Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Vancouver Mall

2024-01-31T17:05:20Z

209.160.254.202:

{{short description|Shopping mall in Vancouver, Washington, US.}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Vancouver Mall
| logo =
| image = Vancouver Mall entrance.jpg
| caption = Mall entrance
| location = [[Vancouver, Washington]], United States
| coordinates = {{coord|45|39|29|N|122|35|1|W|type:landmark|display=title,inline}}
| address = 8700 N.E. Vancouver Mall Drive
| opening_date = {{start date|1977|8}}
| developer = [[May Centers, Inc.]], a subsidiary of [[The May Department Stores Company|May Department Stores]]
| manager = Centennial Real Estate
| owner = Centennial Real Estate Co.
| number_of_stores = 122 as of June 2020<ref name="westfieldvan"/>
| number_of_anchors = 7
| floor_area = {{convert|883000|sqft}}<ref name="westfieldvan"/>
| floors = 2
| parking = 4,250 Parking Spaces
| website = {{URL|http://shopvancouvermall.com}}
}}

'''Vancouver Mall''' is a [[shopping mall]] owned by Cenntenial Real Estate, and located in the city of [[Vancouver, Washington]], U.S., which is within the [[Portland metropolitan area|Portland (Oregon) metropolitan area]]. It is anchored by [[Gold's Gym]], [[H&M]], [[JCPenney]], [[Macy's]], [[AMC Theatres|AMC]], [[Hobby Lobby]], [[Round One Corporation|Round One]], and [[Old Navy]]. Longtime past anchor stores included [[Meier & Frank]], [[Sears]], [[Nordstrom]] and [[Mervyn's]]. Opened in August, 1977, Vancouver Mall is located near an interchange between [[Interstate 205 (Oregon–Washington)|Interstate 205]] and [[Washington State Route 500|State Route 500]].

==History==
Plans for the mall were announced by California-based developer Newman Properties and St. Louis-based [[CenterMark Properties|May Centers]] in December 1972. At the price of $50 million, Vancouver Mall would be a fully-enclosed structure, comprising two retail levels, at the intersection of then-unfinished Interstate 205 and State Route 500. It would be constructed in two phases.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bacon |first=Leonard |date=December 9, 1972 |title=$40 million shopping complex planned for Vancouver suburb |at=sec. 3, p. 1 |work=The Oregonian}}</ref>

Vancouver Mall opened in August 1977 with [[Meier & Frank]], [[Nordstrom]] and [[Sears]] as [[anchor store|anchors]]. During phase two of mall expansion, a [[JCPenney]] was added. A [[Lipman's]] was also planned,<ref name="oreg-1976may25">{{cite news|last=Sorensen|first=Donald J.|title=Metro area draws top retailers|newspaper=[[The Oregonian]]|date=May 25, 1976|page=C7}}</ref> but was not built. Eventually, [[Mervyns]] would open where the Lipman's had been planned. A 50-foot oak tree was planted on the southwest side of the property to commemorate the grand opening. This tree still exists to this day.

While the mall is now located within the Vancouver city limits, until 1993 the property was in an [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]] part of [[Clark County, Washington|Clark County]].<ref name=columbian-2006apr>{{cite news|last=Hewitt|first=Scott|title=Neighborhood focus: Van Mall|newspaper=[[The Columbian]]|date=April 5, 2006|at=Neighbors section, p. 14}}</ref>

In 1993, the mall added a new [[food court]] and underwent a renovation of its interior.<ref name="westfieldvan"/> The mall was sold by May Centers in 1994 to [[Westfield Group|Westfield America, Inc]] after all 19 of the remaining May owned malls were sold to Westfield.

In 1998, the mall was renamed "Westfield Shoppingtown Vancouver", at which time the mall had 146 stores using {{convert|870,000|ft2|m2}} of space.<ref name="full name">{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Craig|title=Owners of mall opt to use full name|newspaper=[[The Columbian]]|date=December 13, 1998|location=Vancouver, Washington|page=E1}}</ref> However, "Shoppingtown" was dropped from the name in September 2005,<ref>{{cite news|last=Anderson|first=Julie|title=Marketplace: Jobless rate not precise|newspaper=The Columbian|date=September 18, 2005|page=E1}}</ref> making it '''Westfield Vancouver'''. However, most shoppers and Vancouverites continued to refer to it as "Vancouver Mall".<ref name=columbian-2006apr/>

2003 would see a full interior and minor exterior renovations to the [[Sears]] store at the mall.<ref>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207173453/https://gis.clark.wa.gov/gishome/Property/?pid=findSN&account=160251000 |access-date=28 March 2023 |date=2022-12-07}}{{dead link|date=March 2023}}</ref> In mid-2005,<ref name="macy's moves in">{{cite news|last=Nelson|first=Jonathan|title=Macy's moves in|newspaper=The Columbian|date=September 9, 2006|page=E1}}</ref> work was started on a {{convert|60,000|ft2|m2|adj=on}} expansion to the [[Meier & Frank]] store by its then-owner, [[the May Department Stores Company]], adding 30,000 square feet on each of two levels, completed in 2006.<ref name=columbian-2006jul>{{cite news|last=Nelson|first=Jonathan|title=Old mall, new challenges|newspaper=[[The Columbian]]|date=July 14, 2006|page=E1}}</ref> Following the acquisition of the May Company by [[Federated Department Stores]], the Meier & Frank store was renamed [[Macy's]] in September 2006.<ref name="macy's moves in"/>

The {{convert|82,225|ft2|m2|adj=on}} Mervyn's closed in January 2007. On June 1, 2012, it was converted to the Cinetopia "Vancouver Mall 23" video movie theater.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lane |first=Steven |url=http://www.columbian.com/news/2011/feb/06/Cinetopia-Vancouver-mall-multiplex/ |title=Cinetopia to transform Westfield Vancouver mall |newspaper=[[The Columbian]] |date=February 6, 2011|access-date=2011-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lane |first=Steven |url= http://www.columbian.com/news/2012/may/31/cinetopia-to-begin-phased-opening/ |title=Cinetopia to begin phased opening Friday |newspaper=[[The Columbian]] |date=May 31, 2012 |access-date=2012-06-05}}</ref> In 2009, Westfield looked into expanding the mall. These plans would have demolished the former Mervyn's and added additional retail space. By this point the mall was 17% vacant. Prior to this, Westfield intended to add a lifestyle district to the southwest corner of the property. Neither of these plans came into fruition.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

In 2011, plans were announced for another renovation of the mall, the third since opening in 1977. These renovations included new floors, lighting, exterior entrances, escalators, and new tenants. Renovations were completed in July 2012. Cinetopia opened their new multiplex cinema just a month after renovations were finished.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-28 |title=New Cinetopia location grand opening set for June 22 |url=https://www.vbjusa.com/news/news-briefs/new-cinetopia-location-grand-opening-set-for-june-22/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=Vancouver Business Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Vancouver Mall from southwest in 2017.jpg|thumb|The mall from the southwest in 2017]]
In February 2014, it was announced that Nordstrom would be closing its store at the mall.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2014/02/nordstrom_to_close_lloyd_cente.html | title= Nordstrom to close Lloyd Center, Westfield Vancouver stores | date= February 5, 2014 |newspaper= [[The Oregonian]] | first= Elliot |last=Njus |access-date= 2014-08-21}}</ref> The store closed in January 2015, at which time the mall managers announced that [[Gold's Gym]] would move into the upper level and [[H&M]] would move into the lower level of the former-Nordstrom space.<ref>{{cite news|last=Njus|first=Elliot|title=Gold's Gym to take over former Nordstrom space at Westfield Vancouver mall|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=January 21, 2015|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2015/01/golds_gym_to_take_former_nords.html |access-date=2015-03-08}}</ref>

In 2015, [[Sears Holdings]] spun off 235 of its properties, including the Sears at Westfield Vancouver, into Seritage Growth Properties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seritage.com/retail/property/8800-ne-vancouver-mall-dr/3312647/landing |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214220410/http://seritage.com/retail/property/8800-ne-vancouver-mall-dr/3312647/landing |archive-date=2015-12-14 |title=Sears at Westfield Vancouver {{!}} Seritage}}</ref>

On December 18, 2015, Vancouver Mall along with some other U.S. Westfield properties were sold to Centennial Real Estate Company. Vancouver Mall was sold to Centennial for 45 million dollars. "Westfield" was removed from the mall's name.<ref>{{cite news|last=Oliver|first=Gordon|title=Vancouver Mall gets a new owner, old name: In $1.1 billion deal, shopping center is again Vancouver Mall|date=December 18, 2015|newspaper=[[The Columbian]]|url=http://www.columbian.com/news/2015/dec/18/vancouver-mall-gets-a-new-owner-old-name/|access-date=June 25, 2017}}</ref> Any other references to Westfield online or at the property were removed the same day. Mall management was retained.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vancouver Mall gets a new owner, old name |url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2015/dec/18/vancouver-mall-gets-a-new-owner-old-name/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=The Columbian |language=en-US}}</ref>

On August 22, 2018, [[Sears]] announced that its store would also be closing as part of a plan to close 46 stores nationwide. The store officially closed after 41 years on November 25, 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2018/08/23/sears-at-fair-oaks-mall-is-closing-all-of-it.html |accessdate=26 February 2022 |title=Sears at Fair Oaks Mall is closing. All of it. |website=Washington Business Journal | date=August 23, 2018 | author=Michael Neibauer }}</ref> After the store closed, [[Macy’s]], [[JCPenney]], [[Gold's Gym]], [[Old Navy]], Cinetopia, and [[H&M]] are the remaining anchors left.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vancouver Mall Sears slated to close in November |url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2018/aug/23/vancouver-mall-sears-among-those-to-close-in-november/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=The Columbian |language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2019, it was announced that [[Hobby Lobby]] and [[Round One Entertainment]] would move into the vacant [[Sears]] space. Construction on the Round One and Hobby Lobby commenced in September 2019 with an estimated opening date of August 2020. This date was pushed back to September 2020 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] related construction delays. Hobby Lobby opened its doors on September 14, 2020. Round One hosted its grand opening on April 3, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Round1 opens this weekend at Vancouver Mall |url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2021/apr/01/round1-opens-this-weekend-at-vancouver-mall/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=The Columbian |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hobby Lobby open at Vancouver Mall |url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2020/sep/12/hobby-lobby-open-at-vancouver-mall/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=The Columbian |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, [[Sephora]] opened a second mall location inside the former [[Sears]] auto center. This comes after Sephora and [[JCPenney]] ended their exclusive partnership in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Collings|first=Richard |date=October 4, 2021 |title=JCPenney Outlines New Beauty Offering to Replace Sephora |url=https://www.adweek.com/commerce/jcpenney-beauty-replace-sephora/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> Also in the former Sears, FitNation plans to open a gym branch in the space in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIIT Nation Vancouver, WA |url=https://www.fiitnation.com/fiit-nation-vancouver-wa |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=FIIT Nation |language=en-US}}</ref> The Sears building and its respective land were sold to Allen Properties of Oregon in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oregon investors buy former Sears store at Vancouver Mall |url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2022/may/12/oregon-investors-buy-former-sears-store-at-vancouver-mall/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=The Columbian |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Shoe Dept. Encore]] opened a 15,000 square foot store in April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=She Dept. Encore |url=https://www.shoeshowmega.com/shoedeptencore |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=www.shoeshowmega.com}}</ref> On May 23, 2019, [[AMC Theatres]] purchased the Cinetopia theater chain. All Cinetopia locations including the Vancouver Mall theater were rebranded under AMC.<ref name="katu_20190523_cinetopiaacquisition" /> In June, [[Chick-fil-A]] and [[Five Guys]] announced plans to open in a freestanding building in the malls southwest parking lot. Five Guys opened on September 9, 2020, with Chick-Fil-A opening on January 7, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vancouver’s second Chick-fil-A opens Jan. 7 at Vancouver Mall |url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2021/jan/01/vancouvers-second-chick-fil-a-opens-jan-7-at-vancouver-mall/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=The Columbian |language=en-US}}</ref>

On March 17, 2020, the mall temporarily closed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], with an estimated re-opening in June. Select retailers began offering curbside pickup in late May. All ongoing construction projects at the mall were put on hold due to governor [[Jay Inslee]]s pandemic related halt to all construction. This ban was lifted the next month.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vancouver Mall will temporarily close due to virus |url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2020/mar/17/vancouver-mall-will-temporarily-close-due-to-virus/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=The Columbian |language=en-US}}</ref> On June 8, 2020, the Vancouver Mall announced they would be reopening on the 10th with restrictions and new safety measures in place to combat the spread of COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vancouver Mall reopens in Phase 2 of state’s return to business |url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2020/jun/10/vancouver-mall-reopens-in-phase-2-of-states-return-to-business/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=The Columbian |language=en-US}}</ref>

Beginning in 2020, the mall lost many national retailers. Those included: [[Michael Kors]], [[GNC (store)|GNC]], [[The Walking Company]], [[Kay Jewelers]], [[Aveda]], [[The Children's Place]], [[Gymboree]], [[Charlotte Russe]], [[Christopher & Banks]], [[Justice (store)|Justice]], [[Aldo Group|Aldo]], [[Loft (store)|Loft]], [[Aéropostale (clothing)|Aeropostale]], and [[See's Candies]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vancouver Mall |url=https://shopvancouvermall.com/directory/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=Vancouver Mall |language=en}}</ref> National retailers that have joined the mall since 2020 are [[Tillys]], Windsor, [[Sephora]], The Good Feet Store, [[Hobby Lobby]], [[Round One Corporation|Round1]], [[Carter's]], [[MINISO]] and [[Hot Topic|BoxLunch.]]<ref name=":0" />

On October 6, 2020, the mall announced that it would embark on another interior renovation. These minor renovations include new carpets, new seating areas, and small cosmetic changes throughout the property.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vancouver Mall to remodel, new venues to open |url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2020/oct/06/vancouver-mall-to-remodel-new-venues-to-open/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=The Columbian |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="westfieldvan">{{cite web| url=http://westfield.com/corporate/retailer/us/vancouver.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181915/http://westfield.com/corporate/retailer/us/vancouver.html| archive-date=September 30, 2007|title= Westfield Shoppingtown Vancouver | publisher= [[Westfield Group]]}}</ref>

<ref name="katu_20190523_cinetopiaacquisition">{{cite news|url=https://katu.com/news/local/cinetopia-movie-theaters-acquired-by-amc|access-date=2020-03-06|title=Cinetopia movie theaters acquired by AMC|author=KATU Staff|work=[[KATU]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306212523/https://katu.com/news/local/cinetopia-movie-theaters-acquired-by-amc|archive-date=2020-03-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vancouver Mall}}
*{{official website|http://www.shopvancouvermall.com/}}

{{Shopping Centers WA}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vancouver Mall}}
[[Category:Shopping malls in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 1977]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vancouver, Washington]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Vancouver, Washington]]
[[Category:Portland metropolitan area]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Washington (state)]]

Venus of Willendorf

2023-10-22T03:59:47Z

209.160.254.202: /* Dating */Adding dating information

{{short description|Austrian Venus figurine}}
{{Infobox Artifact
|name = Venus of Willendorf
|image = Venus von Willendorf 01.jpg
|caption =
|material = [[Oolite|Oolitic]] [[limestone]]
|created = {{circa}} 25,000 [[Before Present|BP]]
|discovered = August 7, 1908, near [[Willendorf in der Wachau|Willendorf]], by [[Josef Szombathy]]
|location = [[Naturhistorisches Museum]], [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]
}}

The '''Venus of Willendorf''' is an {{convert|11.1|cm|in|adj=mid|-tall}} [[Venus figurine]] estimated to have been made around 25,000–30,000 years ago.<ref name="Weiser"/><ref name="PHYS">{{cite journal|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]|publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|title=The microstructure and origin of the Venus of Willendorf|first1=G.W.|last1=Weber|first2=A.|last2=Lukeneder|first3=M.|last3=Harzhauser|volume=12|issue=2926|date=February 28, 2022| page=2926 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-06799-z| pmid=35228605 | pmc=8885675 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It was found on August 7, 1908, by a workman named Johann Veran<ref>{{cite journal |last=Antl-Weiser |first=Walpurga |title=The anthropomorphic figurines from Willendorf |url=http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/WM_19_0019-0030.pdf |journal=Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen Niederösterreichisches Landesmuseum |volume=19 |pages=19–30 |access-date=2012-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021182414/http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/WM_19_0019-0030.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> or Josef Veram<ref>{{cite book|first=Geoffrey |last=Bibby |date=1956 |title=The Testimony of the Spade|url=https://archive.org/details/testimonyofspade00bibb |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/testimonyofspade00bibb/page/139 139] |publisher=Alfred A. Knoff |location= New York}}</ref> during excavations conducted by [[archaeologist]]s [[Josef Szombathy]], [[Hugo Obermaier]], and Josef Bayer at a [[Paleolithic]] site near [[Willendorf in der Wachau|Willendorf]], a village in [[Lower Austria]].<ref name="Witcombe1">[http://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/willendorfdiscovery.html Venus of Willendorf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015807/http://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/willendorfdiscovery.html |date=2007-09-27 }} Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe, 2003.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">John J Reich; Lawrence Cunningham (2013) ''Culture and Values: A Survey of the Humanities'', 8th Ed., Andover, Belmont, CA {{ISBN|978-1-133-95122-3}}</ref> It is carved from an [[oolitic limestone]] that is not local to the area, and tinted with [[red ochre]]. The figurine is now in the [[Natural History Museum, Vienna|Natural History Museum]] in [[Vienna]], Austria.<ref name=wit>Witcombe, Christopher (2003) [http://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/ ''Venus of Willendorf''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040403230731/http://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/ |date=2004-04-03 }}, retrieved 2008</ref>

==Dating==
She’s single and ready to mingle, to add to this, the figure is associated with the [[Upper Paleolithic]] [[Gravettian|Gravettian industry]], which dates to between 33,000 and 20,000 years ago. The figure itself is estimated to have been left in the ground around 25,000 years ago, based on [[radiocarbon dates]] from the layers surrounding it.<ref name="Weiser" />

==Interpretation and purpose==
[[File:Venus of Willendorf - All sides.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Figurine seen from four sides]]
Similar sculptures, first discovered in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, are traditionally referred to in archaeology as "Venus figurines", due to the widely-held belief that depictions of nude women with exaggerated sexual features represented an early fertility deity, perhaps a [[mother goddess]]. The reference to [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] is metaphorical, since the figurines predate the mythological figure of Venus by many thousands of years. Some scholars reject this terminology, instead referring to the statuette as the "Woman of" or "Woman from Willendorf".<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Venus-of-Willendorf Venus of Wllendorf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310143900/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Venus-of-Willendorf |date=2021-03-10 }}, [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]; [https://books.google.com/books?id=6_0Y0PALzQMC&pg=PA545 ''Dictionary of Women Artists''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310143859/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6_0Y0PALzQMC&pg=PA545 |date=2021-03-10 }}.</ref>

[[File:Scan the World - Venus of Willendorf.stl|thumb|3D model, click to interact.]]
Very little is known about the ''Venus''{{'}} origin, method of creation, or cultural significance; however, it is one of numerous "[[Venus figurines]]" surviving from [[Paleolithic Europe]].<ref name="Wadsworth">{{cite book |author= Lawrence Cunningham; John J Reich |date=2006 |title=Culture and values : a survey of the humanities |url= https://archive.org/details/culturevaluessur02cunn |url-access= registration |publisher=Wadsworth |location=Belmont, CA |isbn=978-1-133-94533-8}}</ref> The purpose of the carving is the subject of much speculation. Like other similar sculptures, it probably never had feet, and would not have stood on its own, although it might have been pegged into soft ground. Parts of the body associated with [[fertility]] and childbearing have been emphasized, leading some researchers to believe that the Venus of Willendorf and similar figurines may have been used as [[fertility goddess]]es.<ref name="Wadsworth"/> The figure has no visible face, her head being covered with circular horizontal bands of what might be rows of [[braid|plaited hair]], or perhaps a type of headdress.<ref name="Witcombe3">[http://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/willendorfwoman.html "Woman from Willendorf"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005031914/http://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/willendorfwoman.html |date=2007-10-05 }}. Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe, 2003: "The rows are not one continuous spiral but are, in fact, composed in seven concentric horizontal bands that encircle the head and two more horizontal bands underneath the first seven on the back of the head."</ref>

Catherine McCoid and LeRoy McDermott hypothesize that the figurines may have been created as self-portraits by women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McDermott |first1=LeRoy |title=Self-Representation in Upper Paleolithic Female Figurines |journal=Current Anthropology |date=1996 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=227–275 |doi=10.1086/204491 |jstor=2744349|s2cid=144914396 }}</ref> This theory stems from the correlation of the proportions of the statues to how the proportions of women's bodies would seem if they were looking down at themselves, which would have been the only way to view their bodies during this period. They speculate that the complete lack of facial features could be accounted for by the fact that sculptors did not own mirrors. This reasoning has been criticized by Michael S. Bisson, who notes that water pools and puddles would have been readily available natural mirrors for Paleolithic humans.{{Attribution needed|date=August 2023|reason=This reasoning may *seem* obvious—it's not necessary to cite that people reflect in water—but since an example is necessary to establish why some scholars doubt a particular hypothesis about the lack of facial features, it's also necessary to establish who Michael S. Bisson is and why *his* opinion is being cited.}}

==Stone's source==
Research published in 2022 indicates that the closest and most likely source of the oolite used is on the other side of the Alps in northern Italy, near [[Lake Garda]]. A lesser possibility is that it came from a site in eastern [[Ukraine]] some {{convert|1600|km|abbr=on|-2}} away.<ref name="PHYS"/>

While the former has the highest statistical probability, the latter is closer to sites in southern Russia where similarly styled figurines have been found. In either case, this raises questions regarding the mobility of ancient populations.<ref name="PHYS"/>

== See also ==
*[[Art of the Upper Paleolithic]]
*[[List of Stone Age art]]
*[[History of nude art]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Weiser">{{cite journal |last=Antl-Weiser |first=Walpurga |date=2009 |title=The time of the Willendorf figurines and new results of palaeolithic research in Lower Austria |journal=Anthropologie |location=Brno |volume=47 |issue=1–2 |pages=131–141 |url=http://puvodni.mzm.cz/Anthropologie/article.php?ID=5 |access-date=2019-09-27 |archive-date=2021-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322092353/https://www.scimagojr.com/journal_img.php?id=21100321371 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
{{commons|Venus of Willendorf}}
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | video1 = [http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/nude-woman-venus-of-willendorf.html Nude Woman (Venus of Willendorf)], Smarthistory}}
*[http://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/ Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe, "Women in Prehistory:Venus of Willendorf"].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171204194213/http://donsmaps.com/willendorf.html Don Hitchcock (Don's Maps): "Venus figures from the Stone Age - The Venus of Willendorf"]
*''The Invisible Sex: Uncovering the True Roles of Women in Prehistory'' by J.M. Adovasio, Olga Soffer and Jake Page, {{ISBN|978-0-06-117091-1}}, gives a new 'view' of ''headdress'' as possible model for weaving a basket; Lauran Miller review at Salon.com: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080612030451/http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/03/21/cavewoman/]
*[https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/venus-of-willendorf-nhmw-prae-44686-5106f5a1a1da44dab4e953b75726b240 3D model of the Venus of Willendorf in the 3D museum of the Natural History Museum Vienna]

{{coord|48|19|N|15|23|E|display=title|region:AT-3_type:city_source:dewiki}}

{{Venus figurines}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venus Of Willendorf}}
[[Category:Venus of Willendorf| ]]
[[Category:Venus figurines|Willendorf]]
[[Category:1908 in Austria]]
[[Category:Upper Paleolithic Europe]]
[[Category:Archaeological discoveries in Austria]]
[[Category:Stone Age Austria]]
[[Category:Stone sculptures in Austria]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Lower Austria]]
[[Category:Limestone sculptures]]
[[Category:1908 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Archaeology in Europe]]

Hypermarket

2023-04-06T18:25:38Z

209.160.254.202: /* United States */

{{Short description|Big-box store combining a supermarket and a department store}}

[[File:K-citymarket_viiri.jpg|thumb|European hypermarket in [[Finland]], a branch of [[K-Citymarket]] in [[Viiri (shopping centre)|Viiri Shopping Centre]] in [[Klaukkala]], [[Nurmijärvi]], [[Greater Helsinki]]]]

[[File:MoA 172.jpg|thumb|Asian hypermarket in the [[Philippines]], a branch of [[SM Hypermarket]] in [[SM Mall of Asia]] in [[Pasay]], [[Metro Manila]]]]

A '''hypermarket''' (sometimes called a '''hyperstore''', '''supercentre''' or '''superstore''') is a [[big-box store]] combining a [[supermarket]] and a [[department store]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hypermarket.asp|title=Hypermarket|last=Staff|first=Investopedia|date=2007-06-24|work=Investopedia|access-date=2018-09-26|language=en-US}}</ref> The result is an expansive [[retailing|retail]] facility carrying a wide range of products under one roof, including full [[grocery store|grocery]] lines and [[product (business)|general merchandise]]. In theory, hypermarkets allow customers to satisfy all their routine shopping needs in one trip. The term ''hypermarket'' ({{lang-fr|hypermarché}}) was coined in 1968 by French trade expert Jacques Pictet.{{sfn|Grimmeau|2013|p=3}}

Hypermarkets, like other [[big-box store]]s, typically have business models focusing on high-volume, low-[[profit margin|margin]] [[sales]]. Typically covering an area of {{convert|5000|to|15000|m2|sqft}}, they generally have more than 200,000 different brands of merchandise available at any one time. Because of their large [[surface area|footprints]], many hypermarkets choose [[suburb]]an or out-of-town locations that are easily accessible by automobile.

==History==

===Canada===
[[Loblaws]] established its [[Real Canadian Superstore]] chain in 1979. It sells mainly groceries, while also retailing clothing, electronics and housewares. Its largest competitor in Canada is [[Walmart]]. These are the two major Canadian hypermarkets.

===Europe===
[[File:Produce Section in Saveco.jpg|thumb|Produce section in Saveco, [[Kuwait]]]]
The first European hypermarket is commonly mistaken to be the [[Carrefour]] store that opened in 1963, at [[Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Essonne|Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois]], [[France]],<ref>Jean-Mark Villermet, ''Naissance de l'hypermarche'', 1991, {{ISBN|2-200-37263-9}}, Colin (publisher).</ref> The co-founders were influenced by the teachings of Colombian-born American marketing executive [[Bernardo Trujillo]], who taught [[executive education]] as part of the [[NCR Corporation]]'s marketing campaign.<ref name="lesechosbernardolaccoucheur">{{cite news|title=Bernardo Trujillo, l'accoucheur des grandes surfaces|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/08/12/1999/LesEchos/18042-153-ECH_bernardo-trujillo--l-accoucheur-des-grandes-surfaces.htm|access-date=10 February 2018|work=Les Echos|date=8 December 1999}}</ref> However, the Belgian retailer [[GB supermarket|Grand Bazar]] preceded Carrefour by two years when it opened three hypermarkets in a short span in 1961 under the name ''SuperBazar'' after Belgian law restricting the size of department stores was abolished in January 1961. The first ''SuperBazar'', opened in [[Bruges]] on 9 September 1961, initially designed to become a non-food department store, however only covered a surface area of {{convert|3300|m2|sqft}}, and was later converted into a regular supermarket. The substantially larger store that opened a week later in [[Auderghem]], Brussels, covering {{cvt|9100|m2|sqft}}, is regarded as a more proper hypermarket that brought the concept to fruition. {{sfn|Grimmeau|2013|pp=1–3}} It was Belgian market development engineer {{Interlanguage link multi|Maurice Cauwe|fr}}, who adopted the concept from his frequent trips to the United States, particularly inspired from the [[Grand Union (supermarket)|Grand Union]]'s "Grand Way" center in [[Paramus, New Jersey]].{{sfn|Grimmeau|2013|pp=2; 7}}

In France, hypermarkets are generally situated in [[shopping mall|shopping center]]s ({{lang-fr|centre commercial or centre d'achats}}) outside cities, though some are present in the city center. They are surrounded by extensive car parking facilities, and generally by other specialized [[superstores]] that sell clothing, sports gear, automotive items, etc.

After the successes of super- and hyper-markets and amid fears that smaller stores would be forced out of business, [[France]] enacted laws that made it more difficult to build hypermarkets and also restricted the amount of economic leverage that hypermarket chains can impose upon their suppliers (the ''Loi Galland'').

===Japan===
The predecessor to [[Ito Yokado]] was founded in 1920 selling western goods, went public in 1957, and switched to that name in 1965. [[Seibu Department Stores]] was founded in 1956, and opened up its grocery chain [[Seiyu Group]] in 1963. [[Isao Nakauchi]] founded the first [[Daiei]] in [[Kobe]] in 1957, selling clothing, electronics, furniture and groceries all in one store. [[Jusco]] was created in 1970, and eventually became known as [[ÆON]].

In Japanese, hypermarkets are known as 総合スーパー (Sougou Suupaa, General Merchandise Stores). There is a distinction in Japanese between スーパー (Supers) and デパート (Departs) with the former being discounters, but the latter selling luxury brand clothing and quite often high-end groceries as well.

Hypermarkets may be found in urban areas as well as less populated areas. The Japanese government encourages hypermarket installations, as mutual investment by financial stocks are a common way to run hypermarkets. Japanese hypermarkets may contain restaurants, [[manga]] (Japanese comic) stands, [[Internet cafe]]s, typical department store merchandise, a full range of groceries, [[beauty salon]]s and other services all in the same store. A recent{{When|date=March 2009}} trend has been to combine the [[variety store|dollar store]] concept with the hypermarket blueprint, giving rise to the "hyakkin plaza"—''hyakkin'' (百均) or ''hyaku en'' (百円) means 100 [[Japanese yen|yen]] (roughly 1 [[United States dollar|US dollar]]).

===United States===
[[File:Fredmeyer edit 1.jpg|thumb|Packaged food aisles at a [[Fred Meyer]] hypermarket in [[Portland, Oregon]]]]
Until the 1980s, large stores combining food and non-food items were unusual in the United States, although early predecessors existed since the first half of the 20th century.{{sfn|Grimmeau|2013|p=8}}

The [[Pacific Northwest]] chain [[Fred Meyer]], now a division of the [[Kroger]] supermarket company, opened the first suburban one-stop shopping center in 1931 in the [[Hollywood District (Portland, Oregon)|Hollywood District]] of [[Portland, Oregon]]. The store's innovations included a grocery store alongside a [[drugstore]] plus off-street parking and an automobile lubrication and oil service. In 1933, men's and women's wear was added, and automotive department, housewares, and other nonfood products followed in succeeding years. In the mid 1930s, Fred Meyer opened a central bakery, a candy kitchen, an ice cream plant, and a photo-finishing plant, which supplied the company's stores in Portland and neighbouring cities with house brands such as Vita Bee bread, Hocus Pocus desserts, and Fifth Avenue candies. By the 1950s, Fred Meyer began opening stores that were {{convert|45000|to|70000|sqft|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}}, and the 1960s saw the first modern-sized Fred Meyer hypermarkets.<ref>[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/fred-meyer-stores-inc-history/ FundingUniverse: ''Fred Meyer Stores, Inc. History''] Linked 2014-01-09</ref>

The [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] (then grocery) chain [[Meijer]], which today operates about 235 stores in six US states, coined the term "super center",<ref>[http://www.meijer.com/content/corporate.jsp?pageName=company Meijer website: ''Our Company''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207152531/http://www.meijer.com/content/corporate.jsp?pageName=company |date=2014-02-07 }} Linked 2014-01-09</ref> and opened the first of its hypermarket format store in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], in June 1962, under the brand name "Thrifty Acres".<ref>[http://www.meijer.com/content/corporate.jsp?pageName=our_history Meijer website: ''Our History''] Linked 2014-01-09 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125083524/http://www.meijer.com/content/corporate.jsp?pageName=our_history |date=2014-01-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/opinion/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2008/10/column_meijers_first_supercent.html|title=Column: Meijer's first Super center past its prime but full of good memories|work=MLive.com|date=12 October 2008|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the three major US [[Discount retail store|discount store]] chains – [[Walmart]], [[Kmart (United States)|Kmart]] and [[Target Corporation|Target]] – started developing similar format chains. Wal-Mart (as it was known before its late-2000s rebranding as Walmart) introduced [[Hypermart USA]] in 1987, followed by [[Walmart#Walmart Supercenter|Wal-Mart Supercenter]] and [[Auchan]] in 1988;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walmartstores.com/GlobalWMStoresWeb/navigate.do?catg=5|title=Walmart Corporate - We save people money so they can live better.|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> Kmart opened its first Super Kmart (originally called Kmart Super Center) in 1991;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmartcorp.com/corp/story/general/kmart_glance.stm |title=Sears Holdings Corporation - Corporate Website |access-date=30 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020104524/http://www.kmartcorp.com/corp/story/general/kmart_glance.stm |archive-date=20 October 2008 }}</ref> and Target came with the first Target Greatland stores in 1990, followed by the larger SuperTarget stores in 1995.<ref>[https://corporate.target.com/about/history/Target-through-the-years Target website: ''Target through the years''] Linked 2014-01-09</ref> Most Greatland stores have since been converted to SuperTarget stores, while some have been converted into regular Target stores with the exception of 2 entrances (one example of this is the [[Antioch, California]] location).

In the early 1990s, US hypermarkets also began selling fuel. The idea was first introduced in the 1960s, when a number of supermarket chains and retailers like [[Sears]] tried to sell fuel, but it didn't generate sufficient consumer interest at the time. Today there are approximately 4,500 hypermarket stores in the US selling fuel, representing an estimated {{convert|14|e9USgal|e9L|abbr=off}} sold each year.<ref name="The History of Gasoline Retailing">[http://www.nacsonline.com/NACS/Resources/campaigns/GasPrices_2011/Pages/100PlusYearsGasolineRetailing.aspx The History of Gasoline Retailing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324020636/http://www.nacsonline.com/NACS/Resources/campaigns/GasPrices_2011/Pages/100PlusYearsGasolineRetailing.aspx |date=2011-03-24 }}</ref>

=== Australia ===
In Australia, Hypermarkets were at their peak during the 1980's. This was especially prevalent during the era of South African owned [[Pick n Pay Stores]] and a now discontinued format of [[Kmart Australia]] Stores known as Super Kmart. This trend in the Australian market soon lost its appeal into the 1990's. Super Kmart stores were discontinued and [[Coles Supermarkets]] and Kmart Stores opened in the former location. Pick n Pay continued to operate in Australia until the 2000's when their locations at [[Aspley, Queensland|Aspley]] and [[Sunnybank Hills, Queensland|Sunnybank Hills]] were converted into Coles Supermarkets and Kmart Department Stores.

As of 2022, the only Hypermarket or Big-Box Store operational in Australia are [[Costco]] Wholesale Warehouses with currently thirteen stores in Australia - four stores in [[Melbourne]], three stores in [[Sydney]], two stores in [[Brisbane]] and one store each in [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]], [[Canberra]], [[Adelaide]] and [[Perth]], with construction underway on the fourteenth store in Queensland's [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast.]] There were plans for German Hypermarket company [[Kaufland]] to open stores in Australia announced in 2019; these plans were cancelled in 2020.

==Size==
[[Image:Walmartsupercenterproducesection.jpg|thumb|right|The produce section of a typical [[Walmart Supercenter]] (Walmart's hypermarket brand) in Mexico]]
The average [[Walmart Supercenter]] covers around {{convert|178000|sqft|m2|abbr=on|order=flip}}, with the largest ones covering {{cvt|260000|ft2|m2|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite news |author=Paul Ausick |title=Walmart Now Has Six Types of Stores |publisher=24/7 Wall Street |url=http://247wallst.com/retail/2014/03/22/walmart-now-has-six-types-of-stores/ |date=22 March 2014 |access-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> A typical [[Carrefour]] hypermarket still covers {{cvt|10000|m2|ft2}}, while the European trend in the 2000s has rather turned towards smaller hypermarkets of {{cvt|3000|to|5000|m2|ft2}}.<ref>{{cite news |author=David Jolly |title=Carrefour Rethinks Its 'Bigger Is Better' Strategy |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/28/business/global/carrefour-rethinks-its-bigger-is-better-strategy.html |date=27 January 2012 |access-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> In France, [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] defines hypermarkets ({{lang-fr|hypermarché/s}}) as non-specialized markets with a minimum size of {{cvt|2500|m2|sqft}}.<ref>{{cite report |title=La situation du commerce en 2014 |trans-title=The situation of commerce in 2014 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/publications-et-services/docs_doc_travail/E1509.pdf |date=18 December 2015 |access-date=17 June 2016 |language=fr}}</ref>

==Future==
Despite its success, the hypermarket business model may be under threat from online shopping and the shift towards customization according to analysts like [[Sanjeev Sanyal]], Deutsche Bank's Global Strategist, until 2015.<ref name="The Customization Revolution">{{cite web|url=http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-customization-revolution|title=Sanjeev Sanyal on The Customization Revolution - Project Syndicate|work=Project Syndicate|date=22 March 2012|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> Sanyal has argued that some developing countries such as India may omit the hypermarket stage and directly go online.<ref name="Clicks Over Bricks in India">{{cite web|url=http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/india-retail-market-online-shopping-internet-by-sanjeev-sanyal|title=Sanjeev Sanyal on Clicks over Bricks in India - Project Syndicate|work=Project Syndicate|date=5 October 2012|access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>

==Warehouse club==
{{Main article|Warehouse club}}

Another category of stores sometimes included in the hypermarket category are the membership-based [[wholesale]] [[warehouse club]]s that are popular in [[North America]], pioneered by [[Fedco]] and today including [[Sam's Club]], a division of Walmart; [[Costco]], in which [[Carrefour]] owned some shares<ref>Robert Spector, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4331/is_198501/ai_n15126345 "Carrefour enters U.S. via share in Costco"], ''Supermarket News'', January 1985.</ref> from 1985 to 1996; [[BJ's Wholesale Club]] on the East Coast; and [[Clubes City Club]] in Mexico. In Europe, [[Makro]] (owned by [[METRO AG]]) leads the market.

However, warehouse clubs differ from hypermarkets in that they have sparse interior decor and require paid membership. In addition, warehouse clubs usually sell bigger packages and have fewer choices in each category of items.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Business and economics|Supermarkets}}
* [[List of hypermarkets]]
* [[Retail#Types of retail outlets|Types of retail outlets]]
*[[Shelf-ready packaging]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Grimmeau |first=Jean-Pierre |date=10 June 2013
|title=A forgotten anniversary: the first European hypermarkets open in Brussels in 1961 |journal=Brussels Studies |number=67 |doi=10.4000/brussels.1155 |issn=2031-0293 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/brussels/1155 |access-date=28 March 2020|doi-access=free }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category inline|Supermarkets}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Food retailers]]
[[Category:Hypermarkets| ]]
[[Category:Retail formats]]

U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state

2022-04-08T22:59:03Z

209.160.254.202:

{{short description|Aspect of history}}
[[File:Legal drinking age in 1969.png|thumb|right|350px|'''Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 (two years before the 26th Amendment was enacted in 1971):''' {{legend|#7F0000|Minimum age is 21}}{{legend|#FF1111|Minimum age is 20}}{{legend|#57007F|Minimum age is 19 and 21}}{{legend|#B200FF|Minimum age is 19}}{{legend|#00137F|Minimum age is 18 and 21}}{{legend|#0026FF|Minimum age is 18}}]]
[[File:Legal drinking age in 1975.png|thumb|right|350px|'''Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 (when almost all states had their lowest age limit):''' {{legend|#7F0000|Minimum age is 21}}{{legend|#FF1111|Minimum age is 20}}{{legend|#57007F|Minimum age is 19 and 21; see below}}{{legend|#B200FF|Minimum age is 19}}{{legend|#00137F|Minimum age is 18 and 21; see below}}{{legend|#0026FF|Minimum age is 18}} {{Hidden|border=1|Detail on dual age limits|'''Both age limits apply for following states:''' [[Illinois]]: The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor. [[Maryland]], [[North Carolina]], [[South Carolina]], [[Virginia]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor. [[Kansas]], [[Ohio]], [[Oklahoma]], and [[South Dakota]]: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABV beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABV, wine, and liquor.}}]]
[[File:Legal drinking age in 1983.png|thumb|right|350px|'''Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 (one year before the National Minimum Drinking Age Act was passed):''' {{legend|#7F0000|Minimum age is 21}}{{legend|#FF1111|Minimum age is 20}}{{legend|#57007F|Minimum age is 19 and 21}}{{legend|#B200FF|Minimum age is 19}}{{legend|#00137F|Minimum age is 18 and 21}}{{legend|#0026FF|Minimum age is 18}}]]

The [[alcohol laws of the United States by state|alcohol laws of the United States]] regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. In colonial America, generally speaking, there were no drinking ages, and alcohol consumption by young teenagers was common, even in taverns.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Rorabaugh|first=William|title=The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1979|isbn=0199766312|location=New York|pages=35–36}}</ref> In post-Revolutionary America, such laxity gradually changed due to religious sentiments (as embodied in the temperance movement) and a growing recognition in the medical community about the dangers of alcohol.<ref name=":1" /> The more modern history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the ''lowest age given'' (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the ''purchase age'' is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for ''consumption'' of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.

As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the [[Repeal of Prohibition|repeal]] of [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the [[Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution|21st amendment]] in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the [[voting age]] at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the passing into law of the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|26th amendment]]. Many states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://report.nih.gov/nihfactsheets/viewfactsheet.aspx?csid=21 |title=NIH Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking |website=Report.nih.gov |date=2013-03-29 |access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson |first=Hunter |url=http://history128.web.unc.edu/2015/04/06/lowered-drinking-age-of-the-1970s/ |title=Lowered Drinking Age of the 1970's | history 128 blog |website=History128.web.unc.edu |access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toomey |first1=Traci L. |last2=Nelson |first2=Toben F. |last3=Lenk |first3=Kathleen M. |title=The age-21 minimum legal drinking age: a case study linking past and current debates |journal=Addiction |volume=104 |issue=12 |pages=1958–65 |year=2009 |pmid=19922564 |doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02742.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.

From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat [[Driving under the influence|drunk driving]] fatalities.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} In 1984, Congress passed the [[National Minimum Drinking Age Act]], which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). [[South Dakota]] and [[Wyoming]] were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the [[age of majority]] (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the [[Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Tenth Amendment]]. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,<ref>{{cite news|last=Keen |first=Judy |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-03-20-drinkingage_N.htm |title=States weigh lowering drinking age |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=2008-04-01 |access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> while Guam raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_30th/P.L.%2030-156%20-%20Bill%20No.%20389-30%20(COR).pdf|title=Ramon Someros Oberiano Act|date=8 July 2010|website=Guamlegislature.com|access-date=2 August 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! State !! [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Pre-Prohibition]] (prior to 1919) !! Post-Prohibition (after 1933) !! 1970s / 26th Amendment (adopted in 1971) !! 1980s / Drinking Age Act of 1984 !! 21st century
|-
! [[Alabama]]
|| '''Pre 1881:''' None '''1881:''' 21 (none with consent of parent)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bplonline.cdmhost.com/cdm/compoundobject/collection/BrmnghmNP01/id/975/rec/5 |title=Birmingham Iron Age: § 4205 Code of Alabama |date=1881 |language=en |website=Bplonline.cdmhost.com |publisher=Birmingham Public Library |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> || 21 || '''1975:''' Lowered to 19<ref name=MDA-History>{{cite web|url=http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33388/33388.pdf |title=A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age |publisher=ntl.bts.gov |date=April 1987 |access-date=2014-11-17}}</ref> || '''1986:''' Raised to 21<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/FewerYoungDrivers/appendix.htm |title=MLDA21 Law Effective Data-NHTSA |publisher=Nhtsa.dot.gov |access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> || 21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)
|-
! [[Alaska]]
|| N/A || 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || '''1970:''' Lowered to 19<ref>{{Cite journal|ssrn=304765 |title=The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Vehicle Mortality, McCornac, 1982 |publisher=Papers.ssrn.com |date=2004-07-07 |last1=McCornac |first1=Dennis C. }}</ref> || '''1984:''' Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://petersburg.advantage-preservation.com/Viewer/?pep=drinking-age&fn=petersburg_pilot_usa_alaska_petersburg_19831019_english_12&page=2&serppageno=1 |title=Petersburg Pilot, Petersburg, Alaska: NEW DRINKING AGE |date=October 19, 1983 |language=en |publisher=Petersburg Public Library |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2007">{{cite journal | last1 =Miron | first1 =Jeffrey A. |first2=Elina |last2=Tetelbaum |year=2009 |title=Does The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives? |journal=[[Economic Inquiry]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=317–336 |doi=10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00179.x | s2cid =1048320 |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/4319664/Miron_MinDrinkAgeLives.pdf?sequence=2 }}</ref>|| 21
|-
! [[Arizona]]
|| N/A || 21<ref name="autogenerated2007"/> || '''1972:''' Lowered to 19<ref name="autogenerated1972">New York Times, December 4, 1972, "State Braces for Lowering Drinking Age to 18 Jan. 1" (NYT online archive)</ref> || '''1985:''' Raised to 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[Arkansas]]
|| '''Pre 1925:''' None<ref name="MDA-History"/> '''1925:''' 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || 21 || 21<ref name="OCC28">[http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/occpapers/occ28.pdf MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS], 1990</ref> || 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[California]]
|| '''Pre 1891:''' Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18880331.2.67&srpos=168&e=01-01-1880-01-12-1990--en--20--161-byDA-txt-txIN-liquor+minors-------1 |title=Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 14092: SELLING LIQUOR TO MINORS |date=1888 |language=en |website=Cdnc.ucr.edu |publisher=California Digital Newspaper Collection |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18870524.2.25&srpos=144&e=01-01-1880-01-12-1990--en--20--141-byDA-txt-txIN-liquor+minors-------1 |title=Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 13780: Selling Liquor to Minors. |date=1887 |language=en |website=Cdnc.ucr.edu |publisher=California Digital Newspaper Collection |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18841127.2.28&srpos=93&e=01-01-1880-01-12-1990--en--20--81-byDA-txt-txIN-liquor+minors-------1 |title=Daily Alta California, Volume 37, Number 12646: THE NEXT GRAND JURY. |date=1884 |language=en |website=Cdnc.ucr.edu |publisher=California Digital Newspaper Collection |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> '''1891:''' 18 (statewide)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18910425.2.71&srpos=286&e=01-01-1880-01-12-1990--en--20--281-byDA-txt-txIN-liquor+minors-------1 |title=San Francisco Call, Volume 69, Number 144: NO LIQUOR FOR MINORS. |date=1891 |language=en |website=Cdnc.ucr.edu |publisher=California Digital Newspaper Collection |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> || '''1933:''' 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || 21 || 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)
|-
! [[Colorado]]
|| None<ref name="autogenerated2007"/> || '''(Dec) 1945:''' 18: for 3.2% near-beer 21: for wine and liquor<ref name="MDA-History"/> || 18 for 3.2% beer; 21 for wine and liquor <ref name="jstor2001">{{cite journal|jstor=2677739|last1=Dee|first1=Thomas S.|last2=Evans|first2=William N.|title=Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety|journal=The American Economic Review|volume=91|issue=2|pages=91–96|year=2001|doi=10.1257/aer.91.2.91}}</ref>|| Raised to 21 on Jul 31 1987 (with grandfather clause) <ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[Connecticut]]
|| 21<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Waybe|title=Federal and State Laws Relating to Intoxicating Liquor|publisher=The American Issue Publishing Company|year=1918|isbn=1241008450|location=Westerville, OH|pages=129–131}}</ref>|| 21<ref name="autogenerated2007"/> || '''1972:''' Lowered to 18<ref>[http://www.cga.ct.gov/2009/rpt/2009-R-0081.htm OLR Research Report-Lowering the Drinking Age, 2009]. Cga.ct.gov. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.</ref>|| '''1982:''' Raised to 19 '''1983:''' Raised to 20 '''1985:''' Raised to 21<ref name="transportation1">U.S. Department of Transportation final report (DOT HS 809 348) "Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol-Impaired Drivers," section III.B., [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/FewerYoungDrivers/iii__b.htm "What happened: regional & state experience."]</ref> || 21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person's employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_545.htm#sec_30-89 |title=Chapter 545 - Liquor Control Act |website=Cga.ct.gov |access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref>
|-
! [[Delaware]]
|| N/A || 21<ref name="autogenerated2007"/> || '''1972:''' Lowered to 20 || '''1984:''' Raised to 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[District of Columbia]]
|| N/A || 18: for beer and wine<ref name="autogenerated2007"/> 21: for liquor<ref name=dcdebcontonal>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ahgvAAAAIBAJ&pg=6434%2C6748575 |newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |agency=UPI |title=D.C. debate continuing on alcohol |date=September 29, 1966 |page=10C }}</ref><ref name=bftlda1871>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1915&dat=19710121&id=m-8gAAAAIBAJ&pg=5434,3043466 |newspaper=The Day |location=New London, CT |title=Bill filed to lower drinking age to 18 |date=January 22, 1971 |page=9 }}</ref> || 18: for beer and wine<ref name=bftlda1871/> 21: for liquor || '''1986:''' Raised to 21 with [[grandfather clause]].<ref name=dcnewda>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19860924&id=4cIxAAAAIBAJ&pg=4495,5262871 |newspaper=Lawrence Journal-World |agency=Associated Press |title=D.C. to get new drinking age |date=September 24, 1986 |page=22 }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1986">{{cite news |work=New York Times |date=September 1, 1986 |title=Texas and North Carolina Raise Drinking Age to 21 |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/01/us/around-the-nation-texas-and-north-carolina-raise-drinking-age-to-21.html }}</ref> || 21
|-
! [[Florida]]
|| N/A || 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || '''1976:'''Lowered to 18
'''1980:''' 19<ref name="FL-MDA">{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1985-06-30/news/8501260348_1_drinking-age-drinking-laws-alcoholic-beverages|title=For Some, New Drinking Law Hard To Swallow |publisher=sun-sentinel.com |date=June 30, 1985 |access-date=2015-05-28}}</ref>
| '''1986:''' Raised to 21 with grandfather clause<ref name="FL-MDA"/> || 21<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alcohollaws.org/floridaalcohollaws.html |title=Florida Alcohol Laws |website=Alcohollaws.org |access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref>
|-
! [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|| N/A || 21<ref name="autogenerated2007"/> || '''1972:''' Lowered to 18<ref name="autogenerated1972"/> || '''1982:''' Raised to 19<ref name="OCC28"/> '''1985:''' Raised to 20<ref name="OCC28"/> '''1986:''' Raised to 21<ref name="OCC28"/> || 21
|-
! [[Hawaii]]
|| N/A || 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || '''1972:''' Lowered to 18 || '''1986:''' Raised to 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[Idaho]]
|| N/A || 20: for beer<ref name=bldat19>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B9ovAAAAIBAJ&pg=4452,1019951 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review|title=Bills lower drinking age to 19 in Idaho|agency=Associated Press|date=March 18, 1972 |page=1}}</ref><ref name=igfyd>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BGdTAAAAIBAJ&pg=6891%2C6278621 |newspaper=Deseret News | agency=UPI |title=Idaho gears for younger drinkers |date=June 26, 1972 |page=8C }}</ref> 21: for wine and liquor<ref name="autogenerated2007"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-bdeAAAAIBAJ&pg=5146%2C3491024|newspaper=Lewiston (ID) Morning Tribune|title=Idaho's legislature: Young jurors|date=January 18, 1972|page=3}}</ref> || '''1972:''' Lowered to 19 (all)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YNJRAAAAIBAJ&pg=5947%2C6709340|newspaper=Lewiston Morning Tribune|title=Taverns await new customers: age drops to 19|date=June 30, 1972|page=20}}</ref> || '''1987:''' Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with [[grandfather clause]]<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g4NOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5578%2C1921668 |newspaper=Spokane Chronicle |title=Idaho drinking: new law will allow some under 21 to keep imbibing |date=April 10, 1987|page=3}}</ref> || 21
|-
! [[Illinois]]
|| '''1872:''' [[Age of majority]] (none with written consent of parent)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn84022673/1872-03-15/ed-1/seq-4/#sort=date&index=4&rows=20&words=liquors+minors&sequence=0&proxtext=liquor+minor&y=18&x=12&dateFilterType=range&page=1 |title=The new Northwest. (Portland, Or.) 1871-1887, March 15, 1872, Image 4: The Illinois Temperance Law. |language=en |website=Oregonnews.uoregon.edu |publisher=University of Oregon Libraries |access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref>||'''pre 1961:''' Age of majority ''' 1961:''' Raised to 21<ref>Chicago Daily Tribune, August 3, 1961, "Girl, 19, sues for right to have a drink" (ProQuest archive)</ref> || '''1973:''' Lowered to 19: for beer and wine 21: for liquor<ref>Chicago Tribune, June 14, 1973, "Beer at 19 Signed by Walker." (ProQuest archive)</ref> || '''1980:''' Raised to 21<ref>[http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/publications/dui/section18.html "History of DUI Laws In Illinois"], Illinois Secretary of State website</ref> || 21
|-
! [[Indiana]]
|| N/A || '''Post-1934:''' 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || 21<ref name="OCC28"/> || 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[Iowa]]
|| N/A || 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || '''1972:''' Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1) '''1973:''' Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1) '''1978:''' Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)<ref name="iowaabd1">{{cite web|url=http://www.iowaabd.com/about_office/historical_highlights/historical_highlights.jsp|title=State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division, Historical Highlights|website=Iowaabd.com}}</ref> || '''1986:''' Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with [[grandfather clause]].<ref name="OCC28"/><ref name="iowaabd1"/> || 21
|-
! [[Kansas]]
|| N/A || '''1949:''' 18: for beer and wine with less than 4% [[ABV]] 21: for liquor<ref name="MDA-History"/> || 18: for beer and wine with less than 4% [[ABV]]<ref name="OCC28"/> 21: for beer and wine with 4% [[ABV]] or more<ref name="OCC28"/> 21: for liquor<ref name="OCC28"/><ref name="jstor2001"/> || '''1985:''' Raised to 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)
|-
! [[Kentucky]]
|| N/A || '''1938:''' 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || 21<ref name="OCC28"/> || 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[Louisiana]]
|| None || 18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://21debunked.blogspot.com/p/history-lesson.html|title = Twenty-One Debunked: History Lesson}}</ref> || 18<ref name="jstor2001"/> || '''1987:''' Raised to 21 ''de jure'' in 1987,<ref name="autogenerated1"/> but ''de facto'' age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole. '''1995:''' ''De facto'' age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last=Bragg |first=Rick |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07EEDE1439F930A15750C0A960958260 |title=Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18 |work=New York Times |date=1996-03-23 |access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> '''1996:''' In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.<ref name="nytimes2">{{cite news|author=AP |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E0D61339F930A35754C0A960958260 |title=Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 18 |work=New York Times |date=1996-07-03 |access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> Other exceptions still remain.<ref name="autogenerated3">[http://www.alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/Underage_Possession_Consumption_Internal_Possession_of_Alcohol.html?tab=maps] Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1, 2010, Alcohol Policy Information System</ref> || |21 (''Exceptions to state law include''):<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725|title=Louisiana State Legislature|website=Legis.la.gov}}</ref>
 '''*'''For an established religious purpose; '''*'''When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older; '''*'''For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution; '''*'''In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling; '''*'''The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.
|-
! [[Maine]]
|| N/A || 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> '''1969:''' Lowered to 20 || '''1972:''' Lowered to 18<ref name="autogenerated1972"/> '''1977:''' Raised to 20<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated1984">{{cite news |work=New York Times |date=June 27, 1984 |title=Drinking ages set by the states |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/27/us/drinking-ages-set-by-the-states.html }}</ref> || '''1985:''' Raised to 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21 (however minors can drink at home with parental supervision) <ref>{{cite web
|url= https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/population-health/prevention/adult/parentsfactsheet.pdf
|title= Parents Who Host Lose The Most
|website=maine.gov
|access-date=2021-02-04}}</ref>
|-
! [[Maryland]]
|| N/A || 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || '''1974:''' Lowered to 18: for beer and wine 21: for liquor<ref>[http://magazine.loyola.edu/issue/fall09/652/the-years-of-the-rat The Years of the Rat]. Magazine.loyola.edu (2009-08-18). Retrieved on 2011-06-22.</ref><ref>[http://www.drivingdrunk.org/effects-of-drunk-driving.htm Effects of Drunk Driving]. Drivingdrunk.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.</ref> || '''1982:''' Raised to 21 with grandfather clause for those born June 30, 1964 or earlier<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Grandfathered Teen-agers |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1982/07/03/grandfathered-teen-agers/5cc2a9ac-0e20-4842-856a-be1a29f9f12e/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=1982-07-03 |access-date=2018-09-28 }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name=gtmidrka>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DplcAAAAIBAJ&pg=4613%2C5145398 |newspaper=Gettysburg Times |agency=Associated Press |title=Maryland increases drinking age to 21 |date=February 26, 1982 |page=3 }}</ref> || 21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)
|-
! [[Massachusetts]]
|| N/A || 21<ref name="autogenerated2007"/> || '''1973:''' Lowered to 18 '''1979:''' Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)<ref name=ldagu>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3BVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6610%2C4907219 |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |agency=Associated Press |title=Legal drinking age going up |date=April 15, 1979 |page=16A }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |date=February 18, 1979 |title=Senate of Massachusetts Sets 19 as Drinking Age |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/18/archives/senate-of-massachusetts-sets-19-as-drinking-age.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal= American Journal of Public Health|volume= 73 |pages=163–170|title=Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20|pmc=1650505|issue= 2|doi= 10.2105/AJPH.73.2.163|pmid= 6849474|year= 1983|last1= Hingson|first1= RW|last2= Scotch|first2= N|last3= Mangione|first3= T|last4= Meyers|first4= A|last5= Glantz|first5= L|last6= Heeren|first6= T|last7= Lin|first7= N|last8= Mucatel|first8= M|last9= Pierce|first9= G }}</ref> || Raised to 21 in 1985<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[Michigan]]
|| N/A || 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || '''1972:''' Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)<ref>Chicago Daily Defender, January 4, 1972, "Drinking age lowered in Michigan" (ProQuest archive).</ref> || '''1978:''' Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)<ref>[http://crcmich.org/PUBLICAT/1970s/1978/cc0904.pdf 1978 State Ballot Issues]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-06-22.</ref><ref name="autogenerated1979">Daily Collegian, March 16, 1979, "Pennsylvania drinking age follows national trend." (Penn State library ActivePaper online archive [http://digitalnewspapers.libraries.psu.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419044018/http://digitalnewspapers.libraries.psu.edu/ |date=2008-04-19 }})</ref> '''1978:''' Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered || 21
|-
! [[Minnesota]]
|| N/A || 21<ref name="autogenerated2007"/> || '''1973:''' Lowered to 18 (June 1) '''1976:''' Raised to 19 (Sept 1)<ref>[http://www.leg.state.mn.us/LRL/Issues/Legalage.asp Resources on Minnesota Legislative Issues, Legal Age in Minnesota, 2009]. Leg.state.mn.us. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.</ref> First state to raise age after lowering.
|| '''1986:''' Raised to 21<ref name="twincities1">Twin Cities.com, Pioneer Press, August 20, 2008 – B8 Editorial, "A lower legal drinking age?" [http://www.twincities.com/ci_10247272?source=most_emailed.] (twincities.com website)</ref> || 21
|-
! [[Mississippi]]
|| ? || '''1966:''' 18: for beer and wine 21: for liquor<ref name="MDA-History"/> ''(alcohol not legalized until 1966)'' || 21<ref name="jstor2001"/> || Raised to 21 in 1986<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[Missouri]]
|| ? || '''1945:''' 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || 21 || 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[Montana]]
|| ? || 21<ref name="autogenerated2007"/> || '''1971:''' Lowered to 19<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DT0gAAAAIBAJ&pg=7334%2C4615875 |newspaper=Sarasota Herald=Tribune |agency=Associated Press |title=Montana drops drinking age to 19 for those with permit |date=June 28, 1971 |page=7B}}</ref> '''1973:''' Lowered to 18<ref name=dragop>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zPJLAAAAIBAJ&pg=7244%2C3308488 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |agency=Associated Press |title=Drinking age opposed |date=October 23, 1975 |page=14 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.helenair.com/news/state-and-regional/article_1c3c0172-0e10-51bb-b4dd-570558428979.html Platform plank: Dems want to lower drinking age to 18]. Helenair.com (2008-07-27). Retrieved on 2011-06-22.</ref> '''1979:''' Raised to 19 || '''1987:''' Raised to 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated1987">New York Times, March 10, 1987, "Drinking age is fiery issue in West" (ProQuest archive).</ref> || 21
|-
! [[Nebraska]]
|| ? || 21<ref name="autogeneratedlcc">[http://www.lcc.ne.gov/age_history.html "Drinking Age History"], Nebraska Liquor Control Commission</ref> '''1969:''' Lowered to 20 || '''1972:''' Lowered to 19<ref name="autogeneratedlcc"/> || '''1980:''' Raised to 20<ref name="OCC28"/> '''1985:''' Raised to 21<ref name="OCC28"/> || 21
|-
! [[Nevada]]
|| ? || '''1933:''' 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || 21 || 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[New Hampshire]]
|| ? || 21<ref name="autogenerated2007"/> || '''1973:''' Lowered to 18<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dartreview.com/archives/2002/11/03/alcoholedu_above_the_law.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204170041/http://dartreview.com/archives/2002/11/03/alcoholedu_above_the_law.php|url-status=dead|title=AlcoholEdu: Above the Law. ''The Dartmouth Review'' 2002|archive-date=December 4, 2008}}</ref> '''1979:''' Raised to 20 || '''1985:''' Raised to 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="transportation1"/> || 21
|-
! [[New Jersey]]
|| '''Before 1880:''' None '''Post-1880:''' 18 (penalties only against businesses)<ref>{{Cite document|title=Revision of the statutes of New Jersey /|date=August 2, 1877|publisher=Trenton, N.J.|hdl = 2027/mdp.35112203950151}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://njlegallib.rutgers.edu/statutes/1895/gsnj.2.1711.pdf|title=P.L.1888, p.253.|website=Rutgers.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpkZAAAAYAAJ&q=liquor|title=Compiled Statutes of New Jersey|first=New|last=Jersey|date=19 September 2017|publisher=Soney & Sage|via=Google Books}}</ref> || 21{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} || '''1973:''' Lowered to 18<ref name="autogenerated1972"/> || '''1980:''' Raised to 19 '''1983:''' Raised to 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/11/nyregion/the-region-drinking-age-of-21-gains-in-jersey.html |title=THE REGION - Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey |location=New Jersey |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=1982-06-11 |access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref> || 21 (As of February 22nd, 2021, there are no longer any penalties for underage drinking besides warnings.)
|-
! [[New Mexico]]
|| ? || '''1934:''' 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || 21<ref name="OCC28"/> || 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[New York (state)|New York]]
|| 18 (16 before 1896)|| Initially 21 immediately after Prohibition, then reduced to 18 four months later.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wechsler|first=Henry|title=Minimum Drinking-Age Laws|publisher=Lexington Books|year=1980|isbn=0-669-03380-4|location=United States|pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |date=May 28, 1984 |title=Raising New York Drinking Age to 21 |first1=Josh |last1=Barbanel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/28/nyregion/issue-and-debate-raising-new-york-drinking-age-to-21.html }}</ref>|| 18 || '''1982:''' Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec) '''1985:''' Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)<ref name="transportation1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/11/nyregion/the-region-drinking-age-of-21-gains-in-jersey.html?scp=9&sq=New%20York%20drinking%20age&st=cse|title=Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey|work=New York Times|date=June 11, 1982|quote="New York will raise its legal age of 18 to 19 on Dec. 4.|access-date=2010-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/19/nyregion/new-york-raising-its-drinking-age-to-21-in-december.html|title=New York raising its drinking age to 21 in December|work=New York Times|date=June 19, 1985|quote="The minimum legal drinking age in New York State is rising from 19 to 21 on Dec. 1."|access-date=2012-08-20}}</ref> || 21
|-
! [[North Carolina]]
|| ? || 18<ref name="autogenerated2007"/> || 18: for beer and wine<ref name="jstor2001"/> 21: for liquor || '''1983:''' 19: for beer and wine 21: for liquor '''1986:''' Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated1986"/> || 21
|-
! [[North Dakota]]
|| ? || '''1936:''' 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || 21<ref name="OCC28"/> || 21<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/T05C01.pdf|title=North Dakota Century Code TITLE 5 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CHAPTER 5-01-08|website=Nd.gov}}</ref> || 21
|-
! [[Ohio]]
|| ? || 1933: 16 '''1935:''' 18: for 3.2% ABW beer 21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dks.library.kent.edu/cgi-bin/kentstate?a=d&d=dks19681017-01.2.9&srpos=30&e=-------en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-drinking+age------# |title=Daily Kent Stater, Volume LIV, Number 15: 3.2 Beer Floats into Senate |date=October 17, 1968 |language=en |website=Dks.library.kent.edu |publisher=Kent State University |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> || 18: for 3.2% ABW beer 21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor || '''1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):''' 19: for 3.2% ABW beer<ref name="OCC28"/> 21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor<ref name="OCC28"/> '''1982 (From Oct. 1):''' 19: beer 21: wine and liquor<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dks.library.kent.edu/cgi-bin/kentstate?a=d&d=dks19820823-01.2.4&srpos=74&e=-------en-20--61-byDA-txt-txIN-drinking+age------# |title=Daily Kent Stater, Volume III, Number 15: New liquor law unpopular with local bar owners |author=RAY SWENSON (Staff Writer) |date=August 23, 1982 |language=en |website=Dks.library.kent.edu |publisher=Kent State University |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> '''1988:''' 21<ref name="OCC28"/> || 21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)
|-
! [[Oklahoma]]
|| ? || '''Men:''' 21 '''Women:''' 18: 3.2% ABW beer 21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor<ref>''Craig v. Boren'', 429 U.S. 190 (1976)</ref> || '''1976:''' Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec)<ref>''Craig v. Boren'', 429 U.S. 190 (1976); Atlantic Economic Journal, Volume 13, Number 1 / March, 1985, "Drinking age and the 55 MPH speed limit" by Paul M. Sommers (SpringerLink online abstract)</ref> Last state to lower the drinking age. || '''1983:''' Raised to 21<ref name="autogenerated2007"/><ref>Daily Collegian, February 9, 1984, "Lawmakers across nation debate raising legal drinking age." (Penn State library ActivePaper online archive [http://digitalnewspapers.libraries.psu.edu/Default/Skins/BasicArch/Client.asp?Skin=BasicArch&&AppName=2&enter=true&BaseHref=DCG/1984/02/09&EntityId=Ar00400])</ref> || 21
|-
! [[Oregon]]
|| ? || '''1933:''' 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || 21 || 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[Pennsylvania]]
|| ? || '''1935:''' 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || 21 || 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated1979"/> || 21
|-
! [[Rhode Island]]
|| ? || 21<ref name="autogenerated2007"/> || '''1970:''' Lowered to 18<ref name="autogenerated1972"/><ref>[http://www.ric.edu/ric150/historicalTimeline.html Rhode Island College Timeline]. Ric.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.</ref>|| '''1980:''' Raised to 19 '''1981:''' Raised to 20 '''1984:''' Raised to 21<ref name="transportation1"/> || 21
|-
! [[South Carolina]]
|| 21<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18930610.2.73&srpos=405&e=01-01-1880-01-12-1990--en--20--401-byDA-txt-txIN-liquor+minors-------1 |title=Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 85, Number 94: SOUTH CAROLINA'S LIQUOR LAW. |date=1893 |language=en |website=Cdnc.ucr.edu |publisher=California Digital Newspaper Collection |access-date=October 29, 2015}}</ref> || '''1935:''' 18: for beer and wine 21: for liquor<ref name="MDA-History"/> || 18<ref name="jstor2001"/> || '''1984:''' 19: for beer and wine<ref name="MDA-History"/> 21: for liquor '''1986:''' Raised to 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[South Dakota]]
|| ? || '''1934:''' 21 (all) '''1939:''' Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1986/1986_86_260/argument/ |title=South Dakota v. Dole |publisher=Oyez.org |access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> || '''1972:''' 18: for 3.2% beer; 21: for wine and liquor || '''1984:''' 19: for beer and wine 21: for liquor<ref name="autogenerated1"/> '''1988:''' Raised to 21<ref name="autogenerated1987"/> || 21
|-
! [[Tennessee]]
|| '''Pre 1881:''' None '''1881:''' 21<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn95068565/1881-04-27/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Law+Liquor+Minor&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=8&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=liquor+minor+law&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2 |title=The home journal., April 27, 1881, Image 2: The Minor Liquor Law. |date=April 27, 1881 |language=en |website=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> || 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> '''1964:''' Lowered to 18<ref name="MDA-History"/> || '''1979:''' Raised to 19 || '''1984:''' Raised to 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[Texas]]
|| '''Pre 1909:''' 21 None (with written permission of parent or guardian) '''Post 1909:''' 21<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86099906/1909-04-23/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=liquor+minor&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=12&state=Texas&date2=1922&proxtext=liquor+minors&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=8 |title=The Brownsville daily herald., April 23, 1909, Image 4 |language=en |website=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov |date=23 April 1909 |publisher=The Library of Congress |access-date=February 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86088055/1912-09-26/ed-1/seq-9/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=liquor+liquors+minor+minors&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=0&state=Texas&date2=1922&proxtext=liquor+minors&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=7 |title=The Lubbock avalanche., September 26, 1912, Image 9 |language=en |website=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov |date=26 September 1912 |publisher=The Library of Congress |access-date=February 12, 2016}}</ref> || 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || '''1973:''' Lowered to 18<ref>[http://m.reporternews.com/news/2007/Oct/27/lower-drinking-age-to-18/ Lower drinking age to 18? 2007]. M.reporternews.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.</ref> || '''1981:''' Raised to 19<ref>Winckler, Suzanne. "The Street of Vrrrrmmmms" (in "The Reporter"). ''[[Texas Monthly]]''. [[Emmis Communications]], January 1984. Volume 12, No. 1. {{ISSN|0148-7736}}. Start: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ESsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74 74]. CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ESsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76 76].</ref> '''1986:''' Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated1986"/> || 21
|-
! [[Utah]]
|| ? || '''1935:''' 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || 21<ref name="OCC28"/> || 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[Vermont]]
|| ? || 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || '''1971:''' Lowered to 18<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://media.www.middleburycampus.com/media/storage/paper446/news/2006/01/12/Features/Drinking.At.Midd.Past.And.Present-1340892.shtml |title=Drinking at Midd: past and present |publisher=Media.www.middleburycampus.com |access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref><ref name="state1">{{cite web|url=http://www.leg.state.vt.us/HealthCare/VERMONTHEALTHDATABASE6.pdf |title=Health Care in Vermont Database and Timeline |access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> || '''1986:''' Raised to 21<ref name="transportation1"/><ref name="state1"/> || 21
|-
! [[Virginia]]
|| ? || 21<ref name="state2">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.state.va.us/facts/legalage.html |title=History of the Legal Drinking Age |publisher=Abc.state.va.us |date=1966-07-01 |access-date=2009-09-06}}</ref> || '''1974:''' Lowered to 18: for beer and wine (21: for liquor remained)<ref name="state2"/>|| '''1981:''' Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption '''1983:''' Raised to 19 (all beer) '''1985:''' Raised to 21<ref name="state2"/> || 21
|-
! [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|| [[Age of majority]] since 1877<ref>[http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/archives/184549.asp What was the first legal drinking age in Wash.?]. Blog.seattlepi.com (2009-11-09). Retrieved on 2011-06-22.</ref>|| 21<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grahamdefense.com/resources/history-of-underage-drinking-laws-in-washington-/|title=History of Underage Drinking Laws in Washington State|website=www.grahamdefense.com|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>|| 21 || 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
! [[West Virginia]]
|| ? || 18: for beer and wine 21: for liquor<ref name="autogenerated2007"/> || '''1972:''' Lowered to 18 (all)<ref>Legal Age Cut to 18, New York Times, June 10, 1972</ref> || '''1983:''' Raised to 19 (& 21 for non-residents)<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref name="autogenerated1984"/> '''1986:''' Raised to 21<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || 21
|-
![[Wisconsin]]
|| '''1839–1866:''' 18: for wine and liquor None: for beer '''Post-1866:''' 21 (all)<ref>Wisconsin Brief 95-3, January 1995, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528095420/http://www.legis.wisconsin.gov/lrb/pubs/wb/95wb3.pdf "The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin"]</ref> || 18: for beer 21: for wine and spirits '''1957:''' 21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.<ref name="state3">{{cite web |url=http://www.legis.wisconsin.gov/lrb/pubs/wb/95wb3.pdf |title=Wisconsin Brief 95-3, January 1995 |access-date=2016-12-26 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528095420/http://www.legis.wisconsin.gov/lrb/pubs/wb/95wb3.pdf |archive-date=2010-05-28 }}</ref> '''1963:''' Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).<ref name="state3"/> || '''1972:''' Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)<ref name="state3"/> '''1977:''' Border state restriction lifted.<ref name="state3"/>|| '''1984:''' Raised to 19 '''1986:''' Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)<ref name="state3"/> || 21 (however anyone can drink when a parent, guardian or spouse is present)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisbar.org/newspublications/wisconsinlawyer/pages/article.aspx?Volume=81&Issue=6&ArticleID=1605|title=Social Host Liability for Underage Drinking|website=WisBar|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
|-
![[Wyoming]]
|| N/A || 21<ref name="MDA-History"/> || '''1973:''' Lowered to 19 || '''1988:''' Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)<ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times |date=March 12, 1988 |title=State Raises Drinking Age |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/12/us/state-raises-drinking-age.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=New York Times, March 10, 1987 |title=Drinking age is fiery issue in West |first=Thomas J. |last1=Knudson |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/10/us/drinking-age-is-fiery-issue-in-west.html }}</ref> Last state to raise ''de jure'' drinking age to 21 || 21
|-
! [[American Samoa]]
|| N/A || N/A || N/A || 21 || 21<ref>[http://www.frommers.com/destinations/samoa/3037020157.html Fast Facts in Samoa at Frommer's]. Frommers.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.</ref>
|-
! [[Northern Mariana Islands]]
|| – || – || N/A || 21 || 21<ref>[http://www.mymarianas.com/html/display.cfm?sid=1022 Marianas Visitors Authority-Trip Essentials]. Mymarianas.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.</ref>
|-
! [[Puerto Rico]]
|| N/A || 18 || 18 || Kept at 18 despite highway funding penalty under the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. || 18<ref>[http://www.viequestravelguide.com/vieques-island-puerto-rico-facts-travel.html Vieques Travel Guide]. Vieques Travel Guide. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.</ref>
|-
! [[United States Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]]
|| N/A || N/A || N/A || 18 || 18<ref>[http://www.virginislandsmap.com/touristtips/index.htm Virgin Islands Vacation Tips]. Virginislandsmap.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.</ref>
|-
! [[Guam]]
|| N/A || 21 || 18 || 18 || Raised to 21 in 2010<ref name=":0" />
|}

== Additional notes ==
* Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private clubs or establishments possession exceptions; {{clarify|pre-text=remove or|text=as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws|date=October 2020}}.<ref name="autogenerated3"/>
* In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.<ref name=dcdebcontonal/><ref name=bftlda1871/> Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In [[Louisiana]], the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to ''sell'' alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite ''purchase'' being technically illegal) which meant that the ''de facto'' age was still 18.<ref name="nytimes1"/> In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.<ref name="nytimes1"/> That briefly lowered the ''de jure'' purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.<ref name="nytimes2"/> Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,<ref name="autogenerated3"/> and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
* Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but [[dry counties]] and towns still exist in some states.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Alcohol law in the United States]]
[[Category:Alcohol law in the United States by state|*]]
[[Category:Legal drinking age]]

74th Academy Awards

2022-04-01T21:12:19Z

209.160.254.202: /* Ratings and reception */

{{oscars short description|films-year=2001}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{featured list}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 74
| award = Academy Awards
| image = 74 academy awards poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster by [[Alex Ross]]
| date = March 24, 2002
| site = [[Kodak Theatre]] [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| host = [[Whoopi Goldberg]]
| preshow = [[Chris Connelly (reporter)|Chris Connelly]] [[Leeza Gibbons]] [[Ananda Lewis]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Wilkes |first=Neil |title=Arrival hosts announced |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/news/arrival-hosts-announced-1117861892/ |access-date=October 9, 2013 |work=Variety |date=March 5, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222031407/http://variety.com/2002/film/news/arrival-hosts-announced-1117861892/ |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref>
| producer = [[Laura Ziskin]]
| director = [[Louis J. Horvitz]]
| best_picture = ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]''
| most_wins = ''A Beautiful Mind'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' (4)
| most_nominations = ''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (13)
| network = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| duration = 4 hours, 23 minutes<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,48650,00.html |title=Halle Berry, Denzel Washington Win Big |work=[[Fox News]] |publisher=[[21st Century Fox]] |date=March 25, 2002 |access-date=November 1, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514053517/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C48650%2C00.html |archive-date=May 14, 2012 }}</ref>
| ratings = 41.82 million 25.54% ([[Nielsen ratings]])
| last = 73rd
| next = 75th
}}

The '''74th Academy Awards''' ceremony, presented by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] (AMPAS), took place on March 24, 2002, at the [[Kodak Theatre]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], Los Angeles. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented [[Academy Awards]] (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring [[2001 in film|films released in 2001]]. The ceremony, televised in the United States by [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], was produced by [[Laura Ziskin]] and directed by Louis J. Horvitz.<ref name="Producer">{{cite news|last=Archerd |first=Army |title=Oscar's new producer is first femme to solo |url=https://variety.com/2001/tv/news/oscar-s-new-producer-is-first-femme-to-solo-1117852335/ |access-date=January 21, 2014 |work=Variety |date=September 5, 2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220225556/http://variety.com/2001/tv/news/oscar-s-new-producer-is-first-femme-to-solo-1117852335/ |archive-date=February 20, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Oscar Watch: Horvitz to direct 74th Awards |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/news/oscar-watch-horvitz-to-direct-74th-awards-1117858597/ |access-date=January 15, 2014 |work=Variety |date=January 15, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116151306/http://variety.com/2002/film/news/oscar-watch-horvitz-to-direct-74th-awards-1117858597/ |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref> Actress [[Whoopi Goldberg]] hosted the show for the fourth time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2002/film/awards/goldberg-returns-to-host-oscars-1117858062/ |title=Whoopi Goldberg Will Host Oscar Ceremony |last=Archerd |first=Army |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=January 10, 2002 |access-date=November 1, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221174739/http://variety.com/2002/film/awards/goldberg-returns-to-host-oscars-1117858062/ |archive-date=February 21, 2014 }}</ref> She first hosted the [[66th Academy Awards|66th ceremony]] held in 1994 and had last hosted the [[71st Academy Awards|71st ceremony]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|last=Susman |first=Gary |title=Big Whoopi |url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,191444,00.html |access-date=January 14, 2014 |work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |publisher=[[Time Warner]] |date=January 10, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115185103/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C191444%2C00.html |archive-date=January 15, 2014 }}</ref> Three weeks earlier, in a ceremony held at the [[Beverly Wilshire Hotel|Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel]] in [[Beverly Hills, California]], on March 2, the [[Academy Award for Technical Achievement|Academy Awards for Technical Achievement]] were presented by host [[Charlize Theron]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Horwitch |first=Laura |title=Oscar Watch: Charlize Theron |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/news/oscar-watch-charlize-theron-1117861158/ |access-date=January 11, 2014 |work=Variety |date=February 21, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112072711/http://variety.com/2002/film/news/oscar-watch-charlize-theron-1117861158/ |archive-date=January 12, 2014 }}</ref>

''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]'' won four awards, including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].<ref name="LA Times Oscar">{{cite news|last1=Welkos |first1=Robert |last2=King |first2=Susan |title='Beautiful' Historic Night |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2002/mar/25/entertainment/et-oscars25 |access-date=January 15, 2014 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 25, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116143618/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/mar/25/entertainment/et-oscars25 |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lyman |first=Rick |title='Beautiful Mind' Wins; Best Actress Goes to Halle Berry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/25/movies/beautiful-mind-wins-best-actress-goes-to-halle-berry.html |access-date=January 15, 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 25, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128224705/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/25/movies/beautiful-mind-wins-best-actress-goes-to-halle-berry.html |archive-date=January 28, 2014 }}</ref> Other winners included ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' with four awards, ''[[Black Hawk Down (film)|Black Hawk Down]]'' and ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' with two, and ''[[The Accountant (2001 film)|The Accountant]]'', ''[[For the Birds (film)|For the Birds]]'', ''[[Gosford Park]]'', ''[[Iris (2001 film)|Iris]]'', ''[[Monster's Ball]]'', ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'', ''[[Murder on a Sunday Morning]]'', ''[[No Man's Land (2001 film)|No Man's Land]]'', ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'', ''[[Shrek]]'', ''[[Thoth (film)|Thoth]]'', and ''[[Training Day]]'' with one. Despite a record length of four hours and twenty-three minutes, the telecast garnered nearly 42 million viewers in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Gorman |title=Academy Awards Averages 41.3 Million Viewers; Most Since 2005 |url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/03/08/academy-awards-averages-41-3-million-viewers-most-since-2005/44217 |work=[[TV by the Numbers]] |date=March 8, 2010 |access-date=March 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310080531/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/03/08/academy-awards-averages-41-3-million-viewers-most-since-2005/44217 |archive-date=March 10, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Winners and nominees==


The nominees for the 74th Academy Awards were announced on February 12, 2002, at the [[Samuel Goldwyn Theater]] in [[Beverly Hills, California]], by [[Frank Pierson]], president of the Academy, and the actress [[Marcia Gay Harden]].<ref name=BBCOscar>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/entertainment/2002/oscars_2002/1814014.stm |title=Film World Awaits Oscar nominations |date=February 12, 2002 |access-date=November 1, 2011 |work=[[BBC News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132007/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/entertainment/2002/oscars_2002/1814014.stm |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref> ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' earned the most nominations with thirteen. It was the seventh film to earn that many nominations. ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]'' and ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' tied for second place with eight apiece.<ref name="ANA">{{harvnb|Osborne|2013|p=423}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Means|first=Sean|title='Lord of the Rings' in Hobbit Heaven With 13 Oscar Nominations|work=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]|date=February 13, 2002|page=A1}}</ref>

The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 24, 2002.<ref>{{cite news|last=Means|first=Sean|title=Hollywood Makes History|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|date=March 25, 2002|page=A1}}</ref> By virtue of its latest Best Picture victory for ''A Beautiful Mind'', [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]] became the second film studio to release three consecutive Best Picture winners; the studio had previously released ''[[American Beauty (1999 film)|American Beauty]]'' and ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Collins |first=Keith |title=Pix precedents |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/awards/pix-precedents-1117878915/ |access-date=January 15, 2014 |work=Variety |date=January 16, 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116151253/http://variety.com/2003/film/awards/pix-precedents-1117878915/ |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref> [[Denzel Washington]] was the second African-American to win [[Academy Award for Best Actor]], following [[Sidney Poitier]] for 1963's ''[[Lilies of the Field (1963 film)|Lilies of the Field]]''.<ref name="LA Times Oscar" /> [[Halle Berry]] became the first, and {{as of|2022|lc=y}}, only, African-American or woman of color to win the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]].<ref name="LA Times Oscar" /> Nominated for their performances as the [[Iris Murdoch|title character]] in ''[[Iris (2001 film)|Iris]]'', Best Actress nominee [[Judi Dench]], and Best Supporting Actress nominee [[Kate Winslet]] became the second pair of actresses nominated for portraying the same character in the same film.<ref name="ANA"/>

===Awards===

[[File:Ron Howard 2011 Shankbone 3.JPG|thumb|right|upright=0.68|[[Ron Howard]], Best Picture co-winner and Best Director winner|alt=Photo of Ron Howard in 2011.]]

[[File:Denzel Washington cropped 02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.68|[[Denzel Washington]], Best Actor winner|alt=Photo of Denzel Washington.]]
[[File:Halle Berry 2004.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.68|[[Halle Berry]], Best Actress winner|alt=Photo of Halle Berry.]]
[[File:Jim Broadbent 2012.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.68|[[Jim Broadbent]], Best Supporting Actor winner|alt=Photo of Jim Broadbent.]]
[[File:Jennifer Connelly 2012.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.68|[[Jennifer Connelly]], Best Supporting Actress winner|alt=Connelly at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.]]
[[File:Official portrait of Lord Fellowes of West Stafford crop 2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.68|[[Julian Fellowes]], Best Original Screenplay winner|alt=Photo of Julian Fellowes in 2014.]]
[[File:Akiva Goldsman.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.68|[[Akiva Goldsman]], Best Adapted Screenplay winner|alt=Photo of Akiva Goldsman at PaleyFest in May 2011.]]
[[File:Howard Shore, Canadian Film Centre, 2013-1.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.68|[[Howard Shore]], Best Original Score winner|alt=Photo of Howard Shore in 2013.]]
[[File:Randy Newman, Rotterdam 1979.jpeg|thumb|right|upright=0.68|[[Randy Newman]], Best Original Song winner|alt=Photo of Randy Newman in 1979.]]
[[File:Sir Richard Taylor.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.68|[[Richard Taylor (filmmaker)|Richard Taylor]], Best Makeup and Best Visual Effects co-winner|alt=Photo of Richard Taylor in 2014.]]
[[File:Catherine Martin (Australian designer).jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.68|[[Catherine Martin (designer)|Catherine Martin]], Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design co-winner|alt=Photo of Catherine Martin.]]

Winners are listed first, highlighted in '''boldface''', and indicated with a double dagger ({{double-dagger}}).<ref name="Oscars2002">{{cite news|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2002 |title=The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners |access-date=November 19, 2011 |work=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |publisher=AMPAS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109213431/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2002 |archive-date=November 9, 2014 }}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
| style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]}}
* '''''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]'' – [[Brian Grazer]] and [[Ron Howard]], producers'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''[[Gosford Park]]'' – [[Robert Altman]], [[Bob Balaban]] and David Levy, producers
** ''[[In the Bedroom]]'' – Graham Leader, [[Ross Katz]] and [[Todd Field]], producers
** ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' – [[Peter Jackson]], [[Fran Walsh]] and [[Barrie M. Osborne]], producers
** ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' – Martin Brown, [[Baz Luhrmann]] and [[Fred Baron (producer)|Fred Baron]], producers
| valign="top" width="50%" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]}}
*'''[[Ron Howard]] – ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]'''''{{double-dagger}}
** [[Ridley Scott]] – ''[[Black Hawk Down (film)|Black Hawk Down]]''
** [[Robert Altman]] – ''[[Gosford Park]]''
** [[Peter Jackson]] – ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
** [[David Lynch]] – ''[[Mulholland Drive (film)|Mulholland Drive]]''
|-
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]}}
*'''[[Denzel Washington]] – ''[[Training Day]]'' as [[Detective Alonzo Harris|Alonzo Harris]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** [[Russell Crowe]] – ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]'' as [[John Forbes Nash Jr.]]
** [[Sean Penn]] – ''[[I Am Sam]]'' as Sam Dawson
** [[Will Smith]] – ''[[Ali (film)|Ali]]'' as [[Muhammad Ali]]
** [[Tom Wilkinson]] – ''[[In the Bedroom]]'' as Dr. Matthew Fowler
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]}}
*'''[[Halle Berry]] – ''[[Monster's Ball]]'' as Leticia Musgrove'''{{double-dagger}}
** [[Judi Dench]] – ''[[Iris (2001 film)|Iris]]'' as [[Iris Murdoch]]
** [[Nicole Kidman]] – ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' as Satine
** [[Sissy Spacek]] – ''[[In the Bedroom]]'' as Ruth Fowler
** [[Renée Zellweger]] – ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary (film)|Bridget Jones's Diary]]'' as [[Bridget Jones]]
|-
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]}}
*'''[[Jim Broadbent]] – ''[[Iris (2001 film)|Iris]]'' as [[John Bayley (writer)|John Bayley]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** [[Ethan Hawke]] – ''[[Training Day]]'' as Officer Jake Hoyt
** [[Ben Kingsley]] – ''[[Sexy Beast]]'' as Don Logan
** [[Ian McKellen]] – ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' as [[Gandalf]]
** [[Jon Voight]] – ''[[Ali (film)|Ali]]'' as [[Howard Cosell]]
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]}}
*'''[[Jennifer Connelly]] – ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]'' as [[Alicia Nash|Alicia de Lardé-Nash]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** [[Helen Mirren]] – ''[[Gosford Park]]'' as Jane Wilson
** [[Maggie Smith]] – ''[[Gosford Park]]'' as Constance Trentham
** [[Marisa Tomei]] – ''[[In the Bedroom]]'' as Natalie Strout
** [[Kate Winslet]] – ''[[Iris (2001 film)|Iris]]'' as [[Iris Murdoch]]
|-
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen/Original Screenplay]]}}
* '''''[[Gosford Park]]'' – [[Julian Fellowes]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''[[Amélie]]'' – Guillaume Laurant and [[Jean-Pierre Jeunet]]
** ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]'' – [[Christopher Nolan]] and [[Jonathan Nolan]]
** ''[[Monster's Ball]]'' – Milo Addica and Will Rokos
** ''[[The Royal Tenenbaums]]'' – [[Wes Anderson]] and [[Owen Wilson]]
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published/Adapted Screenplay]]}}
* '''''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]'' – [[Akiva Goldsman]] based on [[A Beautiful Mind (book)|the book]] by [[Sylvia Nasar]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''[[Ghost World (film)|Ghost World]]'' – [[Daniel Clowes]] and [[Terry Zwigoff]] based on [[Ghost World (comics)|the comic book]] by [[Daniel Clowes]]
** ''[[In the Bedroom]]'' – Rob Festinger and [[Todd Field]] based on the story "[[Killings (short story)|Killings]]" by [[Andre Dubus]]
** ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' – [[Fran Walsh]], [[Philippa Boyens]], and [[Peter Jackson]] based on [[The Fellowship of the Ring|the book]] by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]
** ''[[Shrek]]'' – [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]], [[Terry Rossio]], [[Joe Stillman]], and [[Roger S. H. Schulman]] based on [[Shrek!|the book]] by [[William Steig]]
|-
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature Film]]}}
* '''''[[Shrek]]'' – [[Aron Warner]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''[[Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]'' – [[Steve Oedekerk]] and [[John A. Davis]]
** ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'' – [[Pete Docter]] and [[John Lasseter]]
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]]}}
* '''''[[No Man's Land (2001 film)|No Man's Land]]'' ([[List of Bosnian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]) in [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] – [[Danis Tanović]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''[[Amélie]]'' ([[List of French submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|France]]) in French – [[Jean-Pierre Jeunet]]
** ''[[Elling]]'' ([[List of Norwegian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Norway]]) in Norwegian – Petter Ness
** ''[[Lagaan]]'' ([[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India]]) in [[Hindi]] – [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
** ''[[Son of the Bride]]'' ([[List of Argentine submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Argentina]]) in Spanish – [[Juan José Campanella]]
|-
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary – Feature]]}}
* '''''[[Murder on a Sunday Morning]]'' – [[Jean-Xavier de Lestrade]] and Denis Poncet'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''[[Children Underground]]'' – [[Edet Belzberg]]
** ''[[LaLee's Kin: The Legacy of Cotton]]'' – [[Susan Froemke]] and Deborah Dickson
** ''[[Promises (2001 film)|Promises]]'' – [[Justine Shapiro]] and B.Z. Goldberg
** ''[[War Photographer]]'' – [[Christian Frei]]
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject)|Best Documentary – Short Subject]]}}
* '''''[[Thoth (film)|Thoth]]'' – [[Sarah Kernochan]] and Lynn Appelle'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''[[Artists and Orphans: A True Drama]]'' – Lianne Klapper McNally
** ''[[Sing!]]'' – [[Freida Lee Mock]] and Jessica Sanders
|-
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Live Action Short Film]]}}
* '''''[[The Accountant (2001 film)|The Accountant]]'' – [[Ray McKinnon (actor)|Ray McKinnon]] and [[Lisa Blount]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''Copy Shop'' – [[Virgil Widrich]]
** ''Gregor's Greatest Invention'' – Johannes Kiefer
** ''A Man Thing (Meska Sprawa)'' – [[Sławomir Fabicki]] and Bogumil Godfrejow
** ''Speed for Thespians'' – Kalman Apple and Shameela Bakhsh
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Animated Short Film]]}}
* '''''[[For the Birds (film)|For the Birds]]'' – [[Ralph Eggleston]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''Fifty Percent Grey'' – [[Ruairí Robinson]] and Seamus Byrne
** ''Give Up Yer Aul Sins'' – Cathal Gaffney and Darragh O'Connell
** ''[[Strange Invaders (2002 film)|Strange Invaders]]'' – [[Cordell Barker]]
** ''[[Stubble Trouble]]'' – Joseph E. Merideth
|-
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]}}
* '''''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' — [[Howard Shore]]'''{{double-dagger}}
**''[[A.I. Artificial Intelligence]]'' — [[John Williams]]
**''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]'' — [[James Horner]]
**''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone]]'' — [[John Williams]]
**''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'' — [[Randy Newman]]
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]}}
* '''"[[If I Didn't Have You (Disney song)|If I Didn't Have You]]" from ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'' – Music and Lyrics by [[Randy Newman]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** "[[May It Be]]" from ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' – Music and Lyrics by [[Enya]], [[Nicky Ryan]], and [[Roma Ryan]]
** "[[There You'll Be]]" from ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'' – Music and Lyrics by [[Diane Warren]]
** "[[Until...]]" from ''[[Kate & Leopold]]'' – Music and Lyrics by [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
** "[[Vanilla Sky (Paul McCartney song)|Vanilla Sky]]" from ''[[Vanilla Sky]]'' – Music and Lyrics by [[Paul McCartney]]
|-
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Sound Editing|Best Sound Editing]]}}
* '''''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'' – [[George Watters II]] and [[Christopher Boyes]]'''{{double-dagger}}
**''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'' – [[Gary Rydstrom]] and [[Michael Silvers]]
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing|Best Sound]]}}
* '''''[[Black Hawk Down (film)|Black Hawk Down]]'' – [[Michael Minkler]], [[Myron Nettinga]] and [[Chris Munro]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''[[Amélie]]'' – [[Vincent Arnardi]], [[Guillaume Leriche]] and [[Jean Umansky]]
** ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' – [[Christopher Boyes]], [[Michael Semanick]], [[Gethin Creagh]] and [[Hammond Peek]]
** ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' – [[Andy Nelson (sound engineer)|Andy Nelson]], [[Anna Behlmer]], [[Roger Savage]] and [[Guntis Sics]]
** ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'' – [[Kevin O'Connell (sound mixer)|Kevin O'Connell]], [[Greg P. Russell]], and [[Peter J. Devlin]]
|-
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Best Art Direction]]}}
* '''''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' – [[Art Direction]]: [[Catherine Martin (designer)|Catherine Martin]]; [[Set Decoration]]: [[Brigitte Broch]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''[[Amélie]]'' – Art Direction: [[Aline Bonetto]]; Set Decoration: [[Marie-Laure Valla]]
** ''[[Gosford Park]]'' – Art Direction: Stephen Altman; Set Decoration: [[Anna Pinnock]]
** ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone]]'' – Art Direction: [[Stuart Craig]]; Set Decoration: [[Stephenie McMillan]]
** ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' – Art Direction: [[Grant Major]]; Set Decoration: [[Dan Hennah]]
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]}}
* '''''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' – [[Andrew Lesnie]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''[[Amélie]]'' – [[Bruno Delbonnel]]
** ''[[Black Hawk Down (film)|Black Hawk Down]]'' – [[Sławomir Idziak]]
** ''[[The Man Who Wasn't There (2001 film)|The Man Who Wasn't There]]'' – [[Roger Deakins]]
** ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' – [[Donald McAlpine|Donald M. McAlpine]]
|-
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling|Best Makeup]]}}
* '''''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' – [[Peter Owen]] and [[Richard Taylor (filmmaker)|Richard Taylor]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]'' – [[Greg Cannom]] and [[Colleen Callaghan]]
** ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' – [[Maurizio Silvi]] and [[Aldo Signoretti]]
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]}}
* '''''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' – [[Catherine Martin (designer)|Catherine Martin]] and [[Angus Strathie]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''[[The Affair of the Necklace]]'' – [[Milena Canonero]]
** ''[[Gosford Park]]'' – [[Jenny Beavan]]
** ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone]]'' – [[Judianna Makovsky]]
** ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' – [[Ngila Dickson]] and [[Richard Taylor (filmmaker)|Richard Taylor]]
|-
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Film Editing|Best Film Editing]]}}
* '''''[[Black Hawk Down (film)|Black Hawk Down]]'' – [[Pietro Scalia]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]'' – [[Mike Hill (film editor)|Mike Hill]] and [[Daniel P. Hanley|Dan Hanley]]
** ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' – [[John Gilbert (film editor)|John Gilbert]]
** ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]'' – [[Dody Dorn]]
** ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' – [[Jill Bilcock]]
| valign="top" |
{{Award category|#EEDD82|[[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]]}}
* '''''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' – [[Jim Rygiel]], [[Randall William Cook]], [[Richard Taylor (filmmaker)|Richard Taylor]] and [[Mark Stetson]]'''{{double-dagger}}
** ''[[A.I. Artificial Intelligence]]'' – [[Dennis Muren]], [[Scott Farrar]], [[Stan Winston]] and [[Michael Lantieri]]
** ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'' – [[Eric Brevig]], [[John Frazier]], [[Ed Hirsh]] and [[Ben Snow]]
|}

===Academy Honorary Award===
*[[Sidney Poitier]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Feiwell |first=Jill |title=Honorary Oscar to Poitier |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/news/honorary-oscar-to-poitier-1117859041/ |access-date=January 15, 2014 |work=Variety |date=January 25, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116151303/http://variety.com/2002/film/news/honorary-oscar-to-poitier-1117859041/ |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref>
*[[Robert Redford]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Feiwell |first=Jill |title=Acad to honor Redford |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/news/acad-to-honor-redford-1117859141/ |access-date=January 15, 2014 |work=Variety |date=January 25, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116151259/http://variety.com/2002/film/news/acad-to-honor-redford-1117859141/ |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref>

===Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award===
*[[Arthur Hiller]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Feiwell |first=Jill |title=Hersholt award to Hiller |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/news/hersholt-award-to-hiller-1117859100/ |access-date=January 15, 2014 |work=Variety |date=January 24, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116151256/http://variety.com/2002/film/news/hersholt-award-to-hiller-1117859100/ |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref>

===Films with multiple nominations and awards===
{{See also| List of films with the most Academy Awards per ceremony#List of films receiving the most Academy Award nominations per ceremony|l1= Films with the most Academy Award nominations per ceremony}}

{{See also| List of films with the most Academy Awards per ceremony#List of films receiving the most Academy Awards per ceremony|l1= Films with the most Academy Awards per ceremony}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" rowspan=2 style="text-align: center;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f6e39c;
|+ Films with multiple nominations
|-
! style="background-color:#EEDD82; | Nominations
! style="background-color:#EEDD82; | Film
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 13
| ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 8
| ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]''
|-
| ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 7
| ''[[Gosford Park]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 5
| ''[[Amélie]]''
|-
| ''[[In the Bedroom]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 4
| ''[[Black Hawk Down (film)|Black Hawk Down]]''
|-
| ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]''
|-
| ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 3
| ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone]]''
|-
| ''[[Iris (2001 film)|Iris]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | 2
| ''[[A.I. Artificial Intelligence]]''
|-
| ''[[Ali (film)|Ali]]''
|-
| ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]''
|-
| ''[[Monster's Ball]]''
|-
| ''[[Shrek]]''
|-
|''[[Training Day]]''
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" rowspan=2 style="text-align: center;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f6e39c;
|+ Films with multiple awards
|-
! style="background-color:#EEDD82; | Awards
! style="background-color:#EEDD82; | Film
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 4
| ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]''
|-
| ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 2
| ''[[Black Hawk Down (film)|Black Hawk Down]]''
|-
| ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]''
|-
|}

==Presenters and performers ==

The following individuals (in order of appearance) presented awards or performed musical numbers.<ref>{{cite news |title=74th Academy Awards – Presenters and Performers |url=http://202.194.48.102/englishonline/culture/oscar/oscar74/presenters.html |access-date=July 2, 2013 |work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |publisher=AMPAS |date=March 24, 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116121741/http://202.194.48.102/englishonline/culture/oscar/oscar74/presenters.html |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Variety Oscars">{{cite news|last=Gallo |first=Phil |title=Review: 'The 74th Annual Academy Awards' |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/the-74th-annual-academy-awards-1200550632/ |access-date=October 29, 2013 |work=Variety |date=March 24, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116151308/http://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/the-74th-annual-academy-awards-1200550632/ |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref>

===Presenters===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name(s) !! Role
|-
| {{sortname|Glenn|Close}} [[Donald Sutherland]] || Announcers for the 74th annual Academy Awards
|-
| {{sortname|Tom|Cruise}} || Presenter of the [[Errol Morris]] montage on movie memories
|-
| {{sortname|Benicio|del Toro}} || Presenter of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| {{sortname|Frank|Pierson}} (AMPAS President) || Giver of remarks welcoming guests to the awards ceremony
|-
| {{sortname|Will|Smith}} || Presenter the award for [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing|Best Film Editing]]
|-
| {{sortname|Ryan|Phillippe}} [[Reese Witherspoon]] || Presenters of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling|Best Makeup]]
|-
| {{sortname|Whoopi|Goldberg}} || Presenter of the film ''[[In the Bedroom]]'' on the Best Picture segment
|-
| {{sortname|Ben|Stiller}} [[Owen Wilson]] || Presenters of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|-
| {{sortname|Woody|Allen}} || Presenter of the New York City films tribute montage directed by [[Nora Ephron]]
|-
| {{sortname|Jodie|Foster}} || Presenter of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|-
| {{sortname|Whoopi|Goldberg|nolink=1}} || Presenter of the film ''[[Gosford Park]]'' on the Best Picture segment
|-
| {{sortname|Helen|Hunt}} || Presenter of the Documentary films tribute montage directed by [[Penelope Spheeris]]
|-
| {{sortname|Samuel L.|Jackson}} || Presenter of the awards for [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary Feature]] and [[Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject)|Best Documentary Short Subject]]
|-
| {{sortname|Cameron|Diaz}} || Presenter of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Best Art Direction]]
|-
| {{sortname|Charlize|Theron}} (pre-recorded footage) || Presenter of the award for [[Academy Scientific and Technical Award]] and the [[Gordon E. Sawyer Award]]
|-
| {{sortname|Nathan|Lane}} || Presenter of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature Film]]
|-
| {{sortname|Halle|Berry}} || Presenter of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing|Best Sound]] and [[Academy Award for Best Sound Editing|Best Sound Editing]]
|-
| {{sortname|Marcia Gay|Harden}} || Presenter of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
| {{sortname|Whoopi|Goldberg|nolink=1}} || Presenter of the film ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' on the Best Picture segment
|-
| {{sortname|Ian|McKellen}} [[Maggie Smith]] || Introducers of the performance by [[Cirque du Soleil]]
|-
| {{sortname|Kirsten|Dunst}} [[Tobey Maguire]] || Presenters of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]]
|-
| {{sortname|Ali|MacGraw}} [[Ryan O'Neal]] || Presenters of the [[Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award]] to [[Arthur Hiller]]
|-
| {{sortname|Ben|Kingsley}} || Presenter of the tribute to musical scores in films conducted by [[John Williams]]
|-
| {{sortname|Sandra|Bullock}} [[Hugh Grant]] || Presenters of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
|-
| {{sortname|Walter|Mirisch}} [[Denzel Washington]] || Presenters of the [[Academy Honorary Award]] to [[Sidney Poitier]]
|-
| {{sortname|Hugh|Jackman}} [[Naomi Watts]] || Presenters of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Live Action Short Film]] and [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Animated Short Film]]
|-
| {{sortname|Josh|Hartnett}} || Introducer of the performances of the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] nominees
|-
| {{sortname|Jennifer|Lopez}} || Presenter of the award for Best Original Song
|-
| {{sortname|Ethan|Hawke}} [[Gwyneth Paltrow]] || Presenters of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published/Adapted Screenplay]] and [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen/Original Screenplay]]
|-
| {{sortname|Sharon|Stone}} [[John Travolta]] || Presenters of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]]
|-
| {{sortname|Kevin|Spacey}} || Presenter of the ''[[wikt:in memoriam|In Memoriam]]'' Tribute
|-
| {{sortname|Whoopi|Goldberg|nolink=1}} || Presenter of the film ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' on the Best Picture segment
|-
| {{sortname|Barbra|Streisand}} || Presenter of the [[Academy Honorary Award]] to [[Robert Redford]]
|-
| {{sortname|Russell|Crowe}} || Presenter of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|-
| {{sortname|Whoopi|Goldberg|nolink=1}} || Presenter of the film ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]'' on the Best Picture segment
|-
| {{sortname|Julia|Roberts}} || Presenter of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|-
| {{sortname|Mel|Gibson}} || Presenter of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
| {{sortname|Tom|Hanks}} || Presenter of the award for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]
|}

===Performers===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name(s) !! Role !! Performed
|-
| {{sortname|John|Williams}} || Musical arranger and conductor || Orchestral medley of themes from various film scores.
|-
| {{sortname||Cirque du Soleil}} || Performers || Special performance in a tribute to movie visual effects
|-
| {{sortname||Sting|Sting (musician)|Sting}} || Performer || "[[Until (song)|Until]]" from ''[[Kate & Leopold]]''
|-
| {{sortname||Enya}} || Performer || "[[May it Be]]" from ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
|-
| {{sortname|John|Goodman}} [[Randy Newman]] || Performers || "[[If I Didn't Have You (Disney song)|If I Didn't Have You]]" from ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]''
|-
| {{sortname|Faith|Hill}} || Performer || "[[There You'll Be]]" from ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]''
|-
| {{sortname|Paul|McCartney}} || Performer || "[[Vanilla Sky (Paul McCartney song)|Vanilla Sky]]" from ''[[Vanilla Sky]]''
|}

==Ceremony information==
[[File:Whoopi Goldberg at a NYC No on Proposition 8 Rally.jpg|upright=0.59|thumbnail|right|[[Whoopi Goldberg]] hosted the 74th Academy Awards.|alt=Photo of Whoopi Goldberg.]]

The Academy wanted to find a new venue for the festivities amid limited seating and rehearsal time concerns with the [[Dorothy Chandler Pavilion]]. In addition, problems arose regarding staging the Oscars at the [[Shrine Auditorium]] because there was difficulty of directing guests from the auditorium where the main event took place to the adjacent Exhibition Hall for the Governor's Ball.<ref>{{harvnb|Pond|2005|p=160}}</ref> In August 1997, AMPAS and Canadian development firm [[The Hahn Company|TrizecHahn]] went into negotiations over the development of an entertainment complex located on the corner of [[Hollywood Boulevard]] and [[Highland Avenue (Los Angeles)|Highland Avenue]] adjacent to the [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre|Mann's Chinese Theatre]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Zehrq|first=Leonard|title=TrizecHahn in talks to house the Oscars Wants ceremony in Hollywood project|work=The Globe and Mail|date=August 29, 1997}}</ref> Seven months later, both the Academy and TrizecHahn agreed on a twenty-year lease that allowed for the ceremony to be staged at a new venue, which would later be called the [[Kodak Theatre]], located within the property which was also situated near the [[Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel]] site of the [[1st Academy Awards|inaugural awards ceremony]] in 1929.<ref name="Hurray">{{cite news|last=Newton |first=Jim |title=Mayor Leads a Hurray for Hollywood |url=https://articles.latimes.com/1998/apr/03/local/me-35558 |access-date=January 21, 2014 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=April 3, 1998 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221113716/http://articles.latimes.com/1998/apr/03/local/me-35558 |archive-date=February 21, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Feiwell |first=Jill |title=Oscar will have Kodak moment |url=https://variety.com/2001/film/news/oscar-will-have-kodak-moment-1117801021/ |access-date=January 22, 2014 |work=Variety |date=June 7, 2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222164040/http://variety.com/2001/film/news/oscar-will-have-kodak-moment-1117801021/ |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref> This was the first time the ceremony was held in Hollywood since the [[32nd Academy Awards|32nd ceremony]] took place at the [[Pantages Theatre (Hollywood)|Pantages Theatre]] in 1960.<ref name="Hurray"/>

In view of the return of the Oscars to Hollywood, the Academy hired film producer and [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] chairman [[Laura Ziskin]] in September 2001 to oversee production of the telecast.<ref name="Producer"/> Pierson explained the decision to hire Ziskin saying, "This show is one of the most difficult—if not the most difficult—producing jobs in show business. Laura Ziskin brings intelligence, experience and wit expressed in everything she has done."<ref>{{cite news|title=Oscar gets new producer, new regulations|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=20010910&id=-IkyAAAAIBAJ&pg=6481,6673396|access-date=January 21, 2014|work=[[Lawrence Journal-World]]|date=September 10, 2001}}</ref> This marked the first occurrence that a woman produced the Oscars solo. Four months later, [[Whoopi Goldberg]] was selected as host of the 2002 ceremony. In an article in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', Ziskin justified her choice of Goldberg commenting that she has "great warmth, with humor, humanity and social conscience, all qualities that I feel are essential for this year's show. I look forward to collaborating with Whoopi to put on a meaningful and entertaining evening."<ref name="Whoopi">{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2002/jan/08/local/me-21128 |title=Whoopi Goldberg Will Host Oscar Ceremony |last=Munoz |first=Lorenza |work=Los Angeles Times |date=January 10, 2002 |access-date=November 1, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111131933/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jan/08/local/me-21128 |archive-date=January 11, 2012 }}</ref>

Furthermore, the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11 attacks]] affected the telecast and its surrounding events. Despite speculation and suggestions that the festivities be postponed or canceled, AMPAS President Pierson wrote in a ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' column refusing to take such action stating that it would send the message that "[[the terrorists have won]]".<ref>{{cite news|last=Pierson |first=Frank |title=Terrorists won't be allowed to hijack Oscar |url=https://variety.com/2001/film/awards/terrorists-won-t-be-allowed-to-hijack-oscar-1117854296/ |access-date=January 21, 2014 |work=Variety |date=October 15, 2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221180923/http://variety.com/2001/film/awards/terrorists-won-t-be-allowed-to-hijack-oscar-1117854296/ |archive-date=February 21, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cieply |first=Michael |title=The Unbearable Triteness of Oscar |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2001/nov/18/opinion/op-5541 |access-date=January 21, 2014 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=November 18, 2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221130813/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/nov/18/opinion/op-5541 |archive-date=February 21, 2014 }}</ref> However, due to security concerns the Academy announced that red carpet bleacher seats would now be limited on a reservation basis based on a random selection and a [[background check]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Munoz |first=Lorena |title=The New Bleacher Features |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2002/feb/04/entertainment/et-munoz4 |access-date=January 21, 2014 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=February 4, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221130417/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/feb/04/entertainment/et-munoz4 |archive-date=February 21, 2014 }}</ref>

On Oscar night, [[Tom Cruise]] opened the show and stated that it was the job of filmmakers to make films during troubling times. In addition, later in the evening Goldberg introduced a "New York icon" to the stage and filmmaker and director [[Woody Allen]], who had previously refused to attend a ceremony, made a surprise appearance. He was greeted with a hearty standing ovation from audience members including [[Baz Luhrmann]], [[Ron Howard]], [[Jennifer Connelly]], Washington, and [[Ethan Hawke]]. He explained after the events that happened that September he was there to represent the city he so loved and to plead filmmakers to continue to film in New York City. Woody then presented a film montage created by fellow New Yorker and screenwriter [[Nora Ephron]] saluting New York City in film.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/entertainment/2002/oscars_2002/1891867.stm
|title=Oscar-shy Allen's NY tribute
|date=March 25, 2002
|work=BBC News
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=March 5, 2012
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324082648/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/entertainment/2002/oscars_2002/1891867.stm
|archive-date=March 24, 2012
}}</ref>

Several other people participated in the production of the ceremony. Actors [[Glenn Close]] and [[Donald Sutherland]] served as announcers during the show.<ref>{{harvnb|Pond|2005|p=292}}</ref> The orchestra led by film composer and telecast musical supervisor [[John Williams]], performed selections of film scores during a montage saluting film composers produced by [[Kyle Cooper]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Rosen|first=Steven|title=Oscar salutes American film|work=[[The Denver Post]]|date=March 25, 2002|page=C1}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Errol Morris]] filmed a vignette featuring several famous people discuss movie memories.<ref>{{cite web|last=Morris |first=Errol |title=Oscar Movie |url=http://www.errolmorris.com/content/shortfilms/oscarmovie.html |publisher=Errol Morris |access-date=January 21, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207062354/http://www.errolmorris.com/content/shortfilms/oscarmovie.html |archive-date=December 7, 2013 }}</ref> Director [[Penelope Spheeris]] produced a montage saluting 60 years of Oscar-winning documentary feature films.<ref name="OC Register">{{cite news|last=Sheehan|first=Henry|title=Oscar surprises with wit and warmth|work=[[Orange County Register]]|publisher=[[Freedom Communications]]|date=March 25, 2002|page=E6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=74th edition to zero in on old-style glamour |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/awards/74th-edition-to-zero-in-on-old-style-glamour-1117861657/ |access-date=January 22, 2014 |work=Variety |date=March 4, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222200541/http://variety.com/2002/film/awards/74th-edition-to-zero-in-on-old-style-glamour-1117861657/ |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref> [[Cirque du Soleil]] performed a dance number inspired by movies and visual effects.<ref>{{cite news|title=Oscar Watch: Cirque du Soleil |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/news/oscar-watch-cirque-du-soleil-1117861314/ |access-date=January 22, 2014 |work=Variety |date=February 24, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222200741/http://variety.com/2002/film/news/oscar-watch-cirque-du-soleil-1117861314/ |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref>

===Introduction of Best Animated Feature award===
Beginning with this ceremony, AMPAS introduced a new competitive award that would honor [[Animation|animated]] feature films.<ref>{{cite news|last=Solomon |first=Charles |title=New Oscar Category Will Change Animation |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2000/oct/11/entertainment/ca-34499/2 |access-date=January 21, 2014 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=October 11, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221130315/http://articles.latimes.com/2000/oct/11/entertainment/ca-34499/2 |archive-date=February 21, 2014 }}</ref> According to Academy communications director John Pavlik, the film must be at least 70 minutes in length, have a significant amount of animated characters, and be at least 75 percent animated in order to be qualified for consideration.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wloszczyna |first=Susan |title=Even 'toons must follow the rules |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/enter/movies/2001-10-31-toon-rules.htm |access-date=January 21, 2014 |work=USA Today|date=October 31, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202190437/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/enter/movies/2001-10-31-toon-rules.htm |archive-date=February 2, 2014 }}</ref> A minimum of eight qualifying films must be released within the calendar year to permit a slate of three nominees. If the number of films exceeds twelve, the nominee roster increases to five.<ref>{{cite news|last=Longino|first=Bob|title=New Oscar slot heating up as battle of beasties|work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|date=December 9, 2001}}</ref> Prior to the introduction of this category, three [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] films (1937's ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'', 1988's ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'', and 1995's ''[[Toy Story]]'') were all given [[Special Achievement Academy Award]]s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wloszczyna |first=Susan |title='Toons get their very own Oscar category |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/2001-10-31-animation.htm |access-date=January 21, 2014 |work=USA Today|date=October 31, 2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104184145/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/2001-10-31-animation.htm |archive-date=November 4, 2012 }}</ref>
The stars of the nominated films (Sulley and Mike from ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'', [[Jimmy Neutron]] and Goddard from ''[[Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]'', and [[Shrek (character)|Shrek]] and [[Donkey (Shrek)|Donkey]] from ''[[Shrek]]'') also appeared via CGI, but were instructed by Nathan Lane to stay in their seats.

===Box office performance of nominated films===
At the time of the nominations announcement on February 12, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees at the US box office was $484 million, with an average of $96.9 million per film. ''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $271 million in domestic box office receipts.<ref name=BoxOfficeOscars>{{cite news|title=2001 Academy Award Nominations and Winner for Best Picture |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/oscar/chart/?yr=2001&p=.htm |access-date=January 21, 2014 |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122215320/http://boxofficemojo.com/oscar/chart/?yr=2001&p=.htm |archive-date=January 22, 2014 }}</ref> The film was followed by ''A Beautiful Mind'' ($113 million), ''Moulin Rouge!'' ($57.1 million), ''Gosford Park'' ($22.2 million), and finally ''In the Bedroom'' ($19.5 million).<ref name=BoxOfficeOscars/>

Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 46 nominations went to 14 films on the list.<ref name="boxofficemojooscars">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?asof=2002-02-12&view=releasedate&view2=domestic&yr=2001&sort=gross&order=DESC&p=.htm |title=2001 Domestic Grosses |work=Box Office Mojo |access-date=January 21, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201173256/http://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?asof=2002-02-12&view=releasedate&view2=domestic&yr=2001&sort=gross&order=DESC&p=.htm |archive-date=February 1, 2014 }}</ref> Only ''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (2nd), ''Shrek'' (3rd), ''Monsters, Inc.'' (4th), ''A Beautiful Mind'' (15th), ''Black Hawk Down'' (25th), ''Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius'' (27th), ''Training Day'' (29th), ''Bridget Jones's Diary'' (31st), ''Ali'' (41st), and ''Moulin Rouge!'' (44th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature, or any of the directing, acting, or screenwriting awards.<ref name="boxofficemojooscars"/> The other top-50 box office hits that earned nominations were ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'' (1st), ''Pearl Harbor'' (7th), ''Vanilla Sky'' (19th), and ''AI: Artificial Intelligence'' (28th).<ref name="boxofficemojooscars"/>

===Critical reviews===
The show received a mixed reception from media publications. Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Television critic Robert Bianco of ''[[USA Today]]'' complained that the awards ceremony was "intensely narcissistic and characteristically, almost unrelievedly, dull."<ref>{{cite news|last=Bianco |first=Robert |title=Academy Awards 'return to normalcy' |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/oscar2002/2002-03-25-bianco-review.htm |access-date=January 14, 2014 |work=[[USA Today]]|date=March 25, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116151126/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/oscar2002/2002-03-25-bianco-review.htm |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref> Columnist Matthew Gilbert of ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' bemoaned that "TV's most-watched slug crawled back into town last night." He also sniped, "As usual, the technical awards formed a [[Bermuda triangle]] in the middle of the show, and the film-clip fests and production numbers numbed our brains."<ref>{{cite news|last=Gilbert|first=Matthew|title=Despite Touches of Grace, It was an Oscar Crawl|work=[[Boston Globe]]|date=March 25, 2002|page=D11}}</ref> ''[[The Sacramento Bee]]'''s Rick Kishman lamented that "It was the first time both best-acting Oscars went to African Americans...yet viewers had to fight hours and hours of boredom to care." He also quipped that the excessive amount of montage and tributes dragged down the proceedings.<ref>{{cite news|last=Armstrong |first=Mark |title=Longest Oscars, Lowest Ratings |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/43050/longest-oscars-lowest-ratings |access-date=January 15, 2014 |work=[[E!]] |date=March 25, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116143342/http://www.eonline.com/news/43050/longest-oscars-lowest-ratings |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref>

Other media outlets received the broadcast more positively. ''[[Orange County Register]]'' film critic Henry Sheehan praised Goldberg's performance as hosting writing that her "ensuing entrance a la ''Moulin Rouge'' was a comparative triumph and her boom-boom-boom succession of jokes put the show right on track."<ref name="OC Register" /> Television columnist Joanne Ostrow of ''[[The Denver Post]]'' raved, "The nearly five-hour telecast was stunning, historic, slick, efficient, and helped along by some knockout clothes." She also commented that Washington and Berry's acceptance speeches and the Sidney Poitier tribute added to the historic and emotional mood of the festivities.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ostrow|first=Joanne|title=74th telecast first one of real color|work=The Denver Post|date=March 25, 2002|page=D1}}</ref> John Levesque of the ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'' commended producer Ziskin for producing "the best Oscar telecast this TV watcher can remember." In addition, he wrote that "It was clear the 74th Academy Awards ceremony was something special: fresh, crisp, different from its predecessors."<ref>{{cite news|last=Levesque |first=John |title=Movie awards show finally makes good TV |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/ae/tv/article/Movie-awards-show-finally-makes-good-TV-1083620.php |access-date=January 15, 2014 |work=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |date=March 24, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116105739/http://www.seattlepi.com/ae/tv/article/Movie-awards-show-finally-makes-good-TV-1083620.php |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref>

===Ratings and reception===
At four hours and 23 minutes, the ceremony was {{asof|2022|lc=y}} the longest in history.<ref name="keegan20190220">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/politics-oscar-inside-academys-long-hard-road-a-hostless-show-1187424 |title=The Politics of Oscar: Inside the Academy's Long, Hard Road to a Hostless Show |last=Keegan |first=Rebecca |date=February 20, 2019 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=February 25, 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225041612/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/politics-oscar-inside-academys-long-hard-road-a-hostless-show-1187424 |archive-date=February 25, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 41.82 million people over its length, which was a 3% decrease from the [[73rd Academy Awards|previous year's ceremony]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Levin |first=Gary |title=Least-watched Oscars still puts ABC at No. 1 |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/enter/tv/2002/2002-03-27-nielsens.htm |access-date=January 14, 2014 |work=[[USA Today]]|date=March 27, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115020028/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/enter/tv/2002/2002-03-27-nielsens.htm |archive-date=January 15, 2014 }}</ref> The show also earned lower [[Nielsen ratings]] compared to the previous ceremony with 25.54% of households watching over a 40.34 share.<ref name="TVB Oscars">{{cite news|title=Academy Awards ratings |work=Television Bureau of Advertising |url=http://www.tvb.org/media/file/Academy_Awards.pdf |access-date=June 27, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515152338/http://www.tvb.org/media/file/Academy_Awards.pdf |archive-date=May 15, 2013 }}</ref> In addition, it garnered a lower 18{{ndash}}49 demo rating with a 16.13 rating over a 36.46 share among viewers in that demographic.<ref name="TVB Oscars" />

In July 2002, the ceremony presentation received seven nominations at the [[54th Primetime Emmy Awards|54th Primetime Emmys]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Primetime Emmy Award database |url=http://www.emmys.com/shows/74th-annual-academy-awards |access-date=January 14, 2014 |work=[[Academy of Television Arts and Sciences]] |publisher=ATAS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115074639/http://www.emmys.com/shows/74th-annual-academy-awards |archive-date=January 15, 2014 }}</ref> Two months later, the ceremony won one of those nominations for Debra Brown's choreography during the telecast.<ref>{{cite news|last=Braxton |first=Greg |title=HBO, NBC Are Big Winners in First Wave of Emmys |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/16/news/braxton16 |access-date=January 14, 2014 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=September 16, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116141514/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/16/news/braxton16 |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref>

==''In Memoriam''==
The annual ''In Memoriam'' tribute, presented by actor [[Kevin Spacey]], honored the following people.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Poniewozik |first=James |title=And the Oscar for Shameless Self-Congratulation Goes to... |url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,219960,00.html |access-date=January 14, 2014 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=March 25, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116141253/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0%2C8599%2C219960%2C00.html |archive-date=January 16, 2014 }}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Jack Lemmon]] – Actor
*[[Nigel Hawthorne]] – Actor
*[[Beatrice Straight]] – Actress
*[[Eileen Heckart]] – Actress
*[[Jason Miller (playwright)|Jason Miller]] – Actor, writer
*[[Ann Sothern]] – Actress
*[[Harold Russell]] – Actor
*[[Kim Stanley]] – Actress
*[[Michael Ritchie (film director)|Michael Ritchie]] – Director
*[[Ted Demme]] – Director
*[[Budd Boetticher]] – Director
*[[Hiroshi Teshigahara]] – Director
*[[Herbert Ross]] – Director
*[[Julia Phillips]] – Producer
*[[Jay Livingston]] – Composer
*[[William Hanna]] – Producer
*[[Chuck Jones]] – Animator
*[[Samuel Z. Arkoff]] – Producer
*[[Danilo Donati]] – Costume designer
*[[Sacha Vierny]] – Cinematographer
*[[John A. Alonzo]] – Cinematographer
*[[Carroll O'Connor]] – Actor
*[[Aaliyah]] – Actress
*[[George Harrison]] – Producer, composer, actor
*[[Anthony Quinn]] – Actor
{{div col end}}

Before the ''In Memoriam'' montage was shown, Spacey requested a [[moment of silence]] in memory of [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|the victims of the September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Parker |first=Kahtleen |title=Since Sept. 11, even Oscar has grown up |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-03-27/news/0203270160_1_74th-annual-academy-awards-awards-program-liberal |access-date=January 21, 2014 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=March 27, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202204320/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-03-27/news/0203270160_1_74th-annual-academy-awards-awards-program-liberal |archive-date=February 2, 2014 }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[8th Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
* [[22nd Golden Raspberry Awards]]
* [[44th Grammy Awards]]
* [[54th Primetime Emmy Awards]]
* [[55th British Academy Film Awards]]
* [[56th Tony Awards]]
* [[59th Golden Globe Awards]]
* [[List of submissions to the 74th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Academy Award records]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book
|last=Levy
|first=Emanuel
|title=All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards
|year=2003
|isbn=0-8264-1452-4
|location=New York, United States
|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Osborne
|first=Robert
|title=85 Years of the Oscar: The Complete History of the Academy Awards
|year=2013
|isbn=978-0-7892-1142-2
|location=New York, United States
|publisher=[[Abbeville Publishing Group]]
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Pond
|first=Steve
|title=The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards
|year=2005
|isbn=0-571-21193-3
|location=New York, United States
|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/bigshowhightimes00pond
}}

==External links==
;Official websites
* [http://www.oscar.com/ Academy Awards Official website]
* [http://www.oscars.org/ The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/oscars Oscar's Channel] at [[YouTube]] (run by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]])

;News resources
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/entertainment/2002/oscars_2002/default.stm Oscars 2002] [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2002/academy.awards/ Academy Awards coverage] [[CNN]]

;Analysis
* [http://www.filmsite.org/aa01.html 2001 Academy Awards Winners and History] [[Filmsite]]
* [https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000003/2002 Academy Awards, USA: 2002] [[Internet Movie Database]]

;Other resources
* {{IMDb title|0313162|The 74th Annual Academy Awards}}

{{Academy Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Academy Awards, 74}}
[[Category:2001 film awards]]
[[Category:2002 in American cinema]]
[[Category:Academy Awards ceremonies]]
[[Category:2002 in California]]
[[Category:March 2002 events in the United States]]
[[Category:2002 awards in the United States|Academy]]
[[Category:Television shows directed by Louis J. Horvitz]]
[[Category:Impact of the September 11 attacks on cinema]]

2021 NBA Finals

2021-12-01T21:32:08Z

209.160.254.202: Incorrect winner was listed

{{Short description|2021 edition of the NBA Finals between the Phoenix Suns and Milwaukee Bucks}}
{{use American English|date=July 2021}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox basketball final
| year = 2021
| league = NBA
| image = 2021 NBA Finals logo.svg
| caption =
| team_A = [[2020–21 Milwaukee Bucks season|Milwaukee Bucks]]
| team_A_coach = [[Mike Budenholzer]]
| team_A_games = 4
| team_B = [[2020–21 Phoenix Suns season|Phoenix Suns]]
| team_B_coach = [[Monty Williams]]
| team_B_games = 2
| date = July 6–20
| MVP = [[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] (Milwaukee Bucks)
| ECF result = [[2020–21 Milwaukee Bucks season|Bucks]] defeated [[2020–21 Atlanta Hawks season|Hawks]], 4–2
| WCF result = [[2020–21 Phoenix Suns season|Suns]] defeated [[2020–21 Los Angeles Clippers season|Clippers]], 4–2
}}

The '''2021 NBA Finals''' was the [[NBA Finals|championship series]] of the [[National Basketball Association]]'s (NBA) [[2020–21 NBA season|2020–21 season]] and conclusion of [[2021 NBA playoffs|the season's playoffs]]. In this [[best-of-seven playoff]] series, the Western Conference champion Phoenix Suns were defeated by the Eastern [[Western Conference (NBA)|Conference]] champion Milwaukee Bucks, 4–2, winning their first NBA championship in 50 years and their second title overall. Holding [[home-court advantage]], the Suns led the series 2–0 before the Bucks came back and won the next four games, becoming the fifth team in NBA history to win the championship after losing the first two games, joining the [[1968-69 Boston Celtics season|1969 Boston Celtics]], [[1976-77 Portland Trail Blazers season|1977 Portland Trail Blazers]], [[2005-06 Miami Heat season|2006 Miami Heat]], and [[2015-16 Cleveland Cavaliers season|2016 Cleveland Cavaliers]]. Milwaukee’s [[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] was named [[NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award|NBA Finals Most Valuable Player]] (MVP).<ref name=MVP>{{cite press release|title= Giannis Antetokounmpo wins 2021 Bill Russell NBA Finals MVP award|url=https://www.nba.com/news/giannis-wins-2021-finals-mvp|publisher=NBA Media Ventures, LLC|website=NBA.com|date=July 20, 2021|access-date=July 21, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> With the [[COVID-19 pandemic in North America|COVID-19 pandemic]] altering the NBA's schedule for the second consecutive year, the start date of the series was pushed from its usual time in late May or early June to July 6, the second-latest start in Finals' history.<ref name="Game1Rating"/>

Milwaukee and Phoenix were two of five teams in the league with an active [[List of NBA franchise post-season droughts|championship drought]] of 50 years or more.<ref>{{cite news|title=Storylines and stats to know for 2021 NBA Finals|url=https://www.nba.com/news/storylines-stats-to-know-2021-finals|publisher=NBA Media Ventures, LLC|website=NBA.com|date=July 5, 2021|access-date=July 22, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Powell|first=Shaun|title=Fresh faces bring fresh drama to NBA Finals|url=https://www.nba.com/news/fresh-faces-bring-fresh-drama-to-nba-finals|publisher=NBA Media Ventures, LLC|website=NBA.com|date=July 6, 2021|access-date=July 22, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jack|last=Maloney|title=Bucks vs. Suns NBA Finals preview: Chris Paul's legacy, Giannis Antetokounmpo's health and long title droughts|date=July 7, 2021|website=CBSSports.com|url=https://www.cbssports.com/nba/news/bucks-vs-suns-nba-finals-preview-chris-pauls-legacy-giannis-antetokounmpos-health-and-long-title-droughts/|access-date=July 8, 2021}}</ref> Prior to 2021, the Bucks won their only title in [[1971 NBA Finals|1971]], while the Suns have yet to win a title since joining the league in 1968. They were both making their third Finals appearance. Phoenix and Milwaukee each began play as [[expansion team]]s in [[1968–69 NBA season|1968]]. Both teams were involved in a coin toss for the rights to the [[List of first overall NBA draft picks|first overall pick]] in the [[1969 NBA draft]], which the Bucks won and used to select Lew Alcindor, later known as [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]], from [[UCLA Bruins men's basketball|UCLA]]. He led the Bucks to their first championship in 1971.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rankin|first=Duane|title=Phoenix Suns, Milwaukee Bucks will meet in NBA Finals, Game 1 Tuesday|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/nba/suns/2021/07/03/phoenix-suns-milwaukee-bucks-meet-nba-finals-game-1-tuesday/7852350002/|work=The Arizona Republic|date=July 3, 2021|access-date=July 4, 2021}}</ref> The 2021 Finals was the first since 1971 to not include any players who had previously won an NBA championship, and the first since 2015 that no players on the winning team had prior NBA Finals experience. The Suns' [[Jae Crowder]] was the only player in the series who previously played in the Finals, making it just the second time since the first Finals that fewer than two players had previously appeared in the championship series; no players had previously played in the Finals in the [[1977 NBA Finals|1977 series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nba.nbcsports.com/2021/07/06/no-prior-champions-in-nba-finals-for-first-time-in-50-years/|title=No prior champions in NBA Finals for first time in 50 years|website=NBCSports.com|date=July 6, 2021|access-date=July 8, 2021}}</ref>

==Background==
===Impact of COVID-19===
{{Main|2020–21 NBA season#Regular season|2021 NBA playoffs}}

The [[COVID-19 pandemic in North America|COVID-19 pandemic]] impacted the NBA for the second straight year. The regular season was reduced to 72 games for each team, and was held from December 22, 2020, to May 16, 2021.<ref name="NBAschedule">{{cite web|title=NBA announces structure and format for 2020-21 season|url=https://www.nba.com/news/nba-announces-structure-and-format-for-2020-21-season|access-date=June 15, 2021|website=NBA.com}}</ref> The playoffs started on May 22.<ref name="NBAschedule"/>

===Milwaukee Bucks===
{{Main|2020–21 Milwaukee Bucks season}}
[[File:20140101 Jrue Holiday (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright|The Bucks acquired [[Jrue Holiday]] from the [[New Orleans Pelicans]] in the offseason.]]
The Bucks finished with the league's best record in the prior two seasons before suffering disappointments in the playoffs. In the offseason, they were at risk of losing two-time [[NBA Most Valuable Player Award]]-winner [[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] in [[NBA free agency|free agency]].<ref name=sopan_07042021/> They upgraded their roster by gambling and acquiring [[Jrue Holiday]] from the [[New Orleans Pelicans]] in a four-team trade, surrendering a bounty in starting point guard [[Eric Bledsoe]], [[George Hill (basketball)|George Hill]], the rights to [[R. J. Hampton]], and a package of future [[NBA draft|draft]] picks.<ref name=sopan_07042021/><ref name=sopan_07202021/> Their newly acquired guard was a highly respected defensive player and an [[NBA All-Star|All-Star]] in 2013. Milwaukee later re-signed Antetokounmpo, and had previously re-signed [[Khris Middleton]] and [[Brook Lopez]].<ref name=sopan_07042021>{{cite news|first=Sopan|last=Deb|author-link=Sopan Deb|title=For the Milwaukee Bucks, the Jrue Holiday Gamble Yielded a Jackpot|date=July 4, 2021|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/04/sports/basketball/milwaukee-bucks-finals-jrue-holiday.html|access-date=July 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name=abrams_07092021/><ref name=brewer_07182021>{{cite news|first=Jerry|last=Brewer|title=No more sticker shock: Jrue Holiday's impact on the Bucks has been priceless|date=July 18, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2021/07/18/jrue-holiday-milwaukee-bucks-nba-finals/|access-date=July 19, 2021}}</ref> The team finished the season with a 46–26 record and clinched the 3-seed in the Eastern Conference.<ref>{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Doyle|title='It's go time': 5 things to know about Milwaukee Bucks' first-round matchup with Miami Heat|date=May 22, 2021|newspaper=Wisconsin State Journal|url=https://madison.com/wsj/sports/basketball/professional/its-go-time-5-things-to-know-about-milwaukee-bucks-first-round-matchup-with-miami/collection_378ecab3-6240-5e1c-84b4-3f055aa55b67.html|access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref>

In the first round, the Bucks won in a four-game sweep over sixth-seeded [[2020–21 Miami Heat season|Miami Heat]], to whom they had lost in the previous season's conference semifinals.<ref>{{cite web|last=Owczarski|first=Jim|title=Milwaukee Bucks sweep Miami Heat to advance in NBA playoffs; Giannis Antetokounmpo posts triple-double|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2021/05/29/milwaukee-bucks-nba-playoffs-miami-heat-giannis-antetokounmpo/5264960001/|website=usatoday.com|date=May 29, 2021|access-date=July 4, 2021}}</ref> However, Milwaukee lost starting guard [[Donte DiVincenzo]] for the season after he tore a ligament in his left ankle in Game 3. A [[two-way player|two-way contributor]], he was the team's sixth-leading scorer in the regular season, making 38% of his [[three-point field goal]]s.<ref>{{cite news|first=Kevin|last=Pelton|title=What losing Donte DiVincenzo means for the Milwaukee Bucks' title hopes|date=May 29, 2021|website=ESPN.com|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/insider/story/_/id/31527454/what-losing-donte-divincenzo-means-milwaukee-bucks-title-hopes|access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> The Bucks then faced the second-seeded [[2020–21 Brooklyn Nets season|Brooklyn Nets]], losing the first two games before winning the series in seven.<ref name=sopan_07202021/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Deb |first1=Sopan |author-link=Sopan Deb |title=Milwaukee Bucks Eliminate Nets From N.B.A. Playoffs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/19/sports/basketball/nets-bucks-eliminated.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=4 July 2021 |date=20 June 2021}}</ref> After taking a 2-1 lead in the conference finals against the fifth-seeded [[2020–21 Atlanta Hawks season|Atlanta Hawks]], Giannis Antetokounmpo went down in game four with a [[Hyperextended|hyperextension]] to his left knee,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Giannis Antetokounmpo exits Game 4 with hyperextended left knee|url=https://www.nba.com/news/giannis-antetokounmpo-exits-game-4-with-hyperextended-left-knee|access-date=2021-08-27|website=www.nba.com|language=en}}</ref> allowing the Hawks to win game four and tie the series. Despite Antetokounmpo being out for the series, the Bucks were still able to close out the Hawks in six games behind the timely contributions of Lopez, Middleton, and Holiday to reach the Finals for the first time since [[1974 NBA Finals|1974]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Andrews|first=Malika|author-link=Malika Andrews|date=July 3, 2021|title=Khris Middleton lifts Milwaukee Bucks past Atlanta Hawks, into NBA Finals|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/31758589/khris-middleton-lifts-milwaukee-bucks-atlanta-hawks-nba-finals|access-date=July 4, 2021|website=ESPN.com}}</ref>

===Phoenix Suns===
{{Main|2020–21 Phoenix Suns season}}
[[File:Chris Paul dribbling 20131118 Clippers v Grizzles.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The Suns' [[Chris Paul]], acquired from the [[Oklahoma City Thunder]] in the offseason, made his first Finals appearance in 16 seasons.]]
The Suns had just a .302 [[winning percentage]] in the previous five seasons entering the 2020–21 season, which is the worst winning percentage in the five years prior for a team advancing to the final playoff round in any of the [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|four major American professional sports leagues]].<ref>{{cite tweet |user=ESPNStatsInfo |number=1410449816400900097 |date=July 1, 2021 |title=The Suns had just a .302 winning pct in the previous 5 seasons entering this one. They are now headed to the NBA Finals. That's the worst in the 5 seasons prior to an appearance in the final postseason round in the history of the NBA, NFL, NHL or MLB. |access-date=July 1, 2021}}</ref> During the 2020 offseason, Phoenix acquired All-Star [[Chris Paul]] from the [[Oklahoma City Thunder]] by trading away [[Ricky Rubio]], [[Kelly Oubre Jr.]], and a future first-round draft pick.<ref>{{cite web|title=Suns complete trade for Chris Paul, Abdel Nader|url=https://www.nba.com/suns/features/suns-complete-trade-chris-paul-abdel-nader|date=November 16, 2020|website=NBA.com|access-date=November 16, 2020}}</ref> The Suns, led by Paul, rising star [[Devin Booker]], 2018 [[List of first overall NBA draft picks|first overall pick]] [[Deandre Ayton]], and second-year head coach [[Monty Williams]], finished the season with a 51–21 record as the No. 2 seed, their first winning season since the [[2013–14 Phoenix Suns season|2013–14 season]], and qualifying for the playoffs for the first time since [[2009–10 Phoenix Suns season|2010]].<ref name=ap_07062021/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Schuster |first1=Blake |title=Suns Clinch 1st Playoff Spot Since 2010; Latest 2021 Standings, Playoff Picture |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2939718-suns-clinch-1st-playoff-spot-since-2010-latest-202-standings-playoff-picture |work=Bleacher Report |access-date=July 1, 2021}}</ref> They also clinched the Pacific division for the first time since [[2006–07 Phoenix Suns season|2006–07]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Phoenix Suns win Pacific Division, clinch top-2 seed after Clippers loss |url=https://arizonasports.com/story/2653170/phoenix-suns-win-pacific-division-clinch-top-2-seed-after-clippers-loss/ |work=Arizona Sports |access-date=July 1, 2021 |date=May 15, 2021}}</ref>

Phoenix began their playoff run by defeating the seventh-seeded and defending [[2020 NBA Finals|NBA champion]] [[2020–21 Los Angeles Lakers season|Los Angeles Lakers]] in the opening round in six games.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stinar |first1=Ben |title=NBA Playoffs: Suns End LeBron James and Lakers Season |url=https://www.si.com/nba/pacers/news/the-phoenix-suns-will-advance-to-the-second-round-of-the-nba-playoffs-and-the-lakers-season-is-over |work=Sports Illustrated Indiana Pacers news, analysis and more |access-date=July 1, 2021}}</ref> In the conference semifinals, they swept the third-seeded [[2020–21 Denver Nuggets season|Denver Nuggets]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Suns defeat Nuggets in Game 4 to complete sweep, advance to West finals - Sportsnet.ca |url=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nba/article/suns-defeat-nuggets-game-4-complete-sweep-advance-west-finals/ |website=sportsnet.ca |access-date=July 1, 2021}}</ref> The Suns then defeated Chris Paul's former team, the fourth-seeded [[2020–21 Los Angeles Clippers season|Los Angeles Clippers]], in the conference finals in six games, advancing to the NBA Finals for the first time since [[1993 NBA Finals|1993]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kasabian |first1=Paul |title=Chris Paul Erupts for 41 as Suns Eliminate Clippers, Advance to 2021 NBA Finals |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10006836-chris-paul-erupts-for-41-as-suns-eliminate-clippers-advance-to-2021-nba-finals |work=Bleacher Report |access-date=July 1, 2021}}</ref> At 36 years old, Paul made his first Finals appearance after 16 seasons in the league and 10 [[All-NBA]] selections.<ref name=ap_07062021/>

===Road to the Finals===
{{Main|2021 NBA playoffs}}
{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%" class="wikitable"
|- valign=top
! colspan="2" style="width:45%;"|[[2020–21 Milwaukee Bucks season|Milwaukee Bucks]] ([[Eastern Conference (NBA)|Eastern Conference]] champion) !! colspan="2" style="width:45%;"|[[2020–21 Phoenix Suns season|Phoenix Suns]] ([[Western Conference (NBA)|Western Conference]] champion)
|-
|align=right|
{{2020–21 NBA East standings|team=MIL}}
!colspan=2|[[2020–21 NBA season|Regular season]]
|{{2020–21 NBA West standings|team=PHO}}
|-
|align=right|Defeated the 6th seeded [[2020–21 Miami Heat season|Miami Heat]], [[2021 NBA playoffs|4–0]]
!colspan=2|First round
|align=left|Defeated the 7th seeded [[2020–21 Los Angeles Lakers season|Los Angeles Lakers]], [[2021 NBA playoffs|4–2]]
|-
|align=right|Defeated the 2nd seeded [[2020–21 Brooklyn Nets season|Brooklyn Nets]], [[2021 NBA playoffs|4–3]]
!colspan=2|Conference Semifinals
|align=left|Defeated the 3rd seeded [[2020–21 Denver Nuggets season|Denver Nuggets]], [[2021 NBA playoffs|4–0]]
|-
|align=right|Defeated the 5th seeded [[2020–21 Atlanta Hawks season|Atlanta Hawks]], [[2021 NBA playoffs|4–2]]
!colspan=2|Conference Finals
|align=left|Defeated the 4th seeded [[2020–21 Los Angeles Clippers season|Los Angeles Clippers]], [[2021 NBA playoffs|4–2]]
|}

===Regular season series===
The Suns won the regular season series 2–0.
{{basketballbox
| bg = #fff
| date = February 10, 2021
| report = [https://www.nba.com/game/mil-vs-phx-0022000389 Recap]
| team1 = [[Milwaukee Bucks]] | score1 = 124
| team2 = '''[[Phoenix Suns]]''' | score2 = '''125'''
| place = [[Phoenix Suns Arena]], [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix, AZ]]
}}
{{basketballbox
| date = April 19, 2021
| report = [https://www.nba.com/game/phx-vs-mil-0022000873 Recap]
| team1 = '''Phoenix Suns''' | score1 = '''128'''
| team2 = Milwaukee Bucks | score2 = 127 |overtime=OT
| place = [[Fiserv Forum]], [[Milwaukee|Milwaukee, WI]]
}}

==Series summary==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"|Game
! scope="col"|Date
! scope="col"|Away Team
! scope="col"|Result
! scope="col"|Home Team
|-
!scope="row"| Game 1
| Tuesday, July 6 || Milwaukee Bucks || 105–118 (0–1) || '''Phoenix Suns'''
|-
!scope="row"| Game 2
| Thursday, July 8 || Milwaukee Bucks || 108–118 (0–2) || '''Phoenix Suns'''
|-
!scope="row"| Game 3
| Sunday, July 11 || Phoenix Suns || 100–120 (2–1) || '''Milwaukee Bucks'''
|-
!scope="row"| Game 4
| Wednesday, July 14 || Phoenix Suns || 103–109 (2–2) || '''Milwaukee Bucks'''
|-
!scope="row"| Game 5
| Saturday, July 17 || '''Milwaukee Bucks''' || 123–119 (3–2) || Phoenix Suns
|-
!scope="row"| Game 6
| Tuesday, July 20 || Phoenix Suns || 98–105 (2–4) || '''Milwaukee Bucks'''
|}

==Game summaries==
:''Note: Times are [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] ([[UTC−04:00|UTC−4]]) as listed by NBA. If the venue is located in a different time zone, the local time is also given.''

===Game 1===
{{Basketballbox|bg=#eee |date=July 6 |time=9:00pm {{small|(6:00pm [[Mountain Standard Time Zone|MST]])}} |place=[[Phoenix Suns Arena]], [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix, AZ]] |TV=[[NBA on ABC|ABC]]
|team1=[[Milwaukee Bucks]] |score1=105
|team2='''[[Phoenix Suns]]''' |score2='''118'''
|report=[https://www.nba.com/game/mil-vs-phx-0042000401 Recap]
|Q1=26–'''30''' |Q2=23–'''27''' |Q3=27–'''35''' |Q4='''29'''–26
|points1=[[Khris Middleton]] 29 |points2=[[Chris Paul]] 32
|rebounds1=[[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] 17 |rebounds2=[[Deandre Ayton]] 19
|assist1=[[Jrue Holiday]] 9 |assist2=Chris Paul 9
|attendance=16,557
|referee=Marc Davis, Josh Tiven, Pat Fraher
|series=Phoenix leads series, 1–0
}}
[[File:Chris Paul (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Chris Paul]] led with 32 points. The Suns won {{nowrap|118–105}}.]]
[[Chris Paul]] scored 32 points and had nine [[assist (basketball)|assists]] and [[Devin Booker]] added 27 points to lead Phoenix to a 118–105 win over Milwaukee. After he opened the third quarter with a [[jump shot (basketball)|jump shot]] for the first double-digit lead of the game, Paul later scored eight straight points for the Suns and scored 16 overall in the quarter. Phoenix led 88–68 with 2:20 remaining in the quarter after Paul passed to [[Deandre Ayton]], who was fouled and made two [[free throw]]s.<ref name=ap_07062021/> In his return from his knee injury, Bucks star [[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] returned and had 20 points, 17 [[rebound (basketball)|rebounds]] in limited minutes due to foul trouble,<ref name=ap_07062021>{{cite news|title=Paul carries Suns past Giannis, Bucks in NBA Finals opener|date=July 6, 2021|website=ESPN.com|agency=AP|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=401344135|access-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref> and made a chase-down [[Block (basketball)|block]] of a layup attempt by [[Mikal Bridges]] that was reminiscent of "[[The Block (basketball)|The Block]]" by [[LeBron James]] on [[Andre Iguodala]] in Game 7 of the [[2016 NBA Finals|2016 Finals]].<ref name=abrams_07072021/> Antetokounmpo's availability was not confirmed until almost an hour before [[Jump ball|tip-off]], and he played with few signs of injury.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Return of Giannis Antetokounmpo can't slow down scorching Suns|url=https://www.nba.com/news/return-of-giannis-antetokounmpo-cant-slow-down-scorching-suns|website=NBA.com|date=July 8, 2021|access-date=July 8, 2021}}</ref>

Milwaukee pulled to within seven points midway through the fourth quarter, but Paul passed to Booker for a 3-pointer and then [[steal (basketball)|stole]] the ball from the Bucks' [[Khris Middleton]] and hit a jumper to extend the lead to 106–94. Ayton finished the game with 22 points and 19 rebounds for Phoenix.<ref name=ap_07062021/> Middleton scored 29 on 26 shots for the Bucks, but did not attempt a free throw. Teammate [[Jrue Holiday]] shot just 4 for 14. Milwaukee center [[Brook Lopez]] was targeted on [[Switch (basketball)|switches]] by the Suns, and he was on the bench for most of the second half while Antetokounmpo played center.<ref name=abrams_07072021>{{cite news|first=Jonathan|last=Abrams|title=A Star's Return Is Not Enough as the Bucks Fall to the Suns|date=July 7, 2021|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/07/sports/basketball/giannis-antetokounmpo-nba-finals.html|access-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref>

The Suns had 26 free throw attempts in the game, 10 more than the Bucks.<ref name=bontemps_07082021>{{cite news|first=Tim|last=Bontemps|title=Milwaukee Bucks coach Mike Budenholzer calls disparity in free throws during Game 1 of NBA Finals 'frustrating'|date=July 8, 2021|website=ESPN.com|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/31778972/milwaukee-bucks-coach-mike-budenholzer-calls-disparity-free-throws-game-1-nba-finals-frustrating|access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> Phoenix made their first 25 free throws and nearly set a record for most free throws in a game without a miss until [[Jae Crowder]] missed with 24.8 seconds left in the game. The Suns finished 25 of 26 on their free throws compared to the Bucks' 9 for 16.<ref name=bontemps_07082021/><ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Brandt|title=Sweatin' with the oldies: 30-somethings abound in NBA Finals|date=July 8, 2021|publisher=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/milwaukee-bucks-phoenix-suns-nba-nba-finals-olympic-games-268040b1db29c39823f97036d7df2d38|access-date=July 9, 2021|quote=It would have been a finals record had Crowder knocked down No. 26.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Phoenix Suns Game Notes|publisher=Phoenix Suns|url=https://www.nba.com/gamenotes/suns.pdf|date=July 8, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709151218/https://www.nba.com/gamenotes/suns.pdf|archive-date=July 9, 2021|url-status=dead|quote=The Suns nearly set a Finals record for most free throws made without a miss before missing one in the fourth quarter}}</ref> The loss by the Bucks marked the third straight series in which they trailed.<ref name=sopan_07202021/>

===Game 2===
{{Basketballbox|bg=#eee |date=July 8 |time=9:00pm {{small|(6:00pm [[Mountain Standard Time Zone|MST]])}} |place=[[Phoenix Suns Arena]], [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix, AZ]] |TV=[[NBA on ABC|ABC]]
|team1=[[Milwaukee Bucks]] |score1=108
|team2='''[[Phoenix Suns]]''' |score2='''118'''
|report=[https://www.nba.com/game/mil-vs-phx-0042000402 Recap]
|Q1='''29'''–26 |Q2=16–'''30''' |Q3='''33'''–32 |Q4=30–30
|points1=[[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] 42 |points2=[[Devin Booker]] 31
|rebounds1=Giannis Antetokounmpo 12 |rebounds2=[[Deandre Ayton]] 11
|assist1=[[Khris Middleton]] 8 |assist2=[[Chris Paul]] 8
|attendance=16,583
|referee=[[Zach Zarba]], [[Tony Brothers]], Sean Wright
|series=Phoenix leads series, 2–0
}}
[[File:Devin Booker (30362063153) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Devin Booker]] led the Suns with 31 points, including seven [[three-point field goal|three-pointers]].]]
Booker scored 31 points and Paul had 23 as the Suns won 118–108 to take a 2–0 series lead. Phoenix made 20 of its 40 three-pointers, including seven makes from Booker.<ref name=ap_07082021>{{cite news|title=Halfway there: Suns beat Bucks for 2-0 lead in NBA Finals|date=July 8, 2021|website=ESPN.com|agency=AP|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=401344136|access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> Bridges added 27 points and seven rebounds for the Suns,<ref name=abrams_07092021>{{cite news|first= Jonathan|last=Abrams|title=Suns Find the Open Man: It's Usually Devin Booker|date=July 9, 2021|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/09/sports/basketball/suns-bucks-game-2.html|access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> and Paul also had eight assists.<ref name=ap_07082021/> Antetokounmpo had 42 points and 12 rebounds for Milwaukee.<ref name=ap_07082021/> Phoenix was up 65–50 towards the start of the third period, but Antetokounmpo scored 20 points in the quarter, including a stretch of 13 consecutive points for the Bucks, to keep his team in the game.<ref name=ap_07082021/><ref>{{cite news|first=Dan|last=Feldman|title=Giannis Antetokounmpo couldn't rally Bucks to victory, as hard as he tried|date=July 9, 2021|work=Pro Basketball Talk|url=https://nba.nbcsports.com/2021/07/09/giannis-antetokounmpo-couldnt-rally-bucks-to-victory-as-hard-as-he-tried/|access-date=July 10, 2021}}</ref>

The Bucks outscored the Suns 20–0 in the [[key (basketball)|key]] in the opening period, but Phoenix made eight 3-pointers and trailed just 29–26. With less than five minutes remaining in the first half, the game was tied at 41 before Phoenix ended with a 15–4 run.<ref name=ap_07082021/> On their last possession, the Suns made 10 passes, with every team member touching the ball, culminating in Bridges passing the ball to Ayton, who laid it in while being fouled.<ref name=ap_07082021/><ref name=abrams_07092021/> Phoenix weathered Antetokounmpo's 20-point quarter in the third, when he joined [[Michael Jordan]], [[Isiah Thomas]], and [[Joe Dumars]] as the other players to score at least 20 in a quarter during a finals game.<ref name=abrams_07092021/> Milwaukee cut the lead to six in the fourth quarter, but a 3-pointer by Paul and a basket by Bridges expanded the lead back to double figures,<ref name=ap_07082021/> and Booker made three of his 3-point shots to fend off the Bucks.<ref name=abrams_07092021/>

Antetokounmpo had more than twice as many [[field goal (basketball)|field goals]] as any other teammate, shooting 15 for 22 from the field, and 11 for 18 from the free-throw line.<ref name=abrams_07092021/> Holiday scored 17 for Milwaukee on just 7-for-21 shooting, and Middleton had 11 points but was 5 for 16.<ref name=ap_07082021/> Crowder bounced back from an 0-for-8 shooting performance in Game 1 with 11 points and 10 rebounds for Phoenix.<ref name=ap_07082021/>

===Game 3===
{{Basketballbox|bg=#eee |date=July 11 |time=8:00pm {{small|(7:00pm [[Central Time Zone|CDT]])}} |place=[[Fiserv Forum]], [[Milwaukee|Milwaukee, WI]] |TV=[[NBA on ABC|ABC]]
|team1=[[Phoenix Suns]] |score1=100
|team2='''[[Milwaukee Bucks]]''' |score2='''120'''
|report=[https://www.nba.com/game/phx-vs-mil-0042000403 Recap]
|Q1='''28'''–25 |Q2=17–'''35''' |Q3=31–'''38''' |Q4='''24'''–22
|points1=[[Chris Paul]] 19 |points2=[[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] 41
|rebounds1=[[Deandre Ayton]] 9 |rebounds2=Giannis Antetokounmpo 13
|assist1=Chris Paul 9 |assist2=[[Jrue Holiday]] 9
|attendance=16,637
|referee=Scott Foster, Eric Lewis, James Williams
|series=Phoenix leads series, 2–1
}}
Antetokounmpo had 41 points, 13 rebounds and six assists, and Milwaukee won 120–100 at home to cut Phoenix's series lead to 2–1. He received more support from his teammates in Game 3.<ref name=buckner_07112021>{{cite news|first=Candace|last=Buckner|title=Giannis Antetokounmpo gets comfortable, and the Bucks get back into the NBA Finals|date=July 11, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2021/07/11/bucks-suns-game-3/|access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> Holiday scored 21 points and was 5 of 10 on 3-pointers,<ref name=buckner_07112021/> and Middleton scored 18.<ref name=ap_07112021>{{cite news|title=Bucks blowout: Giannis has 41, Suns' NBA Finals lead now 2-1|date=July 11, 2021|website=ESPN.com|agency=AP|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=401344137|access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> The Suns got 19 points and nine assists from Paul,<ref name=ap_07112021/> but his fellow guard Booker was limited to 10 points on 3-of-14 shooting, as the Bucks sent multiple defenders at him.<ref name=buckner_07112021/>

The Suns started the game strongly with Ayton scoring 12 points in the first quarter. However, he was limited by foul trouble the rest of the game. Milwaukee took control of the contest with a 30–9 run to end the first half and a 16–0 finish to the third quarter. The Suns pulled to within 74–70 in the third after outscoring the Bucks 14–5, but Milwaukee closed out the quarter with a 24–6 scoring run to lead 98–76.<ref name=ap_07112021/><ref name=bontemps_07122021/> The Bucks were 14 of 36 from three-point range for the game after making just 5 of 18 in the first half.<ref name=buckner_07112021/> They limited Phoenix to just nine 3-pointers,<ref name=ap_07112021/> though Crowder was 6-of-7 from behind the arc and scored 18 points.<ref>{{cite news|first=Steve|last=Megargee|title=Suns' Ayton says he won't let Game 3 foul trouble bother him|date=July 15, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post|agency=AP|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/nba/suns-ayton-says-he-wont-let-game-3-foul-trouble-bother-him/2021/07/13/f270e6cc-e421-11eb-88c5-4fd6382c47cb_story.html|access-date=July 15, 2021}}</ref> The Bucks also outscored the Suns 54–40 in the paint,<ref name=buckner_07112021/> and all 14 of Antetokounmpo's field goals were within {{convert|5|ft}} of the basket.<ref name=bontemps_07122021>{{cite news|first=Tim|last=Bontemps|title=Led by Giannis Antetokounmpo, Milwaukee Bucks use late-quarter runs to secure Game 3 win, climb back into NBA Finals|date=July 12, 2021|website=ESPN.com|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/31804199/led-giannis-antetokounmpo-milwaukee-bucks-use-late-quarter-runs-secure-game-3-win-climb-back-nba-finals|access-date=July 14, 2021}}</ref>

Antetokounmpo became the second player to have consecutive Finals games with at least 40 points and 10 rebounds, joining [[Shaquille O'Neal]] in [[2000 NBA Finals|2000]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Ben|last=Steele|title=Bucks 120, Suns 100: Giannis Antetokounmpo's 41 points help cut Phoenix's lead to 2-1 in NBA Finals|date=July 11, 2021|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/nba/bucks/2021/07/10/milwaukee-bucks-vs-phoenix-suns-game-3-nba-finals-chat-updates/7917534002/|access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> He also posted his 11th game in the playoffs with at least 30 points and 10 rebounds, passing [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]'s team mark set in 1974 for most in one postseason.<ref name=ap_07112021/> Antetokounmpo was an improved 13 of 17 on his free throws, as Bucks fans chanted "M-V-P", compared to fans on the road mocking him with a sped-up timer count,<ref name=buckner_07112021/><ref>{{cite news|first=Michael C.|last= Wright|title=Finals MVP Ladder: Giannis Antetokounmpo powers his way to the top after Game 3|date=July 13, 2021|website=NBA.com|url=https://www.nba.com/news/finals-mvp-ladder-giannis-antetokounmpo-powers-his-way-to-the-top-after-game-3|access-date=July 14, 2021|quote=Antetokounmpo scored 42 points to go with 12 rebounds in that Game 2 loss, and in Game 3 all his points came from either inside the paint or at the free throw line, where he had struggled over the first two games in Phoenix as Suns fans threw off his concentration by raucously chanting a count with every attempt.}}</ref> as his lengthy deliberate free throw routine could take longer than the league's 10-second rule to shoot which would result in a violation.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jeremy|last=Cluff|title=Giannis Antetokounmpo free throws: Phoenix Suns fans taunt Milwaukee Bucks star by counting|date=July 7, 2021|newspaper=Arizona Republic|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/nba/suns/2021/07/07/why-phoenix-suns-fans-count-during-giannis-antetokounmpo-free-throws/7896791002/|access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref>

===Game 4===
{{Basketballbox|bg=#eee |date=July 14 |time=9:00pm {{small|(8:00pm [[Central Time Zone|CDT]])}} |place=[[Fiserv Forum]], [[Milwaukee|Milwaukee, WI]] |TV=[[NBA on ABC|ABC]]
|team1=[[Phoenix Suns]] |score1=103
|team2='''[[Milwaukee Bucks]]''' |score2='''109'''
|report=[https://www.nba.com/game/phx-vs-mil-0042000404 Recap]
|Q1='''23'''–20 |Q2=29–'''32''' |Q3='''30'''–24 |Q4=21–'''33'''
|points1=[[Devin Booker]] 42 |points2=[[Khris Middleton]] 40
|rebounds1=[[Deandre Ayton]] 17 |rebounds2=[[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] 14
|assist1=[[Chris Paul]] 7 |assist2=Giannis Antetokounmpo 8
|attendance=16,911
|referee=James Capers, David Guthrie, Courtney Kirkland
|series=Series tied, 2–2
}}
[[File:Khris Middleton (39684853532) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Khris Middleton]] scored 40 points, including 10 straight in the closing minutes of the game.<ref name=buckner_07142021 />]]
Middleton scored 40 points, including 10 straight for Milwaukee in the closing moments, and the Bucks won 109–103 to tie the series 2–2. Booker rebounded from his Game 3 struggles to score a game-high 42 points, but his playing time was restricted late by foul trouble.<ref name=buckner_07142021>{{cite news|first1=Candace|last1=Buckner|first2=Ava|last2=Wallace|first3=Des|last3=Bieler|title=Milwaukee Bucks pull even in NBA Finals with win over Phoenix Suns in Game 4|date=July 14, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2021/07/14/bucks-suns-nba-finals-game-4-live-updates/|access-date=July 15, 2021}}</ref> The Suns led for 37:55 of the first 44 minutes of the game.<ref name=mcmenamin_07152021/> With 3:42 left in the fourth and the Suns up by three Jrue Holiday attempted a layup and received a great deal of contact from Devin Booker with no call (the play was determined to be a foul by the NBA in the Last 3:30 Report after the game).<ref>{{Cite web|title=https://twitter.com/thesteinline/status/1415512245367312386|url=https://twitter.com/thesteinline/status/1415512245367312386|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> If Devin Booker had received the foul, it would have been his sixth, resulting in him being ejected and hugely affecting the game. This sparked a lot of controversy online, with the decision to not call the foul being criticised by fans and sports media.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stinar|first=Ben|title=NBA Finals Suns-Bucks: Twitter Is STUNNED Devin Booker Didn't Foul Out On This Play|url=https://www.si.com/nba/pacers/news/nba-finals-suns-bucks-twitter-was-stunned-devin-booker-didnt-foul-out-on-this-play|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Sports Illustrated Indiana Pacers news, analysis and more|language=en}}</ref> They were up two with {{frac|2|1|2}} minutes remaining when Middleton scored the next eight points in the contest.<ref name=bontemps_07142021>{{cite news|first=Tim|last=Bontemps|title=Khris Middleton, Giannis Antetokounmpo lead Milwaukee Bucks to critical Game 4 win over the Phoenix Suns with clutch performances down the stretch|date=July 14, 2021|website=ESPN.com|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/31820459/khris-middleton-giannis-antetokounmpo-lead-milwaukee-bucks-critical-game-4-win-phoenix-suns-clutch-performances-stretch|access-date=July 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name=ap_07142021/> He made consecutive midrange jump shots to place Milwaukee up for good at 101–99 with 1:28 in the game.<ref name=bontemps_07142021/><ref name=ap_07142021>{{cite news|title=Middleton sends Bucks past Suns to tie NBA Finals at 2-2|date=July 14, 2021|website=ESPN.com|agency=AP|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=401344138|access-date=July 15, 2021}}</ref> Jumping off the left leg that he hyperextended two weeks earlier,<ref name=bontemps_07142021/> Antetokounmpo blocked a potential game-tying [[Alley-oop (basketball)|alley-oop]] by Ayton with 1:14 left,<ref name=buckner_07142021/><ref name=ap_07142021/> prompting fans and media to debate the play's standing among the greatest blocks of all-time.<ref name=aschburner_07152021>{{cite news|first=Steve|last=Aschburner|title= 5 things we learned from Game 4 of the 2021 Finals|date=July 15, 2021|website=NBA.com|url= https://www.nba.com/news/5-things-we-learned-from-game-4-of-the-2021-finals|access-date=July 15, 2021}}</ref> After Paul lost his balance of his own accord and turned over the ball, Holiday picked up the loose ball and Middleton made a [[fast-break]] layup and with 27.2 seconds left for a four-point lead.<ref name=buckner_07142021/><ref name=herring_07152021>{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Herring|title= NBA Finals Take Seismic Shift After Giannis's Block|date=July 15, 2021|website=SI.com|url= https://www.si.com/nba/2021/07/15/nba-finals-game-4-bucks-suns-instant-classic|access-date=July 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name=golliver_07152021/> He capped off his run with four free throws to bring the score to 107–101.<ref name=ap_07142021/> The Bucks outscored the Suns 33–21 in the fourth quarter.<ref name=golliver_07152021>{{cite news|first=Ben|last=Golliver|title=Chris Paul's sloppy Game 4 finish brought back memories of his checkered playoff past|date=July 15, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2021/07/15/chris-paul-turnovers-nba-finals/|access-date=July 16, 2021}}</ref> Antetokounmpo finished with 26 points along with 14 rebounds and eight assists.<ref name=ap_07142021/>

Phoenix made 51.3% of their shots compared to Milwaukee's 40.2%, but they took 19 fewer shots (78–97) due to [[turnover (basketball)|turnovers]] and [[offensive rebound]]s, outperformed by the Bucks 17–5 in both.<ref name=aschburner_07152021/><ref name=mcmenamin_07152021>{{cite news|first=Dave|last=McMenamin|title=Phoenix Suns' Chris Paul vows 'to take care of the ball' after costly turnovers in Game 4 loss to Milwaukee Bucks|date=July 15, 2021|website=ESPN.com|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/31820697/phoenix-suns-chris-paul-vows-take-care-ball-costly-turnovers-game-4-loss-milwaukee-bucks|access-date=July 16, 2021}}</ref> The Bucks scored 24 points off turnovers,<ref name=aschburner_07152021/> and their offensive boards led to 19 second-chance points.<ref name=mcmenamin_07152021/> Crowder scored 15 points for Phoenix, while Paul was held to 10 points on 5–13 shooting and committed five turnovers. Holiday scored 13 on just 4 for 20 shooting, but he added seven rebounds, seven assists and only one turnover, while his defense disrupted Paul.<ref name=ap_07142021/><ref name=herring_07152021/> The Bucks also got 14 points from Lopez and 11 points and nine rebounds from [[Pat Connaughton]].<ref name=ap_07142021/> Middleton and Antetokounmpo became the third set of teammates to score 40 or more points in games in the same Finals series, joining Abdul-Jabbar and [[Magic Johnson]] with the [[Los Angeles Lakers]] ([[1980 NBA Finals|1980]]) and LeBron James and [[Kyrie Irving]] while with the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] ([[2016 NBA Finals|2016]]).<ref>{{cite news|first=Martin|last=Fenn|title=Giannis Antetokounmpo and Khris Middleton Just Did Something Oscar Robertson and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Never Could|date=July 15, 2021|work=Sportscasting|url=https://www.sportscasting.com/giannis-antetokounmpo-khris-middleton-did-something-oscar-robertson-kareem-abdul-jabbar-never-could/|access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref>

===Game 5===
{{Basketballbox|bg=#eee |date=July 17 |time=9:00pm {{small|(6:00pm [[Mountain Standard Time Zone|MST]])}} |place=[[Footprint Center]], [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix, AZ]] |TV=[[NBA on ABC|ABC]]
|team1='''[[Milwaukee Bucks]]''' |score1='''123'''
|team2=[[Phoenix Suns]] |score2=119
|report=[https://www.nba.com/game/mil-vs-phx-0042000405 Recap]
|Q1=21–'''37''' |Q2='''43–'''24 |Q3='''36'''–29 |Q4=23–'''29'''
|points1=[[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] 32 |points2=[[Devin Booker]] 40
|rebounds1=Giannis Antetokounmpo 9 |rebounds2=[[Deandre Ayton]] 10
|assist1=[[Jrue Holiday]] 13 |assist2=[[Chris Paul]] 11
|attendance=16,562
|referee=Marc Davis, Josh Tiven, James Williams
|series=Milwaukee leads series, 3–2
}}

[[File:Jrue Holliday dribbling.jpg|thumb|upright|With about 16 seconds remaining, [[Jrue Holiday]] stole the ball from [[Devin Booker]] and passed it to [[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] for an [[alley-oop (basketball)|alley-oop]]. The Bucks won 123–119.<ref name=buckner_07172021 />]]
With Milwaukee leading by one with about 16 seconds remaining in the game, Holiday stole the ball from Phoenix's Booker and passed to Antetokounmpo for an alley-oop and a free throw (fouled by Paul on the finish) to secure the game for a 123–119 Bucks' win and a 3–2 series lead.<ref name=buckner_07172021>{{cite news|first=Candace|last=Bucker|title=Milwaukee Bucks hang on to win Game 5 of NBA Finals over Phoenix Suns|date=July 17, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Posr|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2021/07/17/bucks-suns-nba-finals-game-5-live-updates/|access-date=July 18, 2021}}</ref><ref name=ap_07172021>{{cite news|title=Bucks edge Suns 123-119 to take 3-2 lead in NBA Finals|date=July 17, 2021|website=ESPN.com|agency=AP|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=401344139|access-date=July 8, 2021}}</ref> Milwaukee recovered from an early 16-point deficit to outscore Phoenix 87–57 from the start of the second quarter to around the nine-minute mark of the fourth quarter. The Suns were down 10 with {{frac|3|1|2}} minutes left in the game before a basket by Paul cut it to 120–119 with 56 seconds to play.<ref name=ap_07172021/> Holiday had 27 points, 13 assists and three steals.<ref name=brewer_07182021/> Antetokounmpo had 32 points, nine rebounds and six assists, and Middleton finished with 29 points.<ref name=ap_07172021/> Booker had a game-high 40 points,<ref name=buckner_07172021/> his second-straight contest with at least 40.<ref name=ap_07172021/>

Phoenix made 14 of 19 shots in the first quarter, including a stretch of 11 straight makes,<ref name=buckner_07172021/> and led 37–21 after the first period.<ref name=ap_07172021/> However, Milwaukee outscored them 21–5 to open the second quarter, tying the game at 42 on a 3-pointer by Connaughton with 7:48 left in the half.<ref name=ap_07172021/> Holiday scored 14 in the quarter,<ref name=ap_07172021/> when the Bucks scored a record 43 points in a quarter by a road team in the Finals, and they led 64–61 at halftime.<ref name=buckner_07172021/> After three quarters, the Bucks had made 62.1% of their shots, rivaling [[Orlando Magic|Orlando]]'s single-game Finals record of 62.5% in Game 3 of the [[2009 NBA Finals|2009 finals]] against the Lakers. Milwaukee led 108–94 after a basket by Holiday with about nine minutes remaining in the game, but the Suns mounted their comeback to pull within one in the final minute.<ref name=ap_07172021/> After a Holiday miss, Booker rebounded the ball and dribbled it upcourt himself. He stopped and pivoted in the paint, when Holiday forcefully pulled the ball from his hands for the steal.<ref name=naokarni_07182021/><ref name=abrams_07182021/> After initially intending to run down the clock,<ref name=devine_07182021>{{cite news|first=Dan|last=Devine|title=The Bucks Dared to Dream. Now They've Almost Realized the Biggest One.|date=July 18, 2021|work=The Ringer|url=https://www.theringer.com/2021/7/18/22582358/bucks-suns-nba-finals-giannis-antetokounmpo|access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref> Holiday instead passed it for the dunk by Antetokounmpo, who was begging for the ball.<ref name=naokarni_07182021>{{cite news|first=Rohan|last=Naokarni|title=Bucks' Resilience Creates Opportunity for Thrilling Finals Finish|date=July 18, 2021|website=SI.com|url=https://www.si.com/nba/2021/07/18/bucks-giannis-resilience-finish-finals-in-milwaukee|access-date=July 18, 2021}}</ref><ref name=abrams_07182021>{{cite news|first=Jonathan|last=Abrams|title=Steal and Alley-Oop Leave Bucks One Win From an N.B.A. Title|date=July 18, 2021|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/18/sports/basketball/bucks-jrue-holiday-giannis.html|access-date=July 19, 2021}}</ref> Fouled on the play by Paul, Antetokounmpo missed the free throw,<ref name=ap_07172021/> making just 4 of 11 in the game.<ref name=devine_07182021/> However, he volleyed the ball for an offensive rebound by Middleton, who made one of two free throws for the final score of the game.<ref name=abrams_07182021/>

Milwaukee became the first team in the series to win on the road.<ref name=buckner_07172021/> Antetokounmpo, Holiday and Middleton combined for 88 points, becoming the fifth trio to each score 25 points on 50% shooting in a single Finals game, and the first to accomplish the feat since the Lakers' Abdul-Jabbar (36 points), [[James Worthy]] (33), and [[Magic Johnson]] (26) in [[1985 NBA Finals|1985]].<ref name=nba_07182021>{{cite news|title=Giannis Antetokounmpo, Jrue Holiday and Khris Middleton show out in Game 5|date=July 18, 2021|website=NBA.com|url=https://www.nba.com/news/bucks-big3-nba-history|access-date=July 18, 2021}}</ref> Phoenix lost three straight games for only the second time in the season, the first occurring six months earlier.<ref name=devine_07182021/> Paul ended the game with 21 points, 11 assists and one turnover,<ref name=abrams_07182021/> while Ayton finished with 20 points and 10 rebounds. Booker became the first player in the Finals to score at least 40 in consecutive games and lose both.<ref name=naokarni_07182021/> Antetokounmpo and him were the first pair of players to score 40+ twice in the same Finals.<ref name=nba_07182021/> Bucks' role player [[Thanasis Antetokounmpo]], the older brother of Giannis, and assistant coach [[Josh Oppenheimer]] were away from the team due to COVID-19 health and safety protocols. The NBA also replaced referee Sean Wright after he entered health and safety protocols.<ref name=buckner_07172021/>

===Game 6===
{{Basketballbox|bg=#eee |date=July 20 |time=9:00pm {{small|(8:00pm [[Central Time Zone|CDT]])}} |place=[[Fiserv Forum]], [[Milwaukee|Milwaukee, WI]] |TV=[[NBA on ABC|ABC]]
|team1=[[Phoenix Suns]] |score1=98
|team2='''[[Milwaukee Bucks]]''' |score2='''105'''
|report=[https://www.nba.com/game/phx-vs-mil-0042000406 Recap]
|Q1=16–'''29''' |Q2='''31'''–13 |Q3=30–'''35''' |Q4=21–'''28'''
|points1=[[Chris Paul]] 26 |points2=[[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] 50
|rebounds1=[[Jae Crowder]] 13 |rebounds2=Giannis Antetokounmpo 14
|assist1=[[Devin Booker|Booker]], Paul 5 each |assist2=[[Jrue Holiday]] 11
|attendance=17,397
|referee=Scott Foster, Eric Lewis, [[Tony Brothers]]
|series=Milwaukee wins the series, 4–2
}}
[[File:Giannis Antetokounmpo (24845003687) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Giannis Antetokounmpo]] was named the [[NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award|Finals MVP]], scoring 50 points in Game 6.]]
Giannis Antetokounmpo scored a playoff career-high 50 points and added 14 rebounds and five blocks to lead the Bucks to a 105–98 victory to win the series in six games.<ref name=sopan_07202021>{{cite news|first=Sopan|last=Deb|author-link=Sopan Deb|title=The Milwaukee Bucks Win the N.B.A. Championship|date=July 20, 2021|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/20/sports/basketball/milwaukee-bucks-nba-finals-championship.html|access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref> The 50 points tied a Finals record for the most scored by a player in a series-clinching game, set by [[Bob Pettit]] of the [[St. Louis Hawks]] in [[1958 NBA Finals|1958]].<ref name=Pettit>{{cite news|first=Brad|last=Botkin|title=Bucks vs. Suns NBA Finals: Giannis Antetokounmpo bests Michael Jordan's post-merger record with 50-point gem|date=July 21, 2021|website=CBSSports.com|url=https://www.cbssports.com/nba/news/bucks-vs-suns-nba-finals-giannis-antetokounmpo-bests-michael-jordans-post-merger-record-with-50-point-gem/|access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/31851872/sports-world-reacts-milwaukee-bucks-winning-first-nba-title-1971 |title=Sports world reacts to Milwaukee Bucks winning first NBA title since 1971 |date=July 20, 2021 |last=Jackson |first=James |website=[[ESPN]] |access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref> After his dominant performance in the series, including his third game with at least 40 points and 10 rebounds, Antetokounmpo was named the [[NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award|Finals MVP]],<ref name=ap_07202021/> the youngest winner at age 26 since [[Kawhi Leonard]] (22) in [[2014 NBA Finals|2014]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Giannis Antetokounmpo wins 2021 NBA Finals MVP: Bucks star becomes youngest winner since Kawhi Leonard in 2014|url=https://www.cbssports.com/nba/news/giannis-antetokounmpo-wins-2021-nba-finals-mvp-bucks-star-becomes-youngest-winner-since-kawhi-leonard-in-2014/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=CBSSports.com|language=en}}</ref> Antetokounmpo made 16 of his 25 shots, and was a surprising 17 for 19 on his free throws after hitting just 55.6% in the playoffs. The game was tied at 77 after three quarters before he scored 13 in the final period to lead Milwaukee to its first championship since [[1970–71 Milwaukee Bucks season|1971]], when they were led by Abdul-Jabbar and [[Oscar Robertson]]. Paul led the Suns with 26 points.<ref name=ap_07202021>{{cite news|title=Bucks' 50-year wait ends with a title behind 50 from Giannis|date=July 20, 2021|website=ESPN.com|agency=AP|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=401344140|access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref>

Middleton scored 17 and reserve [[Bobby Portis]] added 16 for the Bucks. Holiday had 12 points, 11 assists and nine rebounds. His defense helped limit Booker to 19 points on just 8-for-22 shooting, missing all seven of his 3-point attempts. Milwaukee became the fifth team to come back from a 2–0 deficit in the Finals, and the first to do so by winning the next four games since [[Miami Heat|Miami]] defeated [[Dallas Mavericks|Dallas]] in [[2006 NBA Finals|2006]].<ref name=ap_07202021/> They also became the second team in NBA history to come back from down 2–0 twice in the same playoffs after the [[2020-21 Los Angeles Clippers_season|2020–21 Los Angeles Clippers]] also did so in consecutive rounds.<ref>
{{cite news|first=Jim|last=Owczarski|title=Bucks Win NBA Finals With Toughness, Hustle That Embody Milwaukee|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/sports/nba/bucks/2021/07/20/bucks-win-nba-finals-toughness-hustle-embody-milwaukee/8022328002/|quote=They became the second team in NBA history to overcome multiple 2-0 series deficits in a single postseason, joining this year’s Los Angeles Clippers.|date=July 21, 2021|access-date=July 23, 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=colecubelic |number=1417691489958776837 |date=July 20, 2021 |title=The @Bucks are the 4th team in #NBAFinals down 2-0 to go on & win the next 4 games. This years Bucks & Clippers are the only teams in NBA history to overcome multiple 2-0 series deficits in a single postseason. |access-date=July 22, 2021}}</ref> The Suns have won two games in each of their three Finals appearances.<ref name=ap_07202021/> Paul became the first player in NBA playoff history to lose four series in which his team led 2–0.<ref>{{cite news|first=Dave|last=McMenamin|title=Phoenix Suns star Chris Paul, 36, ready to 'get back to work,' not considering retirement after NBA Finals loss|date=July 21, 2021|website=ESPN.com|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/31853092/phoenix-suns-star-chris-paul-36-ready-get-back-work-not-considering-retirement-nba-finals-loss|access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Rosters==
{{NBA roster header|team=Milwaukee Bucks|season=2020–21}}

{{player2 | num = 34 | first = Giannis | last = Antetokounmpo | pos = F | ft = 6 | in = 11 | lbs = 242 | from = Greece | DOB = 1994-12-06 | note = C }}
{{player2 | num = 43 | first = Thanasis | last = Antetokounmpo | pos = F | ft = 6 | in = 6 | lbs = 219 | from = Greece | DOB = 1992-07-18 }}
{{player2 | num = 3 | first = Elijah | last = Bryant | pos = G | ft = 6 | in = 5 | lbs = 210 | college = BYU | DOB = 1995-04-19 }}
{{player2 | num = 24 | first = Pat | last = Connaughton | pos = G | ft = 6 | in = 5 | lbs = 209 | college = Notre Dame | DOB = 1993-01-06 }}
{{player2 | num = 25 | first = Mamadi | last = Diakite | pos = F | ft = 6 | in = 9 | lbs = 228 | college = Virginia | DOB = 1997-01-21 }}
{{player2 | num = 0 | first = Donte | last = DiVincenzo | pos = G | ft = 6 | in = 4 | lbs = 203 | college = Villanova | DOB = 1997-01-31 | inj = yes }}
{{player2 | num = 7 | first = Bryn | last = Forbes | pos = G | ft = 6 | in = 2 | lbs = 205 | college = Michigan State | DOB = 1993-07-23 }}
{{player2 | num = 21 | first = Jrue | last = Holiday | pos = G | ft = 6 | in = 3 | lbs = 205 | college = UCLA | DOB = 1990-06-12 }}
{{player2 | num = 44 | first = Justin | last = Jackson | dab = basketball, born 1995 | pos = F | ft = 6 | in = 8 | lbs = 220 | college = North Carolina | DOB = 1995-03-28 | note = TW }}
{{player2 | num = 11 | first = Brook | last = Lopez | pos = C | ft = 7 | in = 0 | lbs = 282 | college = Stanford | DOB = 1988-04-01 }}
{{player2 | num = 15 | first = Sam | last = Merrill | pos = G | ft = 6 | in = 4 | lbs = 205 | college = Utah State | DOB = 1996-05-15 }}
{{player2 | num = 22 | first = Khris | last = Middleton | pos = F | ft = 6 | in = 7 | lbs = 222 | college = Texas A&M | DOB = 1991-08-12 | note = C }}
{{player2 | num = 13 | first = Jordan | last = Nwora | pos = F | ft = 6 | in = 8 | lbs = 225 | college = Louisville | DOB = 1998-09-09 }}
{{player2 | num = 9 | first = Bobby | last = Portis | pos = F | ft = 6 | in = 10 | lbs = 250 | college = Arkansas | DOB = 1995-02-10 }}
{{player2 | num = 5 | first = Jeff | last = Teague | pos = G | ft = 6 | in = 3 | lbs = 195 | college = Wake Forest | DOB = 1988-06-10 }}
{{player2 | num = 66 | first = Axel | last = Toupane | pos = GF | ft = 6 | in = 7 | lbs = 210 | from = France | DOB = 1992-07-23 | note = TW }}
{{player2 | num = 17 | first = P. J. | last = Tucker | pos = F | ft = 6 | in = 5 | lbs = 245 | college = Texas | DOB = 1985-05-05 }}

{{NBA roster footer
| head_coach =
* [[Mike Budenholzer]]
| asst_coach =
* [[Vin Baker]]
* [[Mike Dunlap]]
* [[Chad Forcier]]
* [[Darvin Ham]]
* [[Charles Lee (basketball)|Charles Lee]]
* [[Josh Oppenheimer]]
* Patrick St. Andrews
* Ben Sullivan
| otherlegend = '''(GL)''' On [[NBA G League#Player allocations|assignment]] to G League affiliate
| otherlegend2 = '''(TW)''' Two-way affiliate player
| roster_url = http://www.nba.com/bucks/roster/
| transaction_url = https://stats.nba.com/transactions/
| accessdate = May 13, 2021
}}

{{NBA roster header|team=Phoenix Suns|season=2020–21}}

{{player2 | num = 0 | first = Ty-Shon | last = Alexander | pos = G | ft = 6 | in = 3 | lbs = 195 | college = Creighton | DOB = 1998-07-16 | note = TW }}
{{player2 | num = 22 | first = Deandre | last = Ayton | pos = C | ft = 6 | in = 11 | lbs = 250 | college = Arizona | DOB = 1998-07-23 }}
{{player2 | num = 1 | first = Devin | last = Booker | pos = G | ft = 6 | in = 5 | lbs = 206 | college = Kentucky | DOB = 1996-10-30 }}
{{player2 | num = 25 | first = Mikal | last = Bridges | pos = F | ft = 6 | in = 6 | lbs = 209 | college= Villanova | DOB = 1996-08-30 }}
{{player2 | num = 4 | first = Jevon | last = Carter | pos = G | ft = 6 | in = 1 | lbs = 200 | college = West Virginia | DOB = 1995-09-14 }}
{{player2 | num = 12 | first = Torrey | last = Craig | pos = F | ft = 6 | in = 7 | lbs = 221 | college = USC Upstate | DOB = 1990-12-19 }}
{{player2 | num = 99 | first = Jae | last = Crowder | pos = F | ft = 6 | in = 6 | lbs = 235 | college = Marquette | DOB = 1990-07-06 }}
{{player2 | num = 2 | first = Langston | last = Galloway | pos = G | ft = 6 | in = 1 | lbs = 200 | college = St. Joseph's | DOB = 1991-12-09 }}
{{player2 | num = 23 | first = Cameron | last = Johnson | pos = F | ft = 6 | in = 8 | lbs = 210 | college = North Carolina | DOB = 1996-03-03 }}
{{player2 | num = 8 | first = Frank | last = Kaminsky | pos = FC | ft = 7 | in = 0 | lbs = 240 | college = Wisconsin | DOB = 1993-04-04 }}
{{player2 | num = 55 | first = E'Twaun | last = Moore | pos = G | ft = 6 | in = 3 | lbs = 191 | college = Purdue | DOB = 1989-02-25 }}
{{player2 | num = 11 | first = Abdel | last = Nader | pos = F | ft = 6 | in = 5 | lbs = 225 | college = Iowa State | DOB = 1993-09-25 }}
{{player2 | num = 3 | first = Chris | last = Paul | pos = G | ft = 6 | in = 0 | lbs = 175 | college = Wake Forest | DOB = 1985-05-06 | note = C }}
{{player2 | num = 15 | first = Cameron | last = Payne | pos = G | ft = 6 | in = 1 | lbs = 183 | college = Murray State | DOB = 1994-08-08 }}
{{player2 | num = 20 | first = Dario | last = Šarić | pos = FC | ft = 6 | in = 10 | lbs = 225 | from = Croatia | DOB = 1994-04-08 | inj = yes }}
{{player2 | num = 10 | first = Jalen | last = Smith | pos = FC | ft = 6 | in = 10 | lbs = 215 | college = Maryland | DOB = 2000-03-16 }}

{{NBA roster footer
| head_coach =
* [[Monty Williams]]
| asst_coach =
* [[Randy Ayers]]
* [[Mark Bryant (basketball)|Mark Bryant]]
* [[Willie Green]]
* [[Brian Randle]]
* [[Kevin Young (basketball, born 1981)|Kevin Young]]
| otherlegend = '''(GL)''' On [[NBA G League#Player allocations|assignment]] to G League affiliate
| otherlegend2 = '''(TW)''' Two-way affiliate player
| roster_url = http://www.nba.com/suns/roster/
| transaction_url = https://stats.nba.com/transactions/
| accessdate = March 18, 2021
}}

==Player statistics==
{{NBA roster statistics legend}}

{{NBA roster statistics start|team=Phoenix Suns}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;|{{sortname|Chris|Paul}}
| 6 || 6 || 37.3 || .550 || '''.522''' || .750 || 2.7 || '''8.2''' || 0.7 || 0.2 || 21.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Devin|Booker}}
| 6 || 6 || '''40.2''' || .455 || .268 || .875 || 3.5 || 4.0 || 0.8 || 0.3 || '''28.2'''
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Deandre|Ayton}}
| 6 || 6 || 37.5 || .531 || .000 || .909 || '''12.0''' || 1.8 || 1.5 || '''1.5''' || 14.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Mikal|Bridges}}
| 6 || 6 || 32.0 || .531 || .429 || .917 || 4.2 || 1.2 || 1.0 || 0.5 || 12.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Cameron|Johnson}}
| 6 || 0 || 22.7 || .486 || .435 || '''1.000''' || 3.2 || 0.8 || 0.5 || 0.5 || 8.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Cameron|Payne}}
| 6 || 0 || 15.7 || .463 || .357 || .500 || 2.5 || 1.7 || 0.7 || 0.0 || 7.3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Torrey|Craig}}
| 6 || 0 || 10.7 || .400 || .300 || .500 || 1.3 || 0.2 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 2.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Jae|Crowder}}
| 6 || 6 || 37.2 || .412 || .410 || .857 || 8.5 || 1.7 || '''1.7''' || 1.0 || 11.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Frank|Kaminsky}}
| 4 || 0 || 7.3 || .667 || .000 || .000 || 1.5 || 0.8 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 3.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Dario|Šarić}}
| 1 || 0 || 2.0 || .000 || .000 || .000 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Abdel|Nader}}
| 2 || 0 || 4.0 || .000 || .000 || .000 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Ty-Shon|Alexander}}
| 1 || 0 || 1.0 || '''1.000''' || .000 || .000 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 2.0
{{s-end}}

{{NBA roster statistics start|team=Milwaukee Bucks}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Khris|Middleton}}
| 6 || 6 || '''42.5''' || .448 || .356 || .889 || 6.3 || 5.3 || 1.2 || 0.0 || 24.0
|-! style="background:#FDE910;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:#FDE910"|{{sortname|Giannis|Antetokounmpo}}
| 6 || 6 || 39.8 || .618 || .200 || .659 || '''13.2''' || 5.0 || 1.2 || '''1.8''' || '''35.2'''
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Brook|Lopez}}
| 6 || 6 || 24.5 || .483 || .238 || .800 || 5.3 || 0.2 || 0.7 || 0.7 || 11.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Jrue|Holiday}}
| 6 || 6 || 41.7 || .361 || .314 || .917 || 6.2 || '''9.3''' || '''2.2''' || 0.7 || 16.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Pat|Connaughton}}
| 6 || 0 || 30.0 || .475 || .441 || .500 || 5.8 || 1.2 || 0.2 || 0.0 || 9.2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|P. J.|Tucker}}
| 6 || 6 || 31.3 || .500 || .500 || .000 || 3.8 || 1.2 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 4.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Bryn|Forbes}}
| 3 || 0 || 7.3 || .300 || .333 || .000 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 3.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Bobby|Portis}}
| 6 || 0 || 16.7 || .425 || .438 || '''1.000''' || 4.0 || 0.2 || 0.7 || 0.3 || 7.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Jeff|Teague}}
| 6 || 0 || 9.3 || .200 || .333 || .667 || 0.8 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 0.0 || 1.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Elijah|Bryant}}
| 1 || 0 || 0.0 || .000 || .000 || .000 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Thanasis|Antetokounmpo}}
| 1 || 0 || 2.0 || .000 || .000 || .000 || 3.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Jordan|Nwora}}
| 1 || 0 || 1.0 || '''1.000''' || '''1.000''' || .000 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 3.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|{{sortname|Sam|Merrill}}
| 1 || 0 || 1.0 || .000 || .000 || .000 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0
{{s-end}}

* '''Bold''': team high
*Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 NBA Finals Bucks vs. Suns|url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/playoffs/2021-nba-finals-bucks-vs-suns.html|work=Basketball Reference|access-date=July 4, 2021}}</ref>

==Sponsorship==
As part of a multiyear partnership since 2018, the internet television service [[YouTube TV]] was the [[Title sponsor|presenting sponsor]] of the NBA Finals.<ref>{{cite news|title=NBA, YouTube TV announce first-ever partnership for 2018 Finals|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2018/03/26/nba-youtube-tv-announce-first-ever-partnership-2018-finals/458026002/|newspaper=USA Today|date=March 26, 2018|access-date=August 16, 2021}}</ref> YouTube TV introduced a new multi-platform ad campaign during the series featuring a grandmother using the service to watch NBA games on-demand.<ref>{{cite news|title=NBA Addicted Grandma Gets Her Fix with YouTube TV|url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/nba-addicted-grandma-gets-her-fix-with-youtube-tv/173020/|newspaper=Adweek|date=July 9, 2021|access-date=August 16, 2021}}</ref>

==Media coverage==
The Finals were televised in the United States by [[ESPN on ABC|ABC]] for the 19th consecutive year, and broadcast through [[NBA on ESPN Radio|ESPN Radio]] nationally.<ref>{{cite press release|first= Shakeemah|last=Simmons-Winter|title=2021 NBA Finals Exclusively on ABC: Phoenix Suns vs. Milwaukee Bucks|publisher=ESPN|url= https://espnpressroom.com/us/press-releases/2021/07/2021-nba-finals-exclusively-on-abc-phoenix-suns-vs-milwaukee-bucks/|access-date=July 15, 2021}}</ref> Each of the games' intro videos were directed by [[Spike Lee]].{{Cn|date=October 2021}}

=== Viewership ===
{{See also|NBA Finals television ratings}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col"|Game
! scope="col"|[[Nielsen ratings|Ratings]] (American households)
! scope="col"|American audience (in millions)
! scope="col" class=unsortable|Ref
|-
! scope="row"|1
| 4.5 || 8.56 || <ref name="Game1Rating">{{cite web|author=Paulsen|title=Weak start for NBA Finals, though up double-digits|url=https://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2021/07/nba-finals-ratings-bucks-suns-up-double-digits-still-low/|work=Sports Media Watch|date=July 8, 2021|access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|2
| 5.1 || 9.38 || <ref name="Game2Rating">{{cite web|author=Paulsen|title=Bucks-Suns improves in Game 2, NBA's top game since hiatus|url=https://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2021/07/nba-finals-ratings-bucks-suns-game-2-viewership-abc/|work=Sports Media Watch|date=July 12, 2021|access-date=July 13, 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|3
| 4.7 || 9.02 || <ref name="Game3Rating">{{cite web|author=Paulsen|title=NBA Finals Game 3 slips from Game 2|url=https://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2021/07/nba-finals-game-3-ratings-abc-suns-bucks/|work=Sports Media Watch|date=July 13, 2021|access-date=July 13, 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|4
| 5.3 || 10.25 || <ref name="Game4Rating">{{cite web|author=Paulsen|title=NBA finally gets back over 10M mark with Suns-Bucks Game 4|url=https://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2021/07/nba-finals-ratings-game-four-ten-million-viewers-abc-bucks-suns/|work=Sports Media Watch|date=July 15, 2021|access-date=July 16, 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|5
| 4.8 || 9.55 || <ref name="Game5Rating">{{cite web|author=Paulsen|title=NBA Finals takes Saturday night hit, if still better than "bubble"|url=https://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2021/07/nba-finals-ratings-game-5-bucks-suns-saturday-night-abc/|work=Sports Media Watch|date=July 20, 2021|access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|6
| 6.6 || 12.52 || <ref name="Game6Rating">{{cite web|author=Paulsen|title=NBA Finals ends on healthier note|url=https://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2021/07/nba-finals-ratings-game-six-most-watched-series-bucks-giannis/|work=Sports Media Watch|date=July 21, 2021|access-date=July 22, 2021}}</ref>
|- class="sortbottom"
! Avg || 5.2 || 9.91 ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.nba.com/playoffs/2021/the-finals 2021 NBA Finals official website]
*[https://www.basketball-reference.com/playoffs/2021-nba-finals-bucks-vs-suns.html 2021 NBA Finals] at Basketball-Reference.com

{{NBA Finals}}
{{Milwaukee Bucks 2020–21 NBA champions}}
{{Milwaukee Bucks}}
{{Phoenix Suns}}
{{2020–21 NBA season by team}}
{{NBA on ABC}}

[[Category:2020–21 NBA season]]
[[Category:National Basketball Association Finals]]
[[Category:Phoenix Suns games]]
[[Category:Milwaukee Bucks games]]
[[Category:July 2021 sports events in the United States|NBA Finals]]
[[Category:2021 in sports in Arizona]]
[[Category:2021 in sports in Wisconsin]]

Bill Kristol

2021-11-29T20:48:28Z

209.160.254.202:

{{short description|American writer (born 1952)}}
{{for|the actor|Billy Crystal}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bill Kristol
| image = Bill Kristol by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| office = [[Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States|Chief of Staff to the Vice President]]
| vicepresident = [[Dan Quayle]]
| term_start = January 20, 1989
| term_end = January 20, 1993
| predecessor = [[Craig L. Fuller|Craig Fuller]]
| successor = [[Roy Neel]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|12|23}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (Unknown time including 1976, 2020–present)
| otherparty = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (1980–2020)
| spouse = {{marriage|Susan Scheinberg|1975}}
| children = 3
| father = [[Irving Kristol]]
| mother = [[Gertrude Himmelfarb|Bea Himmelfarb]]
| education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
}}
{{Conservatism in the United States}}
'''William Kristol''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|ɪ|s|t|əl}}; born December 23, 1952) is an American [[neoconservatism|neoconservative]] writer.<ref>
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/exile-bill-kristol-republican-resister-chief-100007991.html?soc_src=hl-viewer&soc_trk=tw | title=In exile with Bill Kristol, the Republican resister-in-chief|date=March 1, 2018|work=Yahoo News|access-date=March 3, 2018|last=Bai|first=Matt|author-link=Matt Bai}}
*{{cite web| last1 =Hirsh| first1 =Michael|first2= Dan |last2= Ephron | title=The Last Man Standing|work=[[Newsweek]] |date=2006-12-04|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2006/12/03/the-last-man-standing.html|access-date=2010-12-10|quote=Bill Kristol, editor of the Weekly Standard and the punditocracy's best-known neocon...}};
*{{cite news | title=Neo-con editor William Kristol calls for RNC Chairman Steele to resign|work=[[USA Today]]|date=2010-07-02|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/07/neo-con-editor-william-kristol-calls-for-rnc-chairman-steel-to-resign/1|access-date=2010-08-18|quote=William Kristol, the influential neo-conservative founder and editor of The Weekly Standard...}};
*{{cite web|last=Sparrow|first=Jeff | title=Manufacturing political reality|publisher=[[ABC Online]]|location=Australia|date=2010-08-09|url=http://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/stories/s2977557.htm| access-date =2010-08-18| quote=with the influential neoconservative William Kristol declaring...}};
*{{cite news|last=Fukuyama|first=Francis|author-link=Francis Fukuyama | title=After Neoconservatism|work=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|date=2006-02-19|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/magazine/neo.html?pagewanted=4| access-date =2010-08-18|quote=After the fall of the Soviet Union, various neoconservative authors like [[Charles Krauthammer]], William Kristol and [[Robert Kagan]] suggested that the United States would use its margin of power to exert a kind of 'benevolent hegemony' over the rest of the world...}};
*{{cite news|last =Gawenda|first =Michael| title =Neoconservatives despair over US persistence with diplomacy|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=2006-07-24 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/opinion/neoconservatives-despair-over-us-persistence-with-diplomacy/2006/07/23/1153593209669.html|access-date =2010-08-18|quote=Kristol is a leading non-conservative and The Weekly Standard's list of contributing editors is a virtual who's who of the movement's leading thinkers and proselytisers...}}</ref> A frequent commentator on several networks including CNN, he was the founder and editor-at-large<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/a-note-from-bill-kristol/article/2005818 | title=A Note From Bill Kristol|date=2016-12-12|newspaper=Weekly Standard|access-date=2016-12-13}}</ref> of the political magazine ''[[The Weekly Standard]]''. Kristol is now editor-at-large of ''[[The Bulwark (website)|The Bulwark]]''.<ref name="The Bulwark Masthead">{{cite web |title=The Bulwark Masthead |url=https://thebulwark.com/about-us/ |website=The Bulwark |access-date=27 July 2020}}</ref>

A founder and director of the advocacy organization Defending Democracy Together — responsible for such projects as [[Republicans for the Rule of Law]], [[Republican Voters Against Trump]] and Republicans Against Putin — he is also known for playing the leading role in the defeat of [[Clinton health care plan of 1993|President Bill Clinton's health care plan]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/opinion/18edsall.html?ex=1326776400&en=4ac5968a31842091&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss | work=The New York Times | title=Happy Hours | first=Thomas B. | last=Edsall | date=January 18, 2007 | access-date=April 30, 2010}}</ref> and advocating the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|U.S. invasion of Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kristol |first1=Bill |last2=Kagan |first2=Robert |url=https://www.weeklystandard.com/robert-kagan-and-william-kristol/what-to-do-about-iraq-2064 | title=What to Do About Iraq| date=2002-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kristol |first=Bill |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/05/20/iraq-saddam-hussein-obama-bush-william-kristol-editorials-debates/27681429/| title=William Kristol: We were right to fight in Iraq| date=2015-05-20| access-date=2019-05-06|quote=We were right to invade Iraq in 2003 to remove Saddam Hussein...}}</ref> Kristol is a critic of president [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cavalierdaily.com/article/2017/04/political-commentator-william-kristol-talks-donald-trump-on-american-forum | title=Political commentator William Kristol talks Donald Trump on American Forum}}</ref>

Kristol, an avid "Never Trumper", has been associated with a number of conservative [[think tank]]s. He was chairman of the New Citizenship Project from 1997 to 2005. In 1997, he co-founded the [[Project for the New American Century]] (PNAC) with [[Robert Kagan]]. He is a member of the board of trustees for the free-market [[Manhattan Institute for Policy Research]], a member of the Policy Advisory Board for the [[Ethics and Public Policy Center]], and a director of the [[Foreign Policy Initiative]]. He is also one of the three board members of [[Liz Cheney#Keep America Safe|Keep America Safe]], a national-security think tank co-founded by [[Liz Cheney]] and [[Debra Burlingame]], and serves on the boards of the [[Emergency Committee for Israel]] and of the [[Susan B. Anthony List]] (as of 2010<ref>{{cite web | title=True North | publisher=Susan B. Anthony List | url=http://www.sba-list.org/sites/default/files/content/shared/Business_Plan-_Full_Version.pdf | access-date=2013-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616073953/http://www.sba-list.org/sites/default/files/content/shared/Business_Plan-_Full_Version.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>). He has featured in a web program of the Foundation for Constitutional Government, ''Conversations with Bill Kristol,'' since 2014.<ref name=":0" />

==Early life and education==
William Kristol was born on December 23, 1952, in [[New York City]], into a [[American Jews|Jewish]] family, the son of [[Irving Kristol]] and [[Gertrude Himmelfarb]].<ref name="JVLKristol" >[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/kristol-william ''Jewish Virtual Library'', "William Kristol."].</ref> Irving Kristol was an editor and publisher who served as the managing editor of ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]'' magazine, founded the magazine ''[[The Public Interest]],'' and was described by [[Jonah Goldberg]] as the "godfather of neoconservatism."<ref>{{cite journal |first=Jonah |last=Goldberg |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2003/05/neoconservative-invention-jonah-goldberg/ | title=The Neoconservative Invention |journal=[[National Review]] |date=2003-05-20 |access-date=2009-07-07}}</ref> Gertrude Himmelfarb was a prominent conservative historian, especially of [[intellectual history]] in the U.S. and Great Britain.

Kristol attended [[Collegiate School (New York City)|Collegiate School for Boys]] in [[Manhattan]]. He received an undergraduate degree at [[Harvard University]] and, from there, a Ph.D. in [[political science]] (1979).<ref name="JVLKristol"/>

==Career==
[[File:Nixon Contact Sheet WHPO-4185 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Kristol with [[President of the United States|President]] [[Richard Nixon]] in 1970]]
[[File:Dan Quayle and William Kristol.jpg|thumb|right|Kristol with [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Dan Quayle]] in 1989]]
In the summer of 1970, Kristol was an intern at the [[White House]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/e/easton-gang.html|title = Gang of Five}}</ref> In 1976, Kristol worked for [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]]'s United States Senate campaign, serving as deputy issues director during the Democratic primary. In 1988, he was the campaign manager for [[Alan Keyes]]'s unsuccessful [[Maryland]] Senatorial campaign against [[Paul Sarbanes]].

After teaching [[political philosophy]] and U.S. politics at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and Harvard's [[John F. Kennedy School of Government|Kennedy School of Government]], Kristol went to work in government in 1985, serving as chief of staff to [[United States Secretary of Education|United States secretary of education]] [[William Bennett]] during the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan administration]], and later, as [[Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States|chief of staff to the vice president]] under [[Dan Quayle]] in the [[Presidency of George H. W. Bush|George H. W. Bush administration]]. ''[[The New Republic]]'' dubbed Kristol "Dan Quayle's brain" when he was appointed the vice president's chief of staff.

He served as chairman of the Project for the Republican Future from 1993 to 1994, and as the director of the Bradley Project at the [[Bradley Foundation]] in Milwaukee in 1993. In 1993, he led conservative opposition to the [[Clinton health care plan of 1993]].

In 2003, Kristol and [[Lawrence F. Kaplan]] wrote ''The War Over Iraq: America's Mission and [[Saddam Hussein|Saddam]]'s Tyranny'' (ISBN), in which the authors analyzed the [[Bush Doctrine]] and the history of Iraqi-U.S. relations. In the book, Kristol and Kaplan provided support and justifications for the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref name= over>{{cite book| publisher= Encounter Books| year= 2003| title= The War Over Iraq: America's Mission and Saddam's Tyranny| author-link= Lawrence F. Kaplan| first1= Lawrence F.| last1= Kaplan| first2= William| last2= Kristol| isbn= 9781893554696| url= https://archive.org/details/waroveriraqsadda00kapl}}</ref>

He also served as a foreign policy advisor for Senator [[John McCain]]'s [[John McCain 2008 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]].<ref>{{cite news |first=William |last=Strobel |title=What would President McCain's foreign policy be? |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/104/story/27096.html |website=mcclatchydc.com |publisher=McClatchy Washington Bureau |date=2008-02-08 |access-date=2008-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210053757/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/104/story/27096.html |archive-date=2008-02-10}}</ref>

===Media commentator===
After the [[Republican Revolution|Republican sweep of both houses of Congress in 1994]], Kristol established, along with [[John Podhoretz]], the conservative news magazine ''The Weekly Standard''. [[Rupert Murdoch]], chairman and managing director of [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corp.]], financed its creation.

Beginning in 1996, Kristol was a panelist on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] Sunday news program ''[[This Week (U.S. TV program)|This Week]]''. Following declining ratings, his contract was not renewed three years later.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1999-12/23/042r-122399-idx.html| title= Bill Kristol Dumped in 'This Week' Makeover| date= December 23, 1999| page= C01 | work=The Washington Post| first= Howard |last= Kurtz |author-link= Howard Kurtz | access-date= November 8, 2016}}</ref>

Kristol was a columnist for ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |first=John| last=Koblin| title= Kristol, Krauthammer Are Out of Time |url=https://observer.com/2007/12/kristol-krauthammer-are-out-of-itimei/ |work= [[The New York Observer]] |date=December 18, 2007 |access-date=2008-01-16}}</ref> The following year, he joined ''[[The New York Times]]'' as a columnist. Several days after he did so, ''Times'' public editor [[Clark Hoyt]] called his hiring "a mistake," due to Kristol's assertion in 2006 that the ''Times'' should potentially be prosecuted for having revealed information about the [[Terrorist Finance Tracking Program]].<ref>{{cite news | title=He May Be Unwelcome, but We'll Survive |author-link= Clark Hoyt| first= Clark | last= Hoyt| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/opinion/13pubed.html | work=The New York Times|date= January 13, 2008| access-date= November 8, 2016}}</ref> Kristol wrote a weekly opinion column for ''The New York Times'' from January 7, 2008,<ref name= cbs2007>{{cite news |first=William| last=Kristol| title= The Times Adds an Op-Ed Columnist |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/business/30kristol.html |work= The New York Times |date=December 28, 2007 |access-date= 2007-12-31}}</ref> to January 26, 2009.

For ten years, Kristol was a regular panelist on ''[[Fox News Sunday]]'' and often contributed to the nightly program ''[[Special Report (TV program)|Special Report with Bret Baier]]''. In 2013, his contract with [[Fox News]] expired, and he became a much sought after commentator on several networks.<ref>{{cite web|first=Dylan |last=Byers |author-link= Dylan Byers | title= Why Bill Kristol left Fox News |website= [[Politico]].com |date= November 1, 2013 |url-status=dead |url= http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/11/why-bill-kristol-left-fox-news-176467.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131110190008/http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/11/why-bill-kristol-left-fox-news-176467.html |archive-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> It was announced on ''This Week'' with [[George Stephanopoulos]] on February 2, 2014, that Kristol would be a contributor for [[ABC News]] and to that program.<ref>{{cite web | title='This Week' Welcome: Kristol and Navarro| work=ABC News| date= 2014-02-02| url= https://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/video/week-kristol-navarro-22334881 |access-date=2014-02-03}}</ref>

Since the summer of 2014, Kristol has also hosted an online interview program, ''Conversations with Bill Kristol'', featuring guests from academic and public life.<ref name=":0">{{cite web| url=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org | title=Join the Conversation|website= conversationswithbillkristol.org| publisher= The Foundation for Constitutional Government Inc. | date= 2016| access-date= November 8, 2016}}</ref>

== Political views ==
Kristol was key to the defeat of the Clinton health care plan of 1993. In the first of what would become many strategy memos written for Republican policymakers, Kristol said the party should "kill," not amend, President Clinton's health care plan. A later memorandum used the phrase "There is no health care crisis," which Senate Minority Leader [[Bob Dole]] used in his response to Clinton's 1994 [[State of the Union]] address.

Kristol was a leading proponent of the [[Iraq War]]. In 1998, he joined other foreign policy analysts in sending a letter to President Clinton urging a stronger posture against Iraq.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9802/20/iraq.war.presser/ | title= Overthrow Hussein, U.S. group advises |date= February 20, 1998| website= CNN.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9_TPXLXEl8C&pg=PA139 | title=A Faustian Foreign Policy from Woodrow Wilson to George W. Bush| first= Joan| last= Hoff| publisher= Cambridge University Press| year= 2007| isbn= 9781139468596}}</ref> Kristol argued that Saddam Hussein posed a grave threat to the United States and its allies: "The only acceptable strategy is one that eliminates the possibility that Iraq will be able to use or threaten to use weapons of mass destruction. In the near term, this means a willingness to undertake military action as diplomacy is clearly failing. In the long term, it means removing Saddam Hussein and his regime from power. That now needs to become the aim of American foreign policy."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/1998/02/24/open-letter-to-the-president-4/ | title=Center for Security Policy - Open Letter to the President|work=Center for Security Policy| date=February 24, 1998}}</ref>

In the [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 presidential election]], Kristol supported John McCain. Answering a question from a [[PBS]] reporter about the [[2000 Republican Party presidential primaries|Republican primaries]], he said, "No. I had nothing against Governor Bush. I was inclined to prefer McCain. The reason I was inclined to prefer McCain was his leadership on foreign policy."<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/iraq/interviews/kristol.html | title=frontline: the war behind closed doors: interviews: william kristol |publisher=PBS |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref>

After the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]] developed its response to the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 attacks]], Kristol said: "We've just been present at a very unusual moment, the creation of a new American foreign policy."<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Kristol ardently supported the Bush administration's decision to go to war with Iraq. In 2003, he and Lawrence Kaplan wrote ''The War Over Iraq,'' in which he described reasons for removing Saddam. Kristol rejected comparisons to [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] and predicted a "two-month war, not an eight-year war" during a March 28 [[C-SPAN]] appearance.<ref>{{cite web| title= The Rachel Maddow Show' for Monday, January 7th, 2013| url= http://www.nbcnews.com/id/50397453/ns/msnbc-rachel_maddow_show/ |date= January 7, 2013|work= The Rachel Maddow Show |publisher= [[NBC News]] | access-date= 2014-01-30}}</ref>

As the military situation in [[Iraq]] began to deteriorate in 2004, Kristol argued for an increase in the number of U.S. troops in Iraq. He also wrote an op-ed strongly criticizing [[United States Secretary of Defense|United States secretary of defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]], saying he "breezily dodged responsibility" for planning mistakes made in the Iraq War, including insufficient troop levels.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A132-2004Dec14.html The Defense Secretary We Have], William Kristol, December 15, 2004</ref> In September 2006, he and fellow commentator [[Rich Lowry]] wrote, "There is no mystery as to what can make the crucial difference in the battle of Baghdad: American troops."<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/11/AR2006091100879.html | title= Reinforce Baghdad| first1= William |last1= Kristol |first2= Rich |last2= Lowry| work=The Washington Post|date= September 12, 2006}}</ref>

This was one of the early calls for what became the [[Iraq War troop surge of 2007]] four months later. In December 2008, Kristol wrote that the surge was "opposed at the time by the huge majority of foreign policy experts, pundits, and pontificators," but that "most of them — and the man most of them are happy won the election, [[Barack Obama]] — now acknowledge the surge's success."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/22/opinion/22kristol.html Popularity Isn't Everything], William Kristol, ''The New York Times'', December 22, 2008</ref>
[[File:Secretary Kerry Chats With 'Weekly Standard's' Kristol, Former DNC Chairman Dean Before Appearing on 'Morning Joe' (15320425082).jpg|thumb|U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] with Kristol and former DNC Chairman [[Howard Dean]] before appearing on [[MSNBC]]'s "Morning Joe" on September 22, 2014]]
Kristol was one of many conservatives to publicly oppose Bush's second [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] nominee, [[Harriet Miers]]. "I'm disappointed, depressed, and demoralized," he said of Miers. "It is very hard to avoid the conclusion that President Bush flinched from a fight on constitutional philosophy. Miers is undoubtedly a decent and competent person. But her selection will unavoidably be judged as reflecting a combination of [[cronyism]] and capitulation on the part of the president."

He was a vocal supporter of the [[2006 Lebanon War]], stating that the war is "our war too," referring to the [[United States]].

Kristol was an ardent promoter of [[Sarah Palin]], advocating for her selection as the running mate of [[John McCain]] in the [[2008 United States presidential election]] months before McCain chose her.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mayer |first=Jane |author-link=Jane Mayer |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] | title=The Insiders: How John McCain came to pick Sarah Palin |date=October 27, 2008 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/10/27/081027fa_fact_mayer?currentPage=1 |access-date=2009-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite interview |subject=Horton, Scott |interviewer=[[Glenn Greenwald]] | title=Salon Radio: Scott Horton |type=Transcript and link to Audio |url=http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/radio/2008/10/15/horton/index1.html |date=October 15, 2008 |access-date=2009-06-21}}</ref> However, he later recanted his support for her, saying: "I'm perfectly willing to say that given what I now know about her, she would not have been a good vice president."<ref>Reed, Elspeth (Aug 20, 2013). [https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/08/bill-kristol-doesnt-want-any-more-credit-sarah-palins-career/311984/ Bill Kristol Doesn't Want Any More Credit for Sarah Palin's Career]. ''[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]]''.</ref><ref>Chotiner, Isaac (December 22, 2017). [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/interrogation/2017/12/weekly_standard_s_bill_kristol_on_whether_we_could_have_predicted_the_rise.html Was Palin the Harbinger of Trump?] ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''.</ref>

In response to [[Iran]]'s nuclear program, Kristol has supported strong [[International sanctions|sanctions]]. In June 2006, at the height of the Lebanon War, he suggested: "We might consider countering this act of Iranian aggression with a military strike against Iranian nuclear facilities. Why wait?"<ref>{{cite news| url= http://weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/433fwbvs.asp | title=It's Our War, Bush should go to Jerusalem--and the U.S. should confront Iran |work= The Weekly Standard|date=2006-07-24|first=William|last=Kristol|access-date=2006-12-14}}</ref>

In 2010, Kristol criticized the Obama administration and Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman Admiral [[Michael Mullen|Mike Mullen]] for an unserious approach to Iran. He wrote: "The real question is what form of instability would be more dangerous — that caused by this Iranian government with nuclear weapons, or that caused by attacking this government's nuclear weapons program. It's time to have a serious debate about the choice between these two kinds of destabilization, instead of just refusing to confront the choice."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/mullens-myth-geostrategic-equivalence | title=Mullen's Myth of Geostrategic Equivalence |publisher=The Weekly Standard |date=2010-04-19 |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref>

In the 2010 affair surrounding the [[United States diplomatic cables leak|disclosure of U.S. diplomatic cables]] by [[WikiLeaks]], Kristol spoke strongly against the organization and suggested using "our various assets to harass, snatch, or neutralize [[Julian Assange]] and his collaborators, wherever they are."<ref>{{cite web|date= November 30, 2010 |url= http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/whack-wikileaks_520462.html | title=Whack WikiLeaks |work= The Weekly Standard | access-date= 2010-12-08}}</ref> In March 2011, he wrote an editorial in ''The Weekly Standard'' arguing that the United States' military interventions in Muslim countries (including the [[Gulf War]], the [[Kosovo War]], the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]], and the [[Iraq War]]) should not be classified as "invasions," but rather as "liberations."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/party-freedom_554820.html | title=The Party of Freedom |first= William |last= Kristol |date=March 28, 2011 |work= The Weekly Standard |access-date=March 29, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.tnr.com/blog/jonathan-chait/85532/bill-kristol-and-neocon-newspeak | title=Bill Kristol And Neocon Newspeak |author-link= Jonathan Chait| first= Jonathan |last= Chait |date=March 21, 2011 |magazine= New Republic |access-date=March 29, 2011}}</ref> Kristol backed President [[Barack Obama]]'s decision to intervene in the [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|Libyan Civil War]] in 2011 and urged fellow conservatives to support the action.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/give-war-chance_555522.html | title=Give War a Chance |first= William |last= Kristol |date=April 4, 2011 | work= The Weekly Standard |access-date= March 31, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/barack-h-reagan_556041.html| title= Barack H. Reagan| first= William |last= Kristol|date=March 30, 2011 | work= The Weekly Standard |access-date=March 31, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/arabs-spring-and-ours_556139.html | title=The Arabs' Spring—and Ours|first= William |last= Kristol|date=April 11, 2011|work= The Weekly Standard |access-date=April 3, 2011}}</ref>

On October 4, 2021, Kristol debated [[Scott Horton (radio host)]], host of [[Antiwar Radio]], and editorial director of [[Antiwar.com]] at the [[SOHO Forum]]. Kristol took the affirmative position on "A willingness to intervene, and to seek regime change, is key to an American foreign policy that benefits America."<ref>[https://www.thesohoforum.org/ "A willingness to intervene, and to seek regime change, is key to an American foreign policy that benefits America."], ''The SOHO Forum''</ref>

== Opposition to Donald Trump ==
{{Update|date=April 2021}}
{{further|List of Republicans who opposed the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign}}
[[File:William Kristol (33193185016).jpg|thumb|Kristol orating at Arizona State University in March 2017.]]
Kristol vehemently opposed the nomination of [[Donald Trump]] as the Republican candidate for president in 2016. He has continued to express animosity towards Trump's domestic and foreign policy aims, and dismay at conservative Republicans who have accommodated themselves to the [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wallace-Wells|first1=Benjamin | title=Bill Kristol Wanders the Wilderness of Trump World|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/persons-of-interest/bill-kristol-wanders-the-wilderness-of-trump-world|work=The New Yorker|date=February 2, 2018 |access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>

In January 2019, Kristol criticized President Trump's planned withdrawal of [[American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War|U.S. troops from Syria]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Are Democrats Hypocrites for Criticizing Trump's Troop Withdrawals? |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/12/democrats-and-trumps-troop-withdrawals-is-the-criticism-hypocritical.html |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=December 21, 2018}}</ref>

On December 21, Kristol and a group calling itself [[Republicans for the Rule of Law]] released an ad encouraging viewers to call their Senators to demand top Trump officials be forced to testify in his [[Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump|impeachment trial]].<ref>{{citation |website=HuffPost|date=Dec 21, 2019|title=Witnesses 'Must Testify' At Impeachment Trial, Declares GOP Group. 'Call Your Senators.'|author=Mary Papenfuss|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/republicans-for-the-rule-of-law-impeachment-witnesses_n_5dfec4afe4b0843d35fd0c00?ncid=fcbklnkushpmg00000063&section=politics}}</ref>

On February 1, 2020, Kristol tweeted out that, at least until Trump is out of office, he considers himself a Democrat.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sopo |first1=Giancarlo |title=Never Trump Republican Bill Kristol comes out of the 'political closet' and declares he's a Democrat for now |url=https://www.theblaze.com/news/bill_kristol_political_closet_democrat |website=theblaze.com |date=February 2, 2020 |publisher=The Blaze |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

In March 2020, Kristol endorsed former U.S. vice president [[Joe Biden]] for President of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/899351/bill-kristol-declares-joe-biden-simple-answer-beating-trump |title=Bill Kristol Declares Joe Biden 'The Simple Answer' for Beating Trump |work=[[The Week]] |first=Kathryn |last=Krawczyk |date=March 2, 2020}}</ref>

Kristol is founding director of [[Republican Voters Against Trump]], a project of [[Defending Democracy Together]], launched in May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rvat.org/about-us/|title = About Us}}</ref>

On October 15, Kristol voted for the Democratic ticket. He stated "Just filled out my early absentee ballot in VA for Joe Biden & [[Kamala Harris]], [[Mark Warner]], and [[Jennifer Wexton]]. No regrets at all about this."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/billkristol/status/1316779218316021760 |title="Just filled out my early absentee ballot in VA for Joe Biden & Kamala Harris, Mark Warner, and Jennifer Wexton. No regrets at all about this." |work=[[Twitter]] |date= October 15, 2020}}</ref>

Kristol did an interview with [[Jewish Insider]] in 2021 where he said that he identifies as more of a former Republican.<ref>{{citation |website=JewishInsider|date=Sep 13, 2021|title=Bill Kristol's evolution|author=Gabby Deutch|url=https://jewishinsider.com/2021/09/bill-kristol-has-no-political-direction-home/}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Since 1975, Kristol has been married to Susan Scheinberg, whom he met while they were both students at Harvard. Scheinberg holds a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in [[classics]]. The couple has three children.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/e/easton-gang.html | title=Gang of Five|work= The New York Times |access-date=2014-01-30}}</ref> Their daughter, Anne, is married to writer [[Matthew Continetti]], editor-in-chief of ''[[The Washington Free Beacon]]'' website. Their son, Joseph, served in the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] in Afghanistan and worked for the [[management consulting]] company [[McKinsey & Company]] before taking a job as [[legislative director]] for Senator [[Tom Cotton]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clifton |first1=Eli | title=Tom Cotton Appointed "Never Trump" Bill Kristol's Son Legislative Director |url=https://lobelog.com/tom-cotton-appointed-never-trump-bill-kristols-son-legislative-director/ |website=lobelog.com |access-date=14 July 2018 |date=25 January 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/fashion/weddings/delia-pais-and-joseph-kristol.html? Delia Pais and Joseph Kristol] February 16, 2014, New York Times</ref> Kristol lives in [[Northern Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/mike-murphy-ii/ | title=Mike Murphy on the Trump Administration, the Midterms, and 2020|publisher=The Foundation for Constitutional Government, Inc.|date=February 2018|access-date=February 11, 2018|work=Conversations with Bill Kristol}}</ref>

==Published works==
* ''The Weekly Standard: A Reader: 1995-2005'' (Harper Perennial, 2006). {{ISBN|0-06-088285-9}}
* ''War Over Iraq: Saddam's Tyranny And America's Mission'' (Co-author [[Lawrence F. Kaplan]]) ([[Encounter Books]], 2003). {{ISBN|1-893554-69-4}}
* ''Bush v. Gore: The Court Cases and the Commentary'' (Co-editor [[E. J. Dionne]]) ([[Brookings Institution|Brookings Institution Press]], 2001). {{ISBN|0-8157-0107-1}}
* ''Homosexuality and American Public Life'' (Introduction by Kristol, Editor Christopher Wolfe) (Spence Publishing Company, 1999). {{ISBN|978-1-890626-23-5}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* Johnson, Haynes and Broder, David. ''The System: the American way of politics at the breaking point''. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1996.
* ''Current Biography Yearbook'', 1997.
* [[Nina Easton]], ''Gang of Five'', Simon & Schuster, 2002.

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
* [http://www.weeklystandard.com/aboutus/bio_kristol.asp Biography] and [http://www.weeklystandard.com/author/william-kristol column archive] at ''The Weekly Standard''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060308023715/http://www.newamericancentury.org/williamkristolbio.htm Biography] at the [[Project for the New American Century]]
* {{IMDb name|1527945}}
* {{C-SPAN|williamkristol}}
** [http://www.c-span.org/video/?191837-1/qa-william-kristol C-SPAN ''Q&A'' interview with Kristol, April 9, 2006]
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-n95-15180}}
* [http://conversationswithbillkristol.org Conversations with Bill Kristol]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Craig L. Fuller|Craig Fuller]]|years=1989–1993}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States|Chief of Staff to the Vice President]]|years=1989–1993}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Roy Neel]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Neoconservatism}}
{{CNN personnel}}
{{Fox News personalities}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kristol, Bill}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American magazine editors]]
[[Category:American magazine founders]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American political commentators]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American speechwriters]]
[[Category:American Zionists]]
[[Category:Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Staff to the Vice President of the United States]]
[[Category:CNN people]]
[[Category:Collegiate School (New York) alumni]]
[[Category:Criticism of Donald Trump]]
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish American writers]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School faculty]]
[[Category:Manhattan Institute for Policy Research]]
[[Category:Neoconservatism]]
[[Category:People from McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Reagan administration personnel]]
[[Category:The American Spectator people]]
[[Category:The New York Times columnists]]
[[Category:The Weekly Standard people]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania faculty]]
[[Category:Virginia Democrats]]
[[Category:Virginia Republicans]]
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]

Artificial island

2021-10-28T20:08:01Z

209.160.254.202:

{{about|man-made islands in general|the place in New Jersey, United States|Artificial Island, New Jersey}}
{{short description|Island constructed by people}}

[[File:Flevoland by Sentinel-2, 2018-06-30.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[Flevopolder]] in the [[Netherlands]] is 970 km2 (375 sq mi) and is the largest island formed by reclaimed land in the world.]]

An '''artificial island''' or '''man-made island''' is an [[island]] that has been constructed by people rather than formed by natural means. Artificial islands may vary in size from small islets reclaimed solely to support a single pillar of a building or structure to those that support entire communities and cities. Early artificial islands included [[floating island|floating]] structures in still waters or [[wood]]en or [[megalith]]ic structures erected in [[Ocean bank|shallow water]]s (e.g. [[crannóg]]s and [[Nan Madol]] discussed below).

In modern times artificial islands are usually formed by [[land reclamation]], but some are formed by the incidental isolation of an existing piece of land during [[canal]] construction (e.g. [[Donauinsel]], [[Ko Kret]], and much of [[Door County, Wisconsin]]), or [[flood]]ing of valleys resulting in the tops of former knolls getting isolated by water (e.g., [[Barro Colorado Island]]). One of the world's largest artificial islands, [[René-Levasseur Island]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.geocurrents.info/geonotes/rene-levasseur-the-worlds-second-largest-island-in-a-lake|title=René-Levasseur: The World's Second Largest Island in a Lake?|work=GeoCurrents|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2015/10/30/ESA-satellite-images-Manicouagan-Crater/1451446240300/|title=ESA satellite images Manicouagan Crater|work=UPI|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en}}</ref> was formed by the flooding of two adjacent reservoirs.

==History==
Despite a popular image of modernity, artificial islands actually have a long history in many parts of the world, dating back to the reclaimed islands of [[Ancient Egyptian civilization]], the [[Stilts (architecture)|Stilt]] [[crannog]]s of prehistoric [[Wales]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]], the ceremonial centers of [[Nan Madol]] in [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]] and the still extant [[floating island]]s of [[Lake Titicaca]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AV3UAAAAMAAJ&q=artificial+island+ancient+egypt&pg=PA6|title=''The Story of Ancient Egypt''|access-date=24 March 2016|last1=Rawlinson|first1=George|year=1889}}</ref> The city of [[Tenochtitlan]], the [[Aztec]] predecessor of [[Mexico City]] that was home to 500,000 people when the Spaniards arrived, stood on a small natural island in [[Lake Texcoco]] that was surrounded by countless artificial ''[[Chinampa|chinamitl]]'' islands.

[[File:Malaita.jpg|right|thumb|Reef Island off North [[Malaita]].]]

The people of [[Langa Langa Lagoon]] and [[Lau Lagoon]] in [[Malaita]], Solomon Islands, built about 60 artificial islands on the reef including [[Funaafou]], [[Sulufou]], and [[Adaege]].<ref name="DS">{{cite book |last1=Stanley |first1=David |title= South Pacific Handbook |year= 1999 |publisher= Moon South Pacific|page= 895}}</ref><ref name="UQP">{{cite web|title= Historical Photographs of Malaita | publisher= University of Queensland|url= http://www.uq.edu.au/hprc/beattie-malaita| access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref> The people of Lau Lagoon build islands on the reef as this provided protection against attack from the people who lived in the centre of Malaita.<ref name="TAST">{{cite web|last=Akimichi |first=Tomoya |title=Sea Tenure and Its Transformation in the Lau of North Malaita, Solomon Island |publisher=South Pacific Study Vol. 12, No. 1, 1991 |date=2009 |url=http://ir.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/bitstream/10232/15559/1/AN10088628_v12-1_P7-22.pdf |access-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522085455/http://ir.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/bitstream/10232/15559/1/AN10088628_v12-1_P7-22.pdf |archive-date=22 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name="TA">{{cite book |last1= Akimichi |first1= Tomoya |title= The ecological aspect of Lau (Solomon Islands) ethnoichthyology |url= http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_87_1978/Volume_87,_No._4/The_ecological_aspect_of_Lau_%28Solomon_Islands%29_ethnoichthyology,_by_Tomoya_Akimichi,_p_301-326/p1 |year= 1992 |publisher= 87 (4) [[Journal of the Polynesian Society]] |pages=301–326}}</ref> These islands were formed literally one rock at a time. A family would take their [[canoe]] out to the reef which protects the lagoon and then dive for rocks, bring them to the surface and then return to the selected site and drop the rocks into the water. Living on the reef was also healthier as the mosquitoes, which infested the coastal swamps, were not found on the reef islands. The Lau people continue to live on the reef islands.<ref name="DS"/>

Many artificial islands have been built in [[city|urban]] [[harbor]]s to provide either a site deliberately isolated from the city or just spare [[real estate]] otherwise unobtainable in a crowded metropolis. An example of the first case is [[Dejima]] (or ''Deshima''), created in the bay of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] in [[Japan]]'s [[Edo period]] as a contained center for [[Europe]]an [[trade|merchants]]. During the isolationist era, [[Netherlands|Dutch]] people were generally banned from Nagasaki and Japanese from Dejima. Similarly, [[Ellis Island]], in [[Upper New York Bay]] beside [[New York City]], a former tiny islet greatly expanded by [[land reclamation]], served as an isolated [[immigrant|immigration]] center for the [[United States]] in the late 19th and early 20th century, preventing an escape to the city of those refused entry for disease or other perceived flaws, who might otherwise be tempted toward [[illegal immigrant|illegal immigration]]. One of the most well-known artificial islands is the [[Île Notre-Dame]] in [[Montreal]], built for [[Expo 67]].

The [[Venetian Islands, Miami Beach, Florida|Venetian Islands]] in [[Miami Beach, Florida]], in [[Biscayne Bay]] added valuable new real estate during the [[Florida land boom of the 1920s]]. When the bubble that the developers were riding burst, the bay was left scarred with the remnants of their failed project. A boom town development company was building a sea wall for an island that was to be called [[Isola di Lolando]] but could not stay in business after the [[1926 Miami Hurricane]] and the [[Great Depression]], dooming the island-building project. The concrete pilings from the project still stand as another development boom roared around them, 80 years later.

{{gallery
|Image:Nagasaki bay siebold.jpg|[[Dejima]], not allowed direct contact with nearby [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]]
|Image:Isolda-di-lolando-site-photo-3.jpg|1927 sea wall pilings from the failed [[Isola di Lolando]] construction project in [[Miami Beach, Florida]]
|Image:Our Lady of the Rocks.jpg|[[Our Lady of the Rocks]] (''Gospa od Škrpjela'') in [[Montenegro]]
}}

==Largest artificial islands according to their size (reclaimed lands)==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Name !! Size (km2) !! Location !! Year built !! Utilisation
|-
| 1 || [[Flevopolder]] || style="text-align:right;" | <center>970</center> || [[Flevoland]], [[Netherlands]] || <center>1955 (East) & 1968 (South)</center> ||Towns, agriculture
|-
| 2 || [[Kansai International Airport]] || style="text-align:right;" | <center>10.68<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001066246.pdf|title=関西空港の概要|website=国土交通省|access-date=2017-11-07}}</ref></center> || [[Osaka]], [[Japan]] || <center>1994</center> ||Airport
|-
| 3 || [[Hong Kong International Airport]] || style="text-align:right;"| <center>{{formatnum:9.4}}</center> || [[Hong Kong]] || <center>1998</center> ||Airport
|-
| 4 || [[Port Island]]|| style="text-align:right;" |<center>{{formatnum:8.33}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=神戸市：海空陸の総合ターミナル港湾施設|url=https://www.city.kobe.lg.jp/a74134/kurashi/access/harbor/shisetsu.html|access-date=2021-08-14|website=www.city.kobe.lg.jp}}</ref></center>||[[Kobe]], Japan || <center>1980 (Phase 1) & 2009 (Phase 2)<ref name=":1" /></center>||Housing
|-
| 5 || [[Chūbu Centrair International Airport]]|| style="text-align:right;" | <center>{{formatnum:6.8}}</center>|| [[Tokoname]], Japan || <center>2005</center>||Airport
|-
| 6 || Ogizima || style="text-align:right;" | <center>{{formatnum:6.71}}</center>|| [[Yokohama]], Japan || <center>1975</center>||Factory
|-
| 7 || [[Rokko Island]]|| style="text-align:right;" |<center>{{formatnum:5.8}}</center>||[[Kobe]], [[Japan]]|| <center>1992</center>||Housing
|-
| 8 || [[Fundão Island]]<ref name="fundao">{{cite web|url=http://www.luxhabitat.ae/SelectedLocations/by-development/44?gclid=CMO5l_-Hta8CFQVoKgodQn_8lg |title=oglobo.globo.com/rio/concurso-de-fotos-revela-as-belezas-da-ilha-do-fundao-10707822 |language=pt |publisher=[[O Globo]] |access-date=2016-01-25}}</ref>|| style="text-align:right;" |<center>{{formatnum:5.23}}</center>||[[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]|| <center>1983</center>||[[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]]
|-
| 9 ||[[Willingdon Island]]|| style="text-align:right;" |<center>{{formatnum:3.96}}</center>||[[Kochi]], [[India]]|| <center>1936</center> ||[[Cochin Port|Port]], [[Southern Naval Command|Naval Base]]
|-
| 10 || [[Donauinsel]]|| style="text-align:right;" |<center>{{formatnum:3.9}}</center>||[[Vienna]], [[Austria]]||<center>1988</center>||[[Flood control]], recreational area
|}

==Modern projects==

===Bahrain===
[[Kingdom of Bahrain|Bahrain]] has several artificial islands including [[Northern City]], [[Diyar Al Muharraq]], and [[Durrat Al Bahrain]]. Named after the ‘most perfect pearl’ in the Persian Gulf, Durrat Al Bahrain is a US$ 6 billion joint development owned by the Bahrain Mumtalakat Holding Company and Kuwait Finance House Bahrain (KFH). The project is designed by Atkins, world renowned design, engineering and consultancy firm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drm.bh/ourResort/about-durrat|title = Durrat Resort Management}}</ref> It consists of a series of 15 large artificial islands covering an area of about 5 km2 (54,000,000 sq ft)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-6274-top-10-bahrain-mega-projects |title=Top 10 Bahrain mega-projects |date=September 9, 2009 |website=Construction Week}}</ref> and has six atolls, five fish-shaped islands, two crescent-shaped islands, and two more small islands related to the Marina area.

===Netherlands===
In 1969, the [[Flevopolder]] in the [[Netherlands]] was finished, as part of the [[Zuiderzee Works]]. It has a total land surface of 970 km2, which makes it by far the largest artificial island by land reclamation in the world. The island consists of two [[polder]]s, Eastern Flevoland and Southern Flevoland. Together with the [[Noordoostpolder]], which includes some small former islands like [[Urk]], the polders form [[Flevoland]], the 12th province of the Netherlands that almost entirely consists of reclaimed land.

An entire artificial [[archipelago]], [[Marker Wadden]] has been built as a conservation area for birds and other wildlife, the project started in 2016.<ref>{{cite web | last=Boffey | first=Daniel | title=Marker Wadden, the manmade Dutch archipelago where wild birds reign supreme | website=the Guardian | date=27 April 2019 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/27/marker-wadden-islands-netherlands-manmade-archipelago-wild-birds-eco-haven | access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>

===Maldives===
[[File:Artificial-Islands-Maldives-2019-Luka-Peternel.jpg|thumb|Artificial island construction process in [[Kaafu Atoll]] of [[Maldives]] in February 2019.]]
[[Maldives]] have been creating various artificial islands to promote [[economic development]] and to address the threat of [[Sea level rise|rising sea level]]. [[Hulhumalé]] island was reclaimed to establish a new land mass required to meet the existing and future housing, industrial and commercial development demands of the [[Malé]] region. The official settlement was inaugurated on May 12, 2004.

===Qatar===
[[The Pearl-Qatar]] is in the north of the Qatari capital [[Doha]], home to a range of residential, commercial and tourism activities. [[Qanat Quartier]] is designed to be a 'Virtual [[Venice]] in the Middle East'. [[Lusail]] & large areas around [[Ras Laffan Industrial City|Ras Laffan]], [[Hamad International Airport]] & [[Hamad Port]].

===United Arab Emirates===
The United Arab Emirates is home to several [[Land reclamation in the United Arab Emirates|artificial island]] projects. They include the [[Yas Island]], augmentions to [[Saadiyat Island]], [[Khalifa Port]], [[Al Reem Island]], [[Al Lulu Island]], [[Al Raha Creek]], [[al Hudairiyat Island]], [[The Universe (Dubai)|The Universe]] and the [[Dubai Waterfront]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} [[Palm Islands]] ([[Palm Jumeirah]], [[Palm Jebel Ali]], and [[Deira Island]]) and the [[World Islands]] off Dubai are created for leisure and tourism purposes.<ref>{{cite web | last=McFadden | first=Christopher | title=7+ Amazing Facts About Dubai's Palm Islands | website=Interesting Engineering | date=22 December 2019 | url=https://interestingengineering.com/7-curious-facts-about-dubais-palm-islands | access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Wainwright | first=Oliver | title=Not the end of The World: the return of Dubai's ultimate folly | website=the Guardian | date=13 February 2018 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/feb/13/not-end-the-world-return-dubai-ultimate-folly | access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
The [[Burj Al Arab]] is on its own artificial island.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://forum.world-mysteries.com/images/misc/hotel-burj-al-arab.jpg |title=[Image] Burj Al Arab |website=forum.world-mysteries.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024235514/http://forum.world-mysteries.com/images/misc/hotel-burj-al-arab.jpg |archive-date=October 24, 2012}}</ref> The Universe, Palm Jebel Ali, Dubai Waterfront, and Palm Deira are on hold.{{when|date=July 2020}}

===China===
{{main|Great Wall of Sand}}
[[File:Subi Reef May 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Subi Reef]] being built by the [[China|PRC]] and transformed into an artificial island, May 2015]]
[[China]] has conducted a land reclamation project which had built at least seven artificial islands in the [[South China Sea]] totaling 2000 acres in size by mid 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/27/china-proceeds-with-building-artificial-islands-on-reefs-claimed-by-philippines|title=China proceeds with building artificial islands on reefs claimed by Philippines|work=the Guardian|date=27 June 2015|access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> One artificial island built on [[Fiery Cross Reef]] near the [[Spratly Islands]] is now the site of a military [[barracks]], lookout tower and a runway long enough to handle [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese military]] aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/20/politics/south-china-sea-navy-flight/|title=Exclusive: China warns U.S. spy plane|author=Jim Sciutto, Chief National Security Correspondent|date=20 May 2015|work=CNN|access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref>

A largely touristic and commercial project is the [[Ocean Flower Island]] project on Hainan island.

===Airports===
[[Kansai International Airport]] is the first airport to be built completely on an artificial island in 1994, followed by [[Chūbu Centrair International Airport]] in 2005, and both the [[New Kitakyushu Airport]] and [[Kobe Airport]] in 2006, and [[Ordu Giresun Airport]] in 2016. When [[Hong Kong International Airport]] opened in 1998, 75% of the property was created using [[land reclamation]] upon the existing islands of [[Chek Lap Kok]] and [[Lam Chau]]. Currently [[Land reclamations of China|China is building]] several airports on artificial islands, they include runways of Shanghai international Airport [[Dalian Jinzhouwan International Airport]] being built on a 21 square kilometer artificial island''',''' [[Xiamen Xiang'an International Airport]], [[Sanya Hongtangwan International Airport]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tropicalhainan.com/sanya-new-airport-reclamation-project-wins-inspired-special-recognition-award-2017/|title=Sanya New Airport Reclamation Project Wins "Be Inspired" Special Recognition Award for 2017 - Tropical Hainan|date=2017-10-17|work=Tropical Hainan|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en-US}}</ref> designed by [[Bentley Systems]] which is being built on a 28 square kilometer artificial islands.

==Environmental impact==
A large amount of sand is required to build these islands. Dredging can cause sand to stir up and deposit on reefs, disrupting marine life.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dubai's artificial islands have high environmental cost|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2005/08/dubais-artificial-islands-have-high-environmental-cost/|date=2005-08-23|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> The increased amount of sand and fine particles of sediments creates more turbid conditions, which blocks the necessary UV rays from reaching coral reefs and creates coral turbidity (More [[Organic material|organic]] material is taken in by coral) and increased bacterial activity (More harmful bacteria are introduced into coral).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Masucci|first1=Giovanni Diego|last2=Acierno|first2=Alessandro|last3=Reimer|first3=James Davis|date=2020|title=Eroding diversity away: Impacts of a tetrapod breakwater on a subtropical coral reef|journal=Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems|language=en|volume=30|issue=2|pages=290–302|doi=10.1002/aqc.3249|issn=1052-7613|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Dong|last2=Tang|first2=Cheng|last3=Hou|first3=Xiyong|last4=Zhang|first4=Hua|date=2019-01-03|title=Rapid Morphological Changes Caused by Intensive Coastal Development in Longkou Bay, China|url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-coastal-research/volume-35/issue-3/JCOASTRES-D-18-00095.1/Rapid-Morphological-Changes-Caused-by-Intensive-Coastal-Development-in-Longkou/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-18-00095.1.full|journal=Journal of Coastal Research|volume=35|issue=3|pages=615|doi=10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-18-00095.1|s2cid=134745381|issn=0749-0208}}</ref>

The implementation of artificial islands can decrease the subaqueous area in surrounding waters, leading to habitat degradation for many species.<ref name=":0" />

==Political status==
Under the [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] treaty (UNCLOS), artificial islands are not considered harbor works (Article 11) and are under the jurisdiction of the nearest coastal state if within {{convert|200|nmi|km}} (Article 56).<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/closindx.htm |title=UNCLOS and Agreement on Part XI - Preamble and frame index|access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> Artificial islands are not considered islands for purposes of having their own territorial waters or exclusive economic zones, and only the coastal state may authorize their construction (Article 60);<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part5.htm |title=Article 60. Artificial islands, installations and structures in the exclusive economic zone (PREAMBLE TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA)|publisher=[[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]]|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> however, on the [[high seas]] beyond national jurisdiction, any "state" may construct artificial islands (Article 87).

The unrecognised [[micronation]] known as the [[Principality of Sealand]] (often shorted to simply "Sealand") is entirely on a single artificial island.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Kansai closeup.jpg|A view of [[Kansai International Airport]] from space
File:Palm Island Resort.jpg|[[Palm Jumeirah]] in [[Dubai]]
File:Palm jumeirah core.jpg|A closer view of the [[Palm Jumeirah]]
File:Northstar Offshore Island Beaufort Sea.jpg|[[Northstar Island]], an artificial island for oil drilling in the [[Beaufort Sea]]
File:Sealand fortress.jpg|The [[Principality of Sealand|Principality of Sealand's]] artificial island in the North Sea.
</gallery>

==See also==

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Artificial hill]]
* [[Chinampa]]
* [[Discovery Bay, California]]
* [[Eko Atlantic]]
* [[Land reclamation in Monaco]]
* [[List of artificial islands]]
* [[Ocean colonization]]
* [[Ocean Flower Island]]
* [[Offshore geotechnical engineering]]
* [[Republic of Rose Island]]
* [[Principality of Sealand|Sealand]]
* [[Seasteading]]
* [[Very large floating structure]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Artificial islands}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100612214815/http://seasteading.org/files/research/law/ARTIFICIAL_ISLANDS_-_01.09.09_mod.doc.pdf Artificial Islands in The Law of the Sea]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Islands by type|artificial]]
[[Category:Artificial islands|*]]
[[Category:Coastal construction]]
[[Category:Land reclamation]]

Mean Girls

2021-08-17T03:55:15Z

209.160.254.202:

{{short description|2004 American teen comedy film}}
{{about|the 2004 film|the musical based on the film|Mean Girls (musical)}}
{{distinguish|Mean Girl}}
{{use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mean Girls
| image = Mean Girls film poster.png
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mark Waters]]
| producer = [[Lorne Michaels]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Tina Fey]]
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Queen Bees and Wannabes]]''|[[Rosalind Wiseman]]}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Lindsay Lohan]]|[[Rachel McAdams]]|[[Tim Meadows]]|[[Ana Gasteyer]]|[[Amy Poehler]]|Tina Fey}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Rolfe Kent]]
| cinematography = [[Daryn Okada]]
| editing = [[Wendy Greene Bricmont]]
| studio = Lorne Michaels Productions
| distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2004|4|19|[[Cinerama Dome]]|2004|04|30|United States}}
| runtime = 97 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=''MEAN GIRLS'' (12A)|url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/mean-girls-2004-3|work=[[United International Pictures]]|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=April 28, 2007|access-date=April 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330040026/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/mean-girls-2004-3|archive-date=March 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $17 million<ref name="Boxofficemojo" />
| gross = $130.1 million<ref name="Boxofficemojo" />
}}

'''''Mean Girls''''' is a 2004 American [[Teen film|teen]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Mark Waters (director)|Mark Waters]] and written by [[Tina Fey]]. The film stars [[Lindsay Lohan]], [[Rachel McAdams]], [[Tim Meadows]], [[Ana Gasteyer]], [[Amy Poehler]] and Fey. It is based in part on [[Rosalind Wiseman]]'s 2002 non-fiction self-help book, ''[[Queen Bees and Wannabes]]'', which describes female high school social [[clique]]s, [[school bullying]], and the damaging effects they can have on girls. Fey also drew from her own experience at [[Upper Darby High School]] as an inspiration for some of the concepts in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/tina-fey-visits-upper-darby-high-mean-girls-promo/ |title=Tina Fey visits Upper Darby High for 'Mean Girls' promo |date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524225514/http://www.phillyvoice.com/tina-fey-visits-upper-darby-high-mean-girls-promo/ |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film introduced [[Amanda Seyfried]] in her film debut.

''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' creator [[Lorne Michaels]] produced the film. Tina Fey, screenwriter and co-star of the film, was a long-term cast member and writer for ''SNL''. Although set in the [[Chicago]] suburb of [[Evanston, Illinois|Evanston]], [[Illinois]], the film was mostly shot in [[Toronto]]. Filming took place from September to November 2003. The film marks Lohan's second collaboration with director Waters, the first being ''[[Freaky Friday (2003 film)|Freaky Friday]]'', released a year earlier.

Released on April 30, 2004, the film grossed $130 million worldwide and developed a [[cult following]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/why-mean-girls-is-a-classic |title=Why "Mean Girls" Is a Classic |magazine=The New Yorker |date=April 30, 2014 |first=Richard |last=Brody |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019041555/http://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/why-mean-girls-is-a-classic |archive-date=October 19, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/shortcuts/2013/jan/29/tina-feys-mean-girls-movie-classic |title=Why Tina Fey's Mean Girls is a movie classic |newspaper=The Guardian |date=January 29, 2013 |first=Priya |last=Elan |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009144457/http://www.theguardian.com/film/shortcuts/2013/jan/29/tina-feys-mean-girls-movie-classic |archive-date=October 9, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/30/showbiz/movies/mean-girls-10-year-anniversary/ |title='Mean Girls' is still 'fetch' |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=August 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000618/http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/30/showbiz/movies/mean-girls-10-year-anniversary/ |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vulture.com/2014/02/mean-girls-director-spills-10-juicy-stories.html |title=Mean Girls Director Mark Waters Spills 10 Juicy Stories, 10 Years Later |work=Vulture |date=April 20, 2014 |first=Kyle |last=Buchanan |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085820/http://www.vulture.com/2014/02/mean-girls-director-spills-10-juicy-stories.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/quora/2014/01/08/mean_girls_why_are_people_always_referencing_the_tina_fey_movie.html |title=Why Is Mean Girls So Quotable? |magazine=Slate |date=January 8, 2014 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094941/http://www.slate.com/blogs/quora/2014/01/08/mean_girls_why_are_people_always_referencing_the_tina_fey_movie.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://ca.complex.com/pop-culture/2014/04/mean-girls-the-movie-of-the-millennial-generation |title="Mean Girls" Is Everything (No, Really): How One Movie Summarized a Generation |magazine=Complex |date=April 30, 2014 |first=Julian |last=Kimble |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726003728/http://ca.complex.com/pop-culture/2014/04/mean-girls-the-movie-of-the-millennial-generation |archive-date=July 26, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The made-for-television sequel ''[[Mean Girls 2]]'' premiered on [[ABC Family]] on January 23, 2011. A [[Mean Girls (musical)|musical adaptation]] premiered on Broadway in March 2018.

==Plot==

Sixteen-year-old homeschooled Cady Heron and her zoologist parents, Betsy and Chip Heron, return to the United States after a twelve-year research trip in [[Africa]], settling in [[Evanston, Illinois]]. On her first day at North Shore High School, the first school she has ever attended, Cady attempts to make new friends, but to no avail. The next day, she meets and befriends Janis Ian and Damian Leigh. They educate Cady on the school's various cliques and warn her to avoid the most popular and infamous one, the "Plastics": beautiful and mean queen bee Regina George, rich but insecure Gretchen Wieners, and sweet but dimwitted Karen Smith. The Plastics take an interest in Cady after defending her against a sexist classmate, and invite her to sit with them at lunch. After learning of the invitation, Janis asks Cady to befriend them and to spy on them for her.

Cady soon learns about the "Burn Book", a scrapbook the Plastics have made that is filled with horrible rumors, secrets, and insults about other girls and some teachers at school. Using the book, Janis devises a plan to get back at Regina but Cady is reluctant, thinking Regina is a good friend. Cady falls in love with Regina's ex-boyfriend, Aaron Samuels, and purposely fails math, a subject she is gifted at, in order to have an excuse to talk to him. Regina finds out about Cady's love for Aaron and jealously steals him back at a Halloween party by kissing him in front of Cady. This spurs Cady to fully commit to Janis' plan to cut off Regina's "resources": involving breaking Regina and Aaron up, tricking Regina into eating "Swedish nutrition bars" that actually make her gain weight, and turning Regina's fellow Plastics against her. In the process, Cady unwittingly remakes herself in Regina's image, becoming spiteful and superficial, and abandons Janis and Damian.

When Regina is finally made aware of Cady's treachery, she retaliates by spreading the contents of the Burn Book all over the school, quickly inciting massive socially motivated brawls throughout the halls. To avoid suspicion, Regina inserts a fake libel of herself in the book in order to blame Cady, Gretchen, and Karen – the only female juniors not mentioned in the book. Karen convinces the school's principal, Ron Duvall, that they did not write the book. Duvall quells the fighting and gathers all of the junior girls in the gymnasium. Math teacher Ms. Norbury makes the girls face the ways they all treat each other and apologize to each other and the teachers; the plan sees success, as friendships are rekindled. When Janis' turn comes, she defies Norbury, confessing her plan to destroy Regina with Cady's help and openly mocking Regina, drawing praise from other students Regina bullied. Pursued by an apologetic Cady, Regina storms out of the school and is struck by a school bus, fracturing her spine, and rumors spread that Cady pushed Regina in front of the bus.

Shunned by her peers and grounded by her parents, Cady takes full blame for the Burn Book. After making amends with Regina, she joins the Mathletes in the state championship finals to make up for the math tests she failed. Cady answers the tiebreaker correctly, and they win the championship for the school. At the Spring Fling dance, Regina's new boyfriend, Shane Oman, is elected King, while Cady is elected Queen. Onstage, Cady declares that all of her classmates are wonderful in their own way, snaps her plastic tiara, and distributes the pieces to other girls in the crowd. She then reconciles with Janis, Damian, and Aaron, and reaches a truce with the Plastics.

The Plastics disband over summer vacation: Regina joins the lacrosse team to deal with her anger, Karen becomes the school weather reporter, and Gretchen joins the "Cool Asians" clique. Aaron graduates from high school and attends [[Northwestern University]] while starting a relationship with Cady, who visits him during the weekends. Janis begins dating Mathlete Kevin Gnapoor, whom she initially disliked. As Cady reflects on the social peace that has taken over North Shore High, a group of new "Junior Plastics" has arisen, and Cady imagines them being hit by a bus like Regina.

==Cast==
* [[Lindsay Lohan]] as Cady Heron, a 16-year-old girl who transfers to a public high school after being homeschooled her whole life in Africa and Aaron Samuels' love interest
** Jessie Wright as 5-year-old Cady.
* [[Rachel McAdams]] as Regina George, a rich popular mean teenager. Regina is Janis' ex-best friend and the leader of The Plastics.
* [[Lacey Chabert]] as Gretchen Wieners, an insecure rich girl and a member of the Plastics who only wants Regina's acceptance.
* [[Amanda Seyfried]] as Karen Smith, the airhead member of The Plastics. Karen is Regina and Gretchen's best friend.
* [[Lizzy Caplan]] as Janis Ian, a goth artistic girl who befriends Cady and hatches a plan to take down Regina. Janis is Damian's best friend and Regina's ex-best friend.
* [[Daniel Franzese]] as Damian Leigh, Janis and Cady's gay best friend who is flamboyant and musical.
* [[Jonathan Bennett (actor)|Jonathan Bennett]] as Aaron Samuels, Regina's ex-boyfriend, and Cady's love interest.
* [[Rajiv Surendra]] as Kevin Gnapoor, the "hormonal Mathletes president" who is attracted to Janis.
* [[Tina Fey]] as Ms. Sharon Norbury, the school calculus teacher, whom the Burn Book defames as a drug dealer.
* [[Tim Meadows]] as Principal Ron Duvall, the principal of North Shore High School.
* [[Amy Poehler]] as June George, Regina and Kylie's irresponsible mother.
* [[Ana Gasteyer]] as Betsy Heron, Cady's mom.
* [[Neil Flynn]] as Chip Heron, Cady's dad.
* [[Daniel DeSanto]] as Jason, Gretchen's unfaithful boyfriend.
* [[Diego Klattenhoff]] as Shane Oman, a football player who has an on-and-off relationship with Regina.
* [[Alisha Morrison]] as Lea Edwards
* [[Julia Chantrey]] as Amber D'Alessio
* [[Dwayne Hill]] as Coach Carr, the school's physical education teacher whom the Burn Book exposes as a sex offender
* [[Jonathan Malen]] as Kristen's boyfriend
* Nicole Crimi as Kylie George, Regina's younger sister

==Production==
===Development===
[[File:Tina Fey by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|Mean Girls writer Tina Fey|228x228px]]
[[Tina Fey]] read [[Rosalind Wiseman]]'s ''[[Queen Bees and Wannabes]]'' and called ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' producer [[Lorne Michaels]] to suggest it could be turned into a film. Michaels contacted [[Paramount Pictures]], who purchased the rights to the book. As the book is nonfiction, Fey wrote the plot from scratch, borrowing elements from her own high school experience and her impressions of [[Evanston Township High School]], upon which the film's fictional "North Shore High School" is based.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbAEim_dVQkC&q=tina+fey+evanston+township+high+school&pg=PA448|title=Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2007|last=Ebert|first=Roger|date=February 5, 2013|publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing|isbn=9780740792199|language=en}}</ref>

Fey named many characters after real life friends. In a 2014 interview about the movie, she told ''Entertainment Weekly'', "I tried to use real names in writing because it's just easier."<ref name ="EW" /> Main character Cady Heron was named after Fey's college roommate Cady Garey.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Minturn |first1=Molly |title=Girl Most Likely |url=https://uvamagazine.org/articles/girl_most_likely |magazine=Virgina Magazine |date=2013}}</ref> Damian was named after Fey's high school friend Damian Holbrook, who went on to become a writer for ''TV Guide''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Baty |first1=Emma |title=Daniel Franzese, aka Damian From 'Mean Girls,' Literally Can't Wear Pink Anymore |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a27324073/daniel-franzese-damian-mean-girls-anniversary-interview/ |magazine=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] |date=April 30, 2019 |access-date=October 5, 2020}}</ref> Minor character Glenn Coco is named after a friend of Fey's older brother; the real Glenn Coco works as a film editor in Los Angeles.<ref name ="EW">{{cite magazine |last1=Stack |first1=Tim |title=EW's 'Mean Girls' reunion: The cast looks back on the 2004 hit |url=https://ew.com/article/2014/11/05/mean-girls-reunion/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=5 November 2014}}</ref> Janis Ian was named after singer [[Janis Ian]], who was one of the musical guests on [[Saturday Night Live (season 1)#Episodes|the first ''Saturday Night Live'' episode]], in which she sang the song "[[At Seventeen]]", which can be heard playing in the background when the girls are fighting at Regina's house.<ref name="strong" />

===Casting===
[[Lindsay Lohan]] first read for Regina George, but the casting team felt she was closer to what they were looking for in the actress who played Cady, and since Lohan feared the "mean girl" role would harm her reputation, she agreed to play the lead. [[Rachel McAdams]] was cast as Regina because Fey felt McAdams being "kind and polite" made her perfect for such an evil-spirited character. [[Amanda Seyfried]] also read for Regina, and the producers instead suggested her for Karen due to Seyfried's "spacey and daffy sense of humor". Both [[Lacey Chabert]] and [[Daniel Franzese]] were the last actors tested for their roles. [[Lizzy Caplan]] was at first considered too pretty for the part of Janis, for which director [[Mark Waters (director)|Mark Waters]] felt a "[[Kelly Osbourne]]-like actress" was necessary, but Caplan was picked for being able to portray raw emotion. Fey wrote two roles based on fellow ''SNL'' alumni, Amy Poehler (whom Fey thought the producers would not accept because of being too young to portray a teenager's mother) and [[Tim Meadows]], and the cast ended up with a fourth veteran of the show, Ana Gasteyer.<ref name="strong">{{citation |title=Only the Strong Survive| work=Mean Girls |location=DVD Featurette}}</ref> [[Evan Rachel Wood]] was offered a role in the film, but turned it down.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/04/evan-rachel-wood-has-regrets-about-turning-down-mean-girls.html|title=Evan Rachel Wood Turned Down Mean Girls and Is Now Filled With Regret|website=[[Vulture.com]]|first=Jordan|last=Crucchiola|date=April 20, 2018|access-date=April 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420211759/http://www.vulture.com/2018/04/evan-rachel-wood-has-regrets-about-turning-down-mean-girls.html|archive-date=April 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Blake Lively]] did final tests for the role of Karen Smith but the producers decided to keep looking. [[Ashley Tisdale]] also auditioned for Gretchen Wieners.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baty |first1=Emma |title=Mean Girls: The inside story of the hit movie, told by the non-plastic cast |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a27254866/mean-girls-anniversary-cast-interview/ |work=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] |date=April 30, 2019 |access-date=October 5, 2020}}</ref> Jonathan Bennett was a last-minute cast replacement after the actor originally slated to play Aaron Samuels got fired. [[James Franco]] had previously been considered for that role as well.<ref>{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Adam |title=Mean Girls reunion: Tina Fey reveals original cast member was fired days into filming |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mean-girls-aaron-fired-tina-fey-reunion-jonathan-bennett-james-franco-b804285.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=October 3, 2019 |access-date=October 5, 2020}}</ref> Fey's decision to hire Bennett was due to his resemblance to her longtime ''SNL'' co-star [[Jimmy Fallon]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bradley |first1=Bill |title=10 Facts You Didn't Know About 'Mean Girls,' According To The Cast |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mean-girls_n_559d1597e4b0d00955001d6b |work=[[The Independent]] |date=October 3, 2015 |access-date=October 5, 2020}}</ref>

===Filming===
Although set in [[Evanston, Illinois]], the film was mostly shot in [[Toronto]] at [[Etobicoke Collegiate Institute]] and [[Malvern Collegiate Institute]], as well as at [[Montclair High School (New Jersey)|Montclair High School]] in [[Montclair, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news | title= Made in Toronto | first= Shannon | last= Wilmot | date= July 11, 2008 | url= http://www.toronto.com/article/376975 | access-date= September 17, 2012 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120717103640/http://www.toronto.com/article/376975 | archive-date= July 17, 2012 | df= mdy-all }}</ref> Landmarks include the [[University of Toronto]]'s [[Convocation Hall (University of Toronto)|Convocation Hall]] and [[Sherway Gardens]]. Principal photography commenced on September 27, 2003, and concluded on November 25 that year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rachel-mcadams.net/career/filmography/mean-girls-2004/ |title=Mean Girls (2004) |access-date=January 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112160403/http://rachel-mcadams.net/career/filmography/mean-girls-2004/|publisher=Rachel McAdams Online |archive-date=January 12, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mean Girls: Music from the Motion Picture
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Various Artists
| cover =
| caption = {{deletable image-caption|Friday, April 12, 2019|PROD}}
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2004|9|21}}
| recorded = 2004
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Rock music|rock]]|[[teen pop]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[Punk rock music|punk rock]]|[[Christmas music|Christmas]]|[[dance-pop]]|[[Rap music|rap]]}}
| length = 49:17
| label = {{hlist|[[Rykodisc]]|Bulletproof}}
| producer = Various Artists
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Mean Girls: Music from the Motion Picture
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = [[Dancing with Myself#In popular culture|Dancing with Myself]]
| single1date = June 1, 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Dancing-With-Myself-Single-Version/dp/B00122Z924/ref=pd_rhf_dp_p_img_2?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=Y970ECPBRE2BZY2Z6PD3|title=The Donnas – Dancing With Myself (Mean Girls Single Version)|publisher=[[Amazon Music]]|access-date=December 17, 2018}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Album ratings|title=Soundtrack
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score ={{Rating|4|5}} [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r711621|pure_url=yes}} Link]
}}
'''''Mean Girls: Music from the Motion Picture''''' was released by [[Rykodisc]] and Bulletproof Records on September 21, 2004, the same day as the [[DVD]] release.

# "[[Dancing with Myself#In popular culture|Dancing with Myself]]" by [[The Donnas]] ([[Generation X (band)|Generation X]] [[cover version|cover]])
# "[[God Is a DJ (Pink song)|God Is a DJ]]" by [[Pink (singer)|Pink]]
# "[[Milkshake (song)|Milkshake]]" by [[Kelis]]
# "Sorry (Don't Ask Me)" by All Too Much
# "Built This Way" by [[Samantha Ronson]]
# "[[Rip Her to Shreds]]" by [[Boomkat]] ([[Blondie (band)|Blondie]] cover)
# "[[Overdrive (Katy Rose song)|Overdrive]]" by [[Katy Rose]]
# "[[One Way or Another]]" by [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]]
# "[[Operate]]" by [[Peaches (musician)|Peaches]]
# "Misty Canyon" by Anjali Bhatia
# "Mean Gurl" by Gina Rene and Gabriel Rene
# "Hated" by [[Nikki Cleary]]
# "Psyché Rock", by [[Pierre Henry]] ([[Fatboy Slim]] Malpaso mix)
# "The Mathlete Rap" by Rajiv Surendra
# "[[Jingle Bell Rock]]"

Though not included on the soundtrack, other songs heard in the film include the single "[[Pass That Dutch]]" by [[Missy Elliott]], "[[Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)|Naughty Girl]]" by [[Beyoncé]], "[[Beautiful (Christina Aguilera song)|Beautiful]]" by [[Christina Aguilera]], "Fire" by [[Joe Budden]] featuring [[Busta Rhymes]], "[[At Seventeen]]" by [[Janis Ian]], and "[[Halcyon (Orbital song)|Halcyon + On + On]]" by [[Orbital (band)|Orbital]], "Put 'Em Up" by [[N.O.R.E]] featuring [[Pharrell Williams]], "Oh Yeah" / "Run" by Gabriel Rene and "[[Love's Theme]]" by [[The Love Unlimited Orchestra]].

[[Rolfe Kent]] wrote the film's orchestral score, which was orchestrated by [[Tony Blondal]]. The score features taiko drums and a full orchestra.

==Home media==
''Mean Girls'' was released on [[VHS]] and [[DVD]] in North America on September 21, 2004, five months after it opened in theaters. It was released in a widescreen special collector's edition and a fullscreen collector's edition, both including several [[deleted scene]]s, a [[blooper]] reel, three T.V. Spots, the theatrical trailer, previews, and three featurettes.<ref name="MeanGirlsDVD">{{cite av media | title=Mean Girls | url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55850835 | oclc=55850835 | publisher=Paramount Pictures Corporation ©2004 | location=Hollywood, California | first=Lorne | last=Michaels | others=screenplay by Tina Fey; directed by Mark Waters; et al | isbn=9781415700136 | type=DVD video | series=Widescreen DVD collection | lay-url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0377092/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 | lay-source=Internet Movie Database | access-date=March 28, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927090048/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55850835 | archive-date=September 27, 2009 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> A Blu-ray version of the film was released on April 14, 2009. The film was later re-released on a 15th anniversary Blu-Ray in 2019.<ref name="Amazon.com: Mean Girls - Burn Book Edition [Blu-ray]">{{cite web |title=Mean Girls - Burn Book Edition [Blu-ray] |url=https://www.amazon.com/Mean-Girls-Burn-Book-Blu-ray/dp/B07XQKPNVW/ref=sr_1_5?dchild=1&keywords=mean+girls+blu+ray&qid=1600050596&sr=8-5 |website=Amazon |access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref>

==Reception and cultural impact==
===Box office===
In its opening weekend, ''Mean Girls'' grossed $24.4 million from 3,159 screens<ref>{{cite web|title='Mean Girls' Surprisingly Nice $24 Weekend - Box Office Mojo|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=1325&p=.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65TRj1Hh8?url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=1325&p=.htm|archive-date=February 15, 2012|access-date=August 19, 2017|website=www.boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> at 2,839 theaters in the United States, ranking number one at the box office and averaging $8,606 per venue.<ref name="Boxofficemojo">{{cite web|title=Mean Girls (2004)|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=meangirls.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040419063318/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=meangirls.htm|archive-date=April 19, 2004|access-date=January 23, 2010|work=Box Office Mojo|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The film closed on September 9, 2004, grossing $86.1 million domestically and $43 million internationally for a total worldwide gross of $129 million.<ref name="Boxofficemojo" />

===Critical response===
[[File:Actress_Lindsay_Lohan.jpg|thumb|right|Lohan's performance in the film was lauded by critics and was listed as the eleventh best performance of the [[21st century]] by ''[[The New Yorker]]''.|267x267px]]''Mean Girls'' received generally positive reviews; critics lauded Lohan's and McAdams' performance and labeled the film as Seyfried's and Caplan's breakthrough roles. [[Review aggregator|Review aggregation]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] gives the film an approval rating of 84% based on 190 reviews, with an average rating of 7.00/10. The site's critical consensus states "Elevated by a brilliant screenplay and outstanding [[ensemble cast]], ''Mean Girls'' finds fresh, female-fronted humor in the high school experience."<ref>{{cite web|title=Mean Girls|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mean_girls/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612013211/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mean_girls/|archive-date=June 12, 2018|access-date=October 4, 2019|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{metacritic film|id=mean-girls|title=Mean Girls}}; {{Retrieved|access-date=September 24, 2009}}</ref> On [[CinemaScore]], audiences gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.<ref name="CinemaScore">{{cite web|title=CinemaScore|url=https://m.cinemascore.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20170916153548/https://m.cinemascore.com/|archive-date=September 16, 2017|access-date=June 22, 2017|work=cinemascore.com}}</ref>

Ann Hornaday of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' stated that it "boasts a one-two-three punch in star Lindsay Lohan, screenwriter Tina Fey and director Mark Waters, and, indeed, it delivers a knockout". The screenplay was highly praised by critics with [[Peter Travers]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' calling it "comic gold".<ref>{{cite web|title=Mean Girls - Movie Reviews - Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mean_girls/reviews/?type=top_critics|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630030030/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mean_girls/reviews/?type=top_critics|archive-date=June 30, 2015|access-date=May 29, 2015}}</ref> In November 2012, Rotten Tomatoes included the film in its 'Top 50 Greatest Teen Comedies' list.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 50 Greatest Teen Movies Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/gallery/50_greatest_teen_movies/editorial-10248627/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328022513/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/gallery/50_greatest_teen_movies/editorial-10248627|archive-date=March 28, 2015|access-date=May 29, 2015}}</ref> In March 2021, Richard Brody of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' ranked Lohan's performance in the film as the eleventh best of the [[21st century]] up to that point, praising her "blend of charisma and awkwardness, innocence and guile" as well as "faux-casual earnestness" she used for dialogue.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Brody|first=Richard|date=March 6, 2021|title=The Best Movie Performances of the Century So Far|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/the-best-movie-performances-of-the-century-so-far|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=May 9, 2021}}</ref>

===Cultural impact===

The film has become a pop-culture phenomenon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/10-years-of-mean-girls-how-the-film-defined-a-generation--and-gave-it-a-new-language-9308410.html |title=10 years of Mean Girls: How the film defined a generation – and gave it a new language |work=The Independent |date=April 30, 2014 |first=Gillian |last=Orr |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028091149/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/10-years-of-mean-girls-how-the-film-defined-a-generation--and-gave-it-a-new-language-9308410.html |archive-date=October 28, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2014/04/30/why-mean-girls-still-matters-10-years-later/ |title=Why 'Mean Girls' Still Matters, 10 Years Later |work=Forbes |date=April 30, 2014 |first=Scott |last=Mendelson |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008013207/http://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2014/04/30/why-mean-girls-still-matters-10-years-later/ |archive-date=October 8, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/27/movies/from-internet-chat-to-related-projects-mean-girls-endures.html|title=10 Years Later, the Clique Still Reigns|work=[[New York Times]]|date=April 25, 2014|access-date=October 3, 2020}}</ref> Fans have made [[GIF]]s and [[Internet meme|memes]] of the film and posted them on social media, including [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], and [[Tumblr]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/04/25/why-does-and-will-mean-girls-continue-to-endure-online/ |title=Why does — and will — 'Mean Girls' continue to endure online? |work=The Washington Post |date=April 25, 2014 |first=Jessica |last=Goldstein |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018062153/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/04/25/why-does-and-will-mean-girls-continue-to-endure-online/ |archive-date=October 18, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/04/mean-girls-anniversary-memes/ |title=Why Mean Girls Has Obsessed the Internet for a Decade |journal=Wired |date=April 30, 2014 |first=Angela |last=Watercutter |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015155752/http://www.wired.com/2014/04/mean-girls-anniversary-memes/ |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2014/10/its-october-3rd-mean-girls-day-gets-its-own-art-show-on-tumblr.html |title=Mean Girls Day gets its own art show on Tumblr |publisher=CBC News |date=October 3, 2014 |first=Lauren |last=O'Neil |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008081707/http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2014/10/its-october-3rd-mean-girls-day-gets-its-own-art-show-on-tumblr.html |archive-date=October 8, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lwlies.com/articles/mean-girls-memes-mark-waters-tina-fey/|title='Is butter a carb?' How Mean Girls became Meme Girls|work=[[Little White Lies (magazine)|Little White Lies]]|date=October 3, 2019|access-date=October 3, 2020}}</ref> It is considered one of the most quotable movies of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywood.com/movies/the-most-quotable-movies-of-all-time-60479486/|title=The 25 Most Quotable Movies Of All Time|website=[[Hollywood.com]]|date=October 27, 2015|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/news/a46379/best-movie-quotes/|title=Most Quotable Movies of All Time|work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=July 5, 2016|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertainment.ie/cinema/movie-news/top-10-most-quotable-movies-of-all-time-245392/|title=Top 10 most quotable movies of all time|website=[[Entertainment.ie]]|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2019/04/30/mean-girls-anniversary-definitive-ranking-movies-quotes/3589736002/|title='Mean Girls' Day: The definitive ranking of the movie's best quotes|work=[[USA Today]]|date=December 17, 2019|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> In an interview about the film, Fey noted, "Adults find it funny. They are the ones who are laughing. Young people watch it like a reality show. It's much too close to their real experiences so they are not exactly guffawing."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Television/TV_Shows/S/Saturday_Night_Live/2004/04/28/pf-733201.html |title=CANOE – JAM! - Weekend warrior |publisher=Jam.canoe.ca |date=April 28, 2004 |access-date=August 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710074402/http://jam.canoe.ca/Television/TV_Shows/S/Saturday_Night_Live/2004/04/28/pf-733201.html |archive-date=July 10, 2012}}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, {{"'}}Fetch' may never happen, but 2004's eminently quotable movie is still one of the sharpest high school satires ever. Which is pretty grool, if you ask me!"<ref>Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (December 11, 2009), "THE 100 Greatest MOVIES, TV SHOWS, ALBUMS, BOOKS, CHARACTERS, SCENES, EPISODES, SONGS, DRESSES, MUSIC VIDEOS, AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS". ''Entertainment Weekly''. (1079/1080):74-84.</ref> In 2006, ''Entertainment Weekly'' also named it the twelfth best high school film of all time, explaining: "While ''Mean Girls'' is technically a comedy, its depiction of girl-on-girl cattiness stings incredibly true."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmsite.org/50besthsfilms2.html |title=50 Best High School Movies |publisher=Filmsite.org |date=September 15, 2006 |access-date=November 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112142042/http://www.filmsite.org/50besthsfilms2.html |archive-date=November 12, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, ''[[Marie Claire]]'' ranked ''Mean Girls'' as the best 2000s movie, calling it "the '00s pop culture staple".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/g37260832/2000s-movies/ |title=The 45 Best 2000s Movies |magazine=[[Marie Claire]] |date=August 12, 2021 |access-date=August 13, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

October 3 has been dubbed on social media as "Mean Girls Day" in reference to a quote said by the film's main character Cady. People also celebrate by wearing pink based on another quote said by character Karen in the film. Clothing designers have followed suit by printing quotes and other iconic imagery from the movie onto many pieces and merchandise items.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/3457797/mean-girls-day-october-3/ |title=It's October 3rd: 19 Ways to Celebrate Mean Girls Day |magazine=Time |date=October 3, 2014 |first=Samantha |last=Grossman |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007222413/http://time.com/3457797/mean-girls-day-october-3/ |archive-date=October 7, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the recognition and attention generated because of the annual celebration, several members of the cast have reunited in video over the years on that day for various causes. In 2017, they set a [[GoFundMe]] to raise money for the victims of the [[2017 Las Vegas shooting|Las Vegas shooting]] and the [[National Compassion Fund]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/10/04/lindsay-lohan-mean-girls-campaign-money-vegas-victims/|title=Lindsay Lohan joins Mean Girls campaign to raise money for Vegas victims|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 4, 2017|access-date=September 30, 2020}}</ref> In 2019, they teamed up with the [[Thirst Project]] to raise money to fund a freshwater well in [[Uganda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mean-girls-cast-raise-money-thirst-project-charity-oct-3-2019-1245251|title='Mean Girls' Cast Raises Money for Thirst Project on Oct. 3|work=[[Hollywood Reporter]]|date=October 3, 2019|access-date=September 30, 2020}}</ref> In 2020, the cast was honored with the Pioneering Spirit Award for their #MeanGirlsDoGood campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/rambling-reporter/mean-girls-cast-to-be-honored-at-jonathan-bennett-hosted-thirst-project-concert-telethon|title='Mean Girls' Cast to be Honored at Jonathan Bennett-Hosted Thirst Project Concert Telethon|work=[[Hollywood Reporter]]|date=September 29, 2020|access-date=September 30, 2020}}</ref> On October 3, 2020, [[Katie Couric]] moderated a virtual cast reunion to reminisce about the film. Organized in collaboration with [[HeadCount]] to promote voting in the [[2020 United States presidential election]], it was the first time the entire cast gathered together since the premiere in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/mean-girls-cast-reunites-promote-voting-katie-couric/|title='Mean Girls' Cast Reunites for the First Time to Promote Voting|publisher=[[TheWrap]]|date=October 3, 2020|access-date=October 4, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mean-girls-reunion-lindsay-lohan-rachel-mcadams-phone-call-instagram-video-b931669.html|title=Mean Girls: Rachel McAdams and Lindsay Lohan recreate iconic scene|work=The Independent|date=October 10, 2020|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref>

[[Mariah Carey]] expressed several times that she is a fan of the film, using quotes from the film in numerous interviews and TV appearances including a 2013 episode of ''[[American Idol]]''. Carey's 2009 single, "[[Obsessed (Mariah Carey song)|Obsessed]]", begins with an interlude quote where she says, "And I was like, 'Why are you so obsessed with me?{{'"}}, a line said by Regina George in the film. Carey's ex-husband, [[Nick Cannon]], revealed that the song was inspired by the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nick Cannon: Mariah Carey's Not Dissing Eminem In 'Obsessed' |first1=Jocelyn |last1=Vena |first2=Tim |last2=Kash |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615108/20090701/cannon_nick.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV News]] |date=July 1, 2009 |access-date=June 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5qkE7JkTY?url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615108/20090701/cannon_nick.jhtml |archive-date=June 25, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2342871/a-brief-history-of-mariah-careys-mean-girls-obsession/|title=A Brief History of Mariah Carey's 'Mean Girls' Obsession|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=October 9, 2015|access-date=September 3, 2020}}</ref> In September 2020, Fey quizzed Carey about the movie to prove how much of a "superfan" she is on [[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']]'s ''Quizzed'' video series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9446063/mariah-carey-tina-fey-mean-girls-quizzed-video|title=Mariah Carey Earns Title of 'Michael Jordan of Mean Girls' After Getting 'Quizzed' by Tina Fey: Watch|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=September 10, 2020|access-date=September 10, 2020}}</ref>

In August 2013, the [[White House]] tweeted a photo of President Obama's dog, [[Bo (dog)|Bo]], holding a tennis ball and captioning "Bo, stop trying to make fetch happen".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/WhiteHouse/status/367301180910624768 |title=Bo, stop trying to make fetch happen. |publisher=Twitter |author=The White House |date=August 13, 2013 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826031251/https://twitter.com/WhiteHouse/status/367301180910624768 |archive-date=August 26, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/08/13/the-white-house-made-a-mean-girls-joke-on-twitter-and-it-was-awesome/ |title=The White House Made a Mean Girls Joke on Twitter and It Was Awesome |journal=Time |date=August 13, 2013 |first=Olivia B. |last=Waxman |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007013949/http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/08/13/the-white-house-made-a-mean-girls-joke-on-twitter-and-it-was-awesome/ |archive-date=October 7, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taco Bell]] made a reply to the White House, also using one of the quotes from the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/TacoBell/status/367427339509985280 |title=@whitehouse Do you wanna do something fun? You wanna go to Taco Bell? |publisher=Twitter |date=August 13, 2014 |author=Taco Bell |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201083027/https://twitter.com/TacoBell/status/367427339509985280 |archive-date=February 1, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2018, the official Twitter account of the [[Embassy of Israel in Washington, D.C.|Israeli Embassy in the U.S.]] made headlines when it responded to a tweet by [[Iran]]ian leader [[Ali Khamenei]], calling Israel "a malignant cancerous tumor", with an animated GIF of the "Why are you so obsessed with me?" quote from ''Mean Girls''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel uses 'Mean Girls' to troll Iran on Twitter |url=https://nypost.com/2018/06/04/israel-uses-mean-girls-to-troll-iran-on-twitter/ |first=Bob |last=Fredericks |newspaper=New York Post |date=June 4, 2018 |access-date=August 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829105956/https://nypost.com/2018/06/04/israel-uses-mean-girls-to-troll-iran-on-twitter/ |archive-date=August 29, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2019, [[Hillary Clinton]] tweeted a GIF of the same quote which went [[Viral phenomenon|viral]] for being considered a response to [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/hillary-clinton-donald-trump-mean-girls-subtweet/|title=Hillary Clinton subtweeted Trump with a 'Mean Girls' reference and we are screaming|publisher=[[Mashable]]|date=March 6, 2019|access-date=July 20, 2020}}</ref> In June 2020, the [[Taoiseach]] of Ireland [[Leo Varadkar]] quoted Cady's "the limit does not exist" line during a [[COVID-19 pandemic]] briefing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-taioseach-leo-varadkar-quotes-mean-girls-during-covid-19-briefing-12010663|title=Coronavirus: Taoiseach Leo Varadkar quotes Mean Girls during COVID-19 briefing|work=[[Sky News]]|date=June 19, 2020|access-date=July 20, 2020}}</ref> At the [[39th People's Choice Awards|2013 People's Choice Awards]], [[Jennifer Lawrence]] referenced the film in her speech when she won Favorite Movie Actress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a450041/jennifer-lawrence-i-wish-i-could-share-my-award-like-in-mean-girls/ |title=Jennifer Lawrence: 'I wish I could share my award like in Mean Girls' |publisher=[[DigitalSpy]] |date=January 10, 2013 |access-date=September 30, 2020 }}</ref> Multiple scenes from the movie have been reenacted and parodied by various celebrities throughout the years following its release, including [[Ed Sheeran]], [[Iggy Azalea]], [[Amber Rose]] and [[Waka Flocka Flame]] during a 2014 skit for [[MTV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eonline.com/uk/news/504926/ed-sheeran-amber-rose-and-more-reenact-mean-girls-four-way-phone-scene-watch-now|title=Ed Sheeran, Amber Rose and More Reenact Mean Girls' Four-Way Phone Scene—Watch Now!|publisher=[[E!]]|date=January 29, 2014|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1722240/mariah-carey-nick-cannon-re-enact-mean-girls/|title=Mariah Carey and Nick Cannon Re-Enact 'Mean Girls'... And It's So Fetch|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=February 13, 2014|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.calltheone.com/en/musicians-singers/chris-motionless-reenacts-mean-girls-scene|title=Chris Motionless Re-Enact 'Mean Girls' Scene|date=February 28, 2018|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aol.com/article/entertainment/2017/07/12/ariana-grande-reenact-mean-girls/23026993/|title=Ariana Grande once reenacted 'Mean Girls' with her friends -- and it's everything and more|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=July 12, 2017|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/mean-girls-four-way-call-video-disability-message/|title=Iconic Mean Girls Phone Call Scene Remade By Creators With Disabilities|publisher=[[Screen Rant]]|date=September 9, 2020|access-date=September 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://etcanada.com/news/695116/chloe-grace-moretz-acts-out-iconic-mean-girls-scene-with-sarah-ramos/|title=Chloë Grace Moretz Acts Out Iconic 'Mean Girls' Scene With Sarah Ramos|work=[[Entertainment Tonight Canada]]|date=September 24, 2020|access-date=September 25, 2020}}</ref>

The sixth episode of the third season of ''[[How to Get Away with Murder]]'' included several references to the film, including Aja Naomi King's character Michaela Pratt using the line "you can't sit with us", [[Viola Davis]]' character [[Annalise Keating]] eating her lunch in a toilet cubicle after feeling like an outcast, [[Karla Souza]]'s character Laurel Castillo using sweatpants on a Monday and Behzad Dabu's character Simon Drake calling several other students "mean girls".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refinery29.com/2016/10/127929/how-to-get-away-with-murder-season-3-episode-6-recap|title="How To Get Away With Murder" Recap: "You're All Mean Girls"|access-date=August 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819061248/http://www.refinery29.com/2016/10/127929/how-to-get-away-with-murder-season-3-episode-6-recap|archive-date=August 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2021, actress [[Aimee Lou Wood]] referenced the film scene where Cady broke her Spring Fling crown in pieces and shared it with girls around her.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Dray|first=Kayleigh|date=2021-06-06|title=Baftas 2021: Aimee Lou Wood’s “frantic” Baftas speech is so good|url=https://www.stylist.co.uk/entertainment/tv/aimee-lou-wood-2021-baftas/529575|access-date=2021-06-08|website=Stylist|language=en}}</ref> She stated: "Now, I said that I’d break [this award] into pieces and share it with everyone, It’s solid, [[Daisy Haggard|Daisy [Haggard]]], It’s solid! So I’ll give you a metaphorical piece to everyone in my category, especially [[Emma Mackey]] who’s the best scene partner and best friend…"<ref name=":0" />

=== Accolades ===
The film won and was nominated for a number of awards throughout 2004–2005.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! align="left" |Year
! align="left" |Ceremony
! align="left" |Category
! align="left" |Recipients
! align="left" |Result
|-
| rowspan="13" |2004
| rowspan="13" |[[Teen Choice Awards]]
|[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy|Choice Comedy Movie Actress]]
|[[Lindsay Lohan]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Choice Breakout Movie Actress
|Lindsay Lohan
|{{Won}}
|-
|Choice Movie Blush
|Lindsay Lohan
|{{Won}}
|-
|Choice Breakout Movie Actress
|[[Rachel McAdams]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Choice Breakout Movie Actor
|[[Jonathan Bennett (actor)|Jonathan Bennett]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Comedy|Choice Comedy Movie]]
!
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Choice Comedy Movie Actress
|Rachel McAdams
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Choice Movie Blush
|Rachel McAdams
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Choice Movie Chemistry
|Lindsay Lohan and Jonathan Bennett
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Choice Movie Fight/Action Sequence
|Lindsay Lohan vs. Rachel McAdams
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Hissy Fit|Choice Movie Hissy Fit]]
|Rachel McAdams
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Choice Movie Liar
|Lindsay Lohan
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain|Choice Movie Villain]]
|Rachel McAdams
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |2005
| rowspan="4" |[[MTV Movie & TV Awards|MTV Movie Awards]]
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Performance|Best Female Performance]]
|Lindsay Lohan
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance|Breakthrough Female Performance]]
|Rachel McAdams
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo|Best On-Screen Team]]
|Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams, [[Lacey Chabert]], and [[Amanda Seyfried]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|Rachel McAdams
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Kids Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Movie Actress
|Lindsay Lohan
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[People's Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Movie: Comedy
!
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Writers Guild of America Award]]
|Best Adapted Screenplay
|Tina Fey
|{{Nom}}
|}

== Legacy ==

=== Works inspired by ''Mean Girls'' ===
A novel based on the film, by author [[Micol Ostow]], was released in September 2017 by [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mean Girls: A Novel|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/34077604-mean-girls|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025728/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/34077604-mean-girls|archive-date=April 11, 2018|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> Jonathan Bennett, who portrayed Aaron Samuels, released a cookbook inspired by the movie in 2018 called "The Burn Cookbook: Real Recipes to Feed Your Inner Plastic."<ref>{{cite web|date=October 2, 2018|title=Jonathan Bennett created a 'Mean Girls' cookbook — and the recipes are so fetch!|url=https://www.today.com/food/mean-girls-cookbook-fun-recipes-jonathan-bennett-t138439|access-date=August 20, 2020|work=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]}}</ref> The following year, he teamed up with Nocking Point Wines to release a limited rosé wine edition inspired by the film.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 11, 2019|title='Mean Girls' Star Jonathan Bennett Releases 'Wednesday Rosé' in Nod to Classic Movie|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/food/news/mean-girls-star-jonathan-bennett-releases-wines-named-for-movie/|access-date=August 20, 2020|work=[[Us Weekly]]}}</ref> [[Ariana Grande]] parodied the film in the music video for her 2018 song "[[Thank U, Next (song)|Thank U, Next]]". The actors Jonathan Bennett and Stefanie Drummond, who were originally part of the film's cast, appeared in the video. A clip of Cady Heron from the movie was featured in a 2020 [[Discover Card]] commercial which aired during the [[Super Bowl LIV]].<ref>{{cite web|date=January 29, 2020|title=Discover Splits Up Its 30-Second Super Bowl Buy Into 2 Spots|url=https://www.adweek.com/agencies/discover-splits-up-its-30-second-super-bowl-buy-into-2-spots/|access-date=July 20, 2020|work=[[AdWeek]]}}</ref>

A comic book sequel to the film, titled ''Mean Girls: Senior Year'', was written by Arianna Irwin and released by Insight Comics in September 2020.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 19, 2019|title=Insight Comics Announces 2020 FCBD Silver Offering MEAN GIRLS: SENIOR YEAR|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwbooks/article/Insight-Comics-Announces-2020-FCBD-Silver-Offering-MEAN-GIRLS--SENIOR-YEAR-20191219|access-date=December 19, 2019|work=Broadway World}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Rich|date=June 21, 2020|title=Mean Girls Sequel Delayed Until September|url=https://bleedingcool.com/comics/mean-girls-sequel-delayed-until-september/|access-date=July 9, 2020|work=Bleeding Cool}}</ref> A ''Mean Girls''-themed [[pop-up restaurant]] in [[Santa Monica]] called Fetch was announced in 2020 as well.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 24, 2020|title=Paramount's 'Mean Girls' Pop-Up Restaurant Back On, Tickets on Sale|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/paramounts-mean-girls-pop-up-restaurant-fetch-opens-ticket-sales-1280818|access-date=May 22, 2020|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> [[Primark]] launched a loungewear range inspired by the film in October 2019.<ref>{{cite web|date=October 14, 2019|title=Primark Mean Girls Collection|url=https://www.primark.com/en/the-edit/women/trending-now-mean-girls/a/d6f897b9-3b44-4391-92a0-e460a3a40246|access-date=September 30, 2020|publisher=[[Primark]]}}</ref> On October 3, 2020, the [[List of breweries in Virginia|Young Veterans Brewing Company]] released a ''Mean Girls''-themed beer called "Army Pants & Flip Flops".<ref>{{cite web|date=September 28, 2020|title=So fetch: Mean Girls-themed beer to be released at Virginia Beach brewery Saturday|url=https://www.wtkr.com/news/good-news/so-fetch-mean-girls-themed-beer-to-be-released-at-virginia-beach-brewery-saturday|access-date=September 30, 2020|publisher=[[WTKR]]}}</ref> Several ''Mean Girls''-themed events, merchandising products and screenings have been often organized and produced in homage to the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mean Girls House Party|url=https://www.everymancinema.com/film-info/mean-girls-house-party|access-date=August 15, 2020|website=[[Everyman Cinemas]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 3, 2020|title=A 'Mean Girls' Themed Afternoon Tea Is Coming|url=https://www.tyla.com/entertaining/food-and-drink-mean-girls-themed-afternoon-tea-london-20200803|access-date=August 15, 2020|website=Tyla.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 13, 2020|title=This 'Mean Girls' Inspired Home Is Now On Airbnb And It's So Fetch|url=https://www.tyla.com/life/travel-mean-girls-inspired-home-airbnb-nashville-bachelorette-pad-20200813|access-date=August 15, 2020|website=Tyla.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 26, 2020|title=Get In, Loser! We're Doing High Tea- The Brunch Club's Hosting A Mean Girls High Tea!|url=https://www.kiis1065.com.au/lifestyle/food-wine/get-in-loser-were-doing-high-tea-the-brunch-clubs-hosting-a-mean-girls-high-tea/|access-date=August 26, 2020|publisher=[[KIIS 106.5]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=October 31, 2020|title=B&M releases Mean Girls collection - including a Burn Book|url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/whats-on/shopping/bm-releases-mean-girls-collection-4651617|access-date=October 31, 2020|publisher=[[Bristol Post]]}}</ref>

In August 2020, [[Screen Junkies]] released a [[Screen Junkies#Honest Trailers|Honest Trailers]] episode on the film calling it "the best thing to come out of that era," with [[Screen Rant]]'s Daniel Gillespie saying: "''Mean Girls'' remains entertaining, funny, and, most importantly, accurate. [...] That relevance almost two decades later proves that Mean Girls is deserving of its classic status,"<ref>{{cite web|date=August 25, 2020|title=Mean Girls Honest Trailer Points Out Obvious Out-Dated References|url=https://screenrant.com/mean-girls-movie-honest-trailer-tina-fey-comedy|access-date=August 26, 2020|publisher=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref> and [[Slashfilm]]'s Ethan Anderton writing that the "generation-defining high school movie" not only captures the teenage culture of the early 2000s perfectly, "but it's also hilariously clever for being adapted from a non-fiction parenting advice book [...] Mean Girls is great because it captures that cruel teen vibe perfectly, and it tries to deliver a nice wholesome message to fight it, which kids will laugh at, agree with, and then never do anything about."<ref>{{cite web|date=August 26, 2020|title='Mean Girls' Honest Trailer: One of the Only Things from the Early 2000s We Should Be Nostalgic About|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/mean-girls-honest-trailer/|access-date=August 26, 2020|publisher=[[Slashfilm]]}}</ref> In September 2020, the [[Pillsbury Company]] released a limited edition of [[Toaster Strudel]] featuring pink icing and ''Mean Girls'' packaging to pay homage to its movie-claimed inventor's daughter, Gretchen Wieners.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 2, 2020|title=Pillsbury Toaster Strudel Introduces Limited-Edition Mean Girls Toaster Strudel With Movie-Inspired Pink Icing|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200902005633/en/Pillsbury-Toaster-Strudel-Introduces-Limited-Edition-Girls-Toaster|access-date=September 3, 2020|publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref>

=== Adaptations ===
'''Video games'''

A game for PC was released in 2009 featuring characters specifically created for the game.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mean Girls: High School Showdown|url=https://www.ign.com/games/mean-girls-high-school-showdown/pc-14269052|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819062039/http://www.ign.com/games/mean-girls-high-school-showdown/pc-14269052|archive-date=August 19, 2017|access-date=May 3, 2017|work=IGN}}</ref> In 2010, a ''Mean Girls'' video game developed by Crush Digital Media and planned to be published by [[505 Games]] for the [[Nintendo DS]] [[handheld game console]] was announced, but was cancelled before release.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 12, 2010|title=Mean Girls Game Capitalizes on Film's Popularity, Lohan's Career – games for girls|url=http://kotaku.com/5515461/mean-girls-game-capitalizes-on-films-popularity-lohans-career|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612014813/http://kotaku.com/5515461/mean-girls-game-capitalizes-on-films-popularity-lohans-career|archive-date=June 12, 2010|access-date=November 8, 2010|website=Kotaku}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mean Girls (lost build of cancelled Nintendo DS game based on teen comedy film; 2009-2010) - The Lost Media Wiki|url=https://lostmediawiki.com/Mean_Girls_(lost_build_of_cancelled_Nintendo_DS_game_based_on_teen_comedy_film;_2009-2010)#Official_Response_from_Publisher|access-date=2021-06-14|website=lostmediawiki.com}}</ref> The DS game was nearly completed before cancellation and was found in 2021 by Youtuber Bobdunga, who got a file for the game in her email by an anoymous person.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Girl Games of Lost Media (Part 2) - Documentary|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bQVTurDGPY|language=en|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref> A full playthrough was uploaded on a her channel on July 15, 2021.<ref>{{Citation|title=Mean Girls DS (2009) - Full Playthrough|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7nl9g4Cl04|language=en|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref> In 2015, an [[iOS]] game based on the film was released.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cabral|first=Matt|date=January 27, 2015|title=Watch the 'Mean Girls' iOS video game trailer--exclusive|url=https://ew.com/article/2015/01/27/mean-girls-video-game-trailer/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604233034/http://ew.com/article/2015/01/27/mean-girls-video-game-trailer/|archive-date=June 4, 2017|access-date=May 3, 2017|work=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> Since 2015, Pocket Gems' mobile app Episode also released various ''Mean Girls'' interactive stories following the characters from the film due to "overwhelming fan response".<ref>{{cite web|date=November 18, 2015|title=Mean Girls game Senior Year now available for mobile devices|url=https://ew.com/article/2015/11/18/mean-girls-senior-year-mobile-game-now-available/|access-date=September 30, 2020|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 11, 2016|title='Mean Girls' Heads to College in Episode's Interactive Story App|url=https://variety.com/2016/digital/games/mean-girls-college-episode-app-1201835515/|access-date=September 30, 2020|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Castillo|first=Michelle|date=June 6, 2017|title=Episode app animates millennial classics like 'Mean Girls' for Gen Z|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/06/episode-app-animates-millennial-classics-like-mean-girls-for-gen-z.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819063424/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/06/episode-app-animates-millennial-classics-like-mean-girls-for-gen-z.html|archive-date=August 19, 2017|access-date=August 19, 2017}}</ref>

'''Stage musical'''{{main|Mean Girls (musical)}}

On January 28, 2013, Fey confirmed that a musical adaption of ''Mean Girls'' was in the works. Fey wrote the book of the show, ''[[30 Rock]]'' composer and Fey's husband [[Jeff Richmond]] worked on the music, and [[Casey Nicholaw]] directed. [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] was also involved.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 28, 2013|title=So Fetch! Tina Fey Confirms Mean Girls Musical In Early Development | Broadway Buzz|url=http://www.broadway.com/buzz/166933/so-fetch-tina-fey-confirms-mean-girls-musical-in-early-development/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041630/http://www.broadway.com/buzz/166933/so-fetch-tina-fey-confirms-mean-girls-musical-in-early-development/|archive-date=July 23, 2013|access-date=June 16, 2013|publisher=Broadway.com}}</ref> The musical premiered at the [[National Theatre (Washington, D.C.)|National Theatre]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] on October 31, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tina Fey's Mean Girls Musical Will Make World Premiere at Washington's National {{!}} Playbill|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/tina-feys-mean-girls-musical-will-make-world-premiere-at-washingtons-national|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323193108/http://www.playbill.com/article/tina-feys-mean-girls-musical-will-make-world-premiere-at-washingtons-national|archive-date=March 23, 2017|access-date=March 23, 2017|website=Playbill}}</ref> ''Mean Girls'' opened on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] at the [[August Wilson Theatre]], with previews beginning March 12, 2018 and opening on April 8, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last=Paulson|first=Michael|date=September 6, 2017|title=The 'Mean Girls' Musical Is Coming to Broadway in March|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/theater/mean-girls-broadway-musical.html?mcubz=0|url-status=live|access-date=September 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906181940/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/theater/mean-girls-broadway-musical.html?mcubz=0|archive-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> On January 23, 2020, Tina Fey announced that a film adaptation of the [[Mean Girls (musical)|''Mean Girls'' musical]] was in active development. "I'm very excited to bring ''Mean Girls'' back to the big screen. It's been incredibly gratifying to see how much the movie and the musical have meant to audiences. I've spent sixteen years with these characters now. They are my [[Marvel Universe]] and I love them dearly," Fey said.<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|last=Malkin|first=Marc|date=January 23, 2020|title=Tina Fey Announces Movie Adaptation of Broadway's 'Mean Girls' Musical|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/tina-fey-announces-movie-adaptation-of-broadways-mean-girls-musical-1203477247/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2020}}</ref> During the film's cast reunion on October 3, 2020, Fey shared that fans could be involved in casting actors for the new adaptation by sharing their dream cast on the project's website and be featured in the musical film's "burn book".<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lee|first=Janet|date=October 3, 2020|title='Mean Girls' Cast Reunites After 16 Years to Encourage Voting|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/mean-girls-reunion-voting-musical-movie-1234791593/|magazine=Variety|language=en|access-date=October 4, 2020}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
{{Main|Mean Girls 2}}A [[Television film|made-for-television]] [[sequel]] ''[[Mean Girls 2]]'' premiered on ABC Family (now [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]]) on January 23, 2011, then subsequently released on DVD February 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/article/2010/12/06/mean-girls-2-abc-family/|title='Mean Girls 2' to debut on ABC Family|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|first=Margaret|last=Lyons|date=December 6, 2010|access-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731095949/http://ew.com/article/2010/12/06/mean-girls-2-abc-family/|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddytv.com/articles/pretty-little-liars/mean-girls-2-premieres-on-abc-39010.aspx|title='Mean Girls 2' Premieres on ABC Family|website=Buddy TV|first=Shosanna|last=Moore|date=January 11, 2011|access-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731075847/http://www.buddytv.com/articles/pretty-little-liars/mean-girls-2-premieres-on-abc-39010.aspx|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The plot takes place after the first movie and it has entirely different cast members, with the exception of [[Tim Meadows]], who reprises his role as Principal Ron Duvall. ''Mean Girls 2'' is directed by [[Melanie Mayron]] and stars [[Meaghan Martin]] and [[Jennifer Stone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/mean-girls-2-twice-as-nasty-as-the-original/2011/01/21/ABDoAKR_story.html|title='Mean Girls 2' twice as nasty as the original|website=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Emily|last=Yahr|date=January 21, 2011|access-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808114253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/mean-girls-2-twice-as-nasty-as-the-original/2011/01/21/ABDoAKR_story.html|archive-date=August 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Future==
===''Mean Moms''===

In early 2014, [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] and [[New Line Cinema]] announced a planned release date of May 8, 2015, for a proposed spin-off of ''Mean Girls''<ref>{{cite news|title=Warner Bros Scheduling Spree Continues With 'The Conjuring 2′, 'Mean Moms', 2 Others|url=https://www.deadline.com/2014/02/warner-bros-scheduling-spree-continues-with-the-conjuring-2-mean-moms-2-others/|access-date=July 25, 2014|newspaper=deadline.com|date=February 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619171103/http://www.deadline.com/2014/02/warner-bros-scheduling-spree-continues-with-the-conjuring-2-mean-moms-2-others/|archive-date=June 19, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> with [[Jennifer Aniston]] in talks to lead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jennifer Aniston's 'Mean Moms' set for May 8, 2015 |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/jennifer-anistons-mean-moms-set-for-may-8-2015-1201121143/ |first=Dave |last=McNary |access-date=July 25, 2014 |newspaper=Variety |date=February 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301150428/http://variety.com/2014/film/news/jennifer-anistons-mean-moms-set-for-may-8-2015-1201121143/ |archive-date=March 1, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Adapted from another book penned by [[Rosalind Wiseman]], ''Mean Moms'' would be written by [[Sean Anders]] and John Morris and would star Jennifer Aniston as a mother facing the cut-throat life of modern suburbia. However, in May 2014, New Line Cinema pulled the film from its proposed release date of May 2015; even though the film is still slated for development, there is not currently a release date for the spin-off.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jennifer Aniston's 'Mean Moms' Delayed, New Line Foregoes $6.7 Million Tax Credit |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/jennifer-anistons-mean-moms-delayed-new-line-foregoes-6-7-million-tax-credit-1201175956/ |first=Dave |last=McNary |access-date=July 25, 2014 |newspaper=Variety |date=May 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521021805/https://variety.com/2014/film/news/jennifer-anistons-mean-moms-delayed-new-line-foregoes-6-7-million-tax-credit-1201175956/ |archive-date=May 21, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On October 7, it was announced that the film was added to the California Film Tax Credit program for the 2014–15 fiscal year, in which the production must start in California within 180 days of notification from the state to receive the $6.7 million production tax credit.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=McNary|first1=Dave|title='Mean Moms,' 'Paternity Leave' Score California Film Credits|url=https://variety.com/2014/artisans/news/mean-moms-paternity-leave-score-california-film-credits-exclusive-1201324147/|access-date=October 8, 2014|magazine=variety.com|date=October 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008030438/http://variety.com/2014/artisans/news/mean-moms-paternity-leave-score-california-film-credits-exclusive-1201324147/|archive-date=October 8, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2015, it was confirmed the project was still happening and [[Sean Anders]] would direct the film;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/05/jennifer-aniston-sean-anders-mean-moms-horrible-bosses-2-1201420542/|title='Horrible Bosses 2' Helmer Sean Anders Re-Unites With Jennifer Aniston In 'Mean Moms'|first=Mike Jr|last=Fleming|date=May 4, 2015|access-date=May 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040718/http://deadline.com/2015/05/jennifer-aniston-sean-anders-mean-moms-horrible-bosses-2-1201420542/|work=Deadline|archive-date=May 5, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> in late 2015 Anders told ''Cinema Blend'' the project had been placed on hold.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inquisitr.com/2672857/jennifer-aniston-movie-mean-moms-stalled-husband-justin-theroux-posts-photos-of-aniston-on-instagram/ |title=Jennifer Aniston Movie 'Mean Moms' Stalled |work=[[Inquisitr]] |date=January 1, 2016 |access-date=March 11, 2016 |author=Cole, Stacey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312123536/http://www.inquisitr.com/2672857/jennifer-aniston-movie-mean-moms-stalled-husband-justin-theroux-posts-photos-of-aniston-on-instagram/ |archive-date=March 12, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Potential sequel===
In late September 2014, discussions arose that Lohan had pitched an idea to Fey for a sequel. Later that year, Lohan, along with other cast members of the original film, asked Fey to write a screenplay for it. The idea was brought up during a 10th anniversary for the film in ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', with Fey declaring she regretted not doing a sequel closer to its original release: "At the time we did want to start the conversation about the sequel, and for whatever reason I was like, 'No!!! We shouldn’t do that!' Now I look back and I'm like, 'Why?' But now, no—it’s too late now."<ref name="EW2014">{{cite journal|title=The Reunions Issue - Special Double Issue - Mean Girls|date=November 14, 2014|journal=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|issn=1049-0434|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]}}</ref> Seyfried had previously stated she was "really willing to pursue" a sequel and was unsure why it had not happened.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://extratv.com/2014/05/16/amanda-seyfried-i-was-really-willing-to-pursue-a-mean-girls-sequel/|title=Amanda Seyfried: 'I Was Really Willing to Pursue' a 'Mean Girls' Sequel|publisher=[[Extra (American TV program)|Extra]]|date=March 16, 2014|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> In December 2016, Lohan mentioned she was still trying to pitch a sequel, with the hopes of [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] and [[Jimmy Fallon]] appearing in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/mean-girls-2-lindsay-lohan-sequel-1201950315/|title=Lindsay Lohan Is Trying to Make a 'Mean Girls' Sequel Happen|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Lawrence|last=Yee|date=December 30, 2016|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062309/http://variety.com/2016/film/news/mean-girls-2-lindsay-lohan-sequel-1201950315/|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/videos/election-center-2016/2016/12/29/lindsay-lohan-wants-mean-girls-2.cnn|title=Lindsay Lohan wants 'Mean Girls 2'|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=December 29, 2016|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230141616/http://www.cnn.com/videos/election-center-2016/2016/12/29/lindsay-lohan-wants-mean-girls-2.cnn|archive-date=December 30, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> She stated she knew Fey, Michaels and Paramount were busy, declaring: "I will keep forcing it and pushing it on them until we do it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2016/12/mean-girls-2-lindsay-lohan-written-treatment-sequel-tina-fey-watch-1201763813/|title='Mean Girls 2': Lindsay Lohan Has Written a Treatment, Hopes Tina Fey Can Make Time For It|website=[[Indiewire.com]]|first=Liz|last=Calvario|date=December 30, 2016|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231003506/http://www.indiewire.com/2016/12/mean-girls-2-lindsay-lohan-written-treatment-sequel-tina-fey-watch-1201763813/|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018, Seyfried said people needed to start a campaign for it to finally come into fruition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4dpJgh9kYY|title=Amanda Seyfried would love a Mean Girls 2!|publisher=[[YouTube]] (On Demand Entertainment)|date=October 6, 2018|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> In January 2019, Lohan was interviewed by [[Howard Stern]] who wondered whether the sequel would ever happen. Lohan repeated her interest in revisiting the role and confirmed she had spoken to Fey about it, also saying sequel plans were not currently in the works, "I think they can't do it right now. I've spoken to her [Tina], but it can't happen without her and all of the cast. [...] Sometimes you're like, 'It's just too soon to do it.' But it's been 15 years."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howardstern.com/show/2019/1/9/lindsay-lohan-why-life-better-dubai-going-school-real-mean-girls-and-good-advice-jamie-lee-curtis-gave-her/|title=Lindsay Lohan on Why Life Is Better in Dubai, Going to School With Real Mean Girls, and the Good Advice Jamie Lee Curtis Gave Her|publisher=[[Howard Stern|HowardStern.com]]|date=January 9, 2019|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> In October 2019, Chabert was asked if a sequel would be happening to which she replied: "I don't know. I wish I had an answer for you, I feel like you need to start a petition," while saying she would "of course" revisit the character if given the chance as "it would be so much fun to revisit these women and see where they are now."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1081751/lacey-chabert-would-totally-do-a-mean-girls-sequel-if-given-the-chance|title=Lacey Chabert Would Totally Do a Mean Girls Sequel If Given the Chance|publisher=[[E!]]|first=Elyse|last=Dupre|date=October 10, 2019|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etonline.com/mean-girls-11-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-movie-and-behind-the-scenes-secrets-exclusive-124356|title='Mean Girls': 11 Things You Didn't Know About the Movie and Behind-the-Scenes Secrets (Exclusive)|publisher=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|first=Leena|last=Tailor|date=April 30, 2019|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref>

In April 2020, Lohan was once again questioned about the sequel by [[David Spade]] and confessed she had been hanging on to the idea of coming back to doing movies with that project "for a really long time" but that it was out of her hands. "To work with Tina [Fey], and the whole crew again, and Mark Waters. That was really what I wanted. I was excited to do that. But that's all in their hands really," she concluded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/movies/lindsay-lohan-wants-to-come-back-with-mean-girls-2/|title=Lindsay Lohan Says She Wants to 'Come Back' with Mean Girls 2: 'That Would Definitely Be an Exciting Thing'|publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]]|first=Alexia|last=Fernandez|date=April 15, 2020|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> A few days later, McAdams also expressed interest in reprising her role in a sequel,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/movies/rachel-mcadams-fun-play-regina-george-mean-girls-sequel/|title=Rachel McAdams wants to play Regina George in Mean Girls sequel|publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|first=Rachel|last=Yang|date=April 19, 2020|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> after having declared in previous years she would be up for it as long as Fey was on board, "She's our master-in-chief on this one. So, if she's into it, then I'm into it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/mean-girls-sequel-rachel-mcadams-into-it-if-tina-fey-is-on-board-1.3136520|title=Mean Girls sequel? Rachel McAdams 'into it' if Tina Fey is on board|publisher=[[CTV News]]|first=David|last=Friend|date=October 28, 2016|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> Bennett then reacted to his co-stars by saying, "I was extremely excited when I heard Rachel [McAdams] say she'd love to play Regina George again because I've talked to over half the cast, including Lindsay [Lohan], and we all feel the same way," continuing, "We'd love to bring these beloved characters back to life at some point, whether it be sequel or a TV series. I think the world would love to see these characters again."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hollywoodlife.com/2020/04/28/jonathan-bennett-mean-girls-sequel-lindsay-lohan-rachel-mcadams-interview/|title='Mean Girls': Jonathan Bennett SharesNew Hope For Sequel After Rachel McAdams Expresses Interest|publisher=[[Hollywood Life]]|first=Allison|last=Swan|date=April 28, 2020|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref>

In an August 2020 interview on the podcast ''Unspooled'', director Mark Waters discussed an idea for a sequel where the main characters from the original movie would now be young mothers serving together in a [[parent–teacher association]], adding that its development is entirely up to Fey wanting to write a screenplay.<ref>''Unspooled'' episode 200.1, [https://www.earwolf.com/episode/mean-girls/ Mean Girls] (released August 19, 2020)</ref> A possible sequel was also questioned by [[Katie Couric]] while moderating a virtual reunion with the film's cast on October 3, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/movies/mean-girls-cast-reunites-to-promote-voting-in-election/|title=Mean Girls Stars Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams and More Reunite to Promote Voting in Upcoming Election|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|first=Ally|last=Mauch|date=October 3, 2020|access-date=October 4, 2020}}</ref> Bennett then said in an interview he thought the virtual reunion "opened the door" for a sequel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/jonathan-bennett-on-possible-mean-girls-in-person-reunion/|title= Jonathan Bennett Teases Possible 2nd 'Mean Girls' Movie, Reveals What Was 'Awkward' About the Virtual Reunion|work=[[Us Weekly]]|first=Johnni|last=Macke|date=October 16, 2020|access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20040630030032/http://www.meangirls.com/indexflash.html}}
* {{IMDb title|0377092|Mean Girls}}
* {{mojo title|meangirls|Mean Girls}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|mean_girls|Mean Girls}}
* {{metacritic film|mean-girls|Mean Girls}}
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2020/01/23/34-best-political-movies-ever-made/ Ann Hornaday, "The 34 best political movies ever made" ''The Washington Post'' Jan. 23, 2020)], ranked #8

{{Mean Girls}}
{{Mark Waters}}
{{Lorne Michaels}}
{{Tina Fey}}

[[Category:2000s coming-of-age comedy films]]
[[Category:2000s high school films]]
[[Category:2004 LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:2000s teen comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 comedy films]]
[[Category:American coming-of-age comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American high school films]]
[[Category:American teen comedy films]]
[[Category:American teen LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:American Christmas films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about bullying]]
[[Category:American films about revenge]]
[[Category:Film and television memes]]
[[Category:Films based on non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mark Waters]]
[[Category:Films produced by Lorne Michaels]]
[[Category:Films set in 2003]]
[[Category:Films set in 2004]]
[[Category:Films set in Illinois]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Films shot in Toronto]]
[[Category:LGBT-related comedy films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Tina Fey]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rolfe Kent]]
[[Category:Mean Girls (franchise)]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures films]]

Mean Girls

2021-08-17T03:52:44Z

209.160.254.202:

{{short description|2004 American teen comedy film}}
{{about|the 2004 film|the musical based on the film|Mean Girls (musical)}}
{{distinguish|Mean Girl}}
{{use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mean Girls
| image = Mean Girls film poster.png
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mark Waters]]
| producer = [[Lorne Michaels]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Tina Fey]]
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Queen Bees and Wannabes]]''|[[Rosalind Wiseman]]}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Lindsay Lohan]]|[[Rachel McAdams]]|[[Tim Meadows]]|[[Ana Gasteyer]]|[[Amy Poehler]]|Tina Fey}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Rolfe Kent]]
| cinematography = [[Daryn Okada]]
| editing = [[Wendy Greene Bricmont]]
| studio = Lorne Michaels Productions
| distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2004|4|19|[[Cinerama Dome]]|2004|04|30|United States}}
| runtime = 97 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=''MEAN GIRLS'' (12A)|url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/mean-girls-2004-3|work=[[United International Pictures]]|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=April 28, 2007|access-date=April 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330040026/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/mean-girls-2004-3|archive-date=March 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $17 million<ref name="Boxofficemojo" />
| gross = $130.1 million<ref name="Boxofficemojo" />
}}

'''''Mean Girls''''' is a 2004 American [[Teen film|teen]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Mark Waters (director)|Mark Waters]] and written by Rosalind Wiseman. The film stars [[Lindsay Lohan]], [[Rachel McAdams]], [[Tim Meadows]], [[Ana Gasteyer]], [[Amy Poehler]] and Fey. It is based in part on [[Rosalind Wiseman]]'s 2002 non-fiction self-help book, ''[[Queen Bees and Wannabes]]'', which describes female high school social [[clique]]s, [[school bullying]], and the damaging effects they can have on girls. Fey also drew from her own experience at [[Upper Darby High School]] as an inspiration for some of the concepts in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/tina-fey-visits-upper-darby-high-mean-girls-promo/ |title=Tina Fey visits Upper Darby High for 'Mean Girls' promo |date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=November 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524225514/http://www.phillyvoice.com/tina-fey-visits-upper-darby-high-mean-girls-promo/ |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film introduced [[Amanda Seyfried]] in her film debut.

''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' creator [[Lorne Michaels]] produced the film. Tina Fey, screenwriter and co-star of the film, was a long-term cast member and writer for ''SNL''. Although set in the [[Chicago]] suburb of [[Evanston, Illinois|Evanston]], [[Illinois]], the film was mostly shot in [[Toronto]]. Filming took place from September to November 2003. The film marks Lohan's second collaboration with director Waters, the first being ''[[Freaky Friday (2003 film)|Freaky Friday]]'', released a year earlier.

Released on April 30, 2004, the film grossed $130 million worldwide and developed a [[cult following]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/why-mean-girls-is-a-classic |title=Why "Mean Girls" Is a Classic |magazine=The New Yorker |date=April 30, 2014 |first=Richard |last=Brody |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019041555/http://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/why-mean-girls-is-a-classic |archive-date=October 19, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/shortcuts/2013/jan/29/tina-feys-mean-girls-movie-classic |title=Why Tina Fey's Mean Girls is a movie classic |newspaper=The Guardian |date=January 29, 2013 |first=Priya |last=Elan |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009144457/http://www.theguardian.com/film/shortcuts/2013/jan/29/tina-feys-mean-girls-movie-classic |archive-date=October 9, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/30/showbiz/movies/mean-girls-10-year-anniversary/ |title='Mean Girls' is still 'fetch' |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=August 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000618/http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/30/showbiz/movies/mean-girls-10-year-anniversary/ |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vulture.com/2014/02/mean-girls-director-spills-10-juicy-stories.html |title=Mean Girls Director Mark Waters Spills 10 Juicy Stories, 10 Years Later |work=Vulture |date=April 20, 2014 |first=Kyle |last=Buchanan |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085820/http://www.vulture.com/2014/02/mean-girls-director-spills-10-juicy-stories.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/quora/2014/01/08/mean_girls_why_are_people_always_referencing_the_tina_fey_movie.html |title=Why Is Mean Girls So Quotable? |magazine=Slate |date=January 8, 2014 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094941/http://www.slate.com/blogs/quora/2014/01/08/mean_girls_why_are_people_always_referencing_the_tina_fey_movie.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://ca.complex.com/pop-culture/2014/04/mean-girls-the-movie-of-the-millennial-generation |title="Mean Girls" Is Everything (No, Really): How One Movie Summarized a Generation |magazine=Complex |date=April 30, 2014 |first=Julian |last=Kimble |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726003728/http://ca.complex.com/pop-culture/2014/04/mean-girls-the-movie-of-the-millennial-generation |archive-date=July 26, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The made-for-television sequel ''[[Mean Girls 2]]'' premiered on [[ABC Family]] on January 23, 2011. A [[Mean Girls (musical)|musical adaptation]] premiered on Broadway in March 2018.

==Plot==

Sixteen-year-old homeschooled Cady Heron and her zoologist parents, Betsy and Chip Heron, return to the United States after a twelve-year research trip in [[Africa]], settling in [[Evanston, Illinois]]. On her first day at North Shore High School, the first school she has ever attended, Cady attempts to make new friends, but to no avail. The next day, she meets and befriends Janis Ian and Damian Leigh. They educate Cady on the school's various cliques and warn her to avoid the most popular and infamous one, the "Plastics": beautiful and mean queen bee Regina George, rich but insecure Gretchen Wieners, and sweet but dimwitted Karen Smith. The Plastics take an interest in Cady after defending her against a sexist classmate, and invite her to sit with them at lunch. After learning of the invitation, Janis asks Cady to befriend them and to spy on them for her.

Cady soon learns about the "Burn Book", a scrapbook the Plastics have made that is filled with horrible rumors, secrets, and insults about other girls and some teachers at school. Using the book, Janis devises a plan to get back at Regina but Cady is reluctant, thinking Regina is a good friend. Cady falls in love with Regina's ex-boyfriend, Aaron Samuels, and purposely fails math, a subject she is gifted at, in order to have an excuse to talk to him. Regina finds out about Cady's love for Aaron and jealously steals him back at a Halloween party by kissing him in front of Cady. This spurs Cady to fully commit to Janis' plan to cut off Regina's "resources": involving breaking Regina and Aaron up, tricking Regina into eating "Swedish nutrition bars" that actually make her gain weight, and turning Regina's fellow Plastics against her. In the process, Cady unwittingly remakes herself in Regina's image, becoming spiteful and superficial, and abandons Janis and Damian.

When Regina is finally made aware of Cady's treachery, she retaliates by spreading the contents of the Burn Book all over the school, quickly inciting massive socially motivated brawls throughout the halls. To avoid suspicion, Regina inserts a fake libel of herself in the book in order to blame Cady, Gretchen, and Karen – the only female juniors not mentioned in the book. Karen convinces the school's principal, Ron Duvall, that they did not write the book. Duvall quells the fighting and gathers all of the junior girls in the gymnasium. Math teacher Ms. Norbury makes the girls face the ways they all treat each other and apologize to each other and the teachers; the plan sees success, as friendships are rekindled. When Janis' turn comes, she defies Norbury, confessing her plan to destroy Regina with Cady's help and openly mocking Regina, drawing praise from other students Regina bullied. Pursued by an apologetic Cady, Regina storms out of the school and is struck by a school bus, fracturing her spine, and rumors spread that Cady pushed Regina in front of the bus.

Shunned by her peers and grounded by her parents, Cady takes full blame for the Burn Book. After making amends with Regina, she joins the Mathletes in the state championship finals to make up for the math tests she failed. Cady answers the tiebreaker correctly, and they win the championship for the school. At the Spring Fling dance, Regina's new boyfriend, Shane Oman, is elected King, while Cady is elected Queen. Onstage, Cady declares that all of her classmates are wonderful in their own way, snaps her plastic tiara, and distributes the pieces to other girls in the crowd. She then reconciles with Janis, Damian, and Aaron, and reaches a truce with the Plastics.

The Plastics disband over summer vacation: Regina joins the lacrosse team to deal with her anger, Karen becomes the school weather reporter, and Gretchen joins the "Cool Asians" clique. Aaron graduates from high school and attends [[Northwestern University]] while starting a relationship with Cady, who visits him during the weekends. Janis begins dating Mathlete Kevin Gnapoor, whom she initially disliked. As Cady reflects on the social peace that has taken over North Shore High, a group of new "Junior Plastics" has arisen, and Cady imagines them being hit by a bus like Regina.

==Cast==
* [[Lindsay Lohan]] as Cady Heron, a 16-year-old girl who transfers to a public high school after being homeschooled her whole life in Africa and Aaron Samuels' love interest
** Jessie Wright as 5-year-old Cady.
* [[Rachel McAdams]] as Regina George, a rich popular mean teenager. Regina is Janis' ex-best friend and the leader of The Plastics.
* [[Lacey Chabert]] as Gretchen Wieners, an insecure rich girl and a member of the Plastics who only wants Regina's acceptance.
* [[Amanda Seyfried]] as Karen Smith, the airhead member of The Plastics. Karen is Regina and Gretchen's best friend.
* [[Lizzy Caplan]] as Janis Ian, a goth artistic girl who befriends Cady and hatches a plan to take down Regina. Janis is Damian's best friend and Regina's ex-best friend.
* [[Daniel Franzese]] as Damian Leigh, Janis and Cady's gay best friend who is flamboyant and musical.
* [[Jonathan Bennett (actor)|Jonathan Bennett]] as Aaron Samuels, Regina's ex-boyfriend, and Cady's love interest.
* [[Rajiv Surendra]] as Kevin Gnapoor, the "hormonal Mathletes president" who is attracted to Janis.
* [[Tina Fey]] as Ms. Sharon Norbury, the school calculus teacher, whom the Burn Book defames as a drug dealer.
* [[Tim Meadows]] as Principal Ron Duvall, the principal of North Shore High School.
* [[Amy Poehler]] as June George, Regina and Kylie's irresponsible mother.
* [[Ana Gasteyer]] as Betsy Heron, Cady's mom.
* [[Neil Flynn]] as Chip Heron, Cady's dad.
* [[Daniel DeSanto]] as Jason, Gretchen's unfaithful boyfriend.
* [[Diego Klattenhoff]] as Shane Oman, a football player who has an on-and-off relationship with Regina.
* [[Alisha Morrison]] as Lea Edwards
* [[Julia Chantrey]] as Amber D'Alessio
* [[Dwayne Hill]] as Coach Carr, the school's physical education teacher whom the Burn Book exposes as a sex offender
* [[Jonathan Malen]] as Kristen's boyfriend
* Nicole Crimi as Kylie George, Regina's younger sister

==Production==
===Development===
[[File:Tina Fey by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|Mean Girls writer Tina Fey|228x228px]]
[[Tina Fey]] read [[Rosalind Wiseman]]'s ''[[Queen Bees and Wannabes]]'' and called ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' producer [[Lorne Michaels]] to suggest it could be turned into a film. Michaels contacted [[Paramount Pictures]], who purchased the rights to the book. As the book is nonfiction, Fey wrote the plot from scratch, borrowing elements from her own high school experience and her impressions of [[Evanston Township High School]], upon which the film's fictional "North Shore High School" is based.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbAEim_dVQkC&q=tina+fey+evanston+township+high+school&pg=PA448|title=Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2007|last=Ebert|first=Roger|date=February 5, 2013|publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing|isbn=9780740792199|language=en}}</ref>

Fey named many characters after real life friends. In a 2014 interview about the movie, she told ''Entertainment Weekly'', "I tried to use real names in writing because it's just easier."<ref name ="EW" /> Main character Cady Heron was named after Fey's college roommate Cady Garey.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Minturn |first1=Molly |title=Girl Most Likely |url=https://uvamagazine.org/articles/girl_most_likely |magazine=Virgina Magazine |date=2013}}</ref> Damian was named after Fey's high school friend Damian Holbrook, who went on to become a writer for ''TV Guide''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Baty |first1=Emma |title=Daniel Franzese, aka Damian From 'Mean Girls,' Literally Can't Wear Pink Anymore |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a27324073/daniel-franzese-damian-mean-girls-anniversary-interview/ |magazine=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] |date=April 30, 2019 |access-date=October 5, 2020}}</ref> Minor character Glenn Coco is named after a friend of Fey's older brother; the real Glenn Coco works as a film editor in Los Angeles.<ref name ="EW">{{cite magazine |last1=Stack |first1=Tim |title=EW's 'Mean Girls' reunion: The cast looks back on the 2004 hit |url=https://ew.com/article/2014/11/05/mean-girls-reunion/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=5 November 2014}}</ref> Janis Ian was named after singer [[Janis Ian]], who was one of the musical guests on [[Saturday Night Live (season 1)#Episodes|the first ''Saturday Night Live'' episode]], in which she sang the song "[[At Seventeen]]", which can be heard playing in the background when the girls are fighting at Regina's house.<ref name="strong" />

===Casting===
[[Lindsay Lohan]] first read for Regina George, but the casting team felt she was closer to what they were looking for in the actress who played Cady, and since Lohan feared the "mean girl" role would harm her reputation, she agreed to play the lead. [[Rachel McAdams]] was cast as Regina because Fey felt McAdams being "kind and polite" made her perfect for such an evil-spirited character. [[Amanda Seyfried]] also read for Regina, and the producers instead suggested her for Karen due to Seyfried's "spacey and daffy sense of humor". Both [[Lacey Chabert]] and [[Daniel Franzese]] were the last actors tested for their roles. [[Lizzy Caplan]] was at first considered too pretty for the part of Janis, for which director [[Mark Waters (director)|Mark Waters]] felt a "[[Kelly Osbourne]]-like actress" was necessary, but Caplan was picked for being able to portray raw emotion. Fey wrote two roles based on fellow ''SNL'' alumni, Amy Poehler (whom Fey thought the producers would not accept because of being too young to portray a teenager's mother) and [[Tim Meadows]], and the cast ended up with a fourth veteran of the show, Ana Gasteyer.<ref name="strong">{{citation |title=Only the Strong Survive| work=Mean Girls |location=DVD Featurette}}</ref> [[Evan Rachel Wood]] was offered a role in the film, but turned it down.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/04/evan-rachel-wood-has-regrets-about-turning-down-mean-girls.html|title=Evan Rachel Wood Turned Down Mean Girls and Is Now Filled With Regret|website=[[Vulture.com]]|first=Jordan|last=Crucchiola|date=April 20, 2018|access-date=April 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420211759/http://www.vulture.com/2018/04/evan-rachel-wood-has-regrets-about-turning-down-mean-girls.html|archive-date=April 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Blake Lively]] did final tests for the role of Karen Smith but the producers decided to keep looking. [[Ashley Tisdale]] also auditioned for Gretchen Wieners.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baty |first1=Emma |title=Mean Girls: The inside story of the hit movie, told by the non-plastic cast |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a27254866/mean-girls-anniversary-cast-interview/ |work=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] |date=April 30, 2019 |access-date=October 5, 2020}}</ref> Jonathan Bennett was a last-minute cast replacement after the actor originally slated to play Aaron Samuels got fired. [[James Franco]] had previously been considered for that role as well.<ref>{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Adam |title=Mean Girls reunion: Tina Fey reveals original cast member was fired days into filming |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mean-girls-aaron-fired-tina-fey-reunion-jonathan-bennett-james-franco-b804285.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=October 3, 2019 |access-date=October 5, 2020}}</ref> Fey's decision to hire Bennett was due to his resemblance to her longtime ''SNL'' co-star [[Jimmy Fallon]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bradley |first1=Bill |title=10 Facts You Didn't Know About 'Mean Girls,' According To The Cast |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mean-girls_n_559d1597e4b0d00955001d6b |work=[[The Independent]] |date=October 3, 2015 |access-date=October 5, 2020}}</ref>

===Filming===
Although set in [[Evanston, Illinois]], the film was mostly shot in [[Toronto]] at [[Etobicoke Collegiate Institute]] and [[Malvern Collegiate Institute]], as well as at [[Montclair High School (New Jersey)|Montclair High School]] in [[Montclair, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news | title= Made in Toronto | first= Shannon | last= Wilmot | date= July 11, 2008 | url= http://www.toronto.com/article/376975 | access-date= September 17, 2012 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120717103640/http://www.toronto.com/article/376975 | archive-date= July 17, 2012 | df= mdy-all }}</ref> Landmarks include the [[University of Toronto]]'s [[Convocation Hall (University of Toronto)|Convocation Hall]] and [[Sherway Gardens]]. Principal photography commenced on September 27, 2003, and concluded on November 25 that year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rachel-mcadams.net/career/filmography/mean-girls-2004/ |title=Mean Girls (2004) |access-date=January 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112160403/http://rachel-mcadams.net/career/filmography/mean-girls-2004/|publisher=Rachel McAdams Online |archive-date=January 12, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mean Girls: Music from the Motion Picture
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Various Artists
| cover =
| caption = {{deletable image-caption|Friday, April 12, 2019|PROD}}
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2004|9|21}}
| recorded = 2004
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Rock music|rock]]|[[teen pop]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[Punk rock music|punk rock]]|[[Christmas music|Christmas]]|[[dance-pop]]|[[Rap music|rap]]}}
| length = 49:17
| label = {{hlist|[[Rykodisc]]|Bulletproof}}
| producer = Various Artists
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Mean Girls: Music from the Motion Picture
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = [[Dancing with Myself#In popular culture|Dancing with Myself]]
| single1date = June 1, 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Dancing-With-Myself-Single-Version/dp/B00122Z924/ref=pd_rhf_dp_p_img_2?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=Y970ECPBRE2BZY2Z6PD3|title=The Donnas – Dancing With Myself (Mean Girls Single Version)|publisher=[[Amazon Music]]|access-date=December 17, 2018}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Album ratings|title=Soundtrack
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score ={{Rating|4|5}} [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r711621|pure_url=yes}} Link]
}}
'''''Mean Girls: Music from the Motion Picture''''' was released by [[Rykodisc]] and Bulletproof Records on September 21, 2004, the same day as the [[DVD]] release.

# "[[Dancing with Myself#In popular culture|Dancing with Myself]]" by [[The Donnas]] ([[Generation X (band)|Generation X]] [[cover version|cover]])
# "[[God Is a DJ (Pink song)|God Is a DJ]]" by [[Pink (singer)|Pink]]
# "[[Milkshake (song)|Milkshake]]" by [[Kelis]]
# "Sorry (Don't Ask Me)" by All Too Much
# "Built This Way" by [[Samantha Ronson]]
# "[[Rip Her to Shreds]]" by [[Boomkat]] ([[Blondie (band)|Blondie]] cover)
# "[[Overdrive (Katy Rose song)|Overdrive]]" by [[Katy Rose]]
# "[[One Way or Another]]" by [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]]
# "[[Operate]]" by [[Peaches (musician)|Peaches]]
# "Misty Canyon" by Anjali Bhatia
# "Mean Gurl" by Gina Rene and Gabriel Rene
# "Hated" by [[Nikki Cleary]]
# "Psyché Rock", by [[Pierre Henry]] ([[Fatboy Slim]] Malpaso mix)
# "The Mathlete Rap" by Rajiv Surendra
# "[[Jingle Bell Rock]]"

Though not included on the soundtrack, other songs heard in the film include the single "[[Pass That Dutch]]" by [[Missy Elliott]], "[[Naughty Girl (Beyoncé song)|Naughty Girl]]" by [[Beyoncé]], "[[Beautiful (Christina Aguilera song)|Beautiful]]" by [[Christina Aguilera]], "Fire" by [[Joe Budden]] featuring [[Busta Rhymes]], "[[At Seventeen]]" by [[Janis Ian]], and "[[Halcyon (Orbital song)|Halcyon + On + On]]" by [[Orbital (band)|Orbital]], "Put 'Em Up" by [[N.O.R.E]] featuring [[Pharrell Williams]], "Oh Yeah" / "Run" by Gabriel Rene and "[[Love's Theme]]" by [[The Love Unlimited Orchestra]].

[[Rolfe Kent]] wrote the film's orchestral score, which was orchestrated by [[Tony Blondal]]. The score features taiko drums and a full orchestra.

==Home media==
''Mean Girls'' was released on [[VHS]] and [[DVD]] in North America on September 21, 2004, five months after it opened in theaters. It was released in a widescreen special collector's edition and a fullscreen collector's edition, both including several [[deleted scene]]s, a [[blooper]] reel, three T.V. Spots, the theatrical trailer, previews, and three featurettes.<ref name="MeanGirlsDVD">{{cite av media | title=Mean Girls | url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55850835 | oclc=55850835 | publisher=Paramount Pictures Corporation ©2004 | location=Hollywood, California | first=Lorne | last=Michaels | others=screenplay by Tina Fey; directed by Mark Waters; et al | isbn=9781415700136 | type=DVD video | series=Widescreen DVD collection | lay-url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0377092/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 | lay-source=Internet Movie Database | access-date=March 28, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927090048/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55850835 | archive-date=September 27, 2009 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> A Blu-ray version of the film was released on April 14, 2009. The film was later re-released on a 15th anniversary Blu-Ray in 2019.<ref name="Amazon.com: Mean Girls - Burn Book Edition [Blu-ray]">{{cite web |title=Mean Girls - Burn Book Edition [Blu-ray] |url=https://www.amazon.com/Mean-Girls-Burn-Book-Blu-ray/dp/B07XQKPNVW/ref=sr_1_5?dchild=1&keywords=mean+girls+blu+ray&qid=1600050596&sr=8-5 |website=Amazon |access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref>

==Reception and cultural impact==
===Box office===
In its opening weekend, ''Mean Girls'' grossed $24.4 million from 3,159 screens<ref>{{cite web|title='Mean Girls' Surprisingly Nice $24 Weekend - Box Office Mojo|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=1325&p=.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65TRj1Hh8?url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=1325&p=.htm|archive-date=February 15, 2012|access-date=August 19, 2017|website=www.boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> at 2,839 theaters in the United States, ranking number one at the box office and averaging $8,606 per venue.<ref name="Boxofficemojo">{{cite web|title=Mean Girls (2004)|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=meangirls.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040419063318/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=meangirls.htm|archive-date=April 19, 2004|access-date=January 23, 2010|work=Box Office Mojo|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The film closed on September 9, 2004, grossing $86.1 million domestically and $43 million internationally for a total worldwide gross of $129 million.<ref name="Boxofficemojo" />

===Critical response===
[[File:Actress_Lindsay_Lohan.jpg|thumb|right|Lohan's performance in the film was lauded by critics and was listed as the eleventh best performance of the [[21st century]] by ''[[The New Yorker]]''.|267x267px]]''Mean Girls'' received generally positive reviews; critics lauded Lohan's and McAdams' performance and labeled the film as Seyfried's and Caplan's breakthrough roles. [[Review aggregator|Review aggregation]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] gives the film an approval rating of 84% based on 190 reviews, with an average rating of 7.00/10. The site's critical consensus states "Elevated by a brilliant screenplay and outstanding [[ensemble cast]], ''Mean Girls'' finds fresh, female-fronted humor in the high school experience."<ref>{{cite web|title=Mean Girls|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mean_girls/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612013211/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mean_girls/|archive-date=June 12, 2018|access-date=October 4, 2019|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{metacritic film|id=mean-girls|title=Mean Girls}}; {{Retrieved|access-date=September 24, 2009}}</ref> On [[CinemaScore]], audiences gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.<ref name="CinemaScore">{{cite web|title=CinemaScore|url=https://m.cinemascore.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20170916153548/https://m.cinemascore.com/|archive-date=September 16, 2017|access-date=June 22, 2017|work=cinemascore.com}}</ref>

Ann Hornaday of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' stated that it "boasts a one-two-three punch in star Lindsay Lohan, screenwriter Tina Fey and director Mark Waters, and, indeed, it delivers a knockout". The screenplay was highly praised by critics with [[Peter Travers]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' calling it "comic gold".<ref>{{cite web|title=Mean Girls - Movie Reviews - Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mean_girls/reviews/?type=top_critics|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630030030/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mean_girls/reviews/?type=top_critics|archive-date=June 30, 2015|access-date=May 29, 2015}}</ref> In November 2012, Rotten Tomatoes included the film in its 'Top 50 Greatest Teen Comedies' list.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 50 Greatest Teen Movies Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/gallery/50_greatest_teen_movies/editorial-10248627/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328022513/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/gallery/50_greatest_teen_movies/editorial-10248627|archive-date=March 28, 2015|access-date=May 29, 2015}}</ref> In March 2021, Richard Brody of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' ranked Lohan's performance in the film as the eleventh best of the [[21st century]] up to that point, praising her "blend of charisma and awkwardness, innocence and guile" as well as "faux-casual earnestness" she used for dialogue.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Brody|first=Richard|date=March 6, 2021|title=The Best Movie Performances of the Century So Far|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/the-best-movie-performances-of-the-century-so-far|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=May 9, 2021}}</ref>

===Cultural impact===

The film has become a pop-culture phenomenon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/10-years-of-mean-girls-how-the-film-defined-a-generation--and-gave-it-a-new-language-9308410.html |title=10 years of Mean Girls: How the film defined a generation – and gave it a new language |work=The Independent |date=April 30, 2014 |first=Gillian |last=Orr |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028091149/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/10-years-of-mean-girls-how-the-film-defined-a-generation--and-gave-it-a-new-language-9308410.html |archive-date=October 28, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2014/04/30/why-mean-girls-still-matters-10-years-later/ |title=Why 'Mean Girls' Still Matters, 10 Years Later |work=Forbes |date=April 30, 2014 |first=Scott |last=Mendelson |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008013207/http://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2014/04/30/why-mean-girls-still-matters-10-years-later/ |archive-date=October 8, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/27/movies/from-internet-chat-to-related-projects-mean-girls-endures.html|title=10 Years Later, the Clique Still Reigns|work=[[New York Times]]|date=April 25, 2014|access-date=October 3, 2020}}</ref> Fans have made [[GIF]]s and [[Internet meme|memes]] of the film and posted them on social media, including [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], and [[Tumblr]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/04/25/why-does-and-will-mean-girls-continue-to-endure-online/ |title=Why does — and will — 'Mean Girls' continue to endure online? |work=The Washington Post |date=April 25, 2014 |first=Jessica |last=Goldstein |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018062153/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/04/25/why-does-and-will-mean-girls-continue-to-endure-online/ |archive-date=October 18, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/04/mean-girls-anniversary-memes/ |title=Why Mean Girls Has Obsessed the Internet for a Decade |journal=Wired |date=April 30, 2014 |first=Angela |last=Watercutter |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015155752/http://www.wired.com/2014/04/mean-girls-anniversary-memes/ |archive-date=October 15, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2014/10/its-october-3rd-mean-girls-day-gets-its-own-art-show-on-tumblr.html |title=Mean Girls Day gets its own art show on Tumblr |publisher=CBC News |date=October 3, 2014 |first=Lauren |last=O'Neil |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008081707/http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2014/10/its-october-3rd-mean-girls-day-gets-its-own-art-show-on-tumblr.html |archive-date=October 8, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lwlies.com/articles/mean-girls-memes-mark-waters-tina-fey/|title='Is butter a carb?' How Mean Girls became Meme Girls|work=[[Little White Lies (magazine)|Little White Lies]]|date=October 3, 2019|access-date=October 3, 2020}}</ref> It is considered one of the most quotable movies of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywood.com/movies/the-most-quotable-movies-of-all-time-60479486/|title=The 25 Most Quotable Movies Of All Time|website=[[Hollywood.com]]|date=October 27, 2015|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/news/a46379/best-movie-quotes/|title=Most Quotable Movies of All Time|work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=July 5, 2016|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertainment.ie/cinema/movie-news/top-10-most-quotable-movies-of-all-time-245392/|title=Top 10 most quotable movies of all time|website=[[Entertainment.ie]]|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2019/04/30/mean-girls-anniversary-definitive-ranking-movies-quotes/3589736002/|title='Mean Girls' Day: The definitive ranking of the movie's best quotes|work=[[USA Today]]|date=December 17, 2019|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> In an interview about the film, Fey noted, "Adults find it funny. They are the ones who are laughing. Young people watch it like a reality show. It's much too close to their real experiences so they are not exactly guffawing."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Television/TV_Shows/S/Saturday_Night_Live/2004/04/28/pf-733201.html |title=CANOE – JAM! - Weekend warrior |publisher=Jam.canoe.ca |date=April 28, 2004 |access-date=August 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710074402/http://jam.canoe.ca/Television/TV_Shows/S/Saturday_Night_Live/2004/04/28/pf-733201.html |archive-date=July 10, 2012}}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, {{"'}}Fetch' may never happen, but 2004's eminently quotable movie is still one of the sharpest high school satires ever. Which is pretty grool, if you ask me!"<ref>Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (December 11, 2009), "THE 100 Greatest MOVIES, TV SHOWS, ALBUMS, BOOKS, CHARACTERS, SCENES, EPISODES, SONGS, DRESSES, MUSIC VIDEOS, AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS". ''Entertainment Weekly''. (1079/1080):74-84.</ref> In 2006, ''Entertainment Weekly'' also named it the twelfth best high school film of all time, explaining: "While ''Mean Girls'' is technically a comedy, its depiction of girl-on-girl cattiness stings incredibly true."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmsite.org/50besthsfilms2.html |title=50 Best High School Movies |publisher=Filmsite.org |date=September 15, 2006 |access-date=November 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112142042/http://www.filmsite.org/50besthsfilms2.html |archive-date=November 12, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, ''[[Marie Claire]]'' ranked ''Mean Girls'' as the best 2000s movie, calling it "the '00s pop culture staple".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/g37260832/2000s-movies/ |title=The 45 Best 2000s Movies |magazine=[[Marie Claire]] |date=August 12, 2021 |access-date=August 13, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

October 3 has been dubbed on social media as "Mean Girls Day" in reference to a quote said by the film's main character Cady. People also celebrate by wearing pink based on another quote said by character Karen in the film. Clothing designers have followed suit by printing quotes and other iconic imagery from the movie onto many pieces and merchandise items.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/3457797/mean-girls-day-october-3/ |title=It's October 3rd: 19 Ways to Celebrate Mean Girls Day |magazine=Time |date=October 3, 2014 |first=Samantha |last=Grossman |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007222413/http://time.com/3457797/mean-girls-day-october-3/ |archive-date=October 7, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the recognition and attention generated because of the annual celebration, several members of the cast have reunited in video over the years on that day for various causes. In 2017, they set a [[GoFundMe]] to raise money for the victims of the [[2017 Las Vegas shooting|Las Vegas shooting]] and the [[National Compassion Fund]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/10/04/lindsay-lohan-mean-girls-campaign-money-vegas-victims/|title=Lindsay Lohan joins Mean Girls campaign to raise money for Vegas victims|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=October 4, 2017|access-date=September 30, 2020}}</ref> In 2019, they teamed up with the [[Thirst Project]] to raise money to fund a freshwater well in [[Uganda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mean-girls-cast-raise-money-thirst-project-charity-oct-3-2019-1245251|title='Mean Girls' Cast Raises Money for Thirst Project on Oct. 3|work=[[Hollywood Reporter]]|date=October 3, 2019|access-date=September 30, 2020}}</ref> In 2020, the cast was honored with the Pioneering Spirit Award for their #MeanGirlsDoGood campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/rambling-reporter/mean-girls-cast-to-be-honored-at-jonathan-bennett-hosted-thirst-project-concert-telethon|title='Mean Girls' Cast to be Honored at Jonathan Bennett-Hosted Thirst Project Concert Telethon|work=[[Hollywood Reporter]]|date=September 29, 2020|access-date=September 30, 2020}}</ref> On October 3, 2020, [[Katie Couric]] moderated a virtual cast reunion to reminisce about the film. Organized in collaboration with [[HeadCount]] to promote voting in the [[2020 United States presidential election]], it was the first time the entire cast gathered together since the premiere in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/mean-girls-cast-reunites-promote-voting-katie-couric/|title='Mean Girls' Cast Reunites for the First Time to Promote Voting|publisher=[[TheWrap]]|date=October 3, 2020|access-date=October 4, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mean-girls-reunion-lindsay-lohan-rachel-mcadams-phone-call-instagram-video-b931669.html|title=Mean Girls: Rachel McAdams and Lindsay Lohan recreate iconic scene|work=The Independent|date=October 10, 2020|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref>

[[Mariah Carey]] expressed several times that she is a fan of the film, using quotes from the film in numerous interviews and TV appearances including a 2013 episode of ''[[American Idol]]''. Carey's 2009 single, "[[Obsessed (Mariah Carey song)|Obsessed]]", begins with an interlude quote where she says, "And I was like, 'Why are you so obsessed with me?{{'"}}, a line said by Regina George in the film. Carey's ex-husband, [[Nick Cannon]], revealed that the song was inspired by the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nick Cannon: Mariah Carey's Not Dissing Eminem In 'Obsessed' |first1=Jocelyn |last1=Vena |first2=Tim |last2=Kash |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615108/20090701/cannon_nick.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV News]] |date=July 1, 2009 |access-date=June 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5qkE7JkTY?url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615108/20090701/cannon_nick.jhtml |archive-date=June 25, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2342871/a-brief-history-of-mariah-careys-mean-girls-obsession/|title=A Brief History of Mariah Carey's 'Mean Girls' Obsession|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=October 9, 2015|access-date=September 3, 2020}}</ref> In September 2020, Fey quizzed Carey about the movie to prove how much of a "superfan" she is on [[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']]'s ''Quizzed'' video series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9446063/mariah-carey-tina-fey-mean-girls-quizzed-video|title=Mariah Carey Earns Title of 'Michael Jordan of Mean Girls' After Getting 'Quizzed' by Tina Fey: Watch|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=September 10, 2020|access-date=September 10, 2020}}</ref>

In August 2013, the [[White House]] tweeted a photo of President Obama's dog, [[Bo (dog)|Bo]], holding a tennis ball and captioning "Bo, stop trying to make fetch happen".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/WhiteHouse/status/367301180910624768 |title=Bo, stop trying to make fetch happen. |publisher=Twitter |author=The White House |date=August 13, 2013 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826031251/https://twitter.com/WhiteHouse/status/367301180910624768 |archive-date=August 26, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/08/13/the-white-house-made-a-mean-girls-joke-on-twitter-and-it-was-awesome/ |title=The White House Made a Mean Girls Joke on Twitter and It Was Awesome |journal=Time |date=August 13, 2013 |first=Olivia B. |last=Waxman |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007013949/http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/08/13/the-white-house-made-a-mean-girls-joke-on-twitter-and-it-was-awesome/ |archive-date=October 7, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taco Bell]] made a reply to the White House, also using one of the quotes from the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/TacoBell/status/367427339509985280 |title=@whitehouse Do you wanna do something fun? You wanna go to Taco Bell? |publisher=Twitter |date=August 13, 2014 |author=Taco Bell |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201083027/https://twitter.com/TacoBell/status/367427339509985280 |archive-date=February 1, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2018, the official Twitter account of the [[Embassy of Israel in Washington, D.C.|Israeli Embassy in the U.S.]] made headlines when it responded to a tweet by [[Iran]]ian leader [[Ali Khamenei]], calling Israel "a malignant cancerous tumor", with an animated GIF of the "Why are you so obsessed with me?" quote from ''Mean Girls''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel uses 'Mean Girls' to troll Iran on Twitter |url=https://nypost.com/2018/06/04/israel-uses-mean-girls-to-troll-iran-on-twitter/ |first=Bob |last=Fredericks |newspaper=New York Post |date=June 4, 2018 |access-date=August 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829105956/https://nypost.com/2018/06/04/israel-uses-mean-girls-to-troll-iran-on-twitter/ |archive-date=August 29, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2019, [[Hillary Clinton]] tweeted a GIF of the same quote which went [[Viral phenomenon|viral]] for being considered a response to [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/hillary-clinton-donald-trump-mean-girls-subtweet/|title=Hillary Clinton subtweeted Trump with a 'Mean Girls' reference and we are screaming|publisher=[[Mashable]]|date=March 6, 2019|access-date=July 20, 2020}}</ref> In June 2020, the [[Taoiseach]] of Ireland [[Leo Varadkar]] quoted Cady's "the limit does not exist" line during a [[COVID-19 pandemic]] briefing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-taioseach-leo-varadkar-quotes-mean-girls-during-covid-19-briefing-12010663|title=Coronavirus: Taoiseach Leo Varadkar quotes Mean Girls during COVID-19 briefing|work=[[Sky News]]|date=June 19, 2020|access-date=July 20, 2020}}</ref> At the [[39th People's Choice Awards|2013 People's Choice Awards]], [[Jennifer Lawrence]] referenced the film in her speech when she won Favorite Movie Actress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a450041/jennifer-lawrence-i-wish-i-could-share-my-award-like-in-mean-girls/ |title=Jennifer Lawrence: 'I wish I could share my award like in Mean Girls' |publisher=[[DigitalSpy]] |date=January 10, 2013 |access-date=September 30, 2020 }}</ref> Multiple scenes from the movie have been reenacted and parodied by various celebrities throughout the years following its release, including [[Ed Sheeran]], [[Iggy Azalea]], [[Amber Rose]] and [[Waka Flocka Flame]] during a 2014 skit for [[MTV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eonline.com/uk/news/504926/ed-sheeran-amber-rose-and-more-reenact-mean-girls-four-way-phone-scene-watch-now|title=Ed Sheeran, Amber Rose and More Reenact Mean Girls' Four-Way Phone Scene—Watch Now!|publisher=[[E!]]|date=January 29, 2014|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1722240/mariah-carey-nick-cannon-re-enact-mean-girls/|title=Mariah Carey and Nick Cannon Re-Enact 'Mean Girls'... And It's So Fetch|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=February 13, 2014|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.calltheone.com/en/musicians-singers/chris-motionless-reenacts-mean-girls-scene|title=Chris Motionless Re-Enact 'Mean Girls' Scene|date=February 28, 2018|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aol.com/article/entertainment/2017/07/12/ariana-grande-reenact-mean-girls/23026993/|title=Ariana Grande once reenacted 'Mean Girls' with her friends -- and it's everything and more|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=July 12, 2017|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/mean-girls-four-way-call-video-disability-message/|title=Iconic Mean Girls Phone Call Scene Remade By Creators With Disabilities|publisher=[[Screen Rant]]|date=September 9, 2020|access-date=September 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://etcanada.com/news/695116/chloe-grace-moretz-acts-out-iconic-mean-girls-scene-with-sarah-ramos/|title=Chloë Grace Moretz Acts Out Iconic 'Mean Girls' Scene With Sarah Ramos|work=[[Entertainment Tonight Canada]]|date=September 24, 2020|access-date=September 25, 2020}}</ref>

The sixth episode of the third season of ''[[How to Get Away with Murder]]'' included several references to the film, including Aja Naomi King's character Michaela Pratt using the line "you can't sit with us", [[Viola Davis]]' character [[Annalise Keating]] eating her lunch in a toilet cubicle after feeling like an outcast, [[Karla Souza]]'s character Laurel Castillo using sweatpants on a Monday and Behzad Dabu's character Simon Drake calling several other students "mean girls".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refinery29.com/2016/10/127929/how-to-get-away-with-murder-season-3-episode-6-recap|title="How To Get Away With Murder" Recap: "You're All Mean Girls"|access-date=August 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819061248/http://www.refinery29.com/2016/10/127929/how-to-get-away-with-murder-season-3-episode-6-recap|archive-date=August 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2021, actress [[Aimee Lou Wood]] referenced the film scene where Cady broke her Spring Fling crown in pieces and shared it with girls around her.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Dray|first=Kayleigh|date=2021-06-06|title=Baftas 2021: Aimee Lou Wood’s “frantic” Baftas speech is so good|url=https://www.stylist.co.uk/entertainment/tv/aimee-lou-wood-2021-baftas/529575|access-date=2021-06-08|website=Stylist|language=en}}</ref> She stated: "Now, I said that I’d break [this award] into pieces and share it with everyone, It’s solid, [[Daisy Haggard|Daisy [Haggard]]], It’s solid! So I’ll give you a metaphorical piece to everyone in my category, especially [[Emma Mackey]] who’s the best scene partner and best friend…"<ref name=":0" />

=== Accolades ===
The film won and was nominated for a number of awards throughout 2004–2005.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! align="left" |Year
! align="left" |Ceremony
! align="left" |Category
! align="left" |Recipients
! align="left" |Result
|-
| rowspan="13" |2004
| rowspan="13" |[[Teen Choice Awards]]
|[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Comedy|Choice Comedy Movie Actress]]
|[[Lindsay Lohan]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|Choice Breakout Movie Actress
|Lindsay Lohan
|{{Won}}
|-
|Choice Movie Blush
|Lindsay Lohan
|{{Won}}
|-
|Choice Breakout Movie Actress
|[[Rachel McAdams]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Choice Breakout Movie Actor
|[[Jonathan Bennett (actor)|Jonathan Bennett]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Comedy|Choice Comedy Movie]]
!
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Choice Comedy Movie Actress
|Rachel McAdams
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Choice Movie Blush
|Rachel McAdams
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Choice Movie Chemistry
|Lindsay Lohan and Jonathan Bennett
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Choice Movie Fight/Action Sequence
|Lindsay Lohan vs. Rachel McAdams
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Hissy Fit|Choice Movie Hissy Fit]]
|Rachel McAdams
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Choice Movie Liar
|Lindsay Lohan
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain|Choice Movie Villain]]
|Rachel McAdams
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |2005
| rowspan="4" |[[MTV Movie & TV Awards|MTV Movie Awards]]
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Performance|Best Female Performance]]
|Lindsay Lohan
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance|Breakthrough Female Performance]]
|Rachel McAdams
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo|Best On-Screen Team]]
|Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams, [[Lacey Chabert]], and [[Amanda Seyfried]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[MTV Movie Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|Rachel McAdams
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Kids Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Movie Actress
|Lindsay Lohan
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[People's Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Movie: Comedy
!
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Writers Guild of America Award]]
|Best Adapted Screenplay
|Tina Fey
|{{Nom}}
|}

== Legacy ==

=== Works inspired by ''Mean Girls'' ===
A novel based on the film, by author [[Micol Ostow]], was released in September 2017 by [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mean Girls: A Novel|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/34077604-mean-girls|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025728/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/34077604-mean-girls|archive-date=April 11, 2018|access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> Jonathan Bennett, who portrayed Aaron Samuels, released a cookbook inspired by the movie in 2018 called "The Burn Cookbook: Real Recipes to Feed Your Inner Plastic."<ref>{{cite web|date=October 2, 2018|title=Jonathan Bennett created a 'Mean Girls' cookbook — and the recipes are so fetch!|url=https://www.today.com/food/mean-girls-cookbook-fun-recipes-jonathan-bennett-t138439|access-date=August 20, 2020|work=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]}}</ref> The following year, he teamed up with Nocking Point Wines to release a limited rosé wine edition inspired by the film.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 11, 2019|title='Mean Girls' Star Jonathan Bennett Releases 'Wednesday Rosé' in Nod to Classic Movie|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/food/news/mean-girls-star-jonathan-bennett-releases-wines-named-for-movie/|access-date=August 20, 2020|work=[[Us Weekly]]}}</ref> [[Ariana Grande]] parodied the film in the music video for her 2018 song "[[Thank U, Next (song)|Thank U, Next]]". The actors Jonathan Bennett and Stefanie Drummond, who were originally part of the film's cast, appeared in the video. A clip of Cady Heron from the movie was featured in a 2020 [[Discover Card]] commercial which aired during the [[Super Bowl LIV]].<ref>{{cite web|date=January 29, 2020|title=Discover Splits Up Its 30-Second Super Bowl Buy Into 2 Spots|url=https://www.adweek.com/agencies/discover-splits-up-its-30-second-super-bowl-buy-into-2-spots/|access-date=July 20, 2020|work=[[AdWeek]]}}</ref>

A comic book sequel to the film, titled ''Mean Girls: Senior Year'', was written by Arianna Irwin and released by Insight Comics in September 2020.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 19, 2019|title=Insight Comics Announces 2020 FCBD Silver Offering MEAN GIRLS: SENIOR YEAR|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwbooks/article/Insight-Comics-Announces-2020-FCBD-Silver-Offering-MEAN-GIRLS--SENIOR-YEAR-20191219|access-date=December 19, 2019|work=Broadway World}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Rich|date=June 21, 2020|title=Mean Girls Sequel Delayed Until September|url=https://bleedingcool.com/comics/mean-girls-sequel-delayed-until-september/|access-date=July 9, 2020|work=Bleeding Cool}}</ref> A ''Mean Girls''-themed [[pop-up restaurant]] in [[Santa Monica]] called Fetch was announced in 2020 as well.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 24, 2020|title=Paramount's 'Mean Girls' Pop-Up Restaurant Back On, Tickets on Sale|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/paramounts-mean-girls-pop-up-restaurant-fetch-opens-ticket-sales-1280818|access-date=May 22, 2020|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> [[Primark]] launched a loungewear range inspired by the film in October 2019.<ref>{{cite web|date=October 14, 2019|title=Primark Mean Girls Collection|url=https://www.primark.com/en/the-edit/women/trending-now-mean-girls/a/d6f897b9-3b44-4391-92a0-e460a3a40246|access-date=September 30, 2020|publisher=[[Primark]]}}</ref> On October 3, 2020, the [[List of breweries in Virginia|Young Veterans Brewing Company]] released a ''Mean Girls''-themed beer called "Army Pants & Flip Flops".<ref>{{cite web|date=September 28, 2020|title=So fetch: Mean Girls-themed beer to be released at Virginia Beach brewery Saturday|url=https://www.wtkr.com/news/good-news/so-fetch-mean-girls-themed-beer-to-be-released-at-virginia-beach-brewery-saturday|access-date=September 30, 2020|publisher=[[WTKR]]}}</ref> Several ''Mean Girls''-themed events, merchandising products and screenings have been often organized and produced in homage to the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mean Girls House Party|url=https://www.everymancinema.com/film-info/mean-girls-house-party|access-date=August 15, 2020|website=[[Everyman Cinemas]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 3, 2020|title=A 'Mean Girls' Themed Afternoon Tea Is Coming|url=https://www.tyla.com/entertaining/food-and-drink-mean-girls-themed-afternoon-tea-london-20200803|access-date=August 15, 2020|website=Tyla.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 13, 2020|title=This 'Mean Girls' Inspired Home Is Now On Airbnb And It's So Fetch|url=https://www.tyla.com/life/travel-mean-girls-inspired-home-airbnb-nashville-bachelorette-pad-20200813|access-date=August 15, 2020|website=Tyla.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 26, 2020|title=Get In, Loser! We're Doing High Tea- The Brunch Club's Hosting A Mean Girls High Tea!|url=https://www.kiis1065.com.au/lifestyle/food-wine/get-in-loser-were-doing-high-tea-the-brunch-clubs-hosting-a-mean-girls-high-tea/|access-date=August 26, 2020|publisher=[[KIIS 106.5]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=October 31, 2020|title=B&M releases Mean Girls collection - including a Burn Book|url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/whats-on/shopping/bm-releases-mean-girls-collection-4651617|access-date=October 31, 2020|publisher=[[Bristol Post]]}}</ref>

In August 2020, [[Screen Junkies]] released a [[Screen Junkies#Honest Trailers|Honest Trailers]] episode on the film calling it "the best thing to come out of that era," with [[Screen Rant]]'s Daniel Gillespie saying: "''Mean Girls'' remains entertaining, funny, and, most importantly, accurate. [...] That relevance almost two decades later proves that Mean Girls is deserving of its classic status,"<ref>{{cite web|date=August 25, 2020|title=Mean Girls Honest Trailer Points Out Obvious Out-Dated References|url=https://screenrant.com/mean-girls-movie-honest-trailer-tina-fey-comedy|access-date=August 26, 2020|publisher=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref> and [[Slashfilm]]'s Ethan Anderton writing that the "generation-defining high school movie" not only captures the teenage culture of the early 2000s perfectly, "but it's also hilariously clever for being adapted from a non-fiction parenting advice book [...] Mean Girls is great because it captures that cruel teen vibe perfectly, and it tries to deliver a nice wholesome message to fight it, which kids will laugh at, agree with, and then never do anything about."<ref>{{cite web|date=August 26, 2020|title='Mean Girls' Honest Trailer: One of the Only Things from the Early 2000s We Should Be Nostalgic About|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/mean-girls-honest-trailer/|access-date=August 26, 2020|publisher=[[Slashfilm]]}}</ref> In September 2020, the [[Pillsbury Company]] released a limited edition of [[Toaster Strudel]] featuring pink icing and ''Mean Girls'' packaging to pay homage to its movie-claimed inventor's daughter, Gretchen Wieners.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 2, 2020|title=Pillsbury Toaster Strudel Introduces Limited-Edition Mean Girls Toaster Strudel With Movie-Inspired Pink Icing|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200902005633/en/Pillsbury-Toaster-Strudel-Introduces-Limited-Edition-Girls-Toaster|access-date=September 3, 2020|publisher=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref>

=== Adaptations ===
'''Video games'''

A game for PC was released in 2009 featuring characters specifically created for the game.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mean Girls: High School Showdown|url=https://www.ign.com/games/mean-girls-high-school-showdown/pc-14269052|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819062039/http://www.ign.com/games/mean-girls-high-school-showdown/pc-14269052|archive-date=August 19, 2017|access-date=May 3, 2017|work=IGN}}</ref> In 2010, a ''Mean Girls'' video game developed by Crush Digital Media and planned to be published by [[505 Games]] for the [[Nintendo DS]] [[handheld game console]] was announced, but was cancelled before release.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 12, 2010|title=Mean Girls Game Capitalizes on Film's Popularity, Lohan's Career – games for girls|url=http://kotaku.com/5515461/mean-girls-game-capitalizes-on-films-popularity-lohans-career|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612014813/http://kotaku.com/5515461/mean-girls-game-capitalizes-on-films-popularity-lohans-career|archive-date=June 12, 2010|access-date=November 8, 2010|website=Kotaku}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mean Girls (lost build of cancelled Nintendo DS game based on teen comedy film; 2009-2010) - The Lost Media Wiki|url=https://lostmediawiki.com/Mean_Girls_(lost_build_of_cancelled_Nintendo_DS_game_based_on_teen_comedy_film;_2009-2010)#Official_Response_from_Publisher|access-date=2021-06-14|website=lostmediawiki.com}}</ref> The DS game was nearly completed before cancellation and was found in 2021 by Youtuber Bobdunga, who got a file for the game in her email by an anoymous person.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Girl Games of Lost Media (Part 2) - Documentary|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bQVTurDGPY|language=en|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref> A full playthrough was uploaded on a her channel on July 15, 2021.<ref>{{Citation|title=Mean Girls DS (2009) - Full Playthrough|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7nl9g4Cl04|language=en|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref> In 2015, an [[iOS]] game based on the film was released.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cabral|first=Matt|date=January 27, 2015|title=Watch the 'Mean Girls' iOS video game trailer--exclusive|url=https://ew.com/article/2015/01/27/mean-girls-video-game-trailer/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604233034/http://ew.com/article/2015/01/27/mean-girls-video-game-trailer/|archive-date=June 4, 2017|access-date=May 3, 2017|work=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> Since 2015, Pocket Gems' mobile app Episode also released various ''Mean Girls'' interactive stories following the characters from the film due to "overwhelming fan response".<ref>{{cite web|date=November 18, 2015|title=Mean Girls game Senior Year now available for mobile devices|url=https://ew.com/article/2015/11/18/mean-girls-senior-year-mobile-game-now-available/|access-date=September 30, 2020|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=August 11, 2016|title='Mean Girls' Heads to College in Episode's Interactive Story App|url=https://variety.com/2016/digital/games/mean-girls-college-episode-app-1201835515/|access-date=September 30, 2020|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Castillo|first=Michelle|date=June 6, 2017|title=Episode app animates millennial classics like 'Mean Girls' for Gen Z|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/06/episode-app-animates-millennial-classics-like-mean-girls-for-gen-z.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819063424/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/06/episode-app-animates-millennial-classics-like-mean-girls-for-gen-z.html|archive-date=August 19, 2017|access-date=August 19, 2017}}</ref>

'''Stage musical'''{{main|Mean Girls (musical)}}

On January 28, 2013, Fey confirmed that a musical adaption of ''Mean Girls'' was in the works. Fey wrote the book of the show, ''[[30 Rock]]'' composer and Fey's husband [[Jeff Richmond]] worked on the music, and [[Casey Nicholaw]] directed. [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] was also involved.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 28, 2013|title=So Fetch! Tina Fey Confirms Mean Girls Musical In Early Development | Broadway Buzz|url=http://www.broadway.com/buzz/166933/so-fetch-tina-fey-confirms-mean-girls-musical-in-early-development/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041630/http://www.broadway.com/buzz/166933/so-fetch-tina-fey-confirms-mean-girls-musical-in-early-development/|archive-date=July 23, 2013|access-date=June 16, 2013|publisher=Broadway.com}}</ref> The musical premiered at the [[National Theatre (Washington, D.C.)|National Theatre]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] on October 31, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tina Fey's Mean Girls Musical Will Make World Premiere at Washington's National {{!}} Playbill|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/tina-feys-mean-girls-musical-will-make-world-premiere-at-washingtons-national|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323193108/http://www.playbill.com/article/tina-feys-mean-girls-musical-will-make-world-premiere-at-washingtons-national|archive-date=March 23, 2017|access-date=March 23, 2017|website=Playbill}}</ref> ''Mean Girls'' opened on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] at the [[August Wilson Theatre]], with previews beginning March 12, 2018 and opening on April 8, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last=Paulson|first=Michael|date=September 6, 2017|title=The 'Mean Girls' Musical Is Coming to Broadway in March|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/theater/mean-girls-broadway-musical.html?mcubz=0|url-status=live|access-date=September 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906181940/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/theater/mean-girls-broadway-musical.html?mcubz=0|archive-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> On January 23, 2020, Tina Fey announced that a film adaptation of the [[Mean Girls (musical)|''Mean Girls'' musical]] was in active development. "I'm very excited to bring ''Mean Girls'' back to the big screen. It's been incredibly gratifying to see how much the movie and the musical have meant to audiences. I've spent sixteen years with these characters now. They are my [[Marvel Universe]] and I love them dearly," Fey said.<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|last=Malkin|first=Marc|date=January 23, 2020|title=Tina Fey Announces Movie Adaptation of Broadway's 'Mean Girls' Musical|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/tina-fey-announces-movie-adaptation-of-broadways-mean-girls-musical-1203477247/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en|access-date=January 23, 2020}}</ref> During the film's cast reunion on October 3, 2020, Fey shared that fans could be involved in casting actors for the new adaptation by sharing their dream cast on the project's website and be featured in the musical film's "burn book".<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lee|first=Janet|date=October 3, 2020|title='Mean Girls' Cast Reunites After 16 Years to Encourage Voting|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/mean-girls-reunion-voting-musical-movie-1234791593/|magazine=Variety|language=en|access-date=October 4, 2020}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
{{Main|Mean Girls 2}}A [[Television film|made-for-television]] [[sequel]] ''[[Mean Girls 2]]'' premiered on ABC Family (now [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]]) on January 23, 2011, then subsequently released on DVD February 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/article/2010/12/06/mean-girls-2-abc-family/|title='Mean Girls 2' to debut on ABC Family|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|first=Margaret|last=Lyons|date=December 6, 2010|access-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731095949/http://ew.com/article/2010/12/06/mean-girls-2-abc-family/|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddytv.com/articles/pretty-little-liars/mean-girls-2-premieres-on-abc-39010.aspx|title='Mean Girls 2' Premieres on ABC Family|website=Buddy TV|first=Shosanna|last=Moore|date=January 11, 2011|access-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731075847/http://www.buddytv.com/articles/pretty-little-liars/mean-girls-2-premieres-on-abc-39010.aspx|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The plot takes place after the first movie and it has entirely different cast members, with the exception of [[Tim Meadows]], who reprises his role as Principal Ron Duvall. ''Mean Girls 2'' is directed by [[Melanie Mayron]] and stars [[Meaghan Martin]] and [[Jennifer Stone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/mean-girls-2-twice-as-nasty-as-the-original/2011/01/21/ABDoAKR_story.html|title='Mean Girls 2' twice as nasty as the original|website=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Emily|last=Yahr|date=January 21, 2011|access-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808114253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/mean-girls-2-twice-as-nasty-as-the-original/2011/01/21/ABDoAKR_story.html|archive-date=August 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Future==
===''Mean Moms''===

In early 2014, [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] and [[New Line Cinema]] announced a planned release date of May 8, 2015, for a proposed spin-off of ''Mean Girls''<ref>{{cite news|title=Warner Bros Scheduling Spree Continues With 'The Conjuring 2′, 'Mean Moms', 2 Others|url=https://www.deadline.com/2014/02/warner-bros-scheduling-spree-continues-with-the-conjuring-2-mean-moms-2-others/|access-date=July 25, 2014|newspaper=deadline.com|date=February 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619171103/http://www.deadline.com/2014/02/warner-bros-scheduling-spree-continues-with-the-conjuring-2-mean-moms-2-others/|archive-date=June 19, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> with [[Jennifer Aniston]] in talks to lead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jennifer Aniston's 'Mean Moms' set for May 8, 2015 |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/jennifer-anistons-mean-moms-set-for-may-8-2015-1201121143/ |first=Dave |last=McNary |access-date=July 25, 2014 |newspaper=Variety |date=February 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301150428/http://variety.com/2014/film/news/jennifer-anistons-mean-moms-set-for-may-8-2015-1201121143/ |archive-date=March 1, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Adapted from another book penned by [[Rosalind Wiseman]], ''Mean Moms'' would be written by [[Sean Anders]] and John Morris and would star Jennifer Aniston as a mother facing the cut-throat life of modern suburbia. However, in May 2014, New Line Cinema pulled the film from its proposed release date of May 2015; even though the film is still slated for development, there is not currently a release date for the spin-off.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jennifer Aniston's 'Mean Moms' Delayed, New Line Foregoes $6.7 Million Tax Credit |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/jennifer-anistons-mean-moms-delayed-new-line-foregoes-6-7-million-tax-credit-1201175956/ |first=Dave |last=McNary |access-date=July 25, 2014 |newspaper=Variety |date=May 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521021805/https://variety.com/2014/film/news/jennifer-anistons-mean-moms-delayed-new-line-foregoes-6-7-million-tax-credit-1201175956/ |archive-date=May 21, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On October 7, it was announced that the film was added to the California Film Tax Credit program for the 2014–15 fiscal year, in which the production must start in California within 180 days of notification from the state to receive the $6.7 million production tax credit.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=McNary|first1=Dave|title='Mean Moms,' 'Paternity Leave' Score California Film Credits|url=https://variety.com/2014/artisans/news/mean-moms-paternity-leave-score-california-film-credits-exclusive-1201324147/|access-date=October 8, 2014|magazine=variety.com|date=October 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008030438/http://variety.com/2014/artisans/news/mean-moms-paternity-leave-score-california-film-credits-exclusive-1201324147/|archive-date=October 8, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2015, it was confirmed the project was still happening and [[Sean Anders]] would direct the film;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/05/jennifer-aniston-sean-anders-mean-moms-horrible-bosses-2-1201420542/|title='Horrible Bosses 2' Helmer Sean Anders Re-Unites With Jennifer Aniston In 'Mean Moms'|first=Mike Jr|last=Fleming|date=May 4, 2015|access-date=May 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040718/http://deadline.com/2015/05/jennifer-aniston-sean-anders-mean-moms-horrible-bosses-2-1201420542/|work=Deadline|archive-date=May 5, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> in late 2015 Anders told ''Cinema Blend'' the project had been placed on hold.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inquisitr.com/2672857/jennifer-aniston-movie-mean-moms-stalled-husband-justin-theroux-posts-photos-of-aniston-on-instagram/ |title=Jennifer Aniston Movie 'Mean Moms' Stalled |work=[[Inquisitr]] |date=January 1, 2016 |access-date=March 11, 2016 |author=Cole, Stacey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312123536/http://www.inquisitr.com/2672857/jennifer-aniston-movie-mean-moms-stalled-husband-justin-theroux-posts-photos-of-aniston-on-instagram/ |archive-date=March 12, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Potential sequel===
In late September 2014, discussions arose that Lohan had pitched an idea to Fey for a sequel. Later that year, Lohan, along with other cast members of the original film, asked Fey to write a screenplay for it. The idea was brought up during a 10th anniversary for the film in ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', with Fey declaring she regretted not doing a sequel closer to its original release: "At the time we did want to start the conversation about the sequel, and for whatever reason I was like, 'No!!! We shouldn’t do that!' Now I look back and I'm like, 'Why?' But now, no—it’s too late now."<ref name="EW2014">{{cite journal|title=The Reunions Issue - Special Double Issue - Mean Girls|date=November 14, 2014|journal=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|issn=1049-0434|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]}}</ref> Seyfried had previously stated she was "really willing to pursue" a sequel and was unsure why it had not happened.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://extratv.com/2014/05/16/amanda-seyfried-i-was-really-willing-to-pursue-a-mean-girls-sequel/|title=Amanda Seyfried: 'I Was Really Willing to Pursue' a 'Mean Girls' Sequel|publisher=[[Extra (American TV program)|Extra]]|date=March 16, 2014|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> In December 2016, Lohan mentioned she was still trying to pitch a sequel, with the hopes of [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] and [[Jimmy Fallon]] appearing in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/mean-girls-2-lindsay-lohan-sequel-1201950315/|title=Lindsay Lohan Is Trying to Make a 'Mean Girls' Sequel Happen|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Lawrence|last=Yee|date=December 30, 2016|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231062309/http://variety.com/2016/film/news/mean-girls-2-lindsay-lohan-sequel-1201950315/|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/videos/election-center-2016/2016/12/29/lindsay-lohan-wants-mean-girls-2.cnn|title=Lindsay Lohan wants 'Mean Girls 2'|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=December 29, 2016|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230141616/http://www.cnn.com/videos/election-center-2016/2016/12/29/lindsay-lohan-wants-mean-girls-2.cnn|archive-date=December 30, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> She stated she knew Fey, Michaels and Paramount were busy, declaring: "I will keep forcing it and pushing it on them until we do it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2016/12/mean-girls-2-lindsay-lohan-written-treatment-sequel-tina-fey-watch-1201763813/|title='Mean Girls 2': Lindsay Lohan Has Written a Treatment, Hopes Tina Fey Can Make Time For It|website=[[Indiewire.com]]|first=Liz|last=Calvario|date=December 30, 2016|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231003506/http://www.indiewire.com/2016/12/mean-girls-2-lindsay-lohan-written-treatment-sequel-tina-fey-watch-1201763813/|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018, Seyfried said people needed to start a campaign for it to finally come into fruition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4dpJgh9kYY|title=Amanda Seyfried would love a Mean Girls 2!|publisher=[[YouTube]] (On Demand Entertainment)|date=October 6, 2018|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> In January 2019, Lohan was interviewed by [[Howard Stern]] who wondered whether the sequel would ever happen. Lohan repeated her interest in revisiting the role and confirmed she had spoken to Fey about it, also saying sequel plans were not currently in the works, "I think they can't do it right now. I've spoken to her [Tina], but it can't happen without her and all of the cast. [...] Sometimes you're like, 'It's just too soon to do it.' But it's been 15 years."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howardstern.com/show/2019/1/9/lindsay-lohan-why-life-better-dubai-going-school-real-mean-girls-and-good-advice-jamie-lee-curtis-gave-her/|title=Lindsay Lohan on Why Life Is Better in Dubai, Going to School With Real Mean Girls, and the Good Advice Jamie Lee Curtis Gave Her|publisher=[[Howard Stern|HowardStern.com]]|date=January 9, 2019|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> In October 2019, Chabert was asked if a sequel would be happening to which she replied: "I don't know. I wish I had an answer for you, I feel like you need to start a petition," while saying she would "of course" revisit the character if given the chance as "it would be so much fun to revisit these women and see where they are now."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1081751/lacey-chabert-would-totally-do-a-mean-girls-sequel-if-given-the-chance|title=Lacey Chabert Would Totally Do a Mean Girls Sequel If Given the Chance|publisher=[[E!]]|first=Elyse|last=Dupre|date=October 10, 2019|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etonline.com/mean-girls-11-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-movie-and-behind-the-scenes-secrets-exclusive-124356|title='Mean Girls': 11 Things You Didn't Know About the Movie and Behind-the-Scenes Secrets (Exclusive)|publisher=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|first=Leena|last=Tailor|date=April 30, 2019|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref>

In April 2020, Lohan was once again questioned about the sequel by [[David Spade]] and confessed she had been hanging on to the idea of coming back to doing movies with that project "for a really long time" but that it was out of her hands. "To work with Tina [Fey], and the whole crew again, and Mark Waters. That was really what I wanted. I was excited to do that. But that's all in their hands really," she concluded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/movies/lindsay-lohan-wants-to-come-back-with-mean-girls-2/|title=Lindsay Lohan Says She Wants to 'Come Back' with Mean Girls 2: 'That Would Definitely Be an Exciting Thing'|publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]]|first=Alexia|last=Fernandez|date=April 15, 2020|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> A few days later, McAdams also expressed interest in reprising her role in a sequel,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/movies/rachel-mcadams-fun-play-regina-george-mean-girls-sequel/|title=Rachel McAdams wants to play Regina George in Mean Girls sequel|publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|first=Rachel|last=Yang|date=April 19, 2020|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> after having declared in previous years she would be up for it as long as Fey was on board, "She's our master-in-chief on this one. So, if she's into it, then I'm into it."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/mean-girls-sequel-rachel-mcadams-into-it-if-tina-fey-is-on-board-1.3136520|title=Mean Girls sequel? Rachel McAdams 'into it' if Tina Fey is on board|publisher=[[CTV News]]|first=David|last=Friend|date=October 28, 2016|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> Bennett then reacted to his co-stars by saying, "I was extremely excited when I heard Rachel [McAdams] say she'd love to play Regina George again because I've talked to over half the cast, including Lindsay [Lohan], and we all feel the same way," continuing, "We'd love to bring these beloved characters back to life at some point, whether it be sequel or a TV series. I think the world would love to see these characters again."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hollywoodlife.com/2020/04/28/jonathan-bennett-mean-girls-sequel-lindsay-lohan-rachel-mcadams-interview/|title='Mean Girls': Jonathan Bennett SharesNew Hope For Sequel After Rachel McAdams Expresses Interest|publisher=[[Hollywood Life]]|first=Allison|last=Swan|date=April 28, 2020|access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref>

In an August 2020 interview on the podcast ''Unspooled'', director Mark Waters discussed an idea for a sequel where the main characters from the original movie would now be young mothers serving together in a [[parent–teacher association]], adding that its development is entirely up to Fey wanting to write a screenplay.<ref>''Unspooled'' episode 200.1, [https://www.earwolf.com/episode/mean-girls/ Mean Girls] (released August 19, 2020)</ref> A possible sequel was also questioned by [[Katie Couric]] while moderating a virtual reunion with the film's cast on October 3, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/movies/mean-girls-cast-reunites-to-promote-voting-in-election/|title=Mean Girls Stars Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams and More Reunite to Promote Voting in Upcoming Election|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|first=Ally|last=Mauch|date=October 3, 2020|access-date=October 4, 2020}}</ref> Bennett then said in an interview he thought the virtual reunion "opened the door" for a sequel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/jonathan-bennett-on-possible-mean-girls-in-person-reunion/|title= Jonathan Bennett Teases Possible 2nd 'Mean Girls' Movie, Reveals What Was 'Awkward' About the Virtual Reunion|work=[[Us Weekly]]|first=Johnni|last=Macke|date=October 16, 2020|access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20040630030032/http://www.meangirls.com/indexflash.html}}
* {{IMDb title|0377092|Mean Girls}}
* {{mojo title|meangirls|Mean Girls}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|mean_girls|Mean Girls}}
* {{metacritic film|mean-girls|Mean Girls}}
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2020/01/23/34-best-political-movies-ever-made/ Ann Hornaday, "The 34 best political movies ever made" ''The Washington Post'' Jan. 23, 2020)], ranked #8

{{Mean Girls}}
{{Mark Waters}}
{{Lorne Michaels}}
{{Tina Fey}}

[[Category:2000s coming-of-age comedy films]]
[[Category:2000s high school films]]
[[Category:2004 LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:2000s teen comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 comedy films]]
[[Category:American coming-of-age comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American high school films]]
[[Category:American teen comedy films]]
[[Category:American teen LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:American Christmas films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about bullying]]
[[Category:American films about revenge]]
[[Category:Film and television memes]]
[[Category:Films based on non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mark Waters]]
[[Category:Films produced by Lorne Michaels]]
[[Category:Films set in 2003]]
[[Category:Films set in 2004]]
[[Category:Films set in Illinois]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Films shot in Toronto]]
[[Category:LGBT-related comedy films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Tina Fey]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rolfe Kent]]
[[Category:Mean Girls (franchise)]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures films]]

Rick Croy

2021-03-15T16:35:55Z

209.160.254.202: /* College */

{{Infobox college coach
| name = Rick Croy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| current_title = Head coach
| current_team = [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist]]
| current_conference = [[Western Athletic Conference|WAC]]
| current_record = 182–62 ({{Winning percentage|182|62}})
| contract =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|7|19}}
| birth_place = [[San Diego County, California]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| player_years1 = 1996–1999
| player_team1 = [[San Francisco State Gators|San Francisco State]]
| coach_years1 = 1999–2001
| coach_team1 = [[UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball|UC Riverside]] (asst.)
| coach_years2 = 2001–2002
| coach_team2 = [[Concordia University Irvine|Concordia (CA)]] (asst.)
| coach_years3 = 2002–2005
| coach_team3 = UC Riverside (asst.)
| coach_years4 = 2005–2010
| coach_team4 = [[Citrus College]]
| coach_years5 = 2010–2013
| coach_team5 = [[Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball|St. Mary's]] (asst.)
| coach_years6 = 2013–present
| coach_team6 = [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist]]
| overall_record = {{winpct|130|35|record=y}} (junior college) {{winpct|182|62|record=y}}
| bowl_record =
| tournament_record = 7–4 ([[NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II]]) 0–1 ([[College Basketball Invitational|CBI]])
| championships =
| awards =
| coaching_records =
}}
'''Richard K. Croy''' (born July 19, 1977) is an American college basketball coach, and current head coach of the [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball]] team.<ref name="cbulancers.com">{{cite web|url=http://cbulancers.com/coaches.aspx?rc=133|title=The Official Athletic Site of California Baptist University|website=cbulancers.com}}</ref>

==Playing career==
Croy attended [[Northgate High School (Walnut Creek, California)|Northgate High School]] in [[Walnut Creek, California]] where he was a part of the 1995 [[California Interscholastic Federation|CIF]] State Championship team.<ref name="smcgaels.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.smcgaels.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/080610aaa.html|title=Rick Croy Named To Men's Basketball Coaching Staff|publisher=}}</ref> In college, Croy holds the school record for three-point field goals, is second all-time in games played, and eighth all-time in scoring at [[San Francisco State Gators|San Francisco State]] where he graduated in 1999.<ref name="cbulancers.com"/>

==Coaching career==
After graduation, Croy began his coaching career in 1999 as an assistant coach at [[UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball|UC Riverside]] for two seasons before moving on to [[Concordia University Irvine|Concordia]] for another season. He made his return as an assistant coach with the Highlanders, where he stayed from 2002 to 2005 before accepting the head coaching position at [[California Community College Athletic Association|CCCAA]] institution [[Citrus College]]. While at Citrus, he led the Owls to three-straight Western State Conference South titles, the 2008 California State Championship and the 2010 [[California Community College Athletic Association]] Final Four. He was also named a three-time WSC Coach of the Year.<ref name="smcgaels.com"/> During this five years at Citrus, Croy compiled a 130-35 record, which is second all-time in school history for total wins, and first all-time in winning percentage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citrusowls.com/sports/mbkb/history|title=History|publisher=}}</ref>

In 2010, Croy joined [[Randy Bennett]]'s staff at [[Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball|St. Mary's]], where he stayed until 2013 before becoming the 12th head men's basketball coach in California Baptist history on April 2, 2013.<ref name="calbaptist">{{cite web|url=https://calbaptist.edu/news/rick-croy-named-cbu-mens-basketball-head-coach|website=calbaptist.edu|title=Rick Croy NamedCBU Men's Basketball Head Coach :: News :: California Baptist University|accessdate=2018-07-21}}</ref> Since joining the Lancers, Croy guided the team to the [[NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament]] every season before its transition to [[NCAA Division I]] and the [[Western Athletic Conference]] for the 2018–19 season.<ref name="calbaptist2">{{cite web|url=https://calbaptist.edu/news/cbu_to_move_to_western_athletic_conference|website=calbaptist.edu|title=CBU plans move to Western Athletic Conference, NCAA Division I :: News :: California Baptist University|accessdate=2018-07-21}}</ref>

==Head coaching record==
===Junior college===
{{CBB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|conference =|postseason=|poll=both}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name =[[Citrus College|Citrus Owls]]
| conference=[[Western State Conference]]
| startyear =2005
| endyear =2010
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2005–06
| name= Citrus
| overall= 17–13
| conference= 5–7
| confstanding= 4th(South)
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2006–07
| name= Citrus
| overall= 21–13
| conference= 7–5
| confstanding= 3rd(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Playoffs Second Round
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2007–08
| name= Citrus
| overall= 35–1
| conference= 12–0
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Champion
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2008–09
| name= Citrus
| overall= 28–5
| conference= 11–1
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Regional Finals
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2009–10
| name= Citrus
| overall= 29–3
| conference= 12–0
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Final Four
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = Citrus
| overall = 130–35 ({{winpct|130|35}})
| confrecord = 47–13 ({{winpct|47|13}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record End
| overall = 130–35 ({{winpct|130|35}})
| poll =
| polltype =
| polltype2 =
}}

===College===
{{CBB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|conference =|postseason=|poll=both}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name =[[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist Lancers]]
| conference=[[Pacific West Conference]]
| startyear =2013
| endyear =2018
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= conference
| season= 2013–14
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 24–4
| conference= 18–2
| confstanding= 1st
| postseason= [[2014 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II First Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2014–15
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 26–7
| conference= 16–4
| confstanding= 3rd
| postseason= [[2015 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Sweet 16]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2015–16
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 28–7
| conference= 15–5
| confstanding= T–1st
| postseason= [[2016 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Second Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2016–17
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 26–5
| conference= 17–3
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason= [[2017 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Second Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2017–18
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 28–6
| conference= 17–3
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason= [[2018 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Elite Eight]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = California Baptist (PacWest)
| overall = 132–29 ({{winpct|132|29}})
| confrecord = 83–17 ({{winpct|83|17}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name = California Baptist Lancers
| conference=[[Western Athletic Conference]]
| startyear =2018
| endyear =
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2018–19]]
| name= [[2018–19 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 16–15
| conference= 7–9
| confstanding= T–5th
| postseason= [[2019 College Basketball Invitational|CBI First Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2019–20]]
| name= [[2019–20 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 21–10
| conference= 10–6
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2020–21]]
| name= [[2020–21 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 13-8
| conference= 6-4
| confstanding=4th
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = California Baptist (WAC)
| overall = 50–33 ({{winpct|50|33}})
| confrecord = 23–19 ({{winpct|23|19}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record End
| overall = 182–62 ({{winpct|182|62}})
| poll =
| polltype =
| polltype2 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{California Baptist Lancers men's basketball coach navbox}}
{{Western Athletic Conference men's basketball coach navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Croy, Rick}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:American men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:Basketball coaches from California]]
[[Category:California Baptist Lancers men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:Citrus Owls men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:College men's basketball head coaches in the United States]]
[[Category:Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:San Francisco State Gators men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Walnut Creek, California]]
[[Category:UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:American men's basketball players]]

{{US-basketball-coach-stub}}

Rick Croy

2021-03-15T16:34:42Z

209.160.254.202: /* College */ Yearly Updates

{{Infobox college coach
| name = Rick Croy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| current_title = Head coach
| current_team = [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist]]
| current_conference = [[Western Athletic Conference|WAC]]
| current_record = 182–62 ({{Winning percentage|182|62}})
| contract =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|7|19}}
| birth_place = [[San Diego County, California]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| player_years1 = 1996–1999
| player_team1 = [[San Francisco State Gators|San Francisco State]]
| coach_years1 = 1999–2001
| coach_team1 = [[UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball|UC Riverside]] (asst.)
| coach_years2 = 2001–2002
| coach_team2 = [[Concordia University Irvine|Concordia (CA)]] (asst.)
| coach_years3 = 2002–2005
| coach_team3 = UC Riverside (asst.)
| coach_years4 = 2005–2010
| coach_team4 = [[Citrus College]]
| coach_years5 = 2010–2013
| coach_team5 = [[Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball|St. Mary's]] (asst.)
| coach_years6 = 2013–present
| coach_team6 = [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist]]
| overall_record = {{winpct|130|35|record=y}} (junior college) {{winpct|182|62|record=y}}
| bowl_record =
| tournament_record = 7–4 ([[NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II]]) 0–1 ([[College Basketball Invitational|CBI]])
| championships =
| awards =
| coaching_records =
}}
'''Richard K. Croy''' (born July 19, 1977) is an American college basketball coach, and current head coach of the [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball]] team.<ref name="cbulancers.com">{{cite web|url=http://cbulancers.com/coaches.aspx?rc=133|title=The Official Athletic Site of California Baptist University|website=cbulancers.com}}</ref>

==Playing career==
Croy attended [[Northgate High School (Walnut Creek, California)|Northgate High School]] in [[Walnut Creek, California]] where he was a part of the 1995 [[California Interscholastic Federation|CIF]] State Championship team.<ref name="smcgaels.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.smcgaels.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/080610aaa.html|title=Rick Croy Named To Men's Basketball Coaching Staff|publisher=}}</ref> In college, Croy holds the school record for three-point field goals, is second all-time in games played, and eighth all-time in scoring at [[San Francisco State Gators|San Francisco State]] where he graduated in 1999.<ref name="cbulancers.com"/>

==Coaching career==
After graduation, Croy began his coaching career in 1999 as an assistant coach at [[UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball|UC Riverside]] for two seasons before moving on to [[Concordia University Irvine|Concordia]] for another season. He made his return as an assistant coach with the Highlanders, where he stayed from 2002 to 2005 before accepting the head coaching position at [[California Community College Athletic Association|CCCAA]] institution [[Citrus College]]. While at Citrus, he led the Owls to three-straight Western State Conference South titles, the 2008 California State Championship and the 2010 [[California Community College Athletic Association]] Final Four. He was also named a three-time WSC Coach of the Year.<ref name="smcgaels.com"/> During this five years at Citrus, Croy compiled a 130-35 record, which is second all-time in school history for total wins, and first all-time in winning percentage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citrusowls.com/sports/mbkb/history|title=History|publisher=}}</ref>

In 2010, Croy joined [[Randy Bennett]]'s staff at [[Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball|St. Mary's]], where he stayed until 2013 before becoming the 12th head men's basketball coach in California Baptist history on April 2, 2013.<ref name="calbaptist">{{cite web|url=https://calbaptist.edu/news/rick-croy-named-cbu-mens-basketball-head-coach|website=calbaptist.edu|title=Rick Croy NamedCBU Men's Basketball Head Coach :: News :: California Baptist University|accessdate=2018-07-21}}</ref> Since joining the Lancers, Croy guided the team to the [[NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament]] every season before its transition to [[NCAA Division I]] and the [[Western Athletic Conference]] for the 2018–19 season.<ref name="calbaptist2">{{cite web|url=https://calbaptist.edu/news/cbu_to_move_to_western_athletic_conference|website=calbaptist.edu|title=CBU plans move to Western Athletic Conference, NCAA Division I :: News :: California Baptist University|accessdate=2018-07-21}}</ref>

==Head coaching record==
===Junior college===
{{CBB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|conference =|postseason=|poll=both}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name =[[Citrus College|Citrus Owls]]
| conference=[[Western State Conference]]
| startyear =2005
| endyear =2010
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2005–06
| name= Citrus
| overall= 17–13
| conference= 5–7
| confstanding= 4th(South)
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2006–07
| name= Citrus
| overall= 21–13
| conference= 7–5
| confstanding= 3rd(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Playoffs Second Round
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2007–08
| name= Citrus
| overall= 35–1
| conference= 12–0
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Champion
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2008–09
| name= Citrus
| overall= 28–5
| conference= 11–1
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Regional Finals
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2009–10
| name= Citrus
| overall= 29–3
| conference= 12–0
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Final Four
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = Citrus
| overall = 130–35 ({{winpct|130|35}})
| confrecord = 47–13 ({{winpct|47|13}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record End
| overall = 130–35 ({{winpct|130|35}})
| poll =
| polltype =
| polltype2 =
}}

===College===
{{CBB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|conference =|postseason=|poll=both}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name =[[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist Lancers]]
| conference=[[Pacific West Conference]]
| startyear =2013
| endyear =2018
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= conference
| season= 2013–14
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 24–4
| conference= 18–2
| confstanding= 1st
| postseason= [[2014 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II First Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2014–15
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 26–7
| conference= 16–4
| confstanding= 3rd
| postseason= [[2015 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Sweet 16]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2015–16
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 28–7
| conference= 15–5
| confstanding= T–1st
| postseason= [[2016 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Second Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2016–17
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 26–5
| conference= 17–3
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason= [[2017 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Second Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2017–18
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 28–6
| conference= 17–3
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason= [[2018 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Elite Eight]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = California Baptist (PacWest)
| overall = 132–29 ({{winpct|132|29}})
| confrecord = 83–17 ({{winpct|83|17}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name = California Baptist Lancers
| conference=[[Western Athletic Conference]]
| startyear =2018
| endyear =
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2018–19]]
| name= [[2018–19 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 16–15
| conference= 7–9
| confstanding= T–5th
| postseason= [[2019 College Basketball Invitational|CBI First Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2019–20]]
| name= [[2019–20 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 21–10
| conference= 10–6
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2020–21]]
| name= [[2020–21 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 13-8
| conference= 6-4
| confstanding=4th
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = California Baptist (WAC)
| overall = 50–33 ({{winpct|37|25}})
| confrecord = 23–19 ({{winpct|17|15}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record End
| overall = 182–62 ({{winpct|182|62}})
| poll =
| polltype =
| polltype2 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{California Baptist Lancers men's basketball coach navbox}}
{{Western Athletic Conference men's basketball coach navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Croy, Rick}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:American men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:Basketball coaches from California]]
[[Category:California Baptist Lancers men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:Citrus Owls men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:College men's basketball head coaches in the United States]]
[[Category:Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:San Francisco State Gators men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Walnut Creek, California]]
[[Category:UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:American men's basketball players]]

{{US-basketball-coach-stub}}

Rick Croy

2021-03-15T16:13:19Z

209.160.254.202: /* College */

{{Infobox college coach
| name = Rick Croy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| current_title = Head coach
| current_team = [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist]]
| current_conference = [[Western Athletic Conference|WAC]]
| current_record = 182–64 ({{Winning percentage|169|53}})
| contract =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|7|19}}
| birth_place = [[San Diego County, California]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| player_years1 = 1996–1999
| player_team1 = [[San Francisco State Gators|San Francisco State]]
| coach_years1 = 1999–2001
| coach_team1 = [[UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball|UC Riverside]] (asst.)
| coach_years2 = 2001–2002
| coach_team2 = [[Concordia University Irvine|Concordia (CA)]] (asst.)
| coach_years3 = 2002–2005
| coach_team3 = UC Riverside (asst.)
| coach_years4 = 2005–2010
| coach_team4 = [[Citrus College]]
| coach_years5 = 2010–2013
| coach_team5 = [[Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball|St. Mary's]] (asst.)
| coach_years6 = 2013–present
| coach_team6 = [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist]]
| overall_record = {{winpct|130|35|record=y}} (junior college) {{winpct|182|64|record=y}}
| bowl_record =
| tournament_record = 7–4 ([[NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II]]) 0–1 ([[College Basketball Invitational|CBI]])
| championships =
| awards =
| coaching_records =
}}
'''Richard K. Croy''' (born July 19, 1977) is an American college basketball coach, and current head coach of the [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball]] team.<ref name="cbulancers.com">{{cite web|url=http://cbulancers.com/coaches.aspx?rc=133|title=The Official Athletic Site of California Baptist University|website=cbulancers.com}}</ref>

==Playing career==
Croy attended [[Northgate High School (Walnut Creek, California)|Northgate High School]] in [[Walnut Creek, California]] where he was a part of the 1995 [[California Interscholastic Federation|CIF]] State Championship team.<ref name="smcgaels.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.smcgaels.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/080610aaa.html|title=Rick Croy Named To Men's Basketball Coaching Staff|publisher=}}</ref> In college, Croy holds the school record for three-point field goals, is second all-time in games played, and eighth all-time in scoring at [[San Francisco State Gators|San Francisco State]] where he graduated in 1999.<ref name="cbulancers.com"/>

==Coaching career==
After graduation, Croy began his coaching career in 1999 as an assistant coach at [[UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball|UC Riverside]] for two seasons before moving on to [[Concordia University Irvine|Concordia]] for another season. He made his return as an assistant coach with the Highlanders, where he stayed from 2002 to 2005 before accepting the head coaching position at [[California Community College Athletic Association|CCCAA]] institution [[Citrus College]]. While at Citrus, he led the Owls to three-straight Western State Conference South titles, the 2008 California State Championship and the 2010 [[California Community College Athletic Association]] Final Four. He was also named a three-time WSC Coach of the Year.<ref name="smcgaels.com"/> During this five years at Citrus, Croy compiled a 130-35 record, which is second all-time in school history for total wins, and first all-time in winning percentage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citrusowls.com/sports/mbkb/history|title=History|publisher=}}</ref>

In 2010, Croy joined [[Randy Bennett]]'s staff at [[Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball|St. Mary's]], where he stayed until 2013 before becoming the 12th head men's basketball coach in California Baptist history on April 2, 2013.<ref name="calbaptist">{{cite web|url=https://calbaptist.edu/news/rick-croy-named-cbu-mens-basketball-head-coach|website=calbaptist.edu|title=Rick Croy NamedCBU Men's Basketball Head Coach :: News :: California Baptist University|accessdate=2018-07-21}}</ref> Since joining the Lancers, Croy guided the team to the [[NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament]] every season before its transition to [[NCAA Division I]] and the [[Western Athletic Conference]] for the 2018–19 season.<ref name="calbaptist2">{{cite web|url=https://calbaptist.edu/news/cbu_to_move_to_western_athletic_conference|website=calbaptist.edu|title=CBU plans move to Western Athletic Conference, NCAA Division I :: News :: California Baptist University|accessdate=2018-07-21}}</ref>

==Head coaching record==
===Junior college===
{{CBB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|conference =|postseason=|poll=both}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name =[[Citrus College|Citrus Owls]]
| conference=[[Western State Conference]]
| startyear =2005
| endyear =2010
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2005–06
| name= Citrus
| overall= 17–13
| conference= 5–7
| confstanding= 4th(South)
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2006–07
| name= Citrus
| overall= 21–13
| conference= 7–5
| confstanding= 3rd(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Playoffs Second Round
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2007–08
| name= Citrus
| overall= 35–1
| conference= 12–0
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Champion
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2008–09
| name= Citrus
| overall= 28–5
| conference= 11–1
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Regional Finals
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2009–10
| name= Citrus
| overall= 29–3
| conference= 12–0
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Final Four
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = Citrus
| overall = 130–35 ({{winpct|130|35}})
| confrecord = 47–13 ({{winpct|47|13}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record End
| overall = 130–35 ({{winpct|130|35}})
| poll =
| polltype =
| polltype2 =
}}

===College===
{{CBB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|conference =|postseason=|poll=both}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name =[[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist Lancers]]
| conference=[[Pacific West Conference]]
| startyear =2013
| endyear =2018
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= conference
| season= 2013–14
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 24–4
| conference= 18–2
| confstanding= 1st
| postseason= [[2014 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II First Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2014–15
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 26–7
| conference= 16–4
| confstanding= 3rd
| postseason= [[2015 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Sweet 16]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2015–16
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 28–7
| conference= 15–5
| confstanding= T–1st
| postseason= [[2016 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Second Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2016–17
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 26–5
| conference= 17–3
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason= [[2017 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Second Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2017–18
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 28–6
| conference= 17–3
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason= [[2018 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Elite Eight]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = California Baptist (PacWest)
| overall = 132–29 ({{winpct|132|29}})
| confrecord = 83–17 ({{winpct|83|17}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name = California Baptist Lancers
| conference=[[Western Athletic Conference]]
| startyear =2018
| endyear =
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2018–19]]
| name= [[2018–19 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 16–15
| conference= 7–9
| confstanding= T–5th
| postseason= [[2019 College Basketball Invitational|CBI First Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2019–20]]
| name= [[2019–20 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 21–10
| conference= 10–6
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2020–21]]
| name= [[2020–21 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 13-8
| conference= 6-4
| confstanding=4th
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = California Baptist (WAC)
| overall = 50–33 ({{winpct|37|25}})
| confrecord = 23–19 ({{winpct|17|15}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record End
| overall = 182–62 ({{winpct|169|54}})
| poll =
| polltype =
| polltype2 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{California Baptist Lancers men's basketball coach navbox}}
{{Western Athletic Conference men's basketball coach navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Croy, Rick}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:American men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:Basketball coaches from California]]
[[Category:California Baptist Lancers men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:Citrus Owls men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:College men's basketball head coaches in the United States]]
[[Category:Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:San Francisco State Gators men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Walnut Creek, California]]
[[Category:UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:American men's basketball players]]

{{US-basketball-coach-stub}}

Rick Croy

2021-03-15T15:22:52Z

209.160.254.202: /* College */ records updates

{{Infobox college coach
| name = Rick Croy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| current_title = Head coach
| current_team = [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist]]
| current_conference = [[Western Athletic Conference|WAC]]
| current_record = 182–64 ({{Winning percentage|169|53}})
| contract =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|7|19}}
| birth_place = [[San Diego County, California]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| player_years1 = 1996–1999
| player_team1 = [[San Francisco State Gators|San Francisco State]]
| coach_years1 = 1999–2001
| coach_team1 = [[UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball|UC Riverside]] (asst.)
| coach_years2 = 2001–2002
| coach_team2 = [[Concordia University Irvine|Concordia (CA)]] (asst.)
| coach_years3 = 2002–2005
| coach_team3 = UC Riverside (asst.)
| coach_years4 = 2005–2010
| coach_team4 = [[Citrus College]]
| coach_years5 = 2010–2013
| coach_team5 = [[Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball|St. Mary's]] (asst.)
| coach_years6 = 2013–present
| coach_team6 = [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist]]
| overall_record = {{winpct|130|35|record=y}} (junior college) {{winpct|182|64|record=y}}
| bowl_record =
| tournament_record = 7–4 ([[NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II]]) 0–1 ([[College Basketball Invitational|CBI]])
| championships =
| awards =
| coaching_records =
}}
'''Richard K. Croy''' (born July 19, 1977) is an American college basketball coach, and current head coach of the [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball]] team.<ref name="cbulancers.com">{{cite web|url=http://cbulancers.com/coaches.aspx?rc=133|title=The Official Athletic Site of California Baptist University|website=cbulancers.com}}</ref>

==Playing career==
Croy attended [[Northgate High School (Walnut Creek, California)|Northgate High School]] in [[Walnut Creek, California]] where he was a part of the 1995 [[California Interscholastic Federation|CIF]] State Championship team.<ref name="smcgaels.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.smcgaels.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/080610aaa.html|title=Rick Croy Named To Men's Basketball Coaching Staff|publisher=}}</ref> In college, Croy holds the school record for three-point field goals, is second all-time in games played, and eighth all-time in scoring at [[San Francisco State Gators|San Francisco State]] where he graduated in 1999.<ref name="cbulancers.com"/>

==Coaching career==
After graduation, Croy began his coaching career in 1999 as an assistant coach at [[UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball|UC Riverside]] for two seasons before moving on to [[Concordia University Irvine|Concordia]] for another season. He made his return as an assistant coach with the Highlanders, where he stayed from 2002 to 2005 before accepting the head coaching position at [[California Community College Athletic Association|CCCAA]] institution [[Citrus College]]. While at Citrus, he led the Owls to three-straight Western State Conference South titles, the 2008 California State Championship and the 2010 [[California Community College Athletic Association]] Final Four. He was also named a three-time WSC Coach of the Year.<ref name="smcgaels.com"/> During this five years at Citrus, Croy compiled a 130-35 record, which is second all-time in school history for total wins, and first all-time in winning percentage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citrusowls.com/sports/mbkb/history|title=History|publisher=}}</ref>

In 2010, Croy joined [[Randy Bennett]]'s staff at [[Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball|St. Mary's]], where he stayed until 2013 before becoming the 12th head men's basketball coach in California Baptist history on April 2, 2013.<ref name="calbaptist">{{cite web|url=https://calbaptist.edu/news/rick-croy-named-cbu-mens-basketball-head-coach|website=calbaptist.edu|title=Rick Croy NamedCBU Men's Basketball Head Coach :: News :: California Baptist University|accessdate=2018-07-21}}</ref> Since joining the Lancers, Croy guided the team to the [[NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament]] every season before its transition to [[NCAA Division I]] and the [[Western Athletic Conference]] for the 2018–19 season.<ref name="calbaptist2">{{cite web|url=https://calbaptist.edu/news/cbu_to_move_to_western_athletic_conference|website=calbaptist.edu|title=CBU plans move to Western Athletic Conference, NCAA Division I :: News :: California Baptist University|accessdate=2018-07-21}}</ref>

==Head coaching record==
===Junior college===
{{CBB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|conference =|postseason=|poll=both}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name =[[Citrus College|Citrus Owls]]
| conference=[[Western State Conference]]
| startyear =2005
| endyear =2010
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2005–06
| name= Citrus
| overall= 17–13
| conference= 5–7
| confstanding= 4th(South)
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2006–07
| name= Citrus
| overall= 21–13
| conference= 7–5
| confstanding= 3rd(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Playoffs Second Round
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2007–08
| name= Citrus
| overall= 35–1
| conference= 12–0
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Champion
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2008–09
| name= Citrus
| overall= 28–5
| conference= 11–1
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Regional Finals
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2009–10
| name= Citrus
| overall= 29–3
| conference= 12–0
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Final Four
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = Citrus
| overall = 130–35 ({{winpct|130|35}})
| confrecord = 47–13 ({{winpct|47|13}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record End
| overall = 130–35 ({{winpct|130|35}})
| poll =
| polltype =
| polltype2 =
}}

===College===
{{CBB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|conference =|postseason=|poll=both}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name =[[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist Lancers]]
| conference=[[Pacific West Conference]]
| startyear =2013
| endyear =2018
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= conference
| season= 2013–14
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 24–4
| conference= 18–2
| confstanding= 1st
| postseason= [[2014 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II First Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2014–15
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 26–7
| conference= 16–4
| confstanding= 3rd
| postseason= [[2015 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Sweet 16]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2015–16
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 28–7
| conference= 15–5
| confstanding= T–1st
| postseason= [[2016 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Second Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2016–17
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 26–5
| conference= 17–3
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason= [[2017 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Second Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2017–18
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 28–6
| conference= 17–3
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason= [[2018 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Elite Eight]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = California Baptist (PacWest)
| overall = 132–29 ({{winpct|132|29}})
| confrecord = 83–17 ({{winpct|83|17}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name = California Baptist Lancers
| conference=[[Western Athletic Conference]]
| startyear =2018
| endyear =
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2018–19]]
| name= [[2018–19 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 16–15
| conference= 7–9
| confstanding= T–5th
| postseason= [[2019 College Basketball Invitational|CBI First Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2019–20]]
| name= [[2019–20 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 21–10
| conference= 10–6
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2020–21]]
| name= [[2020–21 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 13-10
| conference= 6-6
| confstanding=4th
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = California Baptist (WAC)
| overall = 50–35 ({{winpct|37|25}})
| confrecord = 23–21 ({{winpct|17|15}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record End
| overall = 182–64 ({{winpct|169|54}})
| poll =
| polltype =
| polltype2 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{California Baptist Lancers men's basketball coach navbox}}
{{Western Athletic Conference men's basketball coach navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Croy, Rick}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:American men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:Basketball coaches from California]]
[[Category:California Baptist Lancers men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:Citrus Owls men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:College men's basketball head coaches in the United States]]
[[Category:Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:San Francisco State Gators men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Walnut Creek, California]]
[[Category:UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:American men's basketball players]]

{{US-basketball-coach-stub}}

Rick Croy

2021-03-15T15:17:37Z

209.160.254.202: /* College */

{{Infobox college coach
| name = Rick Croy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| current_title = Head coach
| current_team = [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist]]
| current_conference = [[Western Athletic Conference|WAC]]
| current_record = 169–53 ({{Winning percentage|169|53}})
| contract =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|7|19}}
| birth_place = [[San Diego County, California]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| player_years1 = 1996–1999
| player_team1 = [[San Francisco State Gators|San Francisco State]]
| coach_years1 = 1999–2001
| coach_team1 = [[UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball|UC Riverside]] (asst.)
| coach_years2 = 2001–2002
| coach_team2 = [[Concordia University Irvine|Concordia (CA)]] (asst.)
| coach_years3 = 2002–2005
| coach_team3 = UC Riverside (asst.)
| coach_years4 = 2005–2010
| coach_team4 = [[Citrus College]]
| coach_years5 = 2010–2013
| coach_team5 = [[Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball|St. Mary's]] (asst.)
| coach_years6 = 2013–present
| coach_team6 = [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist]]
| overall_record = {{winpct|130|35|record=y}} (junior college) {{winpct|169|54|record=y}}
| bowl_record =
| tournament_record = 7–4 ([[NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II]]) 0–1 ([[College Basketball Invitational|CBI]])
| championships =
| awards =
| coaching_records =
}}
'''Richard K. Croy''' (born July 19, 1977) is an American college basketball coach, and current head coach of the [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball]] team.<ref name="cbulancers.com">{{cite web|url=http://cbulancers.com/coaches.aspx?rc=133|title=The Official Athletic Site of California Baptist University|website=cbulancers.com}}</ref>

==Playing career==
Croy attended [[Northgate High School (Walnut Creek, California)|Northgate High School]] in [[Walnut Creek, California]] where he was a part of the 1995 [[California Interscholastic Federation|CIF]] State Championship team.<ref name="smcgaels.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.smcgaels.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/080610aaa.html|title=Rick Croy Named To Men's Basketball Coaching Staff|publisher=}}</ref> In college, Croy holds the school record for three-point field goals, is second all-time in games played, and eighth all-time in scoring at [[San Francisco State Gators|San Francisco State]] where he graduated in 1999.<ref name="cbulancers.com"/>

==Coaching career==
After graduation, Croy began his coaching career in 1999 as an assistant coach at [[UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball|UC Riverside]] for two seasons before moving on to [[Concordia University Irvine|Concordia]] for another season. He made his return as an assistant coach with the Highlanders, where he stayed from 2002 to 2005 before accepting the head coaching position at [[California Community College Athletic Association|CCCAA]] institution [[Citrus College]]. While at Citrus, he led the Owls to three-straight Western State Conference South titles, the 2008 California State Championship and the 2010 [[California Community College Athletic Association]] Final Four. He was also named a three-time WSC Coach of the Year.<ref name="smcgaels.com"/> During this five years at Citrus, Croy compiled a 130-35 record, which is second all-time in school history for total wins, and first all-time in winning percentage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citrusowls.com/sports/mbkb/history|title=History|publisher=}}</ref>

In 2010, Croy joined [[Randy Bennett]]'s staff at [[Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball|St. Mary's]], where he stayed until 2013 before becoming the 12th head men's basketball coach in California Baptist history on April 2, 2013.<ref name="calbaptist">{{cite web|url=https://calbaptist.edu/news/rick-croy-named-cbu-mens-basketball-head-coach|website=calbaptist.edu|title=Rick Croy NamedCBU Men's Basketball Head Coach :: News :: California Baptist University|accessdate=2018-07-21}}</ref> Since joining the Lancers, Croy guided the team to the [[NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament]] every season before its transition to [[NCAA Division I]] and the [[Western Athletic Conference]] for the 2018–19 season.<ref name="calbaptist2">{{cite web|url=https://calbaptist.edu/news/cbu_to_move_to_western_athletic_conference|website=calbaptist.edu|title=CBU plans move to Western Athletic Conference, NCAA Division I :: News :: California Baptist University|accessdate=2018-07-21}}</ref>

==Head coaching record==
===Junior college===
{{CBB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|conference =|postseason=|poll=both}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name =[[Citrus College|Citrus Owls]]
| conference=[[Western State Conference]]
| startyear =2005
| endyear =2010
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2005–06
| name= Citrus
| overall= 17–13
| conference= 5–7
| confstanding= 4th(South)
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2006–07
| name= Citrus
| overall= 21–13
| conference= 7–5
| confstanding= 3rd(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Playoffs Second Round
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2007–08
| name= Citrus
| overall= 35–1
| conference= 12–0
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Champion
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2008–09
| name= Citrus
| overall= 28–5
| conference= 11–1
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Regional Finals
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2009–10
| name= Citrus
| overall= 29–3
| conference= 12–0
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Final Four
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = Citrus
| overall = 130–35 ({{winpct|130|35}})
| confrecord = 47–13 ({{winpct|47|13}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record End
| overall = 130–35 ({{winpct|130|35}})
| poll =
| polltype =
| polltype2 =
}}

===College===
{{CBB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|conference =|postseason=|poll=both}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name =[[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist Lancers]]
| conference=[[Pacific West Conference]]
| startyear =2013
| endyear =2018
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= conference
| season= 2013–14
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 24–4
| conference= 18–2
| confstanding= 1st
| postseason= [[2014 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II First Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2014–15
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 26–7
| conference= 16–4
| confstanding= 3rd
| postseason= [[2015 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Sweet 16]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2015–16
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 28–7
| conference= 15–5
| confstanding= T–1st
| postseason= [[2016 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Second Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2016–17
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 26–5
| conference= 17–3
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason= [[2017 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Second Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2017–18
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 28–6
| conference= 17–3
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason= [[2018 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Elite Eight]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = California Baptist (PacWest)
| overall = 132–29 ({{winpct|132|29}})
| confrecord = 83–17 ({{winpct|83|17}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name = California Baptist Lancers
| conference=[[Western Athletic Conference]]
| startyear =2018
| endyear =
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2018–19]]
| name= [[2018–19 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 16–15
| conference= 7–9
| confstanding= T–5th
| postseason= [[2019 College Basketball Invitational|CBI First Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2019–20]]
| name= [[2019–20 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 21–10
| conference= 10–6
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2020–21]]
| name= [[2020–21 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 13-10
| conference= 6-6
| confstanding=4th
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = California Baptist (WAC)
| overall = 50–35 ({{winpct|37|25}})
| confrecord = 23–21 ({{winpct|17|15}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record End
| overall = 182–64 ({{winpct|169|54}})
| poll =
| polltype =
| polltype2 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{California Baptist Lancers men's basketball coach navbox}}
{{Western Athletic Conference men's basketball coach navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Croy, Rick}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:American men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:Basketball coaches from California]]
[[Category:California Baptist Lancers men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:Citrus Owls men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:College men's basketball head coaches in the United States]]
[[Category:Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:San Francisco State Gators men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Walnut Creek, California]]
[[Category:UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:American men's basketball players]]

{{US-basketball-coach-stub}}

Rick Croy

2021-03-15T15:15:42Z

209.160.254.202: /* College */ Updated Early Records

{{Infobox college coach
| name = Rick Croy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| current_title = Head coach
| current_team = [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist]]
| current_conference = [[Western Athletic Conference|WAC]]
| current_record = 169–53 ({{Winning percentage|169|53}})
| contract =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|7|19}}
| birth_place = [[San Diego County, California]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| player_years1 = 1996–1999
| player_team1 = [[San Francisco State Gators|San Francisco State]]
| coach_years1 = 1999–2001
| coach_team1 = [[UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball|UC Riverside]] (asst.)
| coach_years2 = 2001–2002
| coach_team2 = [[Concordia University Irvine|Concordia (CA)]] (asst.)
| coach_years3 = 2002–2005
| coach_team3 = UC Riverside (asst.)
| coach_years4 = 2005–2010
| coach_team4 = [[Citrus College]]
| coach_years5 = 2010–2013
| coach_team5 = [[Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball|St. Mary's]] (asst.)
| coach_years6 = 2013–present
| coach_team6 = [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist]]
| overall_record = {{winpct|130|35|record=y}} (junior college) {{winpct|169|54|record=y}}
| bowl_record =
| tournament_record = 7–4 ([[NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II]]) 0–1 ([[College Basketball Invitational|CBI]])
| championships =
| awards =
| coaching_records =
}}
'''Richard K. Croy''' (born July 19, 1977) is an American college basketball coach, and current head coach of the [[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball]] team.<ref name="cbulancers.com">{{cite web|url=http://cbulancers.com/coaches.aspx?rc=133|title=The Official Athletic Site of California Baptist University|website=cbulancers.com}}</ref>

==Playing career==
Croy attended [[Northgate High School (Walnut Creek, California)|Northgate High School]] in [[Walnut Creek, California]] where he was a part of the 1995 [[California Interscholastic Federation|CIF]] State Championship team.<ref name="smcgaels.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.smcgaels.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/080610aaa.html|title=Rick Croy Named To Men's Basketball Coaching Staff|publisher=}}</ref> In college, Croy holds the school record for three-point field goals, is second all-time in games played, and eighth all-time in scoring at [[San Francisco State Gators|San Francisco State]] where he graduated in 1999.<ref name="cbulancers.com"/>

==Coaching career==
After graduation, Croy began his coaching career in 1999 as an assistant coach at [[UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball|UC Riverside]] for two seasons before moving on to [[Concordia University Irvine|Concordia]] for another season. He made his return as an assistant coach with the Highlanders, where he stayed from 2002 to 2005 before accepting the head coaching position at [[California Community College Athletic Association|CCCAA]] institution [[Citrus College]]. While at Citrus, he led the Owls to three-straight Western State Conference South titles, the 2008 California State Championship and the 2010 [[California Community College Athletic Association]] Final Four. He was also named a three-time WSC Coach of the Year.<ref name="smcgaels.com"/> During this five years at Citrus, Croy compiled a 130-35 record, which is second all-time in school history for total wins, and first all-time in winning percentage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citrusowls.com/sports/mbkb/history|title=History|publisher=}}</ref>

In 2010, Croy joined [[Randy Bennett]]'s staff at [[Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball|St. Mary's]], where he stayed until 2013 before becoming the 12th head men's basketball coach in California Baptist history on April 2, 2013.<ref name="calbaptist">{{cite web|url=https://calbaptist.edu/news/rick-croy-named-cbu-mens-basketball-head-coach|website=calbaptist.edu|title=Rick Croy NamedCBU Men's Basketball Head Coach :: News :: California Baptist University|accessdate=2018-07-21}}</ref> Since joining the Lancers, Croy guided the team to the [[NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament]] every season before its transition to [[NCAA Division I]] and the [[Western Athletic Conference]] for the 2018–19 season.<ref name="calbaptist2">{{cite web|url=https://calbaptist.edu/news/cbu_to_move_to_western_athletic_conference|website=calbaptist.edu|title=CBU plans move to Western Athletic Conference, NCAA Division I :: News :: California Baptist University|accessdate=2018-07-21}}</ref>

==Head coaching record==
===Junior college===
{{CBB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|conference =|postseason=|poll=both}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name =[[Citrus College|Citrus Owls]]
| conference=[[Western State Conference]]
| startyear =2005
| endyear =2010
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2005–06
| name= Citrus
| overall= 17–13
| conference= 5–7
| confstanding= 4th(South)
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2006–07
| name= Citrus
| overall= 21–13
| conference= 7–5
| confstanding= 3rd(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Playoffs Second Round
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2007–08
| name= Citrus
| overall= 35–1
| conference= 12–0
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Champion
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2008–09
| name= Citrus
| overall= 28–5
| conference= 11–1
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Regional Finals
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2009–10
| name= Citrus
| overall= 29–3
| conference= 12–0
| confstanding= 1st(South)
| postseason=CCCAA State Final Four
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = Citrus
| overall = 130–35 ({{winpct|130|35}})
| confrecord = 47–13 ({{winpct|47|13}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record End
| overall = 130–35 ({{winpct|130|35}})
| poll =
| polltype =
| polltype2 =
}}

===College===
{{CBB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|conference =|postseason=|poll=both}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name =[[California Baptist Lancers men's basketball|California Baptist Lancers]]
| conference=[[Pacific West Conference]]
| startyear =2013
| endyear =2018
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= conference
| season= 2013–14
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 24–4
| conference= 18–2
| confstanding= 1st
| postseason= [[2014 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II First Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2014–15
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 26–7
| conference= 16–4
| confstanding= 3rd
| postseason= [[2015 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Sweet 16]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship= confboth
| season= 2015–16
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 28–7
| conference= 15–5
| confstanding= T–1st
| postseason= [[2016 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Second Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2016–17
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 26–5
| conference= 17–3
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason= [[2017 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Second Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= 2017–18
| name= California Baptist
| overall= 28–6
| conference= 17–3
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason= [[2018 NCAA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division II Elite Eight]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = California Baptist (PacWest)
| overall = 132–29 ({{winpct|132|29}})
| confrecord = 83–17 ({{winpct|83|17}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead
| name = California Baptist Lancers
| conference=[[Western Athletic Conference]]
| startyear =2018
| endyear =
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2018–19]]
| name= [[2018–19 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 16–15
| conference= 7–9
| confstanding= T–5th
| postseason= [[2019 College Basketball Invitational|CBI First Round]]
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2019–20]]
| name= [[2019–20 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 21–10
| conference= 10–6
| confstanding= 2nd
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Entry
| championship=
| season= [[2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2020–21]]
| name= [[2020–21 California Baptist Lancers men's basketball team|California Baptist]]
| overall= 13-10
| conference= 6-6
| confstanding=4th
| postseason=
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = California Baptist (WAC)
| overall = 50–35 ({{winpct|37|25}})
| confrecord = 23–21 ({{winpct|17|15}})
}}
{{CBB Yearly Record End
| overall = 169–54 ({{winpct|169|54}})
| poll =
| polltype =
| polltype2 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{California Baptist Lancers men's basketball coach navbox}}
{{Western Athletic Conference men's basketball coach navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Croy, Rick}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:American men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:Basketball coaches from California]]
[[Category:California Baptist Lancers men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:Citrus Owls men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:College men's basketball head coaches in the United States]]
[[Category:Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:San Francisco State Gators men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Walnut Creek, California]]
[[Category:UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball coaches]]
[[Category:American men's basketball players]]

{{US-basketball-coach-stub}}

Brandon Schuster

2021-01-11T18:46:35Z

209.160.254.202: medals

{{short description|Samoan swimmer}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor = lightblue
| name = Brandon Schuster
| image = Brandon Schuster (Hangzhou) 2.jpg
| image_size = 
| caption =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = {{SAM}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|04|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| monuments =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| yearsactive =
| other_interests =
| website =
| country =
| sport = Swimming
| rank =
| event = Freestyle, Backstroke, Individual Medley
| league =
| league_type =
| employer =
| agent =
| height = 
| weight = 
| universityteam =
| collegeteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| coaching =
| retired =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | Men's [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{SAM}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Swimming at the Pacific Games|Pacific Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Swimming at the 2015 Pacific Games|2015 Port Moresby]]|400 m medley}}
{{MedalBronze|2015 Port Moresby|200 m backstroke}}
{{MedalGold|[[Swimming at the 2019 Pacific Games|2019 Samoa]]|400 m medley}}
{{MedalGold|2019 Samoa|200 m backstroke}}
{{MedalSilver|2019 Samoa|200 m medley}}
{{MedalBronze|2019 Samoa|200 m breastroke}}
{{MedalBronze|2019 Samoa|500 m breastroke}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Oceania Swimming Championships|Oceania Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze |[[2016 Oceania Swimming Championships|2016 Suva]] | 400 m medley}}
| show-medals =
| updated = 23 August 2016
}}

'''Brandon Schuster''' (born 23 April 1998 in [[Fiji]]) is a [[Samoa]]n swimmer who represented [[Samoa at the 2016 Summer Olympics]].{{refn|name=OlympicBotGeneratedRef|{{cite web|title=Brandon Schuster |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/brandon-schuster |work=Rio 2016 |publisher=The Rio Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited |accessdate=23 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824230042/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/brandon-schuster |archivedate=24 August 2016 }}}} He holds multiple [[List of Samoan records in swimming|Samoan records in swimming]].

==Swimming career==
===2012===
At the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)]] he competed in the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50m]], [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100m]] and [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 metre freestyle events]], the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre backstroke|50m]], [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre backstroke|100m]] and [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre backstroke|200 metre backstroke events]], the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre breaststroke|50m]], [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100m]] and [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 metre breaststroke events]], and the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre individual medley|100 metre individual medley]].
===2013===
He represented [[Samoa at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships]], racing in the [[Swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400m]] and [[Swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 800 metre freestyle|800 metre freestyle events]].
===2014===
He represented [[Samoa at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]], competing in the [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50m]], [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100m]], [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200m]] and [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle]], the [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 metre breaststroke]] and the [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre individual medley|200 metre individual medley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/weightlifting/1021634/brandon_schuster.html|title=Glasgow 2014 - Brandon Schuster Profile|publisher=}}</ref>

At the [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)]], he raced in the [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50m]], [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100m]], [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200m]] and [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle]] and the [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 metre breaststroke]].
===2015===
Schuster competed at the [[2015 Pacific Games]], winning bronze in the 200 metre backstroke, and silver in the 400 metre individual medley race. He set a national record in the 400 metre individual medley.<ref name="swimswam.com">{{cite web|url=https://swimswam.com/new-zealand-dominates-day-two-oceania-championships/|title=New Zealand Dominates Day Two in the Pool of Oceania Championships|date=22 June 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

At the [[2015 Commonwealth Youth Games]], held in Samoa, Schuster finished 6th in the 400 metre individual medley.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swimswam.com/fina-development-clinic-held-in-samoa/|title=FINA Development Clinic Held in Samoa|date=8 October 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

He represented [[Samoa at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships]], racing in the [[Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200m]] and [[Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle events]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swimswam.com/oceania-contingent-shares-experiences-from-world-championships-video/|title=Oceania Contingent Shares Experiences from World Championships (Video)|date=21 August 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
===2016===
At the [[2016 Oceania Swimming Championships]], he won bronze in the 400 metre individual medley race, breaking his national record in the process.<ref name="swimswam.com"/> He also competed in the 400m, 200 metre individual medley and 5km races.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=359395|title=Fiji born Schuster claims bronze for Samoa - Fiji Times Online|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828172237/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=359395|archive-date=2016-08-28|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] he competed in the [[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle|Men's 200 m freestyle]], where he ranked 46th with a time of 1:57.72. He did not advance to the semifinals.

2016 started competing with California Baptist University

'''2017'''

Competed at the NCAA division 2 Championships in Alabama for the [https://cbulancers.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=6186 California Baptist University] and placed 4th in the 400im.

At the [[2017 World Aquatics Championships]] in Budapest, Hungary he competed in the men's 200 freestyle and 400im.

'''2018'''

Competed at the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]] for team Samoa and swam the 50, 100, 200 and 400 freestyle. As well as the 200 and 400 Individual Medley. He set Samoan records in the 50, 100 and 400 freestyle.

'''2019'''

Competed in the [[2019 Pacific Games]] for team Samoa and was one of the Games Tourch runners for the opening.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Schuster Caps Off Historic Week at Pacific Games|url=https://cbulancers.com/news/2019/7/16/mens-swimming-and-diving-schuster-caps-off-historic-week-at-pacific-games.aspx|access-date=2021-01-11|website=CBU Athletics|language=en}}</ref> He competeted in multiple swimming events medaling with Gold for the 200 Backstroke and 400 Individual Medly, Silver in the 200 IM, as well as reciveing Bronze in the 500 Freestyle and 200 Breastroke.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Schuster Makes Splash in 2019 Pacific Games – The Banner|url=http://cbubanner.com/2019/09/17/schuster-makes-splash-in-2019-pacific-games/|access-date=2021-01-11|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Samoa's Pacific Games golden boy strikes again|url=https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/sport/45382|access-date=2021-01-11|website=Samoa Observer}}</ref> He was named and awarded the "Male Athlete of the 2019 Pacific Games" for his accolades in Samoa swimming and being a a cornerstone in Pacific swimming development. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Writers|first=Staff|date=2019-07-20|title=Brandon Schuster is the Best Male Athlete of the 2019 Pacific Games|url=https://samoaglobalnews.com/brandon-schuster-is-best-male-athlete-of-pacific-games/|access-date=2021-01-11|website=Samoa Global News|language=en-US}}</ref> He then competed at eh [[2019 World Aquatics Championships|FINA World Aquatics Championships]] swimming in the 400 IM and 200 IM.

At the [https://www.anocolympic.org/anoc-awards/the-anoc-awards-2019/ ANOC Awards 2019] held in Doha, Qatar he was awarded with the "Best Male Athlete in Oceania" for 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brandon Schuster named Oceania’s best male athlete|url=https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/sport/51638|access-date=2021-01-11|website=Samoa Observer}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}6. [https://cbulancers.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=6186]

7. [[List of Samoan records in swimming]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schuster, Brandon}}
[[Category:Olympic swimmers of Samoa]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for Samoa]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male medley swimmers]]
[[Category:Samoan male swimmers]]
[[Category:Fijian emigrants to Samoa]]
[[Category:Male freestyle swimmers]]
[[Category:Male backstroke swimmers]]
[[Category:Male breaststroke swimmers]]

Brandon Schuster

2021-01-11T18:35:06Z

209.160.254.202: added 2019 information

{{short description|Samoan swimmer}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor = lightblue
| name = Brandon Schuster
| image = Brandon Schuster (Hangzhou) 2.jpg
| image_size = 
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| event = Freestyle, Backstroke, Individual Medley
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| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | Men's [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{SAM}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Swimming at the Pacific Games|Pacific Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Swimming at the 2015 Pacific Games|2015 Port Moresby]]|400 m medley}}
{{MedalBronze|2015 Port Moresby|200 m backstroke}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Oceania Swimming Championships|Oceania Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze |[[2016 Oceania Swimming Championships|2016 Suva]] | 400 m medley}}
| show-medals =
| updated = 23 August 2016
}}

'''Brandon Schuster''' (born 23 April 1998 in [[Fiji]]) is a [[Samoa]]n swimmer who represented [[Samoa at the 2016 Summer Olympics]].{{refn|name=OlympicBotGeneratedRef|{{cite web|title=Brandon Schuster |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/brandon-schuster |work=Rio 2016 |publisher=The Rio Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited |accessdate=23 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824230042/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/brandon-schuster |archivedate=24 August 2016 }}}} He holds multiple [[List of Samoan records in swimming|Samoan records in swimming]].

==Swimming career==
===2012===
At the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)]] he competed in the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50m]], [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100m]] and [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 metre freestyle events]], the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre backstroke|50m]], [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre backstroke|100m]] and [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre backstroke|200 metre backstroke events]], the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre breaststroke|50m]], [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100m]] and [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 metre breaststroke events]], and the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre individual medley|100 metre individual medley]].
===2013===
He represented [[Samoa at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships]], racing in the [[Swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400m]] and [[Swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 800 metre freestyle|800 metre freestyle events]].
===2014===
He represented [[Samoa at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]], competing in the [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50m]], [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100m]], [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200m]] and [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle]], the [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 metre breaststroke]] and the [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre individual medley|200 metre individual medley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/weightlifting/1021634/brandon_schuster.html|title=Glasgow 2014 - Brandon Schuster Profile|publisher=}}</ref>

At the [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)]], he raced in the [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50m]], [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100m]], [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200m]] and [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle]] and the [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 metre breaststroke]].
===2015===
Schuster competed at the [[2015 Pacific Games]], winning bronze in the 200 metre backstroke, and silver in the 400 metre individual medley race. He set a national record in the 400 metre individual medley.<ref name="swimswam.com">{{cite web|url=https://swimswam.com/new-zealand-dominates-day-two-oceania-championships/|title=New Zealand Dominates Day Two in the Pool of Oceania Championships|date=22 June 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

At the [[2015 Commonwealth Youth Games]], held in Samoa, Schuster finished 6th in the 400 metre individual medley.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swimswam.com/fina-development-clinic-held-in-samoa/|title=FINA Development Clinic Held in Samoa|date=8 October 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

He represented [[Samoa at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships]], racing in the [[Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200m]] and [[Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle events]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swimswam.com/oceania-contingent-shares-experiences-from-world-championships-video/|title=Oceania Contingent Shares Experiences from World Championships (Video)|date=21 August 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
===2016===
At the [[2016 Oceania Swimming Championships]], he won bronze in the 400 metre individual medley race, breaking his national record in the process.<ref name="swimswam.com"/> He also competed in the 400m, 200 metre individual medley and 5km races.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=359395|title=Fiji born Schuster claims bronze for Samoa - Fiji Times Online|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828172237/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=359395|archive-date=2016-08-28|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] he competed in the [[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle|Men's 200 m freestyle]], where he ranked 46th with a time of 1:57.72. He did not advance to the semifinals.

2016 started competing with California Baptist University

'''2017'''

Competed at the NCAA division 2 Championships in Alabama for the [https://cbulancers.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=6186 California Baptist University] and placed 4th in the 400im.

At the [[2017 World Aquatics Championships]] in Budapest, Hungary he competed in the men's 200 freestyle and 400im.

'''2018'''

Competed at the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]] for team Samoa and swam the 50, 100, 200 and 400 freestyle. As well as the 200 and 400 Individual Medley. He set Samoan records in the 50, 100 and 400 freestyle.

'''2019'''

Competed in the [[2019 Pacific Games]] for team Samoa and was one of the Games Tourch runners for the opening. He competeted in multiple swimming events medaling with Gold for the 200 Backstroke and 400 Individual Medly as well as reciveing Bronze in the 500 Freestyle and 200 Breastroke. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Samoa's Pacific Games golden boy strikes again|url=https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/sport/45382|access-date=2021-01-11|website=Samoa Observer}}</ref> He was named and awarded the "Male Athlete of the 2019 Pacific Games" for his accolades in Samoa swimming and being a a cornerstone in Pacific swimming development. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Writers|first=Staff|date=2019-07-20|title=Brandon Schuster is the Best Male Athlete of the 2019 Pacific Games|url=https://samoaglobalnews.com/brandon-schuster-is-best-male-athlete-of-pacific-games/|access-date=2021-01-11|website=Samoa Global News|language=en-US}}</ref> He then competed at eh [[2019 World Aquatics Championships|FINA World Aquatics Championships]] swimming in the 400 IM and 200 IM.

At the [https://www.anocolympic.org/anoc-awards/the-anoc-awards-2019/ ANOC Awards 2019] held in Doha, Qatar he was awarded with the "Best Male Athlete in Oceania" for 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brandon Schuster named Oceania’s best male athlete|url=https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/sport/51638|access-date=2021-01-11|website=Samoa Observer}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}6. [https://cbulancers.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=6186]

7. [[List of Samoan records in swimming]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schuster, Brandon}}
[[Category:Olympic swimmers of Samoa]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for Samoa]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male medley swimmers]]
[[Category:Samoan male swimmers]]
[[Category:Fijian emigrants to Samoa]]
[[Category:Male freestyle swimmers]]
[[Category:Male backstroke swimmers]]
[[Category:Male breaststroke swimmers]]

Tom Brooks (music producer)

2020-11-21T02:47:01Z

209.160.254.202:

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Tom Brooks
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist 
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = James Thomas Brooks
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|10|31}}
| birth_place = [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], United States
| origin =
| death_date =
| occupation = [[Record producer|Producer]], [[arranger]], [[engineer]], [[keyboardist]], [[music director]], [[professor]], [[Conducting|conductor]], [[author]]
| instrument = [[Piano]], [[Hammond B-3]], [[synthesizers]]
| years_active = 1978–present
| label = Integrity Music, Sony Music
| associated_acts = Ron Kenoly, Alan Parsons, Don Moen, Chance the Rapper, Paul Baloche, Aline Barros, Paul Jackson Jr., Bob Fitts
| website = {{URL|TomBrooksMusic.com}}-->
}}

'''Tom Brooks''' (born October 31, 1954) is an American music producer, arranger, engineer, and conductor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/tom-brooks-mn0000507015/credits|title=Tom Brooks - Credits - AllMusic|website=AllMusic|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> He is keyboardist/Music Director for Alan Parsons and the ‘[[Alan Parsons Live Project]]’<ref name="alanparsonsmusic.com">{{cite web|url=http://alanparsonsmusic.com/artists-posts/tom-brooks-keyboards/|title=TOM BROOKS: Keyboards|website=Alan Parsons|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> and is the founding producer of [[Integrity Music]] and the ''[[Hosanna Music]]'' series<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wesleygospel.com/2015/01/03/integrity-and-hosanna-music-the-revival-worship-label-john-boruff/|title=Integrity and HOSANNA! MUSIC: The REVIVAL WORSHIP Label – John Boruff|first=John|last=Boruff|date=January 3, 2015|website=Wesleygospel.com|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> distributed by Sony. For his production work Brooks has been awarded 6 Platinum Albums, 12 Gold Albums,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/|title=Gold & Platinum - RIAA|website=Riaa.com|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> a [[Grammy Award]],<ref name="latingrammy.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.latingrammy.com/en/nominees?genre=48|title=18a Entrega Anual del Latin GRAMMY|website=Latin GRAMMYs|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> and a GMA [[Dove Award]].<ref name="doveawards.com">{{cite web|url=http://doveawards.com/awards/past-winners/|title=Past Winners - The 48th Annual GMA Dove Awards|website=doveawards.com|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> He is Director of the Center for Commercial Music at [[California Baptist University]] and Music Professor at [[Hope International University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hiu.edu/about-hiu/directory-detail.php?staff=tom-brooks|title=Hope International University - Tom Brooks|first=Caliber Media Group|last=Inc.|website=Hiu.edu|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref>. His "[[The Language of Music (theory book)|Language of Music]]" book is published by [[Hal Leonard Publishing]].<ref name="halleonard.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.halleonard.com/product/viewproduct.action?itemid=333251&|title=The Language of Music, Worship Musician Presents - Hal Leonard Online|website=Halleonard.com|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2019 Brooks conducted the [[Israel Philharmonic Orchestra]] at the [[Mann Auditorium]] in Tel Aviv debuting his Prog-Rock arrangement of ''[[The Sorcerer's Apprentice]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5524060,00.html|title=Alan Parsons rocks the Philharmonic|first=Buzzy|last=Gordon|date=June 12, 2019|access-date=July 19, 2019|publisher=ynetnews}}</ref> The piece features [[Alan Parsons]], [[Steve Hackett]], [[Jake Shimabukuro]], [[Vinnie Colaiuta]], [[Nathan East]], and Jeff Kollman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontiers.it/album/5521|title=Alan Parsons "The Secret"|publisher=Frontiers Music Srl|access-date=July 19, 2019}}</ref> He performed for NASA at the 50th Anniversary of the Moon Landing with Neil Armstrong's son and debuted the [https://vimeo.com/346488263 "One Note Symphony"], a song he orchestrated and co-wrote with Alan Parsons. He also launched the 'Center for Commercial Music', orchestrated for [https://pitchfork.com/news/watch-chance-the-rapper-host-and-perform-on-snl/ Saturday Night Live] performances by [[Chance the Rapper]], and for [[Kanye West]]'s [https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2019/04/22/kanye-west-took-his-sunday-service-to-the-coachella-festival-for-easter-lc-orig.cnn Sunday Service] at Coachella.

In 2017 Brooks conducted the orchestra and choir at the [[59th Annual Grammy Awards]] ceremony in Los Angeles, performing with three-time Grammy winner [[Chance the Rapper]], [[Kirk Franklin]], and 40 other artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.com/shows/grammys/video/|title=GRAMMY Awards Video - Joy Villa Unveils A Gown That Has People Talking|website=CBS|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> His arrangement of [[Chris Tomlin]]’s ''How Great is Our God'' was broadcast world-wide on the CBS television network.

In 2018 Brooks performed with [[David Foster]], [[Steve Vai]], [[Katharine McPhee]], [[Alan Parsons]], and [[The Sisterhood (band)|Sisterhood]], along with [[Katy Perry]], [[Kenny Loggins]], [[Wilson Phillips]], and [[Richard Marx]] at the "Kick Ash Bash"; a fund-raising concert event to assist victims of the Santa Barbara/Montecito fire and mudslide disaster.

In 2016 Brooks received the [[Latin Grammy Award]] for "Best Christian Album" as producer of ''Marcos Vidal - 25 Años''.<ref name="latingrammy.com"/>

In 2013, Brooks performed with the Medellín Philharmonic Orchestra and [[Alan Parsons]] at Parque Pies Descalzos in Medellín, Colombia. The live concert DVD was released in 2016 titled, ''The Alan Parsons Symphonic Project''.<ref name="amazon.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Live-Colombia-Parsons-Symphonic-Project/dp/B01D5KI7ME|title=Live in Colombia|date=February 10, 2017|accessdate=August 27, 2017|website=Amazon.com}}</ref>

In 2011 ''[[The Language of Music (theory book)|The Language of Music]]'', Brooks’ contemporary music theory textbook was published by [[Hal Leonard Publishing]].<ref name="halleonard.com"/>

In 2012, Brooks joined six-time Grammy winner [[Aline Barros]] in Brasil to perform on her live concert DVD, ''20 Años''<ref name="pt.wikipedia.org">[[:pt:20 Anos (álbum de Aline Barros)]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=November 2020}} featuring [[Michael W. Smith]] and [[Abraham Laboriel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgHCmDJEDaU|title=DVD Aline Barros (20 Anos) - Tu És Fiel|last=Lucas Oliveira|date=September 24, 2012|accessdate=August 27, 2017|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

In 2009 Tom performed for a crowd of 750,000 people at ‘The Experience’ event in Lagos, Nigeria along with Grammy winner [[Kirk Franklin]], [[Ron Kenoly]], [[Bebe & Cece Winans]], [[Don Moen]], [[Israel Houghton]], [[Donnie McClurkin]], and other international artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-experience-lagos.blogspot.com/2010/01/experience-lagos-2009-how-it-all-went.html|title=The EXPERIENCE Lagos. Life Music Like You ve never heard it before: The Experience Lagos 2009, How It All Went|first=Austin|last=Amuzie|date=October 1, 2010|website=The-experience-lagos.blogspot.com|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> He also produced a live concert DVD of the event.

In 2000 Tom produced the title track of [[:pt:O Poder do Teu Amor|O Poder do Teu Amor]], from the Brazilian singer [[:pt:Aline Barros|Aline Barros]].

In 1997 Brooks received the GMA [[Dove Award]] for "Best Praise & Worship Album" as producer of ''Welcome Home'' featuring Ron Kenoly.<ref name="doveawards.com"/>

Brooks has produced 169 albums, 16 concert DVDs, 38 music training videos, and multiple choral and orchestral arrangements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tombrooksmusic.com|title=tombrooksmusic|website=tombrooksmusic|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> He travels internationally as a keyboardist, seminar clinician, and orchestra conductor.<ref name="alanparsonsmusic.com"/> He is a university professor and is Chief Engineer/owner of Master Recording Studios in Southern California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.masterrecordingstudios.com|title=MASTER RECORDING STUDIOS|website=MASTER RECORDING STUDIOS|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref>

=== Early ===
While studying piano at the [[University of Missouri]] in St. Louis, Tom served as Student Conductor of the [[St. Louis Symphony]] and Assistant Conductor of the [[Bach Society]], blending these classical influences with his rock roots.<ref>[https://www.linkedin.com/in/tom-brooks-116a995]</ref> He involved symphony players in live rock events and pop studio recording sessions. He directed two broadway shows, performed at local rock venues, produced a series of children's albums titled "Super Gang!",<ref>https://www.discogs.com/Super-Gang-Super-Gang/release/9887991</ref> and continued to write and produce music for advertising and corporate clients [[Anheuser-Busch]], [[McDonald's]], among others.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

He also began to record and produce live music in area churches New Covenant Fellowship and Grace World Outreach Center where he worked with artists Kent Henry, Ron Tucker, [[Don Moen]], Charlie & Jill LeBlanc, Jeff Hamlin, Carl & Leann Albrecht, and others who would later become key figures in his work. In 1983 Tom produced two seminal Praise & Worship albums, ''Behold His Majesty''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/products/Hosanna_Music/Behold_His_Majesty_Ron_Tucker/146838/|title=Behold His Majesty, Ron Tucker - Hosanna Music - Cross Rhythms|website=Crossrhythms.co.uk|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> and ''Glory to the Lamb'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ci4nldKOQZs|title=Glory to the Lamb (HD)|last=ZionSong Music|date=March 18, 2013|accessdate=August 27, 2017|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> the first recordings of their kind to capture live symphony orchestra and rock rhythm section with live Worship.

=== Hosanna Music ===
In 1984 these two albums came to the attention of New Wine Magazine, who offered to help market the recordings in their bi-monthly issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://csmpublishing.org/publications/new-wine-magazine/|title=Charismatic Movement - CS Ministries Publications|website=csmpublishing.org|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> As the magazine was preparing to shut down in 1985, the owners made a unique proposal to Brooks - they suggested that if he would continue to produce live Praise & Worship albums on a bi-monthly basis, they would offer their subscribers a new music album every 8 weeks instead of a magazine. Tom agreed and the "Hosanna Music" series was born. Tom went on to produce over 100 successful albums for Integrity's Hosanna Music, mostly recorded live in churches throughout the US and around the world. Notable among these are ''Lift Him Up'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Lift-Him-Up-Ron-Kenoly/dp/B000002C45|title=Lift Him Up|date=November 11, 1997|accessdate=August 27, 2017|website=Amazon.com}}</ref> ''God Is Able'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Ron-Kenoly-God-Is-Able/release/3355132|title=Ron Kenoly - God Is Able|website=Discogs|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> and ''Sing Out''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jPuQKQK5q9s|title=Ron Kenoly - Sing Out|last=Maubrit|date=July 27, 2013|accessdate=August 27, 2017|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> featuring [[Ron Kenoly]] and ''Give Thanks''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Give-Thanks-Moen-Don/dp/B000008GNW|title=Give Thanks|accessdate=August 27, 2017|website=Amazon.com}}</ref> featuring [[Don Moen]]. While producing for Integrity, Brooks also created a series of instrumental albums, choral works, orchestral arrangements, and concert videos.

In 1985 Tom arranged and produced seven albums including ''All Hail King Jesus'' featuring Kent Henry, one of the largest selling Hosanna albums in Integrity Music's history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Kent-Henry-All-Hail-King-Jesus/release/8937470|title=Kent Henry - All Hail King Jesus|website=Discogs|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> The album went on to be certified Gold by the [[RIAA]] for sales in excess of 500,000 units.

Tom produced, arranged, and engineered eight albums in 1986 including ''[[Give Thanks]]'' which went on to be certified Gold by the [[RIAA]] for sales in excess of 500,000 units.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/give-thanks/id657866916?i=657867716|title=Give Thanks by Don Moen on Apple Music|website=iTunes|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref>

''Mighty Warrior'' with worship leader Randy Rothwell was produced by Brooks in 1987, featuring full orchestra blended with a pop-rock rhythm section.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/integrity-hosanna!-music-mighty-warrior-mr0000040114|title=Integrity Hosanna! Music: Mighty Warrior - Praise & Worship, Randy Rothwell - Release Info - AllMusic|website=AllMusic|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> In that same year Tom also arranged and produced ''Experience PEACE'', the first in the Hosanna Instrumental Series, which is currently used by Korean Airlines to underscore their in-flight entertainment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Peace-Instrumental-Various-Integrity-Artists/dp/B000F3H2GW|title=Peace Instrumental|accessdate=August 27, 2017|website=Amazon.com}}</ref>

Tom arranged and produced eight recordings in 1988 including "A Family Christmas"<ref>https://christmaslpstocd.com/Item/MaranathaMusicFamilyChristmas-SPCN710016882</ref> for [[Maranatha Music]] and ''Steadfast Love'' with Don Moen,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.musixmatch.com/album/Don-Moen/Steadfast-Love|title=Steadfast Love by Don Moen album lyrics - Musixmatch - The world's largest lyrics catalog|website=Musixmatch|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> and albums featuring Charlie LeBlanc, Marty Nystrom, and Joseph Garlington, plus 3 more instrumental albums including ''Experience JOY''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Experience-Instrumental-Integrity-Music-Brooks/dp/B001DQLY46|title=Experience Joy Instrumental|accessdate=August 27, 2017|website=Amazon.com}}</ref>

In 1989 Tom produced ''The Lord Reigns'' at the [[YWAM]] base in Kona Hawaii featuring Bob Fitts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-lord-reigns-mw0000106957|title=The Lord Reigns - Bob Fitts, Hosanna! Music, Praise & Worship - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic|website=AllMusic|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> as well as his third album with Don Moen, ''Bless the Lord''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/bless-the-lord-mw0000107440|title=Bless the Lord - Hosanna! Music, Hosanna! Music Mass Choir, Don Moen, Praise & Worship - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic|website=AllMusic|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref> and ''Experience REST''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvupzdpO20M|title=Journey into His Presence [Interlude] - Experience Rest|last=oxplocks|date=January 7, 2011|accessdate=August 27, 2017|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

=== The 1990s ===
In 1990, Tom traveled to Scotland to produce ''Amazing Love''<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgW6RLplRP8</ref> with [[Graham Kendrick]] as well as Don Moen's fourth album ''Eternal God''<ref>https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/eternal-god/id1019246682</ref> and the first Hosanna ''Christmas'' album.<ref>http://www.allmusic.com/album/hosanna%21-music-christmas-mw0000620596/releases</ref> He also produced the ''Experience LOVE'' album and four others.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qChvK1rVEis</ref>

Ron Kenoly's first album, ''[[Jesus Is Alive]]'' was produced by Tom in 1991,<ref>https://www.discogs.com/Ron-Kenoly-Jesus-Is-Alive-/release/5208732</ref> along with ''Highest Place'' featuring Bob Fitts and 6 other live recordings.<ref>http://www.allmusic.com/album/highest-place-mw0000106964</ref> That same year, Tom was also producing sessions for [[Maranatha Music]] in Southern California and moved his studio operation to Orange County in August of ’91. The following day Tom flew to Australia to record ''All Nations Worship'' with Mark Conner, in Melbourne.<ref>all nations worship mark conner</ref>

1992 saw several milestones; Tom arranged and produced ''Lift Him Up'' featuring Ron Kenoly at Chrysler Hall in Virginia.<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Lift-Him-Up-Ron-Kenoly/dp/B000002C45</ref> For the live recording Brooks brought together several world renowned Christian musicians including [[Abraham Laboriel]], [[Chester Thompson]], [[Alex Acuna]], and [[Justo Almario]]. This was also the first live Hosanna concert video. Both the CD and DVD have been certified Gold by the RIAA. Tom also produced ''Worship with Don Moen'' and ''He Is Faithful'', the first album featuring prolific songwriter [[Paul Baloche]].

As tensions were riding high against the [[Apartheid]] system in 1993, Tom brought a team of 20 musicians and singers to South Africa for a goodwill tour and two ground-breaking live album recordings, ''Rejoice Africa'' featuring Lionel Petersen<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TVYF-pI0zs</ref> and ''We Are One'' with Tom Inglis.<ref>https://www.musixmatch.com/album/Tom-Inglis/We-Are-One</ref> Both concert DVDs made powerful statements of unity with many differing cultural groups singing songs of peace side-by-side on stage together.

Tom arranged and produced another Gold album and DVD for Ron Kenoly in 1994 titled, ''[[God Is Able (Ron Kenoly album)|God Is Able]]'' in Atlanta<ref>https://www.amazon.com/God-Able-Ron-Kenoly/dp/B000008GO1</ref> along with ''Revive Us Again'' featuring Alvin Slaughter and 6 more successful projects. He also began a musicians training institute at [[Yonsei University]] in Seoul, South Korea.

A highlight of 1995 was the recording of ''[[Sing Out with One Voice|Sing Out]]'', Tom's fourth album with Ron Kenoly. The album and DVD featured the ‘African Children's Choir’, a percussion parade, a song in three languages, another song with three drummers and virtuoso Paul Jackson Jr. on guitar. Both the CD and DVD have been certified Gold by the [[RIAA]]. Tom also arranged and produced Integrity's Christmas album, ''Bethlehem's Treasure'' that same year featuring [[Kelly Willard]], Bob Fitts, and [[Lenny LeBlanc]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwFbdTy56Vw</ref>

In 1996, Tom produced his fifth CD with Ron Kenoly, ''[[Welcome Home (Ron Kenoly album)|Welcome Home]]'', which went on to receive a GMA [[Dove Award]] in 1997. He also produced ''Praise with Don Moen'' and 6 other album projects as well as touring again in Korea and South America.

In 1997, Tom again teamed up with Don Moen to produce ''[[Let Your Glory Fall]]'' in Ft. Lauderdale FL.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DISsrm06hs</ref> Tom also recorded ''Beauty for Ashes'' for [[Crystal Lewis]]<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Beauty-Ashes-Crystal-Lewis/dp/B000002BRH</ref> and performed throughout Europe and Asia.

Tom arranged and produced two live CDs and two concert DVDs in one night in 1998; ''[[Majesty (Ron Kenoly album)|Majesty]]'' featuring Ron Kenoly and ''[[God Is Good – Worship with Don Moen|God Is Good]]'' with Don Moen. The double concert was recorded at [[Liberty University]] in Lynchburg Virginia. He also recorded ''[[Gold (Crystal Lewis album)|Gold]]'' for Lewis.

Tom brought a team of musicians to Rome, Italy in 1999 to record ''[[We Offer Praises]]'' with Ron Kenoly<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ieip9ZKfAwk</ref> featuring legendary drummer [[Vinnie Colaiuta]] and the ‘Coro de Gloria’. That year also marked three more projects with Don Moen, ''More of You Lord'', ''En Tu Presencia'' in Spanish featuring Brazilian artist Aline Barros, and the re-release of ''Give Thanks'', making it one of the largest selling Integrity albums in their history. The ''[[WOW Worship]]'' series was also launched that same year eventually winning a Double Platinum award for Brooks.<ref>https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=wow+worship#search_section</ref>

=== The 2000s ===
On a tour of Asia in 2000 Tom produced two albums featuring Don Moen, ''[[The Mercy Seat (album)|The Mercy Seat]]'' recorded live in Singapore<ref>https://www.discogs.com/Don-Moen-Mercy-Seat/release/9557814</ref> and ''Heal Our Land'' recorded live in Seoul with special guest [[Paul Wilbur]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJ5qBoHkft4</ref> He also produced ''Mas De Ti'' in Spanish plus six other artist albums. The ''Songs 4 Worship'' series was launched that same year awarding Brooks with a Double Platinum Album in January 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=songs+4+worship#search_section|title=Gold & Platinum |publisher=[[RIAA]]|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref>

Less than one month after the September 11 attacks in 2001, Tom took 25 gifted musicians and singers to South Korea for a live recording and tour featuring Ron Kenoly, Kent Henry, [[Morris Chapman]], Aline Barros, Rick Muchow, [[Sheila E]]., [[Jeff Deyo]], and more. The live recording in Seoul brought a crowd of 69,000 to Yeouido Plaza and the tour ended with a historic concert at the [[DMZ]], the border with Communist North Korea.

In 2002 Tom arranged and produced the "American Worship Gathering",<ref>https://store.cdbaby.com/cd/worshipalliance</ref> a live Concert event at the [[Washington Monument]] featuring Tommy Walker, Jeff Deyo, Don Moen, Bob Fitts, [[Lenny LeBlanc]], Rick Muchow, Sheila E., along with Pastors [[Louie Giglio]] and [[Rick Warren]]. Tom was also featured on the album "Songs for a [[Purpose Driven Life]]" based on Rick Warren's best selling book.

During a tour of Europe in 2003 with ‘Abe Laboriel & Friends’, Tom played and produced a live jazz/world music album with Abe, Paul Jackson Jr, and Vinnie Colaiuta called ''[[Live in Switzerland]]''.<ref>https://www.discogs.com/Abe-Laboriel-Friends-Live-In-Switzerland/release/1224876</ref> That year also marked the release of two more Don Moen albums, ''God Will Make A Way'' and ''Trono de Gracia'' plus ''iWorship - a Total Worship Experience'' that has received a Platinum Album sales award.

Tom brought a Team to Madrid Spain in 2004 to produce ''Alabanza y Adoracion'' featuring [[Marcos Vidal]] along with [[Luis Conte]], [[Chester Thompson]], [[Abe Laboriel]], and Paul Jackson Jr. He also produced ''Live at Shadow Mountain'', a concert DVD featuring [[Charles Billingsley (musician)|Charles Billingsley]] and ''Face to Face'' introducing new artist Cindy Diane.

In 2005 Brooks performed at Angel Stadium with Saddleback Church during their 25th anniversary celebration.<ref>http://www.christianpost.com/news/saddleback-celebrates-25th-anniversary-plans-global-expansion-3600/</ref> In that same year the ''Lift Him Up Collection'' was released featuring Tom's productions and many of Ron Kenoly's best-loved songs.<ref>https://www.discogs.com/Ron-Kenoly-Lift-Him-Up-Collection-/release/5208740</ref> Tom also wrote and began to teach from his “Language of Music” program, a contemporary approach to music theory. He performed and conducted Seminars in Italy, Spain, Germany, and Latvia.

Tom arranged and produced Brazilian artist [[Baby do Brasil]] in 2006 for her debut Christian album ''I Am Free''. He wrote and produced theme music for the television program "Turning Point" and also recorded a training DVD titled ''Keyboard Master Class'' at the Christian Musicians Summit in New York; teaching the Seminar in Korea, China, Japan, and Singapore.

In 2007 Tom arranged and produced ''Great is The Faithfulness'' in French with Swiss worship artist Gilbert Chellembron along with 5 other albums. He also released ''The Language of Music'' training DVD and performed concerts/clinics with Abe Laboriel, Paul Jackson Jr, Vinnie Colaiuta, [[Kirk Whalum]] in Italy and Spain.

Brooks toured South Korea in 2008 with [[Sheila E]] and Hillsong artist Miriam Webster. Tom produced ''Del Corazon'' introducing Lucia Parker featuring duets with [[Darlene Zschech]] and Ron Kenoly. The album was nominated for a GMA [[Dove Award]] and a [[Latin Grammy Award]] in 2009.

In 2009 Brooks arranged and produced ''Hymns of Peace'', an instrumental collection featuring Paul Jackson Jr., Abe Laboriel, [[Tony Guerrero]], and Greg Vail.<ref>hymns of peace tom brooks</ref> Tom performed at the Greek Theatre in the Michael Jackson Tribute Concert along with [[Steve Lukather]] from Toto and [[Earth, Wind, & Fire]]. He also produced ''Everlasting Love'' with Lucia Parker and ''[[Christmas with Ron Kenoly]]''.<ref>https://store.cdbaby.com/cd/ronkenoly</ref>

Tom produced a concert DVD in 2009–2010 at 'The Experience' festival in Lagos Nigeria with 750,000 in attendance. The celebration featured Kirk Franklin, Donnie McClurkin, [[Israel Houghton]], [[Fred Hammond]], Phil Driscoll, Don Moen, Ron Kenoly, and artists from all over Africa. He also arranged and produced two Christmas albums including ''My Treasure'' with Bob Fitts and ''Christmas - a Love Story'' featuring Lucia Parker.<ref>lucia parker christmas</ref>

=== The 2010s ===
''The [[The Language of Music (theory book)|Language of Music]]'', Brooks’ contemporary theory book was first published by Hal Leonard Publishing in 2011.<ref>https://www.halleonard.com/product/viewproduct.action?itemid=333251&</ref> Integrity also released ''With a Thankful Heart'', a Don Moen collection featuring Tom's arranging and production work. He also toured in Africa, France, and South Korea performing and teaching.

In 2012 Tom traveled to Brazil to arrange and perform with Aline Barros for her ''20 Anos'' celebration CD and DVD featuring [[Michael W. Smith]].<ref name="pt.wikipedia.org"/> He performed in concert along with Phil Keaggy and Lincoln Brewster in Seattle and presented his "Language of Music" seminar at the CMS conference,<ref>https://www.frontgatemedia.com/christian-musician-summit-nw-2012-features-top-christian-music-industry-musicians-in-workshops-and-concerts-november-9-10/</ref> He also produced ''Your Presence Is Heaven'', a live recording in Seoul Korea and recorded ''God My Rock'' for [[Brenton Brown]]. To celebrate their 25th Anniversary, Integrity Music released ''25 Songs that Changed the Way We Worship'' featuring many of Tom's productions.<ref>https://integritymusicdirect.com/products/25-songs-that-changed-worship</ref>

On August 31, 2013, Brooks performed with the Medellín Philharmonic Orchestra and Alan Parsons at Parque Pies Descalzos in Medellín, Colombia. The live concert DVD was released in 2016 titled, ''The Alan Parsons Symphonic Project''.<ref name="amazon.com"/> Tom also performed in concert at [[CERN]] with the [[Orchestre de la Suisse Romande]] and the Alan Parsons Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAD3yavRwiM|title=Alan Parsons concert at CERN, Sept 2013, Clip3|last=John Parsons|date=October 20, 2013|accessdate=August 27, 2017|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The event celebrated the recent discovery of the Higgs-Boson particle by the physicists at CERN utilizing the [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC) located on the French-Swiss border and operated by the [[European Organization for Nuclear Research]].

Later in 2013 Brooks presented his "Keyboard Master Class" at the Christian Musicians Summit conference in Seattle WA also performing with the Blues Counsel and guitarist Dave Cleveland.<ref>https://issuu.com/cmsproductions/docs/cmsnw13-program-issuu</ref> That same year the ''Ultimate Collection'' of Don Moen's music was released featuring Tom's production work. He also arranged and produced his fifth album with Lucia Parker and a new project for Bill & Renee Morris. Tom performed with The Alan Parsons Project in Italy, France, Spain, Germany, and South America.

In 2014 Brooks began production with Tiago Costa on ''Vivo Estas'' featuring Aline Barros singing in both Spanish and English.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppYDnaDEWUw</ref> Tom performed in Anaheim CA with [[Paul Baloche]] and [[Hillsong Worship|Hillsong]] artist Mia Fields. Tom also worked on projects with Brandon Muchow, Saddleback Worship, [[Tim Davis (musician)|Tim Davis]], Ron Walters, Celebrity Cruise Lines, [[Lincoln Brewster]], [[Vinnie Colaiuta]], Aline Barros, Jane Lynch from Hollywood Game Night, David Pack of Ambrosia, In Response Music, Bill & Renee Morris, and long-tike collaborator Walt Harrah. He performed concerts with the Alan Parsons Project throughout the US and conducted the Clearwater Symphony Orchestra. That same year [[Marcos Witt]] recorded his album ''Sigues Siendo Dios'' at Brooks’ Master Recording Studios in Southern California.

On March 21, 2015 Brooks performed at [[Angel Stadium]] in Anaheim CA as [[Saddleback Church]] celebrated their 35th anniversary.<ref>http://www.ocregister.com/2015/03/23/saddleback-church-takes-over-angel-stadium-for-35th-anniversary-celebration/</ref> Tom also started a new project with Marcos Vidal, plus work with [[Paul Jackson Jr.|Paul Jackson Jr]]., Phil Sillas, Disney, Tom Kubis, Art Dragon, American Idol finalist [[Danny Gokey]], [[Paul Baloche]], Busch Gardens, Ron Alayra, Tim Gill, and 6-time Grammy winner Aline Barros. He performed at the annual [[Convoy of Hope]] fundraiser with [[David Pack]] of Ambrosia, [[Richard Page (musician)|Richard Page]] of Mr. Mister, [[John Elefante]] of Kansas, [[Jim Peterik]] of Survivor, [[Kelly Keagy]] of Night Ranger and [[Bobby Kimball]] of Toto. Brooks also conducted the [[Buffalo Symphony Orchestra]] with Alan Parsons and performed concerts throughout Europe and South America.

In November 2016 Brooks received the [[Latin Grammy Award]] for "Christian Album of the Year" for ''Marcos Vidal - 25 Años''. Tom's studio production work included collaborations with Ray Sidney, The All American Boys Chorus, The Tommy Coomes Praise Band, David Pack, Jane Lynch, Lawrence Guna, Marco Palos Big Band, Tim Gill, Casey Marshall, Donald Lopez, and Bosendorfer Artist Daniela Salinas. Live concert performances with Alan Parsons included cities across the US plus shows in Buenos Aires Argentina, Santiago Chile, Lima Peru, Madrid, Valencia, and Barcelona, where the group sang Parsons’ "[[La Sagrada Familia]]" at [[Antonio Gaudi]]’s striking cathedral of the same name.

2017 began for Brooks with an Alan Parsons Project Tour in New Zealand followed by the [[Grammy Awards]] performance where Tom arranged and conducted a live orchestra on [[Chance the Rapper]]’s version of ''How Great is Our God'' by [[Chris Tomlin]]. Tom also arranged, produced, and recorded new projects for German artist Deborah Rosenkranz, Italian artist Jonathan Cilia Faro, veteran singer [[Crystal Lewis]], and the Saddleback Worship Team. He performed in Brasil with Ron Kenoly and toured Europe, Israel, and the US with Alan Parsons.

Brooks conducted the Clearwater Symphony and the Mexico City Philharmonic in 2018 while touring South America, Europe, and throughout the US with [[The Alan Parsons Project]]. He performed with [[David Foster]], [[Steve Vai]], [[Katharine McPhee]], [[Alan Parsons]], and [[The Sisterhood (band)|Sisterhood]], along with [[Katy Perry]], [[Kenny Loggins]], [[Wilson Phillips]], and [[Richard Marx]] at the "Kick Ash Bash"; a fund-raising concert event to assist victims of the Santa Barbara/Montecito fire and mudslide disaster. He performed with Parsons along with [[The Moody Blues]], [[The Zombies]], and [[Ambrosia (band)|Ambrosia]] on the Moody Blues Cruise, while producing studio projects for [[Chance the Rapper]], the MistleTones, Peter Cottontale, Phat Cat Swinger, [[Disney]], [[David Pack]], the [[All-American Boys Chorus]], and the Art & Science of Sound Recording.

==Awards and achievements==
6 Platinum Albums certified by the RIAA including ''WOW Worship-Blue"'', and ''Songs4Worship''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=songs+4+worship#search_section|title=Gold & Platinum|website=Riaa.com|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref>

12 Gold Albums certified by the RIAA including ''Give Thanks'' featuring Don Moen and ''Lift Him Up'' featuring Ron Kenoly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=kenoly#search_section|title=Gold & Platinum |website=Riaa.com|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref>

Latin Grammy Award for ''Marcos Vidal - 25 Años''.<ref name="latingrammy.com"/>

GMA Dove Award for ''Welcome Home'' featuring Ron Kenoly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://doveawards.com/awards/past-winners/|title=Past Winners - The 48th Annual GMA Dove Awards|website=Doveawards.com|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref>

==Discography (partial)==
{{Discography list
| Name = [http://www.frontiers.it/album/5521 The Secret] - [[Alan Parsons]]
| Artist = Alan Parsons
| Producer = Tom Brooks, arranger, orchestrator, conductor, keyboards
| Released = 2019
| Label = Frontiers Music
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[Lift Him Up]] - [[Ron Kenoly]]
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1992 - recorded live in Virginia Beach VA
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
| Certification = [[Gold certification|Gold Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[Give Thanks]] - [[Don Moen]]
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader, songwriter
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1986 - recorded live in Mobile AL
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
| Certification = [[Gold certification|Gold Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Songs 4 Worship - Shout to the Lord
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2000
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]]
| Certification = [[Double Platinum certification|Double Platinum Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[God Is Able (Ron Kenoly album)|God Is Able]] - [[Ron Kenoly]]
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1994 - recorded live in Atlanta GA
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], Integrity Asia, [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
| Certification = [[Gold certification|Gold Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[Marcos Vidal|Marcos Vidal - 25 Años]]
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2016
| Label = Canzion
| Certification = [[Latin Grammy Award]] for "Best Christian Album" 2016
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[Sing Out]] - [[Ron Kenoly]]
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1995 - recorded live in Lakeland FL
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], Integrity Asia, [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
| Certification = [[Gold certification|Gold Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[WOW Worship: Blue|WOW Worship Blue - Various Artists]]
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1999
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
| Certification = [[Double Platinum certification|Double Platinum Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[Welcome Home (Ron Kenoly album)|Welcome Home]] - [[Ron Kenoly]]
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1996 - recorded live in San Jose CA
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], Integrity Asia, [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
| Certification = [[Dove Award]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = iWorship
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2002
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]]
| Certification = [[Platinum Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[WOW Worship Orange]]
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2000
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]]
| Certification = [[Platinum Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Behold His Majesty - Ron Tucker
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1983 - recorded live in St. Louis MO
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], Grace Records
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Super Gang!
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards, songwriter
| Released = 1983
| Label = StarSong Records
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Glory to the Lamb - Ron Tucker
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1984 - recorded live in St. Louis MO
| Label = Grace Records
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Super Gang! On the Road for Jesus
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards, songwriter
| Released = 1984
| Label = StarSong Records
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = All Hail King Jesus - Kent Henry
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1985 - recorded live in St. Louis MO
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], Grace Records
| Certification = [[Gold certification|Gold Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Super Gang! Lift Jesus Up
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards, songwriter
| Released = 1985
| Label = StarSong Records
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = To Him Who Sits on the Throne - Charlie LeBlanc
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1986
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Glory to the King - Lamar Boschman
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1986
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = I Exalt Thee - Pete Sanchez
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1986 - recorded live in Houston TX
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Glorify Thy Name - Kent Henry
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1986 - recorded live in St. Louis MO
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = You Are My God - Jeff Hamlin
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1986 - recorded live in St. Louis MO
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Praise and Honor - Daniel Gardner
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1987 - recorded live in Clawson MI
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = I Will Rejoice - David Butterbaugh
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1987 - recorded live in Dallas TX
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Arise and Sing - David Grothe
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1987 - recorded live in Tulsa OK
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Mighty Warrior - Randy Rothwell
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1987 - recorded live in Mobile AL
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Lamb of God - Jim Gilbert
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1987 -
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = In His Presence - Kent Henry
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1987 - recorded live in St. Louis MO
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Steadfast Love - Don Moen
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1988 - recorded live in Mobile AL
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Experience Peace - Instrumental
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards, artist
| Released = 1988
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = His Word - David Morris
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1988 - recorded live in Mobile AL
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Forever Grateful - Marty Nystrom
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1988 - recorded live in Covina CA
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = The Solid Rock - Joseph Garlington
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1988 - recorded live in Pittsburgh PA
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Experience Joy - Instrumental
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards, artist
| Released = 1988
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Army of God - Randy Rothwell
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1988 - recorded live in Mobile AL
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Lord of All - Charlie LeBlanc
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1988 - recorded live in St. Louis MO
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Experience Love - Instrumental
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards, artist
| Released = 1988
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Enter His Gates - Marty Nystrom
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1988 - recorded live in Loveland CO
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = The Lord Reigns - Bob Fitts
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1989 - recorded live at the YWAM Base, Kona HI
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Your Love - Various Artists
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1989
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], Alleluia Music, [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Bless the Lord - Don Moen
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader, songwriter
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1989
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Mighty God - J. Daniel Smith
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1989 - recorded live in Ft. Worth TX
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = My Refuge - Kent Henry
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1989 - recorded live in St. Louis MO
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Experience Mercy - Instrumental
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards, artist
| Released = 1989
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = We Have Overcome - Virgil Meares
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1989 - recorded live in Washington DC
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Victor's Crown - Robert Gay
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1989 - recorded live in Ft. Walton Beach FL
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Arise Oh God - Lamar Boschman
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1990 - recorded live in Norfolk VA
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Amazing Love - Graham Kendrick
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1990 - recorded live in Glasgow Scotland
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Experience Grace - Instrumental
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards, artist
| Released = 1990
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Exalt the Lord - Eugene Greco
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks and Jeff Hamlin
| Released = 1990 - recorded live in Smithtown NY
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = See His Glory - Billy Funk
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1990 - recorded live in Vancouver BC
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Shouts of Joy - Ed Gungor
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks and Jeff Hamlin
| Released = 1990 - recorded live in Marshfield WI
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Christmas - Various Artists
| Artist = Various Artists
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1990
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Worship the King - Randy Rothwell
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1990 - recorded live in Mobile AL
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Eternal God - Don Moen
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader, songwriter
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1990
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Jesus Is Alive - Ron Kenoly
| Artist. = Ron Kenoly, worship leader, songwriter
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1991
| Label = Integrity Music,
[[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Come to the Table - Marty Nystrom
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks and Jeff Hamlin
| Released = 1991 - recorded live in Seattle WA
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Experience Hope - Instrumental
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards, artist
| Released = 1991
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Pure Heart - Lenny LeBlanc
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1991 - recorded live in Florence AL
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Crown Him - Graham Kendrick
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1991 - recorded live in Los Angeles
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = The Highest Place - Bob Fitts
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1991 - recorded live at the YWAM Base in Kona HI
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Chosen Treasure - Bob Kauflin
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1992 - recorded live in Washington DC
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = All Nations Worship - Mark Conner
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1992 - recorded live in Melbourne Australia
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Take the City - Rusty Nelson
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1992 - recorded live in Metarie LA
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = All Hail the Power - David Ritter
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1992 - recorded live in Phoenix AZ
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[Praise Aerobics]] - Longform Video
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1992
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
| Certification = [[Gold certification|Gold Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[Worship with Don Moen]]
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader, songwriter
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1992
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = He Is Faithful - Paul Baloche
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1992 - recorded live in Dallas TX
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Te Exaltamos - Marcos Witt
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1992
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Almighty - Rich Gomez
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1992 - recorded live in Elizabeth NJ
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Lift Him Up - Ron Kenoly - Longform Video
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1992
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
| Certification = [[Gold certification|Gold Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = The Secret Place - Kent Henry
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1993 - recorded live in St. Louis MO
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Bless My Little Girl - Kelly Willard
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1993
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Rejoice Africa - Lionel Petersen
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1993 - recorded live in Johannesburg South Africa
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Proclaim His Power - Bob Fitts
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1993 - recorded live in Nashville TN
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = We Are One - Tom Inglis
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1993 - recorded live in Johannesburg South Africa
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Bless My Little Boy - Rita Baloche
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1993
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = As for My House - Rick & Cathy Riso
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1994 - recorded live in Van Nuys CA
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Holy Ground - Geron Davis
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1994 - recorded live in Alexandria LA
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Glorificate-Juan Carlos Alvarado
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1994
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[God Is Able (Ron Kenoly album)|God Is Able]] - Ron Kenoly - Longform Video
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1994 - recorded live in Atlanta GA
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], Integrity Asia, [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
| Certification = [[Gold certification|Gold Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = I Love You - A Mother's Heart - Bobbi White-Page
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1994
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Revive Us Again - Alvin Slaughter
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1994 - recorded live in Cleveland TN
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], Integrity Asia, [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Uno de Nosotros - Frank Giraldo
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1994
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Men in Worship - Jack Hayford
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1995 - recorded live in Van Nuys CA
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], Integrity Asia, [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Poderoso Dios - Marco Barrientos
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1995
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Rivers of Joy - Don Moen
| Artist = Don Moen
| Producer = Tom Brooks and Don Harris, producer, arranger, guitar, keyboards, background vocalist
| Released = 1995 - recorded live in Colorado Springs CO
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[Sing Out]] - Ron Kenoly - Longform Video
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1995 - recorded live in Lakeland FL
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], Integrity Asia, [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
| Certification = [[Gold certification|Gold Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Experience Victory - Instrumental
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards, artist
| Released = 1995
| Label = Integrity Music, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sparrow Records|Sparrow]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Celebra al Senor - Danilo Monero
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1995
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[Praise with Don Moen]] (compilation)
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader, songwriter
| Producer = Tom Brooks and Don Harris
| Released = 1996
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], Integrity Asia, [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Eres Senor - Jaime Murrell
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1996
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Word Records|Word]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[High Places - The Best of Ron Kenoly]]
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1997
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], Integrity Asia, [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[Let Your Glory Fall]] - Don Moen
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader, songwriter
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1997
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Majesty - Ron Kenoly
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1998
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[God Is Good - Worship with Don Moen]]
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader, songwriter
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1998
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = We Offer Praises - Ron Kenoly
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 1999
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[En Tu Presencia con Don Moen|En Tu Presencia]] - Don Moen
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader, songwriter
| Producer = Tom Brooks, Isaac Hernandez, Don Harris
| Released = 1999
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[More of You, Lord - Praise with Don Moen Volume 2]] (compilation)
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader, songwriter
| Producer = Tom Brooks, Darlene Zschech, Russell Fragar, Don Harris, Chris Springer
| Released = 1999
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], Integrity Asia
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Give Thanks - Video - Don Moen
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader
| Producer = Tom Brooks, Mark Gasbarro, Steve Merkel
| Released = 1999
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], Integrity Asia
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[The Mercy Seat (Don Moen album)|The Mercy Seat]] - Don Moen
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2000
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], Integrity Asia, [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Songs 4 Worship - Holy Ground
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2000
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
| Certification = [[Gold certification|Gold Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Heal Our Land - Don Moen and Paul Wilbur
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader, Paul Wilbur, vocals, worship leader
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards, songwriter
| Released = 2000
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], Integrity Asia
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = WOW Worship Green
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2001
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
| Certification = [[Gold certification|Gold Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Songs 4 Worship - Be Glorified
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2001
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
| Certification = [[Gold certification|Gold Album-RIAA]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Alabanza y Adoracion - Marcos Vidal
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2002 - recorded live in Madrid Spain
| Label = Canzion
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Songs for a Purpose Driven Life - Rick Warren
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, keyboards
| Released = 2002
| Label = Zondervan
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = American Worship Gathering - Various Artists
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2002 - recorded live at the Washington Monument
| Label = Worship Alliance
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[God Will Make a Way: The Best of Don Moen]] (compilation)
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader, songwriter
| Producer = Tom Brooks, Don Harris, Paul Mills
| Released = 2003
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Abe Laboriel & Friends - Live in Switzerland
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, Abe Laboriel, Paul Jackson Jr, Vinnie Colaiuta
| Released = 2003
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[Trono de Gracia con Don Moen|Trono de Gracia]] - Don Moen
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader
| Producer = Tom Brooks, Miguel Angel "Malin" Villagran, Paul Mills
| Released = 2003
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = The Lift Him Up Collection - Ron Kenoly
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2005
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Above All: Ultimate Worship Anthems - Various Artists
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, Don Harris, Paul Mills, Don Moen
| Released = 2006
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Holiday Magic - Musical Theatre Academy
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2007
| Label = Worship Alliance
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Everlasting Love - Lucia Parker
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2008
| Label = Worship Alliance
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Christmas with Ron Kenoly
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2010
| Label = Worship Alliance
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Come Away - Morris Chapman
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2010
| Label = Worship Alliance
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[With a Thankful Heart: The Best of Don Moen]] (compilation)
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader, songwriter
| Producer = Tom Brooks, David Hamilton, Don Harris, Paul Mills, Don Moen
| Released = 2011
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], Integrity Asia
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Christmas: A Love Story - Lucia Parker
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2011
| Label = Worship Alliance
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Navidad: Una Historia de Amor - Lucia Parker
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2011
| Label = Worship Alliance
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = 25 Songs that Changed the Way We Worship - Various Artists
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, Don Harris, Paul Mills, Don Moen
| Released = 2012
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Hymns of Peace - Tom Brooks & Friends
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards, artist
| Released = 2012
| Label = Worship Alliance
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = [[Ultimate Collection (Don Moen album)|Ultimate Collection]] - Don Moen
| Artist = Don Moen, vocals, worship leader, songwriter
| Producer = Tom Brooks, David Hamilton, Paul Mills, Steve Merkel, Don Moen
| Released = 2013
| Label = Integrity, [[Hosanna! Music]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Celebrate Christmas - Tom Brooks & Friends
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2013
| Label = Worship Alliance
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = My Treasure - Bob Fitts
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards
| Released = 2014
| Label = Worship Alliance
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Vivo Estas - Aline Barros
| Artist =
| Producer = Tom Brooks, producer, arranger, engineer, keyboards, Tiago Costa, co-producer
| Released = 2015
| Label = [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Rey de Mi Universo - Lucia Parker
| Artist =
| Producer = Israel Houghton, Tom Brooks
| Released = 2015
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Small Batch Bourbon - The Tim Gill All-Stars
| Artist =
| Producer = Tim Gill, Tom Brooks, engineer
| Released = 2015
| Label = Universal Music
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Oceans of Melodies - Brandon Muchow
| Artist =
| Producer = Brandon Muchow, Tom Brooks, keyboards, mastering
| Released = 2015
| Label =
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = A Swingin' Little Christmas - Jane Lynch
| Artist =
| Producer = Tony Guerrero, Tim Davis, Tom Brooks, engineer
| Released = 2016
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
}}
{{Discography list
| Name = Live in Columbia - The Alan Parsons Symphonic Project
| Artist =
| Producer = Alan Parsons, PJ Olsson, engineer, vocals, Tom Brooks, keyboards, vocals
| Released = 2016
| Label = Ear Music
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.tombrooksmusic.com}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brooks, Tom}}
[[Category:Music arrangers]]
[[Category:Record producers from California]]
[[Category:American performers of Christian music]]
[[Category:American keyboardists]]
[[Category:Christian music songwriters]]
[[Category:Contemporary Christian music]]
[[Category:Performers of contemporary worship music]]
[[Category:Musicians from St. Louis]]
[[Category:Musicians from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:University of Missouri alumni]]
[[Category:Songwriters from California]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:21st-century American pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]

European Americans

2020-09-11T00:15:35Z

209.160.254.202:

{{short description|Americans of European descent}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = European Americans
| total = '''133 million''' European-diaspora Americans 41% of total U.S. population (2017)<ref name=acs16>{{cite web|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/european-immigrants-united-states-2016#Diaspora|title=European Immigrants in the United States|date=August 2018|publisher=[[Migration Policy Institute]]}}</ref>{{efn|The figure does not include respondents ignoring the ancestry question.}} (as opposed to 243,832,540 Americans [[White Americans|self-identifying as White or Caucasian]] <ref name=acs17>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=united%20states&g=0100000US&hidePreview=false&tid=ACSDP5Y2018.DP05&vintage=2018&cid=DP05_0001E|title=ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates|date=December 2019|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> 75.5% of the total U.S. population (2018))
| regions = [[Contiguous United States]] and [[Alaska]] smaller populations in [[Hawaii]] and the [[Territories of the United States|territories]]
| languages = Predominantly [[American English|English]] [[French language|French]]{{•}}[[Russian language|Russian]]{{•}}[[German language|German]]{{•}}[[Italian language|Italian]]{{•}}[[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{•}}[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{•}}[[Polish language|Polish]]{{•}}[[Romanian language|Romanian]]{{•}}[[Greek language|Greek]]{{•}}[[Serbo-Croatian]]{{•}}others
| religions = Predominantly [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]] (Mainly [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] and [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]]); Minority religions: [[Judaism in the United States|Judaism]], [[Islam in the United States|Islam]]
| related_groups = [[Non-Hispanic Whites]], [[White Southerners]], [[European diaspora]], [[European ethnic groups|Europeans]], [[European Canadians]], [[European Australians]], [[European New Zealanders]], [[White South Africans]], [[British people|British]] ([[English people|English]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[Welsh people|Welsh]], [[Ulster-Scots]]), [[German people|German]], [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Greek people|Greek]], [[Russians|Russian]], [[Polish people|Polish]], [[Croatian people|Croatian]], [[Albanian people|Albanian]], [[Bosnians|Bosnian]]
| footnotes =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
[[File:European Ancestry in the US by county.jpg|thumb|European ancestry in the US by county (self-reported)|275px]]

'''European Americans''' (also referred to as '''Euro-Americans''') are [[Americans]] of [[Europe]]an ancestry.<ref>{{cite web |work=Merriam Webster Dictionary |title=Euro-American |accessdate=March 13, 2014 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/euro-american |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated}}</ref><ref name="books.google.co.uk">[https://books.google.com/books?id=OJilCCGFCTYC&pg=PR9 Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia:] By James B. Minahan – Americans of European descent (Page: 17-18)</ref> This term includes people who are descended from the first European settlers in America as well as people who are descended from more recent European arrivals. European Americans are the largest [[panethnicity|panethnic group]] (or, variously considered an [[ethnic group]] in its own right) in the United States, both historically and at present.

The [[Spanish Americans|Spaniards]] are thought to be the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the [[contiguous United States]], with [[Martín de Argüelles]] ({{abbr|b.|born}} 1566) in [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]], then a part of [[Spanish Florida]].<ref name=loc>{{cite web |url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/colonial/jb_colonial_augustin_1.html |title=A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |accessdate=March 27, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWX5d27NkFgC&pg=PT35 |title=Latino Chronology |accessdate=February 4, 2015|isbn=9780313341540 |last1=Figueredo |first1=D. H. |year=2007 }}</ref> [[Virginia Dare]], born August 18, 1587, was the first [[English people|English]] child to be born in [[the Americas]]. She was born in [[Roanoke Colony]], located in present-day [[North Carolina]], which was the first attempt, made by [[Queen Elizabeth I]], to establish a permanent [[English overseas possessions|English settlement]] in North America.

In the 2016 [[American Community Survey]], [[German Americans]] (13.9%), [[Irish Americans]] (10.0%), [[English Americans]] (7.4%), [[Italian Americans]] (5.2%), and [[Polish Americans]] (3%) were the five largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States forming over a third of the total population.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">[https://www.census.gov SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES] – 2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates</ref>
However, the English Americans and [[British Americans]] demography is considered to be significantly under-counted, as the people in that demographic tend to identify themselves simply as [[American ethnicity|Americans]] (20,151,829 or 7.2%).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&pg=PA57 Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America] By Dominic J. Pulera.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Farley, Reynolds |year=1991 |title=The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us? |journal=Demography |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=411–29 |doi=10.2307/2061465 |jstor=2061465 |pmid=1936376}}</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, "The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns", ''Social Science Research'', Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites", ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.</ref> In the 2000 census over 56 million or 19.9% of the United States population ignored the ancestry question completely and are classified as "unspecified" and "not reported".<ref>[https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/ancestry.pdf Ancestry: 2000] – Census Bureau</ref>

== Terminology ==
{| class="wikitable" font-size:90%;" style="float:right;
! colspan="5" | Number of European Americans: 1800–2010
|-
! Year
! Population
! % of the United States
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[1800 United States Census|1800]] || 4,306,446 || 81.1% || <ref name="USHispanicOrigin">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327163915/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf |archivedate=March 27, 2010 |title=Official census statistics of the United States race and Hispanic origin population |work=US Statistics Bureau |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[1850 United States Census|1850]] || 19,553,068 || 84.3% || <ref name="USHispanicOrigin" />
|-
| [[1900 United States Census|1900]] || 66,809,196 || 87.9% || <ref name="USHispanicOrigin" />
|-
| [[1950 United States Census|1950]] || 134,942,028 || 89.5% || <ref name="USHispanicOrigin" />
|-
| [[2010 United States Census|2010]] || 223,553,265 || 72.4% || <ref name="Hispanic2010">{{cite web |author1=Karen R. Humes |author2=Nicholas A. Jones |author3=Roberto R. Ramirez |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf |title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 |work=US Census Bureau |date=March 2011 |accessdate=March 11, 2016}}</ref>
|}

=== Use ===
In 1995, as part of a review of the [[Office of Management and Budget]]'s Statistical Policy Directive No. 15 (Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting), a survey was conducted of census recipients to determine their preferred terminology for the racial/ethnic groups defined in the Directive. For the ''White'' group, ''European American'' came third, preferred by 2.35% of panel interviewees.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/ethnic_0595.htm |title=A Test of Methods For Collecting Racial and Ethnic Information: May 1995 |publisher=CPS Publications |date=October 26, 1995 |accessdate=March 24, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212044012/http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/pub/ethnic_0595.htm |archivedate=December 12, 2011}}</ref>

The term is sometimes used interchangeably with Caucasian American, White American, and [[Anglo-America|Anglo American]] in many places around the United States.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Sandra Soo-Jin Lee |author2=Joanna Mountain |author3=Barbara A. Koenig |title=The Meanings of Race in the New Genomics: Implications for Health Disparities Research |publisher=Yale University |date=May 24, 2001 |accessdate=March 11, 2016 |page=54 |url=http://www.yale.edu/yjhple/issues/vi-spr01/docs/lee.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204116/http://www.yale.edu/yjhple/issues/vi-spr01/docs/lee.pdf |archivedate=March 3, 2016 }}</ref> However, the terms Caucasian and White are purely racial terms, not geographic, and include some populations whose origin is outside of Europe; and ''Anglo-American'' also has another definition, meaning, European Americans with English ancestry.

=== Origin ===
The term is used by some to emphasize the European cultural and geographical ancestral origins of Americans, in the same way as is done for [[African Americans]] and [[Asian Americans]]. A European American awareness is still notable because 90% of the respondents classified as white in the U.S. Census knew{{clarify|date=October 2015}} their European ancestry.<ref name=Randolph>{{cite web |last=Randolph |first=Gayle |publisher=Iowa State University |title=Why Study European Immigrants |year=2007 |accessdate=June 14, 2007 |url=http://frontpage.uwsuper.edu/Soc330b/Chap11_files/frame.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506011524/http://frontpage.uwsuper.edu/Soc330b/Chap11_files/frame.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 6, 2005 }}</ref> Historically, the concept of an American originated in the United States as a person of European ancestry, thus excluding non-European groups.<ref>Crevecoeur, Hector St. John. Letters from an American Farmer. "What is an American." 1782.</ref>

As a [[linguistics|linguistic]] concern, the term is sometimes meant to discourage a [[dichotomy|dichotomous]] view of the [[Race (classification of human beings)|racial]] landscape between the white category and everyone else.<ref name=Bhopal>{{cite journal |author=Bhopal, Raj. |title=White, European, Western, Caucasian or What? Inappropriate Labeling in Research on Race, Ethnicity and Health |year=1998 |pmc=1509085 |pmid=9736867 |volume=88 |issue=9 |journal=Am J Public Health |pages=1303–7 |doi=10.2105/ajph.88.9.1303}}</ref> Margo Adair suggests that the recognition of specific European American ancestries allows certain Americans to become aware that they come from a variety of different cultures.<ref>{{cite web |author=Adair, Margo |title=Challenging White Supremacy Workshop |year=1990 |accessdate=November 5, 2006 |url=http://cwsworkshop.org/pdfs/WIWP2/3Wonder_Breading.PDF |publisher=cwsworkshop.org}}</ref>

=== Subgroups ===
There are a number of subgroupings of European Americans.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Lois Ann Lorentzen|author=Victor C. Romero|title=Hidden Lives and Human Rights in the United States (3 volumes): Understanding the Controversies and Tragedies of Undocumented Immigration|chapter=The Criminalization of Undocumented Migrants|date=2014|isbn=978-1440828478|publisher=[[Praeger Publications]]|page=16|quote=The 1924 act also sought to curtail the large number of [[Eastern Europeans|eastern]] and southern European migrants who began entering the United States in 1890. Through the [[National Origins Act|National Origins Quota]] formula, the act pegged future immigration at up to 2 percent of the number of foreign-born persons from a particular country already in the [[1890 United States Census|United States as of the 1890 census]]. Through race-neutral in language, the formula favored northwestern Europeans by using the 1890 census as its referent}}</ref> While these categories may be approximately defined, often due to the imprecise or cultural regionalization of Europe, the subgroups are nevertheless used widely in cultural or ethnic identification.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Spickard|authorlink=Paul Spickard|title=Almost All Aliens: Immigration, Race, and Colonialism in American History and Identity: Race, Colonialism, and Immigration in American History and Identity|chapter=The Great Wave, 1870-1930|date=2007|isbn=978-0415935937|publisher=[[Routledge]]|page=176|quote=Although many histories of immigration describe this period from the 1870s to the 1920s as one when the sources of migrants shifted from [[Northwest Europe]] to [[Southern European Americans|Southern]] and [[Eastern European Americans|Eastern Europe]] - “Old Immigration” versus the “New Immigration,” Northwest Europeans continued to come and stay in very large numbers.}}</ref> This is particularly the case in diasporic populations, as with European people in the United States generally.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Benjamin Bailey|title=Language, Race, and Negotiation of Identity: A Study of Dominican Americans|chapter=Introduction|date=2002|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]|page=15|quote=During the heightened immigration associated with the 1880-1920 period, many doubted that the largely [[Southern European Americans|Southern]] and [[Eastern European Americans|Eastern European]] newcomers would ever assimilate to the culture of the dominant groups, who were of predominantly Northwestern European origin ... Social differences between these immigrants and European Americans who were already in America were perceived as insurmountable.}}</ref> In alphabetical order, some of the subgroups are:
* '''[[Eastern European Americans]]''', including [[Belarusian Americans]], [[Moldovan Americans]], [[Russian Americans]] and [[Ukrainian Americans]]
* '''[[Northwestern European Americans]]''', including [[Austrian Americans]], [[Belgian Americans]], [[British Americans]] ([[English Americans]], [[Scottish Americans]], [[Welsh Americans]]), [[Dutch Americans]], [[French Americans]], [[German Americans]], [[Irish Americans]], [[Luxembourgian Americans]], [[Scandinavian Americans]] ([[Danish Americans]], [[Finnish Americans]], [[Icelandic Americans]], [[Norwegian Americans]], [[Swedish Americans]]) and [[Swiss Americans]]
* '''[[Southern European Americans]]''', including [[Albanian Americans]], [[Greek Americans]], [[Italian Americans]], [[Maltese Americans]], [[Portuguese Americans]], [[Spanish Americans]] and [[Yugoslav Americans]] ([[Bosnian Americans]], [[Croatian Americans]], [[Macedonian Americans]], [[Montenegrin Americans]], [[Serbian Americans]], [[Slovenian Americans]])

== History ==
{{main|European colonization of the Americas}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;
|-
! colspan=3 | Historical immigration / est. origins
|-
! Country
! Immigration before 1790
! Population ancestry: 1790<ref>Data From Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPS).</ref>

|-
| [[England]]* || 230,000 || 1,900,000
|-
| [[Ulster]] Scotch-Irish* || 135,000 || 320,000
|-
| [[Germany]]{{efn|Germany in this time period consisted of a large number of separate countries, the largest of which was Prussia.}} || 103,000 || 280,000
|-
| [[Scotland]]* || 48,500 || 160,000
|-
| [[Ireland]] || 8,000 || 200,000
|-
| [[Netherlands]] || 6,000 || 100,000
|-
| [[Wales]]* || 4,000 || 120,000
|-
| [[France]] || 3,000 || 80,000
|-
| [[Sweden]] and Other{{efn|The ''Other'' category probably contains mostly English ancestry settlers; but the loss of several states' census records in makes closer estimates difficult. The summaries of the 1790 and 1800 census from all states surveyed.}}|| 500 || 20,000
|-
! *Totals, [[British people|British]]|| 417,500 || 2,500,000+
|-
! {{flagicon|USA|1777}} United States{{efn|Total represents total immigration over the approximately 130-year span of colonial existence of the U.S. colonies as found in the 1790 census. At the time of the [[American Revolution]] the foreign born population was estimated to be from 300,000 to 400,000.}} || 950,000 || 3,929,214
|-
| colspan=3 |Source:<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw3kn_AgNTkC&pg=PA361&dq=ancestry+in+the+united+states+1790&hl=en#v=onepage&q=ancestry%20in%20the%20united%20states%201790&f=false The source: a guidebook to American genealogy.] By Loretto Dennis Szucs, Sandra Hargreaves Luebking</ref>(excludes African population.)
|}

Since 1607, some 57 million immigrants have come to the United States from other lands. Approximately 10 million passed through on their way to some other place or returned to their original homelands, leaving a net gain of some 47 million people.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=z-y_q4J_eCEC&pg=PA15&dq=52+million+europeans+immigrated+to+united+states#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The New Americans |accessdate=February 4, 2015|isbn=9780674044937 |last1=Waters |first1=Mary C. |last2=Ueda |first2=Reed |last3=Marrow |first3=Helen B. |date=June 30, 2009 }}</ref>

=== Colonial settlers ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2019}}
Between 1607 and 1776 most European settlements were British or Dutch. Colonial stock of [[English Americans|English]], [[Scottish Americans|Scottish]], [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]], [[Cornish Americans|Cornish]] or [[Welsh Americans|Welsh]] descent, may be found throughout the country but is especially dominant in [[New England]] and [[Southern United States|the South]]. Some people of colonial stock, especially in the [[Mid-Atlantic states]], are also of [[Swedish people|Swedish]], [[Hugenot]] or [[Germans|German]] descent. The vast majority of these are [[Protestant]]s. The [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] ([[German American]]) population gave the state of [[Pennsylvania]] a high German cultural character. [[French people|French]] descent, which can also be found throughout the country, is most concentrated in [[Louisiana]], while [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent is dominant in the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]] and [[Florida]]. These are primarily [[Roman Catholic]] and were assimilated with the [[Louisiana Purchase]] and the aftermath of the [[Mexican–American War]] and [[Adams–Onís Treaty]], respectively. Some [[Russian people|Russians]] remained in [[Alaska]] for missionary.

===1820–1890===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2019}}
The first large wave of European migration after the Revolutionary War came from Northern and Central-Western Europe between about 1820 and 1890. Most of these immigrants were from [[Ireland]], [[Germany]], [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], and Britain, and with large numbers of Irish and German Catholics immigrating, Roman Catholicism became an important minority religion. [[Polish Americans]] usually used to come as German or Austrian citizens, since Poland [[Partitions of Poland|lost its independence]] in the period between 1772 and 1795. Descendants of the first wave are dominant in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and [[Western United States|West]], although German descent is extremely common in Pennsylvania, and Irish descent is also common in urban centers in the Northeast. The [[Irish people|Irish]] and [[Germans]] held onto their ethnic identity throughout the 19th and early half of the 20th centuries, as well as other European ethnic groups. Most people of Polish origin live in the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] and the Midwest (see also [[White ethnic]]).

===Second wave 1890–1920===
The second wave of European Americans arrived from the mid-1890s to the 1920s, mainly from Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, as well as Ireland.<ref name=Randolph /> This wave included [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Italians]], [[Greeks]], [[Hungarians]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Spaniards]], [[Romanians]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Russians]], [[Poles]] and other [[Slavs]]. With large numbers of immigrants from [[Mexico]], [[Spanish Caribbean]], and [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]], [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanics]] have increased to 8% of the US population, and [[Texas]], [[California]], [[New York (state)|New York]], and [[Florida]] are important centers for them.

===Shifts in European migration===
Before 1881, the vast majority of immigrants, almost 86% of the total, arrived from [[northwest Europe]], principally [[Great Britain]], [[Ireland]], [[Germany]], and [[Scandinavia]]. The years between 1881 and 1893 the pattern shifted, in the sources of U.S. "New immigration".
Between 1894 and 1914, immigrants from [[Southern Europe|southern]], [[Central Europe|central]], and [[eastern Europe]] accounted for 69% of the total.<ref>{{cite web |author=Raymond L. Cohn |url=http://www.eh.net/encyclopedia/article/cohn.immigration.us |title=Immigration to the United States |publisher=EH.Net Encyclopedia |date=August 15, 2001 |accessdate=March 24, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113114938/http://www.eh.net/encyclopedia/article/cohn.immigration.us |archivedate=January 13, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/charts/fb.2.shtml |title=MPI Data Hub Graph |publisher=migrationinformation.org |accessdate=March 24, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422114514/http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/charts/fb.2.shtml |archivedate=April 22, 2007}}</ref><ref name="SzucsLuebking2006">{{cite book |author1=Loretto Dennis Szucs |author2=Sandra Hargreaves Luebking |title=The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy |url=https://archive.org/details/sourceguidebooko00lore |url-access=registration |accessdate=March 11, 2016 |year=2006 |publisher=Ancestry Publishing |isbn=978-1-59331-277-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sourceguidebooko00lore/page/367 367]}}</ref> Prior to 1960, the overwhelming majority came from Europe or of [[European Canadians|European descent]] from Canada. The shift in European immigration has been in decline since the mid-20th century, with 75.0% of the total foreign-born population born in Europe compared to 12.1% recorded in the 2010 census.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Elizabeth M. Grieco |author2=Yesenia D. Acosta |author3=G. Patricia de la Cruz |author4=Christine Gambino |author5=Thomas Gryn |author6=Luke J. Larsen |author7=Edward N. Trevelyan |author8=Nathan P. Walters |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acs-19.pdf |title=The Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2010 |work=US Census Bureau |date=May 2012 |accessdate=March 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209224630/http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acs-19.pdf |archive-date=February 9, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Immigration since 1820 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! colspan="6"| European immigration to the US 1820–1970
|-
! Years
! Arrivals
! Years
! Arrivals
! Years
! Arrivals
|-
| 1820–1830 || 98,816 || 1901–1910 || 8,136,016 || 1981–1990 ||
|-
| 1831–1840 || 495,688 || 1911–1920 || 4,376,564 || 1991–2000 ||
|-
| 1841–1850 || 1,597,502 || 1921–1930 || 2,477,853 || ||
|-
| 1851–1860 || 2,452,657 || 1931–1940 || 348,289 || ||
|-
| 1861–1870 || 2,064,407 || 1941–1950 || 621,704 || ||
|-
| 1871–1880 || 2,261,904 || 1951–1960 || 1,328,293 || ||
|-
| 1881–1890 || 4,731,607 || 1961–1970 || 1,129,670 || ||
|-
| 1891–1900 || 3,558,793 || 1971–1980 || || ||
|- class="sortbottom" style="background:lightgrey;"
! || || || Arrivals || Total (150 yrs) || 35,679,763
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;"|Source:<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gk4-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA98&dq=98,816,+495,688+1,597,502&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj35cfwwM3KAhXCXw8KHa7LCVwQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=98%2C816%2C%20495%2C688%201%2C597%2C502&f=false Statistical Abstract of the United States] (Page: 98) Immigration from 1820</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fz2UAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=british+immigration+75,810,+267,044&source=bl&ots=zGtzFduNh1&sig=kKCDU1pUO5hIJetw10DyPrPlWPg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj784ur_bjKAhXBcA8KHVFrBIkQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=british%20immigration%2075%2C810%2C%20267%2C044&f=false Almost All Aliens: Immigration, Race, and Colonialism in American History ...] By Paul Spickard</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rVE-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA89&dq=england+english+immigration+to+the+united+states+247,125+644,680&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT_8CtvqLKAhVHwj4KHURBAiQQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=england%20english%20immigration%20to%20the%20united%20states%20247%2C125%20644%2C680&f=false Statistical Abstract of the United States] (Page: 89)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=51e8r7Yay0wC&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=england+english+immigration+to+the+united+states+644,680&source=bl&ots=W9nyD6YyMo&sig=x_IaA7QNmk2E1WzrpI2PqmXwx9o&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjpkJ7OvKLKAhWFWBQKHRGTDFwQ6AEIMTAE#v=onepage&q=england%20english%20immigration%20to%20the%20united%20states%20644%2C680&f=false Statistical Abstract of the United States] Immigration by country of origin 1851–1940 (Page: 107)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UG1qAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=Immigration+from+England+to+the+United+States+156,171&source=bl&ots=fmUG-Sxb0d&sig=w5eINcCgep6NYK6-15efS8vtmsI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDovq66qTKAhVFGA8KHYdbARsQ6AEINjAG#v=onepage&q=Immigration%20from%20England%20to%20the%20United%20States%20156%2C171&f=false Statistical Abstract of the United States] (Page: 92)</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! colspan="6"| Country of origin 1820–1978
|-
! Country
! Arrivals
! % of total
! Country
! Arrivals
! % of total
|-
| [[Germany]]1 || 6,978,000 || 14.3% || [[Norway]] || 856,000 || 1.8%
|-
| [[Italy]] || 5,294,000 || 10.9% || [[France]] || 751,000 || 1.5%
|-
| [[Great Britain]] || 4,898,000 || 10.01% || [[Greece]] || 655,000 || 1.3%
|-
| [[Ireland]] || 4,723,000 || 9.7% || [[Portugal]] || 446,000 || 0.9%
|-
| [[Austria-Hungary]]1, 2 || 4,315,000 || 8.9% || [[Denmark]] || 364,000 || 0.7%
|-
| [[Russia]]1, 2 || 3,374,000 || 6.9% || [[Netherlands]] || 359,000 || 0.7%
|-
| [[Sweden]] || 1,272,000 || 2.6% || [[Finland]] || 33,000 || 0.1%
|-
! || || || || Total (158 yrs) || 34,318,000
|-
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;"|Source:<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?hl=en#q=751,000+655,000+446,000+364,000+359,000++33,000&hl=en&tbm=bks Public Opinion and the Immigrant: Mass Media Coverage, 1880–1980] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813074826/https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?hl=en#q=751,000+655,000+446,000+364,000+359,000++33,000&hl=en&tbm=bks |date=August 13, 2015 }} Rita James Simon</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=phsWAQAAIAAJ&q=Nation-building+in+the+United+States&dq=Nation-building+in+the+United+States |title=Nation-building in the United States |isbn=978-0-912404-12-7 |last1=Wagner |first1=Francis S |last2=Wagner-Jones |first2=Christina |year=1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAEStotalS.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000824084542/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAEStotalS.htm |archivedate=August 24, 2000 |title=European emigration statistics}}</ref> Note: Many returned to their country of origin
|}

;European-born population

The figures below show that of the total population of specified birthplace in the United States. A total of 11.1% were born-overseas of the total population.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; display: inline-table;"
|-
! colspan=3 | Population / Proportion born in Europe in 1850–2016
|-
! Year
! Population
! % of foreign-born
|-
| 1850 || 2,031,867 || 92.2%
|-
| 1860 || 3,807,062 || 92.1%
|-
| 1870 || 4,941,049 || 88.8%
|-
| 1880 || 5,751,823 || 86.2%
|-
| 1890 || 8,030,347 || 86.9%
|-
| 1900 || 8,881,548 || 86.0%
|-
| 1910 || 11,810,115 || 87.4%
|-
| 1920 || 11,916,048 || 85.7%
|-
| 1930 || 11,784,010 || 83.0%
|-
| 1960 || 7,256,311 || 75.0%
|-
| 1970 || 5,740,891 || 61.7%
|-
| 1980 || 5,149,572 || 39.0%
|-
| 1990 || 4,350,403 || 22.9%
|-
| 2000 || 4,915,557 || 15.8%
|-
| 2010 || 4,817,437 || 12.1%
|-
| 2016 || 4,785,267 || 10.9%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Source:<ref>{{cite web |author1=Campbell Gibson |author2=Kay Jung |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0081/twps0081.pdf |title=Population Division: Historical census statistics on the foreign-born population of the United States: 1850 to 2000 (Working Paper No. 81) |work=US Census Bureau |date=February 2006 |accessdate=March 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Elizabeth M. Grieco |author2=Yesenia D. Acosta |author3=G. Patricia de la Cruz |author4=Christine Gambino |author5=Thomas Gryn |author6=Luke J. Larsen |author7=Edward N. Trevelyan |author8=Nathan P. Walters |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acs-19.pdf |title=The Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2010 |work=US Census Bureau |date=May 2012 |accessdate=March 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209224630/http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acs-19.pdf |archive-date=February 9, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MPIxlsx">{{cite web |format=XLSX |url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/datahub/MPIDataHub-Region-birth-1960.xlsx |title=Foreign-Born Population by Country of Birth: 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990 plus 2000, 2006–2011 |publisher=Migration Policy Institute |accessdate=March 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/demographics/US United States Demographics & Social] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706235304/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/demographics/US |date=July 6, 2016 }} 2015% Foreign-Born population in the United States</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; display: inline-table;"
|-
! Birthplace
! Population in 2010
! Percent in 2010
! Population in 2016
! Percent in 2016
|-
| align=left | '''Totals, European-born''' || '''4,817,437''' || '''12.0%''' || '''4,785,267''' || '''10.9%'''
|-
| align=left | '''[[Northern Europe]]''' || 923,564 || '''2.3%''' || 950,872 || '''2.2%'''
|-
| [[United Kingdom]] || 669,794 || 1.7% || 696,896 || 1.6%
|-
| [[Ireland]] || 124,457 || 0.3% || 125,840 || 0.3%
|-
| align=left | Other Northern Europe || 129,313 || 0.3% || 128,136 || 0.3%
|-
| align=left | '''[[Western Europe]]''' || 961,791 || '''2.4%''' || 939,383 || '''2.1%'''
|-
| [[Germany]] || 604,616 || 1.5% || 563,985 || 1.3%
|-
| [[France]] || 147,959 || 0.4% || 175,250 || 0.4%
|-
| Other Western Europe || 209,216 || 0.5% || 200,148 || 0.4%
|-
| align=left | '''[[Southern Europe]]''' || 779,294 || '''2.0%''' || 760,352 || '''1.7%'''
|-
| [[Italy]] || 364,972 || 0.9% || 335,763 || 0.8%
|-
| [[Portugal]] || 189,333 || 0.5% || 176,638 || 0.4%
|-
| Other Southern Europe || 224,989 || 0.6% || 247,951 || 0.5%
|-
| align=left | '''[[Eastern Europe]]''' || 2,143,055 || '''5.4%''' || 2,122,951 || '''4.9%'''
|-
| [[Poland]] || 475,503 || 1.2% || 424,928 || 1.0%
|-
| [[Russia]] || 383,166 || 1.0% || 397,236 || 0.9%
|-
| Other Eastern Europe || 1,284,286 || 3.2% || 1,300,787 || 3.0%
|-
| Other Europe (no country specified) || 9,733 || 0.0% || 11,709 || 0.0%
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" | {{refbegin}}Source: 2010 and 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B05006&prodType=table |title=PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES. Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea |work=factfinder.census.gov |accessdate=April 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214060704/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B05006&prodType=table |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{refend}}
|}

== Demographics ==
{{Further|Category:American people of European descent}}
[[File:A view of New York City with the Empire State Building and One World Trade Center from the Rockefeller Center.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|The [[New York City Metropolitan Area]] is home to the largest European population in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/table2_2.xls |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2 |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |accessdate=February 23, 2013}}</ref>]]

The numbers below give numbers of European Americans as measured by the U.S. Census in 1980, 1990, and 2000. The numbers are measured according to declarations in census responses. This leads to uncertainty over the real meaning of the figures: For instance, as can be seen, according to these figures, the European American population dropped 40 million in ten years, but in fact, this is a reflection of changing census responses. In particular, it reflects the increased popularity of the "American" option following its inclusion as an example in the 2000 census forms.

Breakdowns of the European American population into sub-components is a difficult and rather arbitrary exercise. Farley (1991) argues that "because of ethnic intermarriage, the numerous generations that separate respondents from their forebears and the apparent unimportance to many whites of European origin, responses appear quite inconsistent".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Farley, Reynolds |year=1991 |title=The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us? |journal=Demography |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=411–429 |doi=10.2307/2061465 |jstor=2061465 |pmid=1936376}}</ref>

In particular, a large majority of European Americans have ancestry from a number of different countries and the response to a single "ancestry" gives little indication of the backgrounds of Americans today. When only prompted for a single response, the examples given on the census forms and a pride in identifying the more distinctive parts of one's heritage are important factors; these will likely adversely affect the numbers reporting ancestries from the British Isles. Multiple response ancestry data often greatly increase the numbers reporting for the main ancestry groups, although Farley goes as far to conclude that "no simple question will distinguish those who identify strongly with a specific European group from those who report symbolic or imagined ethnicity." He highlights responses in the Current Population Survey (1973) where for the main "old" ancestry groups (e.g., German, Irish, English, and French), over 40% change their reported ancestry over the six-month period between survey waves (page 422).

An example is that in 1980 23.75 million Americans claimed English ancestry and 25.85 claimed English ancestry together with one or more other. This represents 49.6 million people. The table below shows that in 1990 when only single and primary responses were allowed this fell to 32 million and in 2000 to 24 million.<ref>World Culture Encyclopedia [http://www.everyculture.com/North-America/European-Americans-Bibliography.html EveryCulture.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155437/http://www.everyculture.com/North-America/European-Americans-Bibliography.html |date=April 2, 2015 }}</ref>

The largest self-reported ancestries in 2000, reporting over 5 million members, were in order: German, Irish, English, American, Italian, French, and Polish. They have different distributions within the United States; in general, the northern half of the United States from [[Pennsylvania]] westward is dominated by German ancestry, and the [[Southern United States|southern-half]] by English and American. Irish may be found throughout the entire country.

Italian ancestry is most common in the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]], Polish in the [[Great Lakes Region (North America)|Great Lakes Region]] and the Northeast, and French in [[New England]] and [[Louisiana]]. U.S. Census Bureau statisticians estimate that approximately 62 percent of European Americans today are either wholly or partly of English, Welsh, Irish, or Scottish ancestry. Approximately 86% of European Americans today are of northwestern and central European ancestry, and 14% are of southeastern European and [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic and Latino American]] descent.

=== Ancestral origins ===
{{See also|Race and ethnicity in the United States#Ancestry}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible nowrap" style="font-size:90%; text-align: right;"
|-
! Ancestral origin
! colspan="2" | [[1980 United States Census|1980]] / %<ref>{{cite web |title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 2 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab02.pdf |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=November 21, 2018}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | [[1990 United States Census|1990]] / %<ref name="Census1990">{{cite web |title=1990 Census of Population – Detailed Ancestry Groups for States |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-s-1-2.pdf |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=November 21, 2018}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | [[2000 United States Census|2000]] / %<ref>{{cite web |title=Ancestry: 2000 |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF3/QTP13 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213004553/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF3/QTP13 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! colspan="2" | [[American Community Survey|2016]] (est.) / %<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey – People Reporting Ancestry |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/B04006 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213004630/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/B04006 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! Pop. change 1990–2016
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | United States population
| 226,545,805
| 100.0
| 248,709,873
| 100.0
| 281,421,906
| 100.0
| 318,558,162
| 100.0
| {{gain}}28.08%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Total ancestries reported
| 188,302,438
| 83.1
| 248,709,873
| 100.0
| 287,304,886
| 102.1
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Acadian]]/[[Cajun]]
|
|
| 668,271
| 0.3
| 85,414
| 0.0
| 115,312
| 0.04
| {{loss}}82.74%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Albanian American|Albanian]]
| 38,658
| 0.02
| 47,710
| 0.0
| 113,661
| 0.0
| 191,463
| 0.06
| {{gain}}301.31%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[German American|Alsatian]]
| 42,390
| 0.02
| 16,465
| 0.0
| 15,601
| 0.0
| 11,107
| 0.00
| {{loss}}32.54%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[American ancestry|American]]
|
|
| 12,395,999
| 5.0
| 20,625,093
| 7.3
| 22,097,012
| 6.94
| {{gain}}78.26%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Austrian American|Austrian]]
| 948,558
| 0.42
| 864,783
| 0.3
| 735,128
| 0.3
| 702,772
| 0.22
| {{loss}}18.73%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Basque American|Basque]]
| 43,140
| 0.0
| 47,956
| 0.0
| 57,793
| 0.0
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[German American|Bavarian]]
|
|
| 4,348
| 0.0
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Belarusian American|Belarusian]]
| 7,381
| 0.00
| 4,277
| 0.0
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Belgian American|Belgian]]
| 360,277
| 0.16
| 380,498{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Excludes Flemish.<ref name="Census1990"/>}}
| 0.2
| 360,642
| 0.1
| 359,121
| 0.11
| {{loss}}5.62%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[British American|British]]
|
|
| 1,119,154
| 0.4
| 1,085,720
| 0.4
| 1,370,222
| 0.43
| {{gain}}22.43%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Bulgarian Americans|Bulgarian]]
| 42,504
| 0.02
| 29,595
| 0.0
| 55,489
| 0.0
| 98,410
| 0.03
| {{gain}}232.52%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Rusyn American|Carpatho Rusyn]]
|
|
| 7,602
| 0.0
|
|
| 7,921
| 0.00
| {{gain}}4.20%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Irish American|Celtic]]
|
|
| 29,652
| 0.0
| 65,638
| 0.0
| 50,058
| 0.02
| {{gain}}68.82%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Cornish American|Cornish]]
|
|
| 3,991
| 0.0
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Croatian American|Croatian]]
| 252,970
| 0.11
| 544,270
| 0.2
| 374,241
| 0.1
| 410,003
| 0.13
| {{loss}}24.67%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Cypriot American|Cypriot]]
| 6,053
| 0.00
| 4,897
| 0.0
| 7,663
| 0.0
| 7,332
| 0.00
| {{gain}}49.72%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Czech American|Czech]]
| 1,892,456
| 0.84
| 1,296,411{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Excludes Moravian.<ref name="Census1990"/>}}
| 0.5
| 1,262,527
| 0.4
| 1,435,359
| 0.45
| {{gain}}10.72%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Czechoslovakian]]
|
|
| 315,285
| 0.1
| 441,403
| 0.2
| 300,424
| 0.09
| {{loss}}4.71%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Danish American|Danish]]
| 1,518,273
| 0.67
| 1,634,669
| 0.7
| 1,430,897
| 0.5
| 1,297,738
| 0.41
| {{loss}}20.61%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Dutch American|Dutch]]
| 6,304,499
| 2.78
| 6,227,089
| 2.5
| 4,542,494
| 1.6
| 4,210,787
| 1.32
| {{loss}}32.38%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Eastern European]]{{refn|name=general|group=lower-alpha|This category represents a general type response, which may encompass several ancestry groups.<ref name="Census1990"/>}}
| 62,404
| 0.03
| 132,332
| 0.1
|
|
| 546,280
| 0.17
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[English American|English]]
| 49,598,035
| 21.89
| 32,651,788
| 13.1
| 24,515,138
| 8.7
| 24,426,623
| 7.67
| {{loss}}25.19%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Estonian American|Estonian]]
| 25,994
| 0.01
| 26,762
| 0.0
| 25,034
| 0.0
| 27,864
| 0.01
| {{gain}}4.12%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[European American|European]]{{refn|name=general|group=lower-alpha}}
| 175,461
| 0.08
| 466,718
| 0.2
| 1,968,696
| 0.7
| 3,922,881
| 1.23
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Finnish American|Finnish]]
| 615,872
| 0.27
| 658,870
| 0.3
| 623,573
| 0.2
| 645,053
| 0.20
| {{loss}}2.10%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Belgian American|Flemish]]
|
|
| 14,157
| 0.0
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[French American|French]] (except Basque)
| 12,892,246
| 5.69
| 10,320,935
| 4.1
| 8,309,908
| 3.0
| 8,151,499
| 2.56
| {{loss}}21.02%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[French-Canadian American|French Canadian]]
| 780,488
| 0.34
| 2,167,127
| 0.9
| 2,349,684
| 0.8
| 2,084,903
| 0.65
| {{loss}}3.79%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[German American|German]]
| 49,224,146
| 21.73
| 57,947,171{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Excludes Bavarian, Prussian, Saxon, and West German.<ref name="Census1990"/>}}
| 23.3
| 42,885,162
| 15.2
| 45,879,360
| 14.40
| {{loss}}20.83%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[German American#Germans from Russia|German Russian]]
|
|
| 10,153
| 0.0
| 10,535
| 0.0
| 23,772
| 0.01
| {{gain}}134.14%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Greek American|Greek]]
| 959,856
| 0.42
| 1,110,373
| 0.4
| 1,153,307
| 0.4
| 1,282,655
| 0.40
| {{gain}}15.52%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Gypsy American|Gypsy]] (Rom)
| 6,322
| 0.00
| 5,693
| 0.0
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Hungarian American|Hungarian]]
| 1,776,902
| 0.78
| 1,582,302
| 0.6
| 1,398,724
| 0.5
| 1,423,144
| 0.45
| {{loss}}10.06%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Icelandic American|Icelandic]]
| 32,586
| 0.01
| 40,529
| 0.0
| 42,716
| 0.0
| 50,572
| 0.02
| {{gain}}24.78%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Irish American|Irish]]
| 40,165,702
| 17.73
| 38,735,539{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Excludes Northern Irish and Celtic.<ref name="Census1990"/>}}
| 15.6
| 30,528,492
| 10.8
| 33,093,550
| 10.39
| {{loss}}14.57%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Italian American|Italian]]
| 12,183,692
| 5.38
| 14,664,550{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Excludes Sicilian.<ref name="Census1990"/>}}
| 5.9
| 15,723,555
| 5.6
| 17,174,741
| 5.39
| {{gain}}17.12%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Latvian American|Latvian]]
| 92,141
| 0.04
| 100,331
| 0.0
| 87,564
| 0.0
| 86,128
| 0.03
| {{loss}}14.16%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Lithuanian American|Lithuanian]]
| 742,776
| 0.33
| 811,865
| 0.3
| 659,992
| 0.2
| 648,514
| 0.20
| {{loss}}20.12%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Luxembourgish American|Luxemburger]]
| 49,994
| 0.02
| 49,061
| 0.0
| 45,139
| 0.0
| 40,760
| 0.01
| {{loss}}16.92%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Macedonian American|Macedonian]]
|
|
| 20,365
| 0.0
| 38,051
| 0.0
| 57,221
| 0.02
| {{gain}}180.98%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Maltese American|Maltese]]
| 31,645
| 0.01
| 39,600
| 0.0
| 40,159
| 0.0
| 39,985
| 0.01
| {{gain}}0.97%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Manx American|Manx]]
| 9,220
| 0.00
| 6,317
| 0.0
| 6,955
| 0.0
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Czech American|Moravian]]
|
|
| 3,781
| 0.0
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Scotch-Irish American|Northern Irish]]
| 16,418
| 0.01
| 4,009
| 0.0
| 3,693
| 0.0
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]]
| 3,453,839
| 1.52
| 3,869,395
| 1.6
| 4,477,725
| 1.6
| 4,454,964
| 1.40
| {{gain}}15.13%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Pennsylvania German]]
|
|
| 305,841
| 0.1
| 255,807
| 0.1
| 301,483
| 0.09
| {{loss}}1.42%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Polish American|Polish]]
| 8,228,037
| 3.63
| 9,366,106
| 3.8
| 8,977,444
| 3.2
| 9,344,126
| 2.93
| {{loss}}0.23%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Portuguese American|Portuguese]]
| 1,024,351
| 0.45
| 1,153,351
| 0.5
| 1,177,112
| 0.4
| 1,367,476
| 0.43
| {{gain}}18.57%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[German American|Prussian]]
|
|
| 25,469
| 0.0
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Romanian American|Romanian]]
| 315,258
| 0.14
| 365,544
| 0.1
| 367,310
| 0.1
| 459,841
| 0.14
| {{gain}}25.80%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Russian American|Russian]]
| 2,781,432
| 1.23
| 2,952,987
| 1.2
| 2,652,214
| 0.9
| 2,795,443
| 0.88
| {{loss}}5.34%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[German American|Saxon]]
|
|
| 4,519
| 0.0
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Scandinavian American|Scandinavian]]
| 475,007
| 0.21
| 678,880
| 0.3
| 425,099
| 0.2
| 629,819
| 0.20
| {{loss}}7.23%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Irish]]
|
|
| 5,617,773
| 2.3
| 4,319,232
| 1.5
| 3,056,848
| 0.96
| {{loss}}45.59%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Scottish American|Scottish]]
| 10,048,816
| 4.44
| 5,393,581
| 2.2
| 4,890,581
| 1.7
| 5,457,798
| 1.71
| {{gain}}1.19%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Serbian American|Serbian]]
| 100,941
| 0.04
| 116,795
| 0.0
| 140,337
| 0.0
| 189,425
| 0.06
| {{gain}}62.19%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Sicilian American|Sicilian]]
|
|
| 50,389
| 0.0
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Slavic American|Slavic]]
| 172,696
| 0.08
| 76,931
| 0.0
| 127,137
| 0.0
| 125,571
| 0.04
| {{gain}}63.23%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Slovak American|Slovak]]
| 776,806
| 0.34
| 1,882,897
| 0.8
| 797,764
| 0.3
| 714,557
| 0.22
| {{loss}}62.05%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Slovenian American|Slovene]]
| 126,463
| 0.06
| 124,437
| 0.1
| 176,691
| 0.1
| 172,511
| 0.05
| {{gain}}38.63%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Russian American|Soviet]]
|
|
| 7,729
| 0.0
|
|
| 2,459
| 0.00
| {{loss}}68.18%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Spanish American|Spaniard]]
| 94,528
| 0.04
| 360,935
| 0.1
| 299,948<ref>{{cite web |title=Ancestry: 2000 – Table 2 |url=https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/ancestry.pdf |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=November 21, 2018}}</ref>
| 0.1
| 768,252<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 American Community Survey – Hispanic or Latino Origin |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/B03001 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213004730/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/B03001 |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 0.24
| {{gain}}112.85%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Swedish American|Swedish]]
| 4,345,392
| 1.92
| 4,680,863
| 1.9
| 3,998,310
| 1.4
| 3,908,762
| 1.23
| {{loss}}16.49%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Swiss American|Swiss]]
| 981,543
| 0.43
| 1,045,495
| 0.4
| 911,502
| 0.3
| 937,376
| 0.29
| {{loss}}10.34%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Ukrainian American|Ukrainian]]
| 730,056
| 0.32
| 740,723
| 0.3
| 892,922
| 0.3
| 986,597
| 0.31
| {{gain}}33.19%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Welsh American|Welsh]]
| 1,664,598
| 0.73
| 2,033,893
| 0.8
| 1,753,794
| 0.6
| 1,805,577
| 0.57
| {{loss}}11.23%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[German American|West German]]
|
|
| 3,885
| 0.0
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Yugoslav American|Yugoslavian]]
| 360,174
| 0.16
| 257,994
| 0.1
| 328,547
| 0.1
| 276,360
| 0.09
| {{gain}}7.12%
|-
|}

;Notes
* [[Jewish Americans]], particularly those of [[Ashkenazi]] and [[Sephardi]] descent, are a diaspora population with origins in [[Middle East|South Western Asia]], but are often classified as White rather than Asian. In addition, all of the original peoples of the Middle East are classified as White by the US Census Bureau.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=humbiol_preprints |title=No Evidence from Genome-Wide Data of a Khazar Origin for the Ashkenazi Jews |format=PDF |accessdate=February 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans |journal = Nature|volume = 513|issue = 7518|pages = 409–413|arxiv = 1312.6639|doi = 10.1038/nature13673|year = 2014|last1 = Lazaridis|first1 = Iosif|last2 = Patterson|first2 = Nick|last3 = Mittnik|first3 = Alissa|last4 = Renaud|first4 = Gabriel|last5 = Mallick|first5 = Swapan|last6 = Kirsanow|first6 = Karola|last7 = Sudmant|first7 = Peter H.|last8 = Schraiber|first8 = Joshua G.|last9 = Castellano|first9 = Sergi|last10 = Lipson|first10 = Mark|last11 = Berger|first11 = Bonnie|last12 = Economou|first12 = Christos|last13 = Bollongino|first13 = Ruth|last14 = Fu|first14 = Qiaomei|last15 = Bos|first15 = Kirsten I.|last16 = Nordenfelt|first16 = Susanne|last17 = Li|first17 = Heng|last18 = De Filippo|first18 = Cesare|last19 = Prüfer|first19 = Kay|last20 = Sawyer|first20 = Susanna|last21 = Posth|first21 = Cosimo|last22 = Haak|first22 = Wolfgang|last23 = Hallgren|first23 = Fredrik|last24 = Fornander|first24 = Elin|last25 = Rohland|first25 = Nadin|last26 = Delsate|first26 = Dominique|last27 = Francken|first27 = Michael|last28 = Guinet|first28 = Jean-Michel|last29 = Wahl|first29 = Joachim|last30 = Ayodo|first30 = George|displayauthors = 29|bibcode = 2014Natur.513..409L|pmid = 25230663|pmc = 4170574}}</ref>
* [[Romani Americans]] are a diaspora group with origins in [[South Asia]], but Romani of European descent are sometimes classified as European.

== Culture ==
[[File:Motherhood and apple pie.jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|right|American cultural icons, [[apple pie]], [[baseball]], and the [[American flag]]. All have European influence primarily from the British.]]
[[File:Dean Franklin - 06.04.03 Mount Rushmore Monument (by-sa)-3 new.jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|right|[[Mount Rushmore]] was sculpted by [[Danish-American]] [[Gutzon Borglum]]. Sculptures of the heads of former [[President of the United States|U.S. presidents]] [[George Washington|Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]], [[Theodore Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] and [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]]. It has become an iconic symbol of the United States.<ref>[http://www.mountrushmoreinfo.com/ Mount Rushmore National Memorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902021632/http://www.mountrushmoreinfo.com/ |date=September 2, 2011 }}. December 6, 2005.60 SD Web Traveler, Inc. Retrieved April 7, 2006.</ref>]]

European-American culture forms the basis of the [[culture of the United States]]. As the largest component of the American population, the overall American culture deeply reflects the European-influenced culture that predates the United States of America as an independent state. Much of American culture shows influences from the diverse nations of the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]], such as the [[English Americans|English]], [[Irish Americans|Irish]], [[Cornish Americans|Cornish]], [[Manx Americans|Manx]], [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]] and [[Welsh Americans|Welsh]]. Colonial ties to [[Great Britain]] spread the [[English language]], legal system and other cultural attributes.<ref name="books.google.co.uk" /> Scholar [[David Hackett Fischer]] asserts in ''[[Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America]]'' that the folkways of four groups of people who moved from distinct regions of the [[United Kingdom]] to the [[United States]] persisted and provide a substantial cultural basis for much of the modern [[United States]].<ref>David Hackett Fischer, ''Albion's Seed'' (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 6</ref> Fischer explains "the origins and stability of a social system which for two centuries has remained stubbornly [[democracy|democratic]] in its politics, [[capitalism|capitalist]] in its economy, [[libertarianism|libertarian]] in its laws and [[individualism|individualist]] in its society and [[cultural pluralism|pluralistic]] in its culture."<ref>Hackett Fischer, David. ''Albion's Seed'' Oxford University Press, 1989.</ref>

Much of the European-American cultural lineage can be traced back to [[Western Europe|Western]] and [[Northern Europe]], which is institutionalized in the government, traditions, and civic education in the United States.<ref name=Kirk>Kirk, Russell. The Heritage Lecture Series. "America Should Strengthen its European Cultural Roots." Washington D.C:1949</ref>
Since most later European Americans have assimilated into American culture, most European Americans now generally express their individual ethnic ties sporadically and symbolically and do not consider their specific ethnic origins to be essential to their identity; however, European American ethnic expression has been revived since the 1960s.<ref name=Randolph /> Some European Americans such as [[Italian American|Italians]], [[Greek Americans|Greeks]], [[Polish Americans|Poles]], [[German Americans|Germans]], [[Ukrainian Americans|Ukrainians]], [[Irish Americans|Irish]], and others have maintained high levels of ethnic identity. In the 1960s, Mexican Americans, Jewish Americans, and African Americans started exploring their cultural traditions as the ideal of cultural pluralism took hold.<ref name=Randolph /> European Americans followed suit by exploring their individual cultural origins and having less shame of expressing their unique cultural heritage.<ref name=Randolph />

=== American flag ===
* '''[[Flag of the United States]]''' – Based on the first flag of the [[United States of America]] the [[Grand Union Flag]] was first flown on December 2, 1775.

=== Law ===
The [[Law of the United States|American legal system]] also has its roots in [[France|French]] philosophy with the separation of powers and the federal system<ref>[[Separation of powers#Checks and balances]]</ref> along with [[English law]] in common law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.llrx.com/features/otherthanenglish.htm |title=Features – Sources of United States of America Legal Information in Languages Other than English – LLRX.com |accessdate=March 17, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140249/http://www.llrx.com/features/otherthanenglish.htm |archivedate=April 2, 2015 }}</ref> For example, elements of the [[Magna Carta]] in it contain provisions on criminal law that were incorporated into the Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution.
It as well as other documents had elements influencing and incorporated into the [[United States Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.jrank.org/pages/11657/Magna-Charta.html |title=Magna Charta – Magna Charta |accessdate=March 17, 2015}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Cuisine of the United States}}
* '''[[Apple pie]]''' – [[New England]] was the first region to experience large-scale [[English colonial empire|English colonization]] in the early 17th century, beginning in 1620, and it was dominated by [[East Anglia]]n Calvinists, better known as the [[Puritan]]s. Baking was a particular favorite of the New Englanders and was the origin of dishes seen today as quintessentially "American", such as [[apple pie]] and the oven-roasted [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] turkey.<ref>Fischer, pp. 74, 114, 134–39.</ref> "As American as apple pie" is a well-known phrase used to suggest that something is all-American.
* '''[[Hamburger]]''' – Invented in the [[United States]] and known as "Hamburger" after [[Germans|German]] immigrants from [[Hamburg]] who named the unnamed food,<ref>according to a theory; see [[Hamburger]]</ref> this cultural and widely known icon has trans international reach and has been internationally known for decades as a symbol of American [[fast food]].
* '''[[Maxwell Street Polish|Maxwell Street Polish Hot Dog]]''' – Consists of a grilled or fried length of [[Kielbasa|Polish sausage]] topped with grilled [[onion]]s and [[Mustard (condiment)|yellow mustard]] and optional pickled whole, green [[sport pepper]]s, served on a bun. The sandwich traces its origins to [[Chicago]]'s [[Maxwell Street]] market, and has been called one of "the classic foods synonymous with Chicago".<ref>Clark, Sandy Thorne. (June 26, 2006), "Getting a taste of Chicago: City's signature flavors have tourists and locals lining up for more, more, more", ''Chicago Sun-Times'', S1.</ref>
* '''[[Buffalo wings]]''' – Invented in 1964 at [[Anchor Bar]] in [[Buffalo, New York]] by Italian-American Teressa Bellissimo. Now popular all over the country it has become a symbol of American cuisine.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Mz5tt-4yHIQC&pg=PA321&dq=teressa+bellissimo+italian+buffalo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij-ZWD3-neAhVHJsAKHZq3CJQQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=teressa%20bellissimo%20italian%20buffalo&f=false The Italian American Cookbook: A Feast of Food from a Great American Cooking] – By John Mariani, Galina Mariani</ref>

=== Thanksgiving ===
* '''[[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]]''' – In the United States, it has become a national secular holiday (official since [[Thanksgiving (United States)|1863]]) with religious origins. The first Thanksgiving was celebrated by [[English people|English]] settlers to give thanks to God and the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] for helping the [[Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] of [[Plymouth Colony]] survive the brutal winter.<ref>William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation 1620–1647, 85</ref> The modern Thanksgiving holiday traces its origins from a 1621 celebration at the Plymouth Plantation, where the Plymouth settlers held a harvest feast with the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] after a successful growing season. [[William Bradford (Plymouth governor)|William Bradford]] is credited as the first to proclaim the American cultural event which is generally referred to as the "[[Thanksgiving#The "First" Thanksgiving?|First Thanksgiving]]".

=== Sports ===
{{See also|Origins of baseball}}
* '''[[Baseball]]''' – The earliest recorded game of base-ball involved the family of the [[George II of Great Britain|Prince of Wales]], played indoors in London in November 1748. The Prince is reported as playing "Bass-Ball" again in September 1749 in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, against Lord Middlesex.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why isn't baseball more popular in the UK?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23425907|accessdate=March 1, 2018|first=Nate|last=Sulat|work=[[BBC News Online]]|location=New York|date=July 26, 2013}}</ref> English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on [[Easter Monday]] 1755 in [[Guildford]], [[Surrey]]; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7622026.stm |title=UK – England – Baseball 'origin' uncovered |publisher=BBC |accessdate=February 4, 2015 |date=September 17, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/southtoday/content/articles/2008/09/09/baseball_feature.shtml |title=BBC – South Today – Features – Baseball history |publisher=BBC}}</ref> This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by English immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in "[[A Little Pretty Pocket-Book]]" in 1744, where it is called Base-Ball.
* '''[[American football]]''' – can be traced to modified early versions of [[rugby football]] played in [[England]] and [[Canadian football]] mixed with and ultimately changed by [[United States|American]] innovations which led over time to the finished version of the game from 1876 to now. The basic set of rules were first developed in American universities in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhBw1RpvhLwC&pg=PA89 |title=The New American Sport History |accessdate=February 4, 2015|isbn=9780252065675 |last1=Pope |first1=S. W. |last2=Pope |first2=Steven W. |year=1997 }}</ref>

=== Music ===
Another area of cultural influence are [[American patriotic music|American Patriotic songs]]:
* '''[[The Star-Spangled Banner|American National Anthem]]''' – takes its melody from the 18th-century English song "[[To Anacreon in Heaven]]" written by [[John Stafford Smith]] for the [[Anacreontic Society]], a men's social club in London and lyrics written by American [[Francis Scott Key]]. This became a well-known and recognized patriotic song throughout the United States, which was officially designated as the American national anthem in 1931.<ref>{{cite web |title=John Stafford Smith: Composer of the Star Spangled Banner |url=http://www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm |publisher=visit-gloucestershire.co.uk |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711181457/http://www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm |archivedate=July 11, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcpl.net/~etowner/anthem.html |title=Fort McHenry: Birthplace of Our National Anthem |work=bcpl.net |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721004503/http://www.bcpl.net/~etowner/anthem.html |archivedate=July 21, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.contemplator.com/america/ssbanner.html |title=Star Spangled Banner |author=Lesley Nelson |work=contemplator.com |accessdate=February 4, 2015}}</ref>
Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom.

* '''[[Amazing Grace]]''' – written by English poet and [[clergyman]] [[John Newton]]. Popular among [[African Americans]], it became an icon in American culture and has been used for a variety of secular purposes and marketing campaigns.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=894060 |title=Amazing Grace |date=December 29, 2002 |publisher=NPR |accessdate=March 24, 2015}}</ref>
* '''[[Hail, Columbia]]''' – initial presidential inauguration song up until early 20th century. Now used for the [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]].
* '''[[Battle Hymn of the Republic]]''' – Patriotic song sung during the civil war time between 1861 and 1865.

=== Automotive industry ===
[[File:Ford Henry.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Henry Ford]], 1934]]
* '''[[David Dunbar Buick]]''' was a [[Scotland|Scottish]]-born American, a [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]]-based inventor, best known for founding the [[Buick]] Motor Company.
* '''[[Louis Chevrolet]]''' was a [[Swiss Americans|Swiss]]-born American race car driver who co-founded the [[Chevrolet]] Motor Car Company in 1911.
* '''[[Henry Ford]]''' was of [[Anglo-Irish]] and Belgian descent who was the founder of the [[Ford Motor Company]].
* '''[[Harley-Davidson]]''' – The Davidson brothers, two of the three founders of one of the largest and most recognizable American [[motorcycle]] manufacturers, were of Scottish descent (William. A., Walter and [[Arthur Davidson (motorcycling)|Arthur Davidson]]). The third founder, [[William S. Harley]], was of English descent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clutchandchrome.com/Articles/Littleport.htm |title=Harley: The Littleport Connection "Without Littleport, there'd be no Harley-Davidson" |publisher=clutchandchrome.com |accessdate=March 24, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421100954/http://clutchandchrome.com/Articles/Littleport.htm |archivedate=April 21, 2006}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
=== Royalty ===
* [[John Owen Dominis]] – European-American statesman, Prince, married to Queen [[Liliʻuokalani]] ([[Kingdom of Hawaii]]; of the [[House of Kalākaua]]).
* [[Wallis Simpson]] – European-American actress, Duchess of Windsor, married to King [[Edward VIII]], leading to [[Edward VIII abdication crisis|his abdication]] ([[United Kingdom]]; of the [[House of Windsor]]).
* [[Grace Kelly]] – European-American actress, Princess, married to [[Prince Rainier III]] ([[Monaco|Principality of Monaco]]; of the [[House of Grimaldi]]).
* [[Hope Cooke]] – Irish-American writer, Gyalmo, married to [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]] ([[Kingdom of Sikkim]]; of the [[Chogyal#List of Chogyals of Sikkim (1642–1975)|Namgyal dynasty]]).
* [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex|Meghan Markle]] – [[Multiracial Americans|multiracial]] ([[African Americans|African-American]] and European-American) actress, Duchess of Sussex, married to [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex|Prince Harry]] (United Kingdom; of the House of Windsor).

== Admixture in Non-Hispanic Whites ==
Some White Americans have varying amounts of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American Indian]] and [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n ancestry. In a recent study, Gonçalves et al. 2007 reported [[Haplogroup L (mtDNA)|Sub-Saharan]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|mtDna]] lineages at a frequency of 3.1% (respectively 0.9% and 2.2%) in European Americans, although that frequency may be scattered by region.<ref>Sample of 1387 American Caucasian individuals catalogued in the FBI mtDNA population database, Gonçalves et al. 2007, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17573655 Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108005424/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17573655 |date=November 8, 2017 }}</ref>

DNA analysis on White Americans by geneticist [[Mark D. Shriver]] showed an average of 0.7% Sub-Saharan African admixture and 3.2% Native American admixture.<ref>Shriver, et al., "[http://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/38568440/admixture/shriver01.pdf Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230031612/https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/38568440/admixture/shriver01.pdf |date=December 30, 2014 }}, ''[[Human Genetics (journal)|Hum Genet]]'' (2003) 112 : 387–39.</ref> The same author, in another study, claimed that about 30% of all White Americans, approximately 66 million people, have a median of 2.3% of [[Black Africa]]n admixture.<ref>{{cite web |authorlink=Steve Sailer |author=Sailer, Steve |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2002/05/08/Analysis-White-prof-finds-hes-not-2/UPI-53561020909970 |title=Analysis: White prof finds he's not. |agency=[[United Press International]] |date=May 8, 2002}}</ref> Later, Shriver retracted his statement, saying that actually around 5% of White Americans exhibit some detectable level of African ancestry.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wootan |first=Jim |authorlink=Jim Wooten |url=https://abcnews.go.com/sections/Nightline/SciTech/racial_identity_031228.html |title=Race Reversal Man Lives as 'Black' for 50 Years – Then Finds Out He's Probably Not |publisher=[[ABC News]] |date=December 2003 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803055203/https://abcnews.go.com/sections/Nightline/SciTech/racial_identity_031228.html |archivedate=August 3, 2004}}</ref>

From the [[23andMe]] database, about 5 to at least 13 percent of self-identified White American Southerners have greater than 1 percent African ancestry.<ref name=23andme /> [[Southern United States|Southern states]] with the highest African American populations, tended to have the highest percentages of hidden African ancestry.<ref name="Hadly">Scott Hadly, "Hidden African Ancestry Redux", ''[http://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/dna-usa-2/ DNA USA*] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322002312/http://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/dna-usa-2/ |date=March 22, 2015 }}'', [[23andMe]], March 4, 2014.</ref> White Americans (European Americans) on average are: "98.6 percent European, 0.19 percent African and 0.18 percent Native American." Inferred British/Irish ancestry is found in European Americans from all states at mean proportions of
above 20%, and represents a majority of ancestry, above 50% mean proportion, in states such
as Mississippi, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Scandinavian
ancestry in European Americans is highly localized; most states show only trace mean
proportions of Scandinavian ancestry, while it comprises a significant proportion, upwards of
10%, of ancestry in European Americans from Minnesota and the Dakotas.<ref name=23andme>{{cite biorxiv |biorxiv=10.1101/009340 |title=The genetic ancestry of African, Latino, and European Americans across the United States |year=2014 |last1=Bryc |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Durand |first2=Eric Y |last3=MacPherson |first3=J Michael |last4=Reich |first4=David |last5=Mountain |first5=Joanna}}</ref><ref name="Hadly" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|United States|Europe}}
* [[American ethnicity]]
* [[Anglo]]
* [[Ethnic groups in Europe]]
* [[European Canadians]]
* [[Anti-Europeanism|Europhobia]]
* [[Immigration to the United States]]
* [[Melting pot]]
* [[Non-Hispanic Whites]]
* [[Stereotypes of white Americans|Stereotypes of European Americans]]
* [[White Americans]]
* [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]]
* [[White ethnic]]
* [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans]]
* [[White Southerners]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{European Americans}}
{{Demographics of the United States}}
{{European diasporas}}
{{White people}}

[[Category:American people of European descent| ]]
[[Category:European-American society| ]]
[[Category:European-American culture]]
[[Category:European diaspora in North America]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]]
[[Category:Transatlantic relations]]

European emigration

2020-03-12T18:40:27Z

209.160.254.202:

{{short description|European-descended people living outside Europe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group =
| caption =
| pop = '''510,000,000 +''' 6.5% of the total world population (world population of 7.4 [[1,000,000,000|billion]]).<ref>[http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ Current World Population 2016] worldometers</ref> (''not counting partial European descent'')
| popplace =
| region1 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| pop1 = 234,370,202
| ref1 = <ref name=acs17>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/B03002/0100000US|title=B03002 Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race - United States - 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|date=July 1, 2017 |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date=October 11, 2018}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| pop2 = 91,000,000
| ref2 = <ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0017063|title = The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil is More Uniform Than Expected|journal = PLOS ONE|volume = 6|issue = 2|pages = e17063|year = 2011|last1 = Pena|first1 = Sérgio D. J.|last2 = Di Pietro|first2 = Giuliano|last3 = Fuchshuber-Moraes|first3 = Mateus|last4 = Genro|first4 = Julia Pasqualini|last5 = Hutz|first5 = Mara H.|last6 = Kehdy|first6 = Fernanda de Souza Gomes|last7 = Kohlrausch|first7 = Fabiana|last8 = Magno|first8 = Luiz Alexandre Viana|last9 = Montenegro|first9 = Raquel Carvalho|last10 = Moraes|first10 = Manoel Odorico|last11 = Moraes|first11 = Maria Elisabete Amaral de|last12 = Moraes|first12 = Milene Raiol de|last13 = Ojopi|first13 = Élida B.|last14 = Perini|first14 = Jamila A.|last15 = Racciopi|first15 = Clarice|last16 = Ribeiro-Dos-Santos|first16 = Ândrea Kely Campos|last17 = Rios-Santos|first17 = Fabrício|last18 = Romano-Silva|first18 = Marco A.|last19 = Sortica|first19 = Vinicius A.|last20 = Suarez-Kurtz|first20 = Guilherme|bibcode = 2011PLoSO...617063P|pmc = 3040205}}</ref><ref>http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-17122010-142628/pt-br.php</ref>
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Mexico}}
| pop3 = 16,000,000 - 56,000,000
| ref3 = <ref name="Lizcano">{{cite web|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|first=Francisco|last=Lizcano Fernández|page=218|publisher=UAEM|date=2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920172933/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="Mexico: People; Ethnic groups">{{cite web|title=Mexico: People; Ethnic groups|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html#People|work=CIA World Factbook|accessdate=26 November 2007}}</ref><ref name="Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS 2017">[http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf "21 de Marzo Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial" pag.7], ''CONAPRED'', Mexico, 21 March. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.</ref><ref name="conapred.org.mx">[http://www.conapred.org.mx/userfiles/files/Enadis-2010-RG-Accss-002.pdf "Encuesta Nacional Sobre Discriminación en Mexico”], "CONAPRED", Mexico DF, June 2011. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.</ref>
| region4 = {{flagcountry|Argentina}}
| pop4 = 36,000,000
| ref4 = <ref name="CIAWFARG">{{cite web|title=South America : Argentina : People and society|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html|website=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop5 = 27,386,890
| ref5 = <ref name="Ancestry in Canada">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1|title=National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011|accessdate=17 June 2015|date=2013-05-08}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flagcountry|Colombia}}
| pop6 = 19,500,350
| ref6 = <ref name="Colombia: a country study">{{cite book|last=Bushnell|first=David|editor=Rex A. Hudson|title=Colombia: A Country Study|url=https://archive.org/details/colombiacountrys00huds/page/87|year=2010|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-8444-9502-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/colombiacountrys00huds/page/87 87]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="schwartzman">{{cite web|first=Simon|last=Schwartzman|author-link=Simon Schwartzman|url=http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/coesion_etnia.pdf|title=Étnia, condiciones de vida y discriminación|trans-title=Ethnicity, living conditions and discrimination|language=es|website=schwartzman.org|date=27 January 2008|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref>
| region7 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| pop7 = 18,500,000
| ref7 = <ref>https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/Leading%20for%20Change_Blueprint2018_FINAL_Web.pdf</ref>
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
| pop8 = 13,094,085
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.ve/CENSO2011/documentos/pdf/ResultadosBasicosCenso2011.pdf|title=Resultado Basico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011|trans-title=Basic Results of the XIV National Population and Housing Census 2011|language=es|publisher=National Institute of Statistics of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela|location=Caracas|page=14|date=9 August 2012|accessdate=1 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=95&Itemid=9|title=Demográficos: Censos de Población y Vivienda: Población Proyectada al 2016 - Base Censo 2011|trans-title=Demographics: Population and Housing Censuses: Population Projected to 2016 - Census Base 2011|language=es|publisher=National Institute of Statistics|accessdate=1 March 2017|postscript=: adaption of the 42.2% white people from the census with current estimates}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{cite web|title=Ethnic groups|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)|accessdate=14 September 2013}}</ref>
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Chile}}
| pop9 = 10,000,000 - 13,020,000
| ref9 = <ref name="BritannicaCL">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Chile|url=http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-198552/Chile|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=15 September 2012|quote=Chile's ethnic makeup is largely a product of Spanish colonization. About three-fourths of Chileans are mestizo, a mixture of European and Amerindian ancestries. One fifth of Chileans are of white European (mainly Spanish) descent.}}</ref><ref name=E.Medina-and-A.M.Kaempffer>{{cite web|first1=Ernesto |last1=Medina Lois |author2=Ana María Kaempffer R. |url=http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/ |title=Elementos de Salud Pública: 5.2.6. Estructura racial |trans-title=Elements of Public Health: 5.2.6. Racial structure |language=es |publisher=Universidad de Chile |accessdate=26 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603230454/http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20140428informenacional/46_tabla_II_4.pdf|archivedate=3 June 2014}}</ref>
|region11 = {{flagcountry|South Africa}}
| pop11 = 4,586,838
| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf|title=Census 2011 Census in brief, Report No. 03-01-41|work=Statistics South Africa|date=2012|accessdate=21 January 2016}}</ref>
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Costa Rica}}
| pop12 = 3,900,000
| ref12 = <ref name=Lizcano/>
| region13 = {{flagcountry|Uruguay}}
| pop13 = 3,101,095
| ref13 = <ref name="enha-asc">{{cite book|editor=Juan José Calvo|first1=Wanda|last1=Cabella|author2=Mathías Nathan|author3=Mariana Tenenbaum|url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/Atlas_Sociodemografico/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf|title=Atlas sociodemográfico y de la desigualdad del Uruguay, Fascículo 2: La población afro-uruguaya en el Censo 2011: Ancestry|trans-title=Atlas of socio-demographics and inequality in Uruguay, Part 2: The Afro-Uruguayan population in the 2011 Census|language=es|publisher=Uruguay National Institute of Statistics|date=December 2013|isbn=978-9974-32-625-5|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209083630/http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/Atlas_Sociodemografico/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf|archivedate=9 February 2014}}</ref>
| region14 = {{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}
| pop14 = 3,064,862
| ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|author=2010 Census Data |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102032304/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |archivedate=2011-01-02 |title=2010 Census Data|publisher=2010.census.gov |date= |accessdate=2011-10-30}}</ref>
| region15 = {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
| pop15 = 2,969,391
| ref15 = <ref name="2013 QuickStats">{{cite web|title=Cultural diversity|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-about-national-highlights/cultural-diversity.aspx|work=2013 Census QuickStats about national highlights|publisher=Statistics New Zealand|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=en-nz|date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
| region16 = {{flagcountry|Guatemala}}
| pop16 = 1,320,000
| ref16 = <ref name="INE">[http://www.ine.gob.gt/sistema/uploads/2014/02/26/5eTCcFlHErnaNVeUmm3iabXHaKgXtw0C.pdf INE- Caracterización estadística República de Guatemala 2012] Retrieved, 2015/04/17.</ref>
| region17 = {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}
| pop17 = 2,000,000+
| ref17 = <ref name="CIA"/>
| region18 = {{flagcountry|Ecuador}}
| pop18 = 1,400,000+
| ref18 = <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080402132253/http://190.95.171.13:8080/website/MAPAS_TEMATICOS/cpv_poblacion.html Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo del Ecuador INEC.]</ref>
| region19 = {{flagcountry|Peru}}
| pop19 = 1,920,900
| ref19 = <ref name="census2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page = 220 |website = Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática}}</ref>
| region20 = {{flagcountry|Paraguay}}
| pop20 = 1,200,000+
| ref20 = <ref name=Lizcano/>
| region21 = {{flagcountry|Nicaragua}}
| pop21 = 1,000,000+
| ref21 = <ref name="CIA"/>
| region22 = {{flagcountry|Bolivia}}
| pop22 = 300,000+
| ref22 = <ref name="CIA"/>
| langs = [[Languages of Europe]] (mostly English, Spanish, minority of [[Portuguese Language|Portuguese]] and French)
| rels = [[File:P christianity.svg|18px]] Majority [[Christianity]] (mostly [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] and [[Protestant]], some [[Eastern Orthodox|Orthodox]]) [[Irreligion]] {{·}}[[Religion|Other Religions]]
| related = [[Europeans]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
'''European emigration''' can be defined as subsequent [[Ethnic groups in Europe|emigration waves from the European continent]] to other continents. The origins of the various European [[diaspora]]s<ref>The use of the term "diaspora" in reference to people of European national or ethnic origins is contested and debated- {{Cite book|title=Diaspora and transnationalism : concepts, theories and methods|date=2010|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|others=Bauböck, Rainer., Faist, Thomas, 1959-|isbn=9789089642387|location=Amsterdam|oclc=657637171}}</ref> can be traced to the people who left the European nation states or stateless ethnic communities on the European continent.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SRWSe7s_xUIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=european+emigration&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3z7bFi53SAhWJLsAKHZRGDxEQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=european%20emigration&f=false"To Make America": European Emigration in the Early Modern Period] edited by Ida Altman, James P. P. Horn (Page: 3 onwards)</ref>

From 1815 to 1932, 60 million people left Europe (with many returning home), primarily to "areas of European settlement" in the Americas (especially to the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], and [[Uruguay]]<ref name="books.google.co.uk"/>), [[Australia]],<ref name="MascitelliMycak2016">{{cite book|last1=De Lazzari|first1=Chiara|author2=Bruno Mascitelli|editor1=Bruno Mascitelli|editor2=Sonia Mycak|editor3=Gerardo Papalia|title=The European Diaspora in Australia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrT6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203|accessdate=28 February 2017|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-9419-7|page=203|chapter=Migrant "Assimilation" in Australia: The Adult Migrant English Program from 1947 to 1971}}</ref> [[New Zealand]] and [[Siberia]].<ref name="European Migration"/>
These populations also multiplied rapidly in their new habitat; much more so than the populations of Africa and [[Asia]]. As a result, on the eve of [[World War I]], 38% of the world's total population was of European ancestry.<ref name="European Migration">{{cite web|url=http://historydoctor.net/Advanced%20Placement%20European%20History/Notes/european_migration_and_imperiali.htm|title=European Migration and Imperialism|publisher=historydoctor.net|accessdate=14 September 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122193228/http://historydoctor.net/Advanced%20Placement%20European%20History/Notes/european_migration_and_imperiali.htm|archivedate=22 November 2010|quote=The population of Europe entered its third and decisive stage in the early eighteenth century. Birthrates declined, but death rates also declined as the standard of living and advances in medical science provided for longer life spans. The population of Europe including Russia more than doubled from 188 million in 1800 to 432 million in 1900. From 1815 through 1932, sixty million people left Europe, primarily to "areas of European settlement," in North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Siberia. These populations also multiplied rapidly in their new habitat; much more so than the populations of Africa and Asia. As a result, on the eve of World War I (1914), 38 percent of the world's total population was of European ancestry. This growth in population provided further impetus for European expansion, and became the driving force behind emigration. Rising populations put pressure on land, and land hunger and led to "land hunger." Millions of people went abroad in search of work or economic opportunity. The Irish, who left for America during the great Potato famine, were an extreme but not unique example. Ultimately, one third of all European migrants came from the British Isles between 1840 and 1920. [[Italians]] also migrated in large numbers because of poor economic conditions in their home country. German migration also was steady until industrial conditions in Germany improved when the wave of migration slowed. Less than one half of all migrants went to the United States, although it absorbed the largest number of European migrants. Others went to Asiatic Russia, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Australia and New Zealand.}}</ref>

More contemporary, European emigration can also refer to emigration from one European country to another, especially in the context of the internal mobility in the European Union ([[Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union|intra-EU mobility]]) or mobility within the [[Eurasian Union]].

From 1500 to the mid-20th century, 60-65 million people left Europe, of which less than 5% went to tropical areas (the [[Caribbean]], [[Asia]], [[Maghreb]] and [[Sub-Saharan Africa]])<ref>[https://www.cairn.info/revue-annales-de-demographie-historique-2007-1-page-13.html# Pour une approche démographique de l'expansion coloniale de l'Europe Bouda Etemad Dans Annales de démographie historique 2007/1 (n° 113), pages 13 à 32]</ref>.

==History==
===8th - early 5th century BC: Greeks===
[[File:Greek Colonization Archaic Period.png|thumb|alt=Map of Greek coastal settlements throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea|270px|Map of Greek territories and colonies during the Archaic period. (800–480 BC)]]

In [[Archaic Greece]], trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes from the [[Balkans]] and [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] propagated [[Greek culture]], religion and [[Greek language|language]] around the Mediterranean and [[Black Sea]] basins. Greek [[city-state]]s were established in Southern Europe, northern [[Libya]] and the Black Sea coast, and the Greeks founded over 400 colonies in these areas.<ref>Jerry H. Bentley, Herbert F. Ziegler, "Traditions and Encounters, 2/e," Chapter 10: [http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424354/student_view0/chapter10/table_of_contents.html "Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306063142/http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072424354/student_view0/chapter10/table_of_contents.html |date=2012-03-06 }} (McGraw-Hill, 2003)</ref>
[[Alexander the Great]]'s conquest of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] marked the beginning of the [[Hellenistic period]], which was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa; the Greek ruling classes established their presence in [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Egypt]], [[Seleucid Empire|southwest Asia]], and [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Northwest India]].<ref>[http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/10hellenism.html Hellenistic Civilization] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705195541/http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/10hellenism.html |date=July 5, 2008 }}</ref>
Many Greeks migrated to the new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as geographically-dispersed as [[Uzbekistan]]<ref>"[[Menander I|Menander]] became the ruler of a kingdom extending along the coast of western India, including the whole of [[Saraostus|Saurashtra]] and the harbour [[Bharuch|Barukaccha]]. His territory also included Mathura, the Punjab, Gandhara and the Kabul Valley", Bussagli p101</ref> and [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/failaka.htm|title=Failaka Island|author=John Pike|website=Globalsecurity.org|accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref>

===1450-1800===
===Colonial settlers===
The European continent has been a central part of a complex [[migration system]], which included swaths of North Africa, the Middle East and [[Asia-Minor|Asia Minor]] well before the [[Modern Era]]. Yet, only the population growth of the late [[Middle Ages]] allowed for larger population movements, inside and outside of the continent.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Liberal states and the freedom of movement : selective borders, unequal mobility|date=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|others=Mau, Steffen, 1968-|isbn=9780230277847|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire|oclc=768167292}}</ref> The [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|discovery of the Americas]] in 1492 stimulated a steady stream of voluntary migration from Europe. About 200,000 [[Spanish people|Spaniards]] settled in their American colonies prior to 1600, a small settlement compared to the 3 to 4 million [[Amerindians]] who lived in [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish territory in the Americas]].

Roughly one and a half million Europeans settled in the New World between 1500 and 1800 (see table). The Table excludes European immigrants to the Spanish Empire from 1650-1800 and to Brazil from 1700 to 1800. While the absolute number of European emigrants during the [[early modern period]] was very small compared to later waves of migration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the relative size of these early modern migrations was nevertheless substantial.

During the 1500s, Spain and Portugal sent a steady flow of [[government official|government]] and church officials, members of the lesser [[nobility]], people from the working classes and their families averaging roughly three-thousand people per year from a population of around eight million. A total of around 437,000 left Spain in the 150-year period from 1500 to 1650 to [[Central America|Central]], [[South America]] and the [[Caribbean Islands]]. It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, one million in the 18th century, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=lvvynCzrJOwC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=emigraci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+a+las+indias+cifras#v=onepage&q=emigraci%C3%B3n%20espa%C3%B1ola%20a%20las%20indias%20cifras&f=false | title=La emigración española a América, 1765-1824| isbn=9788474688566| last1=MacIas| first1=Rosario Marquez| last2=MacÍas| first2=Rosario Márquez| year=1995}}</ref>

Between 1500 and 1700 only 100,000 [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] crossed the Atlantic to settle in [[Brazil]]. However, with the discovery of numerous highly productive gold mines in the Minas Gerais region, the Portuguese emigration to Brazil increased by fivefold. From 1500, when the Portuguese reached Brazil, until its independence in 1822, from 500,000 to 700,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil, 600,000 of whom arrived in the 18th century alone.<ref name="Levy">{{harv|Levy|Vasques|2014|p=250}}</ref> From 1700 til 1760 over half a million Portuguese immigrants entered Brazil. In the 18th century, thanks to the gold rush, the capital of the province of [[Minas Gerais]], the town of Villa Rica (today, [[Ouro Preto]]) became for a time one of the most populous cities in the New World. This massive influx of Portuguese immigration and influence created a city which remains to this day, one of the best examples of 18th century European architecture in the Americas.<ref name="books.google.co.uk"/>
However, the development of the mining economy in the 18th century raised wages and employment opportunities in the Portuguese colony and emigration increased: in the 18th century alone, about 600,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil, a mass emigration given that [[Portugal]] had a population of only 2 million people.<ref name="1944- 1988">{{Cite book|title=Origins : Canadian history to Confederation|last=1944-|first=Francis, R. D. (R. Douglas)|date=1988|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada|others=Jones, Richard, 1943-, Smith, Donald B.|isbn=978-0039217051|location=Toronto|oclc=16577780|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/originscanadianh00fran}}</ref>

Between one-half and two-thirds of European immigrants to the [[Thirteen Colonies]] between the 1630s and the [[American Revolution]] came under indentures.<ref name="Galenson 1984: 1">Galenson 1984: 1</ref> The practice was sufficiently common that the [[Habeas Corpus Act 1679]], in part, prevented imprisonments overseas; it also made provisions for those with existing transportation contracts and those "praying to be transported" in lieu of remaining in prison upon conviction.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp935-938#h3-0012 Charles II, 1679: An Act for the better secureing the Liberty of the Subject and for Prevention of Imprisonments beyond the Seas.], Statutes of the Realm: Volume 5, 1628–80, pp 935–938. Great Britain Record Commission, (1819)</ref> In any case, while half the European immigrants to the [[Thirteen Colonies]] had been indentured servants, at any one time they were outnumbered by workers who had never been indentured, or whose indenture had expired. Free wage labour was more common for Europeans in the colonies.<ref>John Donoghue, "Indentured Servitude in the 17th Century English Atlantic: A Brief Survey of the Literature," ''History Compass'' (2013) 11#10 pp 893–902.</ref> Indentured persons were numerically important mostly in the region from [[Virginia]] north to [[New Jersey]]. Other colonies saw far fewer of them. The total number of European immigrants to all 13 colonies before 1775 was about 500,000-550,000; of these 55,000 were [[penal transportation|involuntary prisoners]]. Of the 450,000 or so European arrivals who came voluntarily, Tomlins estimates that 48% were indentured.<ref>Christopher Tomlins, "Reconsidering Indentured Servitude: European Migration and the Early American Labor Force, 1600–1775," ''Labor History'' (2001) 42#1 pp 5–43, at p.</ref> About 75% were under the age of 25. The age of legal adulthood for men was 24 years; those over 24 generally came on contracts lasting about 3 years.<ref name="Tomlins 2001 at notes 31, 42, 66">Tomlins (2001) at notes 31, 42, 66</ref> Regarding the children who came, Gary Nash reports that, "many of the servants were actually nephews, nieces, cousins and children of friends of emigrating [[English people|Englishmen]], who paid their passage in return for their labour once in America."<ref>Gary Nash, '' The Urban Crucible: The Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution'' (1979) p 15</ref> Figures for immigration the Spanish Empire 1650-1800 and Brazil 1700-1800 are not given in the Table.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="4"| Number of European Emigrants 1500-1783
|-
! Country of Origin
! Number
! Period
|-
|align=left| [[Spain]] || 437,000|| 1500-1650
|-
|align=left| [[Portugal]] ||100,000 ||1500-1700
|-
|align=left| [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]|| 400,000|| 1607-1700
|-
|align=left| [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] (Totals) || 322,000|| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|1700-1780
|-
|align=left|      ''[[Scotland]], [[Ireland]]'' ||''190,000-250,000''
|-
|align=left| [[France]]|| 51,000|| 1608-1760
|-
|align=left| [[Germany]] ([[Southwestern Germany|Southwestern]], Totals)|| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 100,000|| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|1683-1783
|-
|align=left|      ''[[German-speaking Switzerland|Switzerland]]'', ''[[Alsace Lorraine]]''
|-
!align=center| Totals ||align=center|1,410,000 ||align=center|1500-1783
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;"|{{refbegin}}Source:<ref name="books.google.co.uk"/>{{refend}}
|}
[[File:William Allsworth - The emigrants - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|250px|Scottish Highland family migrating to [[New Zealand]].]]
In [[North America]], immigration was dominated by [[British people|British]], [[Irish people|Irish]], French and other Northern Europeans.<ref name="Boris Fauto. Fazer a América: a imigração em massa para a América Latina">Boris Fautos – Fazer a América: a imigração em massa para a América Latina."</ref> From 1650 to 1800, almost 800,000 Spaniards emigrated to the New World, especially under the Bourbon Dynasty in the 18th century. Emigration to [[New France]] laid the origins of modern [[Canada]], with important early immigration of colonists from Northern France.<ref name="1944- 1988"/>

===Post-independence emigration===
Mass European emigration to the [[Americas]], [[South Africa]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] took place in the 19th and 20th centuries. This was the effect of a dramatic [[demographic transition]] in 19th-century-Europe, subsequent wars and political changes on the continent. From the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] until 1920, some 60 million Europeans emigrated{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}. Of these, 71% went to North America, 21% to [[Latin America]] (mainly [[Argentina]] and [[Brazil]]) and 7% to Australia. About 11 million of these people went to Latin America, of whom 38% were [[Italian people|Italians]], 28% were Spaniards and 11% were Portuguese.<ref>{{cite web|author=Marília D. Klaumann Cánovas|url=http://www.cchla.ufpb.br/saeculum/saeculum11_art08_canovas.pdf|title=A GRANDE IMIGRAÇÃO EUROPÉIA PARA O BRASIL E O IMIGRANTE ESPANHOL NO CENÁRIO DA CAFEICULTURA PAULISTA: ASPECTOS DE UMA (IN)VISIBILIDADE|trans-title=The great European immigration to Brazil and immigrants within the Spanish scenario of the Paulista coffee plantations: one of the issues (in) visibility|language=pt|publisher=cchla.ufpb.br|date=2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003141402/http://www.cchla.ufpb.br/saeculum/saeculum11_art08_canovas.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2009}}</ref>

Between 1821 and 1890, 9.55 million Europeans settled in the United States, mainly [[Germans]], Irish, English, Scandinavians, Italians and Scots.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} 18 million more arrived from 1890 to 1914, including 2.5 million from Canada. Despite the large number of immigrants arriving, people born outside of the United States formed a relatively small number of the U.S. population: in 1910, foreigners accounted for 14.7 percent of the country's population or 13.5 million people.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} The huge number of immigrants to Argentina, which had a much smaller population, had a much greater impact on the country's ethnic composition. By 1914, 30% of Argentina's population was foreign-born, with 12% of its population born in Italy, the largest immigrant group.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} Next was Canada: by 1881, 14% of Canada's population was foreign-born, and the proportion increased to 22% in 1921.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Carmen Miranda 1941.JPG|thumb|right|Singer [[Carmen Miranda]], nicknamed "the Brazilian bombshell", was born in Portugal and emigrated to Brazil in 1910, when she was ten months old.]]
In Brazil, the proportion of immigrants in the national population was much smaller, and immigrants tended to be concentrated in the central and Southern parts of the country. The proportion of foreigners in Brazil peaked in 1920, at just 7 percent or 2 million people, mostly Italians, Portuguese, Germans and Spaniards; however, the influx of 4 million European immigrants between 1880 and 1920 significantly altered the racial composition of the country.<ref name="Boris Fauto. Fazer a América: a imigração em massa para a América Latina"/> From 1901 to 1920, immigration was responsible for only 7 percent of Brazilian population growth, but in the years of high immigration, from 1891 to 1900, the share was as high as 30 percent (higher than Argentina's 26 percent in the 1880s).<ref name="Sánchez-Alonso"/>

The countries in the Americas that received a major wave of European immigrants from 1820s to the early 1930s were: the United States (32.5 million), Argentina (6.5 million), Canada (5.1 million), Brazil (4.4 million), [[Cuba]] (1.4 million), [[Uruguay]] (713,000).<ref name="Baily-Miguez-2003"/> Other countries that received a more modest immigration flow (accounting for less than 10 percent of total European emigration to [[Latin America]]) were: Mexico (270,000), [[Colombia]] (126,000), [[Chile]] (90,000), Puerto Rico (62,000), [[Peru]] (30,000), and Paraguay (21,000).<ref name="Baily-Miguez-2003">{{cite book|editor1-last=Baily|editor1-first=Samuel L.|editor2-last=Míguez|editor2-first=Eduardo José|title=Mass Migration to Modern Latin America|date=2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Wilmington, Delaware|isbn=978-0-8420-2831-8|page=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZQxkfvMJFgC&pg=PA14|accessdate=27 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Sánchez-Alonso">{{cite web|author=Blanca Sánchez-Alonso|url=http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf|title=European Immigration into Latin America, 1870-1930|publisher=docentes.fe.unl.pt|date=2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022094058/http://docentes.fe.unl.pt/~satpeg/PapersInova/Labor%20and%20Immigration%20in%20LA-2005.pdf|archive-date=22 October 2008}}</ref>

===Arrivals in the 19th and the 20th centuries===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin:1ex 5 1ex 1ex;"
|-
! colspan="4" | European Emigrants 1800–1960
|-
! [[Travel|Destination]]
! Percent
|-
| [[United States]] || 70.0%
|-
| [[Latin America]] ||12.0%
|-
| [[Russian Siberia]]|| 9.0%
|-
| [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]|| 9.0%
|-
! Total ||100.0%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;"|{{refbegin}}Source:<ref name="World Civilizations: Volume II">[https://books.google.com/books?id=v0E4DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA456&dq=european+emigration+1500+-&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4lvKXtffSAhXEsxQKHQN0D-sQ6AEIJTAC#v=onepage&q=european%20emigration%201500%20-&f=false World Civilizations: Volume II:] Since 1500 By Philip J. Adler, Randall L. Pouwels</ref>{{refend}}
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Destination
!Years
!Arrivals
!{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| [[United States]]
| 1821–1932
| 32.244.000
|<ref name="BailyMíguez2003">{{cite book|author1=Samuel L. Baily|author2=Eduardo José Míguez|title=Mass Migration to Modern Latin America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZQxkfvMJFgC&pg=PR14|accessdate=20 December 2015|year=2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8420-2831-8|page=xiv}}</ref>
|-
| [[Argentina]]
| 1856–1932
| 6.405.000
|<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/>
|-
| [[Canada]]
| 1831–1932
| 5.206.000
|<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/>
|-
| [[Brazil]]
| 1821–1932
| 4.431.000
|<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/>
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 1821–1932
| 2.913.000
|<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/>
|-
| [[Cuba]]
| 1901–1931
| 857.000
|<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/>
|-
| [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]
| 1881–1932
| 852.000
|<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/>
|-
| [[Chile]]
| 1882–1932
| 726.000
|<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/>
|-
| [[Uruguay]]
| 1836–1932
| 713.000
|<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/>
|-
| [[New Zealand]]
| 1821–1932
| 594.000
|<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/>
|-
| [[Mexico]]
| 1911–1931
| 226.000
|<ref name="BailyMíguez2003"/>
|}

==Legacy==
===Distribution===
[[File:European Ancestry Large.svg|thumb|270px|Map shows areas with people who claim full European descent.]]
After the [[Age of Discovery]], different ethnic European communities began to emigrate out of [[Europe]] with particular concentrations in [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], the [[United States]], [[Canada]] and [[Latin America]]; particularly [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]], [[Cuba]] and [[Brazil]] where they came to constitute a European-descended majority population.<ref name="World Civilizations: Volume II"/><ref name="BritDis47">{{Harvnb|Ember et al|2004|p=47}}.</ref><ref name="Marsh254">{{harvnb|Marshall|2001|p=254}}.</ref>
It is important to note, however, that these statistics rely on identification with a European ethnic group in censuses, and as such are subjective (especially in the case of mixed origins).
Nations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations:<ref name="Ethnic groups by country">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html Ethnic groups by country.] Statistics (where available) from CIA Factbook.</ref>

====North America====
Total European population—approximately 300,000,000

In the [[1871 Canadian Census|first Canadian census]] in 1871, 98.5% chose a European origin with it slightly decreasing to 96.3% declared in 1971.<ref name="Ethnic origins">[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/pdf/5500092-eng.pdf Ethnic origins] Census of Canada (Page: 17)</ref><ref name="justice.gc.ca">[http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/jsp-sjp/rp02_8-dr02_8/rp02_8.pdf Table 1: Population by Ethnic Origin, Canada, 1921-1971] Page: 2</ref> In the [[Canada 2016 Census|2016 census]], 19,683,320 or 53.0% self-identified with a European ethnic origin, the largest being of British Isles origins (11,211,850). Individually, they are [[English Canadians|English]] (6,320,085), [[French Canadians|French]] (4,680,820), [[Scottish Canadians|Scottish]] (4,799,005), [[Irish Canadians|Irish]] (4,627,000), [[German Canadians|German]] (3,322,405), [[Italian Canadians|Italian]] (1,587,965).<ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census"/> However, there is an undercount with 11,135,965 choosing "Canadian".<ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census">[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&wbdisable=true Census Profile, 2016 Census] - Ethnic origin population</ref>

At the time of the first U.S. census in 1790, 80.7% of the [[American people]] self-identified as white, where it remained above that level before declining at the 1990 census. However, numerically it increased from 3.17 million (1790) to 199.6 million exactly two hundred years later.<ref name="USHispanicOrigin">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5noJf4U1Q?url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf |archivedate=February 25, 2010 |title=Official census statistics of the United States race and Hispanic origin population |work=US Statistics Bureau |url-status=dead }}</ref> Today, [[European Americans]] are the largest panethnic group in the United States. The 2010 census data revealed that 72.4% of the population, or 223,800,000 people self-identified as white.<ref name="c2010">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf |title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 Census Briefs |work=US Census Bureau |date=March 2011 |access-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110505060445/http%3A//www%2Ecensus%2Egov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br%2D02%2Epdf |archive-date= 5 May 2011 }}</ref>

[[Mexicans of European descent|European Mexican]] - estimated by the government in 2010 as 47% of the population (56 million) using phenotypical traits (skin color) as the criteria.<ref name="Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS 2017"/> If the criteria used is the presence of blond hair, it is 18%<ref name="journals.jstor.com">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20799484 "Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico"], ''Jstor org, available creating a free account '', Retrieved on 27 January 2018.</ref><ref name="journals.plos.org">[http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572 "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals" table 1], ''Plosgenetics'', 25 September 2014. Retrieved on 9 May 2017.</ref> - 23%.<ref name="scielo.org.mx">[http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342011000200005 "Racismo y salud mental en estudiantes universitarios en la Ciudad de México"], ''Scielo'', Cuernavaca, April–March 2011. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.</ref>

====Caribbean and South America====
Argentina: 79% of the population or 38,900,000, may include an unknown percentage of mestizos and mulattos.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html#People Argentina: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref> Other sources<ref name="WSARG">{{cite web|author1=Ben Cahoon|title=Argentina|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Argentina.html|publisher=worldstatesmen.org|accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref> put 86.4% of the population. [[Falkland Islanders]] mainly European of British descent—total population 3,140.

Cubans of European origin reached a peak of 74.3% or 3,553,312 of the total population in 1943.<ref>[http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/loscensos/anexo_2.pdf Cifras censales comparadas, 1899 - 1953] | P.189</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0yj7RKzfRQMC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=2002++cuba+color+de+piel&source=bl&ots=XpgM3oMDo3&sig=Z-okI_-Auelk24KxYq6IZOAl7Zg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjrwYyaquveAhUlIcAKHdeOBLQQ6AEwF3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=2002%20%20cuba%20color%20de%20piel&f=false Revolutionizing Romance: Interracial Couples in Contemporary Cuba] - By Nadine T Fernandez</ref> Most recently, those self-identified as white made up 64.1% of the total population, according to the 2012 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.one.cu/ |title=2012 Cuban Census |publisher=One.cu |date=2006-04-28 |accessdate=2014-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/mundo/2013/11/678-550807-9-censo-en-cuba-concluye-que-la-poblacion-decrece-envejece-y-se-vuelve-cada-vez.shtml|title=Censo en Cuba concluye que la población decrece, envejece y se vuelve cada vez más mestiza|author=Grupo Copesa|date=8 November 2013|work=latercera.com}}</ref> They are predominately the descendants of early [[Spanish people|Spanish]] settlers, along with other Europeans including the [[Germans]], [[English people|English]], [[French people|French]] and [[Italians]] arriving later but in smaller numbers. However, after the mass exodus (particularly to the United States) resulting from the [[Cuban Revolution]] in 1959, the number of white Cubans actually residing in Cuba diminished.

===Australia and New Zealand===
Total population of [[Europeans in Oceania]] is approximately 23,185,000 or approximately 22,818,000 excluding Hawaii.

By 1947, Australia was overwhelmingly of British origin with 7,524,129 or 99.3% of the population declaring their race as European.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AE-AZucUOCcC&pg=PA1289&dq=1947+australia+census+race+european&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwik6cKD3_HgAhVXSRUIHeXaBU0Q6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=1947%20australia%20census%20race%20european&f=false Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia No. 37] - 1946 and 1947</ref> As of [[2016 Australian census|2016]], the majority of Australians of [[European Australians|European descent]] are of [[English Australians|English]] 36.1%, [[Irish Australians|Irish]] 11.0%, [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] 9.3%, [[Italians|Italian]] 4.6%, [[Germans|German]] 4.5%, [[Greeks|Greek]] 1.8% and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] 1.6%. A large proportion —33.5%— chose to identify as ‘Australian’, however the census Bureau has stated that most of these are of old [[Anglo-Celtic Australians|Anglo-Celtic]] colonial stock.<ref>Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who list "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the "[[Anglo-Celtic Australians|Anglo-Celtic]]" group. {{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument |title=Feature Article - Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article) |accessdate=2008-06-24 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420205113/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182%21OpenDocument |archivedate=20 April 2016 |df=dmy |date=January 1995 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~60 THE ANCESTRIES OF AUSTRALIANS] - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Data%20Summary~30 Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia] - Ancestry 2016</ref> As at the 2016 census, it was estimated that around 58% of the Australian population were Anglo-Celtic Australians with 18% being of other European origins, a total of 76% for European ancestries as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/Leading%20for%20Change_Blueprint2018_FINAL_Web.pdf|title=Australian Human Rights commission 2018|date=2018|accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref>

Europeans historically (especially [[Anglo-Celtic]]) and presently are still the largest ethnic group in [[New Zealand]]. Their proportion of the total New Zealand population has been decreasing gradually since the [[1916 New Zealand census|1916 census]] where they formed 95.1 percent.<ref name="Historical and statistical survey">[http://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1946-I.2.5.3.12&l=mi&e=-------10--1------0-- Historical and statistical survey] (Page:18)</ref> The [[2018 New Zealand census|2018 official census]] had over 3 million people or 71.76% of the population were ethnic Europeans, with 64.1% choosing the [[New Zealand European]] option alone.<ref name="Results info">{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights|title=2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights|date=23 September 2019|website=Stats NZ|accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref>

===Africa===
[[White South African|South Africans of European descent]] were 4,586,838 or 8.9% of South Africa's population in the [[South African National Census of 2011|2011 census]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf|title=Census 2011 Census in brief, Report No. 03-01-41|work=Statistics South Africa|date=2012|accessdate=21 January 2016}}</ref>
They are predominantly descendants of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Germans|German]], French [[Huguenots]], [[English people|English]] and other European settlers.<ref name="khenr">{{cite book|author=Kristin Henrard|title=Minority Protection in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Human Rights, Minority Rights, and Self-Determination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOA6qPDtjOAC&pg=PA43|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97353-7|page=43}}</ref><ref name="lvr">{{cite book|author1=James L. Gibson|author2=Amanda Gouws|title=Overcoming Intolerance in South Africa: Experiments in Democratic Persuasion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJZ3_vD_EIQC&pg=PA36|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-67515-4|page=36}}</ref> Culturally and linguistically, they are divided into the [[Afrikaans]]-speaking descendants of South Africa's original Dutch colonial population, known as [[Afrikaners]], and members of a larger [[British diaspora in Africa]].
The first national census in South Africa was held in 1911 and showed a percentage peak of 21.4% or 1,276,242.<ref name=Shimoni>{{cite book|last=Shimoni|first=Gideon|title=Community and Conscience: The Jews in Apartheid South Africa|date=2003|pages=1–4|publisher=University Press of New England|location=Lebanon, New Hampshire|isbn=978-1584653295}}</ref><ref name=Afrikaans1>{{cite book|last1=Kriger|first1=Robert|last2=Kriger|first2=Ethel|title=Afrikaans Literature: Recollection, Redefinition, Restitution|date=1997|pages=75–78|publisher=Rodopi BV|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-9042000513}}</ref> The population increased to its peak at 5,044,000 in 1990.<ref name="ZAS">{{cite web|title=Population of South Africa by population group|author=|url=http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/abstract04/Population.pdfl|location=Dammam
|publisher=South African Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries|year=2004|accessdate=20 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050228135335/http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/abstract04/Population.pdf|archivedate=28 February 2005}}</ref>
However, the number of white South African residents in their home country began gradually declining between 1990 and the mid-2000s as a result of increased [[emigration]].<ref name="ZAS" />

[[Canary Islanders]] are the descendants of [[Spaniards]] who settled the Canary Islands. The Canarian people include long-tenured and new waves of Spanish immigrants, including [[Andalucians]], [[Galicians]], [[Castilians]], [[Catalan people|Catalans]], [[Basques]] and [[Asturian people|Asturian]]s of Spain; and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Italians]], the [[Dutch people]] or [[Flemings]], and [[French people]]. As of 2019, 72.1% or 1,553,078 Spaniards were Canary Islands-born with a further 15.5% born in mainland Spain. Many European people or those of [[Isleño]] (islander) origins have also moved to the Islands, such as those from Venezuela and Cuba. Presently there are 49,170 from Italy, Germany (25,619), United Kingdom (25,521), Romania, France and Portugal.<ref>[https://www.canarias7.es/sociedad/canarias-gana-en-un-ano-24-905-habitantes-el-66-de-otros-paises-AX7033828 Canarias gana en un año 24.905 habitantes, el 66% de otros países] Canarias7.es. Retrieved 5 October 2019</ref>

===Asia===
[[Siberia]]: ([[Russians]])<ref>{{cite web|first=Fiona|last=Hill|author-link=Fiona Hill (presidential advisor)|url=http://www.theglobalist.com/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=3727|title=Russia — Coming In From the Cold?|publisher=[[The Globalist]]|date=23 February 2004|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715022142/http://www.theglobalist.com/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=3727|archivedate=15 July 2011}}</ref>

===Smaller communities===
Small communities of European, white American and white Australian expatriates in the [[Persian Gulf]] countries like [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Qatar]] and the [[UAE]]; and in Aramco compounds in [[Saudi Arabia]]. Historically before 1970, small ethnic European (esp. Greek and Italian) enclaves were found in [[Egypt]] ([[Greeks in Egypt]], [[Italian Egyptians]]) and [[Syria]] ([[Greeks in Syria]]).

==Populations of European descent==
{{Further|List of diasporas}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Albanian diaspora]]
*[[Basque diaspora]]
*[[Bosnian diaspora]]
*[[British diaspora]]
**[[English diaspora]]
**[[Scottish diaspora]]
**[[Welsh diaspora]]
*[[Bulgarian diaspora]]
*[[Circassian diaspora]]
*[[Croatian diaspora]]
*[[Czech diaspora]]
*[[Dutch diaspora]]
*[[French diaspora]]
**[[Quebec diaspora]]
*[[German diaspora]]
*[[Greek diaspora]]
*[[Hungarian diaspora]]
*[[Icelandic diaspora]]
*[[Irish diaspora]]
*[[Italian diaspora]]
*[[Kosovan diaspora]]
*[[List of diasporas#L|Lithuanian diaspora]]
*[[Macedonian diaspora]]
*[[List of diasporas#M|Maltese diaspora]]
*[[Norwegian diaspora]]
*[[Polish diaspora]]
*[[:Template:Portuguese diaspora|Portuguese diaspora]]
*[[Romanian diaspora]]
**[[Moldovan diaspora]]
*[[Russian diaspora]]
*[[Serbian diaspora]]
*[[Spanish diaspora]]
*[[Ukrainian diaspora]]
** [[Ruthenians]] or [[Rusyns]]
}}

==See also==
*[[Emigration from Africa]]
*[[History of colonialism]]
*[[Immigration to Europe]]
*[[Indigenous people]]
*[[Western world]]
*[[Western culture]]
*[[White people]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{European diasporas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Emigration From Europe}}
[[Category:European diaspora]]
[[Category:European people]]
[[Category:Emigration|Europe]]

Kannazuki no Miko

2020-02-14T01:30:59Z

209.160.254.202:

{{Infobox animanga/Header
|name = Kannazuki no Miko
|image = Kannazuki no Miko manga vol 1.jpg
|caption = Cover of the first manga volume featuring Himeko Kurusugawa and Chikane Himemiya.
|ja_kanji = 神無月の巫女
|ja_romaji =
|genre = [[Magical girl]], [[mecha]], [[Romance novel|romance]], ''[[Yuri (genre)|yuri]]''
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
|type = Manga
|author = [[Kaishaku (manga group)|Kaishaku]]
|publisher = [[Kadokawa Shoten]]
|publisher_en = {{english anime licensee
| NA = [[Tokyopop]]
}}
|demographic = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]''
|magazine = [[Shōnen Ace]]
|first = 2004
|last = 2005
|volumes = 2
|volume_list = #Manga
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
|type = tv series
|director = [[Tetsuya Yanagisawa]]
|producer =
|writer = Sumio Uetake
|music = [[Mina Kubota]]
|studio = [[TNK (company)|TNK]]
|licensee = {{english anime licensee
| NA = [[NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan#Geneon USA|Geneon USA]] (2006-2009) [[Sentai Filmworks]] (2009-present)
}}
|network = [[Chiba TV]], [[TV Kanagawa]], [[TV Saitama]], Channel Neco, [[Kyoto Broadcasting System|KBS]]
|network_en = {{english anime network
| US = [[Anime Network]] (2009)
}}
|first = October 1, 2004
|last = December 17, 2004
|episodes = 12
|episode_list = #Anime
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
{{nihongo|'''''Kannazuki no Miko'''''|神無月の巫女||literally ''[[miko|Priestesses]] of the [[Kannazuki|Godless Month]]''}} is a [[Yuri (genre)|yuri]] [[manga]] series created by [[Kaishaku (manga group)|Kaishaku]]. The series, centering on the relationship between main characters Himeko and Chikane, also has elements of [[magical girl]] and [[mecha]] themes in its plot.<ref name="Beveridge 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.animeondvd.com/reviews/seriespage.php?series=10227|title=''Kannazuki No Miko'' Review|last=Beveridge|first=Chris|publisher=AnimeOnDVD.com|accessdate=November 20, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510214433/http://www.animeondvd.com/reviews/seriespage.php?series=10227|archivedate=2008-05-10}}</ref> The 14-chapter series was serialized by [[Kadokawa Shoten]] in the monthly ''[[Shōnen Ace]]'' magazine from 2004 to 2005.

The series was adapted into a 12-episode [[anime]] by [[TNK (company)|TNK]] and [[NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan|Geneon Entertainment]], which aired in Japan from October to December 2004. A [[drama CD]], based on the anime version, was released on November 25, 2004 by [[Geneon]]. In North America the manga was licensed by [[Tokyopop]] and the anime by [[NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan|Geneon USA]]; the anime license was transferred to Sentai Filmworks in 2009. In 2009, the anime aired on the [[Anime Network]] as ''Destiny of the Shrine Maiden''.

==Plot==
Himeko Kurusugawa and Chikane Himemiya are two high-school girls at the prestigious ''Ototachibana Academy'' in the fictional Japanese town of Mahoroba. They are also the reincarnations of the solar and lunar [[miko]]s. When their ancient enemy the Orochi (the eight-headed [[Yamata no Orochi]] of Japanese folklore) rises once more the girls' long-sealed personas awaken to defend the world. The Orochi awakens on the first day of October (''[[Kannazuki]]'', "the godless month," in the traditional [[Japanese calendar#Months|Japanese lunar calendar]]), Himeko and Chikane's shared birthday. The first Orochi who tries to kill one of the mikos is Sōma Ōgami, Himeko's childhood friend (who is in love with her). However, after a blinding flash of light brings him to his senses, he rejects his fate and vows to defend Himeko against the other Orochi. The mikos must awaken ''Ame no Murakumo'' to combat the threat, while Sōma repels the Orochi's efforts to kill them.

==Characters==
===Miko===
;{{nihongo|Himeko Kurusugawa|来栖川姫子|Kurusugawa Himeko}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Noriko Shitaya]]|[[Stephanie Sheh]]}}
:Himeko, the solar priestess, is a shy, innocent 16-year-old girl with long blond hair, a red ribbon on her head, and a solar symbol on her chest. She has known Chikane for many years, but was unaware of Chikane's feelings about her. At first, Himeko is romantically interested in her childhood friend Sōma Ōgami; their relationship upsets Chikane greatly to the point of where she becomes jealous and at one point she was nearly raped by Chikane. Himeko begins considering Chikane (who encourages her interest in photography) a very close friend, although they usually meet secretly. Himeko is initially timid, uncertain of her own worth; orphaned at an early age, she was initially adopted by abusive relatives before moving to a better family home. At school she seems to have only a few friends one of which is her dormmate Makoto. After the dorms are destroyed, when Himeko goes to live with Chikane she is troubled by the resentment of Chikane's school friends. Despite her timidity, Himeko gradually becomes more determined and courageous. During the last few episodes she realizes and accepts her feelings for Chikane. In both versions whether they are reincarnated as sisters in the manga or total strangers in the anime, Himeko is reunited with Chikane.
;{{nihongo|Chikane Himemiya|姫宮千歌音|Himemiya Chikane}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Ayako Kawasumi]]|[[Michelle Ruff]]}}
:Chikane, the lunar priestess, is an assertive 16-year-old girl with long blue hair and a lunar symbol on her back. Noble and elegant, she lives in a large mansion with servants and is doing well at school. Chikane has many friends, male and female, some of whom hero-worship her. She belongs to the prestigious [[kyūdō]] (Japanese archery) club, and frequently uses a bow in confrontations with the Orochi (using an Orochi sign for target practice). She is also skilled with a [[tantō]]. Chikane's combat skills resemble those taught to [[samurai]] wives while her modern talents include tennis and the piano. She enjoys playing for Himeko who appreciates her music. Many at school think, incorrectly, that Chikane is in a relationship with Sōma. She has loved Himeko since they met, although (despite her jealousy of Himeko and Sōma's friendship) she does not admit it until much later. Chikane's feelings for Himeko border on obsession, and she wants to complete the ''Ame no Murakumo'' summoning ritual quickly so she alone can protect Himeko. She seems to turn evil upon joining the Orochi as the Eighth Head, vanquishing all but two of the Orochi heads (and assuming their place) after sexually assaulting Himeko and tormenting her during their final battle. It is eventually revealed that she did all of this to force Himeko to kill her to spare her from a terrible fate. However in both versions, Chikane is reincarnated and reunited with Himeko.

===Orochi===
The series' villain is {{Nihongo|[[Yamata no Orochi]]|邪神八岐大蛇|Jashin Yamata no Orochi}}, a god who wants to replace the world of humanity with a place of darkness and nihilism. Like its counterpart in Japanese mythology, the Orochi in ''Kannazuki no Miko'' has eight heads (its eight disciples, also known as {{Nihongo|Orochi|オロチ衆|orochi shū}}). Each has a [[mecha]], an "other self" for the Orochi's body, with its spirit appearing as a bottomless vortex of darkness. The Orochi's powers are devastating, and only ''Ame no Murakumo'' can undo their destruction after its defeat.

Each disciple has exaggerated individual characteristics. Orochi gave its followers great physical strength and endurance, a limited capacity for [[teleportation]] and [[levitation (paranormal)|levitation]] and an individual power (or weapon). If a disciple can suppress the rage caused by Orochi, they can use their powers against it; however, Orochi severely punishes those who resist it. The god chooses its followers from those who have experienced great pain in their lives and have surrendered to despair; they include a [[Psychopathy|sociopathic]] criminal, an unintelligent brute, a former [[Japanese idol]], an anti-social [[manga artist]], a [[Catgirl (anime and manga)|catgirl]], a seemingly traitorous friend and a disillusioned nun, with only one of them, the criminal's brother, being able to temporarily resist the god's influence completely. They are uncooperative, and do not coordinate attacks on the miko until halfway through the series. By the series' end the followers are restored, with no memory of their association with Yamata no Orochi.
;{{nihongo|Tsubasa|ツバサ}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Yasunori Matsumoto]]|[[Liam O'Brien]]}}
:{{nihongo|The first head|一の首|Ichi no kubi}}, Tsubasa, is the leader of the Orochi. A tall, teal-haired [[bishōnen]], he is a sociopathic criminal with a long record - beginning with the murder of his abusive father, whom he killed to protect his younger brother. Tsubasa wears the mark of Orochi over his heart. He is Sōma's biological older brother, leaving him (as a young child) with the Ōgami family when he became a fugitive. Out of all the heads, Tsubasa was the one who came the closest to killing his brother. Sōma does not remember him well; Tsubasa wants to convert him to the Orochi cause instead of killing him. He saves his brother from the Orochi's curse by sacrificing himself. His mecha, {{Nihongo|''Take no Yasukunazuchi''|嶽鑓御太刀神}}, has wing-like structures and attacks with swords on its arms. Tsubasa is the only Orochi to battle the rogue Chikane to a draw; however, he temporarily destroys ''Take no Yamikazuchi'' and abandons the fight. In combat Tsubasa primarily uses a sword, although he also has knife-throwing skills; his knives cause explosions. He eventually reveals that his love for his brother surpasses his attachment to the Orochi's destructive vision.
;{{nihongo|Sister Miyako|ミヤコ}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Ikue Ohtani]]|[[Melissa Fahn]]}}
:{{nihongo|The second head|二の首|Ni no kubi}}, Miyako, is a purple-haired nun and the first Orochi to appear. She lost her faith after surviving a terrible war (probably in [[England]]), and may have the mark of Orochi on her throat. Although there is little cooperation among the Orochi, she is apparently second in command; she respects Tsubasa, and is the most level-headed of the Orochi followers. She can control Girochi and evoke some cooperation among the three other female heads. Her mecha, {{Nihongo|''Yatsu no Onokoshizuchi''|八雄炬御鎚神}}, is a demon with tentacles instead of arms and a circle of electrodes on its back which fire deadly beams. Miyako uses mirrors to create complex illusions and to spy on others. A keen observer, through her attempt to subvert Chikane she forces her to face her feelings for Himeko. The last of the Orochi to fall in combat against Chikane, she is later purified.
;{{nihongo|'''Girochi'''|ギロチ}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Yasuyuki Kase]]|[[Kirk Thornton]]}}
:{{nihongo|The third head|三の首|San no kubi}}, Girochi, is one of the first Orochi to attack the miko. He is a large man, with heavy chains hanging from him which he uses as weapons, and wears the mark of Orochi on the back of his right hand. Girochi is also attracted to Himeko, which fuels Chikane's jealous protectiveness of the solar miko. Miyako's younger brother, in a flashback Girochi is shown as a young boy crying near a body crushed under a collapsed building; the war which destroyed his sister's church killed their parents and left Girochi traumatized. His mecha, {{Nihongo|''Hi no Ashinazuchi''|飛埜御脚神}}, is nicknamed Gungal and is characterized by a large right arm which he uses as a weapon in his Megaton Knuckle attack. Girochi, the first to be petrified by Chikane, is later purified with Miyako.
;{{nihongo|Corona|コロナ|Korona}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Kana Ueda]]|[[Rebecca Forstadt]]}}
:{{nihongo|The fourth head|四の首|Shi no kubi}}, Corona, is a delusional [[pop icon]] whose dismal sales (68th, although Reiko taunts her by saying "69th") drive her to become one of the Orochi; she may wear the mark of Orochi on her left breast. Corona's behavior is near-manic; although she constantly tries to impress the other Orochi with her showmanship, her energetic exterior hides a dark past. A flashback depicts her lying on a bed next to an older man, with her clothing torn; the nature of, and reason for, the liaison are left unsaid but it is suggested that Corona was "betrayed by her dreams", probably by being either raped by an executive or forced to prostitute herself. Her mecha, {{Nihongo|''Ooube no Senazuchi''|大宇邊御蟲神}} (nicknamed Final Stage), is a wheel with a demonic eye in its center that can become a giant centipede with an anthropoid head and arms. In combat, Corona throws explosive lipsticks at her target. After being petrified by Chikane, she is purified.
;{{nihongo|Reiko Ōta|大田レーコ|Ōta Reiko}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Mamiko Noto]]|[[Dorothy Elias-Fahn]]}}
:{{nihongo|The fifth head|五の首|Go no kubi}}, Reiko, is an uncommunicative [[Mangaka|manga artist]] whose manga (although successful) have darker themes since she joined the Orochi (whose mark she may wear on her back). Reiko barely interacts with the other Orochi and is stone-cold in battle, although her level-headedness is more the product of cynicism and numbness than Miyako's. She shares her last name with Hitoshi Ōta, one of ''Kannazuki no Miko's'' [[Kaishaku (manga group)|authors]]. Her mecha, {{Nihongo|''Ho no Shuraizuchi''|火殊羅御雹神}}, is a [[Jōmon]]-style (straw-rope pattern) fired pottery jar with an anthropoid shape. In combat, Reiko throws explosive fountain pens at her targets. Himeko loves Reiko's work, and the artist is eventually petrified (and purified) by Chikane.
;{{nihongo|Nekoko|ネココ}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Ai Nonaka]]|[[Sandy Fox]]}}
:{{nihongo|The sixth head|六の首|Roku no kubi}} Nekoko, is a small, squeaky-voiced [[Catgirl (anime and manga)|catgirl]] whose name derives from {{nihongo|cat|猫|neko}}. Often seen in a nurse's outfit with a syringe, she may wear the mark of Orochi on her buttocks. The apparently cheerful Nekoko was a victim of horrendous medical experiments (she is seen strapped to a medical seat and rodeated by scientists), which is probably what made her both what she currently is and an Orochi follower. Her syringe contains medication to heal injuries and illness, but the injection (as noted by Girochi) causes great pain. Nekoko can also launch the syringe, as an explosive rocket. Her mech, {{Nihongo|''Izuhara no Tamazuchi''|鋳都祓御霊神}} (nicknamed Meow Meow), is a large mechanical ball with cannons capable of destroying buildings. Nekoko went on a rampage which destroyed several Japanese landmarks, acting like a cute little girl having fun. She is later petrified (and purified) by Chikane.
;{{nihongo|Sōma Ōgami|大神ソウマ|Ōgami Sōma}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Junji Majima]]|[[Steve Staley]]}}
:{{nihongo|The seventh head|七の首|Nana no kubi}}, Sōma, is the only Orochi to resist becoming completely evil and the first to be purified (possibly because of his feelings for Himeko). With the mark of Orochi on his forehead, Sōma is the lone protector of Himeko and Chikane for most of the series and plays a role in the downfall of the Orochi. As popular at school as Chikane, most of their fellow students erroneously believed they were dating; in reality they're good friends, but are in love with Himeko. He is extremely protective of Himeko, he fights to keep her safe from Orochi until he is overwhelmed by the Orochi curse (and rescued by his brother, Tsubasa). Sōma's mecha, {{Nihongo|''Take no Yamikazuchi''|武夜御鳴神}}, is a humanoid robot with a variety of concealed attacks. In combat, he uses his body and his motorcycle. Sōma later adopts Tsubasa's sword and fighting style, increasing his power.
;{{nihongo|Chikane Himemiya|姫宮千歌音|Himemiya Chikane}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Ayako Kawasumi]]|[[Michelle Ruff]]}}
:{{nihongo|The eighth head|八の首|Hachi no kubi}} is originally a mysterious figure, who the other Orochi think is hiding from the public. It is later revealed to be Chikane when she joins the Orochi. Although the evil Orochi may have known that Chikane would join it, it does not speak again until she defeats the other Orochi. She does not have the mark of Orochi on her body, but her lunar symbol absorbs threads of its power. Chikane uses Sōma's mecha, transforming it to look demonic and obliterating the other Orochi. As the miko of Orochi, she forces Himeko to make a drastic decision. The mecha belonging to the eighth head is {{Nihongo|''Yokusemi no Mizuchi''|翼脊深御観神}}, a fast-flying bird (to rescue Orochi members) with a humanoid drill (for combat) as its lower body.

===Other characters===
;Ame no Murakumo
:{{Voiced by|[[Atsuko Tanaka (voice actress)|Atsuko Tanaka]]|[[Megan Hollingshead]]}}
:{{nihongo|Ame no Murakumo|剣神天群雲剣|''Kenshin Ame no Murakumo no Tsurugi''}} is the god of swords. Ame no Murakumo, who also shares its name with the legendary sword [[Kusanagi]], rests within an ancient shrine that is on the surface of the moon until it is invoked by the Miko of Sun and Moon. Ame no Murakumo takes the shape of a giant sword or a humanoid mecha, and can be piloted like the Orochi mecha. It can defeat Orochi, and it alone can undo Orochi's damage, but it comes with a mostly unspoken high price. After its previous battle against Orochi, the god's terrestrial shrine was sealed by six swords to test the power (and determination) of the future Miko of Sun and Moon. Although the Orochi displayed their full hostility towards Ame no Murakumo, the god of swords only spoke when it addressed one (or both) of the Miko of Sun and Moon in a feminine voice.
;{{nihongo|Kazuki Ōgami|大神カズキ|Ōgami Kazuki}}
:{{Voiced by|Moichi Saito|[[Lex Lang]]}}
:Sōma's adopted older brother, legal guardian, and priest of the temple of the Solar and Lunar Miko, Kazuki's duties are to maintain the miko and prepare them for battle. Calm and collected, he worries about Sōma (and what his Orochi blood will do to him), Himeko and Chikane (and what their duties will do to them) and seems to be withholding information.
;{{nihongo|Yukihito|ユキヒト}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Omi Minami]]|[[Keith Silverstein|David Keifer]]}}
:The temple assistant and Sōma's best friend, his duties are to help the priest and miko prepare the weapon to defeat the Orochi.
;{{nihongo|Otoha Kisaragi|如月乙羽|Kisaragi Otoha}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Chinami Nishimura]]|[[Kate Higgins]]}}
:Chikane's loyal and devoted [[maid]]. A supporting character, she clarifies how Chikane reserved her feelings for Himeko alone. Otoha is jealous of Himeko. When Otoha is sent away, she expresses her love and admiration for Chikane, blushing and weeping when she hugs her.
;{{nihongo|Makoto Saotome|早乙女マコト|Saotome Makoto}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Ikue Ohtani]]|[[Julie Ann Taylor]]}}
:Himeko's friend and roommate, "Mako-chan" is an athletic girl and one of the best runners on the Ototachibana track team. On the day that Sōma attacked Himeko, she was severely injured in the collapsing dormitory and became unable to compete in the Interhigh meet. Angry at Himeko (and herself) for her injuries, she disappears until the end of the series when she helps Himeko make a decision about the events surrounding her.
;{{nihongo|Izumi|泉|Izumi}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Kiyomi Asai]]|[[Megan Hollingshead]]}}
:The leader of a group of girls who are Chikane's admirers at school (calling her "Miya-sama"), she is jealous of Himeko. The group bullies her until they experience Chikane's quiet fury.
;{{nihongo|Misaki|美咲|Misaki}}
:{{Voiced by|Kaori Mine|[[Cristina Valenzuela]]}}
:A friend of Izumi's. Misaki is also jealous of Himeko.
;{{nihongo|Kyoko|京子|Kyōko}}
:{{Voiced by|Yukiko Minami|[[Mela Lee]]}}
:Another friend of Izumi's.

==Media==
===Manga===
The ''Kannazuki no Miko'' manga, written by the manga group [[Kaishaku (manga group)|Kaishaku]], was first serialized in the Japanese mangazine ''[[Shōnen Ace]]'' (published by [[Kadokawa Shoten]]) in 2004. The series' 14 chapters were bound in two ''[[tankōbon]]'' volumes. It was licensed in North America by [[Tokyopop]], which published both volumes in English in 2008.

{{Graphic novel list/header
|Language=Japanese
|SecondLanguage=English
}}
{{Graphic novel list
|VolumeNumber = 1
|OriginalRelDate = October 1, 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4047136662|script-title=ja:神無月の巫女 (1)|trans-title=Kannazuki no Miko (1)|publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.co.jp]]|accessdate=April 23, 2013|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|OriginalISBN = 978-4-04-713666-3
|LicensedRelDate = May 6, 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/1427809550|title=Kannazuki No Miko: Destiny of Shrine Maiden Volume 1|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref>
|LicensedISBN = 978-1-42-780955-1
}}
{{Graphic novel list
|VolumeNumber = 2
|OriginalRelDate = June 25, 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4047137316|script-title=ja:神無月の巫女 (2)|trans-title=Kannazuki no Miko (2)|publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.co.jp]]|accessdate=April 23, 2013|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|OriginalISBN = 978-4-04-713731-8
|LicensedRelDate = July 7, 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/1427809569|title=Kannazuki No Miko: Destiny of Shrine Maiden Volume 2|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref>
|LicensedISBN = 978-1-42-780956-8
}}
{{Graphic novel list/footer}}

===Anime===
The anime adaptation was produced by [[NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan|Geneon Entertainment]] and animated by [[TNK (company)|TNK]]. It was directed by [[Tetsuya Yanagisawa]], with music by [[Mina Kubota]] and character designs by Maki Fujii. The opening theme was "Re-sublimity" and the ending theme "Agony", composed and arranged by Kazuya Takase and performed with lyrics by [[Kotoko (singer)|Kotoko]]. The insert song, "Suppuration -core-" (also sung by Kotoko), was used in episode five.

The 12-episode series was broadcast in Japan first on [[Chiba TV]] from October 1 to December 17, 2004. The episodes were released on six DVDs from December 22, 2004 to May 25, 2005. It was licensed in North America by [[NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan#Geneon USA|Geneon USA]], which released the series on three DVDs in 2006. The license was transferred from Geneon USA to Sentai Filmworks in 2009; the latter reissued the series in a DVD box set on August 25, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-06-02/sentai-filmworks-reissues-daphne-kannazuki-dokkoida|title=Sentai Filmworks Reissues ''Daphne'', ''Kannazuki'', ''Dokkoida''|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=2009-06-02|accessdate=2009-06-02}}</ref> It is licensed in France by Dybex, in Poland by Vision Film Distribution and in Taiwan by Proware Multimedia. In 2009, the series was shown on the [[Anime Network]] as ''Destiny of the Shrine Maiden''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theanimenetwork.com/Anime/Destiny-of-the-Shrine-Maiden/Info|title=''Destiny of the Shrine Maiden''|publisher=[[Anime Network]]|accessdate=2010-01-23}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" width="98%"
|-
! width="2%" | # !! Title !! Original air date
|-
| colspan="125" bgcolor="#0057AE"|
|-
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = The Land of Eternity
| TranslitTitle = Tokoyo no Kuni
| NativeTitle = 常世の国
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|10|1}}
| ShortSummary = Chikane and Himeko share a rapidly approaching birthday. On their birthday the Orochi awaken, and Sōma attacks Himeko (the solar priestess). He comes to his senses and fights the second head, Sister Miyako. Chikane and Himeko kiss.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Overlapping Sun and Moon
| TranslitTitle = Kasanaru Jitsugetsu
| NativeTitle = 重なる日月
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|10|8}}
| ShortSummary = The story of the Orochi and the priestesses is revealed to the unsuspecting solar and lunar priestesses. Himeko considers leaving the town, but a fight breaks out between the priestesses and the third head of the Orochi, Girochi. Sōma comes to the priestesses' aid.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Secret Love Shell
| TranslitTitle = Hirenkai
| NativeTitle = 秘恋貝
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|10|15}}
| ShortSummary = Himeko has nowhere else to live, and Chikane invites her to her mansion. Kazuki Ōgami discloses more about the priestesses' past and what they must do to protect the world from the Orochi. The sixth head of the Orochi, Nekoko, attacks the priestesses.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Direction of Affection
| TranslitTitle = Omoi Tamauya
| NativeTitle = 思い賜うや
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|10|22}}
| ShortSummary = Sōma asks Himeko for a date at an amusement park, and Chikane helps her prepare. On their date, Tsubasa (the first head of the Orochi) attacks them; Sōma tries his best to protect Himeko.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Over the Darkness of Night
| TranslitTitle = Yoan wo Koete
| NativeTitle = 夜闇を越えて
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|10|29}}
| ShortSummary = Sōma is defeated by Tsubasa (his biological older brother, who promises to return) in their first fight, and he begins strength training.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = You Where the Sun Shines
| TranslitTitle = Hidamari no Kimi
| NativeTitle = 日溜まりの君
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|11|5}}
| ShortSummary = Chikane and Himeko's first meeting and growing friendship is described. They continue their strength training, despite setbacks. Himeko goes on a second date with Sōma.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Rainfall in the Hell of Love
| TranslitTitle = Rengoku ni Furu Ame
| NativeTitle = 恋獄に降る雨
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|11|12}}
| ShortSummary = When Sōma and Himeko are on their date, it begins raining and they take shelter in an abandoned warehouse. Chikane meets the second head of the Orochi, who appeals to her jealousy of Sōma. The third, fourth, fifth and sixth heads of the Orochi attack Sōma on his date with Himeko; after the fight, Sōma kisses her.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Storm of the Silver Moon
| TranslitTitle = Gingetsuei no Arashi
| NativeTitle = 銀月の嵐
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|11|19}}
| ShortSummary = During another outing with Sōma, Himeko searches for a gift for Chikane to cheer her up. When she returns to Chikane's mansion, she is shocked to find that the lunar priestess has joined the Orochi as the eighth head; Chikane sexually assaults her.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = To the Edge of Hell
| TranslitTitle = Yomotsuhirasaka e
| NativeTitle = 黄泉比良坂へ
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|11|26}}
| ShortSummary = After the previous night, Himeko is still shaken by what happened between her and Chikane. Her friend, Makoto Saotome, returns to school and their disagreement is resolved. Chikane defeats the Orochi, one by one, until the only one left is Sōma.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Invitation of Love and Death
| TranslitTitle = Ai to Shi no Shōtaijō
| NativeTitle = 愛と死の招待状
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|12|3}}
| ShortSummary = While performing a ritual alone, Himeko finally revives Ame no Murakumo. Chikane returns home, and the priestesses spend time together as they had before. However, it is a ruse; Chikane warns Himeko that she will kill her very soon.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = Dance of Swords
| TranslitTitle = Tsurugi no Butōkai
| NativeTitle = 剣の舞踏会
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|12|10}}
| ShortSummary = Himeko and Sōma join the final battle with the Orochi, which leads Himeko to leave Sōma to look for Chikane. The two priestesses battle, with the fate of the world in the balance.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = Priestesses of the Godless Month
| TranslitTitle = Kannazuki no Miko
| NativeTitle = 神無月の巫女
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|12|17}}
| ShortSummary = When Himeko strikes Chikane's chest with her sword, they share a tender moment in which their unpleasant past lives are revealed; Chikane pretended to want to kill Himeko to make amends. The Orochi are defeated; life returns to normal, but at a high price for the priestesses. Time is reversed to Himeko's birthday but everything is different in their lives such as Corona succeeding in the music industry, Reiko goes back to writing, Nekoko is a normal child, Tsubasa is still a fugitive while Miyuki continues her missionary work with the help of Girochi. Soma, meanwhile, asks Himeko out but she refuses his offer. Later, she and Makoto see her photo album with Chikane except she (Chikane) is erased from them. The series ends with Himeko stating that even though a lot of things may change, her feelings (for Chikane) never will. In the post-credits scene, an older Himeko is reunited with Chikane in the city with the promise of Ame no Murakumo that they will fall in love once more.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
|}

===Drama CD and radio show===
On November 25, 2004 ''Kannazuki no Miko [[Radio drama in Japan|drama CD]]'' was released in Japan by [[Geneon]], based on the anime version of ''Kannazuki no Miko''. The series was presented on an Internet radio program, {{Nihongo|RADIO Kannazuki|RADIO神無月|}}, on i-revo TE-A room from October 2004 to March 2005. Voice actors included Noriko Shitaya (Himeko) and Junji Majima (Sōma Ōgami), who are currently hosting {{Nihongo|RADIO Kyōshirō|RADIO京四郎|}}.

==Reception==
{{Expand section|Reviews linked at [[Talk:Kannazuki no Miko]]|date=March 2017}}
''Kannazuki no Miko'' received mixed reviews. Carlo Santos of [[Anime News Network]] (ANN) criticized volume one of the series:

<blockquote>Everything about ''Kannazuki no Miko'' says instant fan favorite, but somehow it adds up to less than the sum of its parts. Changes in scene and mood don't seem to connect, characters behave without rhyme or reason, and even thrilling action scenes are hampered by sloppy animation. There are lots of little things to like about the series, but as a whole, you have to wonder—"What? That's it?" ... If ''Kannazuki no Miko'' were split into two different series, it might be easier to enjoy the separate story threads.<ref name="Santos 1">{{cite news|first=Carlo|last=Santos |title=Kannazuki no Miko DVD 1: Solar Priestess + Artbox|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=2006-05-09|accessdate=2009-03-26| url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/kannazuki-no-miko/dvd-1}}</ref></blockquote>

However, the network credited the anime for "so many striking visual elements" and "effective designs".<ref name="Santos 1"/> The soundtrack was "especially effective during dramatic character moments", but its battle music was criticized.<ref name="Santos 1"/> Carlo Santos added that while volume one of the series "promises something to suit every anime fetish ...if sensible storytelling and deep characters are what turn you on, then this isn't the series to go to."<ref name="Santos 1"/>

He also criticized the second volume as "overblown" and melodramatic, with too much "[a]ngst, rage and sentimentality".<ref name="Santos 2">{{cite news|first=Carlo|last=Santos |title=Kannazuki no Miko DVD 2: Lunar Priestess|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=2006-08-25|accessdate=2009-03-26|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/kannazuki-no-miko/dvd-2}}</ref> However, "the voice actors in the English dub still manage to express the sentiments of their characters", and "the middle episodes of ''Kannazuki no Miko'' represent a genuine turning point in the series: the romance and adventure storylines, once so disconnected, come together and swing the cosmic battle in a new direction."<ref name="Santos 2"/>

In her review of the series, Erica Friedman (president of [[Yuricon]]) sharply criticized the story for its rape scene and its manga ending (in which Chikane and Himeko are [[Reincarnation|reincarnated]] as sisters and lovers),<ref name="Friedman 1">{{Cite web|last=Friedman|first=Erica|url=http://okazu.yuricon.com/2008/06/25/yuri-manga-kannazuki-no-miko-volume-1-english/|title=Yuri Manga: Kannazuki no Miko, Volume 1 (English)|work=Okazu|publisher=[[Yuricon]]|date=2008-06-25|accessdate=2015-05-05}}</ref> considering it poorly written. She asks why, "if both [Sōma] and Chikane love Himeko so much, do they allow her to be bullied, outcast and victimized instead of stepping up and claiming their friendship publicly?"<ref name="Friedman 1"/> Friedman wrote that Himeko "allows the whims of others to take control of her life, she indulges them by not having an opinion of her own, she naively forgives even the basest behavior, and she never once takes an interest in the truth of what is going on";<ref name="Friedman 1"/> the story actually revolves around "the love triangle and Himeko's victimization by herself and the people who profess to love her".<ref name="Friedman 1"/> Friedman said, "Tokyopop's team did as good a job with the material as they could. It's not a good story, nor is it well-drawn, but they made it make as much sense as possible. I applaud them for that. It's not as easy as they made it look."<ref name="Friedman 1"/> In her volume two review, she said Tokyopop did a "very superior job with this series".<ref name="Friedman 2">{{Cite web|last=Friedman|first=Erica|url=http://okazu.yuricon.com/2005/09/20/yuri-manga-kannazuki-no-miko-volume-2/|title=Yuri Manga: Kannazuki no Miko, Volume 2|work=Okazu|publisher=[[Yuricon]]|date=2008-08-15|accessdate=2015-05-05}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Shattered Angels]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.viz.com/kannazuki-no-miko ''Kannazuki no Miko''] at [[Viz Media]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050207095442/http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/sp/200409-10/index.html Manga official website] {{in lang|ja}}
*[http://www.kannaduki.info/ Anime official website] {{in lang|ja}}
*{{ann|manga|5474}}

{{TNK}}

[[Category:2004 manga]]
[[Category:2004 anime television series]]
[[Category:2004 Japanese television series debuts]]
[[Category:2004 Japanese television series endings]]
[[Category:Fantasy anime and manga]]
[[Category:Geneon USA]]
[[Category:Japanese LGBT-related television shows]]
[[Category:Kadokawa Shoten manga]]
[[Category:Kadokawa Dwango franchises]]
[[Category:Magical girl anime and manga]]
[[Category:Mecha anime and manga]]
[[Category:NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan]]
[[Category:Romance anime and manga]]
[[Category:Sentai Filmworks]]
[[Category:Shōnen manga]]
[[Category:TNK (company)]]
[[Category:Tokyopop titles]]
[[Category:Yuri (genre) anime and manga]]
[[Category:Shinto in fiction]]
[[Category:2000s LGBT-related drama television series]]

Kannazuki no Miko

2020-02-14T01:30:38Z

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{{Infobox animanga/Header
|name = Kannazuki no Miko
|image = Kannazuki no Miko manga vol 1.jpg
|caption = Cover of the first manga volume featuring Himeko Kurusugawa and Chikane Himemiya.
|ja_kanji = 神無月の巫女
|ja_romaji =
|genre = [[Magical girl]], [[mecha]], [[Romance novel|romance]], ''[[Yuri (genre)|yuri]]''
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
|type = Manga
|author = [[Kaishaku (manga group)|Kaishaku]]
|publisher = [[Kadokawa Shoten]]
|publisher_en = {{english anime licensee
| NA = [[Tokyopop]]
}}
|demographic = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]''
|magazine = [[Shōnen Ace]]
|first = 2004
|last = 2005
|volumes = 2
|volume_list = #Manga
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
|type = tv series
|director = [[Tetsuya Yanagisawa]]
|producer =
|writer = Sumio Uetake
|music = [[Mina Kubota]]
|studio = [[TNK (company)|TNK]]
|licensee = {{english anime licensee
| NA = [[NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan#Geneon USA|Geneon USA]] (2006-2009) [[Sentai Filmworks]] (2009-present)
}}
|network = [[Chiba TV]], [[TV Kanagawa]], [[TV Saitama]], Channel Neco, [[Kyoto Broadcasting System|KBS]]
|network_en = {{english anime network
| US = [[Anime Network]] (2009)
}}
|first = October 1, 2004
|last = December 17, 2004
|episodes = 12
|episode_list = #Anime
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
{{nihongo|'''''Kannazuki no Miko'''''|神無月の巫女||literally ''[[miko|Priestesses]] of the [[Kannazuki|Godless Month]]''}} is a [[Yuri (genre)|yuri]] [[manga]] series created by [[Kaishaku (manga group)|Kaishaku]]. The series, centering on the relationship between main characters Himeko and Chikane, also has elements of [[magical girl]] and [[mecha]] themes in its plot.<ref name="Beveridge 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.animeondvd.com/reviews/seriespage.php?series=10227|title=''Kannazuki No Miko'' Review|last=Beveridge|first=Chris|publisher=AnimeOnDVD.com|accessdate=November 20, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510214433/http://www.animeondvd.com/reviews/seriespage.php?series=10227|archivedate=2008-05-10}}</ref> The 14-chapter series was serialized by [[Kadokawa Shoten]] in the monthly ''[[Shōnen Ace]]'' magazine from 2004 to 2005.

The series was adapted into a 12-episode [[anime]] by [[TNK (company)|TNK]] and [[NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan|Geneon Entertainment]], which aired in Japan from October to December 2004. A [[drama CD]], based on the anime version, was released on November 25, 2004 by [[Geneon]]. In North America the manga was licensed by [[Tokyopop]] and the anime by [[NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan|Geneon USA]]; the anime license was transferred to Sentai Filmworks in 2009. In 2009, the anime aired on the [[Anime Network]] as ''Destiny of the Shrine Maiden''.

==Plot==
Himeko Kurusugawa and Chikane Himemiya are two high-school girls at the prestigious ''Ototachibana Academy'' in the fictional Japanese town of Mahoroba. They are also the reincarnations of the solar and lunar [[miko]]s. When their ancient enemy the Orochi (the eight-headed [[Yamata no Orochi]] of Japanese folklore) rises once more the girls' long-sealed personas awaken to defend the world. The Orochi awakens on the first day of October (''[[Kannazuki]]'', "the godless month," in the traditional [[Japanese calendar#Months|Japanese lunar calendar]]), Himeko and Chikane's shared birthday. The first Orochi who tries to kill one of the mikos is Sōma Ōgami, Himeko's childhood friend (who is in love with her). However, after a blinding flash of light brings him to his senses, he rejects his fate and vows to defend Himeko against the other Orochi. The mikos must awaken ''Ame no Murakumo'' to combat the threat, while Sōma repels the Orochi's efforts to kill them.

==Characters==
===Miko===
;{{nihongo|Himeko Kurusugawa|来栖川姫子|Kurusugawa Himeko}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Noriko Shitaya]]|[[Stephanie Sheh]]}}
:Himeko, the solar priestess, is a shy, innocent 16-year-old girl with long blond hair, a red ribbon on her head, and a solar symbol on her chest. She has known Chikane for many years, but was unaware of Chikane's feelings about her. At first, Himeko is romantically interested in her childhood friend Sōma Ōgami; their relationship upsets Chikane greatly to the point of where she becomes jealous and at one point she was nearly raped by Chikane. Himeko begins considering Chikane (who encourages her interest in photography) a very close friend, although they usually meet secretly. Himeko is initially timid, uncertain of her own worth; orphaned at an early age, she was initially adopted by abusive relatives before moving to a better family home. At school she seems to have only a few friends one of which is her dormmate Makoto. After the dorms are destroyed, when Himeko goes to live with Chikane she is troubled by the resentment of Chikane's school friends. Despite her timidity, Himeko gradually becomes more determined and courageous. During the last few episodes she realizes and accepts her feelings for Chikane. In both versions whether they are reincarnated as sisters in the manga or total strangers in the anime, Himeko is reunited with Chikane.
;{{nihongo|Chikane Himemiya|姫宮千歌音|Himemiya Chikane}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Ayako Kawasumi]]|[[Michelle Ruff]]}}
:Chikane, the lunar priestess, is an assertive 16-year-old girl with long blue hair and a lunar symbol on her back. Noble and elegant, she lives in a large mansion with servants and is doing well at school. Chikane has many friends, male and female, some of whom hero-worship her. She belongs to the prestigious [[kyūdō]] (Japanese archery) club, and frequently uses a bow in confrontations with the Orochi (using an Orochi sign for target practice). She is also skilled with a [[tantō]]. Chikane's combat skills resemble those taught to [[samurai]] wives while her modern talents include tennis and the piano. She enjoys playing for Himeko who appreciates her music. Many at school think, incorrectly, that Chikane is in a relationship with Sōma. She has loved Himeko since they met, although (despite her jealousy of Himeko and Sōma's friendship) she does not admit it until much later. Chikane's feelings for Himeko border on obsession, and she wants to complete the ''Ame no Murakumo'' summoning ritual quickly so she alone can protect Himeko. She seems to turn evil upon joining the Orochi as the Eighth Head, vanquishing all but two of the Orochi heads (and assuming their place) after sexually assaulting Himeko and tormenting her during their final battle. It is eventually revealed that she did all of this to force Himeko to kill her to spare her from a terrible fate. However in both versions, Chikane is reincarnated and reunited with Himeko.

===Orochi===
The series' villain is {{Nihongo|[[Yamata no Orochi]]|邪神八岐大蛇|Jashin Yamata no Orochi}}, a god who wants to replace the world of humanity with a place of darkness and nihilism. Like its counterpart in Japanese mythology, the Orochi in ''Kannazuki no Miko'' has eight heads (its eight disciples, also known as {{Nihongo|Orochi|オロチ衆|orochi shū}}). Each has a [[mecha]], an "other self" for the Orochi's body, with its spirit appearing as a bottomless vortex of darkness. The Orochi's powers are devastating, and only ''Ame no Murakumo'' can undo their destruction after its defeat.

Each disciple has exaggerated individual characteristics. Orochi gave its followers great physical strength and endurance, a limited capacity for [[teleportation]] and [[levitation (paranormal)|levitation]] and an individual power (or weapon). If a disciple can suppress the rage caused by Orochi, they can use their powers against it; however, Orochi severely punishes those who resist it. The god chooses its followers from those who have experienced great pain in their lives and have surrendered to despair; they include a [[Psychopathy|sociopathic]] criminal, an unintelligent brute, a former [[Japanese idol]], an anti-social [[manga artist]], a [[Catgirl (anime and manga)|catgirl]], a seemingly traitorous friend and a disillusioned nun, with only one of them, the criminal's brother, being able to temporarily resist the god's influence completely. They are uncooperative, and do not coordinate attacks on the miko until halfway through the series. By the series' end the followers are restored, with no memory of their association with Yamata no Orochi.
;{{nihongo|Tsubasa|ツバサ}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Yasunori Matsumoto]]|[[Liam O'Brien]]}}
:{{nihongo|The first head|一の首|Ichi no kubi}}, Tsubasa, is the leader of the Orochi. A tall, teal-haired [[bishōnen]], he is a sociopathic criminal with a long record - beginning with the murder of his abusive father, whom he killed to protect his younger brother. Tsubasa wears the mark of Orochi over his heart. He is Sōma's biological older brother, leaving him (as a young child) with the Ōgami family when he became a fugitive. Out of all the heads, Tsubasa was the one who came the closest to killing his brother. Sōma does not remember him well; Tsubasa wants to convert him to the Orochi cause instead of killing him. He saves his brother from the Orochi's curse by sacrificing himself. His mecha, {{Nihongo|''Take no Yasukunazuchi''|嶽鑓御太刀神}}, has wing-like structures and attacks with swords on its arms. Tsubasa is the only Orochi to battle the rogue Chikane to a draw; however, he temporarily destroys ''Take no Yamikazuchi'' and abandons the fight. In combat Tsubasa primarily uses a sword, although he also has knife-throwing skills; his knives cause explosions. He eventually reveals that his love for his brother surpasses his attachment to the Orochi's destructive vision.
;{{nihongo|Sister Miyako|ミヤコ}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Ikue Ohtani]]|[[Melissa Fahn]]}}
:{{nihongo|The second head|二の首|Ni no kubi}}, Miyako, is a purple-haired nun and the first Orochi to appear. She lost her faith after surviving a terrible war (probably in [[England]]), and may have the mark of Orochi on her throat. Although there is little cooperation among the Orochi, she is apparently second in command; she respects Tsubasa, and is the most level-headed of the Orochi followers. She can control Girochi and evoke some cooperation among the three other female heads. Her mecha, {{Nihongo|''Yatsu no Onokoshizuchi''|八雄炬御鎚神}}, is a demon with tentacles instead of arms and a circle of electrodes on its back which fire deadly beams. Miyako uses mirrors to create complex illusions and to spy on others. A keen observer, through her attempt to subvert Chikane she forces her to face her feelings for Himeko. The last of the Orochi to fall in combat against Chikane, she is later purified.
;{{nihongo|'''Girochi'''|ギロチ}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Yasuyuki Kase]]|[[Kirk Thornton]]}}
:{{nihongo|The third head|三の首|San no kubi}}, Girochi, is one of the first Orochi to attack the miko. He is a large man, with heavy chains hanging from him which he uses as weapons, and wears the mark of Orochi on the back of his right hand. Girochi is also attracted to Himeko, which fuels Chikane's jealous protectiveness of the solar miko. Miyako's younger brother, in a flashback Girochi is shown as a young boy crying near a body crushed under a collapsed building; the war which destroyed his sister's church killed their parents and left Girochi traumatized. His mecha, {{Nihongo|''Hi no Ashinazuchi''|飛埜御脚神}}, is nicknamed Gungal and is characterized by a large right arm which he uses as a weapon in his Megaton Knuckle attack. Girochi, the first to be petrified by Chikane, is later purified with Miyako.
;{{nihongo|Corona|コロナ|Korona}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Kana Ueda]]|[[Rebecca Forstadt]]}}
:{{nihongo|The fourth head|四の首|Shi no kubi}}, Corona, is a delusional [[pop icon]] whose dismal sales (68th, although Reiko taunts her by saying "69th") drive her to become one of the Orochi; she may wear the mark of Orochi on her left breast. Corona's behavior is near-manic; although she constantly tries to impress the other Orochi with her showmanship, her energetic exterior hides a dark past. A flashback depicts her lying on a bed next to an older man, with her clothing torn; the nature of, and reason for, the liaison are left unsaid but it is suggested that Corona was "betrayed by her dreams", probably by being either raped by an executive or forced to prostitute herself. Her mecha, {{Nihongo|''Ooube no Senazuchi''|大宇邊御蟲神}} (nicknamed Final Stage), is a wheel with a demonic eye in its center that can become a giant centipede with an anthropoid head and arms. In combat, Corona throws explosive lipsticks at her target. After being petrified by Chikane, she is purified.
;{{nihongo|Reiko Ōta|大田レーコ|Ōta Reiko}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Mamiko Noto]]|[[Dorothy Elias-Fahn]]}}
:{{nihongo|The fifth head|五の首|Go no kubi}}, Reiko, is an uncommunicative [[Mangaka|manga artist]] whose manga (although successful) have darker themes since she joined the Orochi (whose mark she may wear on her back). Reiko barely interacts with the other Orochi and is stone-cold in battle, although her level-headedness is more the product of cynicism and numbness than Miyako's. She shares her last name with Hitoshi Ōta, one of ''Kannazuki no Miko's'' [[Kaishaku (manga group)|authors]]. Her mecha, {{Nihongo|''Ho no Shuraizuchi''|火殊羅御雹神}}, is a [[Jōmon]]-style (straw-rope pattern) fired pottery jar with an anthropoid shape. In combat, Reiko throws explosive fountain pens at her targets. Himeko loves Reiko's work, and the artist is eventually petrified (and purified) by Chikane.
;{{nihongo|Nekoko|ネココ}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Ai Nonaka]]|[[Sandy Fox]]}}
:{{nihongo|The sixth head|六の首|Roku no kubi}} Nekoko, is a small, squeaky-voiced [[Catgirl (anime and manga)|catgirl]] whose name derives from {{nihongo|cat|猫|neko}}. Often seen in a nurse's outfit with a syringe, she may wear the mark of Orochi on her buttocks. The apparently cheerful Nekoko was a victim of horrendous medical experiments (she is seen strapped to a medical seat and rodeated by scientists), which is probably what made her both what she currently is and an Orochi follower. Her syringe contains medication to heal injuries and illness, but the injection (as noted by Girochi) causes great pain. Nekoko can also launch the syringe, as an explosive rocket. Her mech, {{Nihongo|''Izuhara no Tamazuchi''|鋳都祓御霊神}} (nicknamed Meow Meow), is a large mechanical ball with cannons capable of destroying buildings. Nekoko went on a rampage which destroyed several Japanese landmarks, acting like a cute little girl having fun. She is later petrified (and purified) by Chikane.
;{{nihongo|Sōma Ōgami|大神ソウマ|Ōgami Sōma}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Junji Majima]]|[[Steve Staley]]}}
:{{nihongo|The seventh head|七の首|Nana no kubi}}, Sōma, is the only Orochi to resist becoming completely evil and the first to be purified (possibly because of his feelings for Himeko). With the mark of Orochi on his forehead, Sōma is the lone protector of Himeko and Chikane for most of the series and plays a role in the downfall of the Orochi. As popular at school as Chikane, most of their fellow students erroneously believed they were dating; in reality they're good friends, but are in love with Himeko. He is extremely protective of Himeko, he fights to keep her safe from Orochi until he is overwhelmed by the Orochi curse (and rescued by his brother, Tsubasa). Sōma's mecha, {{Nihongo|''Take no Yamikazuchi''|武夜御鳴神}}, is a humanoid robot with a variety of concealed attacks. In combat, he uses his body and his motorcycle. Sōma later adopts Tsubasa's sword and fighting style, increasing his power.
;{{nihongo|Chikane Himemiya|姫宮千歌音|Himemiya Chikane}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Ayako Kawasumi]]|[[Michelle Ruff]]}}
:{{nihongo|The eighth head|八の首|Hachi no kubi}} is originally a mysterious figure, who the other Orochi think is hiding from the public. It is later revealed to be Chikane when she joins the Orochi. Although the evil Orochi may have known that Chikane would join it, it does not speak again until she defeats the other Orochi. She does not have the mark of Orochi on her body, but her lunar symbol absorbs threads of its power. Chikane uses Sōma's mecha, transforming it to look demonic and obliterating the other Orochi. As the miko of Orochi, she forces Himeko to make a drastic decision. The mecha belonging to the eighth head is {{Nihongo|''Yokusemi no Mizuchi''|翼脊深御観神}}, a fast-flying bird (to rescue Orochi members) with a humanoid drill (for combat) as its lower body.

===Other characters===
;Ame no Murakumo
:{{Voiced by|[[Atsuko Tanaka (voice actress)|Atsuko Tanaka]]|[[Megan Hollingshead]]}}
:{{nihongo|Ame no Murakumo|剣神天群雲剣|''Kenshin Ame no Murakumo no Tsurugi''}} is the god of swords. Ame no Murakumo, who also shares its name with the legendary sword [[Kusanagi]], rests within an ancient shrine that is on the surface of the moon until it is invoked by the Miko of Sun and Moon. Ame no Murakumo takes the shape of a giant sword or a humanoid mecha, and can be piloted like the Orochi mecha. It can defeat Orochi, and it alone can undo Orochi's damage, but it comes with a mostly unspoken high price. After its previous battle against Orochi, the god's terrestrial shrine was sealed by six swords to test the power (and determination) of the future Miko of Sun and Moon. Although the Orochi displayed their full hostility towards Ame no Murakumo, the god of swords only spoke when it addressed one (or both) of the Miko of Sun and Moon in a feminine voice.
;{{nihongo|Kazuki Ōgami|大神カズキ|Ōgami Kazuki}}
:{{Voiced by|Moichi Saito|[[Lex Lang]]}}
:Sōma's adopted older brother, legal guardian, and priest of the temple of the Solar and Lunar Miko, Kazuki's duties are to maintain the miko and prepare them for battle. Calm and collected, he worries about Sōma (and what his Orochi blood will do to him), Himeko and Chikane (and what their duties will do to them) and seems to be withholding information.
;{{nihongo|Yukihito|ユキヒト}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Omi Minami]]|[[Keith Silverstein|David Keifer]]}}
:The temple assistant and Sōma's best friend, his duties are to help the priest and miko prepare the weapon to defeat the Orochi.
;{{nihongo|Otoha Kisaragi|如月乙羽|Kisaragi Otoha}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Chinami Nishimura]]|[[Kate Higgins]]}}
:Chikane's loyal and devoted [[maid]]. A supporting character, she clarifies how Chikane reserved her feelings for Himeko alone. Otoha is jealous of Himeko. When Otoha is sent away, she expresses her love and admiration for Chikane, blushing and weeping when she hugs her.
;{{nihongo|Makoto Saotome|早乙女マコト|Saotome Makoto}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Ikue Ohtani]]|[[Julie Ann Taylor]]}}
:Himeko's friend and roommate, "Mako-chan" is an athletic girl and one of the best runners on the Ototachibana track team. On the day that Sōma attacked Himeko, she was severely injured in the collapsing dormitory and became unable to compete in the Interhigh meet. Angry at Himeko (and herself) for her injuries, she disappears until the end of the series when she helps Himeko make a decision about the events surrounding her.
;{{nihongo|Izumi|泉|Izumi}}
:{{Voiced by|[[Kiyomi Asai]]|[[Megan Hollingshead]]}}
:The leader of a group of girls who are Chikane's admirers at school (calling her "Miya-sama"), she is jealous of Himeko. The group bullies her until they experience Chikane's quiet fury.
;{{nihongo|Misaki|美咲|Misaki}}
:{{Voiced by|Kaori Mine|[[Cristina Valenzuela]]}}
:A friend of Izumi's. Misaki is also jealous of Himeko.
;{{nihongo|Kyoko|京子|Kyōko}}
:{{Voiced by|Yukiko Minami|[[Mela Lee]]}}
:Another friend of Izumi's.

==Media==
===Manga===
The ''Kannazuki no Miko'' manga, written by the manga group [[Kaishaku (manga group)|Kaishaku]], was first serialized in the Japanese mangazine ''[[Shōnen Ace]]'' (published by [[Kadokawa Shoten]]) in 2004. The series' 14 chapters were bound in two ''[[tankōbon]]'' volumes. It was licensed in North America by [[Tokyopop]], which published both volumes in English in 2008.

{{Graphic novel list/header
|Language=Japanese
|SecondLanguage=English
}}
{{Graphic novel list
|VolumeNumber = 1
|OriginalRelDate = October 1, 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4047136662|script-title=ja:神無月の巫女 (1)|trans-title=Kannazuki no Miko (1)|publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.co.jp]]|accessdate=April 23, 2013|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|OriginalISBN = 978-4-04-713666-3
|LicensedRelDate = May 6, 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/1427809550|title=Kannazuki No Miko: Destiny of Shrine Maiden Volume 1|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref>
|LicensedISBN = 978-1-42-780955-1
}}
{{Graphic novel list
|VolumeNumber = 2
|OriginalRelDate = June 25, 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4047137316|script-title=ja:神無月の巫女 (2)|trans-title=Kannazuki no Miko (2)|publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.co.jp]]|accessdate=April 23, 2013|language=Japanese}}</ref>
|OriginalISBN = 978-4-04-713731-8
|LicensedRelDate = July 7, 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/1427809569|title=Kannazuki No Miko: Destiny of Shrine Maiden Volume 2|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref>
|LicensedISBN = 978-1-42-780956-8
}}
{{Graphic novel list/footer}}

===Anime===
The anime adaptation was produced by [[NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan|Geneon Entertainment]] and animated by [[TNK (company)|TNK]]. It was directed by [[Tetsuya Yanagisawa]], with music by [[Mina Kubota]] and character designs by Maki Fujii. The opening theme was "Re-sublimity" and the ending theme "Agony", composed and arranged by Kazuya Takase and performed with lyrics by [[Kotoko (singer)|Kotoko]]. The insert song, "Suppuration -core-" (also sung by Kotoko), was used in episode five.

The 12-episode series was broadcast in Japan first on [[Chiba TV]] from October 1 to December 17, 2004. The episodes were released on six DVDs from December 22, 2004 to May 25, 2005. It was licensed in North America by [[NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan#Geneon USA|Geneon USA]], which released the series on three DVDs in 2006. The license was transferred from Geneon USA to Sentai Filmworks in 2009; the latter reissued the series in a DVD box set on August 25, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-06-02/sentai-filmworks-reissues-daphne-kannazuki-dokkoida|title=Sentai Filmworks Reissues ''Daphne'', ''Kannazuki'', ''Dokkoida''|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=2009-06-02|accessdate=2009-06-02}}</ref> It is licensed in France by Dybex, in Poland by Vision Film Distribution and in Taiwan by Proware Multimedia. In 2010, the series was shown on the [[Anime Network]] as ''Destiny of the Shrine Maiden''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theanimenetwork.com/Anime/Destiny-of-the-Shrine-Maiden/Info|title=''Destiny of the Shrine Maiden''|publisher=[[Anime Network]]|accessdate=2010-01-23}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" width="98%"
|-
! width="2%" | # !! Title !! Original air date
|-
| colspan="125" bgcolor="#0057AE"|
|-
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = The Land of Eternity
| TranslitTitle = Tokoyo no Kuni
| NativeTitle = 常世の国
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|10|1}}
| ShortSummary = Chikane and Himeko share a rapidly approaching birthday. On their birthday the Orochi awaken, and Sōma attacks Himeko (the solar priestess). He comes to his senses and fights the second head, Sister Miyako. Chikane and Himeko kiss.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Overlapping Sun and Moon
| TranslitTitle = Kasanaru Jitsugetsu
| NativeTitle = 重なる日月
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|10|8}}
| ShortSummary = The story of the Orochi and the priestesses is revealed to the unsuspecting solar and lunar priestesses. Himeko considers leaving the town, but a fight breaks out between the priestesses and the third head of the Orochi, Girochi. Sōma comes to the priestesses' aid.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Secret Love Shell
| TranslitTitle = Hirenkai
| NativeTitle = 秘恋貝
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|10|15}}
| ShortSummary = Himeko has nowhere else to live, and Chikane invites her to her mansion. Kazuki Ōgami discloses more about the priestesses' past and what they must do to protect the world from the Orochi. The sixth head of the Orochi, Nekoko, attacks the priestesses.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Direction of Affection
| TranslitTitle = Omoi Tamauya
| NativeTitle = 思い賜うや
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|10|22}}
| ShortSummary = Sōma asks Himeko for a date at an amusement park, and Chikane helps her prepare. On their date, Tsubasa (the first head of the Orochi) attacks them; Sōma tries his best to protect Himeko.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Over the Darkness of Night
| TranslitTitle = Yoan wo Koete
| NativeTitle = 夜闇を越えて
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|10|29}}
| ShortSummary = Sōma is defeated by Tsubasa (his biological older brother, who promises to return) in their first fight, and he begins strength training.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = You Where the Sun Shines
| TranslitTitle = Hidamari no Kimi
| NativeTitle = 日溜まりの君
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|11|5}}
| ShortSummary = Chikane and Himeko's first meeting and growing friendship is described. They continue their strength training, despite setbacks. Himeko goes on a second date with Sōma.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Rainfall in the Hell of Love
| TranslitTitle = Rengoku ni Furu Ame
| NativeTitle = 恋獄に降る雨
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|11|12}}
| ShortSummary = When Sōma and Himeko are on their date, it begins raining and they take shelter in an abandoned warehouse. Chikane meets the second head of the Orochi, who appeals to her jealousy of Sōma. The third, fourth, fifth and sixth heads of the Orochi attack Sōma on his date with Himeko; after the fight, Sōma kisses her.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Storm of the Silver Moon
| TranslitTitle = Gingetsuei no Arashi
| NativeTitle = 銀月の嵐
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|11|19}}
| ShortSummary = During another outing with Sōma, Himeko searches for a gift for Chikane to cheer her up. When she returns to Chikane's mansion, she is shocked to find that the lunar priestess has joined the Orochi as the eighth head; Chikane sexually assaults her.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = To the Edge of Hell
| TranslitTitle = Yomotsuhirasaka e
| NativeTitle = 黄泉比良坂へ
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|11|26}}
| ShortSummary = After the previous night, Himeko is still shaken by what happened between her and Chikane. Her friend, Makoto Saotome, returns to school and their disagreement is resolved. Chikane defeats the Orochi, one by one, until the only one left is Sōma.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Invitation of Love and Death
| TranslitTitle = Ai to Shi no Shōtaijō
| NativeTitle = 愛と死の招待状
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|12|3}}
| ShortSummary = While performing a ritual alone, Himeko finally revives Ame no Murakumo. Chikane returns home, and the priestesses spend time together as they had before. However, it is a ruse; Chikane warns Himeko that she will kill her very soon.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = Dance of Swords
| TranslitTitle = Tsurugi no Butōkai
| NativeTitle = 剣の舞踏会
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|12|10}}
| ShortSummary = Himeko and Sōma join the final battle with the Orochi, which leads Himeko to leave Sōma to look for Chikane. The two priestesses battle, with the fate of the world in the balance.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = Priestesses of the Godless Month
| TranslitTitle = Kannazuki no Miko
| NativeTitle = 神無月の巫女
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2004|12|17}}
| ShortSummary = When Himeko strikes Chikane's chest with her sword, they share a tender moment in which their unpleasant past lives are revealed; Chikane pretended to want to kill Himeko to make amends. The Orochi are defeated; life returns to normal, but at a high price for the priestesses. Time is reversed to Himeko's birthday but everything is different in their lives such as Corona succeeding in the music industry, Reiko goes back to writing, Nekoko is a normal child, Tsubasa is still a fugitive while Miyuki continues her missionary work with the help of Girochi. Soma, meanwhile, asks Himeko out but she refuses his offer. Later, she and Makoto see her photo album with Chikane except she (Chikane) is erased from them. The series ends with Himeko stating that even though a lot of things may change, her feelings (for Chikane) never will. In the post-credits scene, an older Himeko is reunited with Chikane in the city with the promise of Ame no Murakumo that they will fall in love once more.
| LineColor = 0057AE
}}
|}

===Drama CD and radio show===
On November 25, 2004 ''Kannazuki no Miko [[Radio drama in Japan|drama CD]]'' was released in Japan by [[Geneon]], based on the anime version of ''Kannazuki no Miko''. The series was presented on an Internet radio program, {{Nihongo|RADIO Kannazuki|RADIO神無月|}}, on i-revo TE-A room from October 2004 to March 2005. Voice actors included Noriko Shitaya (Himeko) and Junji Majima (Sōma Ōgami), who are currently hosting {{Nihongo|RADIO Kyōshirō|RADIO京四郎|}}.

==Reception==
{{Expand section|Reviews linked at [[Talk:Kannazuki no Miko]]|date=March 2017}}
''Kannazuki no Miko'' received mixed reviews. Carlo Santos of [[Anime News Network]] (ANN) criticized volume one of the series:

<blockquote>Everything about ''Kannazuki no Miko'' says instant fan favorite, but somehow it adds up to less than the sum of its parts. Changes in scene and mood don't seem to connect, characters behave without rhyme or reason, and even thrilling action scenes are hampered by sloppy animation. There are lots of little things to like about the series, but as a whole, you have to wonder—"What? That's it?" ... If ''Kannazuki no Miko'' were split into two different series, it might be easier to enjoy the separate story threads.<ref name="Santos 1">{{cite news|first=Carlo|last=Santos |title=Kannazuki no Miko DVD 1: Solar Priestess + Artbox|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=2006-05-09|accessdate=2009-03-26| url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/kannazuki-no-miko/dvd-1}}</ref></blockquote>

However, the network credited the anime for "so many striking visual elements" and "effective designs".<ref name="Santos 1"/> The soundtrack was "especially effective during dramatic character moments", but its battle music was criticized.<ref name="Santos 1"/> Carlo Santos added that while volume one of the series "promises something to suit every anime fetish ...if sensible storytelling and deep characters are what turn you on, then this isn't the series to go to."<ref name="Santos 1"/>

He also criticized the second volume as "overblown" and melodramatic, with too much "[a]ngst, rage and sentimentality".<ref name="Santos 2">{{cite news|first=Carlo|last=Santos |title=Kannazuki no Miko DVD 2: Lunar Priestess|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=2006-08-25|accessdate=2009-03-26|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/kannazuki-no-miko/dvd-2}}</ref> However, "the voice actors in the English dub still manage to express the sentiments of their characters", and "the middle episodes of ''Kannazuki no Miko'' represent a genuine turning point in the series: the romance and adventure storylines, once so disconnected, come together and swing the cosmic battle in a new direction."<ref name="Santos 2"/>

In her review of the series, Erica Friedman (president of [[Yuricon]]) sharply criticized the story for its rape scene and its manga ending (in which Chikane and Himeko are [[Reincarnation|reincarnated]] as sisters and lovers),<ref name="Friedman 1">{{Cite web|last=Friedman|first=Erica|url=http://okazu.yuricon.com/2008/06/25/yuri-manga-kannazuki-no-miko-volume-1-english/|title=Yuri Manga: Kannazuki no Miko, Volume 1 (English)|work=Okazu|publisher=[[Yuricon]]|date=2008-06-25|accessdate=2015-05-05}}</ref> considering it poorly written. She asks why, "if both [Sōma] and Chikane love Himeko so much, do they allow her to be bullied, outcast and victimized instead of stepping up and claiming their friendship publicly?"<ref name="Friedman 1"/> Friedman wrote that Himeko "allows the whims of others to take control of her life, she indulges them by not having an opinion of her own, she naively forgives even the basest behavior, and she never once takes an interest in the truth of what is going on";<ref name="Friedman 1"/> the story actually revolves around "the love triangle and Himeko's victimization by herself and the people who profess to love her".<ref name="Friedman 1"/> Friedman said, "Tokyopop's team did as good a job with the material as they could. It's not a good story, nor is it well-drawn, but they made it make as much sense as possible. I applaud them for that. It's not as easy as they made it look."<ref name="Friedman 1"/> In her volume two review, she said Tokyopop did a "very superior job with this series".<ref name="Friedman 2">{{Cite web|last=Friedman|first=Erica|url=http://okazu.yuricon.com/2005/09/20/yuri-manga-kannazuki-no-miko-volume-2/|title=Yuri Manga: Kannazuki no Miko, Volume 2|work=Okazu|publisher=[[Yuricon]]|date=2008-08-15|accessdate=2015-05-05}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Shattered Angels]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.viz.com/kannazuki-no-miko ''Kannazuki no Miko''] at [[Viz Media]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050207095442/http://www.kadokawa.co.jp/sp/200409-10/index.html Manga official website] {{in lang|ja}}
*[http://www.kannaduki.info/ Anime official website] {{in lang|ja}}
*{{ann|manga|5474}}

{{TNK}}

[[Category:2004 manga]]
[[Category:2004 anime television series]]
[[Category:2004 Japanese television series debuts]]
[[Category:2004 Japanese television series endings]]
[[Category:Fantasy anime and manga]]
[[Category:Geneon USA]]
[[Category:Japanese LGBT-related television shows]]
[[Category:Kadokawa Shoten manga]]
[[Category:Kadokawa Dwango franchises]]
[[Category:Magical girl anime and manga]]
[[Category:Mecha anime and manga]]
[[Category:NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan]]
[[Category:Romance anime and manga]]
[[Category:Sentai Filmworks]]
[[Category:Shōnen manga]]
[[Category:TNK (company)]]
[[Category:Tokyopop titles]]
[[Category:Yuri (genre) anime and manga]]
[[Category:Shinto in fiction]]
[[Category:2000s LGBT-related drama television series]]

Malú Trevejo

2020-01-28T04:06:16Z

209.160.254.202:

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Malu Trevejo (Maria Luisa Trevejo)
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = María Luisa Trevejo<ref name="who is" />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|10|15}} -
| birth_place = [[Havana]], [[Cuba]]
| occupation = Singer/Dancer
| years_active = 2015-present
| website = {{URL|malutrevejomusic.com}}
}}
'''María Luisa "Malu" Trevejo''' ({{IPAc-en|t|r|ɛ|ˈ|v|ɛ|ˌ|h|oʊ}}) is a Cuban-born Spanish singer who became famous for her [[videos}] on video sharing app [[Musical.ly]]. she is based in [[Miami, Florida]]. She’s now mainly an [[Instagram]] personality with more than 7 million followers. She is known for her music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/malutrevejo/|title=Malú 🦋 (@malutrevejo) • Instagram photos and videos|website=[[Instagram]]|language=en|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tiktok.com/share/user/7239462|title=Malu Trevejo on TikTok|website=TikTok|language=en|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> On September 22, 2017, she released her debut single, "[[Luna Llena (Malu Trevejo song)|Luna Llena]]" through [[Universal Music Latin]]. It has acquired over 85 million views on her YouTube channel as of November 2019. Not long after, she released another single "En Mi Mente" which has surpassed 10 million views. In April 2018, she was featured in a collaboration with up-and-coming English pop singer [[HRVY]], called "Hasta Luego", which has over 40 million views.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://boomonline.com/la-influencer-del-momento-malu-trevejo-firma-contrato-discografico/|title=La "Influencer" del momento Malú Trevejo firma contrato discográfico – Boom on Line|date=June 20, 2017|work=Boom on Line|access-date=29 October 2017|language=es-ES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015221/http://boomonline.com/la-influencer-del-momento-malu-trevejo-firma-contrato-discografico/|archive-date=2017-11-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Malu Trevejo was born on October 15, 2002 in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] to a Cuban mother and a Spanish father.<ref name="who is">{{cite web |url=https://www.vix.com/en/music/529827/meet-malu-trevejo-latina-teen-leaped-being-instafamous-emerging-music-artist |title=Who Is Malu Trevejo? Latina Teen Leaped From Being Instafamous To Emerging Music Artist |publisher=VIX |accessdate=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108064141/https://www.vix.com/en/music/529827/meet-malu-trevejo-latina-teen-leaped-being-instafamous-emerging-music-artist |archive-date=2018-01-08 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ciber Cuba">{{cite web|url=https://www.cibercuba.com/noticias/2018-02-07-u1-e42839-s27065-habana-cantante-e-infuencer-instagram-conoces-cubana-malu|title=De La Habana a cantante e infuencer en Instagram: ¿Conoces a la cubana Malu Trevejo?|author=Ciber Cuba|date=February 7, 2018|publisher=Ciber Cuba|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303105612/https://www.cibercuba.com/noticias/2018-02-07-u1-e42839-s27065-habana-cantante-e-infuencer-instagram-conoces-cubana-malu|archive-date=2018-03-03|url-status=live|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/chica/internet-sensation-singer-malu-trevejo/|title=Meet Malu Trevejo, the 15-Year-Old Music Sensation on YouTube|last=Hansen|first=Lena|date=December 15, 2017|work=People|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215232916/http://people.com/chica/internet-sensation-singer-malu-trevejo/|archive-date=2017-12-15|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly after her birth, she and her parents moved to [[Madrid]] where she lived for 12 years.<ref name="boom1"/> She later relocated to Miami with her mother. <ref>{{Cite news|url==¿Conoces a Malu Trevejo, el fenómeno musical del momento?|last=Madrid|first=Alberto|date=October 10, 2017|work=LOS40|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011232/http://los40.com/los40/2017/10/10/musica/1507652889_616440.html|archive-date=2017-11-07|url-status=live|language=es-Es}}</ref> After the start of her music career, Trevejo enrolled in a home school program as she was being bullied and suffered with making friends.

== Career ==
Her debut single "[[Luna Llena (Malu Trevejo song)|Luna Llena]]", which was produced by [[The Fliptones]],<ref name="boom1"/> reached 33 million YouTube views within seven weeks of release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com.ve/noticia/malu-trevejo-recibe-certificacion-riaa-disco-de-platino|title=Malu Trevejo recibe certificación RIAA 'Disco de Platino'|last=Ortuño|first=Luis|date=October 11, 2017|website=billboard.com.ve|language=es-ES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227123226/https://www.billboard.com.ve/noticia/malu-trevejo-recibe-certificacion-riaa-disco-de-platino|archive-date=2017-12-27|url-status=live|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> Trevejo was recognized as one of [[Pandora Radio]]'s 2018 Latin Artists to Watch.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8062515/latin-artists-to-watch-2018-pandora|title=Pandora's 2018 Latin Artists to Watch List Introduces a Promising Wave of Diverse Acts: Exclusive|last=Estevez|first=Marjua|date=December 7, 2017|work=Billboard|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205193953/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8062515/latin-artists-to-watch-2018-pandora|archive-date=2018-02-05|url-status=live}}</ref> Trevejo has stated that her upcoming album will be [[Spanglish]], including both English and Spanish-language songs.<ref name=":0" /> In June 2017, she signed a recording contract with In-Tu Linea, a division of the [[Universal Music Latin Entertainment]] label.<ref name="boom1">{{cite web |url=http://boomonline.com/la-influencer-del-momento-malu-trevejo-firma-contrato-discografico/ |title=La "Influencer" del momento Malú Trevejo firma contrato discográfico |publisher=Boom on Line |accessdate=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226190902/http://boomonline.com/la-influencer-del-momento-malu-trevejo-firma-contrato-discografico/ |archive-date=2017-12-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> "Luna Llena" debuted on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart at 27 and sold over 2,000 downloads at the time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7989322/malu-trevejo-billboard-chart-debut-hot-latin-songs|title=Malu Trevejo Makes Billboard Chart Debut on the Hot Latin Songs Chart|work=Billboard|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108213209/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7989322/malu-trevejo-billboard-chart-debut-hot-latin-songs|archive-date=2017-11-08|url-status=live}}</ref> a re-make of the song called "Luna Llena (English Version)" was released for non-spanish speakers.

On August 2, 2019, Trevejo released a four-track EP called ''Una vez más''.

==Discography==
===EPs===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:11em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Details
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Una vez más (Malu Trevejo EP)|Una vez más]]''
|
* Released: August 2, 2019
* Label: [[Universal Music Latin]]
* Formats: [[Music download|digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]]
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Title
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Year
! colspan="2" |Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |[[Hot Latin Songs|US]] [[Hot Latin Songs|Latin]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |[[Official Singles Chart|UK]]
|-
! scope="row" |"[[Luna Llena (Malu Trevejo song)|Luna Llena"]]
| rowspan="3" |2017
| 18 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2017-11-18/hot-latin-songs|title=Hot Latin Songs : Nov 18, 2017 {{!}} Billboard Chart Archive|website=Billboard|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513215726/https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2017-11-18/hot-latin-songs|archive-date=2018-05-13|url-status=live}}</ref> || —
| rowspan="7" {{N/A|non-album singles|align=|style=|color=}}
|-
! scope="row" |"Luna Llena (English Version)"
| — || —
|-
! scope="row" |"En Mi Mente"
| — || —
|-
! scope="row" |"Hasta Luego" {{small|(with [[HRVY]])}}
|rowspan="3"|2018
| — || 70 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/53447/hrvy-and-malu-trevejo/ |title=HRVY & MALU TREVEJO – full Official Chart History |website=Official Charts |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504183958/http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/53447/hrvy-and-malu-trevejo/ |archive-date=2018-05-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Nadie Como Yo" {{small|(with [[Gente de Zona]])}}
| — || —
|-
!scope="row" |"Swipe Dat"
| — || —
|-
! scope="row" |"Como Tú Me Quieres"
| rowspan="7"|2019
| — || —
|-
!scope="row" |"Down for Your Love"
| — || —
|''Una vez más''
|-
!scope="row" |"Think About" {{small|(with Andrea Damante featuring Yung Miami)}}
| — || —
|{{N/A|non-album single|align=|style=|color=}}
|-
!scope="row" |"Una Vez Más"
| — || —
| rowspan="2"|''Una vez más''
|-
!scope="row" |"Hace Calor" {{small|(featuring Jeon)}}
| — || —
|-
!scope="row" |"Adios"
| — || —
| rowspan="2"|''non-album single''
|-
!scope="row" |"Este Navidad"
| — || —
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Cuban Americans]]
*[[List of Spanish Americans]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website}}
*{{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trevejo, Malu}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Citizens of Spain through descent]]
[[Category:Cuban dancers]]
[[Category:Cuban emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Cuban emigrants to Spain]]
[[Category:Cuban expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:Cuban expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Cuban people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:Cuban singers]]
[[Category:Female TikTokers]]
[[Category:Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:Musicians from Madrid]]
[[Category:Musicians from Miami]]
[[Category:People from Havana]]
[[Category:Singers from Florida]]
[[Category:Spanish child singers]]
[[Category:Spanish dancers]]
[[Category:Spanish expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Spanish female singers]]
[[Category:Spanish Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:Spanish-language singers]]
[[Category:Spanish-language singers of the United States]]
[[Category:Spanish people of Cuban descent]]
[[Category:Universal Music Latin Entertainment artists]]
[[Category:Video bloggers]]
[[Category:21st-century Cuban singers]]
[[Category:21st-century women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish singers]]

Malú Trevejo

2020-01-28T04:06:04Z

209.160.254.202:

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Malu Trevejo (Maria Luisa Trevejo)
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = María Luisa Trevejo<ref name="who is" />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|10|15}} -
| birth_place = [[Havana]], [[Cuba]]
| occupation = Singer/Dancer
| years_active = 201
| website = {{URL|malutrevejomusic.com}}
}}
'''María Luisa "Malu" Trevejo''' ({{IPAc-en|t|r|ɛ|ˈ|v|ɛ|ˌ|h|oʊ}}) is a Cuban-born Spanish singer who became famous for her [[videos}] on video sharing app [[Musical.ly]]. she is based in [[Miami, Florida]]. She’s now mainly an [[Instagram]] personality with more than 7 million followers. She is known for her music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/malutrevejo/|title=Malú 🦋 (@malutrevejo) • Instagram photos and videos|website=[[Instagram]]|language=en|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tiktok.com/share/user/7239462|title=Malu Trevejo on TikTok|website=TikTok|language=en|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> On September 22, 2017, she released her debut single, "[[Luna Llena (Malu Trevejo song)|Luna Llena]]" through [[Universal Music Latin]]. It has acquired over 85 million views on her YouTube channel as of November 2019. Not long after, she released another single "En Mi Mente" which has surpassed 10 million views. In April 2018, she was featured in a collaboration with up-and-coming English pop singer [[HRVY]], called "Hasta Luego", which has over 40 million views.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://boomonline.com/la-influencer-del-momento-malu-trevejo-firma-contrato-discografico/|title=La "Influencer" del momento Malú Trevejo firma contrato discográfico – Boom on Line|date=June 20, 2017|work=Boom on Line|access-date=29 October 2017|language=es-ES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015221/http://boomonline.com/la-influencer-del-momento-malu-trevejo-firma-contrato-discografico/|archive-date=2017-11-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Malu Trevejo was born on October 15, 2002 in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]] to a Cuban mother and a Spanish father.<ref name="who is">{{cite web |url=https://www.vix.com/en/music/529827/meet-malu-trevejo-latina-teen-leaped-being-instafamous-emerging-music-artist |title=Who Is Malu Trevejo? Latina Teen Leaped From Being Instafamous To Emerging Music Artist |publisher=VIX |accessdate=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108064141/https://www.vix.com/en/music/529827/meet-malu-trevejo-latina-teen-leaped-being-instafamous-emerging-music-artist |archive-date=2018-01-08 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ciber Cuba">{{cite web|url=https://www.cibercuba.com/noticias/2018-02-07-u1-e42839-s27065-habana-cantante-e-infuencer-instagram-conoces-cubana-malu|title=De La Habana a cantante e infuencer en Instagram: ¿Conoces a la cubana Malu Trevejo?|author=Ciber Cuba|date=February 7, 2018|publisher=Ciber Cuba|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303105612/https://www.cibercuba.com/noticias/2018-02-07-u1-e42839-s27065-habana-cantante-e-infuencer-instagram-conoces-cubana-malu|archive-date=2018-03-03|url-status=live|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/chica/internet-sensation-singer-malu-trevejo/|title=Meet Malu Trevejo, the 15-Year-Old Music Sensation on YouTube|last=Hansen|first=Lena|date=December 15, 2017|work=People|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215232916/http://people.com/chica/internet-sensation-singer-malu-trevejo/|archive-date=2017-12-15|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly after her birth, she and her parents moved to [[Madrid]] where she lived for 12 years.<ref name="boom1"/> She later relocated to Miami with her mother. <ref>{{Cite news|url==¿Conoces a Malu Trevejo, el fenómeno musical del momento?|last=Madrid|first=Alberto|date=October 10, 2017|work=LOS40|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011232/http://los40.com/los40/2017/10/10/musica/1507652889_616440.html|archive-date=2017-11-07|url-status=live|language=es-Es}}</ref> After the start of her music career, Trevejo enrolled in a home school program as she was being bullied and suffered with making friends.

== Career ==
Her debut single "[[Luna Llena (Malu Trevejo song)|Luna Llena]]", which was produced by [[The Fliptones]],<ref name="boom1"/> reached 33 million YouTube views within seven weeks of release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com.ve/noticia/malu-trevejo-recibe-certificacion-riaa-disco-de-platino|title=Malu Trevejo recibe certificación RIAA 'Disco de Platino'|last=Ortuño|first=Luis|date=October 11, 2017|website=billboard.com.ve|language=es-ES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227123226/https://www.billboard.com.ve/noticia/malu-trevejo-recibe-certificacion-riaa-disco-de-platino|archive-date=2017-12-27|url-status=live|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> Trevejo was recognized as one of [[Pandora Radio]]'s 2018 Latin Artists to Watch.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8062515/latin-artists-to-watch-2018-pandora|title=Pandora's 2018 Latin Artists to Watch List Introduces a Promising Wave of Diverse Acts: Exclusive|last=Estevez|first=Marjua|date=December 7, 2017|work=Billboard|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205193953/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8062515/latin-artists-to-watch-2018-pandora|archive-date=2018-02-05|url-status=live}}</ref> Trevejo has stated that her upcoming album will be [[Spanglish]], including both English and Spanish-language songs.<ref name=":0" /> In June 2017, she signed a recording contract with In-Tu Linea, a division of the [[Universal Music Latin Entertainment]] label.<ref name="boom1">{{cite web |url=http://boomonline.com/la-influencer-del-momento-malu-trevejo-firma-contrato-discografico/ |title=La "Influencer" del momento Malú Trevejo firma contrato discográfico |publisher=Boom on Line |accessdate=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226190902/http://boomonline.com/la-influencer-del-momento-malu-trevejo-firma-contrato-discografico/ |archive-date=2017-12-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> "Luna Llena" debuted on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart at 27 and sold over 2,000 downloads at the time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7989322/malu-trevejo-billboard-chart-debut-hot-latin-songs|title=Malu Trevejo Makes Billboard Chart Debut on the Hot Latin Songs Chart|work=Billboard|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108213209/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7989322/malu-trevejo-billboard-chart-debut-hot-latin-songs|archive-date=2017-11-08|url-status=live}}</ref> a re-make of the song called "Luna Llena (English Version)" was released for non-spanish speakers.

On August 2, 2019, Trevejo released a four-track EP called ''Una vez más''.

==Discography==
===EPs===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:11em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Details
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Una vez más (Malu Trevejo EP)|Una vez más]]''
|
* Released: August 2, 2019
* Label: [[Universal Music Latin]]
* Formats: [[Music download|digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]]
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Title
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Year
! colspan="2" |Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |[[Hot Latin Songs|US]] [[Hot Latin Songs|Latin]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" |[[Official Singles Chart|UK]]
|-
! scope="row" |"[[Luna Llena (Malu Trevejo song)|Luna Llena"]]
| rowspan="3" |2017
| 18 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2017-11-18/hot-latin-songs|title=Hot Latin Songs : Nov 18, 2017 {{!}} Billboard Chart Archive|website=Billboard|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513215726/https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2017-11-18/hot-latin-songs|archive-date=2018-05-13|url-status=live}}</ref> || —
| rowspan="7" {{N/A|non-album singles|align=|style=|color=}}
|-
! scope="row" |"Luna Llena (English Version)"
| — || —
|-
! scope="row" |"En Mi Mente"
| — || —
|-
! scope="row" |"Hasta Luego" {{small|(with [[HRVY]])}}
|rowspan="3"|2018
| — || 70 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/53447/hrvy-and-malu-trevejo/ |title=HRVY & MALU TREVEJO – full Official Chart History |website=Official Charts |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504183958/http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/53447/hrvy-and-malu-trevejo/ |archive-date=2018-05-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Nadie Como Yo" {{small|(with [[Gente de Zona]])}}
| — || —
|-
!scope="row" |"Swipe Dat"
| — || —
|-
! scope="row" |"Como Tú Me Quieres"
| rowspan="7"|2019
| — || —
|-
!scope="row" |"Down for Your Love"
| — || —
|''Una vez más''
|-
!scope="row" |"Think About" {{small|(with Andrea Damante featuring Yung Miami)}}
| — || —
|{{N/A|non-album single|align=|style=|color=}}
|-
!scope="row" |"Una Vez Más"
| — || —
| rowspan="2"|''Una vez más''
|-
!scope="row" |"Hace Calor" {{small|(featuring Jeon)}}
| — || —
|-
!scope="row" |"Adios"
| — || —
| rowspan="2"|''non-album single''
|-
!scope="row" |"Este Navidad"
| — || —
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Cuban Americans]]
*[[List of Spanish Americans]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website}}
*{{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trevejo, Malu}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Citizens of Spain through descent]]
[[Category:Cuban dancers]]
[[Category:Cuban emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Cuban emigrants to Spain]]
[[Category:Cuban expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:Cuban expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Cuban people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:Cuban singers]]
[[Category:Female TikTokers]]
[[Category:Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:Musicians from Madrid]]
[[Category:Musicians from Miami]]
[[Category:People from Havana]]
[[Category:Singers from Florida]]
[[Category:Spanish child singers]]
[[Category:Spanish dancers]]
[[Category:Spanish expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Spanish female singers]]
[[Category:Spanish Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:Spanish-language singers]]
[[Category:Spanish-language singers of the United States]]
[[Category:Spanish people of Cuban descent]]
[[Category:Universal Music Latin Entertainment artists]]
[[Category:Video bloggers]]
[[Category:21st-century Cuban singers]]
[[Category:21st-century women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish singers]]

Brandon Schuster

2019-12-29T19:19:28Z

209.160.254.202:

{{short description|Samoan swimmer}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor = lightblue
| name = Jacob Leahy
| image = Brandon Schuster (Hangzhou) 2.jpg
| image_size = 
| caption =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = {{SAM}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|04|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place = Bakers
| monuments =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| yearsactive =
| other_interests =
| website =
| country =
| sport = Swimming
| rank =
| event = Freestyle, Backstroke, Individual Medley
| league =
| league_type =
| employer =
| agent =
| height = 
| weight = 
| universityteam =
| collegeteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| coaching =
| retired =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | Men's [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{SAM}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Swimming at the Pacific Games|Pacific Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Swimming at the 2015 Pacific Games|2015 Port Moresby]]|400 m medley}}
{{MedalBronze|2015 Port Moresby|200 m backstroke}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Oceania Swimming Championships|Oceania Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze |[[2016 Oceania Swimming Championships|2016 Suva]] | 400 m medley}}
| show-medals =
| updated = 23 August 2016
}}

'''Brandon Schuster''' (born 23 April 1998 in [[Fiji]]) is a [[Samoa]]n swimmer who represented [[Samoa at the 2016 Summer Olympics]].{{refn|name=OlympicBotGeneratedRef|{{cite web|title=Brandon Schuster |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/brandon-schuster |work=Rio 2016 |publisher=The Rio Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited |accessdate=23 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824230042/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/brandon-schuster |archivedate=24 August 2016 }}}} He holds multiple [[List of Samoan records in swimming|Samoan records in swimming]].

==Swimming career==
===2012===
At the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)]] he competed in the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50m]], [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100m]] and [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 metre freestyle events]], the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre backstroke|50m]], [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre backstroke|100m]] and [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre backstroke|200 metre backstroke events]], the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre breaststroke|50m]], [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100m]] and [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 metre breaststroke events]], and the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre individual medley|100 metre individual medley]].
===2013===
He represented [[Samoa at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships]], racing in the [[Swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400m]] and [[Swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 800 metre freestyle|800 metre freestyle events]].
===2014===
He represented [[Samoa at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]], competing in the [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50m]], [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100m]], [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200m]] and [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle]], the [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 metre breaststroke]] and the [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre individual medley|200 metre individual medley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/weightlifting/1021634/brandon_schuster.html|title=Glasgow 2014 - Brandon Schuster Profile|publisher=}}</ref>

At the [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)]], he raced in the [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50m]], [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100m]], [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200m]] and [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle]] and the [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 metre breaststroke]].
===2015===
Schuster competed at the [[2015 Pacific Games]], winning bronze in the 200 metre backstroke, and silver in the 400 metre individual medley race. He set a national record in the 400 metre individual medley.<ref name="swimswam.com">{{cite web|url=https://swimswam.com/new-zealand-dominates-day-two-oceania-championships/|title=New Zealand Dominates Day Two in the Pool of Oceania Championships|date=22 June 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

At the [[2015 Commonwealth Youth Games]], held in Samoa, Schuster finished 6th in the 400 metre individual medley.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swimswam.com/fina-development-clinic-held-in-samoa/|title=FINA Development Clinic Held in Samoa|date=8 October 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

He represented [[Samoa at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships]], racing in the [[Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200m]] and [[Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle events]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swimswam.com/oceania-contingent-shares-experiences-from-world-championships-video/|title=Oceania Contingent Shares Experiences from World Championships (Video)|date=21 August 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
===2016===
At the [[2016 Oceania Swimming Championships]], he won bronze in the 400 metre individual medley race, breaking his national record in the process.<ref name="swimswam.com"/> He also competed in the 400m, 200 metre individual medley and 5km races.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=359395|title=Fiji born Schuster claims bronze for Samoa - Fiji Times Online|publisher=}}</ref>

At the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] he competed in the [[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle|Men's 200 m freestyle]], where he ranked 46th with a time of 1:57.72. He did not advance to the semifinals.

2016 started competing with California Baptist University

'''2017'''

Met Payton Thomas and Kyle White and became instant friends on 09/02/2017. Competed at the NCAA division 2 Championships in Alabama for the [https://cbulancers.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=6186 California Baptist University] and placed 4th in the 400im.

At the [[2017 World Aquatics Championships]] in Budapest, Hungary he competed in the men's 200 freestyle and 400im.

'''2018'''

Competed at the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]] for team Samoa and swam the 50, 100, 200 and 400 freestyle. As well as the 200 and 400 Individual Medley. He set Samoan records in the 50, 100 and 400 freestyle. After this he went on to gain 50 pounds and died of a heart attack at the local Bakers.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}6. [https://cbulancers.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=6186]

7. [[List of Samoan records in swimming]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schuster, Brandon}}
[[Category:Olympic swimmers of Samoa]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for Samoa]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male medley swimmers]]
[[Category:Samoan male swimmers]]
[[Category:Fijian emigrants to Samoa]]
[[Category:Male freestyle swimmers]]
[[Category:Male backstroke swimmers]]
[[Category:Male breaststroke swimmers]]

Brandon Schuster

2019-12-29T19:14:19Z

209.160.254.202: /* 2016 */Typo

{{short description|Samoan swimmer}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor = lightblue
| name = Brandon Schuster
| image = Brandon Schuster (Hangzhou) 2.jpg
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| sport = Swimming
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| event = Freestyle, Backstroke, Individual Medley
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| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | Men's [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{SAM}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Swimming at the Pacific Games|Pacific Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Swimming at the 2015 Pacific Games|2015 Port Moresby]]|400 m medley}}
{{MedalBronze|2015 Port Moresby|200 m backstroke}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Oceania Swimming Championships|Oceania Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze |[[2016 Oceania Swimming Championships|2016 Suva]] | 400 m medley}}
| show-medals =
| updated = 23 August 2016
}}

'''Brandon Schuster''' (born 23 April 1998 in [[Fiji]]) is a [[Samoa]]n swimmer who represented [[Samoa at the 2016 Summer Olympics]].{{refn|name=OlympicBotGeneratedRef|{{cite web|title=Brandon Schuster |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/brandon-schuster |work=Rio 2016 |publisher=The Rio Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited |accessdate=23 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824230042/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/brandon-schuster |archivedate=24 August 2016 }}}} He holds multiple [[List of Samoan records in swimming|Samoan records in swimming]].

==Swimming career==
===2012===
At the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)]] he competed in the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50m]], [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100m]] and [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 metre freestyle events]], the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre backstroke|50m]], [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre backstroke|100m]] and [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre backstroke|200 metre backstroke events]], the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre breaststroke|50m]], [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100m]] and [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 metre breaststroke events]], and the [[2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre individual medley|100 metre individual medley]].
===2013===
He represented [[Samoa at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships]], racing in the [[Swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400m]] and [[Swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 800 metre freestyle|800 metre freestyle events]].
===2014===
He represented [[Samoa at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]], competing in the [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50m]], [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100m]], [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200m]] and [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle]], the [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 metre breaststroke]] and the [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre individual medley|200 metre individual medley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/weightlifting/1021634/brandon_schuster.html|title=Glasgow 2014 - Brandon Schuster Profile|publisher=}}</ref>

At the [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)]], he raced in the [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50m]], [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100m]], [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200m]] and [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle]] and the [[2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 metre breaststroke]].
===2015===
Schuster competed at the [[2015 Pacific Games]], winning bronze in the 200 metre backstroke, and silver in the 400 metre individual medley race. He set a national record in the 400 metre individual medley.<ref name="swimswam.com">{{cite web|url=https://swimswam.com/new-zealand-dominates-day-two-oceania-championships/|title=New Zealand Dominates Day Two in the Pool of Oceania Championships|date=22 June 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

At the [[2015 Commonwealth Youth Games]], held in Samoa, Schuster finished 6th in the 400 metre individual medley.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swimswam.com/fina-development-clinic-held-in-samoa/|title=FINA Development Clinic Held in Samoa|date=8 October 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

He represented [[Samoa at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships]], racing in the [[Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200m]] and [[Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 metre freestyle events]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swimswam.com/oceania-contingent-shares-experiences-from-world-championships-video/|title=Oceania Contingent Shares Experiences from World Championships (Video)|date=21 August 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
===2016===
At the [[2016 Oceania Swimming Championships]], he won bronze in the 400 metre individual medley race, breaking his national record in the process.<ref name="swimswam.com"/> He also competed in the 400m, 200 metre individual medley and 5km races.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=359395|title=Fiji born Schuster claims bronze for Samoa - Fiji Times Online|publisher=}}</ref>

At the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] he competed in the [[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle|Men's 200 m freestyle]], where he ranked 46th with a time of 1:57.72. He did not advance to the semifinals.

2016 started competing with California Baptist University

'''2017'''

Met Payton Thomas and Kyle White and became instant friends on 09/02/2017. Competed at the NCAA division 2 Championships in Alabama for the [https://cbulancers.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=6186 California Baptist University] and placed 4th in the 400im.

At the [[2017 World Aquatics Championships]] in Budapest, Hungary he competed in the men's 200 freestyle and 400im.

'''2018'''

Competed at the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]] for team Samoa and swam the 50, 100, 200 and 400 freestyle. As well as the 200 and 400 Individual Medley. He set Samoan records in the 50, 100 and 400 freestyle. After this he went on to gain 50 pounds and died of a heart attack at the local Bakers.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}6. [https://cbulancers.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=6186]

7. [[List of Samoan records in swimming]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schuster, Brandon}}
[[Category:Olympic swimmers of Samoa]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for Samoa]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male medley swimmers]]
[[Category:Samoan male swimmers]]
[[Category:Fijian emigrants to Samoa]]
[[Category:Male freestyle swimmers]]
[[Category:Male backstroke swimmers]]
[[Category:Male breaststroke swimmers]]

Make America Great Again

2019-11-22T19:43:26Z

209.160.254.202:

{{Use American English|date=July 2019}}
{{short description|American campaign slogan}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2018}}

[[File:Trump 2016.svg|thumb|Trump's MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN! sign used during his 2016 presidential campaign]]
[[File:Let's Make America Great Again button.jpeg|thumb|A button from Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign]]
"'''Make America Great Again'''" (often abbreviated as '''MAGA''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|.|ɡ|ə}}) is a [[campaign slogan]] used in [[American politics]] that was popularized by [[Donald Trump]] in his successful [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|2016 presidential campaign]]. [[Ronald Reagan]] used the similar slogan "'''Let's make America great again'''" in his successful [[Ronald Reagan presidential campaign, 1980|1980 presidential campaign]]. [[Bill Clinton]] also used the phrase in speeches during his successful [[Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign|1992 presidential campaign]] and again in a radio commercial aired for his wife [[Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign|Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential primary campaign]]. Democratic pollster [[Douglas Schoen]] has called Trump's use of the phrase as "probably the most resonant campaign slogan in recent history," citing large majorities of Americans who believed the country was in decline.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schoen|first=Douglas|title=Donald Trump saw what politicians ignored. And then he disrupted American politics|url=http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2016/04/08/donald-trump-saw-what-politicians-ignored-and-then-disrupted-american-politics.html|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=April 8, 2016|accessdate=November 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Edwards-Levy|first=Ariel|title=Americans Aren't Sure Anything In America Works Anymore|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/america-future-survey_us_564bae1de4b045bf3df193bd|publisher=|website=[[Huff Post]]|date=November 18, 2015|accessdate=November 5, 2018}}</ref> The slogan has become a [[pop culture]] phenomenon, seeing widespread use and spawning numerous variants in the arts, entertainment, and politics, and used both by those who support and oppose the presidency of Donald Trump. In the Trump era, [[Voice of America]] has called the slogan a [[Loaded language|loaded]] phrase because it "doesn't just appeal to people who hear it as racist [[Dog-whistle politics|coded language]], but also those who have felt a loss of status as other groups have become more empowered."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Melton |first1=Marissa |title=Is 'Make America Great Again' Racist? |url=https://www.voanews.com/usa/make-america-great-again-racist |accessdate=September 29, 2019 |work=Voice of America |date=August 31, 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

== Use by Ronald Reagan ==
{{See also|Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign}}
"Let's make America great again" was first used in [[Ronald Reagan]]'s 1980 presidential campaign, when the United States was suffering from a worsening economy at home marked by [[stagflation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iagreetosee.com/portfolio/make-america-great-again/|title=Ronald Reagan's Classic 1980 Campaign Poster Challenges Voters, "Let's Make America Great Again"|website=Iagreetosee.com|accessdate=August 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Taibbi|first=Matt|title=Donald Trump Claims Authorship of Legendary Reagan Slogan; Has Never Heard of Google|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/donald-trump-is-americas-stupidest-person-has-never-heard-of-google-20150325|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=March 25, 2015|accessdate=January 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/comm/wilson5/politics_chapter/prez09.html|title=Presidential Politics, 20th Century Style: Reagan-Carter|publisher=MHHE.com|accessdate=August 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818034233/http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/comm/wilson5/politics_chapter/prez09.html|archive-date=August 18, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Using the country's economic distress as a springboard for his campaign, Reagan used the slogan to stir a sense of patriotism among the electorate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iagreetosee.com/portfolio/make-america-great-again/|title=Ronald Reagan's 1980 Campaign Poster, "Let's Make America Great Again"|last=|first=|date=|access-date=January 27, 2017|language=en-US|newspaper=I Agree to See}}</ref>

== Use by Bill Clinton ==
{{See also|Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign}}
The phrase was also used in speeches<ref>{{cite web|title=Make America Great Again a Retrospective|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txM0isUb7Xw|accessdate=July 21, 2017}}</ref> by [[Bill Clinton]] during his 1992 presidential campaign; however, it was not a slogan of the campaign.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Margolin|first1=Emma|title=Who really first came up with the phrase 'Make America Great Again'?|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/make-america-great-again-who-said-it-first-n645716|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=September 9, 2016|accessdate=September 10, 2016}}</ref> Clinton also used the phrase in a radio commercial aired for [[Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign|Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential primary campaign]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 Clinton Campaign Ad: Bill Clinton: Hillary Will "Make America Great Again"|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rj5uVCA2sg|accessdate=July 21, 2017}}</ref>

During the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 electoral campaign]], Clinton suggested that Trump's version, used as a campaign rallying cry, was a message to white Southerners that Trump was promising to "give you an economy you had 50 years ago, and... move you back up on the social totem pole and other people down."<ref>{{cite news|title=Bill Clinton suggests Trump slogan racist – but he used the same one|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/09/09/bill-clinton-suggests-trump-slogan-racist-but-used-same-one.html|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=September 9, 2016|accessdate=January 22, 2018}}</ref>

== Use by Donald Trump ==
{{Further|Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign}}
[[File:Donald Trump (25953705015).jpg|thumb|right|[[Donald Trump]] wearing a ''MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN'' cap during his 2016 campaign]]
On September 16, 2011, [[Roger Stone]], Trump's longtime political advisor and a veteran of Reagan's 1980 campaign, tweeted the slogan: "Make America Great Again --TRUMP HUCKABEE 2012 #nomormons".<ref>{{cite tweet |user=RogerJStoneJr |author=Roger Stone| number=114564327490592768 |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Make America Great Again -- TRUMP HUCKABEE 2012}}</ref> Two months later, in December 2011, Trump made a statement in which he said he was unwilling to rule out running as a presidential candidate in the future, explaining "I must leave all of my options open because, above all else, we must make America great again".<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaczynski|first=Andrew|title=Trump was saying 'Make America Great Again' long before he claims he thought it up|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/18/politics/kfile-trump-maga-origins/index.html|publisher=Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.|website=CNN.com|date=January 18, 2017|accessdate=November 5, 2018}}</ref> Also in December 2011, he published [[Time to Get Tough|a book]] using as a subtitle the similar phrase "Making America #1 Again" — which in a 2015 reissue would be changed to "Make America Great Again!"<ref>{{cite news|last=Lozada|first=Carlos|title=Book Party: Donald Trump's 'Time to Get Tough' is out in paperback. You'll never guess the new subtitle.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/book-party/wp/2015/08/31/donald-trumps-time-to-get-tough-is-out-in-paperback-youll-never-guess-the-new-subtitle|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 31, 2015|access-date=June 17, 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Make America Great Again hat (27149010964).jpg|thumb|Trump popularized the slogan "Make America Great Again" by stitching it onto his widely distributed cap.|alt=]]

Trump himself began using the slogan formally on November 7, 2012, the day after [[2012 United States presidential election|Barack Obama won his reelection against Mitt Romney]]. By his own account, Trump first considered "We Will Make America Great", but did not feel like it had the right "ring" to it. "Make America Great" was his next slogan idea, but upon further reflection, he felt that it was a slight to America because it implied that America was never great. After selecting "Make America Great Again", Trump immediately had an attorney register it. (Trump later said that he was unaware of Reagan's use in 1980 until 2015, but noted that "he didn't trademark it".)<ref name="tumulty20170118" /> On November 12 he signed an application with the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] requesting exclusive rights to use the slogan for political purposes. It was registered as a service mark on July 14, 2015, after Trump formally began his [[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|2016 presidential campaign]] and demonstrated that he was using the slogan for the purpose stated on the application.<ref name=servicemark>{{cite web |url=http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=85783371&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch|title=U.S. Service Mark 4,773,272|publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |access-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref><ref name="tumulty20170118">{{cite news|last=Tumulty|first=Karen|author-link=Karen Tumulty|title=How Donald Trump came up with 'Make America Great Again'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-donald-trump-came-up-with-make-america-great-again/2017/01/17/fb6acf5e-dbf7-11e6-ad42-f3375f271c9c_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=January 18, 2017|access-date=November 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tsdr.uspto.gov/documentviewer?caseId=sn85783371&docId=APP20121122072845#docIndex=28&page=1|title=USPTO TSDR Case Viewer|last=|first=|date=|website=tsdr.uspto.gov|access-date=January 27, 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Make America Great Again outdoor banner on roadside in California.jpg|thumb|Banner displaying "Vote To Make America Great Again" on a roadside in [[California]] shortly after the November 2016 election]]

During the campaign, Trump often used the slogan, especially by wearing hats emblazoned with the phrase in white letters, which soon became popular among his supporters.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bump|first=Philip|title=Why Donald Trump has given up on the hat|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/01/25/why-donald-trump-has-given-up-on-the-hat/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=January 25, 2016|accessdate=November 5, 2018}}</ref> The slogan was so important to the campaign that at one point it spent more on making the hats – sold for $25 each on its website – than on polling, consultants, or television commercials. The candidate claimed that "millions" were sold.{{r|tumulty20170118}} Following Trump's election, the website of [[Presidential transition of Donald Trump|his presidential transition]] was established at greatagain.gov.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Allan|title='Great again': Donald Trump's .gov website is now live|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-great-again-website-2016-11|website=[[Business Insider]]|date=November 10, 2016|accessdate=November 12, 2016}}</ref> President Trump stated in January 2017 that the slogan of his [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2020|2020 reelection campaign]] would be "Keep America Great" and immediately ordered a lawyer to trademark it.{{r|tumulty20170118}} Trump tweeted "MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN!" on September 1, 2018,<ref>{{cite web|title=@realDonaldTrump|url= https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1036024180087644160|accessdate=September 2, 2017}}</ref> apparently in response to [[Meghan McCain]] telling approximately 3,000 mourners at [[John McCain]]'s memorial service, "The America of John McCain has no need to be made great again because America was always great."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kane|first1=Paul|last2=Pogrund|first2=Gabriel|last3=Itkowitz|first3=Colby|title='America was always great': Meghan McCain rebukes Trump|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/america-was-always-great-meghan-mccain-rebukes-trump/2018/09/01/d39df262-adec-11e8-a8d7-0f63ab8b1370_story.html?noredirect=on|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 1, 2017|accessdate=November 5, 2018}}</ref>

=== Social-media usage ===
{{See also|Donald Trump on social media}}

Donald Trump took the campaign slogan to [[social media]] (primarily to [[Twitter]]), using the [[hashtag]]s #makeamericagreatagain and its abbreviation #maga. In response to criticism regarding his frequent and untraditional usage of social media, Trump defended himself by tweeting "My use of social media is not Presidential - it's MODERN DAY PRESIDENTIAL. Make America Great Again!" on July 1, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last= Graham|first= Chris|title= 'Modern day presidential': Donald Trump defends use of social media in Twitter storm|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/01/modern-day-presidential-donald-trump-defends-use-social-media/|newspaper= [[The Daily Telegraph |The Telegraph]]|date= July 2, 2017|access-date= November 3, 2017|language= en-GB|issn= 0307-1235}}</ref> This comment claimed to justify his usage of social media as his main preferred method of communicating to his supporter-base.

In the first half of 2017 alone, Trump repeated his slogan on Twitter 33 times.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last= Whitehouse|first= Mark|title= 'Great Again' Is Trump's Magic Twitter Mantra|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-08-21/-make-america-great-again-is-trump-s-magic-twitter-mantra|agency= [[Bloomberg News]]|date= August 21, 2017|access-date= November 3, 2017}}</ref> In an article for [[Bloomberg News]], Mark Whitehouse noted "A regression analysis suggests the phrase adds (very roughly) 51,000 to a post's retweet-and-favorite count, which is important given that the average Trump tweet attracts a total of 107,000."<ref name=":0" />

Trump attributed his victory (in part) to social media when he said "I won the 2016 election with interviews, speeches, and social media."<ref>{{cite news|last= Rosen|first= Christopher|title= Donald Trump Defends Twitter Use as 'MODERN DAY PRESIDENTIAL'|url= http://ew.com/tv/2017/07/01/donald-trump-modern-day-presidential/|magazine= [[Entertainment Weekly]]|date= July 2, 2017|access-date= November 8, 2017|language= en-US}}</ref> According to RiteTag,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://ritetag.com/hashtag-stats/maga|title= #maga Hashtag Analytics {{!}} RiteTag: Find the best hashtags|last= |first= |date= |website= ritetag.com|publisher= RiteKit is a SaaS (Software as a Service) Company for which RiteTag is a subscription-based product.|page= https://ritetag.com/best-hashtags-for/donaldtrump|access-date= 2018-07-18}}</ref> the estimated hourly statistics for #maga on Twitter alone include: 1,304 unique tweets, 5,820,000 hashtag exposure, and 3,424 retweets with 14% of #maga tweets including images, 55% including links, and 51% including mentions.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://ritetag.com/hashtag-stats/maga|title= #maga Hashtag Analytics {{!}} RiteTag: Find the best hashtags|last= |first= |date= |website= ritetag.com|access-date= November 8, 2017}}</ref>

Donald Trump set up his Twitter account in March 2009. His follower-count increased significantly following the announcement (June 16, 2015) of his intention to run for president in the [[2016 United States presidential election | 2016 presidential election]], with particularly notable spikes occurring after his securing the [[Republican Party (United States) | Republican Party]] nomination (May 3, 2016) and after winning the presidency.<ref>
{{cite web
|url= https://www.trackalytics.com/twitter/followers/widget/realdonaldtrump/
|title= Donald J. Trump Twitter Followers Statistics - Trackalytics
|last= Trackalytics|website= www.trackalytics.com
|accessdate= November 28, 2017
}}
</ref>

== Use by others ==
=== In politics ===
Political commentator and author [[Peter Beinart]] published a 2006 book titled ''The Good Fight: Why Liberals—and Only Liberals—Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again''<ref>{{cite book |title=The good fight : why liberals--and only liberals--can win the War on Terror and make America great again |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=9780060841614 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/goodfightwhylibe00bein |date=May 30, 2006 |url-access=registration }}</ref> drawing on the philosophy of theologian [[Reinhold Niebuhr]] after the [[Invasion of Iraq]] and early years of the [[War on Terror]].

In 2011, [[Christine O'Donnell]] published a book about her Senate campaign in the [[United States Senate special election in Delaware, 2010|2010 Delaware special election]] titled ''Troublemaker: Let's Do What It Takes To Make America Great Again''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2011/06/christine-odonnell-promotes-memoir-057435|title=Christine O'Donnell promotes memoir|publisher=Politico|date=June 21, 2011|accessdate=September 24, 2017}}</ref>

After Donald Trump popularized the use of the phrase, the phrase and [[Snowclone|modifications of it]] became widely used to refer to his election campaign and his politics. Trump's primary opponents, [[Ted Cruz]] and [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]], began using "Make America Great Again" in speeches, inciting Trump to send [[cease-and-desist letter]]s to them. Trump claimed after the election that the hats "were copied, unfortunately. It was [[knockoff|knocked off]] by 10 to one [...] but it was a slogan, and every time somebody buys one, that's an advertisement".{{r|tumulty20170118}} Cruz later sold hats featuring, "Make Trump Debate Again", in response to Trump's boycotting the [[Republican Party presidential debates, 2016#January 28, 2016 – Des Moines, Iowa|Iowa January 28, 2016, debate]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Bradford Richardson|title=Cruz sells 'Make Trump Debate Again' hats|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/267227-cruz-selling-make-trump-debate-again-hats|website=TheHill.com|date=January 27, 2016|accessdate=January 27, 2016}}</ref>

===Disagreement===
New York Governor [[Andrew Cuomo]] stated that America "was never that great" during a September 2018 bill signing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2018/08/15/cuomo-says-america-was-never-that-great/|title=Cuomo says America 'was never that great'|last=Gonen|first=Yoav|last2=Campanile|first2=Carl|date=August 15, 2018|website=[[New York Post]]|language=en|access-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/15/nyregion/cuomo-maga-trump-.html|title=Cuomo Says America 'Was Never That Great' in Jab at Trump Slogan|last=Goldmacher|first=Shane|date=August 15, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 30, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Former US Attorney General [[Eric Holder]] questioned the slogan in a March 2019 interview on [[MSNBC]], asking "Exactly when did you think America was great?"<ref>{{cite news |title=Holder to Trump: 'Exactly when did you think America was great?' |url=https://www.msnbc.com/the-beat-with-ari/watch/holder-to-trump-exactly-when-did-you-think-america-was-great-1466354755913 |accessdate=29 March 2019 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]|date=28 March 2019 |quote=Holder also discusses the Trump slogan of “Make America Great Again”, posing the question: “when did you think America was great?”.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/eric-holder-when-did-you-think-america-was-great|title=Eric Holder goes on MAGA attack: 'Exactly when did you think America was great?'|last=Norman|first=Greg|date=March 28, 2019|website=[[Fox News]]|language=en-US|access-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref>

===Other countries===
In June 2017, [[Emmanuel Macron]], [[President of France]], rebuked Trump over [[United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement|withdrawing]] from the [[Paris Agreement|Paris Climate Agreement]]. The last sentence of the speech delivered by him was "make our planet great again".<ref>{{cite web|title=Macron: 'Make our planet great again'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-40125579/paris-climate-deal-macron-pledges-to-make-planet-great-again|website=BBC News|accessdate=January 18, 2018}}</ref>

In October 2018, during [[Prabowo Subianto 2019 presidential campaign|his campaign]] for the [[2019 Indonesian general election|2019 Indonesian presidential election]], opposition leader [[Prabowo Subianto]] used the phrase "make Indonesia great again", though he denied having copied Trump.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Massola |first1=James |title=Prabowo wants to 'make Indonesia great again' |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/prabowo-wants-to-make-indonesia-great-again-20181020-p50awr.html |accessdate=20 October 2018 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

During the [[2019 European Parliament election in Sweden|Swedish European Parliament election]] in May 2019, the [[Christian Democrats (Sweden)|Swedish Christian Democratic Party]] used the slogan "[[Lagom|Make EU Lagom Again]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/wPd5y1/kd-gor-eu-lagom-igen|title=KD: Gör EU lagom igen|publisher=Aftonbladet|language=Swedish|date=3 May 2019|accessdate=17 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wp.kristdemokraterna.se/saraskyttedal/|title=Svenskarnas starka stöd för EU kan inte tas för givet|publisher=Swedish Christian Democratic Party|language=Swedish|date=5 April 2019|accessdate=17 June 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Make the Earth Greta again, Berlin, 08.02.2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|February 2019 Fridays for Future protest in Berlin with the line ''Make Earth Greta Again''.]]
Members of the [[School strike for climate|Fridays for Future Movement]] have often used slogans like "Make Earth Greta Again", referring to [[Greta Thunberg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-view-from-rome.blogautore.repubblica.it/2019/04/19/greta-thunberg-tells-rome-they-have-stolen-our-future/|title=Greta Thunberg tells Rome: They have stolen our future|publisher=Republica|language=English|date=19 April 2019|accessdate=17 June 2019}}</ref> In 2019, [[Grant Armour]] and [[Milene Larsson]] co-directed a documentary film named ''[[Make the World Greta Again]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10404884/|title=Make the World Greta Again|publisher=Internet Movide Database|language=English|date=24 May 2019|accessdate=17 June 2019}}</ref>

=== In popular culture ===
[[File:Prophets_Of_Rage_@_Tinley_Park,_IL_9-3-2016_(29882366702).jpg|thumb|right|Rap-rock [[supergroup (music)|supergroup]] [[Prophets of Rage]] displaying a "Make America Rage Again" stage backdrop reminiscent of the "Make America Great Again" catchphrase as it appears on a MAGA hat.]]
{{in popular culture|section|date=January 2019}}
The phrase and its variants are widely used and parodied in media. For example:

;Advertising
* A [[Dunk-a-roos]] marketing campaign used the slogan "Make America Dunk Again".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Krashinsky|first1=Susan|title= General Mills hopes to hit sweet spot with new 'Smugglaroos' campaign |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/marketing/general-mills-hopes-to-hit-sweet-spot-with-new-smugglaroos-campaign/article32519356/|accessdate=November 6, 2016|work=The Globe and Mail|date=October 26, 2016}}</ref>

;Artwork
* ''[[Make Everything Great Again]]'' is a [[street art]] [[mural]] by artist Mindaugas Bonanu in [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuania]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://indy100.independent.co.uk/article/this-artists-interpretation-of-putin-and-trump-kissing-cannot-be-unseen--WylAuVSO2Gb|title= This artist's interpretation of Putin and Trump kissing cannot be unseen|work=[[The Independent]]|first= Adam|last=Taylor|date=May 16, 2016|access-date=June 12, 2017}}</ref>
*In Spring of 2019, artist [[Kate Kretz]] made a [http://www.katekretz.com/work-by-series#/the-maga-hat-collection series of artworks] by ripping apart MAGA hats and sewing them into traditional symbols of hatred, and was [https://medium.com/@kkretz4art/facebook-bans-artist-for-transforming-maga-hats-6ce83ec250d6 subsequently banned from Facebook].

;Comedy
* Comedian [[David Cross]]'s 2016 stand-up tour was titled "Making America Great Again".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/01/05/david-cross-announces-making-america-great-again-nationwide-stand-tours|title=David Cross announces 'Making America Great Again!' nationwide stand-up tour|author= Snierson, Dan|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=January 5, 2016 |accessdate=January 28, 2016}}</ref>
*Comedian Tom Myers referenced the slogan in the title of his 2018 comedy album ''Make America Innate Again'' (2018).<ref>{{cite book|title=Make America Innate Again|date=2018|author=Myers, Tom|url=https://www.tommyers.us/innate}}</ref>

;Conventions and events
* In 2016, two [[Dragon Con]] [[cosplay]]ers claiming an association with [[Adult Swim]] and [[Cartoon Network]], and dressed as the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] during the [[September 11 attacks]], wore "Make [[FishCenter Live|FishCenter]] Great Again" hats.<ref name="Boult 2016">{{cite news|last=Boult|first=Adam|title=Anger over 'Twin Towers' cosplayers |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/05/anger-over-twin-towers-cosplayers/|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|date=September 5, 2016|accessdate=November 28, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Johnston 2016">{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Rich|title=Cosplay Controversy At Dragon*Con – 9/11 Or Rampage?|url=https://www.bleedingcool.com/2016/09/06/cosplay-controversy-at-dragoncon-911-or-rampage/|work=[[Bleeding Cool]]|publisher=[[Avatar Press]]|date=September 6, 2016|accessdate=November 28, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Sandle 2016">{{cite web|last=Sandle|first=Tim|title=Dragon Con sci-fi fans trigger 9/11 controversy|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/odd+news/twin-tower-clad-cosplayers-cause-a-storm-in-georgia/article/474098|work=Digital Journal|publisher=digitaljournal.com|date=September 5, 2016|accessdate=November 28, 2017}}</ref>
* Adult film star [[Stormy Daniels]], who [[Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal|allegedly had an affair with President Trump]], took part in a "Make America Horny Again" strip club tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2018/01/22/stormy-daniels-trumps-alleged-former-mistress-performs-south-carolina-strip-club/1053087001/|title=Stormy Daniels, Trump's alleged former mistress, performs at South Carolina strip club|last=Bowerman|first=Mary|date=January 22, 2018|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=September 16, 2019}}</ref>

;Films
*In ''[[Holmes & Watson]]'' (2018), [[Sherlock Holmes]] wears a "Make England Great Again" hat in one scene.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/holmes-and-watson-review/|title='Holmes & Watson' Review: This Uninspired Parody Arrives Several Years Too Late|last=Spiegel|first=Josh|date=December 26, 2018|website=[[/Film]]|access-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref>
* The [[Syfy]] film ''[[Sharknado 5: Global Swarming]]'' (2017) was released with the tagline "Make America Bait Again".<ref>{{cite web|last1=de Moraes|first1=Lisa|title='Sharknado 5' Gets Topical Title, Adds Cast & Vows To "Make America Bait Again"|url=http://deadline.com/2017/06/sharknado-5-global-swarming-syfy-make-america-bait-again-august-6-1202105824/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=August 6, 2017|date=June 1, 2017}}</ref>
* The tagline for ''[[The Purge: Election Year]]'' (2016) is "Keep America Great" (copying the slogan for Trump's 2020 reelection campaign); one of the TV spots for the film featured Americans who explained why they support the Purge, with one stating he does so "to keep my country [America] great."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chichizola|first1=Corey|title=The Purge: Election Year Wants You To Purge For America|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Purge-Election-Year-Promo-Wants-You-Purge-America-114707.html|accessdate=October 28, 2016|date=February 26, 2016|work=CinemaBlend}}</ref> The next film in the franchise, ''[[The First Purge]]'', was subsequently advertised with a poster featuring its title stylized on a MAGA hat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/2018/01/30/first-purge-poster-maga-hat/#1S8b.IgyUiqX|first=Adam|last=Rosenberg|title=The next 'Purge' movie is a prequel and its first poster is an obvious MAGA shout-out|website=[[Mashable]]|accessdate=27 July 2018|date=30 January 2018}}</ref>

;Games
* The ''[[Assassin's Creed Odyssey]]'' (2018) video games character [[Cleon]] says, "Make Athens Great Again", during his campaign against [[Pericles]].
* In video game ''[[Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance]]'' (2013), the final boss, senator Steven Armstrong recites this phrase to the protagonist, Raiden.
* In the video game ''[[Mortal Kombat 11]]'' (2019), [[Shao Kahn]] urges ''Mortal Kombat 11'' newcomer [[Kollector]] to "let us make Outworld great again."
* The video game ''[[Wolfenstein: The New Colossus]]'' (2017) used "Make America Nazi-Free Again" in its marketing campaign.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jr|first1=Cleve R. Wootson|title=Even a video game's 'Make America Nazi-free Again' slogan ticked some people off|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2017/10/07/even-a-video-games-make-america-nazi-free-again-slogan-ticked-some-people-off/|website=Washington Post|accessdate=January 18, 2018|date=October 7, 2017}}</ref>

;Music
* [[Fall Out Boy]] released a remix of their album ''[[American Beauty/American Psycho]]'' titled ''[[Make America Psycho Again]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=AllMusic Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/make-america-psycho-again-mw0002886036|website=AllMusic|accessdate=27 May 2018}}</ref>
*Rapper [[Kevin Gates]] released a song in 2018 called ''M.A.T.A'', meaning ''Make America [[Trap music|Trap]] Again''.<ref>[https://genius.com/Kevin-gates-mata-lyrics Kevin Gates - M.A.T.A. Lyrics]</ref>
* [[Make America Rock Again]] was a rock concert tour.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/music/a55396/make-america-rock-again-scott-stapp/|title=Five Things We Expect to See At the Make America Rock Again Tour|work=Esquire|last=Holmes|first=Dave|date=May 31, 2017|accessdate=October 14, 2017}}</ref>
* Rap rock [[supergroup (music)|supergroup]] [[Prophets of Rage]], consisting of members of [[Rage Against the Machine]], [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]] and [[Cypress Hill]], called their 2017 nationwide tour the "Make America Rage Again Tour", using a stage backdrop reminiscent of a MAGA hat.
* [[Snoop Dogg]] released a song titled "[[Make America Crip Again]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/snoop-dogg-previews-new-ep-with-make-america-crip-again-song-w509576|title=Snoop Dogg Previews New EP With 'Make America Crip Again' Song|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|last=Legaspi|first=Althea|date=October 19, 2017|accessdate=November 13, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Frank Turner]] released a song called "Make America Great Again" on his album ''[[Be More Kind]]'' (2018).
* Singer [[Joy Villa]] produced a single 'Make America Great Again' a few months after appearing at the 2017 Grammy Awards in a 'MAGA' dress.<ref>{{cite news|title=Joy Villa wears a 'Make America Great Again' dress to Grammys|last1=Izadi|first1=Elahe|accessdate=October 10, 2017|date=February 13, 2017|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2017/live-updates/arts-entertainment-news/grammys-2017-complete-coverage/joy-villa-wears-a-make-america-great-again-dress-to-grammys/?tid=ss_mail}}</ref>
*Rapper [[Lil Wayne]] wore a hat saying Make America Skate again in [[Chance the Rapper]]'s video [[No Problem (Chance the Rapper song)|No Problem]]
*Hip Hop Producer [[Zaytoven]] released an album titled ''Make America Trap Again'' (2019), with cover art inspired by the [[Barack Obama "Hope" poster]].<ref>[https://genius.com/albums/Zaytoven/Make-america-trap-again Zaytoven - Make America Trap Again]</ref>

;Sports
* [[WWE]] star [[Darren Young]] and former star [[Bob Backlund]] began appearing on WWE TV in May 2016, with Backlund acting as Young's [[life coach]], promising to "Make Darren Young Great Again".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxsports.com/wwe/story/bob-backlund-darren-young-life-coach-050616|title=Bob Backlund returns to WWE to 'make Darren Young great again'|author=Andre Vergara|work=FoxSports.com|date=May 6, 2016|accessdate=May 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gray|first1=Richard|title=Bob Backlund To Make Darren Young Great Again (Smackdown Spoiler)|url=http://www.wrestlingnewsworld.com/bob-backlund-to-make-darren-young-great-again-smackdown-spoiler/|website=Wrestling News World |publisher=Gray Internet Technologies|accessdate=July 13, 2016|date=May 4, 2016|quote=The gimmick includes the obvious play on Donald Trump's campaign slogan of "Make America Great Again."}}</ref>
* Upon his return to [[Impact Wrestling]] (known as TNA during his first run with the company) in 2017, professional wrestling personality [[Dutch Mantell]] (known in [[WWE]] as Zeb Coulter, the manager of [[Jack Swagger]] in 2013) proclaimed he would help "Make Impact (Wrestling) Great Again".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Varble |first1=Aaron |title=Dutch Mantell Name Drops A Ton Of Current WWE Stars At Impact Taping |url=http://stillrealtous.com/dutch-mantell-name-drops-a-ton-of-current-wwe-stars-at-impact-taping/ |website=StillRealToUs.com |date=3 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lealos |first1=Shawn |title=Huge Impact Wrestling News: New Name, Debuting Wrestlers, New Direction |url=https://www.inquisitr.com/4030453/huge-impact-wrestling-news-new-name-debuting-wrestlers-new-direction/ |website=www.inquisitr.com}}</ref>

;Television
* [[John Oliver (comedian)|John Oliver]] spoofed the slogan in a [[Donald Trump (Last Week Tonight)|segment of his show]], urging viewers to "Make Donald Drumpf Again", in reference to the original name of Trump's ancestors.<ref>{{cite news|last=Koblin|first=John|title=John Oliver Sells Out of 'Make Donald Drumpf Again' Caps|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/09/business/media/trump-segment-on-john-oliver-show-explodes-on-youtube.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 9, 2016|accessdate=November 5, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Zorthian">{{cite news|last=Zorthian|first=Julia|title=John Oliver's 'Donald Drumpf' Segment Broke HBO Viewing Records|url=http://time.com/4277790/john-oliver-donald-drumpf-records/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|date=March 31, 2016|accessdate=November 5, 2018}}</ref> The segment broke [[HBO]] viewership records, garnering 85 million views.<ref name="Zorthian" />
* In ''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]'' season 4, episode 20 ("Purity"), the group behind the attacks used the phrase "Make America Great Again" as part of their campaign.<ref>{{Citation|title=NCIS: Los Angeles (season 4)|date=2018-12-01|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCIS:_Los_Angeles_(season_4)&oldid=871527115|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2019-01-07}}</ref>
* In the ''[[South Park]]'' episode "[[Where My Country Gone?]]" (2015), supporters of [[Mr. Garrison]], who runs a campaign that is a parody of Trump's, are seen holding signs bearing the slogan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stern|first=Marlow|title='South Park' Depicts the Brutal Rape of Donald Trump|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/09/24/south-park-depicts-the-brutal-rape-of-donald-trump.html|website=[[The Daily Beast]]|date=September 25, 2015|accessdate=November 5, 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Conservatism|United States}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?c4541862/reagan-1980-convention-make-america-great Reagan at the 1980 GOP convention]

{{Ronald Reagan}}
{{Donald Trump}}
{{Trump presidency}}

[[Category:American political catchphrases]]
[[Category:Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign]]
[[Category:Donald Trump and social media]]
[[Category:1980 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:Snowclones]]
[[Category:Words coined in the 1980s]]

United States presidential approval rating

2019-11-22T19:37:49Z

209.160.254.202:

{{use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{cleanup|reason=Convert dates in the table to the Y-M-D format instead of the misinterpretable m/d/y.|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Approval rating of Donald Trump by state - May 2019.svg|thumb|340px|upright=1.3|[[Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration|Approval rating of President Trump]] As of June 8 2019. <ref>{{cite web |title=Tracking Trump |url=https://morningconsult.com/tracking-trump/ |website=[[Morning Consult]] |accessdate=June 8, 2019}}</ref>
{{legend|#381060|Approval rating of 60-69%}}
{{legend|#5C1A9E|Approval rating of 50-59%}}
{{legend|#8731DD|Approval rating of 40–49%}}
{{legend|#AD73E8|Approval rating of 30–39%}}
{{legend|#D1B0F2|Approval rating of 20–29%}}
{{legend|#F5EDFC|Approval rating of 10–19%}}]]
In the '''United States, presidential job approval ratings''' were introduced by [[George Gallup]] in the late 1930s (most likely 1937) to gauge public support for the [[president of the United States]] during their term. An approval rating is a percentage determined by a polling which indicates the percentage of respondents to an opinion poll who approve of a particular person or program. Typically, an approval rating is given to a [[politician]] based on responses to a poll in which a sample of people are asked whether they approve or disapprove of that particular political figure. A question might ask:
:Do you approve or disapprove of the way Donald Trump is handling his job as president?<ref name="Donald Trump Gallup Polling Data">{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/203198/presidential-approval-ratings-donald-trump.aspx|title=Presidential Approval Ratings – Donald Trump|work=Gallup|accessdate=February 13, 2017}} </ref>

Like most surveys that predict opinions, individual poll results may be inaccurate. Many unscientific approval rating systems exist that show inaccurate statistics. Examples that self select, such as online questions are of this type. However, the aggregate approval rating is generally accepted by statisticians, as a statistically valid indicator of the comparative changes in the popular United States mood regarding a president.

In contemporary politics, presidential job approval is highly partisan. Obama in his last year as sitting president achieved a job approval of 70 to 90 among Democrats and 10 to 15 among Republicans,<ref name="Gallup Polling Data">{{cite web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/116479/barack-obama-presidential-job-approval.aspx|title=Presidential Approval Ratings|work=Gallup|accessdate=October 14, 2018}}</ref> while President Donald Trump in 2018 has a job approval of 85 to 90 among Republicans and 5 to 10 among Democrats.<ref name="Donald Trump Gallup Polling Data"/> Gallup polling has found that 46% of Americans are either "Democrats or Democratic leaners" while 39% are either "Republicans or Republican leaners".<ref>{{cite web|title=Gallup Historical Trends: Party Affiliation|url=http://news.gallup.com/poll/15370/party-affiliation.aspx|website=GALLUP News|publisher=Gallup Inc.|accessdate=23 October 2017}}</ref>

== President Donald Trump ==
{{main article|Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration}}
'''Most recent polls for President Donald Trump'''<ref name=PROTRUMP>{{cite web|url=http://www.pollingreport.com/djt_job.htm|title=President Trump: Job Ratings|work=PollingReport.com|accessdate=August 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/other/president_trump_job_approval-6179.html|title=President Trump Job Approval|work=RealClearPolitics|accessdate=December 26, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Comparing">{{cite web|title=How (un)popular is Donald Trump?|url=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/trump-approval-ratings/|website=fivethirtyeight.com|accessdate=December 26, 2018}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Polling group
!Date
!Approval
!Disapproval
!Unsure
!Net +/-
!Sample size<ref name="Comparing"/>
!Population<ref name="Comparing"/>
|-
|[[Rasmussen Reports]]{{efn|Rolling 3-day average of 500 likely voters each day; no neutral/unsure choice.}}<ref name=RASTRUMP>{{cite web|url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/trump_administration/trump_approval_index_history|title=Trump Approval Index History|accessdate=February 26, 2018}}</ref>
|October 1–3, 2019
|50%
%
|50%
|2%
| -2%
|{{sort|1500|≈1,500}}
|Likely voters
|-
|[[Ipsos]]/[[Reuters]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://polling.reuters.com/#poll/CP3_2/|title=Trump approval at reuters.com|accessdate=June 17, 2017}}</ref>
|September 30–October 1, 2019
|40%
|55%
|5%
| -15%
|1,121
|All adults
|-
|[[Gallup Poll]]{{efn|Monthly averages.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.gallup.com/poll/203207/trump-job-approval-weekly.aspx|title=Trump Job Approval|accessdate=January 10, 2018}}</ref>
|September 16–30, 2019
|40%
|56%
|3%
| -16%
|2,431
|All adults
|-
|[[Quinnipiac University Poll|Quinnipiac University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://poll.qu.edu/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=3642|title=Support For Impeachment Grows Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Majority Of Voters Approve Of Impeachment Inquiry|date=September 30, 2019}}</ref>
|September 27–29, 2019
|41%
|53%
|6%
| -12%
|1,115
|Registered voters
|-
|[[Monmouth University Polling Institute|Monmouth University]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monmouth.edu/polling-institute/reports/monmouthpoll_us_100119/|title=Impeachment Support Up Slightly But Trump Job Rating Steady|date=October 1, 2019}}</ref>
|September 23–29, 2019
|41%
|53%
|6%
| -12%
|1,161
|All adults
|-
|[[NPR]]/[[PBS NewsHour]]/[[Marist Poll|Marist]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maristpoll.marist.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/NPR_PBS-NewsHour_Marist-Poll_USA-NOS-and-Tables_1909261000.pdf|title=NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist Poll of 864 National Adults|date=September 27, 2019}}</ref>
|September 25, 2019
|44%
|53%
|3%
| -9%
|864
|All adults
|-
|[[Fox News]] {{efn|Conducted by Beacon Research (D) and Shaw & Company Research (R).}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/426593447/Fox-News-Poll-results-September-15-17-2019|title=Fox News Poll|date=September 19, 2019}}</ref>
|September 15–17, 2019
|45%
|54%
|1%
| -9%
|1,008
|Registered voters
|-
|[[NBC News]]/''[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]''{{efn|Conducted by Hart Research Associates (D) and Public Opinion Strategies (R).}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/19357NBCWSJSeptemberRegisteredVoterPollFinal.pdf|title=NBC News/Wall Street Journal Survey|date=September 22, 2019}}</ref>
|September 13–16, 2019
|45%
|53%
|2%
| -8%
|900
|Registered voters
|-
|[[CNN]]{{efn|Conducted by SSRS.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2019/images/09/10/rel10a.-.trump.pdf|title=CNN September 2019|date=September 10, 2019}}</ref>
|September 5–9, 2019
|39%
|55%
|6%
| -16%
|1,639
|All adults
|-
|[[Kaiser Family Foundation]]{{efn|name=ssrs}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://files.kff.org/attachment/Topline-KFF-Health-Tracking-Poll-September-2019|title=KFF Health Tracking Poll – September 2019|date=September 12, 2019}}</ref>
|September 3–8, 2019
|41%
|54%
|5%
| -13%
|1,205
|All adults
|-
|[[ABC News]]/''[[Washington Post]]''{{efn|Conducted by Langer Research Associates of New York, N.Y. and Abt Associates of Rockville, MD.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://games-cdn.washingtonpost.com/notes/prod/default/documents/c9b1e401-36b4-420e-953c-741837849c5d/note/bfa3f530-447d-4df9-b55c-90a8ad641ef8.pdf|title=Sept. 2-5, 2019 Washington Post-ABC News poll|date=September 11, 2019}}</ref>
|September 2–5, 2019
|38%
|56%
|6%
| -18%
|1,003
|All adults
|-
|[[Suffolk University]]/''[[USA Today]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.suffolk.edu/-/media/suffolk/documents/academics/research-at-suffolk/suprc/polls/national/2019/9_9_2019_marginals_pdftxt.pdf|title=Suffolk University/USA TODAY FINAL|date=September 9, 2019}}</ref>
|August 20–25, 2019
|44%
|54%
|2%
| -10%
|1,000
|Registered voters
|-
|[[CBS News]] {{efn|name=ssrs|Conducted by SSRS of Glen Mills, Pennsylvania.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByVu4fDHYJgVOEdJQ2dhNkhtYXR6ejVVWURIbm94LXFsUEs4/view|title=Americans Feel Good About the Economy and Give Trump Credit|date=May 22, 2019}}</ref>
|May 17–20, 2019
|41%
|52%
|6%
| -11%
|1,101
|All adults
|-
|[[Pew Research Center]]{{efn|Conducted by Abt Associates.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.people-press.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2019/03/Topline-for-release-March-.pdf|title=MARCH 2019 POLITICAL SURVEY|date=March 28, 2019}}</ref>
|March 20–25, 2019
|40%
|55%
|5%
| -15%
|1,503
|All adults
|-

|}

== Historical comparison ==
'''Historical Gallup Poll approval highs and lows for each President since 1937'''<ref name=AveragePolling>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/116677/Presidential-Approval-Ratings-Gallup-Historical-Statistics-Trends.aspx|title=Presidential Approval Ratings – Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends|work=Gallup|accessdate=August 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/207518/trump-approval-rating-unusually-low-unusually-early.aspx?g_source=Politics&g_medium=newsfeed&g_campaign=tiles|title=Trump's Approval Rating Unusually Low, Unusually Early|work=Gallup|date=March 29, 2017|accessdate=April 1, 2017|author=Lydia Saad}}</ref><ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/popularity.php?pres=45&sort=time&direct=ASC&Submit=DISPLAY The American Presidency Project] at UC Santa Barbara.</ref>{{efn|Only the results of Gallup polls are included as no other poll results exist for presidents before President Clinton.}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Order
!President
!Highest approval
!Lowest approval
!High – Low
!Highest disapproval
!Highest margin
!data-sort-type="number"|Lowest margin
!Final poll
!Approval average<ref name="AveragePolling"/>
!Polls per year
|-
|'''45'''<ref name=galweek3day>{{cite news|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/203198/presidential-approval-ratings-donald-trump.aspx|title=Gallup Daily: Trump Job Approval|work=Gallup|accessdate=January 27, 2017}}</ref><ref name=galweek>{{cite news|url=http://news.gallup.com/poll/203207/trump-job-approval-weekly.aspx|title=Trump Job Approval (Weekly)|work=Gallup|accessdate=January 22, 2018}} </ref><ref name=galweek2>{{cite web |title=Presidential Approval Ratings -- Donald Trump |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/203198/presidential-approval-ratings-donald-trump.aspx |publisher=Gallup |accessdate=October 9, 2018 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.gallup.com/poll/233135/trump-fifth-quarter-job-approval-historically-low.aspx|title=Trump's Fifth-Quarter Job Approval Up; Still Historically Low|author=Jeffrey M. Jones|work=Gallup|date=April 24, 2018}}</ref>
|[[Donald Trump|Trump]]
|'''46''' (2019-04-30)
|'''35''' (2017-10-29, 2017-12-01)<ref name=galweek3day/>
|'''11'''
|'''62''' (2017-10-29, 2017-10-30, 2017-12-01) <ref name=galweek3day/>
|'''1''' (2017-01-24) <ref name=galweek3day/>
|'''−29''' (2017-10-29, 2017-12-01) <ref name=galweek3day/>
|
|'''40'''<ref name=galweek2/>
|data-sort-value="127"|
|-
|'''44'''<ref name="GallupCurrent">[http://www.gallup.com/poll/113980/Gallup-Daily-Obama-Job-Approval.aspx Graphical display] and [http://www.pollingreport.com/obama_job.htm#Gallup numbers] of Gallup "daily tracking" polls</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/116479/barack-obama-presidential-job-approval.aspx|title=Presidential Approval Ratings -- Barack Obama}}</ref>
|[[Barack Obama|Obama]]
|'''69''' (2009-01-24)
|'''38''' (2014-09-05){{efn|Last of eight, sometimes overlapping, 3-day averages.}}
|'''31'''
|'''57''' (2014-10-10)
|'''56''' (2009-01-23, 2009-01-24)
|'''−18''' (2014-10-10)
|'''59''' (2017-01-19)
|'''47.9'''
|48.4
|-
|'''43'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/116500/Presidential-Approval-Ratings-George-Bush.aspx |title=Gallup.com |publisher=Gallup.com |accessdate=August 16, 2011}}</ref>
|[[George W. Bush|G. W. Bush]]
|'''90''' (2001-9-21)
|'''25''' (2008-10-05, 2008-10-12, 2008-11-02)
|'''65'''
|'''71''' (2008-10-10)
|'''83''' (2001-09-22)
|'''−46''' (2008-10-12)
|'''34''' (2009-01-11)
|'''49.4'''
|33.7
|-
|'''42'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/116584/presidential-approval-ratings-bill-clinton.aspx|title=Presidential Approval Ratings -- Bill Clinton|work=gallup.com|accessdate=January 26, 2017}}</ref>
|[[Bill Clinton|Clinton]]
|'''73''' (1998-12-19)
|'''37''' (1993-06-06)
|'''36'''
|'''54''' (1994-09-07)
|'''45''' (2000-12-17)
|'''−14''' (1994-09-07)
|'''66''' (2001-01-14)
|'''55.1'''
|28.5
|-
|'''41'''<ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/popularity.php?pres=41 "Presidential Job Approval for George H. W. Bush"]. American Presidency Project.</ref>
|[[George H. W. Bush|G. H. W. Bush]]
|'''89''' (1991-02-28)
|'''29''' (1992-08-02, 1992-10-13)
|'''60'''
|'''60''' (1992-07-31)
|'''82''' (1991-03-03)
|'''−30''' (1992-08-02, 1992-10-13)
|'''56''' (1993-01-11)
|'''60.9'''
|39.5
|-
|'''40'''<ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/popularity.php?pres=40 "Presidential Job Approval for Ronald Reagan"]. American Presidency Project.</ref>
|[[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]]
|'''71''' (1986-01-30)
|'''35''' (1983-01-31)
|'''36'''
|'''56''' (1983-01-28)
|'''52''' (1986-01-30)
|'''−21'''(1983-01-31)
|'''63''' (1988-12-29)
|'''52.8'''
|37.0
|-
|'''39'''<ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/popularity.php?pres=39 "Presidential Job Approval for Jimmy Carter"]. American Presidency Project.</ref>
|[[Jimmy Carter|Carter]]
|'''74''' (1977-03-15)
|'''28''' (1979-06-26, 1979-10-02)
|'''46'''
|'''59''' (1979-06-26)
|'''66''' (1977-03-15)
|'''−31''' (1979-06-26)
|'''34''' (1980-12-08)
|'''45.5'''
|22.7
|-
|'''38'''<ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/popularity.php?pres=38 "Presidential Job Approval for Gerald Ford"]. American Presidency Project.</ref>
|[[Gerald Ford|Ford]]
|'''70''' (1974-08-13)
|'''36''' (1975-03-25)
|'''34'''
|'''46''' (1975-04-15, 1975-11-18)
|'''67''' (1974-08-13)
|'''−7''' (1975-02-25, 1975-03-25, 1975-04-15)
|'''53''' (1976-12-13)
|'''47.2'''
|14.7
|-
|'''37'''<ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/popularity.php?pres=37 "Presidential Job Approval for Richard Nixon"]. American Presidency Project.</ref>
|[[Richard Nixon|Nixon]]
|'''66''' (1973-01-23)
|'''24''' (1974-01-02)
|'''42'''
|'''66''' (1974-08-05)
|'''57''' (1969-03-17)
|'''−42''' (1974-08-05)
|'''24''' (1974-08-05)
|'''49.1'''
|17.7
|-
|'''36'''<ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/popularity.php?pres=36 "Presidential Job Approval for Lyndon B. Johnson"]. American Presidency Project.</ref>
|[[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]]
|'''79''' (1964-03-05)
|'''34''' (1968-08-12)
|'''45'''
|'''52''' (1968-08-12)
|'''75''' (1963-12-10)
|'''−18''' (1968-08-12)
|'''49''' (1969-01-06)
|'''55.1'''
|15.3
|-
|'''35'''<ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/popularity.php?pres=35 "Presidential Job Approval for John F. Kennedy"]. American Presidency Project.</ref>
|[[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]]
|'''83''' (1962-03-05)
|'''56''' (1963-09-10)
|'''27'''
|'''30''' (1963-09-12, 1963-11-08)
|'''78''' (1962-03-05)
|'''27''' (1963-09-10)
|'''58''' (1963-11-13)
|'''70.1'''
|13.7
|-
|'''34'''<ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/popularity.php?pres=34 Presidential Job Approval for "Dwight D. Eisenhower"]. American Presidency Project.</ref>
|[[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]]
|'''77''' (1955-11-22, 1956-12-19)
|'''47''' (1958-03-25)
|'''30'''
|'''36''' (1958-03-25)
|'''66''' (1953-04-02, 1956-12-19)
|'''12''' (1958-03-25)
|'''59''' (1960-12-13)
|'''65.0'''
|14.4
|-
|'''33'''<ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/popularity.php?pres=33 "Presidential Job Approval for Harry S. Truman"]. American Presidency Project.</ref>
|[[Harry S. Truman|Truman]]
|'''87''' (1945-08-22)
|'''22''' (1951-11-16, 1952-02-14)
|'''65'''
|'''67''' (1952-01-06)
|'''85''' (1945-08-22)
|'''−43''' (1952-01-04)
|'''32''' (1952-12-16)
|'''45.4'''
|8.4
|-
|'''32'''<ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/popularity.php?pres=32 "Presidential Job Approval for Franklin D. Roosevelt"]. American Presidency Project.</ref>
|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt|F. D. Roosevelt]]
|'''83''' (1942-01-23)
|'''48''' (1939-08-18)
|'''35'''
|'''46''' (1938-05-22, 1938-05-29, 1938-11-07)
|'''73''' (1942-01-23)
|data-sort-value="10"|
|'''65''' (1943-12-15)
|'''63'''
|data-sort-value="5"|
|}

=== Graphs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Gallup Poll graphs of approval ratings for Presidents of the United States'''
|-
|<gallery widths="120px" heights="75px">
File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-Franklin D Roosevelt.png|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-Harry S Truman.png|[[Harry S. Truman]]
File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-Dwight D Eisenhower.png|[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-John F Kennedy.png|[[John F. Kennedy]]
File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-Lyndon B Johnson.png|[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-Richard Nixon.png|[[Richard Nixon]]
File:Galup Poll-Approval Rating-Gerald Ford.png|[[Gerald Ford]]
File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-Jimmy Carter.png|[[Jimmy Carter]]
File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-Ronald Reagan.png|[[Ronald Reagan]]
File:Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-George_H_W_Bush.png|[[George H. W. Bush]]
File:Galup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Bill_Clinton.png|[[Bill Clinton]]
File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-George W Bush.png|[[George W. Bush]]
File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-Barack_Obama.svg|[[Barack Obama]]
File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-Donald Trump.svg|[[Donald Trump]]
</gallery>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Historical rankings of Presidents of the United States]]
* [[Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://presidential.roper.center/ "Historical Presidential Job Performance Ratings"]. Roper Center.
* [https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/trump-approval-ratings/ "Trump approval ratings"]. FiveThirtyEight.
* [http://www.data360.org/graph_group.aspx?Graph_Group_Id=292 "Midterm Presidential Approval Ratings"]. Data360.
* [http://www.presidentpollsusa.com "President Job Approval Ratings"]. PresidentPollsUSA.
* [https://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/info-presapp0605-31.html "Historical Presidential Approval Ratings 1945–2009"]. ''The Wall Street Journal''.
* [http://www.congressratings.com/29/obama-barack-d-il/ "President Obama's Ongoing Job Approval"]. CongressRatings)

{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:United States Presidential Approval Rating}}
[[Category:Opinion polling in the United States|presidential approval rating]]
[[Category:United States presidential history|presidential approval rating]]
|}

California Department of Motor Vehicles

2019-11-15T19:30:27Z

209.160.254.202: /* History */

{{Refimprove|article|date=February 2009}}
{{Use American English|date = October 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = October 2019}}
{{Infobox Government agency
|agency_name = California Department of Motor Vehicles
|seal =
|seal_width = 175
|seal_caption = Seal of the California DMV
|logo = California Department of Motor Vehicles logo.svg
|logo_width = 175
|logo_caption = Logo of the California DMV
|picture = California Department of Motor Vehicles Headquarters.jpg
|picture_caption = The DMV headquarters in Sacramento.
|formed = {{Start date and age|1915|12|31}}
|preceding1 = Engineering Department<ref>{{cite web|title=DMV History|url=https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/about/profile/history|publisher=California Department of Motor Vehicles|accessdate=2018-05-14}}</ref>
|jurisdiction = [[California|State of California]]
|headquarters = DMV Headquarters 2415 1st Avenue, [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], [[California|CA]] 95818
|coordinates = {{coord|38|33|26|N|121|28|53|W|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|employees = 8,902<ref name="DMV 2017">{{cite web |url=https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/wcm/connect/5aa16cd3-39a5-402f-9453-0d353706cc9a/official.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |title=State of California Department of Motor Vehicles Statistics for Publication January through December 2017 |accessdate=May 8, 2018}}</ref>
|budget = $1.1 billion<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2017-2018 Budget|url=http://www.lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3575|website=Legislative Analyst Office|publisher=State of California|accessdate=May 8, 2018}}</ref>
|chief1_name = Steve Gordon
|chief1_position = Director
|parent_agency = [[California State Transportation Agency]]
|website = {{url|dmv.ca.gov}}
|chief2_name=|chief2_position=|chief3_name=|chief3_position=|chief4_name=|chief4_position=|chief5_name=|chief5_position=|chief6_name=|chief6_position=|chief7_name=|chief7_position=|chief8_name=|chief8_position=|chief9_name=|chief9_position=|parent_department=}}

The '''California Department of Motor Vehicles''' ('''DMV''') is the [[California executive branch|state agency]] that registers [[motor vehicle]]s and [[boat]]s and issues [[driver's license]]s in the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]]. It regulates [[Car dealerships in the United States|new car dealers]] (through the New Motor Vehicle Board), commercial cargo carriers, private driving schools, and private traffic schools. The DMV works with the [[Superior Courts of California]] to promptly record convictions against drivers' licenses and subsequently suspends or revokes licenses when a driver accumulates too many convictions (as measured by a point-based system). It issues [[California license plates]] and [[Driver's license in the United States|driver's licenses]]. The DMV also issues [[identification cards]] to people who request one.

The DMV is part of the [[California State Transportation Agency]]. It is headquartered in [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] and operates local offices in nearly every part of the state. {{As of|2017|12}}, the DMV employed over 8,900 people—35% at headquarters and 65% at 172 field offices (and various other locations).<ref name="DMV 2017"/> Also, {{As of|2017|12|lc=y}}, it maintained records for 30,112,927 persons, 33,993,857 driver's licenses and/or identification cards (there is overlap as some persons can and do hold both documents), and 35,391,347 vehicles.<ref name="DMV 2017"/> California has 26,957,875 licensed drivers.<ref name="DMV 2017"/>

On July 23, 2019, Governor [[Gavin Newsom]] released a [https://www.govops.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2019/07/DMV-Strike-Team-FINAL-Report.pdf report] by the [[California Government Operations Agency]] "DMV Reinvention Strike Team" detailing recommendations for improving DMV transparency, worker training and performance, speed of service, and overall consumer satisfaction. As part of the release of the report, Newsom announced the appointment of Steve Gordon as the director of the California DMV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.ca.gov/2019/07/23/governor-newsom-releases-dmv-strike-team-report-announces-new-leadership/|title=Governor Newsom Releases DMV Strike Team Report, Announces New Leadership|date=2019-07-23|website=California Governor|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>

==History==
In 1901, the [[California State Legislature]] authorized California cities and counties to issue licenses for operation of many types of wheeled vehicles within their boundaries, including [[bicycles]] and [[automobile]]s. From 1905 to 1913, the [[California Secretary of State]] was authorized to implement a uniform statewide registration and licensing system for motor vehicles. In 1913, the Department of Engineering (predecessor of [[California Department of Transportation|Caltrans]]) became responsible for registrations, and the [[California State Treasurer]] became the custodian of vehicle records. Licenses for drivers of motor vehicles became mandatory in California on December 13, 1913.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/when-was-the-first-u-s-drivers-license-issued|title=When was the first U.S. driver’s license issued?|work=HISTORY.com|access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref>

The first Department of Motor Vehicles was established by the Vehicle Act of 1915, but was reduced to the Division of Motor Vehicles within the Department of Finance in 1921. Under the Vehicle Act of 1923, the Division was authorized to appoint inspectors and traffic officers to enforce the Act; these personnel were later spun off in 1947 into the Department of the [[California Highway Patrol]]. In 1929, the Division was transferred to the Department of Public Works (a descendant of the old Department of Engineering and an ancestor of Caltrans) and in 1931 DMV again became a full Department. The DMV maintains a cadre of approximately 200 armed sworn state [[peace officers]] classified [[criminal]] [[inspector|investigators]] for enforcement duties relating to vessel or [[motor vehicle theft]], vehicle or hull identification number and odometer fraud, [[chop shop]]s, counterfeit or fraudulent DMV documents, [[disabled parking permit]] placard misuse, [[identity theft]], unlicensed vehicle dealer ("curbstoner") and dismantler activity, out-of-state [[vehicle registration plate]] misuse to avoid California registration, internal employee investigations, etc.

The DMV began collecting a statewide Vehicle License Fee in 1936, in lieu of the personal property tax that individual cities and counties previously levied directly on motor vehicles regularly garaged within their borders (hence its nickname as the "in lieu tax").<ref>''California v. Buzard'', {{ussc|382|386|1966}}. This case analyzed the nature of the VLF at length before holding that it was preempted by the federal law then known as the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940 (now known as the [[Servicemembers Civil Relief Act]]) with respect to nonresident members of the federal military.</ref>

The nation's first modern "credit card style" [[Driver's licenses in the United States|driver's licenses]] were introduced by the California DMV in January 1991. The plastic-coated design featured innovations like digitized photos, color holograms, and magnetic information strips readable by law enforcement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laski |first=Beth |date=January 16, 1991 |title=California DMV unveils high-tech license |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7612294// |newspaper=The San Bernardino County Sun |location=San Bernardino, CA |publisher= |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=November 29, 2016 }} {{Open access}}</ref>

In 2012, a bill introduced by California State Assemblyman [[Mike Gatto]] required the DMV to establish the California Legacy License Plate Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB1658 |title=AB-1658 Vehicles: specialized license plates. |date=2011–2012}}</ref> This program allows California residents to order replicas of California license plates produced in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. The original intent was for older cars to get new plates that matched the plate colors that the DMV issued for that car when it was new. However, due to lack of applications, the program was opened to all cars. For a license plate style to enter production, it needed to receive 7,500 paid applications by the January 1, 2015, deadline.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/legacyplates/index |title=CA Legacy Plates}}</ref> Only the 1960s style plate (yellow lettering on black background) received the required number of orders. The DMV began production of the 1960s style plates at [[Folsom State Prison]] in Summer 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/California-reissues-classic-black-license-plates-6344016.php |title=Muscle up: California reissues classic black license plates |date=June 23, 2015}}</ref>

Since 2015, more than a million [[Illegal immigration to the United States|illegal immigrants]] have been issued driver's licenses.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morton |first=Victor |date=4 April 2018 |title=California grants driver’s licenses to more than 1 million illegal immigrants |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/apr/4/california-grants-drivers-licenses-1-million-illeg/ |work=Washington Times |location=District of Columbia |access-date=5 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Darrah |first=Nicole |date=4 April 2018 |title=More than a million illegal immigrants scored California driver's licenses, state DMV announces |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/04/04/more-than-million-illegal-immigrants-scored-california-drivers-licenses-state-dmv-announces.html |work=Fox News |location=New York City |access-date=5 April 2018 }}</ref>

== Driver's handbook ==
The California Drivers Handbook is a booklet published by the California Department of Motor Vehicles. Also called the California Driver Handbook, it is usually about 96 pages of information relating to licenses, examinations, laws/rules of the road, road signs, seat belts, and health and safety issues. There are also several pages of advertisements.

==See also==
{{Portal|California}}
*[[Department of Motor Vehicles]]
*[[Government of California]]
*[[Driver's licenses in the United States]]

==References==

<references/>

==External links==
* [http://dmv.ca.gov/ Official website]
* [https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Browse/Home/California/CaliforniaCodeofRegulations?guid=I14E7DAC0D46811DE8879F88E8B0DAAAE Department of Motor Vehicles] in the [[California Code of Regulations]]

[[Category:State agencies of California|Motor Vehicles]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle registration agencies]]
[[Category:Road transportation in California]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1915]]