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Ancient history of Afghanistan

2024-10-17T19:02:22Z

204.25.208.33: /* Kabul Shahi */

{{Short description|none}}
{{History of Afghanistan}}

The '''ancient history of Afghanistan''', also referred to as the '''pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan''', dates back to the [[prehistoric era]] and the '''[[Helmand culture|Helmand civilization]]''' around 3300–2350 BCE. [[Archaeological]] exploration began in [[Afghanistan]] in earnest after [[World War II]] and proceeded until the late 1970s during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]. Archaeologists and historians suggest that humans were living in Afghanistan at least 50,000 years ago, and that farming communities of the region were among the earliest in the world.<ref name="JFS">{{cite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html |title=Afghanistan: VII. History (Archived) |access-date=2009-10-31 |work=John Ford Shroder |publisher=University of Nebraska |year=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031052339/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html |archive-date=October 31, 2009 }}</ref> [[Urbanization|Urbanized]] culture has existed in the land from between 3000 and 2000 BC.<ref name="JFS"/><ref name="LoC">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0002) |title=The Pre-Islamic Period |access-date=2010-08-16 |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Afghanistan |year=1997}}</ref><ref name="Dupree">{{cite book|title=An Historical Guide To Afghanistan |last1=Dupree |first1=Nancy Hatch |volume=2. Edition|year=1977|publisher=Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization |page=492|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T__DHAAACAAJ |access-date=2010-08-23}}</ref> Artifacts typical of the [[Paleolithic]], [[Mesolithic]], [[Neolithic]], [[Bronze Age|Bronze]], and [[Iron Age|Iron]] ages have been found inside Afghanistan.<ref name="Dupree"/>

After the Indus Valley civilization stretched up to northeast Afghanistan,<ref name="The Ancient Indus pp.1">The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society. pp.1</ref> it was inhabited by the [[Iranic]] tribes and controlled by the [[Medes]] until about 500 BC when [[Darius I|Darius the Great (Darius I)]] marched with his [[Persian people|Persian]] army to make it part of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. In 330 BC, [[Alexander the Great]] of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]] invaded the land after defeating [[Darius III]] of [[Greater Iran|Persia]] in the [[Battle of Gaugamela]]. Much of Afghanistan became part of the [[Seleucid Empire]] followed by the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]. [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus I Nicator was defeated by]] [[Chandragupta Maurya]] and gave his daughter in peace treaty. The land was inhabited by various tribes and ruled by many different kingdoms for the next two millenniums. Before the [[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan|arrival of Islam]] in the 7th century, there were a number of religions practiced in modern-day Afghanistan, including [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Ancient Iranian religion]]s,<ref>https://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_43974.html</ref> [[Buddhism in Afghanistan|Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism in Afghanistan|Hinduism]].<ref name="EndeSteinbach2010">{{cite book |last1=Ende |first1=Werner |title=Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society |last2=Steinbach |first2=Udo |date=15 April 2010 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=9780801464898 |page=257 |quote=At the time of the first Muslim advances, numerous local natural religions were competing with Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and Hinduism in the territory of modern Afghanistan.}}</ref> The [[Kafiristan]] (present-day [[Nuristan Province|Nuristan]]) region, in the [[Hindu Kush]] mountain range, was not converted until the 19th century.

==Prehistoric era==
[[Louis Dupree (professor)|Louis Dupree]], the [[University of Pennsylvania]], the [[Smithsonian Institution]] and others suggest that humans were living in Afghanistan at least 50,000 years ago, and that [[farming]] communities of the region were among the earliest in the world.<ref name="JFS" />
{{Blockquote|[[Archaeology|Archaeologists]] have found evidence of human habitation in Afghanistan from as far back as 50,000 BC. The artifacts indicate that the [[indigenous people]] were small farmers and herdsmen, as they are today, very probably grouped into tribes, with small local kingdoms rising and falling through the ages.}}

Afghanistan seems in prehistory, as well as in ancient and modern times, to have been connected by culture and trade with the neighbouring regions. Urban civilization may have begun as early as 3000 to 2000 BC.<ref name="Dupree"/> Archaeological finds indicate the possible beginnings of the Bronze Age, which would ultimately spread throughout the ancient world from Afghanistan. It is also believed that the region had early trade contacts with [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>Warwick Ball, 2008, 'The Monuments of Afghanistan: History, Archaeology and Architecture': 261, London.</ref>

===Indus Valley civilization===
{{main|Indus Valley civilization}}
The [[Indus Valley civilization]] (IVC) was a [[Bronze Age]] civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) extending from what today is northwest [[Pakistan]] to northwest [[India]] and northeast Afghanistan.<ref name="The Ancient Indus pp.1"/> An Indus Valley site has been found on the [[Oxus River]] at [[Shortugai]] in northern Afghanistan.<ref>Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998). Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. pp.96</ref> Apart from Shortughai is [[Mundigak]], another notable site. There are several smaller IVC colonies to be found in Afghanistan.

==Aryan expansion into Mesopotamia and the Medean rule (1500 BC–551 BC)==
{{Main|Aryan|Arya (Iran)|Avestan period|Medes}}
[[File:Young avestan geography.png|thumb|Geographical horizon of the [[Arya (Iran)|People]] of the [[Avesta]] vis-a-vis other [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] groups during the [[Avestan period|Young Avestan period]] (c. 900-500 BCE).]]

Between 2000–1200 BC, a branch of [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]-speaking tribes known as the [[Aryan]]s began migrating into the region. This is part of a dispute in regards to the [[Indo-Aryan migration]]. They split into [[Iranic]] peoples, [[Nuristani people|Nuristani]], and [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] groups at an early stage, possibly between 1500 and 1000 BC in what is today Afghanistan or much earlier as eastern remnants of the [[Indo-Aryans]] drifted much further west as with the [[Mitanni]]. The Iranians dominated the modern day plateau, while the Indo-Aryans ultimately headed towards the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The [[Avesta]] is believed to have been composed possibly as early as 1800 BC and written in ancient [[Ariana]] (Aryana), the earliest name of Afghanistan which indicates an early link with today's Iranian tribes to the west, or adjacent regions in Central Asia or northeastern Iran in the 6th century BC.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf| title = Autochthonous Aryans-corr.doc}}</ref> Due to the similarity between early Avestan and [[Sanskrit]] (and other related early Indo-European languages such as [[Latin]] and [[Ancient Greek]]), it is believed that the split between the old Persians and Indo-Aryan tribes had taken place at least by 1000 BC. There are striking similarities between [[Avestan]] and [[Sanskrit]], which may support the notion that the split was contemporary with the Indo-Aryans living in Afghanistan at a very early stage. Also, the Avesta itself divides into Old and New sections and neither mention the [[Medes]] who are known to have ruled Afghanistan starting around 700 BC. This suggests an early time-frame for the Avesta that has yet to be exactly determined as most academics believe it was written over the course of centuries if not millennia. Much of the archaeological data comes from the [[Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex]] (BMAC and [[Indus Valley civilization]]) that probably played a key role in early Aryanic civilization in Afghanistan.

[[Image:Median empire map.png|thumb|300px|Territory controlled by the [[Median Empire]]]]
The [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] inhabitants of the region- mainly in the southern and eastern parts of the country were adherents of [[Historical Vedic Religion|Hinduism]]. Notable among these were the [[Gandhari people|Gandharis]]<ref name="whc.unesco.org">{{cite web| url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/139| title = UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Taxila}}</ref>
The [[Pashayi people|Pashayi]] and [[Nuristanis]] are present day examples of these Indo-Iranian people.<ref name="Minahan2014">{{cite book|last=Minahan|first=James B.|title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia|date=10 February 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|language=en|isbn=9781610690188|page=217|quote=Historically, north and east Afghanistan was considered part of the Indian cultural and religious sphere. Early accounts of the region mention the Pashayi as living in a region producing rice and sugarcane, with many wooded areas. Many of the people of the region were Buddhists, though small groups of Hindus and others with tribal religions were noted.}}</ref><ref name="Weekes1984">{{cite book|last=Weekes|first=Richard V.|title=Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey|year=1984|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|language=en|isbn=9780313233920|page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimpeopleswor00week/page/601 601]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimpeopleswor00week/page/601}}</ref><ref name="Khanam2005">{{cite book|last=Khanam|first=R.|title=Encyclopaedic ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia|year=2005|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|language=en|isbn=9788182200654|page=631}}</ref><ref name="Bethany1997">{{cite web |title=The Pashayi of Afghanistan |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/clusters/8059.html |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |accessdate=11 April 2019 |language=en|date=1997|quote=Before their conversion to Islam, the Pashayi followed a religion that was probably a corrupt form of Hinduism and Buddhism. Today, they are Sunni (orthodox) Muslims of the Hanafite sect.}}</ref><ref name="nuristan.info">{{cite web|url=http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Nuristanis1.html|title=Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan|author=Richard F. Strand|date=31 December 2005|work=nuristan.info|access-date=19 January 2012|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401180243/http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Nuristanis1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Medes, a Western Iranian people, arrived from what is today [[Kurdistan]] sometime around the 700s BC and came to dominate most of ancient Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pirnia|first=Hassan|title=Tarikh Iran Bastan (History of Ancient Persia)|year=2013|publisher=Adineh Sanbz|language=fa|isbn=9789645981998|page=200}}</ref> They were an early tribe that forged the first empire on the present Iranian plateau and sister-nations with the Persians whom they initially dominated in the province of [[Fars Province|Fars]] to the south. Median control of parts of far off Afghanistan would last until Cyrus the Great, prince of the [[Persian people|Persians]], assassinated and ultimately replaced his Median emperor father-in-law from rule.

==Achaemenid invasion and Zoroastrianism (550 BC–331 BC)==
{{Main|Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley}}
[[File:Afghanistan region during 500 BC.jpg|thumb|[[Arachosia]], [[Aria (satrapy)|Aria]] and [[Bactria]] were the more eastern ancient [[satrap]]s of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] that made up most of what is now Afghanistan during 500 B.C. The inhabitants of Arachosia were known as Pactyans, possibly today's [[Pashtun people|Pakhtuns]] or Pashtuns.]]
The city of Bactra (which later became [[Balkh]]), is believed to have been the home of [[Zoroaster|Zarathustra]],{{By whom|date=September 2022}} who founded the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] religion. The [[Avesta]] refers to eastern Bactria as being the home of the Zoroastrian faith.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} Regardless of the debate as to where Zoroaster was from, Zoroastrianism spread to become one of the world's most influential religions and became the main faith of the old Aryan people for centuries.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} It also remained the official religion of Persia until the defeat of the Sassanian ruler [[Yazdegerd III]]—over a thousand years after its founding—by Muslim [[Arabs]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} In what is today southern Iran, the Persians emerged to challenge Median supremacy on the Iranian plateau. By 550 BC, the Persians had replaced Median rule with their own dominion and even began to expand past previous Median imperial borders. Both [[Gandhara]] and [[Kamboja Kingdom|Kamboja]] Mahajanapadas of the Buddhist texts soon fell a prey to the Achaemenian Dynasty during the reign of Achaemenid,{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} [[Cyrus the Great]] (558–530 BC), or in the first year of [[Darius I]], marking the region or of the easternmost provinces of the empire, located partly in nowadays Afghanistan. According to [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]'s evidence, Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) had destroyed Kapisa in Capiscene<ref>Naturalis Historia, VI, 25, 92</ref> which was a Kamboja city. The former region of Gandhara and Kamboja (upper Indus) had constituted seventh satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire and annually contributed 170 talents of gold dust as a tribute to the Achaemenids.

[[Bactria]] had a special position in old Afghanistan, being the capital of a vice-kingdom. By the 4th century BC, Persian control of outlying areas and the internal cohesion of the empire had become somewhat tenuous. Although distant provinces like Bactriana had often been restless under Achaemenid rule, Bactrian troops nevertheless fought in the decisive [[Battle of Gaugamela]] in 330 BC against the advancing armies of [[Alexander the Great]]. The Achaemenids were decisively defeated by Alexander and retreated from his advancing army of Greco-Macedonians and their allies. [[Darius III]], the last Achaemenid ruler, tried to flee to Bactria but was assassinated by a subordinate lord, the Bactrian-born [[Bessus]], who proclaimed himself the new ruler of Persia as Artaxerxes (V). Bessus was unable to mount a successful resistance to the growing military might of Alexander's army so he fled to his native Bactria, where he attempted to rally local tribes to his side but was instead turned over to Alexander who proceeded to have him tortured and executed for having committed [[regicide]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==Alexander the Great to Greco-Bactrian rule (330 BC – {{circa}} 150 BC)==
{{Main|Alexander the Great}}
[[File:Map-alexander-empire.png|thumb|Empire of [[Alexander the Great]]]]
Moving thousands of kilometers eastward from recently subdued Persia, the Macedonian leader [[Alexander the Great]], encountered fierce resistance from the local tribes of [[Aria (satrapy)|Aria]], Drangiana, [[Arachosia]] (South and Eastern Afghanistan, North-West Pakistan) and Bactria (North and Central Afghanistan). One of the fiercest battles that he faced was in [[Herat Province|Herat]]. One of his top commanding officers was killed by the rebels and he had to go there himself. He couldn't defeat them in time and he ended up burning down the forest to finish the rebellion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hotak |first=Zalmay |title=History, 11th grade |publisher=Ministry of Education |year=2017 |location=Kabul, Afghanistan |language=fa}}</ref>

Upon Alexander's death in 323 BC, his empire, which had never been politically consolidated, broke apart as his companions began to divide it amongst themselves. Alexander's cavalry commander, [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]], took nominal control of the eastern lands and founded the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] dynasty. Under the Seleucids, as under Alexander, Greek colonists and soldiers colonized Bactria, roughly corresponding to modern Afghanistan's borders. However, the majority of Macedonian soldiers of Alexander the Great wanted to leave the east and return home to Greece. Later, Seleucus sought to guard his eastern frontier and moved [[Ionia]]n Greeks (also known as [[Yavanas]] to many local groups) to Bactria in the 3rd century BC.

Greece had one of the most advanced civilizations at that period. Wherever they went, they left and gained something from cultures and ultimately, they had a civilization that was compromised from other top civilizations of the time. Greek men were marrying with other women and this helped the process of mixing the cultures a lot.<ref name=":0" />

===Maurya Empire===
{{Main|Maurya Empire}}
[[File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE 2.png|thumb|upright|Maurya Empire at its maximum extent]]
[[File:AsokaKandahar.jpg|thumb|upright|Bilingual edict ([[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Aramaic]]) by Emperor [[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka]], from [[Kandahar]] - [[Afghan National Museum]]. (Click image for translation.)]]

While the [[Diadochi]] were warring amongst themselves, the [[Mauryan dynasty|Mauryan Empire]] was developing in the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The founder of the empire, [[Chandragupta Maurya]], confronted a Macedonian invasion force led by [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus I]] in 305 BC and following a brief conflict, an agreement was reached as Seleucus ceded [[Gandhara]] and [[Arachosia]] (centered around ancient [[Kandahar]]) and areas south of [[Bagram]] (corresponding to the extreme south-east of modern Afghanistan) to the Mauryans. During the 120 years of the Mauryans in southern Afghanistan, Buddhism was introduced and eventually become a major religion alongside Zoroastrianism and local pagan beliefs. The ancient [[Grand Trunk Road]] was built linking what is now Kabul to various cities in the Punjab and the Gangetic Plain. Commerce, art, and architecture (seen especially in the construction of [[stupa]]s) developed during this period. It reached its high point under Emperor Ashoka whose edicts, roads, and rest stops were found throughout the subcontinent. Although the vast majority of them throughout the subcontinent were written in Prakrit, Afghanistan is notable for the inclusion of 2 Greek and Aramaic ones alongside the court language of the Mauryans.

Inscriptions made by the Mauryan Emperor [[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka]], a fragment of [[Edicts of Ashoka|Edict 13]] in Greek, as well as a full Edict, written in both Greek and Aramaic has been discovered in [[Old Kandahar]]. It is said to be written in excellent Classical Greek, using sophisticated philosophical terms. In this Edict, Ashoka uses the word [[Eusebeia]] ("[[Piety]]") as the Greek translation for the ubiquitous "[[Dharma]]" of his other Edicts written in [[Prakrit]]:

:"Ten years (of reign) having been completed, King Piodasses (Ashoka) made known (the doctrine of) Piety (''εὐσέβεια'', [[Eusebeia]]) to men; and from this moment he has made men more pious, and everything thrives throughout the whole world. And the king abstains from (killing) living beings, and other men and those who (are) huntsmen and fishermen of the king have desisted from hunting. And if some (were) intemperate, they have ceased from their intemperance as was in their power; and obedient to their father and mother and to the elders, in opposition to the past also in the future, by so acting on every occasion, they will live better and more happily." (Trans. by G.P. Carratelli<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20061207022022/http://www.afghanan.net/afghanistan/mauryans.htm History of Afghanistan]}}</ref>)

The last ruler in the region was probably [[Subhagasena]] ([[Sophagasenus]] of [[Polybius]]), who, in all probability, belonged to the [[Ashvaka]] (q.v.) background.

===Greco-Bactrians===
{{Main|Greco-Bactrian Kingdom}}
[[File:Tetradrachm Eukratides.jpg|thumb|upright|Coin of the Greco-Bactrian king [[Eucratides I|Eucratides]] (171-145 BC)]]

In the middle of the 3rd century BC, an independent, Hellenistic state was declared in [[Bactria]] and eventually the control of the Seleucids and Mauryans was overthrown in western and southern Afghanistan. [[Graeco-Bactrian]] rule spread until it included a large territory which stretched from Turkmenistan in the west to the Punjab in India in the east by about 170 BC. [[Graeco-Bactrian]] rule was eventually defeated by a combination of internecine disputes that plagued Greek and Hellenized rulers to the west, continual conflict with Indian kingdoms, as well as the pressure of two groups of nomadic invaders from Central Asia—the [[Parthia]]ns and [[Sakas]].

==Kushan Empire (150 BC–300 AD)==
[[File:Coin of Heraios.jpg|thumb|upright|Silver tetradrachm of Kushan king [[Heraios]] (1–30 AD) in [[Greco-Bactrian]] style, with horseman crowned by the Greek goddess of victory [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]]. Greek legend: ΤVΡΑΝΝΟVΟΤΟΣ ΗΛΟV - ΣΛΝΛΒ - ΚΟÞÞΑΝΟΥ "Of the [[Tyrant]] Heraios, Sanav, the Kushan" (the meaning of "Sanav" is unknown).]]
{{Main|Kushan Empire}}
In the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, the [[Parthia]]ns, a nomadic [[Iranian peoples]], arrived in Western Asia. While they made large inroads into the modern-day territory of Afghanistan, about 100 years later another Indo-European group from the north—the Kushans (a subgroup of the tribe called the [[Yuezhi]] by the [[China|Chinese]])—entered the region of Afghanistan and established an empire lasting almost four centuries, which would dominate most of the Afghanistan region.

The [[Kushan Empire]] spread from the [[Kabul River]] valley to defeat other Central Asian tribes that had previously conquered parts of the northern central Iranian Plateau once ruled by the Parthians. By the middle of the 1st century BC, the Kushans' base of control became Afghanistan and their empire spanned from the north of the [[Pamirs|Pamir mountains]] to the [[Ganges|Ganges river valley]] in India. During rule of Kanishka, they had 2 seasonal capital cities which were Kabul in Spring and Summer then moving to Peshawr for Fall and Winter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hotak |first=Zalmay |title=History, 10th grade |publisher=Ministry of Education |year=2017 |location=Afghanistan |language=prs}}</ref> Early in the 2nd century under [[Kanishka]], the most powerful of the Kushan rulers, the empire reached its greatest geographic and cultural breadth to become a center of literature and art. Kanishka extended Kushan control to the mouth of the Indus River on the [[Arabian Sea]], into [[Kashmir]], and into what is today the Chinese-controlled area north of [[Tibet]]. Kanishka was a patron of religion and the arts. It was during his reign that Buddhism, which was promoted in northern [[India]] earlier by the [[Mauryan dynasty|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka]] (c. 260 BC–232 BC), reached its zenith in Central Asia. Though the Kushanas supported local Buddhists and Hindus as well as the worship of various local deities.

== Sasanian & Hephthalite invasions (300–650) ==
{{Main|Sassanid Empire|Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom}}
[[File:Coin of Hormizd I Kushanshah, British Museum.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Hormizd I Kushanshah]], issued in Khorasan, and derived from [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] designs]]
In the 3rd century, Kushan control fragmented into semi-independent kingdoms that became easy targets for conquest by the rising Iranian dynasty, the [[Sassanid Empire|Sasanians]] (c. 224–561) which annexed Afghanistan by 300 AD. In these far off easternmost territories, they established vassal kings as rulers, known as the [[Kushanshahs]]. Sasanian control was tenuous at times as numerous challenges from Central Asian tribes led to instability and constant warfare in the region.

The disunited Kushan and Sasanian kingdoms were in a poor position to meet the threat several waves of [[Xionite]]/[[Huna people|Huna]] invaders from the north from the 4th century onwards. In particular, the [[Hephthalite]]s (or ''Ebodalo''; [[Bactrian language|Bactrian script]] ηβοδαλο) swept out of Central Asia during the 5th century into [[Bactria]] and Iran, overwhelming the last of the Kushan kingdoms. Historians believe that Hephthalite control continued for a century and was marked by constant warfare with the Sassanians to the west who exerted nominal control over the region.
By the middle of the 6th century the Hephthalites were defeated in the territories north of the [[Amu Darya]] (the Oxus River of antiquity) by another group of Central Asian nomads, the [[Göktürks]], and by the resurgent Sassanians in the lands south of the Amu Darya. It was the ruler of western Göktürks, Sijin (a.k.a. Sinjibu, Silzibul and Yandu Muchu Khan) who led the forces against the Hepthalites who were defeated at the [[Battle of Chach]] ([[Tashkent]]) and at the Battle of Bukhara.

==Kabul Shahi==
{{Main|Turk Shahis|Hindu Shahis}}
[[File:Kushano-Hephthalites 600ad.jpg|thumb|[[Hephthalite Empire|Kushano-Hephthalite kingdoms]] around 600 AD]]

The [[Turk Shahis|Shahi dynasties]] ruled portions of the [[Kabul Valley]] (in eastern Afghanistan) and the old province of [[Gandhara]] (northern Pakistan and [[Kashmir]]) from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century.<ref name="EB">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067075 Shahi Family]. [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 16 October 2006.</ref> They are split into two eras the Buddhist [[Turk Shahis]] and the later [[Hindu Shahis]] with the change-over occurring around 870, and ruled up until the [[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan

When [[Xuanzang]] visited the region early in the 7th century, the [[Kabulistan|Kabul region]] was ruled by a [[Kshatriya]] king, who is identified as the ''Shahi Khingal'', and whose name has been found in an inscription found in [[Gardez]]. The Turkic Shahi regency was overthrown and replaced by a [[Mohyal]] Shahi dynasty of Brahmins who began the first phase of the Hindu Shahi dynasty.

These [[Hindu Shahi|Hindu kings]] of Kabul and Gandhara may have had links to some ruling families in neighboring [[Kashmir]] and other areas to the east. The Shahis were rulers of predominantly [[Buddhist]], [[Zoroastrian]], [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] populations and were thus patrons of numerous faiths, and various artifacts and coins from their rule have been found that display their multicultural domain. In 964 AD, the last Mohyal Shahi was succeeded by the [[Janjua]] overlord, Jayapala, of the [[Pandavas|Panduvanshi]] dynasty. The last Shahi emperors [[Jayapala]], [[Anandapala]] and Tirlochanpala fought the Muslim [[Ghaznavids]] of [[Ghazni Province|Ghazna]] and were gradually defeated. Their remaining army were eventually exiled into northern India.

==Archaeological remnants==
[[File:BamyanBuddha Smaller 1.jpg|150px|thumb|One of the [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]]. [[Buddhism in Afghanistan|Buddhism]] was widespread in the region before the [[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan]].]]

Most of the Zoroastrian, Greek, Hellenistic, Buddhist, Hindu and other indigenous cultures were replaced by the coming of Islam and little influence remains in Afghanistan today. Along ancient trade routes, however, stone monuments of the once flourishing Buddhist culture did exist as reminders of the past. The two massive sandstone [[Buddhas of Bamyan]], 35 and 53 meters high, overlooked the ancient route through [[Bamyan, Afghanistan|Bamyan]] to [[Balkh]] and dated from the 3rd and 5th centuries. They survived until 2001, when they were destroyed by the [[Taliban]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3067334 |title=Rebuilding the Bamiyan Buddhas |last=Dehghanpisheh |first=Babak |date=December 31, 2001 |website=nbcnews.com |access-date=November 27, 2021}}</ref> In this and other key places in Afghanistan, [[archeology|archaeologists]] have located [[fresco]]es, [[stucco]] decorations, statuary, and rare objects from as far away as [[China]], [[Phoenicia]], and [[Rome]], which were crafted as early as the 2nd century and bear witness to the influence of these ancient civilizations upon Afghanistan.

One of the [[early Buddhist schools]], the [[Mahāsāṃghika]]-[[Lokottaravāda]], were known to be prominent in the area of Bamiyan. The [[China|Chinese]] [[Buddhist monk]] [[Xuanzang]] visited a Lokottaravāda monastery in the 7th century CE, at Bamiyan, Afghanistan, and this monastery site has since been rediscovered by archaeologists.<ref name="Schøyen Collection: Buddhism">{{cite web|url=http://www.schoyencollection.com/buddhism.html|title=Schøyen Collection: Buddhism|access-date=5 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610164637/http://www.schoyencollection.com/buddhism.html|archive-date=10 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Birchbark]] and [[palm leaf manuscript]]s of texts in this monastery's collection, including [[Mahayana sutras|Mahāyāna sūtras]], have been discovered at the site, and these are now located in the [[Schoyen Collection|Schøyen Collection]]. Some manuscripts are in the [[Gāndhārī language]] and [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]] script, while others are in Sanskrit and written in forms of the [[Gupta script]]. Manuscripts and fragments that have survived from this monastery's collection include well-known Buddhist texts such as the ''[[Mahaparinibbana Sutta|Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra]]'' (from the ''[[Āgama (Buddhism)|Āgamas]]''), the ''[[Diamond Sutra|Diamond Sūtra]]'' (''Vajracchedikā [[Prajñāpāramitā]]''), the ''[[Medicine Buddha|Medicine Buddha Sūtra]]'', and the ''[[Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra]]''.<ref name="Schøyen Collection: Buddhism"/>

In 2010, reports stated that about 42 Buddhist relics have been discovered in the [[Logar Province]] of Afghanistan, which is south of Kabul. Some of these items date back to the 2nd century according to Archaeologists. The items included two [[Buddhist temple]]s ([[Stupa]]s), Buddha statues, frescos, silver and gold coins and precious beads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/ahist.html |title=42 Buddhist relics discovered in Logar |access-date=2010-08-23 |work=Maqsood Azizi |publisher=[[Pajhwok Afghan News]] |date=Aug 18, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317123355/http://www.cal.org/CO/afghan/ahist.html |archive-date=17 March 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre67g1cn-us-afghanistan-buddhist-relics/ |title=Afghan archaeologists find Buddhist site as war rages |access-date=2010-08-16 |work=Sayed Salahuddin |publisher=News Daily |date=Aug 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818151642/http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre67g1cn-us-afghanistan-buddhist-relics/ |archive-date=18 August 2010 }}</ref>

{{chronological chart for the historical periods of Afghanistan}}

==See also==
*[[Pre Islamic Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan]]
*[[Pre-Islamic scripts in Afghanistan]]
*[[Zunbils]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Other sources==
* Ahmed, Akbar S. 1980. TAJIK economy and society. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
* Bryant, Edwin. 'The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
* Dupree, Louis. 'Afghanistan' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
* [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0060505087 Ewans, Martin. Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics, Harper Perennial; 1st Perennial ed edition (September 1, 2002)]
* [[János Harmatta|Harmatta, János]], ed., 1994. ''History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250''. Paris, UNESCO Publishing.
* Hill, John E. 2004. ''The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu.'' Draft annotated English translation.[http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html]
* Hill, John E. 2004. ''The Peoples of the West from the Weilue'' 魏略 ''by Yu Huan'' 魚豢'': A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD.'' Draft annotated English translation. [http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html]
* [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0520211405 Holt, Frank L. Thundering Zeus: The Making of Hellenistic Bactria, University of California Press (March, 1999)]
* [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1400031427 Kriwaczek, Paul. In Search of Zarathustra: Across Iran and Central Asia to Find the World's First Prophet, Vintage (March 9, 2004)]
* [[Boris Anatol'evich Lirvinsky|Litvinsky, B. A]]., ed., 1996. ''History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750''. Paris, UNESCO Publishing.
* [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226627772 Olmstead, A.T. History of the Persian Empire, University Of Chicago Press (February 15, 1959)]
* Reat, Ross. 'Buddhism: A History', (Jain Publishing Company, 1996).
* [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0405065671 Rowland, Benjamin, Jr. Ancient Art from Afghanistan: Treasures of the Kabul Museum, Ayer Co Pub (October, 1981)]
* [[Viktor Sarianidi|Sarianidi, Viktor]]. 1985. ''The Golden Hoard of Bactria: From the Tillya-tepe Excavations in Northern Afghanistan''. [[Harry N. Abrams, Inc.]] New York.
* [http://www.umich.edu/~aos/abs974.htm Shayegan, Rahim. The Avesta and the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex]
* [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf Witzel, Michael. Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts]
* [https://archive.org/details/kafirshindukush00robe "The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush" By Sir George Scott Robertson (1896)]

==External links==
{{commons category|Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan}}
*[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html Library of Congress Country Studies: Afghanistan]
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-21383 Encyclopædia Britannica: Afghanistan]
*[http://www.afghan-web.com/history/chron/index.html Afghanistan Online: Chronological History of Afghanistan]
*[http://www.afghanistans.com/Information/History/Default.htm Afghanistan History]
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20051224132045/http://www.afghanan.net/afghanistan/history.htm Afghanistan History]}}
*[http://www.apaa.info/ Association for the Protection of Afghan Archaeology]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051212000646/http://folk.uio.no/atleom/manuscripts.htm Buddhist Manuscripts from ancient Afghanistan]

[[Category:Ancient history of Afghanistan| ]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Afghanistan]]

Jeff Float

2024-05-15T19:23:17Z

204.25.208.33: /* Biography */

{{short description|American swimmer}}
{{Infobox swimmer
| name = Jeff Float
| image = Jeff Float, RIT NandE Vol16Num4 1984 Oct4 Complete.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption = Float circa 1984
| fullname = Jeffrey James Float
| nicknames = "Jeff"
| national_team = United States
| strokes = [[Freestyle Swimming|Individual Medley]]
| club = Arden Hills Swim Club
| collegeteam = [[USC Trojans|University of Southern California]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|4|10|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Buffalo, New York]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{convert|6|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|187|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's Swimming}}
{{MedalCountry | the United States}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Swimming at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles]] | [[Swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4x200 m freestyle]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[World Aquatics Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[1982 World Aquatics Championships|1982 Guayaquil]] | 4x200 m freestyle}}
{{MedalSilver | [[1978 World Aquatics Championships|1978 Berlin]] | 400 m freestyle}}
}}

'''Jeffrey James Float''' is a former American competitive [[swimming (sport)|swimmer]], world record holder, world champion and Olympic gold medalist. He qualified for the 1980 USA Olympic Swimming Team in three individual events, but could not participate when the United States boycotted the Moscow [[1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Summer Olympic Games]]. Four years later, he competed at the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] in Los Angeles. As the peer-elected team captain, Jeff earned a gold medal in the [[Swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|men's 4×200-meter freestyle relay]],<ref name=db-olymp-1984SWI>[http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=21&sp=SWI "1984 Olympics – Los Angeles, United States – Swimming"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827163745/http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=21&sp=SWI |date=2008-08-27 }} – ''databaseOlympics.com'' (Retrieved on May 6, 2008)</ref> and finished fourth in the individual 200-meter freestyle event. In 2016 this 4x200-meter freestyle relay was designated the third greatest of all time.

== Gregory==
At 13 months of age, Float lost most of his hearing to life-threatening viral meningitis. As a result, he is 90% deaf in his right ear and 65% in the left, thus becoming the first legally deaf athlete from the United States to win an Olympic gold medal. After swimming the third leg in the 4x200-meter freestyle relay, the US anchor slammed first to the wall by 4/100ths of a second and shattered the world record by five seconds. Once he and his triumphant teammates emerged from the pool and ascended the podium, Jeff heard a roaring crowd. "It was the first time I remember distinctly hearing loud cheers during my race at any meet. I'll never forget what 17,000 screaming people sounded like. It was incredible!" Float reports.<ref>[http://www.wcspeakers.com/speaker.cfm?ID=1564 World Class Speakers & Entertainers - Jeff Float, Swimmer]</ref> In first grade he started training under the legendary Olympic Coach Sherm Chavoor at Arden Hills Country Club in Sacramento. His older teammates at that time were none other than Mark Spitz, Debbie Meyer, Mike Burton, John Ferris, Susie Pederson,et al., all of whom assisted in churning out 33 Olympic medals. Following graduation from Jesuit High School in Sacramento in 1978, Jeff then proceeded to obtain a bachelor's degree in psychology with a minor in business administration from the [[University of Southern California]] in Los Angeles.<ref name=USColympians>[http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/usc/genrel/auto_pdf/uscolympians.pdf USC OLYMPIANS: 1904-2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916190511/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/usc/genrel/auto_pdf/uscolympians.pdf |date=2018-09-16 }}, USC Trojans Athletic Department, Accessed August 26, 2008.</ref>

Float garnered ten gold medals and World Records in all ten available events at the 1977 [[World Games for the Deaf]] (renamed Deaflympics) in Bucharest, Romania. This remains an unprecedented record.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes.asp?5541|title=Athletes {{!}} Deaflympics|website=www.deaflympics.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-30|archive-date=2016-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915122138/https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes.asp?5541|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other swimming accomplishments include: gold medal in the 400-meter freestyle at the 1978 US National Championships in Woodlands, Texas; silver medal in the 400-meter freestyle at the [[1978 World Aquatics Championships]] in Berlin, Germany; Individual First Place in the 200 yard individual medley and 500 yard freestyle for Jesuit High School at the 1978 National Prep School Championships; gold medal in the 400-meter freestyle at the 1981 US National Championships in Brown Deer, Wisconsin; '''two gold medals in the 400-meter freestyle and 400-meter individual medley at the 1981 USA vs. USSR in Kiev, Russia defeating 1980 Olympic Gold Medalists Valdmir Salnikov and Sergey Fessenko;''' gold medal in the 400-yard individual medley at the 1982 NCAA National Championships in Indianapolis, Indiana; gold medal in the 4x200-meter freestyle relay at the [[1982 World Aquatics Championships]] in Guayaquil, Ecuador; and gold medal in the 400-meter individual medley at the 1982 USA vs. USSR in Knoxville, Tennessee.

Sports Illustrated featured Jeff on its July 1984 cover and in three subsequent articles. Vanity Fair also selected Float and his 4x200-meter teammates for the October 1984 cover and pictorial and published a follow-up article with photographs in August 1994. Other media exposure incorporates the following: appearances on television series, commercials and live interviews; magazine and newspaper covers and related stories; and myriad book forewords, chapters and quotations. Float served on the board of directors for the California President's Council on Physical Fitness from 1985 through 2001. He was chosen as Deaf Olympian of the Century by the International Committee of Deaf Sports in 2000 and carried the Olympic Torch en route to the 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympic Games. In 2008 his boycotted 1980 USA Summer Olympic Team was bestowed with Congressional Gold Medals of Honor. Jeff is also the recipient of numerous awards and an inductee in several Halls of Fame.

After being employed for 24 years as Aquatics Director and Head Coach with Spare Time Inc. at two of its Sacramento regional facilities, 12 years with the Laguna Creek Racquet Club Gators and 12 with the Gold River Sports Club Stingrays, and Co-Head Coach of their year-round Spare Time Aquatics Sharks, Float returned to his roots. On January 1, 2020, Jeff was invited to come "home" to the Arden Hills Athletic & Social Club, where it all began over a half-century ago. There he enjoyed being the Head Coach of the Otters Swim Team, Executive Assistant Coach of the USA Swimming year-round Arden Hills Aquatics, and a personal trainer to athletes of all levels. Now coaching 1 on 1 private training, Jeff has also been a real-estate agent with Investment Property Management Inc. He and his wife Jan Ellis Float are active and longtime participants in [[Swim Across America]], a national nonprofit organization that has earned $100 million while "Making Waves to Fight Cancer." Jeff and Jan are involved in other statewide and local charities and members of various professional and personal associations.

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Olympics}}
* [[Deaf people in the Olympics|Deaf People in the Olympics]]
* [[List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)|List of Olympic Medalists in Swimming (men)]]
* [[List of University of Southern California people]]
* [[List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (men)|List of World Aquatics Championships Medalists in Swimming (men)]]
* [[World record progression 4 × 200 metres freestyle relay|World Record Progression 4x200-Meter Freestyle Relay]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* De George, Matthew, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dDH7AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Geoff+Gaberino%22&pg=PA13 Pooling Talent: Swimming's Greatest Teams]'', Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland (2014). {{ISBN|978-1-4422-3701-8}}.

==External links==
*{{sports links}}
* {{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fl/jeff-float-1.html |title=Jeff Float |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114152341/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fl/jeff-float-1.html |archive-date=2012-11-14 |url-status=live}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42A240h4-Wk Jeff Float leads the Gold River Stingrays Team Cheer]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A445WzonEB4 Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 1]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_qdMJ_o5bc Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 2]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77Mu4h1KR7k Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 3]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYZczssf43k Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 4]

{{Footer USA Swimming 1980 Summer Olympics}}
{{Footer USA Swimming 1984 Summer Olympics}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions 4x200 m Freestyle Relay Men}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 4x200m Freestyle Men}}
{{Footer NCAA Division I men's swimming and diving championships – men's 400 y individual medley champions}}

*{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Float, Jeff}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male freestyle swimmers]]
[[Category:American motivational speakers]]
[[Category:American swimming coaches]]
[[Category:Deaf swimmers]]
[[Category:World record setters in swimming]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:USC Trojans men's swimmers]]
[[Category:World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:American disabled sportspeople]]
[[Category:American deaf people]]

Jeff Float

2024-05-15T19:21:55Z

204.25.208.33:

{{short description|American swimmer}}
{{Infobox swimmer
| name = Jeff shufgrfgtnmdsdffgnhfgafhorgasdhemtnh
| image = Jeff Float, RIT NandE Vol16Num4 1984 Oct4 Complete.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption = Float circa 1984
| fullname = Jeffrey James Float
| nicknames = "Jeff"
| national_team = United States
| strokes = [[Freestyle Swimming|Individual Medley]]
| club = Arden Hills Swim Club
| collegeteam = [[USC Trojans|University of Southern California]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|4|10|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Buffalo, New York]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{convert|6|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|187|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's Swimming}}
{{MedalCountry | the United States}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Swimming at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles]] | [[Swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4x200 m freestyle]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[World Aquatics Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[1982 World Aquatics Championships|1982 Guayaquil]] | 4x200 m freestyle}}
{{MedalSilver | [[1978 World Aquatics Championships|1978 Berlin]] | 400 m freestyle}}
}}

'''Jeffrey James Float''' is a former American competitive [[swimming (sport)|swimmer]], world record holder, world champion and Olympic gold medalist. He qualified for the 1980 USA Olympic Swimming Team in three individual events, but could not participate when the United States boycotted the Moscow [[1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Summer Olympic Games]]. Four years later, he competed at the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] in Los Angeles. As the peer-elected team captain, Jeff earned a gold medal in the [[Swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|men's 4×200-meter freestyle relay]],<ref name=db-olymp-1984SWI>[http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=21&sp=SWI "1984 Olympics – Los Angeles, United States – Swimming"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827163745/http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=21&sp=SWI |date=2008-08-27 }} – ''databaseOlympics.com'' (Retrieved on May 6, 2008)</ref> and finished fourth in the individual 200-meter freestyle event. In 2016 this 4x200-meter freestyle relay was designated the third greatest of all time.

== Biography ==
At 13 months of age, Float lost most of his hearing to life-threatening viral meningitis. As a result, he is 90% deaf in his right ear and 65% in the left, thus becoming the first legally deaf athlete from the United States to win an Olympic gold medal. After swimming the third leg in the 4x200-meter freestyle relay, the US anchor slammed first to the wall by 4/100ths of a second and shattered the world record by five seconds. Once he and his triumphant teammates emerged from the pool and ascended the podium, Jeff heard a roaring crowd. "It was the first time I remember distinctly hearing loud cheers during my race at any meet. I'll never forget what 17,000 screaming people sounded like. It was incredible!" Float reports.<ref>[http://www.wcspeakers.com/speaker.cfm?ID=1564 World Class Speakers & Entertainers - Jeff Float, Swimmer]</ref> In first grade he started training under the legendary Olympic Coach Sherm Chavoor at Arden Hills Country Club in Sacramento. His older teammates at that time were none other than Mark Spitz, Debbie Meyer, Mike Burton, John Ferris, Susie Pederson,et al., all of whom assisted in churning out 33 Olympic medals. Following graduation from Jesuit High School in Sacramento in 1978, Jeff then proceeded to obtain a bachelor's degree in psychology with a minor in business administration from the [[University of Southern California]] in Los Angeles.<ref name=USColympians>[http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/usc/genrel/auto_pdf/uscolympians.pdf USC OLYMPIANS: 1904-2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916190511/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/usc/genrel/auto_pdf/uscolympians.pdf |date=2018-09-16 }}, USC Trojans Athletic Department, Accessed August 26, 2008.</ref>

Float garnered ten gold medals and World Records in all ten available events at the 1977 [[World Games for the Deaf]] (renamed Deaflympics) in Bucharest, Romania. This remains an unprecedented record.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes.asp?5541|title=Athletes {{!}} Deaflympics|website=www.deaflympics.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-30|archive-date=2016-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915122138/https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes.asp?5541|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other swimming accomplishments include: gold medal in the 400-meter freestyle at the 1978 US National Championships in Woodlands, Texas; silver medal in the 400-meter freestyle at the [[1978 World Aquatics Championships]] in Berlin, Germany; Individual First Place in the 200 yard individual medley and 500 yard freestyle for Jesuit High School at the 1978 National Prep School Championships; gold medal in the 400-meter freestyle at the 1981 US National Championships in Brown Deer, Wisconsin; '''two gold medals in the 400-meter freestyle and 400-meter individual medley at the 1981 USA vs. USSR in Kiev, Russia defeating 1980 Olympic Gold Medalists Valdmir Salnikov and Sergey Fessenko;''' gold medal in the 400-yard individual medley at the 1982 NCAA National Championships in Indianapolis, Indiana; gold medal in the 4x200-meter freestyle relay at the [[1982 World Aquatics Championships]] in Guayaquil, Ecuador; and gold medal in the 400-meter individual medley at the 1982 USA vs. USSR in Knoxville, Tennessee.

Sports Illustrated featured Jeff on its July 1984 cover and in three subsequent articles. Vanity Fair also selected Float and his 4x200-meter teammates for the October 1984 cover and pictorial and published a follow-up article with photographs in August 1994. Other media exposure incorporates the following: appearances on television series, commercials and live interviews; magazine and newspaper covers and related stories; and myriad book forewords, chapters and quotations. Float served on the board of directors for the California President's Council on Physical Fitness from 1985 through 2001. He was chosen as Deaf Olympian of the Century by the International Committee of Deaf Sports in 2000 and carried the Olympic Torch en route to the 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympic Games. In 2008 his boycotted 1980 USA Summer Olympic Team was bestowed with Congressional Gold Medals of Honor. Jeff is also the recipient of numerous awards and an inductee in several Halls of Fame.

After being employed for 24 years as Aquatics Director and Head Coach with Spare Time Inc. at two of its Sacramento regional facilities, 12 years with the Laguna Creek Racquet Club Gators and 12 with the Gold River Sports Club Stingrays, and Co-Head Coach of their year-round Spare Time Aquatics Sharks, Float returned to his roots. On January 1, 2020, Jeff was invited to come "home" to the Arden Hills Athletic & Social Club, where it all began over a half-century ago. There he enjoyed being the Head Coach of the Otters Swim Team, Executive Assistant Coach of the USA Swimming year-round Arden Hills Aquatics, and a personal trainer to athletes of all levels. Now coaching 1 on 1 private training, Jeff has also been a real-estate agent with Investment Property Management Inc. He and his wife Jan Ellis Float are active and longtime participants in [[Swim Across America]], a national nonprofit organization that has earned $100 million while "Making Waves to Fight Cancer." Jeff and Jan are involved in other statewide and local charities and members of various professional and personal associations.

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Olympics}}
* [[Deaf people in the Olympics|Deaf People in the Olympics]]
* [[List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)|List of Olympic Medalists in Swimming (men)]]
* [[List of University of Southern California people]]
* [[List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (men)|List of World Aquatics Championships Medalists in Swimming (men)]]
* [[World record progression 4 × 200 metres freestyle relay|World Record Progression 4x200-Meter Freestyle Relay]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* De George, Matthew, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dDH7AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Geoff+Gaberino%22&pg=PA13 Pooling Talent: Swimming's Greatest Teams]'', Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland (2014). {{ISBN|978-1-4422-3701-8}}.

==External links==
*{{sports links}}
* {{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fl/jeff-float-1.html |title=Jeff Float |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114152341/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fl/jeff-float-1.html |archive-date=2012-11-14 |url-status=live}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42A240h4-Wk Jeff Float leads the Gold River Stingrays Team Cheer]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A445WzonEB4 Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 1]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_qdMJ_o5bc Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 2]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77Mu4h1KR7k Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 3]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYZczssf43k Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 4]

{{Footer USA Swimming 1980 Summer Olympics}}
{{Footer USA Swimming 1984 Summer Olympics}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions 4x200 m Freestyle Relay Men}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 4x200m Freestyle Men}}
{{Footer NCAA Division I men's swimming and diving championships – men's 400 y individual medley champions}}

*{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Float, Jeff}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male freestyle swimmers]]
[[Category:American motivational speakers]]
[[Category:American swimming coaches]]
[[Category:Deaf swimmers]]
[[Category:World record setters in swimming]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:USC Trojans men's swimmers]]
[[Category:World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:American disabled sportspeople]]
[[Category:American deaf people]]

User talk:204.25.208.33

2024-05-15T15:29:50Z

204.25.208.33: /* may 028379rw76r79w8e76rwe7809r78e6tr9w9e78rter */

{{iptalk}}
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== May 2024 ==
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User talk:204.25.208.33

2024-05-15T15:29:28Z

204.25.208.33: /* may 2024 */

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User talk:204.25.208.33

2024-05-15T15:29:01Z

204.25.208.33: /* june 23987434673498563459734639745634579834653865856348365945608936474 */

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== may 2024 ==
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User talk:204.25.208.33

2024-05-15T15:26:27Z

204.25.208.33: hehehehe

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User talk:204.25.208.33

2024-05-15T15:25:53Z

204.25.208.33: hehehehe

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== june 2024 ==
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Jeff Float

2024-05-15T15:24:19Z

204.25.208.33:

{{short description|American swimmer}}
{{Infobox swimmer
| name = Jeff Floar
| image = Jeff Float, RIT NandE Vol16Num4 1984 Oct4 Complete.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption = Float circa 1984
| fullname = Jeffrey James Float
| nicknames = "Jeff"
| national_team = United States
| strokes = [[Freestyle Swimming|Individual Medley]]
| club = Arden Hills Swim Club
| collegeteam = [[USC Trojans|University of Southern California]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|4|10|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Buffalo, New York]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{convert|6|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|187|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's Swimming}}
{{MedalCountry | the United States}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Swimming at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles]] | [[Swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4x200 m freestyle]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[World Aquatics Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[1982 World Aquatics Championships|1982 Guayaquil]] | 4x200 m freestyle}}
{{MedalSilver | [[1978 World Aquatics Championships|1978 Berlin]] | 400 m freestyle}}
}}

'''Jeffrey James Float''' is a former American competitive [[swimming (sport)|swimmer]], world record holder, world champion and Olympic gold medalist. He qualified for the 1980 USA Olympic Swimming Team in three individual events, but could not participate when the United States boycotted the Moscow [[1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Summer Olympic Games]]. Four years later, he competed at the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] in Los Angeles. As the peer-elected team captain, Jeff earned a gold medal in the [[Swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|men's 4×200-meter freestyle relay]],<ref name=db-olymp-1984SWI>[http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=21&sp=SWI "1984 Olympics – Los Angeles, United States – Swimming"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827163745/http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=21&sp=SWI |date=2008-08-27 }} – ''databaseOlympics.com'' (Retrieved on May 6, 2008)</ref> and finished fourth in the individual 200-meter freestyle event. In 2016 this 4x200-meter freestyle relay was designated the third greatest of all time.

== Biography ==
At 13 months of age, Float lost most of his hearing to life-threatening viral meningitis. As a result, he is 90% deaf in his right ear and 65% in the left, thus becoming the first legally deaf athlete from the United States to win an Olympic gold medal. After swimming the third leg in the 4x200-meter freestyle relay, the US anchor slammed first to the wall by 4/100ths of a second and shattered the world record by five seconds. Once he and his triumphant teammates emerged from the pool and ascended the podium, Jeff heard a roaring crowd. "It was the first time I remember distinctly hearing loud cheers during my race at any meet. I'll never forget what 17,000 screaming people sounded like. It was incredible!" Float reports.<ref>[http://www.wcspeakers.com/speaker.cfm?ID=1564 World Class Speakers & Entertainers - Jeff Float, Swimmer]</ref> In first grade he started training under the legendary Olympic Coach Sherm Chavoor at Arden Hills Country Club in Sacramento. His older teammates at that time were none other than Mark Spitz, Debbie Meyer, Mike Burton, John Ferris, Susie Pederson,et al., all of whom assisted in churning out 33 Olympic medals. Following graduation from Jesuit High School in Sacramento in 1978, Jeff then proceeded to obtain a bachelor's degree in psychology with a minor in business administration from the [[University of Southern California]] in Los Angeles.<ref name=USColympians>[http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/usc/genrel/auto_pdf/uscolympians.pdf USC OLYMPIANS: 1904-2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916190511/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/usc/genrel/auto_pdf/uscolympians.pdf |date=2018-09-16 }}, USC Trojans Athletic Department, Accessed August 26, 2008.</ref>

Float garnered ten gold medals and World Records in all ten available events at the 1977 [[World Games for the Deaf]] (renamed Deaflympics) in Bucharest, Romania. This remains an unprecedented record.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes.asp?5541|title=Athletes {{!}} Deaflympics|website=www.deaflympics.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-30|archive-date=2016-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915122138/https://www.deaflympics.com/athletes.asp?5541|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other swimming accomplishments include: gold medal in the 400-meter freestyle at the 1978 US National Championships in Woodlands, Texas; silver medal in the 400-meter freestyle at the [[1978 World Aquatics Championships]] in Berlin, Germany; Individual First Place in the 200 yard individual medley and 500 yard freestyle for Jesuit High School at the 1978 National Prep School Championships; gold medal in the 400-meter freestyle at the 1981 US National Championships in Brown Deer, Wisconsin; '''two gold medals in the 400-meter freestyle and 400-meter individual medley at the 1981 USA vs. USSR in Kiev, Russia defeating 1980 Olympic Gold Medalists Valdmir Salnikov and Sergey Fessenko;''' gold medal in the 400-yard individual medley at the 1982 NCAA National Championships in Indianapolis, Indiana; gold medal in the 4x200-meter freestyle relay at the [[1982 World Aquatics Championships]] in Guayaquil, Ecuador; and gold medal in the 400-meter individual medley at the 1982 USA vs. USSR in Knoxville, Tennessee.

Sports Illustrated featured Jeff on its July 1984 cover and in three subsequent articles. Vanity Fair also selected Float and his 4x200-meter teammates for the October 1984 cover and pictorial and published a follow-up article with photographs in August 1994. Other media exposure incorporates the following: appearances on television series, commercials and live interviews; magazine and newspaper covers and related stories; and myriad book forewords, chapters and quotations. Float served on the board of directors for the California President's Council on Physical Fitness from 1985 through 2001. He was chosen as Deaf Olympian of the Century by the International Committee of Deaf Sports in 2000 and carried the Olympic Torch en route to the 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympic Games. In 2008 his boycotted 1980 USA Summer Olympic Team was bestowed with Congressional Gold Medals of Honor. Jeff is also the recipient of numerous awards and an inductee in several Halls of Fame.

After being employed for 24 years as Aquatics Director and Head Coach with Spare Time Inc. at two of its Sacramento regional facilities, 12 years with the Laguna Creek Racquet Club Gators and 12 with the Gold River Sports Club Stingrays, and Co-Head Coach of their year-round Spare Time Aquatics Sharks, Float returned to his roots. On January 1, 2020, Jeff was invited to come "home" to the Arden Hills Athletic & Social Club, where it all began over a half-century ago. There he enjoyed being the Head Coach of the Otters Swim Team, Executive Assistant Coach of the USA Swimming year-round Arden Hills Aquatics, and a personal trainer to athletes of all levels. Now coaching 1 on 1 private training, Jeff has also been a real-estate agent with Investment Property Management Inc. He and his wife Jan Ellis Float are active and longtime participants in [[Swim Across America]], a national nonprofit organization that has earned $100 million while "Making Waves to Fight Cancer." Jeff and Jan are involved in other statewide and local charities and members of various professional and personal associations.

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Olympics}}
* [[Deaf people in the Olympics|Deaf People in the Olympics]]
* [[List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)|List of Olympic Medalists in Swimming (men)]]
* [[List of University of Southern California people]]
* [[List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (men)|List of World Aquatics Championships Medalists in Swimming (men)]]
* [[World record progression 4 × 200 metres freestyle relay|World Record Progression 4x200-Meter Freestyle Relay]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* De George, Matthew, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dDH7AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Geoff+Gaberino%22&pg=PA13 Pooling Talent: Swimming's Greatest Teams]'', Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland (2014). {{ISBN|978-1-4422-3701-8}}.

==External links==
*{{sports links}}
* {{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fl/jeff-float-1.html |title=Jeff Float |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114152341/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fl/jeff-float-1.html |archive-date=2012-11-14 |url-status=live}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42A240h4-Wk Jeff Float leads the Gold River Stingrays Team Cheer]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A445WzonEB4 Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 1]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_qdMJ_o5bc Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 2]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77Mu4h1KR7k Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 3]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYZczssf43k Jeff Float Story: The pursuit of Olympic Gold part 4]

{{Footer USA Swimming 1980 Summer Olympics}}
{{Footer USA Swimming 1984 Summer Olympics}}
{{Footer Olympic Champions 4x200 m Freestyle Relay Men}}
{{Footer World LC Champions 4x200m Freestyle Men}}
{{Footer NCAA Division I men's swimming and diving championships – men's 400 y individual medley champions}}

*{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Float, Jeff}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male freestyle swimmers]]
[[Category:American motivational speakers]]
[[Category:American swimming coaches]]
[[Category:Deaf swimmers]]
[[Category:World record setters in swimming]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:USC Trojans men's swimmers]]
[[Category:World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:American disabled sportspeople]]
[[Category:American deaf people]]

Millicent Simmonds

2024-05-13T15:15:53Z

204.25.208.33:

{{short description|American actress}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = millicent simmonds 2021 1.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Simmonds in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|03|06}}<ref name="rose">{{cite news | last=Rose | first=Mike | url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2018/03/todays_top_celebrity_birthdays_171.html | title=Today's top celebrity birthdays list (March 6, 2018) | work=[[Cleveland.com]] | date=March 6, 2018 | accessdate=January 2, 2019 }}
*{{cite news | author=Staff | url=https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/culture/video/millicent-simmonds-celebrates-17th-birthday-gma-69431047 | title=Millicent Simmonds celebrates her 17th birthday on 'GMA' | work=[[Good Morning America]] | date=March 6, 2020 | accessdate=March 11, 2020 }}</ref>
| occupation = Actress
| nationality = American
| othername = Millie Simmonds
| yearsactive = 2017–present
}}

'''Millicent Simmonds''' (born March 6, 2003) is a deaf American actress who starred in the 2018 horror film ''[[A Quiet Place]]'' and its 2020 sequel ''[[A Quiet Place Part II]]''. Her breakout role was in the 2017 drama film ''[[Wonderstruck (film)|Wonderstruck]]''. For ''Wonderstruck'' and ''A Quiet Place'', she was nominated for several awards for best youth performance.

In addition to her film roles, Simmonds has had television appearances in ''[[Andi Mack]]'' (2018) and ''[[This Close]]'' (2019). She made her Broadway debut in 2023 with the play ''[[Grey House (play)|Grey House]]''. Simmonds also advocates improving accessibility for the deaf, including designing a lip-reading face mask. She pushes for better deaf representation in entertainment.

== Background ==

Simmonds grew up in [[Bountiful, Utah]] in the United States.<ref name="crofts">{{cite news | last=Crofts | first=Natalie | url=https://www.ksl.com/?sid=39354436 | title=Bountiful girl cast in lead role for upcoming movie 'Wonderstruck' | work=ksl.com | publisher=[[KSL-TV]] | date=April 15, 2016 | accessdate=May 5, 2017 }}</ref> She has four siblings; two older and two younger than her.<ref>{{cite news | last=Votaw | first=Ann | url=http://observer.com/2018/04/a-quiet-place-star-millicent-simmonds-on-john-krasinskis-new-movie/ | title=Millicent Simmonds on How the Plot of 'A Quiet Place' Relates to Real Life | work=[[observer.com|Observer]] | date=April 10, 2018 | accessdate=April 12, 2018 }}</ref> When Simmonds was two months old, an accidental medication overdose caused permanent [[hearing loss]] for her.<ref name="axelrod">{{cite news | last=Axelrod | first=Joshua | url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/movies/2021/06/04/a-quiet-place-part-ii-millicent-simmonds-horror-movie-john-krasinski-emily-blunt-of 2015. She has performed at the [[Utah Shakespeare Festival]] in [[Cedar City, Utah]], and her primary film experience before ''Wonderstruck'' was a deaf student's short, "Color the World".<ref name="crofts"/>

In the third quarter of 2020, Simmonds's father got a job promotion, and Simmonds and her family moved from Bountiful, Utah to a neighborhood north of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="axelrod" />

== Acting career ==

===''Wonderstruck'' and ''A Quiet Place''===
[[File:Millicent Simmonds.jpg|thumb|alt=A teenage girl in formal dress posing for a picture|14-year-old Millicent Simmonds at [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 2017]]
Simmonds was 12 years old when she was cast for the film ''[[Wonderstruck (film)|Wonderstruck]]'', which was then released in 2017.<ref name="williams" /> She had read the deaf-themed juvenile novel ''[[Wonderstruck (book)|Wonderstruck]]'' when it was published in 2011. When open casting for the film began, her former drama teacher shared the news with her, and she auditioned for a role in the film.<ref name="crofts"/> She competed with over 250 others. When she won the role, she moved to [[New York City]] with her mother and her younger siblings to film ''Wonderstruck''. She used American Sign Language interpreters to communicate on set and also received a tutor to continue schoolwork while filming.<ref name="crofts"/> ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''{{'}}s Charles Bramesco said of her casting, "A Utah native without any major film credits to her name, young Simmonds is expected to make quite a splash both as a new face in the industry as well as an icon for deaf and otherwise sensory-disabled actors."<ref>{{cite news | last=Bramesco | first=Charles | url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/04/todd-haynes-millicent-simmonds-wonderstruck | title=''Carol'' Director Todd Haynes Breaks New Ground in Casting His Next Film | work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] | date=April 30, 2016 | accessdate=May 5, 2017 }}</ref> When ''Wonderstruck'' premiered at the [[2017 Cannes Film Festival]], the [[Associated Press]]'s Jake Coyle said Simmonds's screen debut was "hailed as a breakthrough".<ref>{{cite news |last=Coyle |first=Jake |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_CANNES_WONDERSTRUCK_UTOL-?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |title='Wonderstruck', with deaf newcomer Simmonds, lands at Cannes |work=ap.org |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=May 18, 2017 |accessdate=May 20, 2017 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6qbRtOK7q?url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_CANNES_WONDERSTRUCK_UTOL-?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |archivedate=May 20, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Simmonds was subsequently nominated for several awards for best youth performance (see [[#Accolades|accolades]]). The Associated Press also recognized Simmonds as one of eight actors who were Breakthrough Entertainers of 2017.<ref>{{cite news | author=Staff | url=https://www.ap.org/ap-in-the-news/2017/the-ap-names-its-breakthrough-entertainers-of-2017 | title=The AP names its Breakthrough Entertainers of 2017 | work=ap.org | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=December 12, 2017 | accessdate=December 13, 2017 }}</ref>

In 2018, Simmonds starred in the horror film ''[[A Quiet Place]]'' as the deaf daughter of a hearing couple, played by [[John Krasinski]] and [[Emily Blunt]]. While the producers did not specifically plan to cast a deaf actress to play the deaf daughter, Krasinski, who was also the director, pushed to have a deaf actress.<ref>{{cite magazine | last=Burton | first=Bryan | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/a-quiet-place-john-krasinski-pushed-cast-millicent-simmonds-1100644 | title=John Krasinski Pushed to Cast a Deaf Actress for 'A Quiet Place' | magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=April 7, 2018 | accessdate=October 11, 2018 }}</ref> Simmonds and her family answered Krasinski's questions for writing a screenplay about a family with a deaf child.<ref>{{cite magazine | last=Sippell | first=Margeaux | url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/john-krasinski-a-quiet-place-casting-deaf-actress-1203084825/ | title=John Krasinski on 'A Quiet Place': Casting A Deaf Actress Was 'Non-Negotiable' | magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=December 9, 2018 | accessdate=December 10, 2018 }}</ref> The filmmakers hired an ASL interpreter for Simmonds, so that signed and spoken language could be interpreted fluently on set.<ref>{{cite news | last=Crow | first=David | url=https://www.denofgeek.com/us/movies/a-quiet-place/272266/a-quiet-place-and-the-thrill-of-making-an-original-horror-movie | title=A Quiet Place and the Thrill of Making an Original Horror Movie | work=Den of Geek | publisher=[[Dennis Publishing]] | date=April 2, 2018 | accessdate=April 6, 2018 }}</ref> Simmonds helped teach her fellow actors to sign.<ref>{{cite news | last=Squires | first=John | url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/interviews/3488538/john-krasinski-importance-casting-deaf-actress-millicent-simmonds-quiet-place/ | title=John Krasinski on the Importance of Casting Deaf Actress Millicent Simmonds in 'A Quiet Place' | work=[[Bloody Disgusting]] | date=March 14, 2018 | accessdate=April 6, 2018 }}</ref>

=== TV roles and return to ''A Quiet Place'' ===

In 2018, Simmonds appeared in a two-episode arc in the third season of the [[Disney Channel]] television series ''[[Andi Mack]]''. She had first appeared as an extra in the first season, and the series creators invited her back for a recurring role. For her arc, Simmonds taught the other actors how to use ASL, and the showrunners decided to show her scenes involving ASL without providing subtitles so viewers could focus on figuring out the sign language.<ref name="ceron">{{cite magazine | last=Ceron | first=Ella | url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/millicent-simmonds-interview-andi-mack | title=Millicent Simmonds Saved the Day in ''A Quiet Place'' — Now She's Headed to the Disney Channel | magazine=[[Teen Vogue]] | date=December 4, 2018 | accessdate=December 5, 2018 }}</ref> In one of the episodes, Simmonds also spoke for the first time ever on-camera, responding audibly "I like you" in response to [[Asher Angel]]'s character Jonah signing "I like you" to her character. Simmonds said of the spoken dialogue, "I can't even remember how it was brought up or who had the idea, but I remember my mom asking me how I felt about it, and I told her I thought I could try. I was actually pretty nervous about it. I don't use my voice a lot in public."<ref>{{cite news | last=Gunderson | first=Alexis | url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2019/02/millicent-simmonds-andi-mack-a-quiet-place-disney.html | title=How ''Andi Mack'' Landed ''A Quiet Place'' Breakout Millicent Simmonds' First Time Speaking on Camera | work=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] | date=February 1, 2019 | accessdate=February 2, 2019 }}</ref>

In the following year, Simmonds appeared in an episode of the second season of ''[[This Close]]''.<ref>{{cite news | last=Lambe | first=Stacy | url=https://www.etonline.com/this-close-returns-with-season-2-watch-shoshannah-stern-and-josh-feldman-in-an-exclusive-new-teaser | title='This Close' Returns With Season 2: Watch Shoshannah Stern and Josh Feldman in an Exclusive New Teaser | work=[[Entertainment Tonight]] | date=August 12, 2019 | accessdate=December 3, 2020 }}</ref> In October, Simmonds was cast in a lead role in the pilot for the TV series ''Close Up'' on [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]],<ref>{{cite news | last=Ramos | first=Dino-Ray | url=https://deadline.com/2019/10/a-quiet-place-millicent-simmonds-close-up-pilot-freeform-1202751501/ | title='A Quiet Place' Actress Millicent Simmonds Set To Star In 'Close Up' Pilot At Freeform | work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] | date=October 3, 2019 | accessdate=October 3, 2019 }}</ref> and production took place later in the year in [[Vancouver]]. By May 2020, Freeform passed on the pilot.<ref>{{cite news | last=N'Duka | first=Amanda | url=https://deadline.com/2020/05/close-up-mystery-drama-not-going-forward-freeform-1202935138/ | title='Close Up' Mystery Drama Not Moving Forward At Freeform | work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] | date=May 14, 2020 | accessdate=July 7, 2020 }}</ref>

Simmonds also reprised her role in the sequel film ''[[A Quiet Place Part II]]'', which filmed in the middle of 2019.<ref name="collis">{{cite magazine | last=Collis | first=Clark | url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/07/15/a-quiet-place-2-starts-shooting-john-krasinski/ | title=John Krasinski announces ''A Quiet Place 2'' has started shooting | magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | date=July 15, 2019 | accessdate=October 4, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016040850/https://ew.com/movies/2019/07/15/a-quiet-place-2-starts-shooting-john-krasinski/ | archive-date=October 16, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> John Krasinski, who also directed the sequel, said, "I had this small idea, which was to make Millie [Simmonds] the lead of the movie... her character opens the door to all the themes I was dealing with in the first movie."<ref name="rubin20200309">{{cite magazine | last=Rubin | first=Rebecca | url=https://variety.com/2020/scene/news/quiet-place-2-premiere-john-krasinski-emily-blunt-1203527522/ | title=How John Krasinski Convinced Emily Blunt to Star in 'A Quiet Place 2' | magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=March 9, 2020 | accessdate=March 10, 2020 }}</ref> The film had its world premiere in March 2020,<ref>{{cite news | last=Martin | first=Annie | url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/Movies/2020/03/09/John-Krasinski-praises-Emily-Blunt-at-A-Quiet-Place-2-premiere/6121583758813/ | title=John Krasinski praises Emily Blunt at 'A Quiet Place 2' premiere | work=[[United Press International]] | date=March 9, 2020 | accessdate=March 9, 2020 }}</ref> but due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], its commercial release was postponed to May 2021.<ref name="d'alessandro2020305">{{cite news | last=D'Alessandro | first=Anthony | url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/a-quiet-place-part-ii-memorial-day-weekend-opening-f9-replaces-1234707174/ | title='A Quiet Place Part II' Takes Over Memorial Day Weekend Vacated By 'F9' | work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] | date=March 4, 2021 | access-date=March 5, 2021 }}</ref> In the following August, ''Variety'' named Simmonds among over 50 other 25-and-under talent in its 2021 Power of Young Hollywood Impact List.<ref>{{cite magazine | author=Staff | url=https://variety.com/lists/variety-power-of-young-hollywood-2021-impact-list/ | title=Variety's 2021 Power of Young Hollywood Impact List | magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=August 11, 2021 | accessdate=September 26, 2023 }}</ref>

=== ''Grey House'' and projects in development ===

Simmonds starred in the short film ''Bumblebees'' which premiered on June 11, 2022, at [[Tribeca Film Festival]].<ref name="tribeca">{{cite web | author=Staff | url=https://tribecafilm.com/films/bumblebees-2022 | title=Bumblebees | 2022 Tribeca Festival | Tribeca | work=tribecafilm.com | accessdate=June 14, 2022 }}</ref> She also had her [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut in the Broadway adaptation of [[Levi Holloway]]'s play ''[[Grey House (play)|Grey House]]'',<ref name="apostolatos">{{cite magazine | last=Apostolatos | first=Mariana | url=https://www.photobookmagazine.com/features/millicent-simmonds | title=Millicent Simmonds | work=Photobook Magazine | date=September 7, 2023 | accessdate=September 26, 2023 }}</ref> which premiered on May 30, 2023.<ref name="evans">{{cite news | last=Evans | first=Greg | url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/grey-house-broadway-thriller-laurie-metcalf-tatiana-maslany-joe-mantello-1235266226/ | title=Laurie Metcalf & Tatiana Maslany Set For Broadway Thriller 'Grey House'; Joe Mantello Will Direct | work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] | date=February 21, 2023 | accessdate=February 26, 2023 }}</ref> Simmonds said that acting on Broadway demands more exaggerated expressions than in film or TV, due to the need for audience visibility. She also contrasted the repetitive nature of stage performances with the varying day-to-day scenes in film and TV.<ref name="apostolatos" /> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''{{'}}s Emlyn Travis wrote, "Simmonds, who is deaf, performs the tunes in American Sign Language alongside her costars, who... also sign with and interpret for her character throughout the performance in an excellent display of representation and accessibility on stage."<ref>{{cite magazine | last=Travis | first=Emlyn | url=https://ew.com/theater/theater-reviews/grey-house-review-laurie-metcalf-millicent-simmonds-delight-in-haunting-play/ | title=''Grey House'' review: Laurie Metcalf and Millicent Simmonds delight in a haunting play full of heart | magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | date=June 1, 2023 | accessdate=June 2, 2023 }}</ref> ''Grey House'' closed on July 30, 2023 due to low ticket sales.<ref>{{cite magazine | last=Huston | first=Caitlin | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/arts/broadway-grey-house-july-30-closing-date-1235539722/ | title=Broadway's 'Grey House,' Starring Laurie Metcalf, Tatiana Maslany, Sets July 30 Closing Date | magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=July 19, 2023 | accessdate=September 26, 2023 }}</ref>

In July 2021, Simmonds partnered with Circle of Confusion Television Studios to star in and executive produce a TV adaptation of the 2022 deaf-themed book ''[[True Biz]]'' by [[Sara Nović]].<ref>{{cite news | last=White | first=Peter | url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/millicent-simmonds-tv-adaptation-sara-novic-true-biz-circle-of-confusion-1234787333/ | title=Millicent Simmonds To Star In & EP TV Adaptation Of Sara Nović's 'True Biz' With Circle of Confusion Television Studios | work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] | date=July 7, 2021 | accessdate=March 9, 2022 }}</ref> In the following October, Simmonds was cast as the [[deafblindness|deafblind]] historical figure [[Helen Keller]] for the film ''Helen & Teacher'' with principal photography planned at the time to start in mid-2022.<ref>{{cite news | last=Ritman | first=Alex | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/millicent-simmonds-rachel-brosnahan-helen-keller-1235031343/ | title='A Quiet Place' Star Millicent Simmonds Teaming With Rachel Brosnahan for Helen Keller Biopic 'Helen & Teacher' | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=October 14, 2021 | accessdate=February 23, 2022 }}</ref> Neither project has yet moved past the development stage.

In February 2023, Simmonds was cast in the action-thriller film ''[[Ballerina Overdrive]]''.<ref>{{cite news | last=Wiseman | first=Andreas | url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/lena-headey-yara-shahidi-isabela-merced-lana-condor-david-leitch-ballerina-overdrive-efm-1235253357/ | title=Lena Headey, Yara Shahidi, Isabela Merced, Lana Condor, Millicent Simmonds & Iris Apatow Set For Buzzy Action Pic 'Ballerina Overdrive' From David Leitch & Kelly McCormick’s 87North: EFM Hot Package | work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] | date=February 8, 2023 | accessdate=July 12, 2023 }}</ref>

== Deaf advocacy ==

Following Simmonds's 2017 debut in ''Wonderstruck'', a Utah-based news outlet reported, "Millie plans to continue both acting and advocating for the deaf community."<ref>{{cite news | last=Nielsen | first=Liesl | url=https://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=44212827 | title=Deaf Bountiful girl films lead role in upcoming movie 'Wonderstruck' | work=ksl.com | publisher=[[KSL-TV]] | date=May 11, 2017 | accessdate=May 12, 2017 }}</ref> In 2019, after starring in ''A Quiet Place'', Simmonds received the [[Greenwich International Film Festival]]'s Make An Impact Award and participated in the festival's panel to discuss cinematic representation of people with disabilities.<ref>{{cite news | last=Zilko | first=Christian | url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/06/diversity-movement-actors-with-disabilities-1202146980/ | title=The Diversity Movement You're Not Hearing About: Actors With Disabilities — Watch | work=[[IndieWire]] | date=June 3, 2019 | accessdate=June 7, 2019 }}</ref>

In 2020, with the commercial release of ''A Quiet Place Part II'' being postponed to the following year due to the COVID-19 pandemic,<ref>{{cite news | last= Rubin | first=Rebecca | url= https://variety.com/2020/film/box-office/a-quiet-place-2-top-gun-maverick-release-date-delay-1234709716/ | title='A Quiet Place 2,' 'Top Gun: Maverick' Delayed Until 2021 | magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=July 23, 2020 | accessdate=July 23, 2020 }}</ref> Simmonds and a speech-language pathology clinical fellow designed a face mask that includes a transparent panel to allow lip-reading and facial expressions to be seen. Simmonds partnered with fair-trade fashion brand Rafi Nova to make the masks and to have net proceeds go to deaf and hard-of-hearing organizations.<ref>{{cite magazine | last=Smith | first=Nigel | url=https://people.com/movies/millicent-simmonds-designs-transparent-masks-during-pandemic/ | title=''A Quiet Place''{{'}}s Millicent Simmonds Designs Transparent Masks That Restore Visual Communication | magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] | date=August 4, 2020 | accessdate=August 4, 2020 }}</ref> She also participated in a virtual panel hosted by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] about representation of creative figures with disabilities, as part of the 30th anniversary of the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990]].<ref>{{cite news | last=Bahr | first=Lindsey | url=https://hosted.ap.org/gmtoday/article/24a51549c4a5a12506502bd2f6ac0cbc/entertainers-discuss-disability-representation-hollywood | title=Entertainers Discuss Disability Representation In Hollywood | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=October 27, 2020 | accessdate=October 28, 2020 }}</ref> Toward the end of the year, the teenage magazine ''[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]]'' recognized Simmonds among 15 recipients of Voices of the Year 2020 for their vision and activism.<ref>{{cite magazine | author=Staff | url=https://www.seventeen.com/life/a31198992/teens-who-changed-the-world-2020-voices-of-the-year/ | title=Today's Teens Are Saving Tomorrow: Seventeen's 2020 Voices Of the Year | magazine=[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]] | date=December 1, 2020 | accessdate=December 3, 2020 }}</ref>

With deaf characters historically played by hearing actors, or sign language obscured by the editing process, Simmonds said in 2021 that she considers her films ''Wonderstruck'', ''A Quiet Place'', and ''A Quiet Place Part II'' as "a corrective" to that history.<ref name="nevins">{{cite news | last=Nevins | first=Jake | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/25/t-magazine/american-sign-language-asl-deaf-culture.html | title=American Sign Language Finds Its Spotlight | work=[[T (magazine)|T: The New York Times Style Magazine]] | date=March 25, 2021 | accessdate=March 25, 2021 }}</ref> In 2022, Simmonds partnered with Cut + Clarity to create the "Millie ASL Mama" necklace, which features the ASL sign for "mother", to benefit the Deaf Mentor Program at Ski-Hi Institute.<ref>{{cite news | last=Vaughen | first=Kelly | url=https://kutv.com/news/eye-on-utah/utah-movie-star-gives-back-to-asl-education-with-mothers-day-necklace | title=Utah movie star gives back to ASL education with Mother's Day necklace | work=kutv.com | publisher=[[KUTV]] | date=May 4, 2022 | accessdate=September 26, 2023 }}</ref> In a 2023 interview, she advised young deaf individuals aspiring to enter the entertainment industry to advocate for themselves and clearly communicate their needs.<ref name="apostolatos" />

In March 2024, Simmonds was among eight honorees at the [[New York Women in Film & Television]]'s 44th annual Muse Awards.<ref>{{cite magazine | last=Taylor | first=Elizabeth | url=https://variety.com/2024/awards/news/quiet-place-millicent-simmonds-deaf-representation-hollywood-1235954607/ | title='A Quiet Place' Star Millicent Simmonds Says Hollywood is Becoming More Inclusive and Accessible to the Deaf Community: 'People Seem to Be More Open-Minded' | magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=March 28, 2024 | accessdate=April 25, 2024 }}</ref>

== Credits ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Simmonds's credits
! Year(s)
! Title
! Medium
! Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Wonderstruck (film)|Wonderstruck]]''
| Film
| Rose
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="bfi">{{cite web | url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5a25d685b7de6 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704154650/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5a25d685b7de6 | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 4, 2018 | title=Millicent Simmonds | work=bfi.org.uk | publisher=[[British Film Institute]] | accessdate=February 25, 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|1=2018.1|2=2018}}
| ''{{sortname|A|Quiet Place}}''
| Film
| Regan Abbott
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="bfi" />
|-
| {{sort|1=2018.2|2=2018–2019}}
| ''[[Andi Mack]]''
| Television
| Libby
| Season 3; two-episode arc
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="ceron" />
|-
| {{sort|1=2019.1|2=2019}}
| {{sort|1=Wanted a Name|2="Wanted a Name"}}
| Music video
| Self
| Music video by [[Frenship]]
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news | last=Stivale | first=Shelly | url=http://tigerbeat.com/video/millicent-frenship-music-video/ | title=Up and Coming Actress Millicent Simmonds Stars In FRENSHIP's 'Wanted A Name' Music Video | work=[[Tiger Beat]] | date=February 15, 2019 | accessdate=February 25, 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|1=2019.2|2=2019}}
| ''[[This Close]]''
| Television
| Emmaline
| Season 2; Episode: "No Place Like Home"
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news | author=Staff | url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Sundance-Nows-THIS-CLOSE-Unveils-Season-Two-Guest-Star-Lineup-20181015 | title=Sundance Now's THIS CLOSE Unveils Season Two Guest Star Lineup | work=Broadway World | date=October 15, 2018 | accessdate=October 16, 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|1=2020|2=2020}}
| {{sort|1=I Dare You |2="I Dare You"}}
| Music video
| Self
| Music video by [[Kelly Clarkson]]
| Style= "text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news | last=Derrington | first=Ashley | url=https://www.hearinglikeme.com/kelly-clarkson-releases-new-asl-video-for-song-i-dare-you | title=Kelly Clarkson releases new ASL video for song 'I Dare You | work=[[Kelly Clarkson]] | date=May 4, 2020 | accessdate=July 8, 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| {{sort|1=2020|2=2020}}
| ''{{sortname|A|Quiet Place Part II}}''
| Film
| Regan Abbott
| Commercial release in 2021
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="collis" />
|-
| 2022
| ''Bumblebees''
| Short film
| Athena
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="tribeca" />
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Grey House (play)|Grey House]]''
| Stage
| Bernie
| Broadway adaptation
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="evans" />
|}

== Accolades ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Simmonds's accolades
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Year
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Film
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Award
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ceremony
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan = "6" style="vertical-align:top;" | 2017
| rowspan = "6" style="vertical-align:top;" | ''[[Wonderstruck (film)|Wonderstruck]]''
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer]]
| [[23rd Critics' Choice Awards|23rd ceremony]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news | last=Hammond | first=Pete | url=https://deadline.com/2017/12/critics-choice-awards-nominations-the-shape-of-water-dunkirk-this-is-us-netflix-1202220528/ | title=Critics' Choice Awards Nominations: 'The Shape Of Water' Leads With 14; Netflix Tops TV Contenders | website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] | date=December 6, 2017 | accessdate=December 13, 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Florida Film Critics Circle]]'s Pauline Kael Breakout Award
| [[Florida Film Critics Circle Awards 2017|2017 ceremony]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.floridafilmcritics.com/2017/12/23/2017-ffcc-winners/ | title=2017 FFCC Winners | work=floridafilmcritics.com | publisher=[[Florida Film Critics Circle]] | date=December 23, 2017 | accessdate=March 28, 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor]]
| [[44th Saturn Awards|44th ceremony]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite magazine | last=McNary | first=Dave | url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/saturn-awards-nominations-2018-black-panther-walking-dead-1202727752/ | title='Black Panther,' 'Walking Dead' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations | magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=March 15, 2018 | accessdate=March 19, 2018 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023438/http://variety.com/2018/film/news/saturn-awards-nominations-2018-black-panther-walking-dead-1202727752/ | archivedate=March 16, 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Seattle Film Critics Society]] Award for Best Youth Performance
| 2017 ceremony
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://seattlefilmcritics.com/2017/12/11/blade-runner-2049-leads-the-2017-seattle-film-critics-society-nominations/ | title='Blade Runner 2049' Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations | work=seattlefilmcritics.com | publisher=[[Seattle Film Critics Society]] | date=December 11, 2017 | accessdate=December 18, 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]] Award for Best Youth Performance
| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2017|2017 ceremony]]
| {{nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wafca.com/awards/ | title='Get Out' Is In with D.C. Film Critics | work=wafca.com | publisher=[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]] | date=December 8, 2017 | accessdate=December 18, 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Women Film Critics Circle]] Award for Best Young Actress
| 2017 ceremony
| {{nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news | last=Benardello | first=Karen | url=http://www.shockya.com/news/2017/12/23/women-film-critics-circle-awards-2017s-best-movies/ | title=The Women Film Critics Circle Awards 2017's Best Movies | work=Shock Ya! | date=December 23, 2017 | accessdate=March 28, 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "4" style="vertical-align:top;" | 2018
| rowspan = "4" style="vertical-align:top;" | ''[[A Quiet Place]]''
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer]]
| [[24th Critics' Choice Awards|24th ceremony]]
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news | author=Staff | url=https://6abc.com/entertainment/full-list-of-critics-choice-awards-winners/5070843/ | title=Critics' Choice Awards winners: See who won big in 2019 | work=6abc.com | publisher=[[WPVI-TV]] | date=January 13, 2019 | accessdate=January 31, 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society]] Award for Best Performance by an Actress 23 and Under
| 2nd ceremony
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://laofcs.org/los-angeles-online-film-critics-society-award-winners-announced/ | title=Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Award Winners Announced! | work=laofcs.org | publisher=Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society | date=December 7, 2018 | accessdate=January 31, 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Seattle Film Critics Society]] Award for Best Youth Performance
| 2018 ceremony
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://seattlefilmcritics.com/2018/12/17/roma-named-best-picture-of-2018-by-seattle-film-critics-society/ | title='Roma' Named Best Picture of 2018 by Seattle Film Critics Society | work=seattlefilmcritics.com | publisher=[[Seattle Film Critics Society]] | date=December 17, 2018 | accessdate=January 31, 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]] Award for Best Youth Performance
| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2018|2018 ceremony]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dcfilmcritics.com/awards/ | title='Roma' Feels the Love with D.C. Film Critics | work=dcfilmcritics.com | publisher=[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]] | date=December 3, 2018 | accessdate=January 31, 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "5" style="vertical-align:top;" | 2020
| rowspan = "5" style="vertical-align:top;" | ''[[A Quiet Place Part II]]''
| [[Critics' Choice Super Award]] for Best Actress in a Horror Movie
| [[2nd Critics' Choice Super Awards|2nd ceremony]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news | last=Couch | first=Aaron | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-super-awards-2022-nominations-nominees-list-1235097398/ | title='Spider-Man,' 'Shang-Chi' Lead Critics Choice Super Awards Film Nominations | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=February 22, 2022 | accessdate=February 22, 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Fangoria Chainsaw Awards|Fangoria Chainsaw Award]] for Best Supporting Performance
| 2022 ceremony
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news | last=Melanson | first=Angel | url=https://www.fangoria.com/original/a-full-list-of-the-2022-fangoria-chainsaw-awards-winners/ | title=A Full List Of The 2022 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Winners! | work=[[Fangoria]] | date=May 16, 2022 | accessdate=July 27, 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Hollywood Critics Association]] Midseason Award for Best Actress
| 4th ceremony
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last1=Menzel |first1=Scott |title='In The Heights' wins Best Picture at the HCA Midseason Awards |url=https://hollywoodcriticsassociation.com/in-the-heights-wins-best-picture-at-the-hca-midseason-awards/ |website=[[Hollywood Critics Association]] |access-date=July 28, 2021 |date=July 2, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Scared-As-Shit Performance|MTV Movie Award for Most Frightened Performance]]
| [[2022 MTV Movie & TV Awards|2022 ceremony]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news | last=Choe | first=Brandon | url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/mtv-movie-tv-awards-2022-spider-man-no-way-home-euphoria-lead-winners-list-1235038720/ | title=MTV Movie & TV Awards 2022: 'Spider-Man: No Way Home,' 'Euphoria' Lead Winners List | work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] | date=June 5, 2022 | accessdate=July 27, 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor]]
|[[47th Saturn Awards|47th ceremony]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tinoco |first=Armando |date=August 12, 2022 |title=Saturn Awards Nominations: 'The Batman', 'Nightmare Alley', 'Spider-Man', 'Better Call Saul' Top List |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/saturn-awards-2022-nominations-list-movies-tv-1235089636/ |access-date=September 22, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| style="background: lightgray" |
| [[BAFTA Rising Star Award]]
|[[75th British Academy Film Awards|75th ceremony]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news | last=Khomami | first=Nadia | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/feb/01/bond-actor-lashana-lynch-nominated-for-bafta-rising-star-award | title=Bond actor Lashana Lynch nominated for Bafta rising star award | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=February 1, 2022 | accessdate=February 2, 2022 }}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

*{{cite book | last=Smoka-Richardson | first=Rachel | year=2021 | title=Millicent Simmonds: Actor and Activist | series=Movers, Shakers, & History Makers | publisher=[[Capstone Publishers]] | isbn=978-1-4966-9540-6 }} (Juvenile audience)

== External links ==

*{{IMDb name|8075925}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simmonds, Millicent}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Utah]]
[[Category:American child actresses]]
[[Category:American deaf actresses]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:People from Bountiful, Utah]]

Jim Kyte

2024-05-13T15:13:57Z

204.25.208.33: /* Pittsburgh Penguins (1989–1991) */

{{Short description|Canadian ice hockey player (born 1964)}}
{{for|the Australian Aboriginal sculptor also known as Jim Kyte|Erlikilyika}}
{{Infobox ice hockey player
| played_for = [[Winnipeg Jets (1972–96)|Winnipeg Jets]] [[Pittsburgh Penguins]] [[Calgary Flames]] [[Ottawa Senators]] [[San Jose Sharks]]
| position = [[Defenceman|Defence]]
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 5
| weight_lb = 220
| shoots = Left
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|3|21|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ottawa|Ottawa, Ontario]], Canada
| draft = 12th overall
| draft_year = 1982
| draft_team = [[Winnipeg Jets (1972–96)|Winnipeg Jets]]
| career_start = 1983
| career_end = 1997
}}

'''James G. Kyte''' (born March 21, 1964) is a [[Canadians|Canadian]] former professional [[ice hockey]] player. Kyte made history by being the first (and to date, only) legally [[Hearing impairment|deaf]] [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) player, playing 598 games in the NHL.

Kyte is the son of Canadian former university athletic star John Kyte, [[St. Francis Xavier University]]'s Athlete-of-the-Half-Century. He is also the brother of Canadian former [[Track and field|track team]] member Aynslee Kyte.

==Junior hockey==

===Cornwall Royals (1981–1983)===
Kyte's first junior season was with the [[Cornwall Royals]] of the [[Ontario Hockey League]] in [[1981–82 OHL season|1981–82]], where in 52 games, Kyte had four goals and 17 points, helping the club clinch the final playoff spot in the Leyden Division. In five playoff games, Kyte was held pointless.

==Professional career==

===Winnipeg Jets (1982–1989)===
Kyte was drafted by the [[Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)|Winnipeg Jets]] in the first round, 12th overall, in the [[1982 NHL Entry Draft]]. He made his [[National Hockey League|NHL]] debut late in the [[1982–83 NHL season|1982–83]] season, going pointless while appearing in two games with Winnipeg.

Kyte saw limited ice time with the Jets as a rookie in [[1983–84 NHL season|1983–84]], appearing in 58 games and scoring one goal and two assists, helping the team reach the playoffs. In three playoff games that season, Kyte did not earn a point as Winnipeg was swept by the [[Edmonton Oilers]] in the [[Smythe Division]] semi-finals.

In [[1984–85 NHL season|1984–85]], Kyte appeared in 71 games with the Jets, earning three assists, while accumulating 111 penalty minutes. In eight playoff games, Kyte was held off the scoresheet, as the team defeated the [[Calgary Flames]] in the [[Smythe Division]] semi-finals, however, the Jets were then swept by the Edmonton Oilers in the Division finals.

Kyte again appeared in 71 games with the Jets in [[1985–86 NHL season|1985–86]], scoring a goal and four points, while getting 126 penalty minutes, as Winnipeg qualified for the post-season. In three games, Kyte had no points, as the Jets lost to the Calgary Flames in the Smythe Division semi-finals.

Kyte's offensive production increased in [[1986–87 NHL season|1986–87]], as he managed to score five goals and 10 points in 72 games, while getting 162 penalty minutes. In 10 playoff games, Kyte earned four assists, as the Jets would end up losing to the Edmonton Oilers in the Smythe Division finals.

Injuries plagued Kyte during the [[1987–88 NHL season|1987–88]] season, as he played in only 51 games, scoring a goal and four points while accumulating 128 penalty minutes. The Jets qualified for the post-season, however, Kyte did not appear in any games.

Kyte appeared in a career high 74 games with the Jets in [[1988–89 NHL season|1988–89]], scoring three goals and 12 points, as well as getting 190 penalty minutes. Winnipeg failed to make the playoffs.

On June 17, 1989, Kyte, [[Andrew McBain]] and [[Randy Gilhen]] were traded by the Jets to the Pittsburgh Penguins for [[Randy Cunneyworth]], [[Rick Tabaracci]] and [[Dave McLlwain]].

no

===Calgary Flames (1990–1992)===
Kyte finished the [[1990–91 NHL season|1990–91]] with the Calgary Flames, where in 42 games, he earned nine assists and 153 penalty minutes, helping the team reach the playoffs. In seven playoff games, Kyte had no points and seven penalty minutes, as the Flames lost to the Edmonton Oilers in the Smythe Division semi-finals.

Kyte appeared in 21 games with Calgary in [[1991–92 NHL season|1991–92]], getting one assist and 107 penalty minutes. He also played in six games with the [[Salt Lake Golden Eagles]] of the IHL, earning an assist and nine penalty minutes. After the season, Kyte became a free agent.

===Ottawa Senators (1992–1993)===
Kyte signed with the [[Ottawa Senators]] on September 10, 1992. He spent a majority of the [[1992–93 AHL season|1992–93]] season with the [[New Haven Senators]] of the [[American Hockey League]] (AHL), scoring six goals and 24 points in 63 games. In four games with Ottawa, Kyte earned an assist. Kyte was granted free agency after only one season with the Senators.

===Las Vegas Thunder (1993–1995)===
Kyte signed with the [[Las Vegas Thunder]] of the IHL for the [[1993–94 IHL season|1993–94]] season. In 75 games, Kyte scored two goals and 18 points, and accumulated 246 penalty minutes. In four playoff games, Kyte had an assist, and 51 penalty minutes.

He played a second season with the Thunder in [[1994–95 IHL season|1994–95]], scoring three goals and 20 points in 76 games with the team. Kyte left the Thunder late in the season, as he signed with the [[San Jose Sharks]].

===San Jose Sharks (1994–1996)===
Kyte signed as a free agent with the [[San Jose Sharks]] on March 31, 1995. He finished the [[1994–95 NHL season|1994–95]] season with the Sharks, scoring two goals and seven points in 18 games, helping the team reach the post-season. In 11 playoff games, Kyte had two assists, as the Sharks upset the favoured Calgary Flames in the [[Western Conference (NHL)|Western Conference]] quarter-finals, before losing to the [[Detroit Red Wings]] in the second round of the playoffs.

Kyte played in 57 games with San Jose in [[1995–96 NHL season|1995–96]], scoring a goal and eight points, and earning 146 penalty minutes, however, the team failed to make the playoffs. Kyte was granted free agency after the season.

===Kansas City Blades (1996–1997)===
Kyte finished his playing career in [[1996–97 IHL season|1996–97]] with the [[Kansas City Blades]] of the IHL. In 76 games, Kyte had three goals and 11 points, as well as recording 259 penalty minutes. In three playoff games, Kyte had no points. Kyte's playing career came to an end from a concussion suffered in an automobile accident in 1997 and he was forced into retirement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/17415-Backchecking-Tough-guy-Jim-Kyte-overcame-handicap-to-make-NHL.html |title=The Hockey News: Backchecking: Backchecking: Tough guy Jim Kyte overcame handicap to make NHL |website=www.thehockeynews.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131130531/http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/17415-Backchecking-Tough-guy-Jim-Kyte-overcame-handicap-to-make-NHL.html |archive-date=2009-01-31}} </ref>

=== Post-hockey career ===
After retiring from hockey, Kyte wrote a hockey column, Point Man, for four years in the Ottawa Citizen and joined [[Algonquin College]] in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/outside-the-box-the-life-and-times-of-ottawas-jim-kyte|title=Outside the box: The life and times of Ottawa's Jim Kyte}}</ref> After creating the very successful Sport Business Management postgraduate program at Algonquin College in 2002, Kyte became the Academic Chair of the Marketing & Management Studies Department in the Algonquin College School of Business in 2007. He earned a master's degree in business administration from [[Royal Roads University]] in 2012. In 2014, he was selected to be the Dean of Algonquin College's School of Hospitality and Tourism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.algonquincollege.com/hospitalityandtourism/news/welcome-to-our-new-dean-jim-kyte/|title = Welcome to our new Dean, Jim Kyte!}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:60em"
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
! colspan="5" | [[Regular season]]
! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
! colspan="5" | [[Playoffs]]
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! [[Season (sports)|Season]]
! Team
! League
! GP
! [[Goal (ice hockey)|G]]
! [[Assist (ice hockey)|A]]
! [[Point (ice hockey)|Pts]]
! [[Penalty (ice hockey)|PIM]]
! GP
! G
! A
! Pts
! PIM
|-
| 1980–81
| [[Hawkesbury Hawks]]
| [[Central Canada Hockey League|CJHL]]
| 42
| 2
| 24
| 26
| 133
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1981–82 OHL season|1981–82]]
| [[Cornwall Royals]]
| [[Ontario Hockey League|OHL]]
| 52
| 4
| 13
| 17
| 148
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 10
|-
| [[1982–83 NHL season|1982–83]]
| [[Winnipeg Jets]]
| [[National Hockey League|NHL]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1982–83 OHL season|1982–83]]
| Cornwall Royals
| OHL
| 65
| 6
| 30
| 36
| 195
| 8
| 0
| 2
| 2
| 24
|-
| [[1983–84 NHL season|1983–84]]
| Winnipeg Jets
| NHL
| 58
| 1
| 2
| 3
| 55
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 11
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1984–85 NHL season|1984–85]]
| Winnipeg Jets
| NHL
| 71
| 0
| 3
| 3
| 111
| 8
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 14
|-
| [[1985–86 NHL season|1985–86]]
| Winnipeg Jets
| NHL
| 71
| 1
| 3
| 4
| 126
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 12
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1986–87 NHL season|1986–87]]
| Winnipeg Jets
| NHL
| 72
| 5
| 5
| 10
| 162
| 10
| 0
| 4
| 4
| 36
|-
| [[1987–88 NHL season|1987–88]]
| Winnipeg Jets
| NHL
| 51
| 1
| 3
| 4
| 128
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1988–89 NHL season|1988–89]]
| Winnipeg Jets
| NHL
| 74
| 3
| 9
| 12
| 190
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| [[1989–90 NHL season|1989–90]]
| [[Pittsburgh Penguins]]
| NHL
| 56
| 3
| 1
| 4
| 125
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1990–91 NHL season|1990–91]]
| Pittsburgh Penguins
| NHL
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| [[1990–91 IHL season|1990–91]]
| [[Muskegon Lumberjacks (1984–92)|Muskegon Lumberjacks]]
| [[International Hockey League (1945–2001)|IHL]]
| 25
| 2
| 5
| 7
| 157
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1990–91
| [[Calgary Flames]]
| NHL
| 42
| 0
| 9
| 9
| 153
| 7
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 7
|-
| [[1991–92 NHL season|1991–92]]
| Calgary Flames
| NHL
| 21
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 107
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1991–92 IHL season|1991–92]]
| [[Salt Lake Golden Eagles]]
| IHL
| 6
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 9
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| [[1992–93 AHL season|1992–93]]
| [[New Haven Senators]]
| [[American Hockey League|AHL]]
| 63
| 6
| 18
| 24
| 163
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1992–93 NHL season|1992–93]]
| [[Ottawa Senators]]
| NHL
| 4
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 4
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| [[1993–94 IHL season|1993–94]]
| [[Las Vegas Thunder]]
| IHL
| 75
| 2
| 16
| 18
| 246
| 4
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 51
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1994–95 IHL season|1994–95]]
| Las Vegas Thunder
| IHL
| 76
| 3
| 17
| 20
| 195
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| [[1994–95 NHL season|1994–95]]
| [[San Jose Sharks]]
| NHL
| 18
| 2
| 5
| 7
| 33
| 11
| 0
| 2
| 2
| 14
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1995–96 NHL season|1995–96]]
| San Jose Sharks
| NHL
| 57
| 1
| 7
| 8
| 146
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| [[1996–97 IHL season|1996–97]]
| [[Kansas City Blades]]
| IHL
| 76
| 3
| 8
| 11
| 259
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" | NHL totals
! 598
! 17
! 49
! 66
! 1342
! 42
! 0
! 6
! 6
! 94
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" | IHL totals
! 258
! 10
! 47
! 57
! 866
! 7
! 0
! 1
! 1
! 53
|}

==Awards and honors==
In 2018, Kyte was inducted into the [[Canadian Disability Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Canadian Disability Hall of Fame |url=https://www.cfpdp.com/canadian-disability-hall-of-fame/ |website=Canadian Foundation for Physically Disabled Persons |accessdate=30 October 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{icehockeystats|legends=10864}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[Dale Hawerchuk]] | title = [[List of Winnipeg Jets (1972–96) draft picks|Winnipeg Jets first round draft pick]] | years = [[1982 NHL Entry Draft|1982]] | after = [[Andrew McBain]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kyte, Jim}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Calgary Flames players]]
[[Category:Canadian disabled sportspeople]]
[[Category:Canadian ice hockey defencemen]]
[[Category:Cornwall Royals (OHL) players]]
[[Category:Deaf sportspeople]]
[[Category:Ice hockey people from Ottawa]]
[[Category:Kansas City Blades players]]
[[Category:Las Vegas Thunder players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Muskegon Lumberjacks players]]
[[Category:NHL first-round draft picks]]
[[Category:New Haven Senators players]]
[[Category:Ottawa Senators players]]
[[Category:Pittsburgh Penguins players]]
[[Category:Salt Lake Golden Eagles (IHL) players]]
[[Category:San Jose Sharks players]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States]]
[[Category:Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) draft picks]]
[[Category:Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) players]]
[[Category:Canadian deaf people]]
[[Category:Canadian Disability Hall of Fame]]

Jim Kyte

2024-05-13T15:13:32Z

204.25.208.33: /* Winnipeg Jets (1982–1989) */

{{Short description|Canadian ice hockey player (born 1964)}}
{{for|the Australian Aboriginal sculptor also known as Jim Kyte|Erlikilyika}}
{{Infobox ice hockey player
| played_for = [[Winnipeg Jets (1972–96)|Winnipeg Jets]] [[Pittsburgh Penguins]] [[Calgary Flames]] [[Ottawa Senators]] [[San Jose Sharks]]
| position = [[Defenceman|Defence]]
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 5
| weight_lb = 220
| shoots = Left
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|3|21|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ottawa|Ottawa, Ontario]], Canada
| draft = 12th overall
| draft_year = 1982
| draft_team = [[Winnipeg Jets (1972–96)|Winnipeg Jets]]
| career_start = 1983
| career_end = 1997
}}

'''James G. Kyte''' (born March 21, 1964) is a [[Canadians|Canadian]] former professional [[ice hockey]] player. Kyte made history by being the first (and to date, only) legally [[Hearing impairment|deaf]] [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) player, playing 598 games in the NHL.

Kyte is the son of Canadian former university athletic star John Kyte, [[St. Francis Xavier University]]'s Athlete-of-the-Half-Century. He is also the brother of Canadian former [[Track and field|track team]] member Aynslee Kyte.

==Junior hockey==

===Cornwall Royals (1981–1983)===
Kyte's first junior season was with the [[Cornwall Royals]] of the [[Ontario Hockey League]] in [[1981–82 OHL season|1981–82]], where in 52 games, Kyte had four goals and 17 points, helping the club clinch the final playoff spot in the Leyden Division. In five playoff games, Kyte was held pointless.

==Professional career==

===Winnipeg Jets (1982–1989)===
K

===Pittsburgh Penguins (1989–1991)===
Kyte joined the [[Pittsburgh Penguins]] in the [[1989–90 NHL season|1989–90]], where in 56 games, he scored three goals and four points, as well as getting 125 penalty minutes. The Penguins failed to make the playoffs.

The Penguins sent Kyte to begin the [[1990–91 IHL season|1990–91]] season with the [[Muskegon Lumberjacks]] of the [[International Hockey League (1945–2001)|International Hockey League]] (IHL). In 25 games, Kyte scored two goals and seven points, as well as recording 157 penalty minutes. Kyte also appeared in one game with the Penguins, getting no points and two penalty minutes.

On December 13, 1990, the Penguins traded Kyte to the Calgary Flames for [[Jiří Hrdina]].

===Calgary Flames (1990–1992)===
Kyte finished the [[1990–91 NHL season|1990–91]] with the Calgary Flames, where in 42 games, he earned nine assists and 153 penalty minutes, helping the team reach the playoffs. In seven playoff games, Kyte had no points and seven penalty minutes, as the Flames lost to the Edmonton Oilers in the Smythe Division semi-finals.

Kyte appeared in 21 games with Calgary in [[1991–92 NHL season|1991–92]], getting one assist and 107 penalty minutes. He also played in six games with the [[Salt Lake Golden Eagles]] of the IHL, earning an assist and nine penalty minutes. After the season, Kyte became a free agent.

===Ottawa Senators (1992–1993)===
Kyte signed with the [[Ottawa Senators]] on September 10, 1992. He spent a majority of the [[1992–93 AHL season|1992–93]] season with the [[New Haven Senators]] of the [[American Hockey League]] (AHL), scoring six goals and 24 points in 63 games. In four games with Ottawa, Kyte earned an assist. Kyte was granted free agency after only one season with the Senators.

===Las Vegas Thunder (1993–1995)===
Kyte signed with the [[Las Vegas Thunder]] of the IHL for the [[1993–94 IHL season|1993–94]] season. In 75 games, Kyte scored two goals and 18 points, and accumulated 246 penalty minutes. In four playoff games, Kyte had an assist, and 51 penalty minutes.

He played a second season with the Thunder in [[1994–95 IHL season|1994–95]], scoring three goals and 20 points in 76 games with the team. Kyte left the Thunder late in the season, as he signed with the [[San Jose Sharks]].

===San Jose Sharks (1994–1996)===
Kyte signed as a free agent with the [[San Jose Sharks]] on March 31, 1995. He finished the [[1994–95 NHL season|1994–95]] season with the Sharks, scoring two goals and seven points in 18 games, helping the team reach the post-season. In 11 playoff games, Kyte had two assists, as the Sharks upset the favoured Calgary Flames in the [[Western Conference (NHL)|Western Conference]] quarter-finals, before losing to the [[Detroit Red Wings]] in the second round of the playoffs.

Kyte played in 57 games with San Jose in [[1995–96 NHL season|1995–96]], scoring a goal and eight points, and earning 146 penalty minutes, however, the team failed to make the playoffs. Kyte was granted free agency after the season.

===Kansas City Blades (1996–1997)===
Kyte finished his playing career in [[1996–97 IHL season|1996–97]] with the [[Kansas City Blades]] of the IHL. In 76 games, Kyte had three goals and 11 points, as well as recording 259 penalty minutes. In three playoff games, Kyte had no points. Kyte's playing career came to an end from a concussion suffered in an automobile accident in 1997 and he was forced into retirement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/17415-Backchecking-Tough-guy-Jim-Kyte-overcame-handicap-to-make-NHL.html |title=The Hockey News: Backchecking: Backchecking: Tough guy Jim Kyte overcame handicap to make NHL |website=www.thehockeynews.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131130531/http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/17415-Backchecking-Tough-guy-Jim-Kyte-overcame-handicap-to-make-NHL.html |archive-date=2009-01-31}} </ref>

=== Post-hockey career ===
After retiring from hockey, Kyte wrote a hockey column, Point Man, for four years in the Ottawa Citizen and joined [[Algonquin College]] in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/outside-the-box-the-life-and-times-of-ottawas-jim-kyte|title=Outside the box: The life and times of Ottawa's Jim Kyte}}</ref> After creating the very successful Sport Business Management postgraduate program at Algonquin College in 2002, Kyte became the Academic Chair of the Marketing & Management Studies Department in the Algonquin College School of Business in 2007. He earned a master's degree in business administration from [[Royal Roads University]] in 2012. In 2014, he was selected to be the Dean of Algonquin College's School of Hospitality and Tourism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.algonquincollege.com/hospitalityandtourism/news/welcome-to-our-new-dean-jim-kyte/|title = Welcome to our new Dean, Jim Kyte!}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:60em"
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
! colspan="5" | [[Regular season]]
! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
! colspan="5" | [[Playoffs]]
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! [[Season (sports)|Season]]
! Team
! League
! GP
! [[Goal (ice hockey)|G]]
! [[Assist (ice hockey)|A]]
! [[Point (ice hockey)|Pts]]
! [[Penalty (ice hockey)|PIM]]
! GP
! G
! A
! Pts
! PIM
|-
| 1980–81
| [[Hawkesbury Hawks]]
| [[Central Canada Hockey League|CJHL]]
| 42
| 2
| 24
| 26
| 133
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1981–82 OHL season|1981–82]]
| [[Cornwall Royals]]
| [[Ontario Hockey League|OHL]]
| 52
| 4
| 13
| 17
| 148
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 10
|-
| [[1982–83 NHL season|1982–83]]
| [[Winnipeg Jets]]
| [[National Hockey League|NHL]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1982–83 OHL season|1982–83]]
| Cornwall Royals
| OHL
| 65
| 6
| 30
| 36
| 195
| 8
| 0
| 2
| 2
| 24
|-
| [[1983–84 NHL season|1983–84]]
| Winnipeg Jets
| NHL
| 58
| 1
| 2
| 3
| 55
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 11
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1984–85 NHL season|1984–85]]
| Winnipeg Jets
| NHL
| 71
| 0
| 3
| 3
| 111
| 8
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 14
|-
| [[1985–86 NHL season|1985–86]]
| Winnipeg Jets
| NHL
| 71
| 1
| 3
| 4
| 126
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 12
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1986–87 NHL season|1986–87]]
| Winnipeg Jets
| NHL
| 72
| 5
| 5
| 10
| 162
| 10
| 0
| 4
| 4
| 36
|-
| [[1987–88 NHL season|1987–88]]
| Winnipeg Jets
| NHL
| 51
| 1
| 3
| 4
| 128
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1988–89 NHL season|1988–89]]
| Winnipeg Jets
| NHL
| 74
| 3
| 9
| 12
| 190
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| [[1989–90 NHL season|1989–90]]
| [[Pittsburgh Penguins]]
| NHL
| 56
| 3
| 1
| 4
| 125
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1990–91 NHL season|1990–91]]
| Pittsburgh Penguins
| NHL
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| [[1990–91 IHL season|1990–91]]
| [[Muskegon Lumberjacks (1984–92)|Muskegon Lumberjacks]]
| [[International Hockey League (1945–2001)|IHL]]
| 25
| 2
| 5
| 7
| 157
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1990–91
| [[Calgary Flames]]
| NHL
| 42
| 0
| 9
| 9
| 153
| 7
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 7
|-
| [[1991–92 NHL season|1991–92]]
| Calgary Flames
| NHL
| 21
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 107
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1991–92 IHL season|1991–92]]
| [[Salt Lake Golden Eagles]]
| IHL
| 6
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 9
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| [[1992–93 AHL season|1992–93]]
| [[New Haven Senators]]
| [[American Hockey League|AHL]]
| 63
| 6
| 18
| 24
| 163
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1992–93 NHL season|1992–93]]
| [[Ottawa Senators]]
| NHL
| 4
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 4
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| [[1993–94 IHL season|1993–94]]
| [[Las Vegas Thunder]]
| IHL
| 75
| 2
| 16
| 18
| 246
| 4
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 51
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1994–95 IHL season|1994–95]]
| Las Vegas Thunder
| IHL
| 76
| 3
| 17
| 20
| 195
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| [[1994–95 NHL season|1994–95]]
| [[San Jose Sharks]]
| NHL
| 18
| 2
| 5
| 7
| 33
| 11
| 0
| 2
| 2
| 14
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1995–96 NHL season|1995–96]]
| San Jose Sharks
| NHL
| 57
| 1
| 7
| 8
| 146
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| [[1996–97 IHL season|1996–97]]
| [[Kansas City Blades]]
| IHL
| 76
| 3
| 8
| 11
| 259
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" | NHL totals
! 598
! 17
! 49
! 66
! 1342
! 42
! 0
! 6
! 6
! 94
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" | IHL totals
! 258
! 10
! 47
! 57
! 866
! 7
! 0
! 1
! 1
! 53
|}

==Awards and honors==
In 2018, Kyte was inducted into the [[Canadian Disability Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Canadian Disability Hall of Fame |url=https://www.cfpdp.com/canadian-disability-hall-of-fame/ |website=Canadian Foundation for Physically Disabled Persons |accessdate=30 October 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{icehockeystats|legends=10864}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[Dale Hawerchuk]] | title = [[List of Winnipeg Jets (1972–96) draft picks|Winnipeg Jets first round draft pick]] | years = [[1982 NHL Entry Draft|1982]] | after = [[Andrew McBain]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kyte, Jim}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Calgary Flames players]]
[[Category:Canadian disabled sportspeople]]
[[Category:Canadian ice hockey defencemen]]
[[Category:Cornwall Royals (OHL) players]]
[[Category:Deaf sportspeople]]
[[Category:Ice hockey people from Ottawa]]
[[Category:Kansas City Blades players]]
[[Category:Las Vegas Thunder players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Muskegon Lumberjacks players]]
[[Category:NHL first-round draft picks]]
[[Category:New Haven Senators players]]
[[Category:Ottawa Senators players]]
[[Category:Pittsburgh Penguins players]]
[[Category:Salt Lake Golden Eagles (IHL) players]]
[[Category:San Jose Sharks players]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States]]
[[Category:Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) draft picks]]
[[Category:Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) players]]
[[Category:Canadian deaf people]]
[[Category:Canadian Disability Hall of Fame]]