director, retired in 2002)

The names of the five sports houses in the school are derived from the previous Brother Directors: D. Joseph, Cornelius, Gilbert, Claude and Stephen.

The headship of the school has since passed on to the laity and the present principal is Peter Yii, who became the first non-brother and non-Catholic to head the school in 2002. He is assisted by three assistant principals and an afternoon supervisor.

==History==

1904
* At the request of the Education Department and the then Bishop of [[Melaka]], Mgr. Fee, the La Sallian Brothers opened a school in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. According to records, it started with an initial enrollment of 18 boys.
* Three days before classes were to commence on [[January 18]], three Brothers arrived to take charge of the school – Brother Julian Francis from [[Hong Kong]], Brother Andrew Corsini from [[Burma]] and Brother Cyril Alexander from [[Penang]].
* The school building was a two-storey wooden structure, 80 feet long and 20 feet wide, with a brick pillar and a verandah facing the north.
* Later in the year, Brother James Gilbert arrived from [[Singapore]] to take the place of Brother Julian Francis as Brother Director of SJI.

1905
* On [[2 January]] [[1905]], a Standard 7 was set up and entrusted to Brother Cyril Alexander.
* With this new set-up, expansion was needed. So Father Renard lent to the school the house of the Chinese Catechist which was capable of holding one class and also an attap shed near the site.

1906
* In June 1906, Brother Imier of Jesus, Provincial Visitor of the United States paid a visit to SJI. He later became Superior General in 1913.
* More classes were opened and accommodated on temporary structures.
* Finally the government provided a piece of land given to the mission for religious and educational purposes.
* [[3 November]] [[1906]], the foundation stone for the new building was laid by Sir Conway Belfield, Resident Councilor for [[Selangor]].

1907
* On [[August 10]], the new building was completed and declared open by the High Commissioner and Governor, Sir John Anderson.
* At the end of the year, the building was used for the Cambridge Examination for all the candidates of [[Kuala Lumpur]].

1914
* The Brothers’ Building was enlarged by the addition of two new wings which were to house the [[chapel]] and offices and the Juniorate and Novitiate.
* Brother Marcian was appointed Director of the newly formed Juniorate.

1915
* A Cadet Corps was formed followed shortly by a Scout Troop.

1921
* Brother Stephen Edward (Director from 1921 – 1925) demolished the Brothers’ Building and replaced it with the present one, to which additions were made later.

1930
* Brother Cornelius served as Brother Director from 1930 to 1946 and under his energetic management, many projects were brought to a successful conclusion.
* Brother Cornelius enlarged the playground, a project that was started by Brother Louis. He then turned his attention to the building of the hall which was finally completed with the provision for two more storeys in the future.
* Brother Cornelius next built a new wing on the east side of the Brothers’ Building, which became the Boarding Department.

1942 – 1945
* During [[World War II]], SJI was closed but crowds of refugees flocked to Brother Cornelius for help and stayed in the school for security. When the war ended and peace returned, these refugees organized a scholarship fund to express gratitude to Brother Cornelius and to perpetuate his memory.

1948
* Brother D. Joseph established La Salle Sentul, La Salle Brickfields, La Salle Peel Road and La Salle Klang, which were intended as feeder schools for St John’s.
* In SJI, he renovated the school hall as well as built a new cafeteria, space staff room and offices. A modern library was furnished and equipped and an extensive P.A. system was installed.

1953
* On [[April 15]], the first issue of the Term Review was on sale. The Term Review was the predecessor to the current Editorial Board.

1954
* In the Golden Jubilee year, Brother D. Joseph achieved his final objective – the completion of the field extension.

1955
* Brother Lawrence Spitzig became Brother Director of SJI (1955 – 1961).
* The Dramatic Society staged its second play, ‘Twelfth Night’, and the newly formed school orchestra made its first public appearance at the play’s public performance in the hall. Brother Celestine was responsible for the success of the play.

1956
* Brother Lawrence renovated the school and added 14 classrooms at a cost of M$90,000

1957
* General Sir Francis Festing, Commander-in-Chief of the Far East visited SJI.

1958
* In accordance with a new government directive, a Board of Governors for the school was set up and the first meeting was held on [[September 24]]. In the primary section, the Board of Managers held its first meeting on [[March 13]].

1959
* His Excellency Mgr John Gordon, Charge d’Affaires of the Apostolic Delegation of [[Thailand]] and [[Malaya]] visited SJI on [[January 27]].
* Construction of the St John’s Primary School began on the site of the Old Boys’ Club. The building could accommodate 24 classes and would cost M$220,000

1960
* On [[September 16]], St John’s Primary School was officially opened by Brother Fintan.
* The new [[chapel]] on the middle floor of SJI was officially opened and used on [[October 19]].

==Affliations==
[[Image:sxi12.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Statue of St John Baptist De La Salle]]
'''SJI''' is affiliated to other [[Lasallian educational institutions|La Sallian Educational Institutions]] such as:
* La Salle School, in [[Brickfields]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]
* La Salle School, in [[Jinjang]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]
* [[La Salle School, Klang]], [[Selangor]]
* La Salle School, in [[Kota Kinabalu]]
* La Salle School, in Peel Road, [[Kuala Lumpur]]
* La Salle School, in [[Petaling Jaya]]
* La Salle School, in [[Sentul]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]
* St Andrew's School, in [[Muar]], [[Johor]]
* [[St. Francis Institution]] in [[Melaka]]
* [[SMK St George|St George's Institution]] in [[Taiping, Perak]]
* St Joseph's School in [[Kuching]]
* St Martin's School in [[Tambunan]], [[Sabah]]
* [[St. Michael's Institution]] in [[Ipoh]]
* [[St. Paul's Institution, Seremban]]
* [[St Xavier's Institution]] in [[Penang]]

(''Most of the La Salle schools in [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[Petaling Jaya]] were set up by Bro. Lawrence Spitzig, a former Brother Director of SJI, and were originally intended as feeder schools for SJI but eventually grew to be respectable schools of their own.''')

*International
** [[St Joseph's Institution, Singapore]]
** [[St Patrick's School]] (Singapore)
** [[St Joseph's College]](Hong Kong).

== Uniform ==
The traditional uniform was a white shirt, white trousers with a green tie (similar to the uniform of [http://www.sji.moe.edu.sg St Joseph's Insitutition] in [[Singapore]]). In the 1970s, the federal government imposed national school uniforms as opposed to uniforms distinct to each school. Therefore, Johannians wear the common navy green long pants and white shirt as found in other secondary schools in Malaysia.

But the green tie which is a symbol of the institution stayed. The lower All the upper secondary students (Form 1 - 6) wear the distinct green tie with stripes and school emblem.

The Councillor Prefects, had changed to "The Board of Prefectorial"(as the prefectorial board is known) have a special uniform of black trousers, white shirt and black kot. The name of Councillor means councilling the student when they do wrong. Now is no longer in that manner the prefect will just take action when they do wrong.

==Subjects==
===Compulsory subjects===
Certain subjects are made compulsory for students. These are:
*[[Malay Language|Bahasa Melayu]] / Malay Language
*[[English studies|English]] / Bahasa Inggeris
*[[GCE]] [[O Level]] English/ Inggeris 1119
*[[Islamic Education]] / Pendidikan Islam - For all Muslim students
*[[Moral Knowledge]] / Pengetahuan Moral - For all non-Muslim students
*[[History]] / Sejarah
*[[Mathematics]] / Matematik
*[[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]]/Bahasa Cina
*[[Science]] / Sains (Counted as a compulsory subject for non-Science stream students)

===Elective subjects===
====Science stream====
*[[Additional Mathematics]] / Matematik Tambahan
*[[Physics]] / Fizik
*[[Chemistry]] / Kimia
*[[Biology]] / Biologi
*EST - English for Science and Technology

====Commerce Stream====
*[[Additional Mathematics]] / Matematik Tambahan
*[[Basic Economies]] / Ekonomi Asas
*[[Business Studies]] / Perdagangan
*[[Principles of Accountancy]] / Prinsip Akaun

====Art Stream====
*[[Sastera Melayu]] / Malay Literature
*[[English Literature]] / Kesusasteraan Inggeris
*[[Arts]] / Pendidikan Seni Visual

====Additional Subjects====
*[[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]] / Bahasa Mandarin
*[[Tamil Language]] / Bahasa Tamil
*[[Bible Knowledge]] / Pengetahuan Bible

== Uniformed Bodies ==

Some of the school uniformed bodies are the St John's Institution Cadet Corps, St John's Cadet Band, Eagle Scout Group, St John Ambulance, Eagle Scout Group and Red Crescent Society, [[Taekwondo]] Club, [[Karate]] club & [[Kendo]] Club. [[Kendo]] Club is another uniqueness belong to St. John's Instituition where almost no other government schools have. There have been some isolated cases of bully within some units; however the school has taken prompt action to punish those in question.

Principal Mr Peter Yii has made a rule that all students must wear the uniforms of their uniformed body on Wednesdays.

===St John's Institution Eagle Scout Group===
The St John's Institution Eagle Scout Group was established in 1963.

The name Eagle Scouts was taken after the "Eagle Scout" of America which was the equivalent of the King Scout in Malaysia. This occurred when a group of scouts from the council visited another scout troop in America and decided to name the troop Eagle Scout Group. It is also known as the 8th Bukit Bintang Scout Troop. The scouts organize Campfires biennially, which turned annually in 2005. One of the top achievements of the Eagle Scouts is the acknowledgment by the [[Malaysia Book of Records]] for '''''the Largest Bakau Structure.'''''

The troop is managed by a group of boys in Form Four or better known as the Court of Honour. As for the old boys, it is a legal body namely the Rover Crew who helps out partially on the management and mostly scouting skills. The troop was gifted with a Scout Den (located across the school field) for the boys to conduct their activities. As reminder the Scout Den was built in 1970s with Funds raised by the scouts themselves. All those scouts in the 1970s have made the Group a legacy & they have went beyond to achieve their ambitions in the world. Colin Nicholas & Gang led the Group in the 1970s wrote several survival digest through experiencies in real life. The legacies still lives in the history of this Group

Eagle Scout Group has participated in various competition camps such as the World Jamboree in [[Thailand]] in 2002, LSCS Camporee in 2003 and 2004 and the next World Jamboree which will be held in [[London]], [[England]].

As the troop has endured the ups and downs, the highs and lows over his existence for 44 years, it is the undying spirit and the faith of not just the members of this troop but everyone including the parents, teachers and scouters who has enabled this troop to overcome all odds. Among those who have been highly honoured as the leader of the Eagle Scout Group throughout the last decade includes Mr. Simon Ng, Mrs Pok Mee Chin, Joseph Anthony Gomes, Joel Ng, Lee Jia Wen, Leonard Chooi and Christy Vicknesraj also Bryan.

The troop has been a fantastic source of pride for the school being the best in everything they do. The scouts continue to live up to expectations and excel in everything. The troop have even have their own song and oath. The scouts are most probably the best Johanians.

===St John's Institution Cadet Corps===
The St John's Institution Cadet Corps was established in 1915. It is the oldest cadet in this school formed by LT Eric Chart. It was under the command of the British Military Somerset Light Infantry during the colonial days. The Cadet Corps conducts school function. The Cadet Corps also performed the cadet EXPO with the help of the cadet band.

===St John's Institution Cadet Band===
The St John's Institution Cadet Band was formed in 1916 and is an institution by itself. The Cadet Band is also one of the few bands in Malaysia who include bagpipes in its ensemble.

In 2005 the St John's Institution Cadet Band Alumni was registered as an alumni body representing ex-band members. Today the members continues their passion through the formation of the Alumni Band, mainly Pipe and Drums, performing private functions.Losing streak.

===St John Ambulance of Malaysia (KL SJI A/C Div)===
Part of the St John Ambulance, an international organization dedicated to training and providing first aid, KL SJI A/C has made the school proud with several achievements, most noted in 2006. The current Divisional Structure is as follows:

*Officer in Charge: Divisional Officer Woo Chong You (Trainer)
*Teacher Advisors : Mr. Han Peeh Siew & Pn. Azny Rohaidah
*Member in Charge : Act. Cadet Corporal Eugene Wong Ying Wei
*Secretary : Act. Cadet Corporal Kan Yip Yun
*Treasurer : Cadet Yap Calvin
*Storekeeper : Act. Cadet Lance Corporal Tan Fu-Shen
*Cadet Voluntary Service Coordinator: Act. Cadet Lance Corporal Cheah Wei Nam
*Afternoon Representative : Cadet Lee Zheng Yang

The 5 cadets who formed the 2005 team (Thian Kah Tuck, Lee Yong Keong, Kan Yip Yun, Heng Yik Hoe, Adrian Goh, managed by Adrian Chee) represented the division at the '''17th Regional First Aid & Home Nursing Competition 2005''' held in Methodist Boys' School achieved the following:

*Uniform Test & Foot Drills : 1st

At the '''18th Regional First Aid & Home Nursing Competition 2006''' held at Methodist Boys' School, the team consisting of Heng Yik Hoe, Wan Ming Wai, Cheah Wei Nam, Tan Fu-Shen, Eugene Wong and managed by Thian Kah Tuck secured the following awards:
* Uniform Test & Foot Drills : 1st
* Short Case : 2nd
* Long Case : 1st
* Best Leader : Heng Yik Hoe
* Overall Champions of Ambulance Cadet category.

The same team, albeit one new member (Heng Yik Hoe, Wan Ming Wai, Eugene Wong, Tan Fu-Shen, Tang Qi Kit) then represented the Federal Territorries at the '''48th National First Aid & Home Nursing Competition 2006''' at [[Universiti Teknologi Mara]], Jalan Semarak. The accompanying officer was D/O Woo Chong You. The results:
* Uniform Test & Foot Drills : 3rd
* Short Case : 2nd

At the '''3rd Regional First Aid Quiz 2006''' held in St John's Institution, Wan Ming Wai was awarded the Best Individual Award.

At the '''19th Regional First Aid & Home Nursing Competition 2007''' held in Methodist Boys' School, the team of 2007, (Kan Yip Yun, Tan Fu-Shen, Eugene Wong, Cheah Wei Nam, Leong Kar Soon, managed by Wan Ming Wai) achieved:

*Long Case : 1st
*Overall Champions for Ambulance Cadet category.

The same team (accompanying officer: Mr.Tan Gengta) represented the Federal Territorries at the '''49th National First Aid & Home Nursing Competition 2007''' held in University Darul Iman, Kuala Terengganu on the 26 and [[27 May]] [[2007]].

==School Songs==
===School Rally (English)===
Cheer, cheer and courage display , 
All ye Johannians join in the lay! 
Send a volley of cheers on high, 
Shake down the thunder from the sky. 
What though the odds be great or small, 
Dear old St. John's will win over all, 
While her loyal sons are marching 
Onward to victory. 

Rise, boys and loudly proclaim 
That ye will never sully her name! 
Let the hills and woodlands ring, 
Lift up your hearts and loudly sing. 
What though the way be rough or steep, 
We unto virtue's summons will keep; 
And if e'er our country needs us, 
Loyal and true we'll be. 

===School Rally (Bahasa Malaysia)===
Tunjukkanlah keberanian, 
Marilah semua Johannian, 
Laungkan semangat berkobar, 
Hingga angkasa bergegar, 
Walau apapun rintangan, 
St John tetap berjaya menang, 
Barisan putera setia, 
Menuju puncak jaya. 

===All The Way===
All the way St. John's we go for you 
All the way or nothing at all 
We are loyal we are good and true 
All the way we hearken to your call 

For you are beautiful 
St. John's you're beautiful 
Our alma mater 
We will sing Fide et Labore 

All the way St. John's we go for you 
All the way or nothing at all 
We are loyal we are good and true 
All the way we hearken to your call 

All the way 
All the way 

===Onward St. John===
Let us march onto glory 
Let us surge onto fame 
Let us raise our voices and our hearts 
Onward, onward St. John 

The gold and the green 
The white and the true 
We are here for you St. John 
Fide et Labore 
Ever loyal we'll be 
The bold, the best and the brave 

Let us march onto glory 
Let us surge onto fame 
Let us raise our voices and our hearts 
Onward, onward St. John 

Onward, onward, onward St. John... 

== Contact details ==

The postal address of SJI is: 
Jalan Bukit Nanas, 
50250 Kuala Lumpur. 

Telephone numbers:
* +60 3 2078 2846 (secondary school)
* +60 3 2078 1643 (primary school)
* +60 3 2078 8594 (residence)

== Notable Johannians ==

* [[Sultan Sharafuddin|Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Al-Haj]], [[Sultan of Selangor]]
* [[Raja Nazrin Shah|Raja Dr Nazrin Shah]], Raja Muda (Crown Prince) of [[Perak]]
* [[Najib Tun Razak|Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak]], Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia
* [[Hishammuddin Hussein|Datuk Hishammuddin Tun Hussein Onn]], Education Minister of Malaysia
* [[Harith Iskandar]], Actor, Comedian
* [[Hans Isaac]], Actor
* [[Dato Azhar Sulaiman]], Sportsman
* [[Afdlin Shauki]], Actor, Comedian
* Dato' Kamaluddin Abdullah (1984), (Businessman), The son of the Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi

other notable Johannians: Elias Yamani Bin Ismail, Artist, Sculptor

== See also ==
* [[Lasallian educational institutions]]

* [http://groups.google.com/group/sjikc St. John's Institution Karate Club's Online Discussion Board]

{{La Sallian Educational Institutions in Malaysia}}

[[Category:Secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Schools in Kuala Lumpur]]

Suhail (disambiguation)

2007-04-09T05:18:34Z

203.12.220.247:

"Suhail" in Arabic means "handsome, brilliant, glorious, and beautiful." This was a term that was commonly applied to a bright star.

The name of this star is probably a shortening of Al Suhail al Wazn, that is, "The Bright Star of the Weight." Another name for this star is simply Alsuhail. Suhail is an orange K4.5Ib-II bright giant to supergiant star having about 3000 times the luminosity of the sun.

Also, It may refer to:

*A bright shiny star appears in the south annually. Arabs were considering it as a sign for the beginning of the cool weather.

*An Arabic male name (as "Suhail AlSaeed").
*[[Canopus]] (α Carinae) (2nd Brightest star in the sky)
Shortened from '''Suhail al Muhlif''', it may refer to:
*[[γ Velorum]]
*[[λ Velorum]]

{{disambig}}

Suhail Bin Samsudin Bin Dato Harun of kuantan integrated boarding school(SBPIK) : A student of this school born in 1993 know as big head,alien,sardin and so much more

Suhail (disambiguation)

2007-04-09T05:12:29Z

203.12.220.247:

"Suhail" in Arabic means "handsome, brilliant, glorious, and beautiful." This was a term that was commonly applied to a bright star.

The name of this star is probably a shortening of Al Suhail al Wazn, that is, "The Bright Star of the Weight." Another name for this star is simply Alsuhail. Suhail is an orange K4.5Ib-II bright giant to supergiant star having about 3000 times the luminosity of the sun.

Also, It may refer to:

*A bright shiny star appears in the south annually. Arabs were considering it as a sign for the beginning of the cool weather.

*An Arabic male name (as "Suhail AlSaeed").
*[[Canopus]] (α Carinae) (2nd Brightest star in the sky)
Shortened from '''Suhail al Muhlif''', it may refer to:
*[[γ Velorum]]
*[[λ Velorum]]

{{disambig}}

suhail of kuantan integrated boarding school(SBPIK) : A student of this school born in 1993 know as big head,alien,sardin and so much more

Letter bomb

2006-09-04T05:37:34Z

203.12.220.247:

:''For the song by Green Day, see [[Letterbomb (song)]].'' 
:''For sending large volumes of email, see [[Email bomb]].''

A '''mailbomb''' (or '''mail bomb'''), also called '''parcel bomb''' or '''letter bomb''', is an [[explosive device]] sent via the [[mail|postal service]], and designed to explode when opened, injuring or killing the recipient, usually someone the sender has a personal grudge against, or more indiscriminately as part of a [[terrorism|terrorist]] campaign. Some countries have agencies the job of which is in part the interdiction of mailbombs and the investigation of mailbombings.

Mail bombs are usually set to explode immediately on opening, with the intention of seriously injuring or killing the recipient (who may or may not be the person to whom the bomb was addressed). Parcel bombs may have excessive [[postage]] because a bomber usually does not want to mail a parcel over the counter having to deal with a clerk. Letter bombs may feel rigid, or appear uneven or lopsided. Package bombs may have an irregular shape, soft spots, or bulges. Oil stains are also a tell-tale sign.

Bombs delivered by mail can often be recognised because they arrive in suspicious packages or unusual looking letters. The [[police]] and security consultants can advise how to recognise possible mailbombs.

==What to do with a mail bomb==
Anyone suspecting that they have received a mail bomb is advised to:

*Do not disturb the article. Do not open it or handle it in any way.
*'''Call the [[Bomb Squad]]'''
*Clear the area immediately of all people. Evacuate the building.


A related threat is mail containing unidentified powders or chemicals. In many cases, these turn out to be harmless, and often sent as a joke or hoax threat. However, until the substance can be analysed in a laboratory it may present a hazard, so police or environmental authorities may close the affected areas. This often is the intended purpose of the sender.

The world's first mailbomb was used by a [[Swedish people|Swedish]] man named [[Martin Ekenberg]] on [[August 20]], [[1904]], targeting CEO [[Karl Fredrik Lundin]] in [[Stockholm]].
It was made of a box loaded with bullets and explosives. [http://www.di.se/Index/Nyheter/2004/08/21/114024.htm](Swedish)

==See also==
*[[Theodore Kaczynski]], the ''Unabomber''
*[[Franz Fuchs]], Austrian mailbomb terrorist
*[[Johann Lang]], German mailbomb terrorist
*[[Crank call]]
*[[Bomb threat]]
*[[Martin Ekenberg]]
*[[Email bomb]]

==External links==
*[http://www.usps.com/postalinspectors/bombs.htm U.S. Postal Inspection Service - Mail Bombs]

[[Category:Terrorism]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive devices]]

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[[et:Kirjapomm]]
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[[he:מעטפת נפץ]]
[[nl:Bombrief]]
[[zh:郵包炸彈]]
you can buy PEACE stuff at Temerloh...this company build by one boy who live at peace street at temerloh..