Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Russel Gartner

2013-08-23T05:20:42Z

203.39.222.5: /* Biography */

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2011}}
{{Infobox rugby league biography
|name = Russel Gartner
|fullname =
|nickname = Frog eyes
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
|death_date =
|height =
|weight =
|position = {{rlp|CE|WG}}
|club1 = [[Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles|Manly-Warringah]]
|year1start = 1975
|year1end = 1981
|appearances1 = 107
|tries1 = 40
|goals1 = 0
|fieldgoals1 = 0
|points1 = 120
|club2 = [[Eastern Suburbs Roosters|Eastern Suburbs]]
|year2start = 1982
|year2end = 1983
|appearances2 = 32
|tries2 = 6
|goals2 = 0
|fieldgoals2 = 0
|points2 = 21
|club3 = [[Balmain Tigers]]
|year3start = 1985
|year3end = 1989
|appearances3 = 99
|tries3 = 29
|goals3 = 0
|fieldgoals3 = 0
|points3 = 116
|teamA = [[New South Wales state rugby league team|New South Wales]]
|yearAstart = 1977
|yearAend =
|appearancesA = 2
|triesA = 0
|goalsA = 0
|fieldgoalsA = 0
|pointsA = 0
|teamB = [[Australia national rugby league team|Australia]]
|yearBstart = 1977
|yearBend =
|appearancesB = 2
|triesB = 1
|goalsB = 0
|fieldgoalsB = 0
|pointsB = 3
|retired = yes
|updated = 8 July 2009
|source =
}}

'''Russel Gartner''' is an Australian former [[rugby league]] footballer of the 1970s and 80s. An international representative [[Rugby league positions#The three-quarters|three-quarter]], He played for [[Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles|Manly]], [[Balmain Tigers|Balmain]] and [[Sydney Roosters|Easts]] in the [[NSWRFL premiership]].

==Biography==
Gartner came from a family with a strong rugby league background with his father [[Jim Gartner|Jim]] and uncle [[Clive Gartner|Clive]] playing for the [[Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs]] (and his nephew [[Daniel Gartner]] would later play for Manly-Warringah and represent Australia).

A tall [[Rugby league positions#The three-quarters|three-quarter]], Russel Gartner started playing first grade in the [[New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership]] in 1975 with the [[Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles|Manly-Warringah]] club. The following year he was part of the Sea Eagles' premiership-winning side. In 1977 Gartner was the League's top try-scorer and at the end of the season played for Australia in the [[1977 World Cup]]. In the final against a strong [[Great Britain national rugby league team|Great Britain]] side he scored a spectacular 65-metre solo try which was a catalyst to Australia's eventual victory.<ref name="silvertails">{{cite web
| url = http://www.silvertails.net/fans-corner/37-ex-player-profiles/3343
| title = Russel Gartner
| accessdate = 2008-10-11
| author =
| authorlink =
| publisher = www.silvertails.net
| quote =
}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

At the end of the 1981 season, Gartner transferred to the Eastern Suburbs club where he played for two years before moving to Balmain. He played in the Tigers' losing [[NSWRL season 1988#Grand Final|1988 Grand Final]] side and was a non-playing reserve in their dramatic extra time loss to the [[Canberra Raiders]] in the [[NSWRL season 1989#Grand Final|following year's decider]].

we love you Russel

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.yesterdayshero.com.au/PlayerProfile_Russel-Gartner_3230.aspx Russel Gartner at yesterdayshero.com.au]
*[http://rugbyleagueproject.com/players/Russel_Gartner.html Russel Gartner at rugbyleagueproject.com]{{dead link|date=May 2013}}
*[http://www.nrlstats.com/archive/players.cfm?PlayerID=114 Russel Gartner at nrlstats.com]
*[http://stats.rleague.com/rl/scorers/players/Russel_Gartner.html Russel Gartner at stats.rleague.com]{{dead link|date=May 2013}}

{{Australia 1977 Rugby League World Cup Final squad}}
{{Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles squad 1978 NSWRFL premiership}}
{{Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles squad 1976 NSWRFL premiership}}
{{National Rugby League top try scorers}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Gartner, Russel
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Australian rugby league player
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[New South Wales]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gartner, Russel}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Sportsmen from Sydney]]
[[Category:Rugby league players from Sydney]]
[[Category:Australian rugby league players]]
[[Category:Balmain Tigers players]]
[[Category:Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles players]]
[[Category:Sydney Roosters players]]
[[Category:Australia national rugby league team players]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Talk:Impossible Mission

2013-05-03T01:01:53Z

203.39.222.5: /* Speech */

{{Talk header}}
{{WikiProject Video games|class=Start|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Apple Inc.|class=Start|importance=Low}}

== Release year ==

The in-game copyright date of the Commodore 64 version is 1984. I know I first encountered the game in 1984. Does anyone '''know''' when exactly (year and month) it came out? [[User:Mirror Vax|Mirror Vax]] 29 June 2005 02:29 (UTC)

:MobyGames says the release date for the [[Commodore 64]] version of ''Impossible Mission'' is [[1983]]. They get their information from users who are requred to take it from actual game material. If your copy says 1984, it's possible the game went through more than one printing. I know that with ''[[SunDog: Frozen Legacy|SunDog]]'', for example, [[FTL Games|FTL]] came out with two versions, though they looked nearly identical. The second version looked the same as the first, it just included some bug fixes. The same may be going on here... [[User:Frecklefoot|<nowiki></nowiki>]]— [[User:Frecklefoot|Frecklefoot]] | [[User talk:Frecklefoot|Talk]] June 29, 2005 13:38 (UTC)

Yes, that's possible. I don't have my old 64 disks so my statement is based on what's on the 'net - and it could be that the 1984 date is only in the European version. BTW, the screenshot on Mobygames says 1984: [http://www.mobygames.com/game/c64/impossible-mission/screenshots/gameShotId,55298/] [[User:Mirror Vax|Mirror Vax]] 29 June 2005 17:29 (UTC)

:Well, it ''is possible'' that MobyGames is wrong (the submitter could've hit a wrong button, made a typo). It's also possible that Epyx released it near the end of '83, but gave it an '84 [[copyright]]. I really have no idea why there's the discrepency. If it makes you feel better, go ahead and change the date—I won't revert it this time. :-) [[User:Frecklefoot|<nowiki></nowiki>]]— [[User:Frecklefoot|Frecklefoot]] | [[User talk:Frecklefoot|Talk]] June 29, 2005 19:08 (UTC)

::The point I would make is that MobyGames is hardly a definitive source. We don't know where the information came from. It might well be correct, but who knows? [[User:Mirror Vax|Mirror Vax]] 29 June 2005 19:56 (UTC)

:::No more than Wikipedia. Both project rely on user contributions. The only real difference is MobyGames does not allow for anonymous contributions, records on video game information and models the data in a relational format. I guess you would look up who contributed the 1993 release info on MobyGames and ask them. --[[User:Flipkin|Flipkin]] 19:04, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

::::The US Gold conversion of Impossible Mission to the [[Acorn Electron]] states "(c) 1983 Epyx Inc, (c) 1986 U.S.Gold". [http://members.allegro.cc/ThomasHarte/preview/ImpossibleMission.png I've uploaded a screenshot to prove it]. I guess this could also possibly be a typo by someone at U.S. Gold but otherwise Epyx seem to have claimed copyright for 1983. - [[User:ThomasHarte|ThomasHarte]] 13:27, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

== Randomness ==

The page states that "game elements are randomly generated each game". As a longtime Impossible Mission fan, I thought the different rooms are randomly distributed in the various staircases and the puzzle pieces are randomly distributed on the various pieces of furniture and so on, but besides these, the game is not random. I believe all rooms have the same layout and furniture and also the robots (at least mostly) have the same behavior and placement in each game, so actually clearing a given room is the same every time you play. Can anyone confirm? --[[User:80.186.38.189|80.186.38.189]] 23:46, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

:Cannot confirm.
:The rooms, along with their furniture and the robot tracks, are static. The black ball also belongs to specific rooms.
:The rooms are located randomly in the underground base.
:The robots' behaviours are also randomized. While a specific room always has it's specific number of robots, it may be easier or harder from game to game because the robots show different behavior. The exception is the black ball, which always has teh same behaviour in the same room.
:The placement of items (punch card fragments, snooze and lift reset passwords) is also random.
:The punch cards are randomized. It's unclear if the punch crads are completely random, or randomly chosen from a set of punch cards. The password, which is encoded in the punch cards, may also differ from game to game. Currently I know of three different passwords.
:The punch card fragments can also differ from game to game. There are more than 9 different sets of punch card fragments (already corrected for orientation, of course). It may be that the differt punch card puzzles correspond to the different passwords.
:This is all for the C64 version. Other versions may differ. --11:19, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

==Sequel==

There's a new recently announced Impossible Mission game for the PS2 and DS (the main enemy is Dr. Atombender, so it's definitely from the same series), I added it to the Sequel section.

==Wii version==

I'm not sure about the best way to add what I found to this page, but this site has an advertisement for the Nintendo Wii version of Impossible Mission http://gonintendo.com/wp-content/photos/862c41337a.jpg
Looks like it'll be a full-fledged, non-Virtual Console game. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/24.61.14.5|24.61.14.5]] ([[User talk:24.61.14.5|talk]]) 23:54, 7 January 2007 (UTC).

I removed this from the main page " The updated Wii version is also one of the first non-virtual console downloadable game for Wii" because the article cited did not say it was downloadable and in fact mentioned the game "hitting store shelves" [[User:Ciper|Ciper]] 19:41, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

==Speech==

The samples weren't made from SID waveforms, they were digitized syllable by syllable.
This interview gives some more info:

"'''The speech was an impressive and, at the time, incredible addition to the game. Tell us some information about how it came to be added.'''

''The speech in the game was real, digitized speech. The performances were provided by Electronic Speech Systems, who also provided the software for reproducing the speech on the Commodore 64. I told them what I wanted the game to say, and when they asked me what kind of voice I had in mind, I said I was imagining a fiftyish English guy, like a James Bond villain. I was told that they happened to have such a person on their staff, so, instead of hiring an actor, they let him take a whack at it, and I thought he was just fine. I never met the guy who provided the voice, but, to my knowledge, the recordings were not altered or processed, apart from being digitized. It is certainly possible, though, that Electronic Speech Systems could have tweaked them without my knowledge. There are no other digitized sounds in the game.''"

Interview from http://www.mayhem64.co.uk/interview/caswell.htm

[[User:85.228.202.42|85.228.202.42]] 15:12, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for the interesting info regarding the speech system. I wonder if anybody knows what the name of that staff member from ESS was? Did anyone interview him and get his thoughts on the game and what he thought of his contribution to it?

[[Special:Contributions/203.39.222.5|203.39.222.5]] ([[User talk:203.39.222.5|talk]]) 01:01, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

== Ball ==
The ball definately disappeared on the C64 version. [[User:128.114.57.91|128.114.57.91]] 23:03, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

== Comment moved from article ==

This was inserted into the article. Shifting it here for posterity.

<blockquote>Added by Arthur Krewat, December 2, 2008: I converted it from the Commodore 64 version to the Atari 7800. The NTSC version WAS able to be finished, as tested by me, and Atari testing did pass it. Atari later introduced something to the game that created the bug, I suspect they tried to reduce the amount of static RAM in the cartridge to cut costs. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Krewat|Krewat]] ([[User talk:Krewat|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Krewat|contribs]]) 15:48, 2 December 2008</blockquote> [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (not at work)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 16:01, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

==An image on this page may be deleted==
This is an automated message regarding an image used on this page. The image [[:File:Acorn Electron Impossible Mission screenshot.png]], found on [[:Impossible Mission]], has been nominated for deletion because it does not meet Wikipedia image policy. Please see the image description page for more details. If this message was sent in error (that is, the image is not up for deletion, or was left on the wrong talk page), please contact this bot's operator.  [[User:STBotI|STBotI]] ([[User talk:STBotI|talk]]) 15:26, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

== Copy protection? ==
I've heard rumors that copied disks of the C64 version of the game often have one particular room made inaccessible (i.e. the player would mysteriously die when he tries to move past a certain point in the room). I've experienced this myself with the disk version of the game on an C64 emulator. An article I once read (I think it was one of the mailbag articles in classicgaming.com) cites that the game is copy-protected and all copied versions of the game has that defect. Anyone know if this is true? Or was the emulator I was using (or perhaps that disk image) flawed? [[User:RAMChYLD|RAM]] ([[User talk:RAMChYLD|talk]]) 13:39, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

== "Mission: Impossible"? ==

The article [[Mission: Impossible (disambiguation)]] mentions the ''Impossible Mission'' series as being influenced by the TV show. Is this true? If so, I had never heard of it. I'd always thought the similar names were just a coincidence, after all, the concept of a mission being impossible is pretty easy to think of. [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 17:23, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

:I think the title of the game may have been influenced by the TV show, but nothing else. The game and the TV show aren't very similar. — [[User:Frecklefoot|Frecklefσσt]] | [[User talk:Frecklefoot|Talk]] 17:56, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

== Similar game - Infiltrator? ==

The article lists [[Infiltrator]] as a similar game, but I can't understand why. They have a similar plot, infiltrating the base of a mad genius, but they are of completely different genres. IM is a platformer, while Infiltrator is a cross between a flight simulator and an action adventure. [[User:Kaivosukeltaja|Kaivosukeltaja]] ([[User talk:Kaivosukeltaja|talk]]) 06:56, 13 April 2011 (UTC)

Tomato

2012-06-28T07:01:12Z

203.39.222.5: Undid revision 499716507 by Jaejiny (talk)

{{Other uses}}
{{pp-move-indef}}

{{taxobox
|name = Tomato
|image = Bright red tomato and cross section02.jpg
|image_width = 250px
|image_caption = Cross-section and full view of a hothouse (greenhouse-grown) tomato.
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Solanales]]
|familia = [[Solanaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Solanum]]''
|species = '''''S. lycopersicum'''''
|binomial = ''Solanum lycopersicum''
|binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms = ''Lycopersicon lycopersicum'' ''Lycopersicon esculentum''<ref name=NHM>{{ cite web | quote = Molecular phylogenetic analyses have established that the formerly segregate genera Lycopersicon, Cyphomandra, Normania, and Triguera are nested within Solanum, and all species of these four genera have been transferred to Solanum | url = http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/solanaceaesource/solanum/phylogeny.jsp | publisher = Natural History Museum | title = Solanaceae Source: Phylogeny of the genus Solanum }}</ref>
|}}

The word "'''tomato'''" may refer to the plant ('''''Solanum lycopersicum''''') or the edible, typically red, [[fruit]] that it bears. Originating in South America, the tomato was spread around the world following the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]], and its many varieties are now widely grown, often in [[greenhouse]]s in cooler climates.

The tomato fruit is consumed in diverse ways, including raw, as an ingredient in many dishes and sauces, and in drinks. While it is botanically a fruit, it is considered a [[vegetable]] for culinary purposes (as well as by the United States Supreme Court, see ''[[Nix v. Hedden]]''), which has caused some confusion. The fruit is rich in [[lycopene]], which may have beneficial health effects.

The tomato belongs to the [[Solanaceae|nightshade family]]. The plants typically grow to {{convert|1|-|3|m|ft|0|sp=us}} in height and have a weak stem that often sprawls over the ground and vines over other plants. It is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] in its native habitat, although often grown outdoors in temperate climates as an [[annual plant|annual]].

==History==
The tomato is native to South America. Genetic evidence shows the progenitors of tomatoes were herbaceous green plants with small green fruit and a center of diversity in the highlands of [[Peru]].<ref>Sam Cox (December 2000) [http://www.landscapeimagery.com/tomato.html I Say Tomayto, You Say Tomahto...]{{Self-published inline|date=February 2010}}</ref><ref name="the tomato in America">{{ Cite book | author = Smith, A. F. | year = 1994 | title = The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery | publisher = University of South Carolina Press | location = Columbia SC, USA | isbn = 1-57003-000-6 }}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> One species, ''Solanum lycopersicum'', was transported to Mexico, where it was grown and consumed by [[Mesoamerica]]n civilizations. The exact date of domestication is not known. The first domesticated tomato may have been a little yellow fruit, similar in size to a [[cherry tomato]], grown by the [[Aztec]]s of Central Mexico.<ref name="chesterprogressive">{{ cite news | url = http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ej0-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=cvgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1822,16289918&dq=heaviest+tomato+ever&hl=en | title = Curiosities of I-5, facts about King and the benefits of volunteers | newspaper = Chester Progressive | date = 2008-01-16 }}</ref> The word "tomato" comes from the [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]] word ''tomatl'', literally "the swelling fruit".<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tomato | work = Online Etymology Dictionary | title = Tomato }}</ref>

Spanish explorer [[Hernán Cortés|Cortés]] may have been the first to transfer the small yellow tomato to Europe after he captured the Aztec city of Tenochtítlan, now Mexico City, in 1521, although [[Christopher Columbus]], a Genoese working for the Spanish monarchy, may have taken them back as early as 1493. The earliest discussion of the tomato in European literature appeared in an [[herbal]] written in 1544 by [[Pietro Andrea Mattioli]], an Italian physician and botanist, who named it ''pomo d’oro'', or "golden apple".<ref name="the tomato in America"/>{{rp|13}}

Aztecs and other peoples in the region used the fruit in their cooking; it was cultivated in southern Mexico and probably other areas by 500 BC. The [[Pueblo]] people are thought to have believed that those who witnessed the ingestion of tomato seeds were blessed with powers of [[divination]].<ref>{{Cite news | author = Donnelly, L. | url = http://www.easthamptonstar.com/dnn/Archive/Home20080814/FoodWine/Seasons/tabid/6280/Default.aspx | title = Killer Tomatoes | work = [[The East Hampton Star]] | date = 2008-10-26 | accessdate = 2008-10-27 }}{{dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref> The large, lumpy tomato, a mutation from a smoother, smaller fruit, originated in Mesoamerica, and may be the direct ancestor of some modern cultivated tomatoes.<ref name="the tomato in America" />

===Spanish distribution===
After the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]], the Spanish distributed the tomato throughout their colonies in the [[Caribbean]]. They also took it to the [[Philippines]], from where it spread to [[southeast Asia]] and then the entire Asian continent. The Spanish also brought the tomato to Europe. It grew easily in [[Mediterranean climate]]s, and cultivation began in the 1540s. It was probably eaten shortly after it was introduced, and was certainly being used as food by the early 17th century in Spain. The earliest discovered cookbook with tomato recipes was published in [[Naples]] in 1692, though the author had apparently obtained these recipes from Spanish sources.<ref name="the tomato in America"/>{{rp|17}} In certain areas of Italy, such as Florence, however, the fruit was used solely as a tabletop decoration before it was incorporated into the local cuisine in the late 17th or early 18th century.

===Britain===
[[File:BoroughMarketTomatoes.jpg|thumb|right|Tomatoes on display at Borough Market in London]]
Tomatoes were not grown in England until the 1590s.<ref name="the tomato in America"/>{{rp|17}} One of the earliest cultivators was [[John Gerard]], a [[Barber surgeon|barber-surgeon]].<ref name="the tomato in America"/>{{rp|17}} Gerard's ''Herbal'', published in 1597, and largely plagiarized from continental sources,<ref name="the tomato in America"/>{{rp|17}} is also one of the earliest discussions of the tomato in England. Gerard knew the tomato was eaten in Spain and Italy.<ref name="the tomato in America"/>{{rp|17}} Nonetheless, he believed it was poisonous<ref name="the tomato in America"/>{{rp|17}} (in fact, the plant and raw fruit do have low levels of [[tomatine]], but are not generally dangerous; [[#Plant toxicity|see below]]). Gerard's views were influential, and the tomato was considered unfit for eating (though not necessarily poisonous) for many years in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] and its [[Thirteen Colonies|North American colonies]].<ref name="the tomato in America"/>{{rp|17}} By the mid-18th century, tomatoes were widely eaten in Britain, and before the end of that century, the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' stated the tomato was "in daily use" in [[soup]]s, [[broth]]s, and as a [[garnish (food)|garnish]].

===Middle East===
The tomato was introduced to cultivation in the Middle East by John Barker, British consul in Aleppo ''circa'' 1799 to 1825.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=British_Consuls_in_Aleppo | title = British Consuls in Aleppo – Your Archives | publisher = Yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk | date = 2009-01-26 | accessdate = 2009-04-02 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=6QUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA519&dq=tomato+syria&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=1776&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=1900&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES | chapter = Syria under the last five Turkish Sultans | title = Appletons' Journal | volume = 1 | publisher = D. Appleton and Co. | year = 1876 | page = 519 }}</ref> Nineteenth century descriptions of its consumption are uniformly as an ingredient in a cooked dish. In 1881, it is described as only eaten in the region "within the last forty years".<ref>{{ cite book | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=pnkrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223&dq=tomato+syria&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=1776&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=1900&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES | title = The Friend | volume = 54 | year = 1881 | page = 223 }}</ref>

The tomato entered Iran through two separate routes;{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} one was through Turkey and Armenia, and the other was through the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] royal family's frequent travels to France. The early name used for tomato in Iran was ''Armani badenjan'' (Armenian eggplant). Currently, the name used for tomato in Iran is ''gojeh farangi'' [foreign (literally, European) plum].

===North America===
The earliest reference to tomatoes being grown in [[British North America]] is from 1710, when herbalist [[William Salmon]] reported seeing them in what is today [[South Carolina]].<ref name="the tomato in America"/>{{rp|25}} They may have been introduced from the Caribbean. By the mid-18th century, they were cultivated on some Carolina plantations, and probably in other parts of the Southeast as well. Possibly, some people continued to think tomatoes were poisonous at this time; and in general, they were grown more as [[ornamental plant]]s than as food. [[Thomas Jefferson]], who ate tomatoes in Paris, sent some seeds back to America.<ref name="the tomato in America"/>{{rp|28}}

Because of the long growing season needed for this heat-loving crop, several states in the US [[Sun Belt]] became major tomato-producers, particularly [[Florida]] and [[California]]. In California, tomatoes are grown under [[irrigation]] for both the fresh fruit market and for [[Canned tomatoes|canning]] and processing. The [[University of California, Davis]] (UC Davis) became a major center for research on the tomato. The C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center at UC Davis is a gene bank of wild relatives, monogenic mutants and miscellaneous genetic stocks of tomato.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu/ | title = C. M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center | publisher = UC Davis | date = | accessdate = 2009-04-02 }}</ref> The Center is named for the late Dr. [[Charles M. Rick]], a pioneer in tomato genetics research.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/4319 | title = UC Newsroom, UC Davis Tomato Geneticist Charles Rick Dies at 87 | publisher = University of California | date = 2002-05-08 | accessdate = 2009-04-02 }}</ref> Research on processing tomatoes is also conducted by the [http://www.tomatonet.org/ctri.htm California Tomato Research Institute] in [[Escalon, California]].

In California, growers have used a method of cultivation called dry-farming, especially with [[Early Girl]] tomatoes.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1216/is_n4_v189/ai_12884209/] Dry farming's advantage</ref> This technique encourages the plant to send roots deep to find existing moisture in soil that retains moisture, such as clayey soil.

==Cultivation==
[[File:2005tomato.PNG|thumb|right|Tomato output in 2005]]
The tomato is now grown worldwide for its edible [[fruit]]s, with thousands of [[cultivar]]s having been selected with varying fruit types, and for optimum growth in differing growing conditions. Cultivated tomatoes vary in size, from tomberries, about 5 mm in diameter, through [[cherry tomato]]es, about the same {{convert|1|–|2|cm|in|1|sp=us}} size as the wild tomato, up to [[Beefsteak (tomato)|beefsteak]] tomatoes {{convert|10|cm|in|0|sp=us}} or more in diameter. The most widely grown commercial tomatoes tend to be in the {{convert|5|–|6|cm|in|1|sp=us}} diameter range. Most cultivars produce red fruit, but a number of cultivars with yellow, orange, pink, purple, green, black, or white fruit are also available. Multicolored and striped fruit can also be quite striking. Tomatoes grown for [[canning]] and sauces are often elongated, {{convert|7|–|9|cm|in|0|sp=us}} long and {{convert|4|–|5|cm|in|1|sp=us}} diameter; they are known as [[plum tomato]]es, and have a lower water content. [[Roma tomato|Roma]]-type tomatoes are important cultivars in the [[Sacramento Valley]].<ref name="smithsonian-passion">{{cite web | url = http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/passion-for-tomatoes.html | title = A Passion for Tomatoes | author = Allen, A. | year = 2008 | month = August | accessdate = 2009-12-11 }}</ref>
[[File:Tomatoseedlings.jpg|thumb|left|Tomato seedlings growing indoors]]

Tomatoes are one of the most common garden fruits in the United States and, along with [[zucchini]], have a reputation for outproducing the needs of the grower.
[[File:Green Tomatoes.jpg|thumb|Green tomatoes nestled on the vine]]

Quite a few seed merchants and banks provide a large selection of heirloom seeds. The definition of an heirloom tomato is vague, but unlike commercial hybrids, all are self-pollinators that have [[True breeding organism|bred true]] for 40 years or more.<ref name="smithsonian-passion"/>

About 150 million tons of tomatoes were produced in the world in 2009. China, the largest producer, accounted for about one quarter of the global output, followed by United States and [[India]]. For one variety, plum or processing tomatoes, California accounts for 90% of U.S. production and 35% of world production.<ref name=UCProcessing>{{ cite web | url = http://ucanr.org/freepubs/docs/7228.pdf | author = Hartz, T. ''et al.'' | title = Processing Tomato Production in California | publisher = UC Vegetable Research and Information Center }}</ref>

According to [[FAOSTAT]], the top producers of tomatoes (in [[tonne]]s) in 2010 were:<ref>FAOSTAT, [http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html#COMPARE Crop statistics]</ref>

{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="float:left; clear:left;"
|-
! colspan=2|Top Five Tomato Producers – 2010 (in tonnes)
|-
| {{CHN}} || style="text-align:right;"| 41,879,684
|-
| {{USA}} || style="text-align:right;"| 12,902,000
|-
| {{IND}} || style="text-align:right;"| 11,979,700
|-
| {{TUR}} || style="text-align:right;"| 10,052,000
|-
| {{EGY}} || style="text-align:right;"| 8,544,990
|-
|'''World Total''' || style="text-align:right;"| '''145,751,507''' (11th overall)
|}
{{-}}

Within the EU, there are several areas that grow tomatoes with [[Protected Geographical Status]]. These include:
* [[Pomodoro di Pachino]] (PGI), in [[Sicily]]
* [[San Marzano tomato|Pomodoro S. Marzano dell'Agro Sarnese-Nocerino]] (PDO), in south Italy
* [[Tomaten von der Insel Reichenau]] (PGI), from [[Reichenau Island]], Germany

===Varieties===
{{Mainlist|List of tomato cultivars}}
[[File:Cherry tomatoes.jpg|thumb|Cherry tomatoes]]
[[File:Grape tomatoes - various colors upon ripening.jpg|thumb|left|Cherry tomatoes – various colors upon ripening]]
There are around 7500 tomato varieties grown for various purposes. [[Heirloom tomato]]es are becoming increasingly popular, particularly among home gardeners and organic producers, since they tend to produce more interesting and flavorful crops at the cost of disease resistance and productivity.<ref name="smithsonian-passion"/>

[[File:Roma or Bangalore Tomatoes (Indian hybrid).jpg|thumb|right|Roma or Bangalore Tomatoes (Indian hybrid)]]

Hybrid plants remain common, since they tend to be heavier producers, and sometimes combine unusual characteristics of heirloom tomatoes with the ruggedness of conventional commercial tomatoes.
[[File:Heirloom tomatoes.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Various [[heirloom tomato]] cultivars]]

Tomato varieties are roughly divided into several categories, based mostly on shape and size.
* "Slicing" or "globe" tomatoes are the usual tomatoes of commerce, used for a wide variety of processing and fresh eating.
* [[beefsteak (tomato)|Beefsteak]] tomatoes are large tomatoes often used for sandwiches and similar applications. Their kidney-bean shape, thinner skin, and shorter shelf life makes commercial use impractical.
* Oxheart tomatoes can range in size up to beefsteaks, and are shaped like large strawberries.
* [[Plum tomato]]es, or paste tomatoes (including pear tomatoes), are bred with a higher solids content for use in [[tomato sauce]] and [[tomato paste|paste]], and are usually oblong.
* Pear tomatoes are obviously pear-shaped, and are based upon the [[San Marzano tomato|San Marzano]] types for a richer gourmet paste.
* [[Cherry tomato]]es are small and round, often sweet tomatoes generally eaten whole in salads.
* [[Grape tomato]]es, a more recent introduction, are smaller and oblong, a variation on plum tomatoes, and used in salads.
* [[Campari tomato]]es are also sweet and noted for their juiciness, low acidity, and lack of mealiness. They are bigger than cherry tomatoes, but are smaller than plum tomatoes.

Early tomatoes and cool-summer tomatoes bear fruit even where nights are cool, which usually discourages fruit set. There are also varieties high in beta carotenes and vitamin A, hollow tomatoes and tomatoes that keep for months in storage.

Tomatoes are also commonly classified as [[determinate cultivar|determinate]] or [[Indeterminate growth|indeterminate]]. Determinate, or bush, types bear a full crop all at once and top off at a specific height; they are often good choices for container growing. Determinate types are preferred by commercial growers who wish to harvest a whole field at one time, or home growers interested in canning. Indeterminate varieties develop into vines that never top off and continue producing until killed by frost. They are preferred by home growers and local-market farmers who want ripe fruit throughout the season. As an intermediate form, there are plants sometimes known as vigorous determinate or semideterminate; these top off like determinates, but produce a second crop after the initial crop. The majority of heirloom tomatoes are indeterminate, although some determinate heirlooms exist.
[[File:Heirlooms.jpg|thumb|upright|A variety of specific cultivars, including [[Brandywine (tomato)|Brandywine]] (biggest red), [[Black Krim (tomato)|Black Krim]] (lower left) and [[Green Zebra]] (top left)]]

Most modern tomato cultivars are smooth surfaced, but some older tomato cultivars and most modern beefsteaks often show pronounced ribbing, a feature that may have been common to virtually all [[pre-Columbian]] cultivars. While virtually all commercial tomato varieties are red, some cultivars – especially heirlooms – produce fruit in other colors, including green, yellow, orange, pink, black, brown, ivory, white, and purple. Such fruits are not widely available in grocery stores, nor are their seedlings available in typical nurseries, but they can be bought as seed. Less common variations include fruit with stripes (Green Zebra), fuzzy skin on the fruit (Fuzzy Peach, Red Boar), multiple colors ([[Hillbilly (tomato)|Hillbilly]], Burracker's Favorite, Lucky Cross), etc.

There is also a considerable gap between commercial and home-gardener cultivars; home cultivars are often bred for flavor to the exclusion of all other qualities, while commercial cultivars are bred for such factors as consistent size and shape, disease and pest resistance, suitability for mechanized picking and shipping, and ability to be picked before fully ripening.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

Tomatoes grow well with seven hours of sunlight a day. A fertilizer with an [[NPK rating|NPK ratio]] of 5-10-10 is often sold as tomato fertilizer or vegetable fertilizer, although manure and compost are also used.

===Diseases and pests===
{{Mainlist|List of tomato diseases}}
Tomato cultivars vary widely in their resistance to disease. Modern [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] focus on improving disease resistance over the [[heirloom plant]]s. One common tomato disease is [[tobacco mosaic virus]], so smoking or use of [[tobacco]] products are discouraged around tomatoes, although there is some scientific debate{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} over whether the virus could possibly survive being burned and converted into smoke.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG1168.html | author = Pfleger, F. L.; Zeyen, R. J. | title = Tomato-Tobacco Mosaic Virus Disease | year = 2008 | publisher = University of Minnesota Extension | accessdate = 2012-06-23 }}</ref> Various forms of [[mildew]] and [[blight]] are also common tomato afflictions, which is why tomato cultivars are often marked with a combination of letters that refer to specific disease resistance. The most common letters are: '''V''' – ''[[verticillium]]'' [[Wilting|wilt]], '''F''' – ''[[fusarium]]'' [[fungus|wilt]] strain I, '''FF''' – ''fusarium'' wilt strain I and II, '''N''' – ''[[nematode]]s'', '''T''' – ''[[tobacco mosaic virus]]'', and '''A''' – ''[[alternaria]]''.

[[File:Tomato fruitworm.jpg|thumb|right|Tomato fruitworm eating unripe tomato]]
Another particularly dreaded disease is [[curly top]], carried by the [[beet leafhopper]], which interrupts the lifecycle, ruining a nightshade plant as a crop. As the name implies, it has the symptom of making the top leaves of the plant wrinkle up and grow abnormally.

Some common tomato pests are [[stink bug]]s, [[cutworm]]s, [[tomato hornworm]]s and [[tobacco hornworm]]s, [[aphid]]s, [[cabbage looper]]s, [[whitefly|whiteflies]], [[tomato fruitworm]]s, [[flea beetle]]s, [[red spider mite]], [[slug]]s,<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG7561.html | author = Hahn, J.; Fetzer, J. | title = Slugs in Home Gardens | publisher = University of Minnesota Extension | year = 2009 | accessdate = 2012-06-23 }}</ref> and [[Colorado potato beetle]]s.

When insects attack tomato plants, they produce the [[plant peptide hormone]], [[systemin]], which activates defensive mechanisms, such as the production of [[protease inhibitor (biology)|protease inhibitors]] to slow the growth of insects. The hormone was first identified in tomatoes, but similar proteins have been identified in other species since.<ref name=three>{{ cite book | author = Narvaez-Vasquez, J.; Orozco-Cardenas, M. L. | editor = Schaller, A. | chapter = 15 Systemins and AtPeps: Defense-related Peptide Signals | year = 2008 | title = Induced Plant Resistance to Herbivory | isbn = 978-1-4020-8181-1 }}</ref>

===Companion plants===
{{see-also|List of companion plants|List of beneficial weeds}}
Tomatoes serve, or are served by, a large variety of [[companion plant]]s.

In fact, one of the most famous pairings is the tomato plant and carrots; studies supporting this relationship having produced a popular book about [[companion planting]], ''Carrots Love Tomatoes''.<ref>{{ cite book | url = http://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/carrots-love-tomatoes-companion-planting-for-a-healthy-garden-zb0z11zbug.aspx | title = Carrots Love Tomatoes }}</ref>

Additionally, the devastating tomato hornworm has a major predator in various [[parasitic wasp]]s, whose larvae devour the hornworm, but whose adult form drinks nectar from tiny-flowered plants like [[umbellifer]]s. Several species of umbellifer are therefore often grown with tomato plants, including [[parsley]], [[Anthriscus sylvestris|queen anne's lace]], and occasionally [[dill]]. These also attract [[hover fly|predatory flies]] that attack various tomato pests[http://www.tomatocasual.com/2008/05/06/boost-your-tomatoes-with-companion-planting-part-1/].

On the other hand, [[borage]] is thought to actually repel the [[tomato hornworm]] moth[http://organicgardening.about.com/od/vegetablesherbs/qt/Companion-Planting-Idea-Plant-Tomatoes-Borage-And-Squash-Together.htm].

Other plants with strong scents, like [[alliums]] ([[onions]], [[chives]], [[garlic]]) and [[mints]] ([[basil]], [[oregano]], [[spearmint]]) are simply thought to mask the scent of the tomato plant, making it harder for pests to locate it, or to provide an alternative landing point, reducing the odds of the pests from attacking the correct plant[http://www.ghorganics.com/page2.html]. These plants may also subtly impact the flavor of tomato fruit[http://www.homeandgardensite.com/companion_planting.htm].

Ground cover plants, including mints, also stabilize moisture loss around tomato plants and other [[solaneae]], which come from very humid climates, and therefore may prevent moisture-related problems like blossom end rot.

Finally, tap-root plants like [[dandelion]]s break up dense soil and bring nutrients from down below a tomato plant's reach, possibly benefiting their companion.

Tomato plants, on the other hand, protect [[asparagus]] from [[asparagus beetle]]s, because they contain solanum that kills this pest, while asparagus plants (as well as [[Tagetes|marigold]]s[http://www.homeandgardensite.com/companion_planting.htm]) contain a chemical that repels root nematodes known to attack tomato plants.

===Pollination===
[[File:Tomato scanned.jpg|thumb|right|The flower and leaves are visible in this photo of a tomato plant.]]
In the wild, original state, tomatoes required cross-[[pollination]]; they were much more [[Self-incompatibility in plants|self-incompatible]] than domestic cultivars. As a floral device to reduce selfing, the [[pistil]] of wild tomatoes extends farther out of the flower than today's cultivars. The [[stamen]]s were, and remain, entirely within the closed [[Petal|corolla]].

As tomatoes were moved from their native areas, their traditional [[pollinator]]s, (probably a species of [[halictidae|halictid]] [[bee]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}) did not move with them. The trait of self-fertility became an advantage, and domestic [[cultivar]]s of tomato have been selected to maximize this trait.

This is not the same as [[self-pollination]], despite the common claim that tomatoes do so. That tomatoes pollinate themselves poorly without outside aid is clearly shown in [[greenhouse]] situations, where pollination must be aided by artificial wind, vibration of the plants (one brand of vibrator is a wand called an "electric bee" that is used manually), or more often today, by cultured [[bumblebee]]s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} The [[anther]] of a tomato flower is shaped like a hollow tube, with the [[pollen]] produced within the structure, rather than on the surface, as in most species. The pollen moves through pores in the anther, but very little pollen is shed without some kind of outside motion. The best source of outside motion is a [[buzz pollination|sonicating]] bee, such as a bumblebee, or the original wild halictid pollinator. In an outside setting, wind or animals provide sufficient motion to produce commercially viable crops.

===Hydroponic and greenhouse cultivation===
Tomatoes are often grown in [[greenhouse]]s in cooler climates, and there are cultivars such as the British 'Moneymaker' and a number of cultivars grown in [[Siberia]] that are specifically bred for indoor growing. In more [[Temperateness|temperate climates]], it is not uncommon to start seeds in greenhouses during the late winter for future transplant.

[[Hydroponic]] tomatoes are also available, and the technique is often used in hostile growing environments, as well as high-density plantings.

===Picking and ripening===
Tomatoes are often picked unripe (and thus colored green) and ripened in storage with [[ethylene]]. Unripe tomatoes are firm. As they ripen they soften until reaching the ripe state where they are red or orange in color and slightly soft to the touch.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Ethylene is a hydrocarbon gas produced by many fruits that acts as the molecular cue to begin the ripening process. Tomatoes ripened in this way tend to keep longer, but have poorer flavor and a mealier, starchier texture than tomatoes ripened on the plant. {{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} They may be recognized by their color, which is more pink or orange than the other ripe tomatoes' deep red, depending on variety.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

A machine-harvestable variety of tomato (the "square tomato") was developed in the 1950s by [[University of California, Davis]]'s [[Gordie C. Hanna]], which, in combination with the development of a suitable harvester, revolutionized the tomato-growing industry. {{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} In 1994, [[Calgene]] introduced a [[Transgenic plants|genetically modified]] tomato called the '[[FlavrSavr]]', which could be vine ripened without compromising [[shelf life]]. However, the product was not commercially successful, and was sold only until 1997. {{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

Recently, stores have begun selling "tomatoes on the vine", which are determinate varieties that are ripened or harvested with the fruits still connected to a piece of vine. These tend to have more flavor than artificially ripened tomatoes{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} (at a price premium).

Slow-ripening cultivars of tomato have been developed by crossing a nonripening cultivar with ordinary cultivars. Cultivars were selected whose fruits have a long shelf life and at least reasonable flavor.

At home, fully ripe tomatoes can be stored in the [[refrigerator]], but are best kept at [[room temperature]]. Tomatoes stored cold will still be edible, but tend to lose flavor;<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/pdf/5532.pdf | title = Selecting, Storing and Serving Ohio Tomatoes, HYG-5532-93 | publisher = Ohio State University | date = | accessdate = 2008-10-27 }}</ref> thus, "Never Refrigerate" stickers are sometimes placed on tomatoes in supermarkets. {{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

===Genetic modification===
{{main|Genetically modified tomato}}
Tomatoes that have been modified using [[genetic engineering]] have been developed, and although none are [[Commerce|commercially]] available now, they have been in the past. The first commercially available [[genetically modified food]] was a variety of tomato named (the [[Flavr Savr]]), which was engineered to have a longer shelf life.<ref>{{ Cite book | author = Redenbaugh, K.; Hiatt, B.; Martineau, B.; Kramer, M.; Sheehy, R.; Sanders, R.; Houck, C.; Emlay, D. | year = 1992 | title = Safety Assessment of Genetically Engineered Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study of the Flavr Savr Tomato | publisher = CRC Press | page = 288 }}</ref> Scientists are continuing to develop tomatoes with new traits not found in natural crops, such as increased resistance to pests or environmental stresses. Other projects aim to enrich tomatoes with substances that may offer health benefits or provide better nutrition.

==Consumption==
[[File:Tomatosoup.jpg|thumb|Tomato soup]]
The tomato is now grown and eaten around the world. It is used in diverse ways, including raw in [[salad]]s, and processed into [[ketchup]] or [[tomato soup]]. Unripe green tomatoes can also be [[Fried green tomatoes (food)|breaded and fried]], used to make [[salsa (sauce)|salsa]], or pickled. [[Tomato juice]] is sold as a [[drink]], and is used in cocktails such as the [[Bloody Mary (cocktail)|Bloody Mary]].

Tomatoes are [[acid]]ic, making them especially easy to preserve in home [[canning]] whole, in pieces, as [[tomato sauce]] or [[tomato paste|paste]]. The fruit is also preserved by drying, often in the sun, and sold either in bags or in jars with oil.

Tomatoes are used extensively in Mediterranean cuisine, especially [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] and [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle Eastern]] cuisines. They are a key ingredient in [[pizza]], and are commonly used in [[pasta]] sauces. They are also used in [[gazpacho]] ([[Spanish cuisine]]) and ''[[pa amb tomàquet]]'' ([[Catalan cuisine]]).

Though it is botanically a [[berry]], a subset of [[fruit]], the tomato is a [[vegetable]] for culinary purposes, because of its savory flavor (see [[#Fruit or vegetable?|below]]).

{{nutritionalvalue | name=Red tomatoes, raw | water=94.5 g | kJ=74 | protein=0.9 g | fat=0.2 g | carbs=3.9 g | fiber=1.2 g | sugars=2.6 g | potassium_mg=237 | vitA_ug=42 | vitC_mg=14 | vitE_mg=0.54 | lutein_ug=123 | source_usda=1 | right=1}}

===Nutrition===
Tomatoes are now eaten freely throughout the world, and their consumption is believed to benefit the heart, among other organs. They contain the carotene [[lycopene]], one of the most powerful natural [[antioxidant]]s. In some studies, lycopene, especially in cooked tomatoes, has been found to help prevent [[prostate cancer]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=44 | title = Health benefits of tomatoes | accessdate = 2007-05-24 }}</ref> but other research contradicts this claim.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-05/aafc-nmt051607.php | title = No magic tomato? Study breaks link between lycopene and prostate cancer prevention | accessdate = 2007-05-24 }}</ref> Lycopene has also been shown to improve the skin's ability to protect against harmful UV rays.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7370759.stm | title = Tomato dishes 'may protect skin' | date = 2008-04-28 | accessdate = 2010-01-06 | work = BBC News }}</ref> A study done by researchers at Manchester and Newcastle universities revealed that tomato can protect against sunburn and help keeping the skin looking youthful.<ref>{{cite web | last = Maccrae | first = F. | title = The secret of eternal youth? Try a tomato | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-562668/The-secret-eternal-youth-Try-tomato.html | accessdate = 2008-04-28 }}</ref> Natural genetic variation in tomatoes and their wild relatives has given a genetic plethora of genes that produce lycopene, carotene, anthocyanin, and other antioxidants. Tomato varieties are available with double the normal [[vitamin C]] (Doublerich), 40 times normal [[vitamin A]] (97L97), high levels of [[anthocyanin]] (resulting in [[blue tomatoes]]), and two to four times the normal amount of lycopene (numerous available cultivars with the high crimson gene).

==={{anchor|Medicinal properies}}Medicinal properties===
Lycopene has also been shown to protect against oxidative damage in many epidemiological and experimental studies. In addition to its antioxidant activity, other metabolic effects of lycopene have also been demonstrated. The richest source of lycopene in the diet is tomato and tomato derived products.<ref>{{ cite journal | author = Mourvaki, E.; Gizzi, S.; Rossi, R.; Rufini, S. | title = Passionflower Fruit — A "New" Source of Lycopene? | journal = Journal of Medicinal Food | year = 2005 | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 104–106 | pmid = 15857218 }}</ref>
Tomato consumption has been associated with decreased risk of breast cancer,<ref>{{ cite journal | author = Zhang, C. X.; Ho, S. C.; Chen, Y. M.; Fu, J. H.; Cheng, S. Z.; Lin, F. Y. | title = Greater vegetable and fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer among Chinese women | journal = International Journal of Cancer | year = 2009 | volume = 125 | issue = 1 | pages = 181–188 | pmid = 19358284 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.24358 }}</ref> head and neck cancers<ref>{{ cite journal | author1 = Freedman, N. D. | author2 = Park, Y. | author3 = Subar, A. F. | author4 = Hollenbeck, A. R. | author5 = Leitzmann, M. F. | author6 = Schatzkin, A. | author7 = Abnet, C. C. | title = Fruit and vegetable intake and head and neck cancer risk in a large United States prospective cohort study | journal = International Journal of Cancer | year = 2008 | volume = 122 | issue = 10 | pages = 2330–2336 | pmid = 18092323 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.23319 }}</ref> and might be strongly protective against neurodegenerative diseases.<ref>{{ cite journal | author = Rao, A. V.; Balachandran, B. | title = Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in neurodegenerative diseases | journal = Nutritional Neuroscience | year = 2002 | volume = 5 | issue = 5 | pages = 291–309 | pmid = 12385592 | doi = 10.1080/1028415021000033767 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | author = Fall, P. A.; Fredrikson, M.; Axelson, O.; Granérus, A. K. | title = Nutritional and occupational factors influencing the risk of Parkinson's disease: A case-control study in southeastern Sweden | journal = Movement Disorders | year = 1999 | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 28–37 | pmid = 9918341 | doi = 10.1002/1531-8257(199901)14:1<28::AID-MDS1007>3.0.CO;2-O }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | author = Suganuma, H.; Hirano, T.; Arimoto, Y.; Inakuma, T. | title = Effect of tomato intake on striatal monoamine level in a mouse model of experimental Parkinson's disease | journal = Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology | year = 2002 | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | pages = 251–254 | pmid = 12350086 | doi = 10.3177/jnsv.48.251 }}</ref> Tomatoes and tomato sauces and puree are said to help [[lower urinary tract symptoms]] ([[Benign prostatic hyperplasia|BPH]]) and may have anticancer properties.<ref>{{ cite journal | author = Polívková, Z.; Šmerák, P.; Demová, H.; Houška, M. | title = Antimutagenic Effects of Lycopene and Tomato Purée | journal = Journal of Medicinal Food | year = 2010 | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 1443–1450 | pmid = 20874227 }}</ref>
Tomato consumption might be beneficial for reducing cardiovascular risk associated with type 2 diabetes.<ref>{{ cite journal | author = Shidfar, F.; Froghifar, N.; Vafa, M.; Rajab, A.; Hosseini, S.; Shidfar, S.; Gohari, M. | title = The Effects of Tomato Consumption on Serum Glucose, Apolipoprotein B, Apolipoprotein A-I, Homocysteine and Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetic Patients | journal = International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition | year = 2011 | volume = 62 | issue = 3 | pages = 289–294 | pmid = 21138408 }}</ref>

===Storage===
Tomatoes that are not yet ripe are optimally stored at room temperature uncovered, out of direct sunlight, until ripe.<ref name=cpma>{{ cite web | url = http://www.cpma.ca/en_hea_storage.asp | publisher = Canadian Produce Marketing Association | title = Home Storage Guide for Fresh Fruits & Vegetables }}</ref> In this environment, they have a shelf life of three to four days.<ref name=cpma/> When ripe, they should be used in one to two days.<ref name=cpma/> Tomatoes should only be refrigerated when well ripened, but this will affect flavor.<ref name=cpma/>

===Safety===
====Plant toxicity====
Like many other [[nightshade]]s, tomato leaves and stems contain [[solanine]] that is toxic if ingested. Ripened fruit does not contain this compound{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}. Leaves, stems, and green unripe fruit of the tomato plant contain small amounts of the poisonous alkaloid [[tomatine]].<ref name="Barceloux">{{Cite journal | last = Barceloux | first = D. G. | title = Potatoes, Tomatoes, and Solanine Toxicity (''Solanum tuberosum'' L., ''Solanum lycopersicum'' L.) | journal = Disease-a-Month | year = 2009 | volume = 55 | issue = 6 | pages = 391–402 | pmid = 19446683 | doi = 10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.03.009 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B75BF-4W92RY0-F&_user=128590&_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2009&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000010619&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=128590&md5=915d12d736cf571ed7793e94eec98a4d
}}</ref>
Use of tomato leaves in tea ([[tisane]]) has been responsible for at least one death.<ref name="calimaster">{{Cite book | last = Pittenger | first = D. R. | title = California Master Gardener Handbook | chapter = Vegetables That Contain Natural Toxins | chapterurl = http://www.google.com/books?id=WhWjHB1Zjf8C&pg=PA643 | accessdate = 2009-07-21 | year = 2002 | publisher = ANR Publications | isbn = 978-1-879906-54-9 | pages = 643–644 }}</ref> However, levels of tomatine are generally too small to be dangerous.<ref name="Barceloux"/><ref name="Mcgee-NYT">{{Cite news | last = Mcgee | first = H. | title = Accused, Yes, but Probably Not a Killer | newspaper = The New York Times | accessdate = 2010-03-26 | date = 2009-07-29 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/29/dining/29curi.html }}</ref>

Tomato plants can be toxic to dogs if they eat large amounts of the fruit, or chew plant material.<ref>{{ cite book | title = Hound Health Handbook: The Definitive Guide to Keeping your Dog Happy | author = Brevitz, B. | page = 404 }}</ref>

====''Salmonella''====
[[File:No Tomatoes.jpg|thumb|A sign posted at a Havelock, North Carolina Burger King tells customers that no tomatoes are available due to the [[2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak|salmonellosis outbreak]].]]
On October 30, 2006, the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) announced tomatoes might have been the source of a [[salmonellosis]] outbreak causing 172 illnesses in 18 states.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/30/national/main2138331.shtml | title = CDC Probes Salmonella Outbreak, Health Officials Say Bacteria May Have Spread Through Some Form Of Produce | publisher = CBS News | date = 2006-10-30 | accessdate = 2008-10-27 }}</ref> Tomatoes have been linked to seven salmonella outbreaks since 1990.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.foodsafety.ksu.edu/en/article-details.php?a=3&c=32&sc=419&id=953 | title = A selection of North American tomato related outbreaks from 1990–2005 | publisher = Food Safety Network | date = 2006-10-30 | accessdate = 2010-07-20 }}</ref>

The [[2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak]] caused the removal of tomatoes from stores and restaurants across the United States and parts of Canada,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/city/story.html?id=0c30bbc6-5fa0-41c2-9148-f57e622c0cdd | title = Tomatoes taken off menus | publisher = Calgary Herald | date = 2008-06-11 | accessdate = 2010-07-20 }}</ref> although other foods, including [[jalapeño]] and [[serrano pepper|serrano]] peppers, may have been involved.

==Botanical description==
[[File:Flor tomaca 057.jpg|thumb|left|Tomato flower]]
Tomato plants are vines, initially [[wikt:decumbent|decumbent]], typically growing six feet or more above the ground if supported, although erect bush varieties have been bred, generally three feet tall or shorter. Indeterminate types are "tender" perennials, dying annually in temperate climates (they are originally native to tropical highlands), although they can live up to three years in a greenhouse in some cases. Determinate types are annual in all climates.

Tomato plants are [[dicot]]s, and grow as a series of branching stems, with a terminal bud at the tip that does the actual growing. When that tip eventually stops growing, whether because of pruning or flowering, lateral buds take over and grow into other, fully functional, vines.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ncsu.edu/sustainable/profiles/bot_tom.html | title = Crop Profiles – Tomato | date = | accessdate = 2008-10-27 | first = M. | last = Peet }}{{Self-published inline|date=February 2010}}</ref>

Tomato vines are typically pubescent, meaning covered with fine short hairs. These hairs facilitate the vining process, turning into roots wherever the plant is in contact with the ground and moisture, especially if the vine's connection to its original root has been damaged or severed.

Most tomato plants have [[compound leaves]], and are called regular leaf (RL) plants, but some cultivars have simple leaves known as [[potato leaf]] (PL) style because of their resemblance to that close cousin. Of RL plants, there are variations, such as rugose leaves, which are deeply grooved, and [[variegated]], angora leaves, which have additional colors where a genetic mutation causes [[chlorophyll]] to be excluded from some portions of the leaves.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://faq.gardenweb.com/faq/lists/tomato/2004111539004321.html | title = Are there different types of tomato leaves? | author = paul2101 | publisher = [[IVillage]] | date = | accessdate = 2008-10-27 }}{{Verify credibility|date=February 2010}}</ref>

The [[leaf|leaves]] are {{convert|10|-|25|cm|in|0}} long, odd pinnate, with five to 9 leaflets on petioles,<ref>{{ cite book | author = Acquaah, G. | year = 2002 | title = Horticulture: Principles and Practices | location = New Jersey | publisher = Prentice Hall }}</ref> each leaflet up to {{convert|8|cm|in|0}} long, with a serrated margin; both the stem and leaves are densely glandular-hairy.

Their [[flower]]s, appearing on the apical [[meristem]], have the anthers fused along the edges, forming a column surrounding the [[pistil]]'s style. Flowers in domestic cultivars tend to be self-fertilizing. The flowers are {{convert|1|-|2|cm|in|1}} across, yellow, with five pointed lobes on the [[Catacorolla|corolla]]; they are borne in a [[Cyme (botany)|cyme]] of three to 12 together.

Tomato fruit is classified as a [[berry]]. As a true fruit, it develops from the ovary of the plant after fertilization, its flesh comprising the pericarp walls. The fruit contains hollow spaces full of seeds and moisture, called locular cavities. These vary, among cultivated species, according to type. Some smaller varieties have two cavities, globe-shaped varieties typically have three to five, beefsteak tomatoes have a great number of smaller cavities, while paste tomatoes have very few, very small cavities.

For propagation, the seeds need to come from a mature fruit, and be dried or fermented before germination.

==Botanical classification==
In 1753, [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] placed the tomato in the [[genus]] ''[[Solanum]]'' (alongside the [[potato]]) as ''Solanum lycopersicum''. In 1768,though, [[Philip Miller]] moved it to its own genus, naming it ''Lycopersicon esculentum''.<ref>[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=146898-2 Lycopersicon esculentum], International Plant Name Index</ref> This name came into wide use, but was in breach of the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature|plant naming rules]]. Technically, the combination ''Lycopersicon lycopersicum'' (L.) [[Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten|H.Karst.]] would be more correct, but this name (published in 1881) has hardly ever been used (except in seed catalogs, which frequently used it and still do).

[[genetics|Genetic]] evidence has now shown that Linnaeus was correct to put the tomato in the genus ''Solanum'', making ''Solanum lycopersicum'' the correct name.<ref name=NHM/><ref name="Peralta & Spooner">{{Cite journal | first1 = I. E. | last1 = Peralta | first2 = D. M. | last2 = Spooner | title = Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSSI) gene phylogeny of wild tomatoes (''Solanum'' L. section ''Lycopersicon'' (Mill.) Wettst. subsection ''Lycopersicon'') | journal = American Journal of Botany | year = 2001 | volume = 88 | issue = 10 | pages = 1888–1902 | jstor = 3558365 | pmid = 21669622 | doi = 10.2307/3558365 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/10/1888 }}</ref> Both names, however, will probably be found in the literature for some time. Two of the major reasons some still consider the genera separate are the leaf structure (tomato leaves are markedly different from any other ''Solanum''), and the biochemistry (many of the alkaloids common to other ''Solanum'' species are conspicuously absent in the tomato). Hybrids of tomato and diploid [[potato]] can be created in the lab by [[somatic fusion]], and are partially fertile,<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Jacobsen, E.; Daniel, M. K.; Bergervoet-van Deelen, J. E. M.; Huigen, D. J.; Ramanna, M. S. | title = The first and second backcross progeny of the intergeneric fusion hybrids of potato and tomato after crossing with potato | journal = TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics | year = 1994 | volume = 88 | issue = 2 | pages = 181–186 | doi = 10.1007/BF00225895 }}</ref> providing evidence of the close relationship between these species.

==Genome sequencing==
An international consortium of researchers from 10 countries, among them researchers from the [[Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research]], began sequencing the tomato [[genome]] in 2004, and is creating a database of genomic sequences and information on the tomato and related plants.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://solgenomics.net/about/tomato_project_overview.pl | title = International Tomato Genome Sequencing Project | publisher = Sol Genomics Network | first = L. | last = Mueller | accessdate = 2009-10-21 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Jan07/SolanacaeNSF.kr.html | title = Tomato genome project gets $1.8M | publisher = News.cornell.edu | author = Ramanujan, K. | date = 2007-01-30 | accessdate = 2008-10-27 }}</ref> A prerelease version of the genome was made available in December, 2009.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://solgenomics.net/tomato/ | title = Tomato Genome Shotgun Sequence Prerelease }}</ref> The genomes of its [[mitochondria]] and [[chloroplast]]s are also being sequenced as part of the project. The complete genome for the cultivar Heinz 1706 was published on May 31, 2012 in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''. Since many other fruits, like [[strawberries]], [[apple]]s, [[melon]]s, and [[banana]]s share the same characteristics and genes, researchers stated the published genome could help to improve food quality, food security and reduce costs of all of these fruits.<ref>[http://www.rdmag.com/News/Feeds/2012/06/general-sciences-tomato-genome-is-sequenced-for-the-first-time/ Tomato genome is sequenced for the first time] ''http://www.rdmag.com''. Retrieved June 2, 2012.</ref>

==Breeding==
Active breeding programs are ongoing by individuals, universities, corporations, and organizations. The Tomato Genetic Resource Center, [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]], [[World Vegetable Center|AVRDC]], and numerous [[Seedbank|seed banks]] around the world store seed representing genetic variations of value to modern agriculture. These seed stocks are available for legitimate breeding and research efforts. While individual breeding efforts can produce useful results, the bulk of tomato breeding work is at universities and major agriculture-related corporations. These efforts have resulted in significant regionally adapted breeding lines and hybrids, such as the Mountain series from North Carolina. Corporations including [[H. J. Heinz Company|Heinz]], [[Monsanto]], BHNSeed, Bejoseed, etc., have breeding programs that attempt to improve production, size, shape, color, flavor, disease tolerance, pest tolerance, nutritional value, and numerous other traits.

==Fruit or vegetable?==
[[Fruit#Botanic_fruit_and_culinary_fruit|Botanically]], a tomato is a [[fruit]]: the [[ovary (plants)|ovary]], together with its seeds, of a [[flowering plant]]. However, the tomato has a much lower sugar content than other fruits, and is therefore not as sweet. Typically served as part of a salad or [[main course]] of a meal, rather than at [[dessert]], it is considered a [[Vegetable#Terminology|vegetable]] for most culinary purposes. One exception is that tomatoes are treated as a fruit in home canning practices: they are acidic enough to be processed in a water bath rather than a pressure cooker as "vegetables" require. Tomatoes are not the only foodstuff with this ambiguity: [[eggplant]]s, [[cucumber]]s, and [[squash (fruit)|squashes]] of all kinds (such as [[zucchini]] and [[pumpkin]]s) are all botanically fruits, yet cooked as vegetables.

This argument has had legal implications in the United States. In 1887, U.S. [[tariff]] laws that imposed a [[Duty (economics)|duty]] on vegetables, but not on fruits, caused the tomato's status to become a matter of legal importance. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] settled the controversy on May 10, 1893, by declaring that the tomato is a vegetable, based on the popular definition that classifies vegetables by use, that they are generally served with dinner and not dessert (''[[Nix v. Hedden]]'' (149 U.S. 304)).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vegparadise.com/highestperch8.html |title=Vegetarians in Paradise/Tomato History, Tomato Nutrition, Tomato Recipe |publisher=Vegparadise.com |date= |accessdate=2009-04-02}}</ref>
The holding of the case applies only to the interpretation of the [[Tariff of 1883|Tariff Act of March 3, 1883]], and the court did not purport to reclassify the tomato for botanical or other purposes.

Tomatoes have been designated the state vegetable of [[New Jersey]]. [[Arkansas]] took both sides by declaring the "South Arkansas Vine Ripe Pink Tomato" to be both the state fruit and the state vegetable in the same law, citing both its culinary and botanical classifications. In 2009, the state of [[Ohio]] passed a law making the tomato the state's official fruit. Tomato juice has been the official beverage of Ohio since 1965. [[A.W. Livingston]], of [[Reynoldsburg, Ohio]], played a large part in popularizing the tomato in the late 19th century; his efforts are commemorated in Reynoldsburg with an annual Tomato Festival.

==Names==
The scientific [[Scientific_name#Codes|species epithet]] ''lycopersicum'' means "wolf peach", and comes from German [[werewolf]] myths. These said that [[Atropa belladonna|deadly nightshade]] was used to summon werewolves, so the tomato's similar, but much larger, fruit was called the "wolf peach" when it arrived in Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Hammerschmidt, D.; Franklin, M. | title = About the cover illustration | journal = Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine | year = 2005 | volume = 146 | issue = 4 | pages = 251–252 | doi = 10.1016/j.lab.2005.08.010 | pmid = 16194687 | url = http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ymlc/article/PIIS0022214305002982/fulltext }}</ref>

The [[Aztecs]] called the fruit ''xitomatl'' ({{IPA-nah|ʃiːˈtomatɬ|pron}}), meaning plump thing with a navel. Other Mesoamerican peoples, including the [[Nahua peoples|Nahuas]], took the name as ''tomatl'', from which some European languages derived the name "tomato".

===Pronunciation===
The pronunciation of tomato [[American and British English pronunciation differences|differs]] in different [[List of countries where English is an official language|English-speaking countries]]; the two most common variants are {{IPA-en|təˈmɑːtoʊ|}} ({{respell|tə|MAH|toh}}) and {{IPA-en|təˈmeɪtoʊ|}} ({{respell|tə|MAY|toh}}). Speakers from the British Isles and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] typically say {{IPA|/təˈmɑːtoʊ/}}, while most [[North American English|North American]] speakers usually say {{IPA|/təˈmeɪtoʊ/}}.

The word's [[Free variation|dual pronunciations]] were immortalized in [[Ira Gershwin|Ira]] and [[George Gershwin]]'s 1937 song ''[[Let's Call the Whole Thing Off]]'' ("You like {{IPA|/pəˈteɪtoʊ/}} and I like {{IPA|/pəˈtɑːtoʊ/}} / You like {{IPA|/təˈmeɪtoʊ/}} and I like {{IPA|/təˈmɑːtoʊ/}}") and have become a symbol for [[nitpicking (sport)|nitpicking]] pronunciation disputes. In this capacity, it has even become an American and British slang term: saying {{IPA|/təˈmeɪtoʊ, təˈmɑːtoʊ/}} when presented with two choices can mean "What's the difference?" or "It's all the same to me."

==Tomato records==
[[File:Tomatotree.JPG|thumb|The "tomato tree" as seen by guests on the [[Living with the Land]] boat ride at [[Epcot]], [[Lake Buena Vista, Florida]]]]
The heaviest tomato ever, weighing 3.51 kg (7 lb 12 oz), was of the cultivar 'Delicious', grown by Gordon Graham of [[Edmond, Oklahoma]] in 1986.<ref name="chesterprogressive"/>{{Verify credibility|date=April 2010}} The largest tomato plant grown was of the cultivar 'Sungold' and reached 19.8 m (65 ft) in length, grown by Nutriculture Ltd (UK) of Mawdesley, Lancashire, UK, in 2000.<ref>[http://www.nutriculture.com/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=56&page=view&catid=3&PageNo=2&key=3&hit=1 A World Record Breaker] Nutriculture.com. Retrieved 2010-07-27.</ref>

The massive "tomato tree" growing inside the [[Walt Disney World Resort]]'s experimental greenhouses in [[Lake Buena Vista, Florida]] may be the largest single tomato plant in the world. The plant has been recognized as a Guinness World Record Holder, with a harvest of more than 32,000 tomatoes and a total weight of {{Convert|522|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="disney">[http://www.wdwnews.com/ViewImage.aspx?ImageID=101932 Walt Disney World News]</ref> It yields thousands of tomatoes at one time from a single vine. Yong Huang, [[Epcot]]'s manager of agricultural science, discovered the unique plant in Beijing, China. Huang brought its seeds to Epcot and created the specialized greenhouse for the fruit to grow. The vine grows golf ball-sized tomatoes, which are served at Walt Disney World restaurants.

Unfortunately, the world record-setting tomato tree can no longer be seen by guests along the [[Living with the Land|Living With the Land]] boat ride at Epcot, as the tree developed a disease and was removed in April 2010 after approximately 13 months of life.<ref name="disney"/>

On August 30, 2007, 40,000 Spaniards gathered in [[Buñol]] to throw {{convert|115000|kg|lb}} of tomatoes at each other in the yearly [[Tomatina]] [[festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itn.co.uk/news/9a5a1671ceba4f43741dc008f237c1ea.html |title=Spain's tomato fighters see red |publisher=[[ITV]] |date={{Date|2007-08-30|mdy}} |accessdate=2009-04-02}}</ref>

==Cultural impact==
The town of [[Buñol]], Spain, annually celebrates [[Tomatina|La Tomatina]], a festival centered on an enormous tomato fight. Tomatoes are also a popular "nonlethal" throwing weapon in mass protests, and there was a common tradition of throwing rotten tomatoes at bad performers on a stage during the 19th century; today this is usually referenced as a mere metaphor. Embracing it for this protest connotation, the [[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|Dutch Socialist party]] adopted the tomato as their logo.

The US city of [[Reynoldsburg, Ohio]] calls itself "The Birthplace of the Tomato", claiming the first commercial variety of tomato was bred there in the 19th century.<ref>[http://www.ci.reynoldsburg.oh.us/about-reynoldsburg.aspx About Reynoldsburg], City of Reynoldsburg. Retrieved 2010-27-7.</ref>

Several US states have adopted the tomato as a state fruit or vegetable (see [[#Fruit or vegetable?|above]]). 

==See also==
{{stack|
[[File:Tomates farcies végétariennes.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Suquet de peix.jpg|thumb|[[Suquet de peix]] ([[Catalan cuisine]])]]
}}
* [[Flavr Savr]]
* [[List of heirloom tomato cultivars]]
* [[List of tomato cultivars]]
* [[Marglobe (tomato)|Marglobe]]
* [[Ring culture]]
* [[Tomatillo]]
* [[Tomberry]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* David Gentilcore. ''Pomodoro! A History of the Tomato in Italy'' (Columbia University Press, 2010), scholarly history

==External links==
{{Commons|Solanum lycopersicum}}
{{Wikispecies|Solanum lycopersicum}}
{{Cookbook|Tomato}}
{{Wikibooks|Horticulture|Tomato}}
{{TaxonIds|name=''Solanum lycopersicum''|eol=392557|ncbi=4081|wikispecies=Solanum lycopersicum}}
* {{NCBI|4081}}
* {{ITIS|ID=521671|taxon=''Solanum lycopersicum''}}
* {{Eol|392557}}
* [http://ipm.ncsu.edu/AG295/html/tomato_key.htm Tomato Pests] [[North Carolina State University|(NCSU)]] – Overview of the entomological threats to tomato cultivation.
* [http://www.sgn.cornell.edu/about/tomato_sequencing.pl Tomato Genome Sequencing Project] – Sequencing of the twelve tomato chromosomes.
* [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/solanaceaesource/taxonomy/description-detail.jsp?spnumber=3601 ''Solanum lycopersicum'' L. on Solanaceae Source] – Images, specimens and a full list of scientific synonyms previously used to refer to the tomato.
* [http://www.eu-sol.wur.nl Tomato core collection database] – Phenotypes and images of 7,000 tomato cultivars
* [http://www.kdcomm.net/~tomato/ The On-line Tomato Vine (Keith Mueller)] – Comprehensive and practical information on growing and breeding tomatoes.
* [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=case-against-heirloom-tomatoes&print=true The case against heirloom tomatoes] at Scientific American
* [http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/08/15/red_menace/ Red menace: How the ‘strange and horrible’ tomato conquered Italy, and America] at The Boston Globe
* [http://goarticles.com/article/Tomato-from-seeds-A-complete-start-to-finish-guide/3953279 Tomato from seeds: A complete start to finish guide] written by James Cairns
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199203/new.world.foods.old.world.diet.htm Paul Lunde, ''New World Foods, Old World Diet'', 1992, Saudi Aramco World]
[[Category:Tomatoes| ]]
[[Category:Crops originating from the Americas]]
[[Category:Nahuatl words and phrases]]
[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Sequenced genomes]]

{{Link GA|es}}

[[ace:Truëng Tureuki]]
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[[az:Pomidor]]
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[[ru:Томат]]
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[[bat-smg:Tuomats]]
[[zh:番茄]]

Talk:Science and the Catholic Church

2010-05-31T07:23:10Z

203.39.222.5: /* Lead */

{{Project Catholicism}}

== Schools and evolution ==
I just read this statement in the article

"''Catholic schools'' '''''do not''''' ''teach theistic evolution as part of their science curriculum. They teach the facts of evolution and the scientific theory of its mechanisms. This is essentially the same biological curriculum taught in public schools and secular universities.''" (emph mine)

My [[WP:OR|personal experience]] and just plain common sense tell me that indeed such schools do teach a form of theistic evolution: nontheistic forms of Darwinism are exactly what the Church has been railing against for decades. I would be bold and just remove the highlighted words, but then the rest of the paragraph is quite poorly written. Comments? [[User:Baccyak4H|Baccyak4H]] ([[User talk:Baccyak4H|Yak!]]) 17:29, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

:Good catch. As documented in the edit summaries, this article was cobbled together by copying from other Wikipedia articles. The paragraph in question was copied from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theistic_evolution#Roman_Catholic_Church here]. Since there is no citation, I suspect that it is original research although it may be true. I have removed it from this article and will remove it from [[Theistic evolution]] as well. --[[User:Richardshusr|Richard S]] ([[User talk:Richardshusr|talk]]) 18:01, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

:Actually on reflection, there is an apparent discrepancy between [[Evolution and the Catholic Church]] and [[Theistic evolution]]. [[Evolution and the Catholic Church]] says that Church doctrine is a non-specific type of [[Theistic evolution]] but [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theistic_evolution#Roman_Catholic_Church Theistic evolution] says that Catholic schools don't teach theistic evolution. What is not said is that Catholic parochial schools are not required to teach all the nuances of Church doctrine in their science classes. Since evolution as taught at the high school level is not incompatible with Church teaching, Catholic schools are free to teach it. As you commented, the problem that the Church has is not so much with evolution as with the conclusion that God was completely absent from the creation process. However, Catholic schools tend to separate religious instruction from instruction in other subjects such as science. This is why many non-Catholics choose to attend Catholic schools for their superior instruction even if they have different religious beliefs.

:The finer nuances of reconciling evolution to Church doctrine is probably left to courses taught at the college and seminary level.

:--[[User:Richardshusr|Richard S]] ([[User talk:Richardshusr|talk]]) 18:56, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

:: That interpretation does have merit, but it underscores how poorly written the original prose was. It sounded like the language of an evolutionist using the Church then as an appeal to authority. "''See even the Catholics are on our side''". Your solution to delete until sourced was a good one. Once that happens it can be written better. [[User:Baccyak4H|Baccyak4H]] ([[User talk:Baccyak4H|Yak!]]) 19:15, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
:Both of you are missing the qualification "as part of their science curriculum". I don't see anything wrong with the passage, and your objections are clearly purest OR. [[User:Johnbod|Johnbod]] ([[User talk:Johnbod|talk]]) 20:31, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

::Johnbod, I think you misread what I wrote. I did understand that we are talking about the "science curriculum" which, as I wrote, is probably taught in Catholic schools independent of religious belief. I'm not familiar with the religious instruction in Catholic schools but I would expect a somewhat more nuanced discussion of Scripture and science in those classes.

::My problem is not with the text in question per se but rather its failure to integrate with the rest of the text. If we are going to talk about how evolution is taught in the science curriculum of Catholic schools, we need to explain the principles that are used to separate religious instruction from science instruction. After all, evolution is not the only issue. Creation of the universe is another related issue. So too, is the entire question of the existence of a soul and its independence from the body.

::In addition, we need to source all of that because, as written, the text reads like OR. Something can be OR even if it is true. For example, if a Wikipedia editor has a son who goes to a Catholic high school and that son studies evolution in his Biology class, that Wikipedian might conclude that this is how all Catholic schools operate and insert text similar to the passage in question. However, it is still OR because it is just anecdotal evidence based on one person's personal observation. What we need is to put these ideas into the mouth of a [[WP:RS|reliable source]]. Presumably the reliable source will be one who understands how Catholic schools deal with these kinds of issues and can opine knowledgeably on the topic.

::--[[User:Richardshusr|Richard S]] ([[User talk:Richardshusr|talk]]) 18:17, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
:::I added the sourced passage from the main article yesterday [[User:Johnbod|Johnbod]] ([[User talk:Johnbod|talk]]) 20:11, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

::::Oh sorry, I missed that. What you added is great. That's just what I was looking for. --[[User:Richardshusr|Richard S]] ([[User talk:Richardshusr|talk]]) 20:37, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

== Lead ==

I know there wasn't one before, but it is ridiculous to start this "Thomas E. Woods, Jr. asserts...." especially when Woods is hardly a figure to conjure with. [[User:Johnbod|Johnbod]] ([[User talk:Johnbod|talk]]) 20:46, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

:[[WP:SOFIXIT|So fix it.]] I hate writing lead sections. That's where the power of collaboration comes in. If someone can write a better lead, please do so. --[[User:Richardshusr|Richard S]] ([[User talk:Richardshusr|talk]]) 09:06, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

:I agree it is complete rubbish. One obscure guy writes a book and hundreds of years of persecution are ignored. How much did the RCC pay to get that in?

== Applications of science and technology ==

I was going to insert a section on [[Dignitas Personae]] and then decided to hold back because this topic gets away from "pure science" and into the morality and ethics of applications of science and technology. Should bioethics and other science-related ethical issues be included in this article or somewhere else? --[[User:Richardshusr|Richard S]] ([[User talk:Richardshusr|talk]]) 18:06, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
:I'd add it. Also something on the opening towards environmental concerns, and birth control. This sort of issue is where the interaction between the church and science mainly is these days. [[User:Johnbod|Johnbod]] ([[User talk:Johnbod|talk]]) 20:14, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

== Mendel ==

This [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_science&action=historysubmit&diff=341751453&oldid=341750909 edit], however, leaves something to be desired. First of all, it is unsourced and so it sounds like OR. Also, it seems to be a bit of partisan sniping. Is it really crucual to the topic? --[[User:Richardshusr|Richard S]] ([[User talk:Richardshusr|talk]]) 20:40, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
:Since you have failed otherwise to cover him, yes. It is [[Wikipedia:When_to_cite#When_a_source_may_not_be_needed|Subject-specific common knowledge]] and anti-sniping, surely? The claim that it is ironic is indeed partisan POV. [[User:Johnbod|Johnbod]] ([[User talk:Johnbod|talk]]) 20:47, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
::The "is remarked upon by many and considered ironic by some" is unsourced. The building of modern evolutionary synthesis on Darwin and Mendel is OK as it further shows how Catholics (and Catholic priests) have contributed to science. Please find a more encyclopedic way to present this information. --[[User:Richardshusr|Richard S]] ([[User talk:Richardshusr|talk]]) 20:57, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
:::Given the state of this article it is hardly a pressing issue. [[User:Johnbod|Johnbod]] ([[User talk:Johnbod|talk]]) 22:34, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
::Johnbod, please provide a real citation to your paragraph (please read the links you provided: at least the first three aren't even talking about this!), or leave the paragraph out. [[User:Skytherin|Skytherin]] ([[User talk:Skytherin|talk]]) 20:59, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

Redgum

2010-02-19T03:31:01Z

203.39.222.5: Removed vandalism

:''For the eucalyptus species, see [[River Red Gum]]; or for the deciduous tree see [[American Sweetgum]].''
{{Infobox Musical artist 
| Name = Redgum
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = group_or_band
| Alias =
| Origin = [[Adelaide]], Australia
| Genre = [[Folk music|Folk]], [[Rock music|Rock]]
| Years_active = 1975–1990
| Label = [[Larrikin Records|Larrikin]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[CBS Records|CBS]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Associated_acts = Gordon Franklin & The Wilderness Ensemble, [[John Schumann]], Vagabond Crew, Crossroads
| URL =
| Current_members =
| Past_members = Michael Atkinson John Schumann Verity Truman Chris Timms Gordon McLean Tom Stehlik Russell Coleman Dave Flett Hugh McDonald Stephen Cooney Brian Czempinski Michael Spicer 
}}
'''Redgum''' was an Australian [[bush band|folk]] and political music group formed in [[Adelaide]] in 1975 by [[singer-songwriter]] [[John Schumann]], Michael Atkinson on [[guitar]]s/vocals and Verity Truman on [[flute]]/vocals; they were soon joined by Chris Timms on [[violin]].<ref name="ARDb">{{cite web |url=http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/r/redgum.html |work=[[Australian Rock Database]]|title=Redgum discography|editor=Magnus Holmgren |accessdate=2008-10-13 }}</ref> All four had been students at [[Flinders University]] and together developed an intensely passionate and outspoken outlook.<ref name="McF">{{cite book |title=[[Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop]] |url= |last=McFarlane |first=Ian |authorlink= Ian McFarlane |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |year=1999 |chapter= Encyclopedia entry for 'Redgum' |chapterurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20030515200023/www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=679 |isbn=1-86448-768-2 |accessdate=2008-10-13 }}</ref> They are known for their [[protest song]] exploring the impact of war in 1983's "[[I Was Only Nineteen|I Was Only Nineteen (A Walk in the Light Green)]]", which peaked at #1 on the [[Kent Music Report|National singles charts]].<ref name="McF"/><ref name="Kent">{{cite book|title=[[Kent Music Report|Australian Chart Book 1970-1992]]|last=Kent|first=David|authorlink=David Kent (historian)|publisher=Australian Chart Book|location=[[St Ives, New South Wales|St Ives]], N.S.W.|year=1993|isbn=0646119176|accessdate=2009-03-24}} NOTE: Used for Australian Singles and Albums charting from 1970 until ARIA created their own charts in mid-1988.</ref><ref name="aus-charts">{{cite web|url=http://www.australian-charts.com |title=Australian Charts portal |publisher=australian-charts.com|accessdate=2008-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Best of 1983 |publisher=Oz Net Music Chart |url=http://www.onmc.iinet.net.au/AUST/83.htm |accessdate=2008-10-13 }}</ref> The song is in the [[Australasian Performing Right Association]] (APRA) list of [[APRA Top 30 Australian songs|Top 30 of All Time Best Australian Songs]] created in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abc.net.au/dimensions/dimensions_people/Transcripts/s881927.htm |date=2003-06-18 |title=''Dimensions Episode 20: John Schumann'' |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ABC) |accessdate=2008-10-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.debbiekruger.com/pdfs/aprathirty.pdf |format=PDF |last=Kruger |first=Debbie |authorlink=Debbie Kruger|title=The songs that resonate through the years|publisher=[[Australasian Performing Right Association|APRA]] |date=2001-05-02 |accessdate=2008-10-13 }}</ref>

Redgum also covered Australian consumer influences on surrounding nations in 1984's "I've Been To Bali Too",<ref name="McF"/> both hit singles were written by Schumann.<ref name="APRA">{{cite web |title=APRA search engine |url=http://www.apra.com.au/cms/worksearch/worksearch.srvlt |publisher=[[Australasian Performing Right Association]] (APRA)|accessdate=2008-10-13 }} Note: requires user to input song title, e.g. I WAS ONLY NINETEEN</ref> "Diamantina Drover", written by Timms replacement, [[violin]]ist/vocalist Hugh McDonald and "Poor Ned", written by [[Trevor Lucas]] of [[Fairport Convention]], are examples of their bush songs.<ref name="McF"/><ref name="APRA"/> Lucas produced their best performed album, the June 1983 live [[Long Play|LP]] ''Caught in the Act'',<ref name="ARDb"/><ref name="McF"/> which peaked at #3 on the National albums chart.<ref name="McF"/><ref name="Kent"/> Schumann left the band and pursued a solo career from 1986, Atkinson left in 1987 and Redgum finally disbanded in 1990.<ref name="ARDb"/><ref name="McF"/>

==History==
Redgum were formed in 1975 when three students at [[Flinders University]], [[John Schumann]], Michael Atkinson (not the future Labor politician of the same name) and Verity Truman, collaborated for a musical assessment piece for their Politics and Art course.<ref name="McF"/> The trio quickly gained fame around the University community for their forthright songs, and by 1976 had been joined by violinist Chris Timms who had previously attended Flinders University.<ref name="McF"/> The group were soon in demand for parties, pubs and rallies throughout [[South Australia]] and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]. Initially a part-time band, performing weekends and school holidays (two members were teachers), it was only after they released their second album, ''Virgin Ground'' (late 1980), to strong sales and critical acclaim, that the group became full-time and started touring nationally.<ref name="McF"/>

==Music==
On the first album, ''If You Don't Fight You Lose'' (1978) Redgum showed it was one of the few Australian bands prepared to tackle domestic politics and culture. "One More Boring Night in Adelaide" for some will remain, despite some of its dated references, a classic analysis of Australian provincial [[parochialism]]. The group's success continued to grow with the release of their next three albums, ''Virgin Ground'', ''Brown Rice and Kerosine'' (1981) and the EP ''Cut to the Quick'' (September 1982), and they weathered several line-up changes including the addition of a [[didgeridoo]] and the replacement of Timms in May 1982 with Hugh McDonald, among others. They released a [[Song book|songbook]] ''The Redgum Songbook: Stubborn Words, Flagrant Vices'' (1981).

[[File:CaughtInTheAct.jpg|thumb|1983's ''Caught in the Act.'']]

Collaboration with influential Australian folk producer [[Trevor Lucas]] (from UK folk group [[Fairport Convention]]) brought the high-point of their career - the live LP ''Caught in the Act'' (see infobox) was released in June 1983 and "I Was Only Nineteen" aka "A Walk in the Light Green" (March 1983) hit number one on the Australian singles chart. The song precipitated a [[Royal Commission]] into the use and effects of chemical agents in the [[Vietnam War]] by the Australian military. The album included "The Diamantina Drover" and "The Last Frontier" which are indicative of their folk music style.

The band released their next LP, ''Frontline'' (August 1984) with its single "I've Been to Bali Too", and started touring folk venues in the UK and Europe with some success. Late in 1985, Schumann announced that he had signed a solo deal with [[CBS Records]] and would be quitting. Redgum released one more album of new material, ''Midnight Sun'' (1986), a last single "Roll it on Robbie" (1987) after which Atkinson left. The remaining members performed until 1990 before breaking up.<ref name="ARDb"/>

==Redgum post-Redgum==
After leaving the band, Schumann released two solo albums before pursuing a brief political career with the [[Australian Democrats]], standing for the South Australian seat of [[Division of Mayo|Mayo]] in the 1998 Federal election and losing by a small margin. He left the Democrats in 2000 and returned to further solo works. Schumann toured Australia in 2007 with the Vagabond Crew (includes fellow Redgum member McDonald) and a new album was released in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schumann.com.au/john/news.html |title=John Schumann Official website Latest News |accessdate=2007-11-03 }}</ref> Chris Timms left to further a career in Adult Education within the Dept. of TAFE in S.A. Other members of Redgum continue to work in the Australian music scene. Atkinson has worked in film and television.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0040771 |title=Internet Movie Database entry on Michael Atkinson |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]] |accessdate=2007-11-03 }}</ref> He composed the music for films including ''[[Heaven's Burning]]'' (1997), starring Russell Crowe. Truman performs in Adelaide as a long time member of cabaret band Crossroads. In 2005, Redgum were again brought to attention through the recording of an acoustic / [[hip hop music|hip hop]] cover of "I Was Only 19" by Australian group [[The Herd (band)|The Herd]] with Schumann providing some vocals. The song received high rotation on popular national radio station [[Triple J]]. Michael Spicer is currently teaching MIDI, Synthesis & Composition in Singapore Polytechnic.

==Members==
In chronological order:<ref name="ARDb"/><ref name="McF"/>
*Michael Atkinson ([[vocals]], [[bass guitar]], [[mandolin]], [[piano]]) 1973–1987
*[[John Schumann]] (vocals, [[guitar]]) 1973–1985
*Verity Truman (vocals, [[flute]], [[tin whistle]]) 1973–1990
*Chris Timms ([[violin]], backing vocals) 1973–1982
*Chris Boath (bass guitar) 1978–1979
*Gordon McLean ([[drum kit|drums]]) 1978–1979
*Tom Stehlik (drums) 1978–1979
*David Flett (bass guitar) 1980–1983
*Geoff Gifford (drums) 1980–1982
*Russel Coleman (drums) 1982–1983
*Hugh McDonald (guitar, violin, vocals) 1982–1990
*Michael Spicer ([[keyboard instrument|keyboards]]) 1983–1990
*Brian Czempinski (drums) 1984–1986
*Stephen Cooney (bass guitar , [[didgeridoo]], guitar, [[mandolin]], [[banjo]]) 1984-1985
*Andy Baylor (guitar, [[fiddle]]) 1986
*Peter Bolke (bass guitar) 1986
*Ray Rafael (drums) 1986–1989
*Darryn Deland Darryn (bass guitar,vocals) 1987–1990
*Louis McManus (guitar) 1989
*Malcolm Wakeford (drums) 1990
*Bob Sender Bob (guitar) 1990
dylan born
==Discography==
===Studio albums===
*''[[If You Don't Fight You Lose]]'' (1978)
*''[[Virgin Ground]]'' (November, 1980)
*''[[Brown Rice and Kerosine]]'' (1981)
*''[[Cut to the Quick]]'' (1982 [[Extended play|EP]])
*''[[Frontline]]'' (August, 1984)
*''[[Everything's Legal, Anything Goes]]'' (1985 compilation)
*''[[Midnight Sun]]'' (November 1986)
*''[[The Very Best of Redgum]]'' (1987)
*''[[4 Play Vol 19]]'' (EP, March 1988)
*''[[Against the Grain]]'' (2004 compilation)

===Live albums===
*''[[Caught in the Act]]'' (June, 1983)

===Songs===

*"Long Run" (Schumann) / "Little Hampton's Calling Me" (Atkinson, McDonald, Truman, Schumann) (January, 1981) Re-released August 1983 with B side "Fabulon" (McDonald, Truman, Atkinson, Schumann)
*"100 Years On" (Schumann)<ref name="APRA">{{cite web |url=http://www.apra.com.au/cms/worksearch/worksearch.srvlt?action=workSearch&switchDet=Y |title=Australasian Performing Right Association |publisher=[[Australasian Performing Right Association|APRA]] |accessdate=2007-11-06 }}</ref> / "Nuclear Cop" (Schumann, Atkinson, Truman, Timms) (November, 1981)
*"Working Girls" (Schumann) (1982)
*"Caught in the Act" (Schumann, Atkinson, Truman, Timms) / "Stewie" (Schumann) / "Lear Jets Over Kulgera" (Atkinson) (1983 EP, also released with LP of same name)
*"[[I Was Only Nineteen]]" (Schumann) / "Yarralumla Wine" (Atkinson) (March 1983)
*"A.S.I.O." (Atkinson) / "Hira" (Schumann, Cooney) (1984)
*"Friday Night" (Atkinson) / "Last Frontier" (Schumann) (1984)
*"I've Been to Bali Too" (Schumann) / "Still Life" (Truman, McDonald) (February, 1984)
*"Just Another Moment on Your Own" (Atkinson, Schumann) / "Kerang (Moon Over Water)" (McDonald) (1985)
*"The Drover's Dog" (Schumann, Atkinson) / "It Doesn't Matter to Me" (Schumann, Atkinson) (1985)
*"Running With the Hurricane" (Atkinson, McDonald) / "Street to Die" (McDonald) (November, 1986)
*"Roll it on Robbie" (McDonald, Spicer) / "Empty Page" (Truman, Spicer) (May, 1987)
"Fade Away" (John Schumann)
"Skinny Little Kid" (John Schumann) "You Might Remember Me" (John Schumann)
"dylan born

==Video==
''On the Frontline'' (1990, Hoyts / Polygram)<ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Spencer |coauthors=Thomas Hurst, Bob Bolton, Wendy Lowenstein |date=2000-06-08 |title="Australian Folk Songs Discography M-Z" |publisher=Australian Folk Songs |url=http://folkstream.com/data/AFS_M-Z.html |accessdate=2007-11-08 }}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/r/redgum.html Australian Rock Database's Redgum discography]
*[http://rateyourmusic.com/artist/redgum Rate Your Music's Redgum discography]
*[http://www.hughmcdonald.com Hugh McDonald's web site]
*[http://www.schumann.com.au/john/john.html John Schumann's official site]
*[http://www.bmusic.com.au/links/whatsnew/newsletters/archives/newsno102.html#where bMusic.com.au newsletter no. 102 (January 11th - January 17th 2004 ) - "Redgum: Where Are They Now?"]
*[http://www.bmusic.com.au/links/whatsnew/newsletters/archives/newsno216.html#where bMusic.com.au newsletter no. 216 (May 2nd - May 8th 2006 ) - "Redgum: Where Are They Now? - UPDATED"]

[[Category:Australian folk music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1990]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1975]]
[[Category:South Australian musical groups]]