Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Bevo (mascot)

2005-05-17T16:45:38Z

24.11.21.192: reason chico was named chico was wrong.

[[Image:Bevo.jpeg|250px|right|thumbnail|Bevo I]]

'''Bevo''' is the name of the mascot of the [[University of Texas at Austin]], a [[Texas longhorn]] steer with [[Orange (colour)#Variations of the colour orange|burnt orange]] coloring. The current animal is the fourteenth in the line of Longhorns to bear the honor of being the university's mascot.

==History==
The idea to use a live longhorn as the university's mascot is attributed to UT alumnus Stephen Pinckney in [[1916]]. Pinckney gathered $124 from other alumni to purchase a steer in the [[Texas Panhandle]], which they originally named "Bo" and which they shipped to [[Austin, Texas|Austin]].

"Bo" made his first public appearance at the halftime of the [[1916 ]][[Thanksgiving Day]] football game between Texas and archrival the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (later [[Texas A&M University]]), a game in which Texas defeated the Aggies 22–7. Following the game, Ben Dyer, editor of the UT campus magazine [[The Alcalde]], referred to the mascot as BEVO. It is not known why he chose this name, though various theories have been put forth.

The most well known tale certainly did not actually occur as it is told. It is true that in [[1917]], four A&M students kidnapped the longhorn and branded him with "13–0", the score of A&M's 1915 win over Texas. However, Texas students did not, in fact, retaliate by changing the steer's brand to Bevo as is sometimes claimed. Instead they fattened him up and served him at a football banquet in [[1920]]. The Aggies were fed the side they had branded and presented with the hide, which still read 13–0.

Another story states that it is possible he had in mind "[[Bevo]]", which was a [[near beer]]. However, the best evidence is that the beverage did not become popular on campus until a later time, so this does not explain why Dyer would make such a reference.

Perhaps the most plausible story is as reported in the ''[[Daily Texan]]'', the student newspaper of UT: "Through the [[1900s]] and [[1910s]], newspapers ran a series of comic strips drawn by Gus Mager. The strips usually featured monkeys as the main characters, all named for their personality traits. Braggo the Monk constantly made empty boasts, Sherlocko the Monk was a bumbling detective, and so on. The comic strips were popular enough to create a nationwide fad for persons to nickname their friends the same way, with an "o" added to the end. The [[Marx Brothers]] were so named by their collegues in [[Vaudeville]]: [[Groucho Marx|Groucho]] was moody, [[Harpo Marx|Harpo]] played the [[harp]], and [[Chico Marx|Chico]] chased girls ("chicks"). Mager's strips ran every Sunday in newspapers throughout Texas, including Austin."

There have been fourteen Bevos to date. The most recently retired Bevo was Bevo XIII, which like the current Bevo was supplied to the University by John T. Baker, owner of the Sunrise Ranch in [[Liberty Hill, Texas]]. Baker is past president of the [[Texas Longhorn Breeders Association of America]] and serves as a judge in its competions. Bevo XIII presided over 191 UT football games and attended [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]]'s [[inauguration]] in [[2000]]. Bevo XIII, the winningest Bevo in UT history, was replaced by youth grand champion Sunrise Studly, becoming Bevo XIV, at the [[September 4]]th, [[2004]] football game versus the [[University of North Texas]]. He later attended George W. Bush's second inauguration in January [[2005]]. Bevo XIII, originally named Sunrise Express, was returned to Baker's [[ranch]] where he was born to live out the rest of his days in peace.

==Public appearances==
Bevo makes appearances at all home [[American football|football]] games of the University of Texas, as well as many away games. He also typically makes appearances at important pep rallies, such as the ones in the weeks before the games against [[Texas A&M University|Texas A&M]] and the [[University of Oklahoma]]. Following commencement ceremonies, he is typically on hand for photographs with graduates and their families.

Since [[1945]], the care of Bevo during his transportation and appearances has been entrusted to an honorary organization of undergraduate students called the [[Silver Spurs]]. Bevo rides in a special burnt orange livestock trailer with his name on the side.

During football games, he typically stands or sits placidly behind one of the end zones (the south end zone in [[Darrell K. Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium]]) and is occasionally greeted by UT players when they score [[touchdown]]s. He is riled only in the most extreme of circumstances, such as once during a lightning storm during a game against [[Rice University]], in which he broke away from his handlers and charged at the opposition team's bench.

The Texas A&M community sponsors an annual 'Bevo Burn' which involves the roasting of an entire calf.

==References==

Sheila Henderson, ''The Littlest Longhorn: The Saga of BEVO''; ISBN 0-9623171-0 The Littlest Book Company, Austin (1989).

==External links==
*[http://www.utsilverspurs.com/ Silver Spurs Association]
*[http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/pages/proudtrads/bevo.html ''Proud Traditions: Bevo'']
*[http://www.utexas.edu/depts/german/bevo.html The Daily Texan ''The Truth About Bevo'']
*[http://www.utexas.edu/tours/nowthen/20/17.html UT Austin Now & Then: Bevo Branded 13–0]
*[http://www.texasescapes.com/MikeCoxTexasTales/174-UT-Football-Team-Mascot-Longhorn-Bevo.htm ''BEVO'' by Mike Cox]
*[http://espn.go.com/ncf/bowls01/s/holiday_uthistory.html 'No Place Else But Texas' by Richard Billingsley, ESPN.com]
*[http://www.utexas.edu/opa/news/01newsreleases/nr_200104/nr_pig010424.html "Pig's Dead ? Dog gone": UT Austin students lead effort to pay tribute to first varsity mascot]
*[http://www.thevictoriaadvocate.com/sports/sports/story/1582171p-1859693c.html ''Holiday Bowl may be last for Bevo XIII'' - Dec 25 2003 AP article by Jim Vertuno]
*[http://www.dailytexanonline.com/news/2004/09/03/TopStories/Bevo-Retires.After.Longest.Running.Term-710521.shtml ''Bevo XIII retires after longest running term'' by Delaney Hall, writer for The Daily Texan]
*[http://www.utexas.edu/friends/fun.php?which=6 University of Texas article on BEVO]

[[Category:Austin sports]]
[[Category:Texas sports]]
[[Category:College mascots]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin]]
[[Category:College football]]

Talk:Gummo Marx

2005-05-13T05:30:55Z

24.11.21.192:

the movie "gummo" is supposedly named after gummo marx. is this true? if anyone knows, do they know why it was named after him, if it was?

Talk:Gummo

2005-05-13T05:27:47Z

24.11.21.192:

why was this supposedly named after gummo marx? (i havnt seen this movie but im still curious. coincidentally i saw it yesterday in a movie store. im a marx brothers fan, and i found my way to this page today, because of that.)

Gummo Marx

2005-05-13T04:29:09Z

24.11.21.192:

'''Milton Marx''' ([[October 23]], [[1892]] - [[April 21]], [[1977]]), known as '''Gummo''', was one of [[the Marx Brothers]]. He worked with his brothers on [[Vaudeville]], but left the act because he did not like performing. This was before they made any of their famous [[film|movie]]s.

After leaving the act, Gummo went into the dressmaking business. Later he joined with his brother [[Zeppo Marx]] and operated a theatrical agency. The agency was later sold and Gummo turned to representing his brother [[Groucho Marx]] and television show ''[[The Life of Riley]]'', which he helped develop.

He was given his [[nickname]] because he had a tendancy to be sneaky backstage, and creep up on others without them knowing. (like a [[gumshoe]])

Gummo, along with [[Groucho]], [[Chico Marx|Chico]], and [[Harpo Marx|Harpo]], was named "Gummo" during a card game and it turned out the names stuck for their entire lives. ([[Zeppo]] was also later named "Zeppo", based off of these names, all ending in "o")

[[Category:1892 births|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:1977 deaths|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:Marx Brothers|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:American actors|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:U.S. comedians|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:Vaudeville performers|Marx, Gummo]]

Gummo Marx

2005-05-13T04:28:30Z

24.11.21.192:

'''Milton Marx''' ([[October 23]], [[1892]] - [[April 21]], [[1977]]), known as '''Gummo''', was one of [[the Marx Brothers]]. He worked with his brothers on [[Vaudeville]], but left the act because he did not like performing. This was before they made any of their famous [[film|movie]]s.

After leaving the act, Gummo went into the dressmaking business. Later he joined with his brother [[Zeppo Marx]] and operated a theatrical agency. The agency was later sold and Gummo turned to representing his brother [[Groucho Marx]] and television show ''[[The Life of Riley]]'', which he helped develop.

He was given his [[nickname]] because he had a tendancy to be sneaky backstage, and creep up on others without them knowing. (like a [[gumshoe]])

Gummo, along with [[Groucho]], [[chico marx|Chico]], and [[harpo marx|Harpo]], was named "Gummo" during a card game and it turned out the names stuck for their entire lives. ([[Zeppo]] was also later named "Zeppo", based off of these names, all ending in "o")

[[Category:1892 births|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:1977 deaths|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:Marx Brothers|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:American actors|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:U.S. comedians|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:Vaudeville performers|Marx, Gummo]]

Gummo Marx

2005-05-13T04:28:15Z

24.11.21.192:

'''Milton Marx''' ([[October 23]], [[1892]] - [[April 21]], [[1977]]), known as '''Gummo''', was one of [[the Marx Brothers]]. He worked with his brothers on [[Vaudeville]], but left the act because he did not like performing. This was before they made any of their famous [[film|movie]]s.

After leaving the act, Gummo went into the dressmaking business. Later he joined with his brother [[Zeppo Marx]] and operated a theatrical agency. The agency was later sold and Gummo turned to representing his brother [[Groucho Marx]] and television show ''[[The Life of Riley]]'', which he helped develop.

He was given his [[nickname]] because he had a tendancy to be sneaky backstage, and creep up on others without them knowing. (like a [[gumshoe]])

Gummo, along with [[Groucho]], [[chico_marx|Chico]], and [[harpo_marx|Harpo]], was named "Gummo" during a card game and it turned out the names stuck for their entire lives. ([[Zeppo]] was also later named "Zeppo", based off of these names, all ending in "o")

[[Category:1892 births|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:1977 deaths|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:Marx Brothers|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:American actors|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:U.S. comedians|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:Vaudeville performers|Marx, Gummo]]

Gummo Marx

2005-05-13T04:24:56Z

24.11.21.192:

'''Milton Marx''' ([[October 23]], [[1892]] - [[April 21]], [[1977]]), known as '''Gummo''', was one of [[the Marx Brothers]]. He worked with his brothers on [[Vaudeville]], but left the act because he did not like performing. This was before they made any of their famous [[film|movie]]s.

After leaving the act, Gummo went into the dressmaking business. Later he joined with his brother [[Zeppo Marx]] and operated a theatrical agency. The agency was later sold and Gummo turned to representing his brother [[Groucho Marx]] and television show ''[[The Life of Riley]]'', which he helped develop.

He was given his [[nickname]] because he had a tendancy to be sneaky backstage, and creep up on others without them knowing. (like a [[gumshoe]])

Gummo, along with [[Groucho]], [[Chico]], and [[Harpo]], was named "Gummo" during a card game and it turned out the names stuck for their entire lives. ([[Zeppo]] was also later named "Zeppo", based off of these names, all ending in "o")

[[Category:1892 births|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:1977 deaths|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:Marx Brothers|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:American actors|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:U.S. comedians|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:Vaudeville performers|Marx, Gummo]]

Gummo Marx

2005-05-13T04:22:59Z

24.11.21.192: the reason he was named gummo was wrong, fixed that. proof is in the book "harpo speaks"

'''Milton Marx''' ([[October 23]], [[1892]] - [[April 21]], [[1977]]), known as '''Gummo''', was one of [[the Marx Brothers]]. He worked with his brothers on [[Vaudeville]], but left the act because he did not like performing. This was before they made any of their famous [[film|movie]]s.

After leaving the act, Gummo went into the dressmaking business. Later he joined with his brother [[Zeppo Marx]] and operated a theatrical agency. The agency was later sold and Gummo turned to representing his brother [[Groucho Marx]] and television show ''[[The Life of Riley]]'', which he helped develop.

He was given his [[nickname]] because he had a tendancy to be sneaky backstage, and creep up on others without them knowing. (like a [[gumshoe]])
gummo, along with [[groucho]], [[chico]], [[harpo]], was named this during a card game and the names stuck. [[zeppo]] was also later named zeppo, based off of these names, all ending in "o"

[[Category:1892 births|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:1977 deaths|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:Marx Brothers|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:American actors|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:U.S. comedians|Marx, Gummo]]
[[Category:Vaudeville performers|Marx, Gummo]]

Wikipedia:Requested articles/music

2005-02-08T04:19:07Z

24.11.21.192: /* T: */

If you create an article listed on this page, please add it to the [[list of musical topics]].

==National Anthems==

[[Ala Khallidi]] - [[Arrane Ashoonagh Dy Vannin]] - [[Hymne Cherifien]] - [[Jeszcze Polska Nie Zginela (Mazurek Dabrowskiego)]] - [[La Balanguera]] - [[La Nigerienne]] - [[Mlungu salitsani malawi]] - [[Nad Tatrou sa bl?ska]] - [[Nahnu Djundulla Djundulwatan]] - [[Oh Land of Beauty]] - [[Pak Sarzamin]] - [[Patria Amada]] - [[Patriots of Micronesia]] - [[Ry Tanindraza nay malala ô]] - [[Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux]] - [[St Vincent Land So Beautiful]] - [[The Sultan's Anthem]] - [[Tooruktug Dolgaï Tangdym]] -

==Operas, stage musicals and classical compositions==

''[[Octavia (opera)|Octavia]]'' - '' [[Psyche (opera)|Psyche]]'' - ''[[Undine (opera by Hoffman)]]'' of 1814

==Festivals and concerts==
[[American Folk-Blues Festival]] -
[[Klezkamp]] -
[[Savonlinna Opera Festival]] -
[[Chicago Blackout]] -
[[Goner Fest]] -
[[Faenol Festival]] -

==Musical instruments==
''Project page:[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Musical instruments]]''

[[Steinberger Electric Guitar and Electric Bass]] -
[[vocal percussion]] (currently redirect to [[beatboxing]])-
[[Parker Guitars]] -
[[tan-tan]] -
[[uyot]] -
[[calimba]] -
[[singing bowl]] -
[[bud bell]] -
[[gonkoque]] -
[[Roland Sound Canvas]] -
[[stage piano]]

==Schools==

[[American Boychoir School]] -
[[Music School's in Ecuador]]

==Albums==
''Project page:[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Albums]]''

'''A:'''
''[[Al Green Gets Next to You]]'' -
''[[All Day Music]]'' -
''[[The Animals (album)|The Animals]]'' -
''[[At Basin Street]]'' -
''[[ATLiens]]'' -
'''B:'''
''[[Backstreet's Back]]'' -
''[[Beyond the Rainforest]]'' -
''[[Beyond Sanctorum]]'' -
''[[Black Spring]]'' -
''[[Blood & Chocolate]]'' -
''[[Blue Trombone]]'' -
''[[Born to Mack]]'' -
''[[Bustin' Loose]]'' -
''[[Busting Out]]'' -
'''C:'''
''[[Caetano Veloso (album)|Caetano Veloso]]'' -
''[[Caravan (album)|Caravan]]'' -
''[[Can't Slow Down]]'' -
''[[The Champ (album)|The Champ]]'' -
''[[The Coming]]'' -
'''D:'''
''[[Déjà (album)|Déjà]]'' -
''[[Dismet of Soul]]''
''[[Domingo (album)|Domingo]]'' -
'''E:'''
''[[Elephant Mountain]]'' -
''[[Endless Vibrations]]'' -
'''G:'''
''[[Gula Gula]]'' -
''[[Gyrise]]'' -
'''H:'''
''[[Al Hilal]]'' -
''[[Hip (album)|Hip]]'' -
''[[His Hand in Mine]]'' -
''[[Hot & Cool Latin]]'' -
''[[Human Wheels]]'' -
''[[Hums of the Lovin' Spoonful]]'' -
'''I:'''
''[[I Am Shelby Lynne]]'' -
''[[Ichabod & I]]'' -
''[[If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears]]'' -
''[[In Spring]]'' -
''[[Improvisations and Theme from Pather Pachali]]'' -
'''J:'''
''[[Juha]]'' -
'''K:'''
''[[Kurtis Blow (album)|Kurtis Blow]]'' -
'''L:'''
''[[The Last Poets (album)|The Last Poets]]'' -
''[[Les Tetes Brulés]]'' -
''[[Let's Go Surfing]]'' -
''[[The Lonesome Jubilee]]'' -
''[[Louvaco]]'' -
''[[Love - Four Sail]]'' -
''[[Love's Secret Domain]]'' -
''[[A Lot About Livin' (And a Little 'Bout Love)]]'' -
'''M:'''
''[[The Magnificent Moodies]]'' -
''[[Max Roach Plus Four]]'' -
'''N:'''
''[[The Nice (album)|The Nice]]'' -
''[[Nowhere (album)|Nowhere]]'' -
''[[The Nubians of Plutonia]]'' -
'''O:'''
''[[Okie From Muskogee]]'' -
''[[Outcesticide II]]'' -
''[[Outcesticide III]]'' -
''[[Outcesticide IV]]'' ([[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] bootlegs) -
'''P:'''
''[[Pacing the Void]]'' -
''[[Peachy]]'' -
''[[Pepe Aguilar]]'' -
''[[Poems, Prayers and Paradise]]'' -
''[[Pohjalaisia]]'' -
'''Q:'''
''[[Qui seme le vente recolte le tempo]]'' -
'''R:'''
''[[The Red Headed Stranger]]'' -
''[[The Rolling Stones (England's Newest Hitmakers)]]'' -
''[[Ropin' the Wind]]'' -
'''S:'''
''[[Saturday Night - The Album]]'' -
''[[Saxophone Colossus]]'' -
''[[Scarecrow (album)]] -
''[[Second Helping]]'' -
''[[The Shape of Jazz to Come]]'' -
''[[Sing a Sad Song]]'' -
''[[Small Talk at 125th & Lennox]]'' -
''[[Soul Food (album)|Soul Food]]'' -
''[[Song of Madness]]'' -
''[[Songs From The Capeman]]'' -
''[[Start Me Up]]'' -
''[[Stayin' Alive]]'' -
''[[Stereo Drive]]'' -
''[[Still Crazy After All These Years]]'' -
''[[Strategic Grill Locations]]'' -
''[[Super Mario Compact Disco]]'' -
'''T:'''
''[[Talk Talk Talk]]'' -
''[[There Goes Rhymin' Simon]] -
'''U:'''
''[[Uh-Huh]] -
''[[Upon This Rock]]'' -
'''V:'''
''[[Volume One]]'' -
'''W:'''
''[[Wham Bam]]'' -
''[[Wings at the Speed of Sound]]'' -
''[[Wings Over America]] -
'''Z:'''
''[[Zeenat]]'' -

==Genres==
''Project page:[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Music genres]]''

'''A:'''
[[Aguinaldo]] -
[[Andean New Age]] -
[[Arévalo]] -
[[Asian Underground]] -
'''B:'''
[[Baisha xiyue]] -
[[Bal grammoun]] -
[[Bamboo band]] -
[[Batá-rumba]] -
[[Beiguan]] -
[[Belcanto]] -
[[Biguine]] -
[[Bocet]] -
[[Bomba-meu-boi]] -
[[Bongo music]] -
[[Bouyon]] -
[[Budaixa]] -
[[Bumba-meu-boi]] -
[[Burger highlife]] -
'''C:'''
[[Ca din tulnic]] -
[[Ca pe luncă]] -
[[Ca tru]] -
[[Cabildos]] -
[[Cadence rampa]] -
[[Cai luong]] -
[[Calypso-style baila]] -
[[Camerton]] -
[[Chuigushou]] -
[[Chongak]] -
[[Ciganyzene]] -
[[Cancion]] -
[[Când ciobanu şi-a pierdut oile]] -
[[Cântec batrânesc]] -
[[Cante chico]] -
[[Cante jondo]] -
[[Cantiga]] -
[[Carimbo]] -
[[Cavacha]] -
[[Celelalte cuvinte]] -
[[Charikawi]] -
[[Cheo]] -
[[Chicago Style]] -
[[Cho-kantrum]] -
[[Chouval bwa]] -
[[Ciobanul]] -
[[Chut-kai-pang]] -
[[Chutney-soca]] -
[[Contradanza]] -
[[Cubop]] -
'''D:'''
[[Danza]] -
[[De codru]] -
[[De jale]] -
[[De leagăn]] -
[[De pahar]] -
[[Décima]] -
[[Dondang sayang]] -
[[Donjiang]] -
'''E:'''
[[Electronic luk thung]] -
[[English opera]] -
[[Eremwu eu]] -
'''F:'''
[[Faux bourdon]] -
[[Filmi-ghazal]] -
[[Finnish opera]] -
[[Foiae verde]] -
[[Forró]] -
[[Fulia]] -
'''G:'''
[[Gaga]] -
[[Gambus]] -
[[Gamelan bebonangan]] -
[[Gamelan gambang]] -
[[Gamelan gong gede]] -
[[Gamelan salendro]] -
[[Gamelan selunding]] -
[[Gamelan semar pegulingan]] -
[[Gang-a-tsui]] -
[[Gereltsogt]] -
[[Goombay]] -
[[Goshu ondo]] -
[[Greek choral music]] -
[[Group Sounds]] -
[[Grupera]] -
[[Gunchei]] -
[[Guoyue]] -
[[Gunka]] -
[[Gwo ka]] -
'''H:'''
[[Hapa haole]] -
[[Haqibah]] -
[[Haranga]] -
[[Hat chau van]] -
[[Hat cheo]] -
[[Hat tuong]] -
[[Hawzii]] -
[[Heibao]] -
[[Hick hop]] -
[[Himene tarava]] -
[[Highlife fusion]] -
[[Hiplife]] -
[[Hljomar]] -
[[Hobex]] -
[[Hofii]] -
[[Holiday (music)|Holiday]] -
[[Hora lungă]] -
[[Hua'er]] -
[[Huaynos]] -
[[Hunguhungu]] -
'''I:'''
[[Imene metua]] -
[[Imene tuki]] -
[[Indo jazz]] -
[[Indo-rock]] -
[[Italian madrigal]] -
[[Italian opera]] -
'''J:'''
[[Japanese pops]] -
[[Juluka]] -
[[Jure]] -
[[Jutoupi]] -
[[Jaipongan]] -
[[Jamrieng samai]] -
[[Jarana]] -
[[Jing-Ping]] -
'''K:'''
[[Kadans]] -
[[Kaiso]] -
[[Kansas City blues (music)|Kansas City blues]] -
[[Kayokyoku]] -
[[Khruang sai]] -
[[Kirac]] -
[[Kundiman]] -
[[Komagaku]] -
[[Komed stanbul]] -
[[Konpa direct]] -
[[Kroncong]] -
[[Kagok]] -
[[Katcharsee]] -
[[Kertok]] -
[[Kpanlogo]] -
[[Kadans]] -
[[Klasik]] -
[[Kwassa kwassa]] -
'''L:'''
[[Laiki]] -
[[Letka]] -
[[Lingdian]] -
[[Langgam sawa]] -
[[La la]] -
[[Lam saravane]] -
[[Laremauna wadauman]] -
[[Lauda]] -
[[Lam luang]] -
[[Lam nu]] -
[[Lam ploen]] -
[[Lam saravane]] -
[[Lavlu]] -
[[Lavway]] -
[[Lazo]] -
[[Light music]] -
[[Long-song]] -
[[Lubbock Sound]] -
[[Luk grung]] -
[[Lukumi]] -
'''M:'''
[[Mandarin pop]] -
[[Manila sound]] -
[[Marrabenta]] -
[[Mastersinger]] -
[[Mbalax]] -
[[Mbabanga]] -
[[Mele]] -
[[Mele hula pahu]] -
[[melismatic singing]] -
[[Merengue tipico cibaeno]] -
[[Min'yo]] -
[[Modinha]] -
[[Military march]] -
[[Milo jazz]] -
[[Mirabi]] -
[[Mornha]] -
[[Muove musiche]] -
[[Musica criolla]] -
[[Musical novelty]] -
[[Muziki wa dansi]] -
'''N:'''
[[Nangma]] -
[[Nanguan]] -
[[Nattura]] -
[[Nenes]] -
[[Neumes]] -
[[New Taiwanese Song]] -
[[Ngoma]] -
[[Nhac tai tu]] -
[[Nhac toc cai bien]] -
[[Nongak]] -
[[Northumbrian clog dancing]] -
[[Nuubaat]] -
'''O:'''
[[Oltului]] -
[[Ottoman classical music]] -
'''P:'''
[[Pambiche]] -
[[Palitos]] -
[[Pambiche]] -
[[Panambih]] -
[[Panchai baja]] -
[[Pasillo]] -
[[Pastorale]] -
[[patter song]] [http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textp/Pattersong.html] -
[[Paypongrath]] -
[[Pechanda]] -
[[Pixinguinha]] -
[[Pleng phua cheewit]] -
[[Pleng Thai sakorn]] -
[[Pop mop]] -
[[Pop sunda]] -
[[Porro]] -
[[Ppongtchak]] -
'''Q:'''
[[Quguan]] -
[[Qasidah]] -
[[Qasidah modern]] -
[[Quan ho]] -
'''R:'''
[[Rabaab]] -
[[Ramkbach]] -
[[Rara]] -
[[Reggae highlife]] -
[[Retambico]] -
[[Rhapsodes]] -
[[Rock Orchestras]]-
[[Ryukoko]] -
'''S:'''
[[Sabar]] -
[[Sadarang]] -
[[Saibara]] -
[[Salve]] -
[[Sambai]] -
[[Sarour]] -
[[Sato kagura]] -
[[Schotishes]] -
[[Seis]] -
[[Septeto]] -
[[Sha-bii]] -
[[Shan-ge]] -
[[Shashmaqam]] -
[[Shidaiqu]] -
[[Shima uta]] -
[[Sinawi]] -
[[Sinonwanna]] -
[[Son-batá]] -
[[String (Thai pop)|String]] -
[[String band]] -
'''T:'''
[[Tamborere]] -
[[Tamara]] -
[[Tanguk]] -
[[Tapanuli ogong]] -
[[Tea-picking opera]] -
[[Tembang sunda]] -
[[Tibetan pop]] -
[[T'ong guitar]] -
[[Togaku]] -
[[Toshe]] -
[[Trebang sunda]] -
[[Trubrot]] -
[[Tumba francesca]] -
[[Twi ba]] -
'''W:'''
[[Wara]] -
[[Waaberi]] -
[[Waiata]] -
[[Wassoulu]] -
[[Wedding song]] -
[[Wind music]] -
[[Wind organ]] -
'''Y:'''
[[Yarabi]] -
[[Yatong]] -
[[Yueqin]] -
'''Z:'''
[[Zampato]] -
[[Zapateo]] -
[[Zapin]]

==Songs==
''Project page:[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Songs]]''

'''A:'''
"[[Afraid to Shoot Strangers]]" -
"[[All Apologies]]" -
'''C:'''
"[[Cadet Rouselle]]" -
'''D:'''
"[[Don't Know Why]]" -
'''P:'''
"[[The Prisoner's Song]]" -
"[[Purple People Eater]]" -
'''R:'''
"[[Rivers of Babylon]]" -
"[[Rock and Roll Music (song)|Rock and Roll Music]]" -
'''S:'''
"[[Sexual Healing]]" -
"[[Suite: Judy Blue Eyes]]" -
"[[Sunrise (song)|Sunrise]]" -
"[[Sunshine of Your Love]]" -
'''T:'''
"[[Thunder Road (song)|Thunder Road]]" -
'''W:'''
"[[What's Going On (song)|What's Going On]]" -
"[[Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On]]" -
'''Y:'''

==Composers and songwriters==
Please add people by first name (e.g. put "Paul McCartney" under "P")! [[#Musicians, singers and performers|See here]] for Musicians, singers and performers.
 ''Project page:[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Composers]]''

===A===
[[Arthur Cunninghan]]

===B===
[[Bronislaw Huberman]] (cf.[[:pl:Bronisław Huberman|pl]])

===D===
[[Donald Erb ]] -
[[Drexciya]] -

===F===
[[Francesco Viscomi]] -
[[Frederik Magle]] -

===H===
[[Howard Swanson]] -

===K===
[[Katherine Jenkins]] -

===J===
[[John Duncan (Composer)]] -
[[Joonas Kokkonen]] -
[[Joseph LoDuca]] -

===M===
[[Margaret Bonds]] -
[[Mark Fax]] -

===N===
[[Noah Rider]] -
[[Noel DaCosta]] -
[[Noriyuki Asakura]] -

===R===
[[Raghav]] -

===T===
[[Thomas Jefferson Anderson]] -
[[Thomas Kerr]] -

===U===
[[Ulysses Kay]] -
[[Undine Smith]] -

===V===
[[Varisek Jan Vaclav]] -

==Musicians, singers and performers==
Please add people by first name (e.g. put "Paul McCartney" under "P")! Composers and songwriters should now be added [[#Composers and songwriters|here]] instead.

[[10 Easy Wishes]]
[[2 Ton Predator]]
[[25 Ta Life]]
[[3kStatic]]

===A:===
[[A. Rafiq]] -
[[Abdul Karim Khan]] -
[[Abe Elenkrieg]] -
[[Ablaze My Sorrow]] -
[[Abstrakt Algebra]] -
[[Acid Bath]] (copyvio) -
[[Acoustic Syndicate]] -
[[Adolf Hansen]] -
[[Aeturnus]] -
[[Ahmad Baba Rachid]] -
[[Ahmed Mukhtar]] -
[[Ahora Mazda]] -
[[Aino Ackte]] -
[[Ahmet Kanneci]] -
[[Alan Barile]] -
[[Alan Crow]] -
[[Albert Collins]] -
[[Alejandro Escovedo]] -
[[Alasgar Abdullayev]] -
[[Alex Haas]] -
[[Alfred Evensen]] -
[[Alvin Batiste]] -
[[Alvin Dahn]] -
[[Amanda Perez]] -
[[Amir Khan (musician)|Amir Khan]] -
[[American Brass Quintet]]
[[Anaal Nathrakh]] -
[[Ananta Das Gaswami]] -
[[Andrej Saban]] -
[[Andrenalina Caribe]] -
[[Andre Nickatina]] -
[[Andromeda (band)|Andromeda]]
[[Angel Dust (band)|Angel Dust]]
[[Anne Lebaron]] -
[[Annesly Malewana]] -
[[Antonio Mairena]] -
[[Antonio Rodriguez (musician)|Antonio Rodriguez]] -
[[Appendix Out]] -
[[Areyonga Desert Tigers]] -
[[Arielle Dombasle]] -
[[Ark (band)|Ark]] -
[[Arne Nordheim]] -
[[Arpad Balasz]] -
[[Asanee & Wasan]] -
[[Astrid (band)|Astrid]] -
[[Atrox]] -
[[Atso Almila]] -
[[Aulis Sallinen]] -
[[Aulis Sallinen]] -
[[Ayo Matsuura]] -

===B:===
[[B. J. Snowden]] -
[[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]] -
[[Badmarsh & Shri]] -
[[Barno Itzhakova]] -
[[Bart Willoughby]] -
[[Beat Crusaders]] -
[[Beau Jocques]] -
[[Bees Make Honey]] -
[[Beni Egressy]] -
[[Bernadette Speach]] -
[[Bernd Alois Zimmermann]] -
[[Beseech]] -
[[Bhimsen Joshe]] -
[[Billy Crawford]] -
[[Bjarne Brustad]] -
[[Bjørn Lynne]]
[[Black Jack Johnson]] -
[[Black Market Baby]] -
[[Black Patti]] -
[[Blackstorm]] -
[[Blek Bala Mujik]] -
[[Blodwyn Pig]] -
[[Bob Olson]] -
[[Boozoo Chavis]] -
[[Boxcar (band)|Boxcar]] -
[[Brainstorm (metal)]] -
[[Bratko Bibič']] -
[[Brave Old World]] -
[[Brigid Boden]] -
[[Brother Matthew Luke]] -
[[Brother Resistance]] -
[[Buddha Brand]] -
[[Bulldoze (band)|Bulldoze]] -
[[Buna Lawrie]] -
[[Burqa Band]] [http://www.myafghan.com/news2.asp?id=-620399427&search=8/3/2003] -
[[Butch Hancock]] -

===C:===
[[C. Don Bastian Jayaweera Bandara]] -
[[Cachao Lopez]] -
[[Cadaver (band)]] -
[[Carabou]] -
[[Cargo (band)|Cargo]] -
[[Carl Stone]] -
[[Carlos Troyer]] -
[[Carnal Forge]] -
[[Carol (band)|Carol]] -
[[Carpathian Full Moon]]
[[Carpe Noctem]] -
[[Catcher in the Rye (band)|Catcher in the Rye]] -
[[Cecil Sharpe]] -
[[Celibate Rifles]] -
[[Cemetery (band)|Cemetery]] -
[[Ceredwen]] -
[[Cesar Costa]] -
[[Chalermphol Malaikham]] -
[[Champluse]] -
[[Charlie Kosei]] -
[[Charlie McMahon]] -
[[Chen Da]] -
[[Cheo Hurtado]] -
[[Cheryl Byron]] -
[[Chevalier Anton de Kontski]] -
[[Chi-Ali]] -
[[Chinchilla (band)|Chinchilla]]
[[Choying Drolma]] -
[[Chris Ardoin]] -
[[Christopher Norton]] -
[[Chrysophase]] -
[[Chung Kyung-wha]] -
[[City (band)|City]] -
[[Clarence Wijewardane]] -
[[Clay Crosse]] -
[[Cobra (band)|Cobra]] -
[[Coloured Stone]] -
[[Commander Cody & the Lost Planet Airmen]] -
[[Conception(band)|Conception]] -
[[Cora O'Donovan]] -
[[Corn Mo]] -
[[Coronto International]] -
[[Cory Gunz]] (Peter Gunz' son)
[[Count Giovanni de Bardi]] -
[[Cow Cow Davenport]] -
[[Cro-Mags]] -
[[Cynicon]] -
[[Blind WIllie McTell]] -
[[cobaye molotov]] -

===D:===
[[Dale & Grace]] -
[[Daniel Kamau]] -
[[Daniel Küblböck]] -
[[Daniel Hope]] -
[[Danny Gatton]] -
[[Darkie]] -
[[Daudi Kibaka]] -
[[David Gray (musician)]] -
[[David Mahler]] -
[[David Monrad Johansen]] -
[[David Rudder]] -
[[Davlatmand Kholor]] -
[[Dawn of Relic]] -
[[De Raggende Manne]] -
[[Decline of the Reptiles]] (Sydney, Australia) -
[[Dee Dee Chandler (inventor of Drum Kit)]] -
[[Déodat de Séverac]] -
[[Derick St. Rose-De Hunter]] -
[[Desert Oaks Band]] -
[[Desmond de Silva]] -
[[Deso Ursiney]] -
[[Destruction (band)|Destruction]] -
[[Dharma Raj Thapa]] -
[[Diane Arkenstone]]
[[Dickey Lee]] -
[[Die Kreuzen]] -
[[Diep Minh Tuyen]] -
[[Dimension Zero]] -
[[Diomedes Naturan]] -
[[Directions in Groove]] -
[[Dirty Dozen Brass Band]] -
[[Disco (band)|Disco]] -
[[Dismal Euphony]] -
[[Dispatch (band)]] -
[[Dixiayinger]] -
[[Django Walker]] -
[[DL Menard]] -
[[Dodheimsgard]] -
[[Dog Fashion Disco]] -
[[Dola Soul]] -
[[Doug Campbell]] -
[[Dr. Strangely Strange]] -
[[Dread Beat & Blood]] -
[[Dream Evil (band)|Dream Evil]] -
[[dv8]]

===E:===
[[E Nomine]] -
[[Eddie & the Showmen]] -
[[Edouard Masengo]] -
[[Einar Englund]] -
[[ekoostik hookah]] -
[[El Fary]] -
[[El Hajj Muhammed El Anka]] -
[[El Jilguero de Huascaran]] -
[[Eliane Radigue]] -
[[Elizabeth Cotten]] -
[[Elphinstone]] -
[[Elvin Marsalas]] -
[[Elvy Sukaesih]] -
[[Emil Waldteufel]] -
[[Emma Shapplin]] -
[[Enuff Z'Nuff]] -
[[Eric B.]] -
[[Eric Dover]] -
[[Erik Bergman]] -
[[Erik Tulindberg]] -
[[Erin McKeown]] -
[[Estradasphere]] -
[[Eucharist (band)|Eucharist]] -
[[Eugene Luening]] -
[[Euromasters]] -
[[Evan Christopher]] -
[[Every Time I Die]]-
[[Evie Tamala]] -
[[Exile One]] -

===F:===
[[F. Myers]] -
[[F.R.E.U.D]] -
[[Fahmy Shahab]] -
[[Faiyaz Khan]] -
[[Falguni Pathak]] -
[[Falling Joys]] -
[[Fleurey]]
[[Floyd Soileau]] -
[[Fontella Bass]] -
[[Formosa Aboriginal Dance Troupe]] -
[[Forty Foot Echo]] -
[[Franco of Cologne]] -
[[Freestyle Fellowship]] -
[[FreshFabrik]] -
[[Funeral For a Friend]] -

===G:===
[[Gaby, Fofó y Miliki]] ([[Los Payasos de la Tele]]) -
[[Gamble & Huff]] -
[[Game Theory (band)|Game Theory]] -
[[Gary Newman]]
[[Gehenna (band)|Gehenna]] -
[[Gene Harris]] -
[[Genesis (Colombian rock band)|Genesis]] -
[[Genocide (band)|Genocide]] -
[[George Kanahele]] -
[[George Telek]] -
[[Geraldo Vandre]] -
[[Gilbert Favre]] -
[[Girls Under Glass]] -
[[Giorgos Dalaras]] -
[[Giorgos Zampetas]] -
[[Girija Devi]] -
[[Glenn Jones]] -
[[Goblin (band)|Goblin]] -
[[Gong Yi]] -
[[Good Clean Fun]] -
[[Good Rats]] -
[[Grace Nono]] -
[[Grave Digger]] -
[[Griffin (band)|Griffin]] -
[[Group 1850]] -
[[Grupo Aymara]] -
[[Gryfull ab Aynam]] -
[[Gartnerlosjen]]
[[Guan Pinghui]] -
[[Gugum Gumbira]] -
[[Günther (music)|Günther]]

===H:===
[[Hades Almighty]] -
[[Handsome Family]] -
[[Hans Balatka]] -
[[Hantang Yuefu]] -
[[Harada Shinji]] -
[[Hard-Ons]] -
[[Hasse Walli]] -
[[Hatano Jazz Band]] -
[[Haywood-Wakefield Band]] -
[[He Dasha]] -
[[Heavy Jelly]] -
[[Hector Jandany]] -
[[Hei Yong]] -
[[Hell Is For Heroes]] -
[[Henry Eichheim]] -
[[Henry Wolff]] -
[[Hevia]] -
[[Hucbald]] -
[[Hugo Kaun]] -
[[Hunter Hayes]] -
[[Hwang Byungki]] -
[[Hyers Sisters]] -

===I:===
[[I. K. Dairo]] -
[[Icy Hot Stuntaz]] -
[[Ikuzo Yoshi]] -
[[Ilaria Graziano]] -
[[Ilko Kuusisto]] -
[[Illyah Kuryahkin]] -
[[Imre Farkas]] -
[[In the Woods]] -
[[Integrity (band)|Integrity]]-
[[Iron Savior]] -
[[Isabel Pantojas]] -
[[Isgaard]] (German singer) -
[[Israel Lopez]] -
[[Isvind]] -
[[It's a Beautiful Day]] -
[[Ivo Petrie]] -
[[Ivory Joe Hunter]] -

===J:===
[[Jack Mudurian]] -
[[Jack Off Jill]] -
[[Jae Millz]] -
[[Janice Giteck]] -
[[Jar ad-Din Akbar]] -
[[Jason Flatowicz]] -
[[Jazz Guignard]] -
[[JD Samson]] -
[[Jean Grae]] -
[[Jean de Lery]] -
[[Joao Fernandes]] -
[[Joaquim Antonio da Silva Calado Junior]] -
[[Joe Bird And The Field Hippies]] -
[[Joe Ely]] -
[[Joe Geia]] -
[[Joe King Carrasco y las Coronas]] -
[[Johannes Hansen]] -
[[John Connu]] -
[[John de Silva]] -
[[John Paine]] -
[[Johnny Costa]] (Mr. Rogers Neighborhood pianist) -
[[Jorma Hynninen]] -
[[Joséito Fernandez]] ([[Joseíto Fernández]]) -
[[Jóselito]]
[[Joseph Kekuku]] -
[[Joseph Koo]] -
[[Juan Espinola]] -
[[Juan F. Garcia]] -
[[Julien Clerc]] -
[[Julio Alberto Hernandez]] -

===K:===
[[Kaji Nazrul Islam]] -
[[Kalevi Aho]] -
[[Kanda Bongo Man]] -
[[Karen Mok]] -
[[Karyn White]] -
[[Katie Garbi]] -
[[Kazafumi Miyazawa]] -
[[Keiko Matsui]] -
[[Keith Lavigne]] -
[[Kenny Bee]] -
[[Kensuke Shiina]] -
[[Khanata]] -
[[Khaplam wai]] -
[[Khold]] -
[[Khru Eua Sunthornsanan]] -
[[Killing Time (band)|Killing Time]] -
[[Kim Chukp'a]] -
[[Kim Min-ki]] -
[[Kjeld Bonfils]] -
[[Kollectief]] -
[[Kollington]] -
[[Komagaku]] -
[[Konsta Jylha]] -
[[Kopikats]]
[[Kuryluk Vlad]] -
[[Krabathor]]
[[Kraut (band)|Kraut]] -
[[Krisiun]] -
[[Kryptonics]] -
[[Ktesibios (music)|Ktesibios]] -

===L:===
[[Lagani Rabukawaqa]] -
[[Laika & the Cosmonauts]] -
[[Laisa Vulakoro]] -
[[Lama Karta]] -
[[Lancelot Layne]] -
[[Larry Gatlin]] -
[[Last Tribe]] -
[[Lauren Brown]] -
[[Lazaro Ros]] -
[[Lefay]] -
[[Leland Isaacs Sr.]] -
[[Leo Slezak]] [http://www.cantabile-subito.de/Tenors/Slezak__Leo/hauptteil_slezak__leo.html] -
[[Leonard Kwan]] -
[[Leoninus]] -
[[Lesly Mess]] -
[[Li Jinhui]] -
[[Li Xiangting]] -
[[Lil Troy]] -
[[Lin Qiang]] -
[[Lin Youren]] -
[[Linda Scott]] (''I've Told Ev'ry Little Star'') -
[[Lipstick Killers]] -
[[Lisa Wang]] -
[[List of Greeks in music]] -
[[Little Joe & the Ramrods]] -
[[Lorant Frater]] -
[[Lorenzo Perosi]] -
[[Los Berzas]] -
[[Los Curacas]] -
[[Los Demonos de Montara]] -
[[Los Irakere]] -
[[Los Muchachos]] -
[[Los Shapis]] -
[[Los Speakers]] -
[[Lotus (band)|Lotus]] -
[[Louisa Marks]] -
[[Lovey's String Band]] -
[[Lu Watters & the Yerba Buena Jazz Bands]] -
[[Lu Wencheng]] -
[[Ludo (band)|Ludo]] -
[[Ludvig Irgens Jensen]] -
[[Luis T. Romero]] -

===M:===
[[Macabre]] -
[[Madball]]-
[[Mahagama Sekara]] -
[[Mahotella Queens]] -
[[Mahsun Kirmizigul]] -
[[Malicious Death]] -
[[Man or Astro Man?]] -
[[Mansyur S.]] -
[[Manuel A. Jiménez]] -
[[Manuel Tavaraz]] -
[[Mar De Grises]] -
[[Marc Moreland]] -
[[Marchettus of Padua]] -
[[Marcos Marazzoli]] -
[[María Jímenez]] -
[[Maria Muldaur]] -
[[Maria Tănase]] -
[[Marije Kraja]] -
[[Marios Tokas]] -
[[Mark Adamo]] -
[[Mark Rozsavolgyi]] -
[[Markos Vamvakaris]] -
[[Mártires del Compás]] -
[[Mary Ellen Childs]] -
[[Mary Jane Leach]] -
[[Mastadon (band)|Mastadon]] -
[[Matamuerte]] -
[[Matilde Casazola]] -
[[Matthew Locke (musician)|Matthew Locke]] -
[[Maxwell (musician)|Maxwell]] -
[[Melissa Kaplan]] -
[[Memento Mori (band)|Memento Mori]] -
[[Menace]] -
[[Ment Kao Pechita]] -
[[Merauder]]-
[[Michael Houston]] -
[[Mickey & Sylvia]] -
[[Mile Krajina]] -
[[Milt Hinton]] -
[[Mimi Fox]]-
[[Minuteman (band)|Minuteman]] -
[[Misery Loves Company]] -
[[Missilina Rei]] -
[[Mithotyn (band)|Mithotyn]] -
[[Moana & the Moahunters]] -
[[Modern Dog]] -
[[Mohammed Abdel Wahab]] -
[[Mohammed al-Qasabji]] -
[[Mohammed Gauss]] -
[[Mon Rivera]] -
[[Monday Michiru]]-
[[Monks (band)|Monks]] -
[[Morgana Lefay]] -
[[Morgoth (band)|Morgoth]] -
[[Morifade]] -
[[Mstislav Leopol'dovich Rostropovich]] -
[[Muluken Melesse]] -
[[Munadjat Yulchieva]] -
[[Murphy's Law (band)|Murphy's Law]] -
[[Mustafa Sundal]] -
[[Mutuswamy Dikshitar]] -
[[Myles Cochran]]
[[Mystic Prophecy]] -

===N:===
[[Nakayama Shimpei]] -
[[Nancy Hennings]] -
[[Narciso Martinez]] -
[[Narnia (band)|Narnia]] -
[[Nashil Pichen]] -
[[Nasio Fontaine]] -
[[National Symphony Orchestra]] (based in [[Washington, DC]]) -
[[Nawab Wajid Ali Shaw]] -
[[Nawang Khechong]] -
[[Network Riddim Band]] -
[[Neve]] -
[[New Formosa Band]] -
[[New Orleans Nightcrawlers]] -
[[New Orleans Willie Jackson]] -
[[Nicholas Payton]] -
[[Nicola Benedetti]] -
[[Nightingale (band)|Nightingale]]
[[No Fun at all]]
[[Noah Lewis]] -
[[Nocturnal Rites]] -
[[Noi Vanneth]] -
[[Nonexist]] -
[[Normski]] -
[[Norophom Buppha Devi]] -
[[North Carolina Ramblers]] -
[[North Tanaami Band]] -
[[Nostradameus]] -
[[Notis Sfakianakis]] -

===O:===
[[October Project]] -
[[Ole Olsen]] -
[[Oleta Adams]] -
[[One Life Crew]]
[[Ophelia Marie]] -
[[Orquesta Aragon]] -
[[Ours]] -
[[Oysterband]] -

===P:===
[[P. Ramlee]] -
[[Paavo Heininen]] -
[[Pablo Milanes]] -
[[Pagans (band)|Pagans]] -
[[Paja Brava]] -
[[Pajo Kolarie]] -
[[Pak Tongjin]] -
[[Paps'n'Skar]] (Italian synthpop group)
[[Paramana Strangers]] -
[[Paschalis Terzis]] -
[[Passengers]] (Sydney, Australia) -
[[Patricia Barber]] -
[[Paul Fernando]] -
[[Pekka Streng]] -
[[Percy Mayfield]] -
[[Peri (music)|Peri]] -
[[Persuader]] -
[[Pete Nice]] -
[[Peter Boro]] -
[[Peter Moon]] -
[[Peter Tsotsi]] -
[[Petit Cheval]] -
[[Pham Van Ty]] -
[[Phil Kline]] -
[[Philisteins]] (Adelaide, Australia) -
[[Picaflor de los Andes]] -
[[Pierre de la Croix]] -
[[Pink Cream 69]] -
[[Pista Danko]] -
[[Pitboss 2000]]-
[[Poi Dog Pondering]] -
[[Poncho Sanchez]] -
[[Pongsit Kamphee]] -
[[Ponsri Woranut]] -
[[Ponsri Woranut]] -
[[Ponty Bone]] -
[[Positive Force]] -
[[Preng Jakova]] -
[[Premasiri Kernadasa]] -
[[PrimoÏ Ramov?]] -

===Q:===
[[Qui Hechou]] -

===R:===
[[Rabbit Brown]] -
[[Rage (band|Rage]] -
[[Ragnarok (band)|Ragnarok]]
[[Raise Hell]]
[[Rajash Roshan]] -
[[Rangzen Shonu]] -
[[Rankin' Taxi]] -
[[Raphael (singer)|Raphael]] -
[[Rauno Lehtinen]] -
[[Ray Kane]] -
[[Ray Repp]] -
[[Really Red]] -
[[Rebirth Brass Band]] -
[[Red Harvest (band)|Red Harvest]]
[[Reinhart Keiser]] -
[[Request-A-Song.com]] -
[[Rewat Buddhinan]] -
[[Rhoma Irami]] -
[[Ricardo Montaner]] -
[[Richard Mopp]] -
[[Richie Rich (rapper)|Richie Rich]] -
[[Risa Ohki]] -
[[Rizwan-Muazzam Qawwali Group]] -
[[Roach Motel (band)|Roach Motel]] -
[[Roaring Lion]] -
[[Rocío Durcal]] -
[[Roger Troutman]] -
[[Ron Jarzombek]] -
[[Ruben Tagalog]] -
[[Ruth Gerson]] (see [http://nytimes.com/2005/01/16/nyregion/thecity/16feat.html nytimes])

===S:===
[[skazi assaf b-bass & asher swissa]]
[[Sadistic Exploits]] -
[[Samul Nori]] -
[[Sandii & the Sunsetz]] -
[[Santiago Almeida]] -
[[Satanic Slaughter]] -
[[Scarling]] -
[[Scooter's Union]] -
[[Scott Miller (musician)|Scott Miller]] (from Game Theory and The Loud Family) -
[[Sebastiano Carezo]] -
[[Sen Dog]] -
[[Setherial]] -
[[Shang Shang Typhoon]] -
[[Shantz, Wee Willie]] -
[[Shape of Despair]] -
[[Sherali Djuraev]] -
[[Shweta Jhaveri]] -
[[Silent Force]]
[[Silvestre Vargas]] -
[[Simiple Kid]] -
[[Simon Diaz]] -
[[Sinner (band)|Sinner]] -
[[Sir Douglas Quintet]] -
[[Sir Douglas Quintet]] -
[[Skinner Box]] -
[[Slavko Osterc Ensemble]] -
[[Slickee Boys]] -
[[Snake River Conspiracy]] -
[[Snooks Eaglin]] -
[[Sodom and Begorrah]] -
[[Solitude Aeturnus]] -
[[Solomon Linda]] -
[[Son (band)]] -
[[Song Senhorn]] -
[[Sorg]] -
[[Soul Flower Union]] -
[[Sounds of Blackness]] -
[[Spastic Ink]] -
[[Spawn of Possession]] -
[[Spike (band)|Spike]] -
[[Spiritual Beggars]] -
[[Splashdown (band)|Splashdown]] -
[[Spoonfed Tribe]] -
[[Stefanos Korkolis]] -
[[Stephanos Korkolis]] -
[[Steve Gadd]] -
[[Steven Mackey]] -
[[Stickmen With Rayguns]] -
[[StormHammer]] -
[[Stormwitch]] -
[[Strolling Strings]] -
[[Suidakra]] -
[[Suine Anget]] -
[[Sunil Shantha]] -
[[Sunnyboys]] -
[[Sunscreem]] -
[[Suntharaporn]] -
[[Super Madrigal Brothers]] -
[[Suraphon Sombatjalern]] -
[[Suraphon Sombatjalern]] -
[[Surya Shankar Molligoda]] -
[[Susperia]] -
[[Suzanne Haïk-Vantoura]] -
[[Svend Asmussen]] -
[[Swallow the Sun (band)|Swallow the Sun]] -
[[Syami Sastri]] -
[[Symphorce]]
[[Snmnmnm]]

===T:===
[[Tademaru Sakuragawa]] -
[[Tama & Little Creatures]] -
[[Tang Chao]] -
[[Tasavallan Presidentti]] -
[[Te Vaka]] -
[[Texas Tornadoes]] -
[[Th' Cigaretz]] -
[[Thanh Tung]] -
[[The 3rd and the Mortal]]
[[The Anix]] -
[[The Assassins]] (Adelaide, Australia) -
[[The Bel-Airs]] -
[[The Bellamy Brothers]] -
[[The Cadets]] -
[[The Calling]] -
[[The Cambridge Singers]] -
[[The Chameleons UK]] -
[[The Clark Family Experience]] -
[[The Clarks]] -
[[The Cottars]]-
[[The Crown (band)|The Crown]] -
[[The Dagoes]] (Adelaide, Australia) -
[[The dB's]] -
[[The December Drive]] -
[[The Dominoes]] -
[[The Dramatics]] -
[[The Eastern Dark]] -
[[The Gories]] -
[[The Helicopters]] -
[[The Herbs]] -
[[The Higher Earth (band)|The Higher Earth]] -
[[The Hitmen]] (Sydney, Australia) -
[[The Hugh Beaumont Experience]] -
[[The Jerks]] -
[[The Jolly Boys]] -
[[The Lab]] -
[[The Loud Family (band)|The Loud Family]] -
[[The Marmalade]] -
[[The Moonstones]] -
[[The Myrchents]] -
[[The Newtown Neurotics]] -
[[The Olympics (band)|The Olympics]] -
[[The Planet Smashers]] -
[[The Posies]] -
[[The Radiators]] -
[[The Roaring Lion]] -
[[The Scofflaws]] -
[[The Snax]]/[[Tasty Snax]] -
[[The Spikes]] (Adelaide, Australia) -
[[The Storyteller (band)|The Storyteller]] -
[[The Swirlies]] -
[[The Tahitian Choir]] -
[[Tsunami Bomb]]-
[[The Uniques]] -
[[The Usual]] -
[[The Victims]] (Perth, Australia) -
[[The Visitors (Australia)|The Visitors]] -
[[The Watts Prophets]] -
[[The Winans]] -
[[Theory in Practice]] -
[[Thomas Morely]] -
[[Thorns (band)|Thorns]]
[[Throes of Dawn]] -
[[Thunder (band)|Thunder]] -
[[Thyrane]] -
[[Tim Reynolds]] -
[[Tintern Abbey (band)]] -
[[To Die For (band)|To Die For]]
[[Tochuken Kumoemon]] -
[[Tom McDermott]] -
[[Tommy Alverson]] -
[[Tommy Hancock]] -
[[Tommy Johnson]] (copyvio) -
[[Tony Cohen]] -
[[Tony Crombie & His Rockets]] -
[[Tony Katrasca]] -
[[Topp Twins]] -
[[Toxic Reasons]] -
[[Trail of Tears (band)|Trail of Tears]] -
[[Tristitia]] -
[[Tudor Gheorghe]] -
[[Turdu Ahun]] -
[[Turgan Alimatov]] -
[[Twiztid]] -

===U:===
[[U.D.O.]] -
[[U.T.F.O.]] -
[[ulu]] -
[[Umui]] -
[[Uncle Luke]] -
[[Urban Bandits]] -
[[Urban Dance Squad]] -
[[Usko Meriläinen]] -
[[Uuno Klami]] -

===V:===
[[Valdemar Eiberg]] -
[[Valdir Azevedo]] -
[[Van Cao]] -
[[Vanilla Ninja]] -
[[Vassilis Karras]] -
[[Virgilio Mazzocchi]] -
[[Vlasta Redl]] -
[[Voltaire (musician)|Voltaire]] -
[[Vomitory (band)|Vomitory]] -

===W:===
[[W. D. Amaradeva]] -
[[Warrant (American Band)]] -
[[Warrant (German band]] -
[[Warumpi Band]] -
[[Waryngya Band]] -
[[Watchtower (band)|Watchtower]] -
[[Wayne Smith]] -
[[Wigwam (band)|Wigwam]] -
[[Will Shade]] -
[[Winds (band)|Winds]] -
[[Winston and the Telescreen]] -
[[Witchery]] -
[[Wizard (band)|Wizard]] -
[[Wu Bai]] -
[[Wu Jinglue]] -
[[Wu Zhaoji]] -
[[Wynn Stewart]] -
[[Wynners]] -

===X:===

===Y:===
[[Yang Xiuqing]] -
[[Yavuz Bingol]] -
[[Yi Saenggang]] -
[[Yin Zizhong]] -
[[Yoshida Naramura]] -
[[Young Bull]] -
[[Young Teenage Band]] -
[[Yrjo Kilpinen]] -

===Z:===
[[ZEEBRA]] -
[[Zha Fuxi]] -
[[Zhang Zhijian]] -
[[Zhinanzen]] -
[[Zonata]] -
[[Zwingenberger, Axel]] -

==Unclassified==

'''''A:'''''
''[[Alam Ara]]'' -
[[Antypas]] -
[[Ashiq]] -
'''''B:'''''
[[Balakadri]] -
[[Bakshy]] -
[[Las Bambas]] -
[[Voli Bastian]] -
[[Batá drums]] -
[[Batar]] -
[[Bayin]] -
[[Begnagrad]] -
[[Beny More Award]] -
[[Bird of Paradise (musical)|Bird of Paradise]] -
''[[Book of Hanging Gardens]]'' -
[[The Brilliant Green]] -
'''''C:'''''
[[Calypso tent]] -
''[[Chi Soffre Speri]]'' -
''[[Chloridia]]'' -
[[Circle Temperament]] -
[[Cocojam]] -
[[Court ball]] -
[[Creative Craft Center]] -
'''''D:'''''
[[Dadawa]] -
[[David Fairchild]] -
[[Direct MP3]] (vfd) -
[[Double clarinet]] -
'''''E:'''''
[[Elsdon Reel]] -
[[Equivocal chord]] -
'''''F:'''''
[[Feleverket]] -
'''''G:'''''
[[Galactic (music)|Galactic]] -
[[Gallos]] -
[[God Forbid]] -
[[Greek notation]] -
'''''H:'''''
[[Haiduceşti]] -
[[Hanoi Conservatoire of Music]] -
[[Hardingfeleverket]] -
[[Horse-head fiddle]] -
[[Hydraulis]] -
''[[Hymns and Spiritual Songs]]'' -
'''''I:'''''
''[[I Just Can't Stop It]]'' -
[[Iemoto]] -
[[Imminent]] -
[[Infusion (band)|Infusion]] -
[[Imperial Palace Music Department]] -
[[International Standard Recording Code]] (ISRC) -
[[Kapahaka]] -
[[Karoma]] -
'''''L:'''''
[[Lali]] -
[[Leggos]] -
[[LeRoux]] -
[[Lhamo]] -
[[La Lupe]] -
'''''M:'''''
[[Maggio]] -
[[Mahori]] -
[[Maison des Culture du Monde]] -
[[Makuta]] -
[[Manzuma]] -
[[The Marquee]] (London music venue) -
[[Merengue Venezolano]] -
[[Metalinda]] -
[[Miljoonasade]] -
[[Minos Music]] -
[[Mezcla]] -
[[Misnica]] -
[[MUCC]] -
'''''N:'''''
[[Nez]] -
[[no smoking orchestra]] -
[[Music in New York City]] -
'''''O:'''''
[[Oberkrainer]] -
[[October Project]] -
''[[Ode an die Götterfreude]]'' -
[[Ondekoza]] -
[[Opera Flamenco]] -
''[[Orchid in Seclusion]]'' -
[[Organ pedal]] -
'''''P:'''''
[[Piracy (music)]] -
[[PPK]] -
[[Prophecy Productions]] (german record label specialising in dark folk and metal) -
[[Psychosurgeons]] -
'''''R:'''''
[[Radio Tonga]] -
[[Rara]] -
[[Reptile House]] -
[[Rhapsodes]] -
'''''S:'''''
[[Harold Schonberg]] -
[[Sideman]] -
[[Solo album]] -
[[Solmization]] -
[[Someloves]] -
[[Songline]] -
''[[Springtime in Luoyang]]'' -
[[Steppeulvene]] -
[[Sundui]] -
'''''T:'''''
[[Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts]] -
''[[Tratado Descritivo do Brasil]]'' -
[[Triana (music)|Triana]] -
[[Trimpin]] -
[[Trinh Cong Son]] -
'''''U:'''''
[[Underground Hip Hop]] -
'''''W:'''''
[[WCK]] -
[[Wu Wen-guang]] -
''[[Wrong Side of the Road]]'' -

[[Category:Music]]
[[Category:Wikipedia requested articles|Music]]

==Sound Samples==

Please start including and adding song samples (preferably 3 to a page) to every genre article. Use the example from "Psychedelic music" to remain consistent throughout. It's better that you know the genre so that you can pick out appropriate songs.

Homes Not Jails

2004-12-13T21:52:11Z

24.11.21.192:

'''Homes Not Jails''' is an [[United States|American]] organization which describes itself as "an autonomous group of individuals whose mission is to end [[homelessness]] and abolish the [[prison industrial complex]]."

They have, both overtly and covertly, occupied abandoned houses and turned them into housing for the homeless. They are concerned with rising [[poverty]] in the [[United States]] and the difficulty of low-income families to afford housing. They are also opposed to the present prison system in the United States, noting that it currently holds over two million incarcerated persons which are disproportionately poor and minorities relative to the general population.

There are three chapters of Homes Not Jails: [[Boston]], [[San Francisco]], and [[Washington, D.C.]].

[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22homes+not+jails%22 google.com results related to "homes not jails"]

{{stub}}
[[Category:Anarchist organizations]]

Homes Not Jails

2004-12-13T21:50:43Z

24.11.21.192:

'''Homes Not Jails''' is an [[United States|American]] organization which describes itself as "an autonomous group of individuals whose mission is to end [[homelessness]] and abolish the [[prison industrial complex]]."

They have, both overtly and covertly, occupied abandoned houses and turned them into housing for the homeless. They are concerned with rising [[poverty]] in the [[United States]] and the difficulty of low-income families to afford housing. They are also opposed to the present prison system in the United States, noting that it currently holds over two million incarcerated persons which are disproportionately poor and minorities relative to the general population.

There are three chapters of Homes Not Jails: [[Boston]], [[San Francisco]], and [[Washington, D.C.]].

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22homes+not+jails%22

{{stub}}
[[Category:Anarchist organizations]]

Godspeed

2004-12-11T02:19:22Z

24.11.21.192:

Godspeed is a term used to express respect and good will when addressing someone, typically someone about to go on a journey, or a daring endeavor.

Godspeed is also a last name, derived from the name God Sped, meaning the same thing. It was later adapted to the name "[[Goodspeed]]"

related links:

[[Godspeed You! Black Emperor]]
[[Banjamin K. Goodspeed]]

Goodspeed

2004-12-11T02:11:27Z

24.11.21.192:

Goodspeed is a Last name, that comes from "God Sped" which means "God speed", as it was later adapted too. It was finnally adapted to "Goodspeed"

-Goodspeed is also the last name of the historical figure
[[benjamin k. goodspeed]]

-Goodspeed is the last name of a character played by [[Nicholas Cage]] [[in The Rock]] which also stars [[Sean Connery]]

Goodspeed

2004-12-11T02:00:51Z

24.11.21.192:

Goodspeed is a Last name, that comes from "GodSped" which means "Godspeed", as it was later adapted too. It was finnally adapted to "Goodspeed"

-Goodspeed is also the last name of an unusually bright young boy named
[[benjamin k. goodspeed]]

-Goodspeed is the last name of a character played by [[Nicholas Cage]] [[in The Rock]] which also stars [[Sean Connery]]

Fuck

2004-12-11T01:27:08Z

24.11.21.192:

'''Fuck''' is among the strongest and most controversial [[profanity|vulgarism]]s in the [[English language]], invariably considered offensive and unacceptable in polite situations. It is, however, rather common in daily use, as well as in popular, or vulgar, late [[20th century|20th]] and early [[21st century]] culture. To ''fuck'' is to ''[[Sexual intercourse|copulate]]'' (as in "let's fuck"), but it is also used as a general-purpose [[expletive]], as in [[Fuck_Off|"fuck off!"]] ("go away!" or "none of your business!") or "what a dumb fuck" ("what a stupid person"), or to emphasise, as in "this is fucking great" ("this is very good" or "this is very bad", depending on tone of voice) – it can even be used within words via [[tmesis]], as in "un-fucking-believable" or "unbe-fucking-lievable" ("incredibly unbelievable"), or even as nearly every word in a sentence "Fuck [the] fucking fuckers!" ("Forget about [the] very displeasing people!") or "[the] fucking fucker's fucking fucked!" ("this thing doesn't work!").

In [[popular culture]], the word ''fuck'' has grown in usage, and rules allowing it and other vulgar expletives have softened — largely due to demand trends. It is still often [[Censorship|censor]]ed on broadcast [[radio]] and [[television]]; in [[2002]], when the controversial [[Cinema of France|French film]] ''[[Baise-moi]]'' ([[2000 in film|2000]]) was released in the [[United States|USA]], its title was changed to ''Rape Me'', rather than the literal ''Fuck Me'', though this may have been for effect. A similar thing happened to the [[Sweden|Swedish]] film ''[[Fucking Åmål]]'' (retitled ''Show Me Love''). A similar kind of censoring is offered on many [[online forum]]s, where users are given options to filter out vulgarities.

The use of ''fuck'' varies betwixt state, continent and demographic. For example, a [[blue collar]] Australian bloke may use ''fuck'' in most sentences, eg. "I'll be fucked if I'm gonna let that fuckin' bitch tell me what to fuckin' do". Such language, while quite normal in an outback Australian pub, is likely to be highly offensive in an expensive uptown restaurant in New York.

== Euphemisms ==
[[Image:F*uck!.png|thumb|right|220px|A common way to censor ''fuck''.]]
In situations where using or mentioning the word directly may be considered inappropriate, people often [[bowdlerize]] it, either referring to it with terms such as ''the f-word'' or ''the f-bomb'' (and in particular, the phrase "dropping the F-bomb"), or replacing it with ''feck'', ''fudge'', ''freak'', ''fork'', ''fook'', ''fizzuck'', ''frick'', ''frickin'', ''f*ck'', ''f**k'', ''f-u!'' (or simply ''eff''), ''fahq'', ''fawk'', ''fcuk'', the "hacker" terms ''phuck'', ''puck'', ''funk'', or ''f***'', or ''frig''. (Although one dictionary meaning of ''frig'' is ''fuck'' the rarity of its use renders it less offensive.) In software contexts, ''[[fsck]]'', ''fuk'', ''[[fark]]'' and ''f2k'' are also used. In the formerly British Caribbean nations it is sometimes spelled ''fock''. ''Fark'' is a [[Thomas Bowdler|bowdlerization]] which originated in the British [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, derived from exaggerated pronunciation in, for example, the Australian accent.

The [[fashion]] house French Connection United Kingdom controversially uses its initials, usually in lower case: ''fcuk''.

The previously-mentioned ''fsck'' usage is derived from the [[Unix]] command [[fsck]](8) for "file-system check". It has been noted that this command is particularly appropriate, as it is the option of last resort.

In the [[Ireland|Irish]] [[situation comedy|sitcom]] ''[[Father Ted]]'' the word ''fuck'' was replaced with ''feck'', a common slang word in Ireland that was acceptable to audiences in other countries that had not come across it before.

== Secondary meanings ==

[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|The phrases "Fuck off!" or "Fuck you!" can also be gestured, by [[the finger|giving someone the finger]].]]

As with other [[swearword]]s and [[taboo]] words, or [[intensifier]]s, ''fuck'' is often not used in its original, literal meaning. Rather, it is an intensifier expressing nothing but the speaker's strong emotional involvement (often negatively, but not necessarily: e.g. "fucking good" is a rude way of saying "very good"). In the book ''Practical English Usage'', the two meanings of the word are clearly illustrated by juxtaposing the sentences:

: What are you doing fucking in my bed?
: What are you fucking doing in my bed?

The first sentence means "Why are you copulating in my bed?", while the second merely emphasizes the sentence "What are you doing in my bed?". The second usage is more common than the first. In the former usage, emphasis will more often than not be put on fucking, to convey that it is the literal act of copulating. An acceptable and more common alternative to the latter is:

: What the fuck are you doing in my bed?

"Fuck you!" expresses [[anger]], and thus seems to be more related to "I am so angry at you, I am going to rape you to punish you" (although it carries no connotation of this sort) than to "I would like to lovingly have sexual intercourse with you". It also may be related to "fuck off", which seems to be a reference to [[masturbation]], where it might originally have been a vulgar way of saying "quit bugging me and go back to masturbating or whatever stupid stuff you usually do". It may also express indifference with respect to the well-being of another person or of other people in general, for example reacting to a request, or the imposing of rules.

Surprise or bemusement can be expressed by, "Fuck me!" or "Well, I'll be fucked!" without suggesting an open invitation. Similarly, "Well, fuck me stupid!" expresses even greater surprise.
The phrase "What the fuck!" is also used to express surprise, in the same way as "What the hell!". In [[internet slang]] this is abbreviated to [[WTF]].

Another use of the word ''fuck'' is as a replacement for the word ''[[God]]'' in profane statements as in "for fuck's sake!" For example "fuck knows," or "who the fuck knows," means something like "I don't know, and neither is anyone ever likely to know". Sometimes, the phrase "Oh my fuck!" is used instead of "Oh my God!"

Meanwhile, ''fuck'' can be used as a negation, as in "I know fuck all", for "I know nothing".

==Linguistics==
===Verb===
The word can be used as a [[verb]] [[transitive_verb|transitively]]:
: He fucked her.
Or [[intransitive_verb|intransitively]]:
: They fucked all night.
Or as an [[impersonal command]]:
: I'm not going down there, fuck that, dude!

===Noun===
As a [[noun]]:
: She is a real fuck. (non-specific insult)
: He is a good fuck. (specific reference to sexual skill)
: What the fuck you fuckin' beast?"



===Interjection===
The [[interjection]] ''fuck'' is frequently used to express shock, discontent and anger in general.
: Fuck! A punctured tire!
: or
: Oh Fuck! I broke my hand!

===Present participle===
The [[present participle]] ''fucking'' (or ''fuckin' '') is commonly used to intensify a verb or noun. As described earlier, it is used more negatively than positively.
: My fucking boss made me work all weekend.
: She is fuckin' hot.
In addition, the [[present participle]] is sometimes inserted in the middle of a word as an intensifier, a process known as [[expletive infixation]]. The rules for insertion of the "fucking"-infix are regular: "fucking" may only be inserted in a multisyllabic word between [[metrical feet]] (also known as a [[tmesis]].) For example:
: That was abso-fuckin-lutely cool!
: In-fuckin-credible
: Fan-fuckin-tastic

===Conjugation===
: Fuck can also be conjugated to exemplify another word, to express anger, or to be humorous. For example:
: "Cluster-Fuck" - A mass or group that is exemplified by the speaker to enhance its meaning. In Context:
: "What is the meaning of this cluster-fuck!?!?" - Commonly used to describe traffic jams or long lines.

===Past participle===
The [[past participle]] ''fucked'' connotes that something is completely useless, destroyed, or messed up. For example:
: The hard drive crashed, so now the database is fucked.
: Your engine's fucked because you forgot to change the oil!
: Now that the electricity is out, your computer is fucked.

(This connotation can also be found as a transitive verb: ''He totally fucked his engine when he forgot to change the oil.'')

===Phrasal verbs===
"To fuck up" means to ruin, and the related "to be fucked up" generally connotes drunkenness in the United States. Although "to be fucked up" less commonly refers to physical or emotional injuries in the US, this can be its primary meaning in other English speaking countries.

* I did ten shots in ten minutes, and now I'm totally fucked up!
* The bouncer really fucked up that drunk guy who kept causing trouble.
* My sister's been really fucked up since her fiancé dumped her. (could also refer to drunkenness, depending on the context or the sister)

"To fuck over" connotes betrayal or a generally unfavorable act.

* Yeah, he slept with my girlfriend. I can't believe he fucked me over like that!
* I got fucked over at work today they promoted my assistant instead of me.

===[[Portmanteau]]===
Prepended to another word, the sound "f" is sometimes used to evoke the entire expletive, with an intensifying sense.

: That's fugly (fucking ugly).

===Discourse particle===
''Fucking'' is sometimes used as a [[discourse particle]] or filler, in much the same way ''um...'' is used.

: Her name is, fucking... What was her name again?

==Acronyms==
''Fuck'' is used in various acronyms, especially on the Internet.

* FUBAR: fucked up beyond all recognition (or repair)
* GTFO: get the fuck out
* [[SNAFU]]: situation normal, all fucked up.
* STFU: shut the fuck up
* [[RTFM]]: read the fucking manual.
* [[WOFTAM]]: waste of fucking time and money.
* [[WTF]]: what the fuck
* [[LMFAO]]: laugh my fucking ass off

== History of usage and censorship ==
===Early usage===
The earliest reference appears to be the name "John Le Fucker", which John Ayto's ''Dictionary of Word Origins'' dates to [[1278]]. What John did to earn this name is unknown.

Its first known use as a verb meaning to fornicate is in a poem titled "[[Flen flyys]]" some time before [[1500]]. Written half in English and half in Latin, the poem includes the word ''fuccant'', a hybrid of English root with Latin conjugation, disguised in the text by a simple code. It was originally written as ''gxddbov'', and is decrypted by substituting each letter with the letter which precedes it in the alphabet (keep in mind the alphabet that was used at the time).

[[William Dunbar|William Dunbar's]] [[1503]] poem "Brash of Wowing" includes the lines: "Yit be his feiris he wald haif fukkit:/ Ye brek my hairt, my bony ane."

While [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] never used the term explicitly, he may have hinted at it in comic scenes in several plays. ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]'' (IV.i) contains ''focative case'' (see [[vocative case]]). In ''[[Henry V (play)|Henry V]]'' (IV.iv), Pistol threatens to ''firk'' (strike) a soldier, a euphemism for ''fuck''.

There are some [[urban legend]]s postulating an [[acronym]]ic origin for the word. In the most popular version, it is said that the word "fuck" came from Irish law. If a couple were "Found Under Carnal Knowledge" they would be penalized, with FUCK as the crime. Other variants include the ideas that the word came from "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge" or "Fornication Under Consent of the King." However, all these explanations are considered to be [[backronym]]s and hence recent inventions.

===Rise of modern usage===
''Fuck'' did not appear in any dictionary of the English language from [[1795]] to [[1965]]. Its first appearance in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (along with the word ''[[cunt]]'') was in [[1972]].

In [[1900]], the Prince [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Albert Edward]], [[Prince of Wales]] said, "Fuck it, I've taken a bullet" when he was shot by an [[anarchism|anarchist]] while standing on a [[Brussels]] railway station.

The liberal usage of the word (and other vulgarisms) by certain artists (such as [[James Joyce]], [[Henry Miller]], and [[Lenny Bruce]]) has led to the banning of their works and criminal charges of [[obscenity]].

After [[Norman Mailer]]'s publishers convinced him to [[bowdlerize]] ''fuck'' as ''fug'' in his work ''[[The Naked and the Dead]]''[[1948| (1948)]], [[Tallulah Bankhead]] supposedly greeted him with the [[quip]], "So you're the young man who can't spell ''fuck''." (In fact, according to Mailer, the quip was devised by Bankhead's [[public relations|PR man]] and he and Bankhead never met until [[1966]] and did not discuss the word then.) The rock group [[The Fugs]] named themselves after the Mailer [[euphemism]].

===Censorship===
In [[1965]], the critic [[Kenneth Tynan]] was the first person to say ''fuck'' on [[BBC]] [[television]], during a late-night live talk show hosted by [[Eamonn Andrews]], causing a furor and a short TV career for Tynan. For British broadcasting, the next stage was reached in [[1976]] when the word was pointedly used in a prime-time early evening show, during a live interview with the [[Sex Pistols]].

The films ''[[Ulysses]]'' and ''[[I'll Never Forget What's'isname]]'' (both [[1967 in film|1967]]) are contenders for being the first film to use the word. Since the U.S. adoption of the [[MPAA film rating system]], use of the word has been accepted in R-rated movies, and under the older rules, use of the word would automatically cause the film to be given an R rating. Later rule changes permit a single, non-sexual, strictly exclamatory use of the word in PG-13 movies.

Since the [[1970s]], the use of the word ''fuck'' in R-rated movies has become so commonplace in mainstream American movies that it is rarely noticed by most audiences. Nonetheless, a few movies have made exceptional use of the word, to the point where such films as ''[[Scarface (1983 movie)|Scarface]]'' ([[1983 in film|1983]]), ''[[Pulp Fiction]]'' and ''[[Goodfellas]]'' are known for its extensive use. In the popular comedy ''[[Four Weddings and a Funeral]]'', it is the chief word, repeatedly uttered, during the opening five minutes. One of the most humorous tirades demonstrating various usages of the word appears in the comedy, ''[[Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987 movie)|Planes, Trains and Automobiles]]'' ([[1987 in film|1987]]), where ''[[Steve Martin]]'' expresses his dissatisfaction in his treatment by a rental car agency. In several PG-rated movies, however, the word is used, mainly because at the time there was no PG-13 rating and the MPAA did not want to give the films R ratings; for instance, ''[[All the President's Men]]'' ([[1976 in film|1976]]), where it is used seven times, ''[[The Kids Are Alright]]'' ([[1979 in film|1979]]), where it is used twice, and ''[[The Right Stuff]]'' ([[1983 in film|1983]]), where it is used five times. ''[[Spaceballs]]'' ([[1987 in film|1987]]) is an anomaly in that it was rated PG after the 1984 introduction of the PG-13 rating, yet it includes the line, "Fuck! Even in the future nothing works!" In the PG-13 rated movie ''[[Soapdish]]'' ([[1991]]), [[Sally Field]], played an aging [[soap opera]] actress. Appalled that her costume included a turban, she complained to her show's producer "What I feel like is Gloria-fucking-Swanson!"

Films edited for broadcast use matching [[euphemism]]s so that [[lip synch]]ing will not be thrown off. One televised version of [[Quentin Tarantino]]'s ''[[Jackie Brown]]'', for instance, had the actors dub in the words ''frick'', ''Nubian'', and ''melon farmer'' for ''fuck'', ''[[nigger]]'', and ''[[motherfucker]]'', respectively. In a similarly dubbed version of ''[[Die Hard]],'' [[Bruce Willis]]' catchphrase "Yippee-ki-yay, [[motherfucker]]" is replaced by "Yippee-ki-yay, Mister Falcon."

In a similar vein, many [[stand-up comedy|stand-up comedians]] who perform for adult audiences make liberal use of the word ''fuck''. While [[George Carlin]]'s use of the word is an important part of his stage persona, other comedians (such as [[Andrew Dice Clay]]) have been accused of substituting vulgarity and offensiveness for genuine creativity through overuse of the word. [[Billy Connolly]] was a pioneer of the use of the word in his shows for general audiences.

[[Canada|Canadian]] [[prime minister]] [[Pierre Trudeau]] caused a minor scandal when opposition [[member of parliament|MP]]s stated he had told them to "fuck off" in the [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]] in February [[1971]]. Pressed by journalists, Trudeau later unconvincingly stated he may have said (or mouthed) "'[[fuddle duddle]]' or something like that"[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-73-571-2955-20/that_was_then/politics_economy/trudeau_fuddle_duddle], a phrase which then took on a humorous connotation of that event for Canadians.

During the tumultuous [[1968 Democratic National Convention]], Connecticut Senator [[Abraham Ribicoff]], during a speech in which he nominated the anti-[[Vietnam War]] candidate [[George McGovern]], departed from his written text to say, "If [[George McGovern]] were president, we wouldn't have these [[Gestapo]] tactics in the streets of [[Chicago]]." Many conventioneers, having been appalled by the response of the [[Chicago]] police to the simultaneously occurring anti-war demonstrations, promptly broke into ecstatic applause. As television cameras focused on an indignant [[Chicago]] Mayor [[Richard J. Daley]], [[lip reading|lip-readers]] throughout America claimed to have observed him shouting, "Fuck you, you [[Jew]] [[motherfucker]]." Defenders of the mayor would later claim that he was calling Senator Ribicoff a faker.

===Freedom of expression===
In [[1971]], the [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] decided that the mere public display of ''fuck'' is protected under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First]] and [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendments]] and cannot be made a criminal offense. In [[1968]], Paul Robert Cohen had been convicted of "disturbing the peace" for wearing a jacket with "FUCK THE DRAFT" on it. The conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeals and overturned by the Supreme Court. ''[[Cohen v. California]]'', '''403 U.S. 15''' (1971).

Pornographer [[Larry Flynt]], representing himself before the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] in [[1983]] in a [[libel]] case, shouted, "Fuck this court!" during the proceedings and called the justices "nothing but eight assholes and a token [[cunt]]". Chief Justice [[Warren E. Burger]] had him arrested for [[contempt of court]] but the charge was later dismissed.

In [[Colorado Springs]], tavern owner [[Leonard Carlo]] had over 29 signs containing the word "fuck", including the slogans "Leonard's II Fucking Much", "No Fucking Children, Animals, Tabs or Checks!", and "No fucking tap or draw beer". Signs on the restroom doors read "Fucking Men" and "Fucking Women". Also, the top of Leonard's bald head was [[tattoo]]ed with the words "Fuck U. Leave Me the FUCK Alone." A state liquor agent removed all 29 signs from Leonard's Bar on [[August 31]], [[1999]] because he believed the signs violated a state regulation that prohibits profanity in bars.

===Popular usage===
Various people (primarily musical guests) have said the word on the weekly American late-night comedy show ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', generally with little consequence. On the [[February 26]], [[1981]] show [[Charles Rocket]], playing [[J.R. Ewing]], said clearly, "Oh man, it's the first time I've been shot in my life. I'd like to know who the fuck did it." He and the rest of the cast (except [[Joe Piscopo]] and [[Eddie Murphy]]) were fired soon thereafter. The show was in a slump at the time, so Rocket's indiscretion may only have been the straw that broke the camel's back.

Following the death of [[Monty Python]] legend [[Graham Chapman]] in [[1989]], a speech at his memorial was read by fellow Monty Python actor [[John Cleese]], which claims to be the first time someone has said the word ''fuck'' in a British memorial service.

The [[Channel 4]] [[television]] comedy series ''[[Father Ted]]'' introduced to [[1990s|90s]] Britain an [[Ireland|Irish]] swear-word which was almost ''fuck'' and not quite a [[euphemism]], prolifically used by the drunken and lecherous priest [[Father Jack Hackett]]: ''feck''. This was originally a term meaning ''to steal'' and is probably derived from the word ''fetch''. This term is becoming a common substitute for ''fuck'' in the [[United Kingdom]] as a consequence of the popularity of this series, and has been further bowlderized into ''feth''.

In the early commercial days of the Internet, the domain name registrar [[Network Solution]]s blocked certain obscene words from being used. There was no such restriction in the UK and a group of fans of [[VIZ]] comic registered the domain fuck.co.uk. Their website claimed to be promoting the ''Fulchester Underwater Canoeing Klubb'' (Fulchester being the fictional setting of many of the stories in VIZ). The name now hosts a pornography site.

In the [[United States]], the [[Federal Communications Commission]] fines stations for the broadcast of indecent language, but in 2003 ruled that the airing of "This is really, really fucking brilliant!" by [[U2 (band)|U2]] member [[Bono]] after receiving a [[Golden Globe Award]] was neither obscene nor indecent. In early 2004 the FCC decided to review that use saying "The F-word is one of the most vulgar, graphic and explicit descriptions of sexual activity in the English language"; a fine may result.

The first American play with the word ''fuck'' in the title is ''[[Sex, Fucking and Making Love]]''. It is being produced in New York fall 2004 by Genesis Productions Worldwide, LLC as an off-off-Broadway production [http://www.sfml.info/]. However [[Mark Ravenhill]]'s play [[Shopping and Fucking]] opened in London, UK in 1996, and also played in the US.

In April 2004 the controversial [[R&B]] song "Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back)" by [[Eamon]] became the first song with an obscenity in its title to reach the top 20 in the US. The word ''fuck'' was censored both on the packaging and on the radio edit. The single also reached #1 in the charts of several countries including [[UK]] and [[Australia]]. A reply to that song, titled "F.U.R.B. (Fuck U Right Back)", by [[Frankee]] was also very successful, and also reached #1 in the UK in May 2004, and then in Australia in June 2004. American band [[Nine Inch Nails]]' 2000 single, "Starsuckers, Inc." features a lyrical re-work of the album version, "Starfuckers, Inc." intended to give the song a chance of broadcast both on U.S. television and radio.

On [[June 22]], [[2004]], while participating in the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] class photo, [[Vice President of the United States| Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]] and [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] Senator [[Patrick Leahy]] from [[Vermont]] had a personal exchange that garnered headlines in the United States. After comments by Leahy, Cheney allegedly told him to "...go fuck yourself", which was later characterized as "a frank exchange of views." In response, Leahy said that Cheney "was just having a bad day." Others have pointed to this incident and the events that led up to it as evidence of a culture of extreme partisanship that has developed in Washington. Senate rules prohibit profanity while the Senate is in session, but Cheney did not violate the rules because the Senate was not in session at the time.

Most broadcasters replace ''fuck'' (and other so-called [[four-letter word]]s) on broadcast television and radio with a beep "at times of day when there is a reasonable risk that children may be in the audience", or have the word/words silenced out, or a reverse of the sound of the word/words in question is used.

== Etymology ==

The etymology of ''fuck'' has given rise to a great deal of speculation, which should be regarded skeptically. The authoritative [[Oxford English Dictionary]] is quite cautious in providing an etymology for this word. In the quotation below, the dictionary's usual abbreviations are spelled out for clarity:

:Early modern English ''fuck'', ''fuk'', answering to a [[Middle English]] type *''fuken'' (weak verb) [which is] not found; ulterior etymology unknown. Synonymous [[German language|German]] ''ficken'' cannot be shown to be related.

The first known occurrence, in code because of its unacceptability, is in a poem composed in a mixture of Latin and English sometime before 1500. The poem, which satirizes the Carmelite friars of Cambridge, England, takes its title, “Flen flyys”, from the first words of its opening line, “Flen, flyys, and freris”; that is, “Fleas, flies, and friars”. The line that contains fuck reads “Non sunt in coeli, quia gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk.” The Latin words “Non sunt in coeli, quia,” mean “They (the friars) are not in heaven, since.” The code “gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk” is easily broken by simply substituting the preceding letter in the alphabet, keeping in mind differences in the alphabet and in spelling between then and now: i was then used for both i and j; v was used for both u and v; and vv was used for w. This yields “fvccant (a fake Latin form) vvivys of heli.” The whole thus reads in translation: “They are not in heaven since they fuck wives of Ely (a town near Cambridge).”

As the OED notes, some have attempted to draw a connection to the [[German language|German]] word ''ficken'' (to fuck, in dialects: to rub, to scratch, and historically to strike).

Germanic ''fuk-'' would be expected to come from an [[Indo-European language|Indo-European]] ancestor *''pug-'', which appears in [[Latin]] and [[Greek]] words meaning "fight" and "fist". In early Common Germanic the word was likely used at first as a slang or euphemistic replacement for an older word for "intercourse", and then became the usual word for "intercourse".

Other possible connections are to [[Latin]] ''futuere'' (hence the French ''foutre'', the Italian ''fottere'', the vulgar peninsular Spanish ''follar'' and ''hoder/joder'', and the Portuguese ''foder''). However, there is considerable doubt and no clear lineage for these derivations. These roots, even if [[cognate]], are not the original [[Indo-European language|Indo-European]] word for ''to fuck''; that root is likely *''yebh-'', which is attested in [[Sanskrit]] (''yabhati'') and the [[Slavic languages]], among others. However, Wayland Young (who agrees that these words are related) argues that they derive from the Indo-European *''bhu-'' or *''bhug-'', believed to be the root of "to be", "to grow", and "to build". [Young, 1964]

Spanish ''follar'' has a different root; according to Spanish etymologists, the Spanish verb "follar" (attested in the 19th century) derives from "fuelle" (bellows) from Latin "folle(m)" < Indo-European "bhel-"; ancient Spanish verb folgar (attested in the 15th century) derived from Latin "follicare", ultimately from follem/follis too.

Some have supposed that ''fuck'' has cognates in other Germanic languages, such as Middle Dutch ''fokken'' (to thrust, to copulate), dialectical Norwegian ''fukka'' (to copulate), and dialectical Swedish ''focka'' (to strike, copulate) and ''fock'' (penis). A very similar set of Latin words that have not yet been related to these are those for hearth or fire, "focus/focum" (with a short o), fiery, "focilis", Latin and Italian for hearthly/hearthling, "foc[c]ia/focac[c]ia", and fire, "focca", and the Italian for bonfire, "focere". But these words came from New Latin, centuries after Middle Dutch.

There is perhaps even an original [[Celtic]] derivation; ''futuere'' being related to ''battuere'' (to strike, to copulate); which may be related to [[Irish language|Irish]] ''bot'' and Manx ''bwoid'' (penis). The argument is that ''battuere'' and ''futuere'' (like the Irish and Manx words) comes from the Celtic ''*bactuere'' (to pierce), from the root ''buc-'' (a point). An even earlier root may be the [[Egyptian]] ''petcha'' (to copulate), which has a highly suggestive [[Egyptian hieroglyph|hieroglyph]]. Or perhaps Latin "futuere" came from the root "fu", Common Indo-European "bhu", meaning "be, become" and originally referred to procreation.

Still more speculation is the following:

Its likely Common Germanic form was "fuk-". By the operation of Grimm's Law, its Common Indo-European ancestor would likeliest have been "pug", which turns up in Latin and Greek words meaning "fight" and "fist".

The Common Indo-European word for "intercourse" was likeliest "3eybh-" alternating with "3yebh-", where "3" is the H3 [[laryngeal]]: compare Greek "oiphô" (verb), and Greek "zephyros" (noun, ref. a Greek belief that the west wind caused pregnancy) and Sanskrit "yabh-ati" (verb).

===Fake etymologies for ''fuck''===

There are many imaginative [[fake etymology|fake etymologies]], including the [[backronym]]s "Fornication Under Consent of the King", which was supposedly placed on signs above houses in medieval England during times of population control, and "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge", supposedly written on the [[stocks]] above people who committed [[adultery]] or "Forced Unlawful Carnal Knowledge" in various things linked to [[rape]] cases. These acronyms were never heard before the [[1960s]], according to the authoritative [[lexicographer|lexicographical]] work, ''The F-Word''. See also [[fake etymology]].

==The verb fuck in different languages==
* [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]: ''fok'' ("fok my", "fok jou")
* [[Albanian language|Albanian]]: ''qi'' ("qifsha" when used in sentences)
* [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: ''neak''
* [[Armenian language|Armenian]]: ''kunel''
* [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]: ''jebati'' (to fuck)
* [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: еба (eba)
* [[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''follar'', ''cardar'', ''fotre''
* [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Chinese (Cantonese)]]: ''diu'' (屌, but often denoted as the character 小 inside the character 門(). Pronounced like "dew" in English)
* [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]]/[[Putonghua]]):
*#''diao'' (屌) Also refers to penis, esp. in Northern China; means "damn" or "darn" in Taiwan.
*#''cao'' (肏/操) (pronounced "Tsao")
*#''gan'' (幹) (used more by native speakers of [[Taiwanese language|Taiwanese]], it occurs in the expression "Gan ni niang!" which means, "Fuck your mother!")
* [[Cebuano]]: ''iyot''
* [[Croatian language|Croatian]]: ''jebati''; ''fukati'' (probably borrowed from English); ''karati'' (literally, to scold)
* [[Czech language|Czech]]: ''píchat'' (literally "to thrust", used as a slang word for "to copulate"); ''s<caron>ukat'', ''s<caron>oustat'' (s<caron> as "sh"), ''mrdat'' (all three vulgar, to have sex [with], to fuck); ''kurva!'' (vulgar, literally "bitch", used as an expletive)
* [[Danish language|Danish]]: ''knep''
* [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''neuken''
* [[Esperanto]]: ''fiki''
* [[Estonian language|Estonian]]: ''nikkuma'', ''nussima'', ''keppima''
* [[Filipino language|Filipino]]: ''kantot''
* [[Finnish language|Finnish]]: ''vittu'' (Curseword, "Voi vitun vittu!!"="Fucking fuck!!", literal meaning of "vittu" is "cunt") ''nussia'' (verb)
* [[French language|French]]: ''baiser'' (to have sex with); ''foutre'' (dismissive: "Va te faire foutre!" meaning "Go screw yourself!"; "Fous le camp!" meaning "Fuck off!" or "Shove aside!")
* [[Canadian French|French (Canada)]]: ''nicker''; ''fourrer'' (literally, to stuff); the adjective ''fucké'', a borrowing, means broken or out of luck, and is not especially profane. See [[sacre]].
* [[German language|German]]: ''ficken'' (to have sex with, pronounced like fucken, just with a short e instead of the u)3
* [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''gamao'', ''gamo'', ''gamisi''; ''Γαμάω'', ''Γαμώ'', ''Γαμίσι'' ("g" prounounced softly, as a [[voiced velar fricative]])
* [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: "lezayen", from noun "zayin", which is a slang word for the penis
* [[Hindi]]: ''chod'' ("Ch" as in check & "d" is pronounced softly)
* [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''baszni''
* [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: ''ríða'' (pronounced "ree-tha" with a soft th-sound)
* [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''ngentot''
* [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''fottere'', ''scopare''
* [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: ["fuzakeru"¹]
* [[Kannada language|Kannada]]: ''kay-yi''
* [[Korean language|Korean]]: "ssi-bal" (씨발), pronounced like the English words "she ball"
* [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]: ''pisti''
* [[Malay language|Malay]]: ''puki'' (likely an adoption of ''fuck'') or ''pukimak'' (likely an adoption of ''motherfucker'') or ''celaka'' (bastard)
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ''uook''
* [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: ''chik'' (verb, pronounced ''chick'')
* [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]: ''knulle'', ''pule''
* [[Iranian language|Persian/Farsi]]: ''ga-yee-dan''
* [[Polish language|Polish]]: ''jebać'' (pronounced ''yebatch''), ''Pierdolić'' (pronounced ''pee-erdolitch''), ''kurwa'' (pronounced ''koorva'', used as an interjection)
* [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''foder'' (or ''comer'' subjectively used, because it means "to eat", in Northern [[Portugal]] ''pinar'' is also used)
* [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''a fute''
* [[Profanity#Russia|Russian]]: ''yeb'''a'''t'' [ебать] (transitive), yeb'''a'''tsa [ебаться] (intransitive).
* [[Samoan language|Samoan]]: ''mea'' This is not used as a swear word but is not used in polite company. Other anatomical and physiological words are used as swear words but not "mea" or any other related word.
* [[Serbian language|Serbian]]: јебати (jebati), карати (karati)
* [[Slovak language|Slovak]]: jebať, drbať
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: Follar
** [[Argentina]]: ''coger'' (this same verb in Spain and other countries means "to grab")
** [[Chile]]: ''culear''
** [[Colombia]]: ''pichar'' or ''tirar'' (the last one means "to throw" in most other Spanish-speaking countries)
** [[Ecuador]]: ''echar en polvo'' (meaning "to throw into dust" in most other countries)
** [[Mexico]]: ''chingar'' or less but commonly used ''joder'' also ''vergar'' (translatable as "to dick")
** [[Peru]]: ''cachar''
** [[Spain]]: ''joder'' (usually as an all-purpose expletive, can be accompanied by other expletives) or ''follar''
* [[Tamil]]: [[Oatha]] or Oththa
* [[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''knulla''
* [[Thai language|Thai]]: [There is no insulting version.²]
* [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''sikmek'' (Pronounced "seek-make"), ''düzmek'', ''siktir'' (="fuck off")
* [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: چودنا (verb), Chodi (noun)
* [[Vietnamese|Viet]]: ''dit'' (Pronounced "dee"), or ''deo''
**Example: "Dit me may!" or "Deo me may!" (insulting words similar to "motherfucker", where 'me' is pronounced '''meh''' and 'may' is pronounced '''my''')
* [[Yiddish]]: ''shtup'' (שתוופ) (literally "to stuff")

¹Ambiguously translated back to English as "to fool around". Many have argued that a verbal translation of "fuck" into Japanese is impossible, but Japanese vulgarity largely comes from speaking in a forceful and explicit manner. Offensive language is communicated through directness, self-importance, emphatics, and curtly abbreviated expressions. When "fuzakeru" is lazily truncated by dropping the "fu" and the formal verb ending "ru" while adding "na" to mean "not" and "yo" for exclamation, we have ''Zakennayo!'' which if uttered aggressively, sounds like "Don't fuck with me, asshole!" to the Japanese ear, even though its root literally translates as "don't mess around". It should also be noted that almost all American curse words, including "fuck", are recognizable to the Japanese because of their use in films.

²Thai has a medical word for sexual intercourse (which translated back means "genitalia touching") and at least two slang versions for it. But even the slang versions wouldn't work as insults. To the amusement of Thais, the name of the German automaker [[Audi]] sounds like one of the two slang versions. To confuse matters, Thais have a vegetable whose name sounds like ''fuck'' (it irritates some tourists when they hear the name because they think they are being insulted). But the correct pronunciation for this vegetable is "fug" with the "g" like in "guest".

3 On an interesting side note, the word ''ficken'' was seemingly not used as an expletive in German until recently. (It was, however, a taboo word, but this due to its literal meaning, and its belonging to vulgar speech.) That today ''fick dich!'' is used as a common (though very strong) expletive meaning ''fuck off!'' is clearly a borrowing from English. The general all-purpose taboo expletive and correct translation of ''fuck!'' remains ''Scheiße'', literally ''shit'', or, increasingly common, ''fuck'' used in untranslated verbatim.

==Further reference==
* [[Jesse Sheidlower]], ''The F Word'' (1999) ISBN 0375706348. Presents hundreds of uses of ''fuck'' and related words.
* Michael Swan, ''Practical English Usage'', OUP, 1995, ISBN 019431197X
* Philip J. Cunningham, ''Zakennayo!: The Real Japanese You Were Never Taught in School'', Plume (1995) ISBN 0452275067
* [[Wayland Young]], ''Eros Denied: Sex in Western Society''. Grove Press/Zebra Books, New York 1964.

==See also==
*[[Fuck (band)]]
*[[Four-letter word]]
*[[Euphemism]]
*[[Motherfucker]]
*[[Cocksucker]]
*[[Profanity]]
*[[Seven dirty words]]
*[[Sexual slang]]
*''[[This Be The Verse]]''
*[[Fucking, Austria]]
* [[Fuddle Duddle]]
*[[Meet the Parents]]

==External links==
{{define}}
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/fword1.html A thorough and amusing legal brief on the history and constitutionality of "Fuck".] All relevant cases are cited.
* [http://slate.msn.com/id/2103467/ slate.com on ''fuck'']
* [http://www.bartleby.com/61/95/F0349500.html American Heritage Dictionary], see "Word History" for an enciphered(!) usage of the word in the ribald sixteenth-century poem, ''Flen flyys.''
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3699-2004Jun24.html "Cheney Dismisses Critic With Obscenity."] [[Washington Post]] article on the 2004 Cheney-Leahy incident.

[[de:Ficken]]
[[eo:fiki]]
[[ja:ファック]]
[[zh:幹]]

[[Category:Profanity]]

Fuck

2004-12-11T01:24:45Z

24.11.21.192:

'''Fuck''' is among the strongest and most controversial [[profanity|vulgarism]]s in the [[English language]], invariably considered offensive and unacceptable in polite situations. It is, however, rather common in daily use, as well as in popular, or vulgar, late [[20th century|20th]] and early [[21st century]] culture. To ''fuck'' is to ''[[Sexual intercourse|copulate]]'' (as in "let's fuck"), but it is also used as a general-purpose [[expletive]], as in [[Fuck_Off|"fuck off!"]] ("go away!" or "none of your business!") or "what a dumb fuck" ("what a stupid person"), or to emphasise, as in "this is fucking great" ("this is very good" or "this is very bad", depending on tone of voice) – it can even be used within words via [[tmesis]], as in "un-fucking-believable" or "unbe-fucking-lievable" ("incredibly unbelievable"), or even as nearly every word in a sentence "Fuck [the] fucking fuckers!" ("Forget about [the] very displeasing people!") or "[the] fucking fucker's fucking fucked!" ("this thing doesn't work!").

In [[popular culture]], the word ''fuck'' has grown in usage, and rules allowing it and other vulgar expletives have softened — largely due to demand trends. It is still often [[Censorship|censor]]ed on broadcast [[radio]] and [[television]]; in [[2002]], when the controversial [[Cinema of France|French film]] ''[[Baise-moi]]'' ([[2000 in film|2000]]) was released in the [[United States|USA]], its title was changed to ''Rape Me'', rather than the literal ''Fuck Me'', though this may have been for effect. A similar thing happened to the [[Sweden|Swedish]] film ''[[Fucking Åmål]]'' (retitled ''Show Me Love''). A similar kind of censoring is offered on many [[online forum]]s, where users are given options to filter out vulgarities.

The use of ''fuck'' varies betwixt state, continent and demographic. For example, a [[blue collar]] Australian bloke may use ''fuck'' in most sentences, eg. "I'll be fucked if I'm gonna let that fuckin' bitch tell me what to fuckin' do". Such language, while quite normal in an outback Australian pub, is likely to be highly offensive in an expensive uptown restaurant in New York.

== Euphemisms ==
[[Image:F*uck!.png|thumb|right|220px|A common way to censor ''fuck''.]]
In situations where using or mentioning the word directly may be considered inappropriate, people often [[bowdlerize]] it, either referring to it with terms such as ''the f-word'' or ''the f-bomb'' (and in particular, the phrase "dropping the F-bomb"), or replacing it with ''feck'', ''fudge'', ''freak'', ''fork'', ''fook'', ''fizzuck'', ''frick'', ''frickin'', ''f*ck'', ''f**k'', ''f-u!'' (or simply ''eff''), ''fahq'', ''fawk'', ''fcuk'', the "hacker" terms ''phuck'', ''puck'', ''funk'', or ''f***'', or ''frig''. (Although one dictionary meaning of ''frig'' is ''fuck'' the rarity of its use renders it less offensive.) In software contexts, ''[[fsck]]'', ''fuk'', ''[[fark]]'' and ''f2k'' are also used. In the formerly British Caribbean nations it is sometimes spelled ''fock''. ''Fark'' is a [[Thomas Bowdler|bowdlerization]] which originated in the British [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, derived from exaggerated pronunciation in, for example, the Australian accent.

The [[fashion]] house French Connection United Kingdom controversially uses its initials, usually in lower case: ''fcuk''.

The previously-mentioned ''fsck'' usage is derived from the [[Unix]] command [[fsck]](8) for "file-system check". It has been noted that this command is particularly appropriate, as it is the option of last resort.

In the [[Ireland|Irish]] [[situation comedy|sitcom]] ''[[Father Ted]]'' the word ''fuck'' was replaced with ''feck'', a common slang word in Ireland that was acceptable to audiences in other countries that had not come across it before.

== Secondary meanings ==

[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|The phrases "Fuck off!" or "Fuck you!" can also be gestured, by [[the finger|giving someone the finger]].]]

As with other [[swearword]]s and [[taboo]] words, or [[intensifier]]s, ''fuck'' is often not used in its original, literal meaning. Rather, it is an intensifier expressing nothing but the speaker's strong emotional involvement (often negatively, but not necessarily: e.g. "fucking good" is a rude way of saying "very good"). In the book ''Practical English Usage'', the two meanings of the word are clearly illustrated by juxtaposing the sentences:

: What are you doing fucking in my bed?
: What are you fucking doing in my bed?

The first sentence means "Why are you copulating in my bed?", while the second merely emphasizes the sentence "What are you doing in my bed?". The second usage is more common than the first. In the former usage, emphasis will more often than not be put on fucking, to convey that it is the literal act of copulating. An acceptable and more common alternative to the latter is:

: What the fuck are you doing in my bed?

"Fuck you!" expresses [[anger]], and thus seems to be more related to "I am so angry at you, I am going to rape you to punish you" (although it carries no connotation of this sort) than to "I would like to lovingly have sexual intercourse with you". It also may be related to "fuck off", which seems to be a reference to [[masturbation]], where it might originally have been a vulgar way of saying "quit bugging me and go back to masturbating or whatever stupid stuff you usually do". It may also express indifference with respect to the well-being of another person or of other people in general, for example reacting to a request, or the imposing of rules.

Surprise or bemusement can be expressed by, "Fuck me!" or "Well, I'll be fucked!" without suggesting an open invitation. Similarly, "Well, fuck me stupid!" expresses even greater surprise.
The phrase "What the fuck!" is also used to express surprise, in the same way as "What the hell!". In [[internet slang]] this is abbreviated to [[WTF]].

Another use of the word ''fuck'' is as a replacement for the word ''[[God]]'' in profane statements as in "for fuck's sake!" For example "fuck knows," or "who the fuck knows," means something like "I don't know, and neither is anyone ever likely to know". Sometimes, the phrase "Oh my fuck!" is used instead of "Oh my God!"

Meanwhile, ''fuck'' can be used as a negation, as in "I know fuck all", for "I know nothing".

==Linguistics==
===Verb===
The word can be used as a [[verb]] [[transitive_verb|transitively]]:
: He fucked her.
Or [[intransitive_verb|intransitively]]:
: They fucked all night.
Or as an [[impersonal command]]:
: I'm not going down there, fuck that, dude!

===Noun===
As a [[noun]]:
: She is a real fuck. (non-specific insult)
: He is a good fuck. (specific reference to sexual skill)
: What the fuck you fuckin' beast?"



===Interjection===
The [[interjection]] ''fuck'' is frequently used to express shock, discontent and anger in general.
: Fuck! A punctured tire!
: or
: Oh Fuck! I broke my hand!

===Present participle===
The [[present participle]] ''fucking'' (or ''fuckin' '') is commonly used to intensify a verb or noun. As described earlier, it is used more negatively than positively.
: My fucking boss made me work all weekend.
: She is fuckin' hot.
In addition, the [[present participle]] is sometimes inserted in the middle of a word as an intensifier, a process known as [[expletive infixation]]. The rules for insertion of the "fucking"-infix are regular: "fucking" may only be inserted in a multisyllabic word between [[metrical feet]] (also known as a [[tmesis]].) For example:
: That was abso-fuckin-lutely cool!
: In-fuckin-credible
: Fan-fuckin-tastic

===Conjugation===
: Fuck can also be conjugated to exemplify another word, to express anger, or to be humorous. For example:
: "Cluster-Fuck" - A mass or group that is exemplified by the speaker to enhance its meaning. In Context:
: "What is the meaning of this cluster-fuck" - Commonly used to describe traffic jams or long lines.

===Past participle===
The [[past participle]] ''fucked'' connotes that something is completely useless, destroyed, or messed up. For example:
: The hard drive crashed, so now the database is fucked.
: Your engine's fucked because you forgot to change the oil!
: Now that the electricity is out, your computer is fucked.

(This connotation can also be found as a transitive verb: ''He totally fucked his engine when he forgot to change the oil.'')

===Phrasal verbs===
"To fuck up" means to ruin, and the related "to be fucked up" generally connotes drunkenness in the United States. Although "to be fucked up" less commonly refers to physical or emotional injuries in the US, this can be its primary meaning in other English speaking countries.

* I did ten shots in ten minutes, and now I'm totally fucked up!
* The bouncer really fucked up that drunk guy who kept causing trouble.
* My sister's been really fucked up since her fiancé dumped her. (could also refer to drunkenness, depending on the context or the sister)

"To fuck over" connotes betrayal or a generally unfavorable act.

* Yeah, he slept with my girlfriend. I can't believe he fucked me over like that!
* I got fucked over at work today they promoted my assistant instead of me.

===[[Portmanteau]]===
Prepended to another word, the sound "f" is sometimes used to evoke the entire expletive, with an intensifying sense.

: That's fugly (fucking ugly).

===Discourse particle===
''Fucking'' is sometimes used as a [[discourse particle]] or filler, in much the same way ''um...'' is used.

: Her name is, fucking... What was her name again?

==Acronyms==
''Fuck'' is used in various acronyms, especially on the Internet.

* FUBAR: fucked up beyond all recognition (or repair)
* GTFO: get the fuck out
* [[SNAFU]]: situation normal, all fucked up.
* STFU: shut the fuck up
* [[RTFM]]: read the fucking manual.
* [[WOFTAM]]: waste of fucking time and money.
* [[WTF]]: what the fuck
* [[LMFAO]]: laugh my fucking ass off

== History of usage and censorship ==
===Early usage===
The earliest reference appears to be the name "John Le Fucker", which John Ayto's ''Dictionary of Word Origins'' dates to [[1278]]. What John did to earn this name is unknown.

Its first known use as a verb meaning to fornicate is in a poem titled "[[Flen flyys]]" some time before [[1500]]. Written half in English and half in Latin, the poem includes the word ''fuccant'', a hybrid of English root with Latin conjugation, disguised in the text by a simple code. It was originally written as ''gxddbov'', and is decrypted by substituting each letter with the letter which precedes it in the alphabet (keep in mind the alphabet that was used at the time).

[[William Dunbar|William Dunbar's]] [[1503]] poem "Brash of Wowing" includes the lines: "Yit be his feiris he wald haif fukkit:/ Ye brek my hairt, my bony ane."

While [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] never used the term explicitly, he may have hinted at it in comic scenes in several plays. ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]'' (IV.i) contains ''focative case'' (see [[vocative case]]). In ''[[Henry V (play)|Henry V]]'' (IV.iv), Pistol threatens to ''firk'' (strike) a soldier, a euphemism for ''fuck''.

There are some [[urban legend]]s postulating an [[acronym]]ic origin for the word. In the most popular version, it is said that the word "fuck" came from Irish law. If a couple were "Found Under Carnal Knowledge" they would be penalized, with FUCK as the crime. Other variants include the ideas that the word came from "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge" or "Fornication Under Consent of the King." However, all these explanations are considered to be [[backronym]]s and hence recent inventions.

===Rise of modern usage===
''Fuck'' did not appear in any dictionary of the English language from [[1795]] to [[1965]]. Its first appearance in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (along with the word ''[[cunt]]'') was in [[1972]].

In [[1900]], the Prince [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Albert Edward]], [[Prince of Wales]] said, "Fuck it, I've taken a bullet" when he was shot by an [[anarchism|anarchist]] while standing on a [[Brussels]] railway station.

The liberal usage of the word (and other vulgarisms) by certain artists (such as [[James Joyce]], [[Henry Miller]], and [[Lenny Bruce]]) has led to the banning of their works and criminal charges of [[obscenity]].

After [[Norman Mailer]]'s publishers convinced him to [[bowdlerize]] ''fuck'' as ''fug'' in his work ''[[The Naked and the Dead]]''[[1948| (1948)]], [[Tallulah Bankhead]] supposedly greeted him with the [[quip]], "So you're the young man who can't spell ''fuck''." (In fact, according to Mailer, the quip was devised by Bankhead's [[public relations|PR man]] and he and Bankhead never met until [[1966]] and did not discuss the word then.) The rock group [[The Fugs]] named themselves after the Mailer [[euphemism]].

===Censorship===
In [[1965]], the critic [[Kenneth Tynan]] was the first person to say ''fuck'' on [[BBC]] [[television]], during a late-night live talk show hosted by [[Eamonn Andrews]], causing a furor and a short TV career for Tynan. For British broadcasting, the next stage was reached in [[1976]] when the word was pointedly used in a prime-time early evening show, during a live interview with the [[Sex Pistols]].

The films ''[[Ulysses]]'' and ''[[I'll Never Forget What's'isname]]'' (both [[1967 in film|1967]]) are contenders for being the first film to use the word. Since the U.S. adoption of the [[MPAA film rating system]], use of the word has been accepted in R-rated movies, and under the older rules, use of the word would automatically cause the film to be given an R rating. Later rule changes permit a single, non-sexual, strictly exclamatory use of the word in PG-13 movies.

Since the [[1970s]], the use of the word ''fuck'' in R-rated movies has become so commonplace in mainstream American movies that it is rarely noticed by most audiences. Nonetheless, a few movies have made exceptional use of the word, to the point where such films as ''[[Scarface (1983 movie)|Scarface]]'' ([[1983 in film|1983]]), ''[[Pulp Fiction]]'' and ''[[Goodfellas]]'' are known for its extensive use. In the popular comedy ''[[Four Weddings and a Funeral]]'', it is the chief word, repeatedly uttered, during the opening five minutes. One of the most humorous tirades demonstrating various usages of the word appears in the comedy, ''[[Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987 movie)|Planes, Trains and Automobiles]]'' ([[1987 in film|1987]]), where ''[[Steve Martin]]'' expresses his dissatisfaction in his treatment by a rental car agency. In several PG-rated movies, however, the word is used, mainly because at the time there was no PG-13 rating and the MPAA did not want to give the films R ratings; for instance, ''[[All the President's Men]]'' ([[1976 in film|1976]]), where it is used seven times, ''[[The Kids Are Alright]]'' ([[1979 in film|1979]]), where it is used twice, and ''[[The Right Stuff]]'' ([[1983 in film|1983]]), where it is used five times. ''[[Spaceballs]]'' ([[1987 in film|1987]]) is an anomaly in that it was rated PG after the 1984 introduction of the PG-13 rating, yet it includes the line, "Fuck! Even in the future nothing works!" In the PG-13 rated movie ''[[Soapdish]]'' ([[1991]]), [[Sally Field]], played an aging [[soap opera]] actress. Appalled that her costume included a turban, she complained to her show's producer "What I feel like is Gloria-fucking-Swanson!"

Films edited for broadcast use matching [[euphemism]]s so that [[lip synch]]ing will not be thrown off. One televised version of [[Quentin Tarantino]]'s ''[[Jackie Brown]]'', for instance, had the actors dub in the words ''frick'', ''Nubian'', and ''melon farmer'' for ''fuck'', ''[[nigger]]'', and ''[[motherfucker]]'', respectively. In a similarly dubbed version of ''[[Die Hard]],'' [[Bruce Willis]]' catchphrase "Yippee-ki-yay, [[motherfucker]]" is replaced by "Yippee-ki-yay, Mister Falcon."

In a similar vein, many [[stand-up comedy|stand-up comedians]] who perform for adult audiences make liberal use of the word ''fuck''. While [[George Carlin]]'s use of the word is an important part of his stage persona, other comedians (such as [[Andrew Dice Clay]]) have been accused of substituting vulgarity and offensiveness for genuine creativity through overuse of the word. [[Billy Connolly]] was a pioneer of the use of the word in his shows for general audiences.

[[Canada|Canadian]] [[prime minister]] [[Pierre Trudeau]] caused a minor scandal when opposition [[member of parliament|MP]]s stated he had told them to "fuck off" in the [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]] in February [[1971]]. Pressed by journalists, Trudeau later unconvincingly stated he may have said (or mouthed) "'[[fuddle duddle]]' or something like that"[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-73-571-2955-20/that_was_then/politics_economy/trudeau_fuddle_duddle], a phrase which then took on a humorous connotation of that event for Canadians.

During the tumultuous [[1968 Democratic National Convention]], Connecticut Senator [[Abraham Ribicoff]], during a speech in which he nominated the anti-[[Vietnam War]] candidate [[George McGovern]], departed from his written text to say, "If [[George McGovern]] were president, we wouldn't have these [[Gestapo]] tactics in the streets of [[Chicago]]." Many conventioneers, having been appalled by the response of the [[Chicago]] police to the simultaneously occurring anti-war demonstrations, promptly broke into ecstatic applause. As television cameras focused on an indignant [[Chicago]] Mayor [[Richard J. Daley]], [[lip reading|lip-readers]] throughout America claimed to have observed him shouting, "Fuck you, you [[Jew]] [[motherfucker]]." Defenders of the mayor would later claim that he was calling Senator Ribicoff a faker.

===Freedom of expression===
In [[1971]], the [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] decided that the mere public display of ''fuck'' is protected under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First]] and [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendments]] and cannot be made a criminal offense. In [[1968]], Paul Robert Cohen had been convicted of "disturbing the peace" for wearing a jacket with "FUCK THE DRAFT" on it. The conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeals and overturned by the Supreme Court. ''[[Cohen v. California]]'', '''403 U.S. 15''' (1971).

Pornographer [[Larry Flynt]], representing himself before the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] in [[1983]] in a [[libel]] case, shouted, "Fuck this court!" during the proceedings and called the justices "nothing but eight assholes and a token [[cunt]]". Chief Justice [[Warren E. Burger]] had him arrested for [[contempt of court]] but the charge was later dismissed.

In [[Colorado Springs]], tavern owner [[Leonard Carlo]] had over 29 signs containing the word "fuck", including the slogans "Leonard's II Fucking Much", "No Fucking Children, Animals, Tabs or Checks!", and "No fucking tap or draw beer". Signs on the restroom doors read "Fucking Men" and "Fucking Women". Also, the top of Leonard's bald head was [[tattoo]]ed with the words "Fuck U. Leave Me the FUCK Alone." A state liquor agent removed all 29 signs from Leonard's Bar on [[August 31]], [[1999]] because he believed the signs violated a state regulation that prohibits profanity in bars.

===Popular usage===
Various people (primarily musical guests) have said the word on the weekly American late-night comedy show ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', generally with little consequence. On the [[February 26]], [[1981]] show [[Charles Rocket]], playing [[J.R. Ewing]], said clearly, "Oh man, it's the first time I've been shot in my life. I'd like to know who the fuck did it." He and the rest of the cast (except [[Joe Piscopo]] and [[Eddie Murphy]]) were fired soon thereafter. The show was in a slump at the time, so Rocket's indiscretion may only have been the straw that broke the camel's back.

Following the death of [[Monty Python]] legend [[Graham Chapman]] in [[1989]], a speech at his memorial was read by fellow Monty Python actor [[John Cleese]], which claims to be the first time someone has said the word ''fuck'' in a British memorial service.

The [[Channel 4]] [[television]] comedy series ''[[Father Ted]]'' introduced to [[1990s|90s]] Britain an [[Ireland|Irish]] swear-word which was almost ''fuck'' and not quite a [[euphemism]], prolifically used by the drunken and lecherous priest [[Father Jack Hackett]]: ''feck''. This was originally a term meaning ''to steal'' and is probably derived from the word ''fetch''. This term is becoming a common substitute for ''fuck'' in the [[United Kingdom]] as a consequence of the popularity of this series, and has been further bowlderized into ''feth''.

In the early commercial days of the Internet, the domain name registrar [[Network Solution]]s blocked certain obscene words from being used. There was no such restriction in the UK and a group of fans of [[VIZ]] comic registered the domain fuck.co.uk. Their website claimed to be promoting the ''Fulchester Underwater Canoeing Klubb'' (Fulchester being the fictional setting of many of the stories in VIZ). The name now hosts a pornography site.

In the [[United States]], the [[Federal Communications Commission]] fines stations for the broadcast of indecent language, but in 2003 ruled that the airing of "This is really, really fucking brilliant!" by [[U2 (band)|U2]] member [[Bono]] after receiving a [[Golden Globe Award]] was neither obscene nor indecent. In early 2004 the FCC decided to review that use saying "The F-word is one of the most vulgar, graphic and explicit descriptions of sexual activity in the English language"; a fine may result.

The first American play with the word ''fuck'' in the title is ''[[Sex, Fucking and Making Love]]''. It is being produced in New York fall 2004 by Genesis Productions Worldwide, LLC as an off-off-Broadway production [http://www.sfml.info/]. However [[Mark Ravenhill]]'s play [[Shopping and Fucking]] opened in London, UK in 1996, and also played in the US.

In April 2004 the controversial [[R&B]] song "Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back)" by [[Eamon]] became the first song with an obscenity in its title to reach the top 20 in the US. The word ''fuck'' was censored both on the packaging and on the radio edit. The single also reached #1 in the charts of several countries including [[UK]] and [[Australia]]. A reply to that song, titled "F.U.R.B. (Fuck U Right Back)", by [[Frankee]] was also very successful, and also reached #1 in the UK in May 2004, and then in Australia in June 2004. American band [[Nine Inch Nails]]' 2000 single, "Starsuckers, Inc." features a lyrical re-work of the album version, "Starfuckers, Inc." intended to give the song a chance of broadcast both on U.S. television and radio.

On [[June 22]], [[2004]], while participating in the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] class photo, [[Vice President of the United States| Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]] and [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] Senator [[Patrick Leahy]] from [[Vermont]] had a personal exchange that garnered headlines in the United States. After comments by Leahy, Cheney allegedly told him to "...go fuck yourself", which was later characterized as "a frank exchange of views." In response, Leahy said that Cheney "was just having a bad day." Others have pointed to this incident and the events that led up to it as evidence of a culture of extreme partisanship that has developed in Washington. Senate rules prohibit profanity while the Senate is in session, but Cheney did not violate the rules because the Senate was not in session at the time.

Most broadcasters replace ''fuck'' (and other so-called [[four-letter word]]s) on broadcast television and radio with a beep "at times of day when there is a reasonable risk that children may be in the audience", or have the word/words silenced out, or a reverse of the sound of the word/words in question is used.

== Etymology ==

The etymology of ''fuck'' has given rise to a great deal of speculation, which should be regarded skeptically. The authoritative [[Oxford English Dictionary]] is quite cautious in providing an etymology for this word. In the quotation below, the dictionary's usual abbreviations are spelled out for clarity:

:Early modern English ''fuck'', ''fuk'', answering to a [[Middle English]] type *''fuken'' (weak verb) [which is] not found; ulterior etymology unknown. Synonymous [[German language|German]] ''ficken'' cannot be shown to be related.

The first known occurrence, in code because of its unacceptability, is in a poem composed in a mixture of Latin and English sometime before 1500. The poem, which satirizes the Carmelite friars of Cambridge, England, takes its title, “Flen flyys”, from the first words of its opening line, “Flen, flyys, and freris”; that is, “Fleas, flies, and friars”. The line that contains fuck reads “Non sunt in coeli, quia gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk.” The Latin words “Non sunt in coeli, quia,” mean “They (the friars) are not in heaven, since.” The code “gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk” is easily broken by simply substituting the preceding letter in the alphabet, keeping in mind differences in the alphabet and in spelling between then and now: i was then used for both i and j; v was used for both u and v; and vv was used for w. This yields “fvccant (a fake Latin form) vvivys of heli.” The whole thus reads in translation: “They are not in heaven since they fuck wives of Ely (a town near Cambridge).”

As the OED notes, some have attempted to draw a connection to the [[German language|German]] word ''ficken'' (to fuck, in dialects: to rub, to scratch, and historically to strike).

Germanic ''fuk-'' would be expected to come from an [[Indo-European language|Indo-European]] ancestor *''pug-'', which appears in [[Latin]] and [[Greek]] words meaning "fight" and "fist". In early Common Germanic the word was likely used at first as a slang or euphemistic replacement for an older word for "intercourse", and then became the usual word for "intercourse".

Other possible connections are to [[Latin]] ''futuere'' (hence the French ''foutre'', the Italian ''fottere'', the vulgar peninsular Spanish ''follar'' and ''hoder/joder'', and the Portuguese ''foder''). However, there is considerable doubt and no clear lineage for these derivations. These roots, even if [[cognate]], are not the original [[Indo-European language|Indo-European]] word for ''to fuck''; that root is likely *''yebh-'', which is attested in [[Sanskrit]] (''yabhati'') and the [[Slavic languages]], among others. However, Wayland Young (who agrees that these words are related) argues that they derive from the Indo-European *''bhu-'' or *''bhug-'', believed to be the root of "to be", "to grow", and "to build". [Young, 1964]

Spanish ''follar'' has a different root; according to Spanish etymologists, the Spanish verb "follar" (attested in the 19th century) derives from "fuelle" (bellows) from Latin "folle(m)" < Indo-European "bhel-"; ancient Spanish verb folgar (attested in the 15th century) derived from Latin "follicare", ultimately from follem/follis too.

Some have supposed that ''fuck'' has cognates in other Germanic languages, such as Middle Dutch ''fokken'' (to thrust, to copulate), dialectical Norwegian ''fukka'' (to copulate), and dialectical Swedish ''focka'' (to strike, copulate) and ''fock'' (penis). A very similar set of Latin words that have not yet been related to these are those for hearth or fire, "focus/focum" (with a short o), fiery, "focilis", Latin and Italian for hearthly/hearthling, "foc[c]ia/focac[c]ia", and fire, "focca", and the Italian for bonfire, "focere". But these words came from New Latin, centuries after Middle Dutch.

There is perhaps even an original [[Celtic]] derivation; ''futuere'' being related to ''battuere'' (to strike, to copulate); which may be related to [[Irish language|Irish]] ''bot'' and Manx ''bwoid'' (penis). The argument is that ''battuere'' and ''futuere'' (like the Irish and Manx words) comes from the Celtic ''*bactuere'' (to pierce), from the root ''buc-'' (a point). An even earlier root may be the [[Egyptian]] ''petcha'' (to copulate), which has a highly suggestive [[Egyptian hieroglyph|hieroglyph]]. Or perhaps Latin "futuere" came from the root "fu", Common Indo-European "bhu", meaning "be, become" and originally referred to procreation.

Still more speculation is the following:

Its likely Common Germanic form was "fuk-". By the operation of Grimm's Law, its Common Indo-European ancestor would likeliest have been "pug", which turns up in Latin and Greek words meaning "fight" and "fist".

The Common Indo-European word for "intercourse" was likeliest "3eybh-" alternating with "3yebh-", where "3" is the H3 [[laryngeal]]: compare Greek "oiphô" (verb), and Greek "zephyros" (noun, ref. a Greek belief that the west wind caused pregnancy) and Sanskrit "yabh-ati" (verb).

===Fake etymologies for ''fuck''===

There are many imaginative [[fake etymology|fake etymologies]], including the [[backronym]]s "Fornication Under Consent of the King", which was supposedly placed on signs above houses in medieval England during times of population control, and "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge", supposedly written on the [[stocks]] above people who committed [[adultery]] or "Forced Unlawful Carnal Knowledge" in various things linked to [[rape]] cases. These acronyms were never heard before the [[1960s]], according to the authoritative [[lexicographer|lexicographical]] work, ''The F-Word''. See also [[fake etymology]].

==The verb fuck in different languages==
* [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]: ''fok'' ("fok my", "fok jou")
* [[Albanian language|Albanian]]: ''qi'' ("qifsha" when used in sentences)
* [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: ''neak''
* [[Armenian language|Armenian]]: ''kunel''
* [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]: ''jebati'' (to fuck)
* [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: еба (eba)
* [[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''follar'', ''cardar'', ''fotre''
* [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Chinese (Cantonese)]]: ''diu'' (屌, but often denoted as the character 小 inside the character 門(). Pronounced like "dew" in English)
* [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]]/[[Putonghua]]):
*#''diao'' (屌) Also refers to penis, esp. in Northern China; means "damn" or "darn" in Taiwan.
*#''cao'' (肏/操) (pronounced "Tsao")
*#''gan'' (幹) (used more by native speakers of [[Taiwanese language|Taiwanese]], it occurs in the expression "Gan ni niang!" which means, "Fuck your mother!")
* [[Cebuano]]: ''iyot''
* [[Croatian language|Croatian]]: ''jebati''; ''fukati'' (probably borrowed from English); ''karati'' (literally, to scold)
* [[Czech language|Czech]]: ''píchat'' (literally "to thrust", used as a slang word for "to copulate"); ''s<caron>ukat'', ''s<caron>oustat'' (s<caron> as "sh"), ''mrdat'' (all three vulgar, to have sex [with], to fuck); ''kurva!'' (vulgar, literally "bitch", used as an expletive)
* [[Danish language|Danish]]: ''knep''
* [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''neuken''
* [[Esperanto]]: ''fiki''
* [[Estonian language|Estonian]]: ''nikkuma'', ''nussima'', ''keppima''
* [[Filipino language|Filipino]]: ''kantot''
* [[Finnish language|Finnish]]: ''vittu'' (Curseword, "Voi vitun vittu!!"="Fucking fuck!!", literal meaning of "vittu" is "cunt") ''nussia'' (verb)
* [[French language|French]]: ''baiser'' (to have sex with); ''foutre'' (dismissive: "Va te faire foutre!" meaning "Go screw yourself!"; "Fous le camp!" meaning "Fuck off!" or "Shove aside!")
* [[Canadian French|French (Canada)]]: ''nicker''; ''fourrer'' (literally, to stuff); the adjective ''fucké'', a borrowing, means broken or out of luck, and is not especially profane. See [[sacre]].
* [[German language|German]]: ''ficken'' (to have sex with, pronounced like fucken, just with a short e instead of the u)3
* [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''gamao'', ''gamo'', ''gamisi''; ''Γαμάω'', ''Γαμώ'', ''Γαμίσι'' ("g" prounounced softly, as a [[voiced velar fricative]])
* [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: "lezayen", from noun "zayin", which is a slang word for the penis
* [[Hindi]]: ''chod'' ("Ch" as in check & "d" is pronounced softly)
* [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''baszni''
* [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: ''ríða'' (pronounced "ree-tha" with a soft th-sound)
* [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''ngentot''
* [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''fottere'', ''scopare''
* [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: ["fuzakeru"¹]
* [[Kannada language|Kannada]]: ''kay-yi''
* [[Korean language|Korean]]: "ssi-bal" (씨발), pronounced like the English words "she ball"
* [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]: ''pisti''
* [[Malay language|Malay]]: ''puki'' (likely an adoption of ''fuck'') or ''pukimak'' (likely an adoption of ''motherfucker'') or ''celaka'' (bastard)
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ''uook''
* [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: ''chik'' (verb, pronounced ''chick'')
* [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]: ''knulle'', ''pule''
* [[Iranian language|Persian/Farsi]]: ''ga-yee-dan''
* [[Polish language|Polish]]: ''jebać'' (pronounced ''yebatch''), ''Pierdolić'' (pronounced ''pee-erdolitch''), ''kurwa'' (pronounced ''koorva'', used as an interjection)
* [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''foder'' (or ''comer'' subjectively used, because it means "to eat", in Northern [[Portugal]] ''pinar'' is also used)
* [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''a fute''
* [[Profanity#Russia|Russian]]: ''yeb'''a'''t'' [ебать] (transitive), yeb'''a'''tsa [ебаться] (intransitive).
* [[Samoan language|Samoan]]: ''mea'' This is not used as a swear word but is not used in polite company. Other anatomical and physiological words are used as swear words but not "mea" or any other related word.
* [[Serbian language|Serbian]]: јебати (jebati), карати (karati)
* [[Slovak language|Slovak]]: jebať, drbať
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: Follar
** [[Argentina]]: ''coger'' (this same verb in Spain and other countries means "to grab")
** [[Chile]]: ''culear''
** [[Colombia]]: ''pichar'' or ''tirar'' (the last one means "to throw" in most other Spanish-speaking countries)
** [[Ecuador]]: ''echar en polvo'' (meaning "to throw into dust" in most other countries)
** [[Mexico]]: ''chingar'' or less but commonly used ''joder'' also ''vergar'' (translatable as "to dick")
** [[Peru]]: ''cachar''
** [[Spain]]: ''joder'' (usually as an all-purpose expletive, can be accompanied by other expletives) or ''follar''
* [[Tamil]]: [[Oatha]] or Oththa
* [[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''knulla''
* [[Thai language|Thai]]: [There is no insulting version.²]
* [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''sikmek'' (Pronounced "seek-make"), ''düzmek'', ''siktir'' (="fuck off")
* [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: چودنا (verb), Chodi (noun)
* [[Vietnamese|Viet]]: ''dit'' (Pronounced "dee"), or ''deo''
**Example: "Dit me may!" or "Deo me may!" (insulting words similar to "motherfucker", where 'me' is pronounced '''meh''' and 'may' is pronounced '''my''')
* [[Yiddish]]: ''shtup'' (שתוופ) (literally "to stuff")

¹Ambiguously translated back to English as "to fool around". Many have argued that a verbal translation of "fuck" into Japanese is impossible, but Japanese vulgarity largely comes from speaking in a forceful and explicit manner. Offensive language is communicated through directness, self-importance, emphatics, and curtly abbreviated expressions. When "fuzakeru" is lazily truncated by dropping the "fu" and the formal verb ending "ru" while adding "na" to mean "not" and "yo" for exclamation, we have ''Zakennayo!'' which if uttered aggressively, sounds like "Don't fuck with me, asshole!" to the Japanese ear, even though its root literally translates as "don't mess around". It should also be noted that almost all American curse words, including "fuck", are recognizable to the Japanese because of their use in films.

²Thai has a medical word for sexual intercourse (which translated back means "genitalia touching") and at least two slang versions for it. But even the slang versions wouldn't work as insults. To the amusement of Thais, the name of the German automaker [[Audi]] sounds like one of the two slang versions. To confuse matters, Thais have a vegetable whose name sounds like ''fuck'' (it irritates some tourists when they hear the name because they think they are being insulted). But the correct pronunciation for this vegetable is "fug" with the "g" like in "guest".

3 On an interesting side note, the word ''ficken'' was seemingly not used as an expletive in German until recently. (It was, however, a taboo word, but this due to its literal meaning, and its belonging to vulgar speech.) That today ''fick dich!'' is used as a common (though very strong) expletive meaning ''fuck off!'' is clearly a borrowing from English. The general all-purpose taboo expletive and correct translation of ''fuck!'' remains ''Scheiße'', literally ''shit'', or, increasingly common, ''fuck'' used in untranslated verbatim.

==Further reference==
* [[Jesse Sheidlower]], ''The F Word'' (1999) ISBN 0375706348. Presents hundreds of uses of ''fuck'' and related words.
* Michael Swan, ''Practical English Usage'', OUP, 1995, ISBN 019431197X
* Philip J. Cunningham, ''Zakennayo!: The Real Japanese You Were Never Taught in School'', Plume (1995) ISBN 0452275067
* [[Wayland Young]], ''Eros Denied: Sex in Western Society''. Grove Press/Zebra Books, New York 1964.

==See also==
*[[Fuck (band)]]
*[[Four-letter word]]
*[[Euphemism]]
*[[Motherfucker]]
*[[Cocksucker]]
*[[Profanity]]
*[[Seven dirty words]]
*[[Sexual slang]]
*''[[This Be The Verse]]''
*[[Fucking, Austria]]
* [[Fuddle Duddle]]
*[[Meet the Parents]]

==External links==
{{define}}
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/fword1.html A thorough and amusing legal brief on the history and constitutionality of "Fuck".] All relevant cases are cited.
* [http://slate.msn.com/id/2103467/ slate.com on ''fuck'']
* [http://www.bartleby.com/61/95/F0349500.html American Heritage Dictionary], see "Word History" for an enciphered(!) usage of the word in the ribald sixteenth-century poem, ''Flen flyys.''
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3699-2004Jun24.html "Cheney Dismisses Critic With Obscenity."] [[Washington Post]] article on the 2004 Cheney-Leahy incident.

[[de:Ficken]]
[[eo:fiki]]
[[ja:ファック]]
[[zh:幹]]

[[Category:Profanity]]

Fuck

2004-12-11T01:12:25Z

24.11.21.192: /* Interjection */

'''Fuck''' is among the strongest and most controversial [[profanity|vulgarism]]s in the [[English language]], invariably considered offensive and unacceptable in polite situations. It is, however, rather common in daily use, as well as in popular, or vulgar, late [[20th century|20th]] and early [[21st century]] culture. To ''fuck'' is to ''[[Sexual intercourse|copulate]]'' (as in "let's fuck"), but it is also used as a general-purpose [[expletive]], as in [[Fuck_Off|"fuck off!"]] ("go away!" or "none of your business!") or "what a dumb fuck" ("what a stupid person"), or to emphasise, as in "this is fucking great" ("this is very good" or "this is very bad", depending on tone of voice) – it can even be used within words via [[tmesis]], as in "un-fucking-believable" or "unbe-fucking-lievable" ("incredibly unbelievable"), or even as nearly every word in a sentence "Fuck [the] fucking fuckers!" ("Forget about [the] very displeasing people!") or "[the] fucking fucker's fucking fucked!" ("this thing doesn't work!").

In [[popular culture]], the word ''fuck'' has grown in usage, and rules allowing it and other vulgar expletives have softened — largely due to demand trends. It is still often [[Censorship|censor]]ed on broadcast [[radio]] and [[television]]; in [[2002]], when the controversial [[Cinema of France|French film]] ''[[Baise-moi]]'' ([[2000 in film|2000]]) was released in the [[United States|USA]], its title was changed to ''Rape Me'', rather than the literal ''Fuck Me'', though this may have been for effect. A similar thing happened to the [[Sweden|Swedish]] film ''[[Fucking Åmål]]'' (retitled ''Show Me Love''). A similar kind of censoring is offered on many [[online forum]]s, where users are given options to filter out vulgarities.

The use of ''fuck'' varies betwixt state, continent and demographic. For example, a [[blue collar]] Australian bloke may use ''fuck'' in most sentences, eg. "I'll be fucked if I'm gonna let that fuckin' bitch tell me what to fuckin' do". Such language, while quite normal in an outback Australian pub, is likely to be highly offensive in an expensive uptown restaurant in New York.

== Euphemisms ==
[[Image:F*uck!.png|thumb|right|220px|A common way to censor ''fuck''.]]
In situations where using or mentioning the word directly may be considered inappropriate, people often [[bowdlerize]] it, either referring to it with terms such as ''the f-word'' or ''the f-bomb'' (and in particular, the phrase "dropping the F-bomb"), or replacing it with ''feck'', ''fudge'', ''freak'', ''fork'', ''fook'', ''fizzuck'', ''frick'', ''frickin'', ''f*ck'', ''f**k'', ''f-u!'' (or simply ''eff''), ''fahq'', ''fawk'', ''fcuk'', the "hacker" terms ''phuck'', ''puck'', ''funk'', or ''f***'', or ''frig''. (Although one dictionary meaning of ''frig'' is ''fuck'' the rarity of its use renders it less offensive.) In software contexts, ''[[fsck]]'', ''fuk'', ''[[fark]]'' and ''f2k'' are also used. In the formerly British Caribbean nations it is sometimes spelled ''fock''. ''Fark'' is a [[Thomas Bowdler|bowdlerization]] which originated in the British [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, derived from exaggerated pronunciation in, for example, the Australian accent.

The [[fashion]] house French Connection United Kingdom controversially uses its initials, usually in lower case: ''fcuk''.

The previously-mentioned ''fsck'' usage is derived from the [[Unix]] command [[fsck]](8) for "file-system check". It has been noted that this command is particularly appropriate, as it is the option of last resort.

In the [[Ireland|Irish]] [[situation comedy|sitcom]] ''[[Father Ted]]'' the word ''fuck'' was replaced with ''feck'', a common slang word in Ireland that was acceptable to audiences in other countries that had not come across it before.

== Secondary meanings ==

[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|The phrases "Fuck off!" or "Fuck you!" can also be gestured, by [[the finger|giving someone the finger]].]]

As with other [[swearword]]s and [[taboo]] words, or [[intensifier]]s, ''fuck'' is often not used in its original, literal meaning. Rather, it is an intensifier expressing nothing but the speaker's strong emotional involvement (often negatively, but not necessarily: e.g. "fucking good" is a rude way of saying "very good"). In the book ''Practical English Usage'', the two meanings of the word are clearly illustrated by juxtaposing the sentences:

: What are you doing fucking in my bed?
: What are you fucking doing in my bed?

The first sentence means "Why are you copulating in my bed?", while the second merely emphasizes the sentence "What are you doing in my bed?". The second usage is more common than the first. In the former usage, emphasis will more often than not be put on fucking, to convey that it is the literal act of copulating. An acceptable and more common alternative to the latter is:

: What the fuck are you doing in my bed?

"Fuck you!" expresses [[anger]], and thus seems to be more related to "I am so angry at you, I am going to rape you to punish you" (although it carries no connotation of this sort) than to "I would like to lovingly have sexual intercourse with you". It also may be related to "fuck off", which seems to be a reference to [[masturbation]], where it might originally have been a vulgar way of saying "quit bugging me and go back to masturbating or whatever stupid stuff you usually do". It may also express indifference with respect to the well-being of another person or of other people in general, for example reacting to a request, or the imposing of rules.

Surprise or bemusement can be expressed by, "Fuck me!" or "Well, I'll be fucked!" without suggesting an open invitation. Similarly, "Well, fuck me stupid!" expresses even greater surprise.
The phrase "What the fuck!" is also used to express surprise, in the same way as "What the hell!". In [[internet slang]] this is abbreviated to [[WTF]].

Another use of the word ''fuck'' is as a replacement for the word ''[[God]]'' in profane statements as in "for fuck's sake!" For example "fuck knows," or "who the fuck knows," means something like "I don't know, and neither is anyone ever likely to know". Sometimes, the phrase "Oh my fuck!" is used instead of "Oh my God!"

Meanwhile, ''fuck'' can be used as a negation, as in "I know fuck all", for "I know nothing".

==Linguistics==
===Verb===
The word can be used as a [[verb]] [[transitive_verb|transitively]]:
: He fucked her.
Or [[intransitive_verb|intransitively]]:
: They fucked all night.
Or as an [[impersonal command]]:
: I'm not going down there, fuck that, dude!

===Noun===
As a [[noun]]:
: She is a real fuck. (non-specific insult)
: He is a good fuck. (specific reference to sexual skill)
: What the fuck you fuckin' beast?"



===Interjection===
The [[interjection]] ''fuck'' is frequently used to express shock, discontent and anger in general.
: Fuck! A punctured tire!
: or
: Oh Fuck! I broke my hand!

===Present participle===
The [[present participle]] ''fucking'' (or ''fuckin' '') is commonly used to intensify a verb or noun. As described earlier, it is used more negatively than positively.
: My fucking boss made me work all weekend.
: She is fuckin' hot.
In addition, the [[present participle]] is sometimes inserted in the middle of a word as an intensifier, a process known as [[expletive infixation]]. The rules for insertion of the "fucking"-infix are regular: "fucking" may only be inserted in a multisyllabic word between [[metrical feet]] (also known as a [[tmesis]].) For example:
: That was abso-fuckin-lutely cool!
: In-fuckin-credible
: Fan-fuckin-tastic

===Past participle===
The [[past participle]] ''fucked'' connotes that something is completely useless, destroyed, or messed up. For example:
: The hard drive crashed, so now the database is fucked.
: Your engine's fucked because you forgot to change the oil!
: Now that the electricity is out, your computer is fucked.

(This connotation can also be found as a transitive verb: ''He totally fucked his engine when he forgot to change the oil.'')

===Phrasal verbs===
"To fuck up" means to ruin, and the related "to be fucked up" generally connotes drunkenness in the United States. Although "to be fucked up" less commonly refers to physical or emotional injuries in the US, this can be its primary meaning in other English speaking countries.

* I did ten shots in ten minutes, and now I'm totally fucked up!
* The bouncer really fucked up that drunk guy who kept causing trouble.
* My sister's been really fucked up since her fiancé dumped her. (could also refer to drunkenness, depending on the context or the sister)

"To fuck over" connotes betrayal or a generally unfavorable act.

* Yeah, he slept with my girlfriend. I can't believe he fucked me over like that!
* I got fucked over at work today they promoted my assistant instead of me.

===[[Portmanteau]]===
Prepended to another word, the sound "f" is sometimes used to evoke the entire expletive, with an intensifying sense.

: That's fugly (fucking ugly).

===Discourse particle===
''Fucking'' is sometimes used as a [[discourse particle]] or filler, in much the same way ''um...'' is used.

: Her name is, fucking... What was her name again?

==Acronyms==
''Fuck'' is used in various acronyms, especially on the Internet.

* FUBAR: fucked up beyond all recognition (or repair)
* GTFO: get the fuck out
* [[SNAFU]]: situation normal, all fucked up.
* STFU: shut the fuck up
* [[RTFM]]: read the fucking manual.
* [[WOFTAM]]: waste of fucking time and money.
* [[WTF]]: what the fuck
* [[LMFAO]]: laugh my fucking ass off

== History of usage and censorship ==
===Early usage===
The earliest reference appears to be the name "John Le Fucker", which John Ayto's ''Dictionary of Word Origins'' dates to [[1278]]. What John did to earn this name is unknown.

Its first known use as a verb meaning to fornicate is in a poem titled "[[Flen flyys]]" some time before [[1500]]. Written half in English and half in Latin, the poem includes the word ''fuccant'', a hybrid of English root with Latin conjugation, disguised in the text by a simple code. It was originally written as ''gxddbov'', and is decrypted by substituting each letter with the letter which precedes it in the alphabet (keep in mind the alphabet that was used at the time).

[[William Dunbar|William Dunbar's]] [[1503]] poem "Brash of Wowing" includes the lines: "Yit be his feiris he wald haif fukkit:/ Ye brek my hairt, my bony ane."

While [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] never used the term explicitly, he may have hinted at it in comic scenes in several plays. ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]'' (IV.i) contains ''focative case'' (see [[vocative case]]). In ''[[Henry V (play)|Henry V]]'' (IV.iv), Pistol threatens to ''firk'' (strike) a soldier, a euphemism for ''fuck''.

There are some [[urban legend]]s postulating an [[acronym]]ic origin for the word. In the most popular version, it is said that the word "fuck" came from Irish law. If a couple were "Found Under Carnal Knowledge" they would be penalized, with FUCK as the crime. Other variants include the ideas that the word came from "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge" or "Fornication Under Consent of the King." However, all these explanations are considered to be [[backronym]]s and hence recent inventions.

===Rise of modern usage===
''Fuck'' did not appear in any dictionary of the English language from [[1795]] to [[1965]]. Its first appearance in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (along with the word ''[[cunt]]'') was in [[1972]].

In [[1900]], the Prince [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Albert Edward]], [[Prince of Wales]] said, "Fuck it, I've taken a bullet" when he was shot by an [[anarchism|anarchist]] while standing on a [[Brussels]] railway station.

The liberal usage of the word (and other vulgarisms) by certain artists (such as [[James Joyce]], [[Henry Miller]], and [[Lenny Bruce]]) has led to the banning of their works and criminal charges of [[obscenity]].

After [[Norman Mailer]]'s publishers convinced him to [[bowdlerize]] ''fuck'' as ''fug'' in his work ''[[The Naked and the Dead]]''[[1948| (1948)]], [[Tallulah Bankhead]] supposedly greeted him with the [[quip]], "So you're the young man who can't spell ''fuck''." (In fact, according to Mailer, the quip was devised by Bankhead's [[public relations|PR man]] and he and Bankhead never met until [[1966]] and did not discuss the word then.) The rock group [[The Fugs]] named themselves after the Mailer [[euphemism]].

===Censorship===
In [[1965]], the critic [[Kenneth Tynan]] was the first person to say ''fuck'' on [[BBC]] [[television]], during a late-night live talk show hosted by [[Eamonn Andrews]], causing a furor and a short TV career for Tynan. For British broadcasting, the next stage was reached in [[1976]] when the word was pointedly used in a prime-time early evening show, during a live interview with the [[Sex Pistols]].

The films ''[[Ulysses]]'' and ''[[I'll Never Forget What's'isname]]'' (both [[1967 in film|1967]]) are contenders for being the first film to use the word. Since the U.S. adoption of the [[MPAA film rating system]], use of the word has been accepted in R-rated movies, and under the older rules, use of the word would automatically cause the film to be given an R rating. Later rule changes permit a single, non-sexual, strictly exclamatory use of the word in PG-13 movies.

Since the [[1970s]], the use of the word ''fuck'' in R-rated movies has become so commonplace in mainstream American movies that it is rarely noticed by most audiences. Nonetheless, a few movies have made exceptional use of the word, to the point where such films as ''[[Scarface (1983 movie)|Scarface]]'' ([[1983 in film|1983]]), ''[[Pulp Fiction]]'' and ''[[Goodfellas]]'' are known for its extensive use. In the popular comedy ''[[Four Weddings and a Funeral]]'', it is the chief word, repeatedly uttered, during the opening five minutes. One of the most humorous tirades demonstrating various usages of the word appears in the comedy, ''[[Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987 movie)|Planes, Trains and Automobiles]]'' ([[1987 in film|1987]]), where ''[[Steve Martin]]'' expresses his dissatisfaction in his treatment by a rental car agency. In several PG-rated movies, however, the word is used, mainly because at the time there was no PG-13 rating and the MPAA did not want to give the films R ratings; for instance, ''[[All the President's Men]]'' ([[1976 in film|1976]]), where it is used seven times, ''[[The Kids Are Alright]]'' ([[1979 in film|1979]]), where it is used twice, and ''[[The Right Stuff]]'' ([[1983 in film|1983]]), where it is used five times. ''[[Spaceballs]]'' ([[1987 in film|1987]]) is an anomaly in that it was rated PG after the 1984 introduction of the PG-13 rating, yet it includes the line, "Fuck! Even in the future nothing works!" In the PG-13 rated movie ''[[Soapdish]]'' ([[1991]]), [[Sally Field]], played an aging [[soap opera]] actress. Appalled that her costume included a turban, she complained to her show's producer "What I feel like is Gloria-fucking-Swanson!"

Films edited for broadcast use matching [[euphemism]]s so that [[lip synch]]ing will not be thrown off. One televised version of [[Quentin Tarantino]]'s ''[[Jackie Brown]]'', for instance, had the actors dub in the words ''frick'', ''Nubian'', and ''melon farmer'' for ''fuck'', ''[[nigger]]'', and ''[[motherfucker]]'', respectively. In a similarly dubbed version of ''[[Die Hard]],'' [[Bruce Willis]]' catchphrase "Yippee-ki-yay, [[motherfucker]]" is replaced by "Yippee-ki-yay, Mister Falcon."

In a similar vein, many [[stand-up comedy|stand-up comedians]] who perform for adult audiences make liberal use of the word ''fuck''. While [[George Carlin]]'s use of the word is an important part of his stage persona, other comedians (such as [[Andrew Dice Clay]]) have been accused of substituting vulgarity and offensiveness for genuine creativity through overuse of the word. [[Billy Connolly]] was a pioneer of the use of the word in his shows for general audiences.

[[Canada|Canadian]] [[prime minister]] [[Pierre Trudeau]] caused a minor scandal when opposition [[member of parliament|MP]]s stated he had told them to "fuck off" in the [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]] in February [[1971]]. Pressed by journalists, Trudeau later unconvincingly stated he may have said (or mouthed) "'[[fuddle duddle]]' or something like that"[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-73-571-2955-20/that_was_then/politics_economy/trudeau_fuddle_duddle], a phrase which then took on a humorous connotation of that event for Canadians.

During the tumultuous [[1968 Democratic National Convention]], Connecticut Senator [[Abraham Ribicoff]], during a speech in which he nominated the anti-[[Vietnam War]] candidate [[George McGovern]], departed from his written text to say, "If [[George McGovern]] were president, we wouldn't have these [[Gestapo]] tactics in the streets of [[Chicago]]." Many conventioneers, having been appalled by the response of the [[Chicago]] police to the simultaneously occurring anti-war demonstrations, promptly broke into ecstatic applause. As television cameras focused on an indignant [[Chicago]] Mayor [[Richard J. Daley]], [[lip reading|lip-readers]] throughout America claimed to have observed him shouting, "Fuck you, you [[Jew]] [[motherfucker]]." Defenders of the mayor would later claim that he was calling Senator Ribicoff a faker.

===Freedom of expression===
In [[1971]], the [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] decided that the mere public display of ''fuck'' is protected under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First]] and [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendments]] and cannot be made a criminal offense. In [[1968]], Paul Robert Cohen had been convicted of "disturbing the peace" for wearing a jacket with "FUCK THE DRAFT" on it. The conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeals and overturned by the Supreme Court. ''[[Cohen v. California]]'', '''403 U.S. 15''' (1971).

Pornographer [[Larry Flynt]], representing himself before the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] in [[1983]] in a [[libel]] case, shouted, "Fuck this court!" during the proceedings and called the justices "nothing but eight assholes and a token [[cunt]]". Chief Justice [[Warren E. Burger]] had him arrested for [[contempt of court]] but the charge was later dismissed.

In [[Colorado Springs]], tavern owner [[Leonard Carlo]] had over 29 signs containing the word "fuck", including the slogans "Leonard's II Fucking Much", "No Fucking Children, Animals, Tabs or Checks!", and "No fucking tap or draw beer". Signs on the restroom doors read "Fucking Men" and "Fucking Women". Also, the top of Leonard's bald head was [[tattoo]]ed with the words "Fuck U. Leave Me the FUCK Alone." A state liquor agent removed all 29 signs from Leonard's Bar on [[August 31]], [[1999]] because he believed the signs violated a state regulation that prohibits profanity in bars.

===Popular usage===
Various people (primarily musical guests) have said the word on the weekly American late-night comedy show ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', generally with little consequence. On the [[February 26]], [[1981]] show [[Charles Rocket]], playing [[J.R. Ewing]], said clearly, "Oh man, it's the first time I've been shot in my life. I'd like to know who the fuck did it." He and the rest of the cast (except [[Joe Piscopo]] and [[Eddie Murphy]]) were fired soon thereafter. The show was in a slump at the time, so Rocket's indiscretion may only have been the straw that broke the camel's back.

Following the death of [[Monty Python]] legend [[Graham Chapman]] in [[1989]], a speech at his memorial was read by fellow Monty Python actor [[John Cleese]], which claims to be the first time someone has said the word ''fuck'' in a British memorial service.

The [[Channel 4]] [[television]] comedy series ''[[Father Ted]]'' introduced to [[1990s|90s]] Britain an [[Ireland|Irish]] swear-word which was almost ''fuck'' and not quite a [[euphemism]], prolifically used by the drunken and lecherous priest [[Father Jack Hackett]]: ''feck''. This was originally a term meaning ''to steal'' and is probably derived from the word ''fetch''. This term is becoming a common substitute for ''fuck'' in the [[United Kingdom]] as a consequence of the popularity of this series, and has been further bowlderized into ''feth''.

In the early commercial days of the Internet, the domain name registrar [[Network Solution]]s blocked certain obscene words from being used. There was no such restriction in the UK and a group of fans of [[VIZ]] comic registered the domain fuck.co.uk. Their website claimed to be promoting the ''Fulchester Underwater Canoeing Klubb'' (Fulchester being the fictional setting of many of the stories in VIZ). The name now hosts a pornography site.

In the [[United States]], the [[Federal Communications Commission]] fines stations for the broadcast of indecent language, but in 2003 ruled that the airing of "This is really, really fucking brilliant!" by [[U2 (band)|U2]] member [[Bono]] after receiving a [[Golden Globe Award]] was neither obscene nor indecent. In early 2004 the FCC decided to review that use saying "The F-word is one of the most vulgar, graphic and explicit descriptions of sexual activity in the English language"; a fine may result.

The first American play with the word ''fuck'' in the title is ''[[Sex, Fucking and Making Love]]''. It is being produced in New York fall 2004 by Genesis Productions Worldwide, LLC as an off-off-Broadway production [http://www.sfml.info/]. However [[Mark Ravenhill]]'s play [[Shopping and Fucking]] opened in London, UK in 1996, and also played in the US.

In April 2004 the controversial [[R&B]] song "Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back)" by [[Eamon]] became the first song with an obscenity in its title to reach the top 20 in the US. The word ''fuck'' was censored both on the packaging and on the radio edit. The single also reached #1 in the charts of several countries including [[UK]] and [[Australia]]. A reply to that song, titled "F.U.R.B. (Fuck U Right Back)", by [[Frankee]] was also very successful, and also reached #1 in the UK in May 2004, and then in Australia in June 2004. American band [[Nine Inch Nails]]' 2000 single, "Starsuckers, Inc." features a lyrical re-work of the album version, "Starfuckers, Inc." intended to give the song a chance of broadcast both on U.S. television and radio.

On [[June 22]], [[2004]], while participating in the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] class photo, [[Vice President of the United States| Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]] and [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] Senator [[Patrick Leahy]] from [[Vermont]] had a personal exchange that garnered headlines in the United States. After comments by Leahy, Cheney allegedly told him to "...go fuck yourself", which was later characterized as "a frank exchange of views." In response, Leahy said that Cheney "was just having a bad day." Others have pointed to this incident and the events that led up to it as evidence of a culture of extreme partisanship that has developed in Washington. Senate rules prohibit profanity while the Senate is in session, but Cheney did not violate the rules because the Senate was not in session at the time.

Most broadcasters replace ''fuck'' (and other so-called [[four-letter word]]s) on broadcast television and radio with a beep "at times of day when there is a reasonable risk that children may be in the audience", or have the word/words silenced out, or a reverse of the sound of the word/words in question is used.

== Etymology ==

The etymology of ''fuck'' has given rise to a great deal of speculation, which should be regarded skeptically. The authoritative [[Oxford English Dictionary]] is quite cautious in providing an etymology for this word. In the quotation below, the dictionary's usual abbreviations are spelled out for clarity:

:Early modern English ''fuck'', ''fuk'', answering to a [[Middle English]] type *''fuken'' (weak verb) [which is] not found; ulterior etymology unknown. Synonymous [[German language|German]] ''ficken'' cannot be shown to be related.

The first known occurrence, in code because of its unacceptability, is in a poem composed in a mixture of Latin and English sometime before 1500. The poem, which satirizes the Carmelite friars of Cambridge, England, takes its title, “Flen flyys”, from the first words of its opening line, “Flen, flyys, and freris”; that is, “Fleas, flies, and friars”. The line that contains fuck reads “Non sunt in coeli, quia gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk.” The Latin words “Non sunt in coeli, quia,” mean “They (the friars) are not in heaven, since.” The code “gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk” is easily broken by simply substituting the preceding letter in the alphabet, keeping in mind differences in the alphabet and in spelling between then and now: i was then used for both i and j; v was used for both u and v; and vv was used for w. This yields “fvccant (a fake Latin form) vvivys of heli.” The whole thus reads in translation: “They are not in heaven since they fuck wives of Ely (a town near Cambridge).”

As the OED notes, some have attempted to draw a connection to the [[German language|German]] word ''ficken'' (to fuck, in dialects: to rub, to scratch, and historically to strike).

Germanic ''fuk-'' would be expected to come from an [[Indo-European language|Indo-European]] ancestor *''pug-'', which appears in [[Latin]] and [[Greek]] words meaning "fight" and "fist". In early Common Germanic the word was likely used at first as a slang or euphemistic replacement for an older word for "intercourse", and then became the usual word for "intercourse".

Other possible connections are to [[Latin]] ''futuere'' (hence the French ''foutre'', the Italian ''fottere'', the vulgar peninsular Spanish ''follar'' and ''hoder/joder'', and the Portuguese ''foder''). However, there is considerable doubt and no clear lineage for these derivations. These roots, even if [[cognate]], are not the original [[Indo-European language|Indo-European]] word for ''to fuck''; that root is likely *''yebh-'', which is attested in [[Sanskrit]] (''yabhati'') and the [[Slavic languages]], among others. However, Wayland Young (who agrees that these words are related) argues that they derive from the Indo-European *''bhu-'' or *''bhug-'', believed to be the root of "to be", "to grow", and "to build". [Young, 1964]

Spanish ''follar'' has a different root; according to Spanish etymologists, the Spanish verb "follar" (attested in the 19th century) derives from "fuelle" (bellows) from Latin "folle(m)" < Indo-European "bhel-"; ancient Spanish verb folgar (attested in the 15th century) derived from Latin "follicare", ultimately from follem/follis too.

Some have supposed that ''fuck'' has cognates in other Germanic languages, such as Middle Dutch ''fokken'' (to thrust, to copulate), dialectical Norwegian ''fukka'' (to copulate), and dialectical Swedish ''focka'' (to strike, copulate) and ''fock'' (penis). A very similar set of Latin words that have not yet been related to these are those for hearth or fire, "focus/focum" (with a short o), fiery, "focilis", Latin and Italian for hearthly/hearthling, "foc[c]ia/focac[c]ia", and fire, "focca", and the Italian for bonfire, "focere". But these words came from New Latin, centuries after Middle Dutch.

There is perhaps even an original [[Celtic]] derivation; ''futuere'' being related to ''battuere'' (to strike, to copulate); which may be related to [[Irish language|Irish]] ''bot'' and Manx ''bwoid'' (penis). The argument is that ''battuere'' and ''futuere'' (like the Irish and Manx words) comes from the Celtic ''*bactuere'' (to pierce), from the root ''buc-'' (a point). An even earlier root may be the [[Egyptian]] ''petcha'' (to copulate), which has a highly suggestive [[Egyptian hieroglyph|hieroglyph]]. Or perhaps Latin "futuere" came from the root "fu", Common Indo-European "bhu", meaning "be, become" and originally referred to procreation.

Still more speculation is the following:

Its likely Common Germanic form was "fuk-". By the operation of Grimm's Law, its Common Indo-European ancestor would likeliest have been "pug", which turns up in Latin and Greek words meaning "fight" and "fist".

The Common Indo-European word for "intercourse" was likeliest "3eybh-" alternating with "3yebh-", where "3" is the H3 [[laryngeal]]: compare Greek "oiphô" (verb), and Greek "zephyros" (noun, ref. a Greek belief that the west wind caused pregnancy) and Sanskrit "yabh-ati" (verb).

===Fake etymologies for ''fuck''===

There are many imaginative [[fake etymology|fake etymologies]], including the [[backronym]]s "Fornication Under Consent of the King", which was supposedly placed on signs above houses in medieval England during times of population control, and "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge", supposedly written on the [[stocks]] above people who committed [[adultery]] or "Forced Unlawful Carnal Knowledge" in various things linked to [[rape]] cases. These acronyms were never heard before the [[1960s]], according to the authoritative [[lexicographer|lexicographical]] work, ''The F-Word''. See also [[fake etymology]].

==The verb fuck in different languages==
* [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]: ''fok'' ("fok my", "fok jou")
* [[Albanian language|Albanian]]: ''qi'' ("qifsha" when used in sentences)
* [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: ''neak''
* [[Armenian language|Armenian]]: ''kunel''
* [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]: ''jebati'' (to fuck)
* [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: еба (eba)
* [[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''follar'', ''cardar'', ''fotre''
* [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Chinese (Cantonese)]]: ''diu'' (屌, but often denoted as the character 小 inside the character 門(). Pronounced like "dew" in English)
* [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]]/[[Putonghua]]):
*#''diao'' (屌) Also refers to penis, esp. in Northern China; means "damn" or "darn" in Taiwan.
*#''cao'' (肏/操) (pronounced "Tsao")
*#''gan'' (幹) (used more by native speakers of [[Taiwanese language|Taiwanese]], it occurs in the expression "Gan ni niang!" which means, "Fuck your mother!")
* [[Cebuano]]: ''iyot''
* [[Croatian language|Croatian]]: ''jebati''; ''fukati'' (probably borrowed from English); ''karati'' (literally, to scold)
* [[Czech language|Czech]]: ''píchat'' (literally "to thrust", used as a slang word for "to copulate"); ''s<caron>ukat'', ''s<caron>oustat'' (s<caron> as "sh"), ''mrdat'' (all three vulgar, to have sex [with], to fuck); ''kurva!'' (vulgar, literally "bitch", used as an expletive)
* [[Danish language|Danish]]: ''knep''
* [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''neuken''
* [[Esperanto]]: ''fiki''
* [[Estonian language|Estonian]]: ''nikkuma'', ''nussima'', ''keppima''
* [[Filipino language|Filipino]]: ''kantot''
* [[Finnish language|Finnish]]: ''vittu'' (Curseword, "Voi vitun vittu!!"="Fucking fuck!!", literal meaning of "vittu" is "cunt") ''nussia'' (verb)
* [[French language|French]]: ''baiser'' (to have sex with); ''foutre'' (dismissive: "Va te faire foutre!" meaning "Go screw yourself!"; "Fous le camp!" meaning "Fuck off!" or "Shove aside!")
* [[Canadian French|French (Canada)]]: ''nicker''; ''fourrer'' (literally, to stuff); the adjective ''fucké'', a borrowing, means broken or out of luck, and is not especially profane. See [[sacre]].
* [[German language|German]]: ''ficken'' (to have sex with, pronounced like fucken, just with a short e instead of the u)3
* [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''gamao'', ''gamo'', ''gamisi''; ''Γαμάω'', ''Γαμώ'', ''Γαμίσι'' ("g" prounounced softly, as a [[voiced velar fricative]])
* [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: "lezayen", from noun "zayin", which is a slang word for the penis
* [[Hindi]]: ''chod'' ("Ch" as in check & "d" is pronounced softly)
* [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''baszni''
* [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: ''ríða'' (pronounced "ree-tha" with a soft th-sound)
* [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''ngentot''
* [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''fottere'', ''scopare''
* [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: ["fuzakeru"¹]
* [[Kannada language|Kannada]]: ''kay-yi''
* [[Korean language|Korean]]: "ssi-bal" (씨발), pronounced like the English words "she ball"
* [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]: ''pisti''
* [[Malay language|Malay]]: ''puki'' (likely an adoption of ''fuck'') or ''pukimak'' (likely an adoption of ''motherfucker'') or ''celaka'' (bastard)
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ''uook''
* [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: ''chik'' (verb, pronounced ''chick'')
* [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]: ''knulle'', ''pule''
* [[Iranian language|Persian/Farsi]]: ''ga-yee-dan''
* [[Polish language|Polish]]: ''jebać'' (pronounced ''yebatch''), ''Pierdolić'' (pronounced ''pee-erdolitch''), ''kurwa'' (pronounced ''koorva'', used as an interjection)
* [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''foder'' (or ''comer'' subjectively used, because it means "to eat", in Northern [[Portugal]] ''pinar'' is also used)
* [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''a fute''
* [[Profanity#Russia|Russian]]: ''yeb'''a'''t'' [ебать] (transitive), yeb'''a'''tsa [ебаться] (intransitive).
* [[Samoan language|Samoan]]: ''mea'' This is not used as a swear word but is not used in polite company. Other anatomical and physiological words are used as swear words but not "mea" or any other related word.
* [[Serbian language|Serbian]]: јебати (jebati), карати (karati)
* [[Slovak language|Slovak]]: jebať, drbať
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: Follar
** [[Argentina]]: ''coger'' (this same verb in Spain and other countries means "to grab")
** [[Chile]]: ''culear''
** [[Colombia]]: ''pichar'' or ''tirar'' (the last one means "to throw" in most other Spanish-speaking countries)
** [[Ecuador]]: ''echar en polvo'' (meaning "to throw into dust" in most other countries)
** [[Mexico]]: ''chingar'' or less but commonly used ''joder'' also ''vergar'' (translatable as "to dick")
** [[Peru]]: ''cachar''
** [[Spain]]: ''joder'' (usually as an all-purpose expletive, can be accompanied by other expletives) or ''follar''
* [[Tamil]]: [[Oatha]] or Oththa
* [[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''knulla''
* [[Thai language|Thai]]: [There is no insulting version.²]
* [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''sikmek'' (Pronounced "seek-make"), ''düzmek'', ''siktir'' (="fuck off")
* [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: چودنا (verb), Chodi (noun)
* [[Vietnamese|Viet]]: ''dit'' (Pronounced "dee"), or ''deo''
**Example: "Dit me may!" or "Deo me may!" (insulting words similar to "motherfucker", where 'me' is pronounced '''meh''' and 'may' is pronounced '''my''')
* [[Yiddish]]: ''shtup'' (שתוופ) (literally "to stuff")

¹Ambiguously translated back to English as "to fool around". Many have argued that a verbal translation of "fuck" into Japanese is impossible, but Japanese vulgarity largely comes from speaking in a forceful and explicit manner. Offensive language is communicated through directness, self-importance, emphatics, and curtly abbreviated expressions. When "fuzakeru" is lazily truncated by dropping the "fu" and the formal verb ending "ru" while adding "na" to mean "not" and "yo" for exclamation, we have ''Zakennayo!'' which if uttered aggressively, sounds like "Don't fuck with me, asshole!" to the Japanese ear, even though its root literally translates as "don't mess around". It should also be noted that almost all American curse words, including "fuck", are recognizable to the Japanese because of their use in films.

²Thai has a medical word for sexual intercourse (which translated back means "genitalia touching") and at least two slang versions for it. But even the slang versions wouldn't work as insults. To the amusement of Thais, the name of the German automaker [[Audi]] sounds like one of the two slang versions. To confuse matters, Thais have a vegetable whose name sounds like ''fuck'' (it irritates some tourists when they hear the name because they think they are being insulted). But the correct pronunciation for this vegetable is "fug" with the "g" like in "guest".

3 On an interesting side note, the word ''ficken'' was seemingly not used as an expletive in German until recently. (It was, however, a taboo word, but this due to its literal meaning, and its belonging to vulgar speech.) That today ''fick dich!'' is used as a common (though very strong) expletive meaning ''fuck off!'' is clearly a borrowing from English. The general all-purpose taboo expletive and correct translation of ''fuck!'' remains ''Scheiße'', literally ''shit'', or, increasingly common, ''fuck'' used in untranslated verbatim.

==Further reference==
* [[Jesse Sheidlower]], ''The F Word'' (1999) ISBN 0375706348. Presents hundreds of uses of ''fuck'' and related words.
* Michael Swan, ''Practical English Usage'', OUP, 1995, ISBN 019431197X
* Philip J. Cunningham, ''Zakennayo!: The Real Japanese You Were Never Taught in School'', Plume (1995) ISBN 0452275067
* [[Wayland Young]], ''Eros Denied: Sex in Western Society''. Grove Press/Zebra Books, New York 1964.

==See also==
*[[Fuck (band)]]
*[[Four-letter word]]
*[[Euphemism]]
*[[Motherfucker]]
*[[Cocksucker]]
*[[Profanity]]
*[[Seven dirty words]]
*[[Sexual slang]]
*''[[This Be The Verse]]''
*[[Fucking, Austria]]
* [[Fuddle Duddle]]
*[[Meet the Parents]]

==External links==
{{define}}
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/fword1.html A thorough and amusing legal brief on the history and constitutionality of "Fuck".] All relevant cases are cited.
* [http://slate.msn.com/id/2103467/ slate.com on ''fuck'']
* [http://www.bartleby.com/61/95/F0349500.html American Heritage Dictionary], see "Word History" for an enciphered(!) usage of the word in the ribald sixteenth-century poem, ''Flen flyys.''
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3699-2004Jun24.html "Cheney Dismisses Critic With Obscenity."] [[Washington Post]] article on the 2004 Cheney-Leahy incident.

[[de:Ficken]]
[[eo:fiki]]
[[ja:ファック]]
[[zh:幹]]

[[Category:Profanity]]

Fuck

2004-12-11T01:11:18Z

24.11.21.192: /* Interjection */

'''Fuck''' is among the strongest and most controversial [[profanity|vulgarism]]s in the [[English language]], invariably considered offensive and unacceptable in polite situations. It is, however, rather common in daily use, as well as in popular, or vulgar, late [[20th century|20th]] and early [[21st century]] culture. To ''fuck'' is to ''[[Sexual intercourse|copulate]]'' (as in "let's fuck"), but it is also used as a general-purpose [[expletive]], as in [[Fuck_Off|"fuck off!"]] ("go away!" or "none of your business!") or "what a dumb fuck" ("what a stupid person"), or to emphasise, as in "this is fucking great" ("this is very good" or "this is very bad", depending on tone of voice) – it can even be used within words via [[tmesis]], as in "un-fucking-believable" or "unbe-fucking-lievable" ("incredibly unbelievable"), or even as nearly every word in a sentence "Fuck [the] fucking fuckers!" ("Forget about [the] very displeasing people!") or "[the] fucking fucker's fucking fucked!" ("this thing doesn't work!").

In [[popular culture]], the word ''fuck'' has grown in usage, and rules allowing it and other vulgar expletives have softened — largely due to demand trends. It is still often [[Censorship|censor]]ed on broadcast [[radio]] and [[television]]; in [[2002]], when the controversial [[Cinema of France|French film]] ''[[Baise-moi]]'' ([[2000 in film|2000]]) was released in the [[United States|USA]], its title was changed to ''Rape Me'', rather than the literal ''Fuck Me'', though this may have been for effect. A similar thing happened to the [[Sweden|Swedish]] film ''[[Fucking Åmål]]'' (retitled ''Show Me Love''). A similar kind of censoring is offered on many [[online forum]]s, where users are given options to filter out vulgarities.

The use of ''fuck'' varies betwixt state, continent and demographic. For example, a [[blue collar]] Australian bloke may use ''fuck'' in most sentences, eg. "I'll be fucked if I'm gonna let that fuckin' bitch tell me what to fuckin' do". Such language, while quite normal in an outback Australian pub, is likely to be highly offensive in an expensive uptown restaurant in New York.

== Euphemisms ==
[[Image:F*uck!.png|thumb|right|220px|A common way to censor ''fuck''.]]
In situations where using or mentioning the word directly may be considered inappropriate, people often [[bowdlerize]] it, either referring to it with terms such as ''the f-word'' or ''the f-bomb'' (and in particular, the phrase "dropping the F-bomb"), or replacing it with ''feck'', ''fudge'', ''freak'', ''fork'', ''fook'', ''fizzuck'', ''frick'', ''frickin'', ''f*ck'', ''f**k'', ''f-u!'' (or simply ''eff''), ''fahq'', ''fawk'', ''fcuk'', the "hacker" terms ''phuck'', ''puck'', ''funk'', or ''f***'', or ''frig''. (Although one dictionary meaning of ''frig'' is ''fuck'' the rarity of its use renders it less offensive.) In software contexts, ''[[fsck]]'', ''fuk'', ''[[fark]]'' and ''f2k'' are also used. In the formerly British Caribbean nations it is sometimes spelled ''fock''. ''Fark'' is a [[Thomas Bowdler|bowdlerization]] which originated in the British [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, derived from exaggerated pronunciation in, for example, the Australian accent.

The [[fashion]] house French Connection United Kingdom controversially uses its initials, usually in lower case: ''fcuk''.

The previously-mentioned ''fsck'' usage is derived from the [[Unix]] command [[fsck]](8) for "file-system check". It has been noted that this command is particularly appropriate, as it is the option of last resort.

In the [[Ireland|Irish]] [[situation comedy|sitcom]] ''[[Father Ted]]'' the word ''fuck'' was replaced with ''feck'', a common slang word in Ireland that was acceptable to audiences in other countries that had not come across it before.

== Secondary meanings ==

[[Image:Middle finger.JPG|thumb|The phrases "Fuck off!" or "Fuck you!" can also be gestured, by [[the finger|giving someone the finger]].]]

As with other [[swearword]]s and [[taboo]] words, or [[intensifier]]s, ''fuck'' is often not used in its original, literal meaning. Rather, it is an intensifier expressing nothing but the speaker's strong emotional involvement (often negatively, but not necessarily: e.g. "fucking good" is a rude way of saying "very good"). In the book ''Practical English Usage'', the two meanings of the word are clearly illustrated by juxtaposing the sentences:

: What are you doing fucking in my bed?
: What are you fucking doing in my bed?

The first sentence means "Why are you copulating in my bed?", while the second merely emphasizes the sentence "What are you doing in my bed?". The second usage is more common than the first. In the former usage, emphasis will more often than not be put on fucking, to convey that it is the literal act of copulating. An acceptable and more common alternative to the latter is:

: What the fuck are you doing in my bed?

"Fuck you!" expresses [[anger]], and thus seems to be more related to "I am so angry at you, I am going to rape you to punish you" (although it carries no connotation of this sort) than to "I would like to lovingly have sexual intercourse with you". It also may be related to "fuck off", which seems to be a reference to [[masturbation]], where it might originally have been a vulgar way of saying "quit bugging me and go back to masturbating or whatever stupid stuff you usually do". It may also express indifference with respect to the well-being of another person or of other people in general, for example reacting to a request, or the imposing of rules.

Surprise or bemusement can be expressed by, "Fuck me!" or "Well, I'll be fucked!" without suggesting an open invitation. Similarly, "Well, fuck me stupid!" expresses even greater surprise.
The phrase "What the fuck!" is also used to express surprise, in the same way as "What the hell!". In [[internet slang]] this is abbreviated to [[WTF]].

Another use of the word ''fuck'' is as a replacement for the word ''[[God]]'' in profane statements as in "for fuck's sake!" For example "fuck knows," or "who the fuck knows," means something like "I don't know, and neither is anyone ever likely to know". Sometimes, the phrase "Oh my fuck!" is used instead of "Oh my God!"

Meanwhile, ''fuck'' can be used as a negation, as in "I know fuck all", for "I know nothing".

==Linguistics==
===Verb===
The word can be used as a [[verb]] [[transitive_verb|transitively]]:
: He fucked her.
Or [[intransitive_verb|intransitively]]:
: They fucked all night.
Or as an [[impersonal command]]:
: I'm not going down there, fuck that, dude!

===Noun===
As a [[noun]]:
: She is a real fuck. (non-specific insult)
: He is a good fuck. (specific reference to sexual skill)
: What the fuck you fuckin' beast?"



===Interjection===
The [[interjection]] ''fuck'' is frequently used to express shock, discontent and anger in general.
: Fuck! A punctured tire!
: or
: Fuck this shit!

===Present participle===
The [[present participle]] ''fucking'' (or ''fuckin' '') is commonly used to intensify a verb or noun. As described earlier, it is used more negatively than positively.
: My fucking boss made me work all weekend.
: She is fuckin' hot.
In addition, the [[present participle]] is sometimes inserted in the middle of a word as an intensifier, a process known as [[expletive infixation]]. The rules for insertion of the "fucking"-infix are regular: "fucking" may only be inserted in a multisyllabic word between [[metrical feet]] (also known as a [[tmesis]].) For example:
: That was abso-fuckin-lutely cool!
: In-fuckin-credible
: Fan-fuckin-tastic

===Past participle===
The [[past participle]] ''fucked'' connotes that something is completely useless, destroyed, or messed up. For example:
: The hard drive crashed, so now the database is fucked.
: Your engine's fucked because you forgot to change the oil!
: Now that the electricity is out, your computer is fucked.

(This connotation can also be found as a transitive verb: ''He totally fucked his engine when he forgot to change the oil.'')

===Phrasal verbs===
"To fuck up" means to ruin, and the related "to be fucked up" generally connotes drunkenness in the United States. Although "to be fucked up" less commonly refers to physical or emotional injuries in the US, this can be its primary meaning in other English speaking countries.

* I did ten shots in ten minutes, and now I'm totally fucked up!
* The bouncer really fucked up that drunk guy who kept causing trouble.
* My sister's been really fucked up since her fiancé dumped her. (could also refer to drunkenness, depending on the context or the sister)

"To fuck over" connotes betrayal or a generally unfavorable act.

* Yeah, he slept with my girlfriend. I can't believe he fucked me over like that!
* I got fucked over at work today they promoted my assistant instead of me.

===[[Portmanteau]]===
Prepended to another word, the sound "f" is sometimes used to evoke the entire expletive, with an intensifying sense.

: That's fugly (fucking ugly).

===Discourse particle===
''Fucking'' is sometimes used as a [[discourse particle]] or filler, in much the same way ''um...'' is used.

: Her name is, fucking... What was her name again?

==Acronyms==
''Fuck'' is used in various acronyms, especially on the Internet.

* FUBAR: fucked up beyond all recognition (or repair)
* GTFO: get the fuck out
* [[SNAFU]]: situation normal, all fucked up.
* STFU: shut the fuck up
* [[RTFM]]: read the fucking manual.
* [[WOFTAM]]: waste of fucking time and money.
* [[WTF]]: what the fuck
* [[LMFAO]]: laugh my fucking ass off

== History of usage and censorship ==
===Early usage===
The earliest reference appears to be the name "John Le Fucker", which John Ayto's ''Dictionary of Word Origins'' dates to [[1278]]. What John did to earn this name is unknown.

Its first known use as a verb meaning to fornicate is in a poem titled "[[Flen flyys]]" some time before [[1500]]. Written half in English and half in Latin, the poem includes the word ''fuccant'', a hybrid of English root with Latin conjugation, disguised in the text by a simple code. It was originally written as ''gxddbov'', and is decrypted by substituting each letter with the letter which precedes it in the alphabet (keep in mind the alphabet that was used at the time).

[[William Dunbar|William Dunbar's]] [[1503]] poem "Brash of Wowing" includes the lines: "Yit be his feiris he wald haif fukkit:/ Ye brek my hairt, my bony ane."

While [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] never used the term explicitly, he may have hinted at it in comic scenes in several plays. ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor]]'' (IV.i) contains ''focative case'' (see [[vocative case]]). In ''[[Henry V (play)|Henry V]]'' (IV.iv), Pistol threatens to ''firk'' (strike) a soldier, a euphemism for ''fuck''.

There are some [[urban legend]]s postulating an [[acronym]]ic origin for the word. In the most popular version, it is said that the word "fuck" came from Irish law. If a couple were "Found Under Carnal Knowledge" they would be penalized, with FUCK as the crime. Other variants include the ideas that the word came from "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge" or "Fornication Under Consent of the King." However, all these explanations are considered to be [[backronym]]s and hence recent inventions.

===Rise of modern usage===
''Fuck'' did not appear in any dictionary of the English language from [[1795]] to [[1965]]. Its first appearance in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (along with the word ''[[cunt]]'') was in [[1972]].

In [[1900]], the Prince [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Albert Edward]], [[Prince of Wales]] said, "Fuck it, I've taken a bullet" when he was shot by an [[anarchism|anarchist]] while standing on a [[Brussels]] railway station.

The liberal usage of the word (and other vulgarisms) by certain artists (such as [[James Joyce]], [[Henry Miller]], and [[Lenny Bruce]]) has led to the banning of their works and criminal charges of [[obscenity]].

After [[Norman Mailer]]'s publishers convinced him to [[bowdlerize]] ''fuck'' as ''fug'' in his work ''[[The Naked and the Dead]]''[[1948| (1948)]], [[Tallulah Bankhead]] supposedly greeted him with the [[quip]], "So you're the young man who can't spell ''fuck''." (In fact, according to Mailer, the quip was devised by Bankhead's [[public relations|PR man]] and he and Bankhead never met until [[1966]] and did not discuss the word then.) The rock group [[The Fugs]] named themselves after the Mailer [[euphemism]].

===Censorship===
In [[1965]], the critic [[Kenneth Tynan]] was the first person to say ''fuck'' on [[BBC]] [[television]], during a late-night live talk show hosted by [[Eamonn Andrews]], causing a furor and a short TV career for Tynan. For British broadcasting, the next stage was reached in [[1976]] when the word was pointedly used in a prime-time early evening show, during a live interview with the [[Sex Pistols]].

The films ''[[Ulysses]]'' and ''[[I'll Never Forget What's'isname]]'' (both [[1967 in film|1967]]) are contenders for being the first film to use the word. Since the U.S. adoption of the [[MPAA film rating system]], use of the word has been accepted in R-rated movies, and under the older rules, use of the word would automatically cause the film to be given an R rating. Later rule changes permit a single, non-sexual, strictly exclamatory use of the word in PG-13 movies.

Since the [[1970s]], the use of the word ''fuck'' in R-rated movies has become so commonplace in mainstream American movies that it is rarely noticed by most audiences. Nonetheless, a few movies have made exceptional use of the word, to the point where such films as ''[[Scarface (1983 movie)|Scarface]]'' ([[1983 in film|1983]]), ''[[Pulp Fiction]]'' and ''[[Goodfellas]]'' are known for its extensive use. In the popular comedy ''[[Four Weddings and a Funeral]]'', it is the chief word, repeatedly uttered, during the opening five minutes. One of the most humorous tirades demonstrating various usages of the word appears in the comedy, ''[[Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987 movie)|Planes, Trains and Automobiles]]'' ([[1987 in film|1987]]), where ''[[Steve Martin]]'' expresses his dissatisfaction in his treatment by a rental car agency. In several PG-rated movies, however, the word is used, mainly because at the time there was no PG-13 rating and the MPAA did not want to give the films R ratings; for instance, ''[[All the President's Men]]'' ([[1976 in film|1976]]), where it is used seven times, ''[[The Kids Are Alright]]'' ([[1979 in film|1979]]), where it is used twice, and ''[[The Right Stuff]]'' ([[1983 in film|1983]]), where it is used five times. ''[[Spaceballs]]'' ([[1987 in film|1987]]) is an anomaly in that it was rated PG after the 1984 introduction of the PG-13 rating, yet it includes the line, "Fuck! Even in the future nothing works!" In the PG-13 rated movie ''[[Soapdish]]'' ([[1991]]), [[Sally Field]], played an aging [[soap opera]] actress. Appalled that her costume included a turban, she complained to her show's producer "What I feel like is Gloria-fucking-Swanson!"

Films edited for broadcast use matching [[euphemism]]s so that [[lip synch]]ing will not be thrown off. One televised version of [[Quentin Tarantino]]'s ''[[Jackie Brown]]'', for instance, had the actors dub in the words ''frick'', ''Nubian'', and ''melon farmer'' for ''fuck'', ''[[nigger]]'', and ''[[motherfucker]]'', respectively. In a similarly dubbed version of ''[[Die Hard]],'' [[Bruce Willis]]' catchphrase "Yippee-ki-yay, [[motherfucker]]" is replaced by "Yippee-ki-yay, Mister Falcon."

In a similar vein, many [[stand-up comedy|stand-up comedians]] who perform for adult audiences make liberal use of the word ''fuck''. While [[George Carlin]]'s use of the word is an important part of his stage persona, other comedians (such as [[Andrew Dice Clay]]) have been accused of substituting vulgarity and offensiveness for genuine creativity through overuse of the word. [[Billy Connolly]] was a pioneer of the use of the word in his shows for general audiences.

[[Canada|Canadian]] [[prime minister]] [[Pierre Trudeau]] caused a minor scandal when opposition [[member of parliament|MP]]s stated he had told them to "fuck off" in the [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]] in February [[1971]]. Pressed by journalists, Trudeau later unconvincingly stated he may have said (or mouthed) "'[[fuddle duddle]]' or something like that"[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-73-571-2955-20/that_was_then/politics_economy/trudeau_fuddle_duddle], a phrase which then took on a humorous connotation of that event for Canadians.

During the tumultuous [[1968 Democratic National Convention]], Connecticut Senator [[Abraham Ribicoff]], during a speech in which he nominated the anti-[[Vietnam War]] candidate [[George McGovern]], departed from his written text to say, "If [[George McGovern]] were president, we wouldn't have these [[Gestapo]] tactics in the streets of [[Chicago]]." Many conventioneers, having been appalled by the response of the [[Chicago]] police to the simultaneously occurring anti-war demonstrations, promptly broke into ecstatic applause. As television cameras focused on an indignant [[Chicago]] Mayor [[Richard J. Daley]], [[lip reading|lip-readers]] throughout America claimed to have observed him shouting, "Fuck you, you [[Jew]] [[motherfucker]]." Defenders of the mayor would later claim that he was calling Senator Ribicoff a faker.

===Freedom of expression===
In [[1971]], the [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] decided that the mere public display of ''fuck'' is protected under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First]] and [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendments]] and cannot be made a criminal offense. In [[1968]], Paul Robert Cohen had been convicted of "disturbing the peace" for wearing a jacket with "FUCK THE DRAFT" on it. The conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeals and overturned by the Supreme Court. ''[[Cohen v. California]]'', '''403 U.S. 15''' (1971).

Pornographer [[Larry Flynt]], representing himself before the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] in [[1983]] in a [[libel]] case, shouted, "Fuck this court!" during the proceedings and called the justices "nothing but eight assholes and a token [[cunt]]". Chief Justice [[Warren E. Burger]] had him arrested for [[contempt of court]] but the charge was later dismissed.

In [[Colorado Springs]], tavern owner [[Leonard Carlo]] had over 29 signs containing the word "fuck", including the slogans "Leonard's II Fucking Much", "No Fucking Children, Animals, Tabs or Checks!", and "No fucking tap or draw beer". Signs on the restroom doors read "Fucking Men" and "Fucking Women". Also, the top of Leonard's bald head was [[tattoo]]ed with the words "Fuck U. Leave Me the FUCK Alone." A state liquor agent removed all 29 signs from Leonard's Bar on [[August 31]], [[1999]] because he believed the signs violated a state regulation that prohibits profanity in bars.

===Popular usage===
Various people (primarily musical guests) have said the word on the weekly American late-night comedy show ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', generally with little consequence. On the [[February 26]], [[1981]] show [[Charles Rocket]], playing [[J.R. Ewing]], said clearly, "Oh man, it's the first time I've been shot in my life. I'd like to know who the fuck did it." He and the rest of the cast (except [[Joe Piscopo]] and [[Eddie Murphy]]) were fired soon thereafter. The show was in a slump at the time, so Rocket's indiscretion may only have been the straw that broke the camel's back.

Following the death of [[Monty Python]] legend [[Graham Chapman]] in [[1989]], a speech at his memorial was read by fellow Monty Python actor [[John Cleese]], which claims to be the first time someone has said the word ''fuck'' in a British memorial service.

The [[Channel 4]] [[television]] comedy series ''[[Father Ted]]'' introduced to [[1990s|90s]] Britain an [[Ireland|Irish]] swear-word which was almost ''fuck'' and not quite a [[euphemism]], prolifically used by the drunken and lecherous priest [[Father Jack Hackett]]: ''feck''. This was originally a term meaning ''to steal'' and is probably derived from the word ''fetch''. This term is becoming a common substitute for ''fuck'' in the [[United Kingdom]] as a consequence of the popularity of this series, and has been further bowlderized into ''feth''.

In the early commercial days of the Internet, the domain name registrar [[Network Solution]]s blocked certain obscene words from being used. There was no such restriction in the UK and a group of fans of [[VIZ]] comic registered the domain fuck.co.uk. Their website claimed to be promoting the ''Fulchester Underwater Canoeing Klubb'' (Fulchester being the fictional setting of many of the stories in VIZ). The name now hosts a pornography site.

In the [[United States]], the [[Federal Communications Commission]] fines stations for the broadcast of indecent language, but in 2003 ruled that the airing of "This is really, really fucking brilliant!" by [[U2 (band)|U2]] member [[Bono]] after receiving a [[Golden Globe Award]] was neither obscene nor indecent. In early 2004 the FCC decided to review that use saying "The F-word is one of the most vulgar, graphic and explicit descriptions of sexual activity in the English language"; a fine may result.

The first American play with the word ''fuck'' in the title is ''[[Sex, Fucking and Making Love]]''. It is being produced in New York fall 2004 by Genesis Productions Worldwide, LLC as an off-off-Broadway production [http://www.sfml.info/]. However [[Mark Ravenhill]]'s play [[Shopping and Fucking]] opened in London, UK in 1996, and also played in the US.

In April 2004 the controversial [[R&B]] song "Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back)" by [[Eamon]] became the first song with an obscenity in its title to reach the top 20 in the US. The word ''fuck'' was censored both on the packaging and on the radio edit. The single also reached #1 in the charts of several countries including [[UK]] and [[Australia]]. A reply to that song, titled "F.U.R.B. (Fuck U Right Back)", by [[Frankee]] was also very successful, and also reached #1 in the UK in May 2004, and then in Australia in June 2004. American band [[Nine Inch Nails]]' 2000 single, "Starsuckers, Inc." features a lyrical re-work of the album version, "Starfuckers, Inc." intended to give the song a chance of broadcast both on U.S. television and radio.

On [[June 22]], [[2004]], while participating in the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] class photo, [[Vice President of the United States| Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]] and [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] Senator [[Patrick Leahy]] from [[Vermont]] had a personal exchange that garnered headlines in the United States. After comments by Leahy, Cheney allegedly told him to "...go fuck yourself", which was later characterized as "a frank exchange of views." In response, Leahy said that Cheney "was just having a bad day." Others have pointed to this incident and the events that led up to it as evidence of a culture of extreme partisanship that has developed in Washington. Senate rules prohibit profanity while the Senate is in session, but Cheney did not violate the rules because the Senate was not in session at the time.

Most broadcasters replace ''fuck'' (and other so-called [[four-letter word]]s) on broadcast television and radio with a beep "at times of day when there is a reasonable risk that children may be in the audience", or have the word/words silenced out, or a reverse of the sound of the word/words in question is used.

== Etymology ==

The etymology of ''fuck'' has given rise to a great deal of speculation, which should be regarded skeptically. The authoritative [[Oxford English Dictionary]] is quite cautious in providing an etymology for this word. In the quotation below, the dictionary's usual abbreviations are spelled out for clarity:

:Early modern English ''fuck'', ''fuk'', answering to a [[Middle English]] type *''fuken'' (weak verb) [which is] not found; ulterior etymology unknown. Synonymous [[German language|German]] ''ficken'' cannot be shown to be related.

The first known occurrence, in code because of its unacceptability, is in a poem composed in a mixture of Latin and English sometime before 1500. The poem, which satirizes the Carmelite friars of Cambridge, England, takes its title, “Flen flyys”, from the first words of its opening line, “Flen, flyys, and freris”; that is, “Fleas, flies, and friars”. The line that contains fuck reads “Non sunt in coeli, quia gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk.” The Latin words “Non sunt in coeli, quia,” mean “They (the friars) are not in heaven, since.” The code “gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk” is easily broken by simply substituting the preceding letter in the alphabet, keeping in mind differences in the alphabet and in spelling between then and now: i was then used for both i and j; v was used for both u and v; and vv was used for w. This yields “fvccant (a fake Latin form) vvivys of heli.” The whole thus reads in translation: “They are not in heaven since they fuck wives of Ely (a town near Cambridge).”

As the OED notes, some have attempted to draw a connection to the [[German language|German]] word ''ficken'' (to fuck, in dialects: to rub, to scratch, and historically to strike).

Germanic ''fuk-'' would be expected to come from an [[Indo-European language|Indo-European]] ancestor *''pug-'', which appears in [[Latin]] and [[Greek]] words meaning "fight" and "fist". In early Common Germanic the word was likely used at first as a slang or euphemistic replacement for an older word for "intercourse", and then became the usual word for "intercourse".

Other possible connections are to [[Latin]] ''futuere'' (hence the French ''foutre'', the Italian ''fottere'', the vulgar peninsular Spanish ''follar'' and ''hoder/joder'', and the Portuguese ''foder''). However, there is considerable doubt and no clear lineage for these derivations. These roots, even if [[cognate]], are not the original [[Indo-European language|Indo-European]] word for ''to fuck''; that root is likely *''yebh-'', which is attested in [[Sanskrit]] (''yabhati'') and the [[Slavic languages]], among others. However, Wayland Young (who agrees that these words are related) argues that they derive from the Indo-European *''bhu-'' or *''bhug-'', believed to be the root of "to be", "to grow", and "to build". [Young, 1964]

Spanish ''follar'' has a different root; according to Spanish etymologists, the Spanish verb "follar" (attested in the 19th century) derives from "fuelle" (bellows) from Latin "folle(m)" < Indo-European "bhel-"; ancient Spanish verb folgar (attested in the 15th century) derived from Latin "follicare", ultimately from follem/follis too.

Some have supposed that ''fuck'' has cognates in other Germanic languages, such as Middle Dutch ''fokken'' (to thrust, to copulate), dialectical Norwegian ''fukka'' (to copulate), and dialectical Swedish ''focka'' (to strike, copulate) and ''fock'' (penis). A very similar set of Latin words that have not yet been related to these are those for hearth or fire, "focus/focum" (with a short o), fiery, "focilis", Latin and Italian for hearthly/hearthling, "foc[c]ia/focac[c]ia", and fire, "focca", and the Italian for bonfire, "focere". But these words came from New Latin, centuries after Middle Dutch.

There is perhaps even an original [[Celtic]] derivation; ''futuere'' being related to ''battuere'' (to strike, to copulate); which may be related to [[Irish language|Irish]] ''bot'' and Manx ''bwoid'' (penis). The argument is that ''battuere'' and ''futuere'' (like the Irish and Manx words) comes from the Celtic ''*bactuere'' (to pierce), from the root ''buc-'' (a point). An even earlier root may be the [[Egyptian]] ''petcha'' (to copulate), which has a highly suggestive [[Egyptian hieroglyph|hieroglyph]]. Or perhaps Latin "futuere" came from the root "fu", Common Indo-European "bhu", meaning "be, become" and originally referred to procreation.

Still more speculation is the following:

Its likely Common Germanic form was "fuk-". By the operation of Grimm's Law, its Common Indo-European ancestor would likeliest have been "pug", which turns up in Latin and Greek words meaning "fight" and "fist".

The Common Indo-European word for "intercourse" was likeliest "3eybh-" alternating with "3yebh-", where "3" is the H3 [[laryngeal]]: compare Greek "oiphô" (verb), and Greek "zephyros" (noun, ref. a Greek belief that the west wind caused pregnancy) and Sanskrit "yabh-ati" (verb).

===Fake etymologies for ''fuck''===

There are many imaginative [[fake etymology|fake etymologies]], including the [[backronym]]s "Fornication Under Consent of the King", which was supposedly placed on signs above houses in medieval England during times of population control, and "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge", supposedly written on the [[stocks]] above people who committed [[adultery]] or "Forced Unlawful Carnal Knowledge" in various things linked to [[rape]] cases. These acronyms were never heard before the [[1960s]], according to the authoritative [[lexicographer|lexicographical]] work, ''The F-Word''. See also [[fake etymology]].

==The verb fuck in different languages==
* [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]: ''fok'' ("fok my", "fok jou")
* [[Albanian language|Albanian]]: ''qi'' ("qifsha" when used in sentences)
* [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: ''neak''
* [[Armenian language|Armenian]]: ''kunel''
* [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]: ''jebati'' (to fuck)
* [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: еба (eba)
* [[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''follar'', ''cardar'', ''fotre''
* [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Chinese (Cantonese)]]: ''diu'' (屌, but often denoted as the character 小 inside the character 門(). Pronounced like "dew" in English)
* [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]]/[[Putonghua]]):
*#''diao'' (屌) Also refers to penis, esp. in Northern China; means "damn" or "darn" in Taiwan.
*#''cao'' (肏/操) (pronounced "Tsao")
*#''gan'' (幹) (used more by native speakers of [[Taiwanese language|Taiwanese]], it occurs in the expression "Gan ni niang!" which means, "Fuck your mother!")
* [[Cebuano]]: ''iyot''
* [[Croatian language|Croatian]]: ''jebati''; ''fukati'' (probably borrowed from English); ''karati'' (literally, to scold)
* [[Czech language|Czech]]: ''píchat'' (literally "to thrust", used as a slang word for "to copulate"); ''s<caron>ukat'', ''s<caron>oustat'' (s<caron> as "sh"), ''mrdat'' (all three vulgar, to have sex [with], to fuck); ''kurva!'' (vulgar, literally "bitch", used as an expletive)
* [[Danish language|Danish]]: ''knep''
* [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''neuken''
* [[Esperanto]]: ''fiki''
* [[Estonian language|Estonian]]: ''nikkuma'', ''nussima'', ''keppima''
* [[Filipino language|Filipino]]: ''kantot''
* [[Finnish language|Finnish]]: ''vittu'' (Curseword, "Voi vitun vittu!!"="Fucking fuck!!", literal meaning of "vittu" is "cunt") ''nussia'' (verb)
* [[French language|French]]: ''baiser'' (to have sex with); ''foutre'' (dismissive: "Va te faire foutre!" meaning "Go screw yourself!"; "Fous le camp!" meaning "Fuck off!" or "Shove aside!")
* [[Canadian French|French (Canada)]]: ''nicker''; ''fourrer'' (literally, to stuff); the adjective ''fucké'', a borrowing, means broken or out of luck, and is not especially profane. See [[sacre]].
* [[German language|German]]: ''ficken'' (to have sex with, pronounced like fucken, just with a short e instead of the u)3
* [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''gamao'', ''gamo'', ''gamisi''; ''Γαμάω'', ''Γαμώ'', ''Γαμίσι'' ("g" prounounced softly, as a [[voiced velar fricative]])
* [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: "lezayen", from noun "zayin", which is a slang word for the penis
* [[Hindi]]: ''chod'' ("Ch" as in check & "d" is pronounced softly)
* [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''baszni''
* [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: ''ríða'' (pronounced "ree-tha" with a soft th-sound)
* [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''ngentot''
* [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''fottere'', ''scopare''
* [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: ["fuzakeru"¹]
* [[Kannada language|Kannada]]: ''kay-yi''
* [[Korean language|Korean]]: "ssi-bal" (씨발), pronounced like the English words "she ball"
* [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]: ''pisti''
* [[Malay language|Malay]]: ''puki'' (likely an adoption of ''fuck'') or ''pukimak'' (likely an adoption of ''motherfucker'') or ''celaka'' (bastard)
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ''uook''
* [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: ''chik'' (verb, pronounced ''chick'')
* [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]: ''knulle'', ''pule''
* [[Iranian language|Persian/Farsi]]: ''ga-yee-dan''
* [[Polish language|Polish]]: ''jebać'' (pronounced ''yebatch''), ''Pierdolić'' (pronounced ''pee-erdolitch''), ''kurwa'' (pronounced ''koorva'', used as an interjection)
* [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''foder'' (or ''comer'' subjectively used, because it means "to eat", in Northern [[Portugal]] ''pinar'' is also used)
* [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''a fute''
* [[Profanity#Russia|Russian]]: ''yeb'''a'''t'' [ебать] (transitive), yeb'''a'''tsa [ебаться] (intransitive).
* [[Samoan language|Samoan]]: ''mea'' This is not used as a swear word but is not used in polite company. Other anatomical and physiological words are used as swear words but not "mea" or any other related word.
* [[Serbian language|Serbian]]: јебати (jebati), карати (karati)
* [[Slovak language|Slovak]]: jebať, drbať
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: Follar
** [[Argentina]]: ''coger'' (this same verb in Spain and other countries means "to grab")
** [[Chile]]: ''culear''
** [[Colombia]]: ''pichar'' or ''tirar'' (the last one means "to throw" in most other Spanish-speaking countries)
** [[Ecuador]]: ''echar en polvo'' (meaning "to throw into dust" in most other countries)
** [[Mexico]]: ''chingar'' or less but commonly used ''joder'' also ''vergar'' (translatable as "to dick")
** [[Peru]]: ''cachar''
** [[Spain]]: ''joder'' (usually as an all-purpose expletive, can be accompanied by other expletives) or ''follar''
* [[Tamil]]: [[Oatha]] or Oththa
* [[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''knulla''
* [[Thai language|Thai]]: [There is no insulting version.²]
* [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''sikmek'' (Pronounced "seek-make"), ''düzmek'', ''siktir'' (="fuck off")
* [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: چودنا (verb), Chodi (noun)
* [[Vietnamese|Viet]]: ''dit'' (Pronounced "dee"), or ''deo''
**Example: "Dit me may!" or "Deo me may!" (insulting words similar to "motherfucker", where 'me' is pronounced '''meh''' and 'may' is pronounced '''my''')
* [[Yiddish]]: ''shtup'' (שתוופ) (literally "to stuff")

¹Ambiguously translated back to English as "to fool around". Many have argued that a verbal translation of "fuck" into Japanese is impossible, but Japanese vulgarity largely comes from speaking in a forceful and explicit manner. Offensive language is communicated through directness, self-importance, emphatics, and curtly abbreviated expressions. When "fuzakeru" is lazily truncated by dropping the "fu" and the formal verb ending "ru" while adding "na" to mean "not" and "yo" for exclamation, we have ''Zakennayo!'' which if uttered aggressively, sounds like "Don't fuck with me, asshole!" to the Japanese ear, even though its root literally translates as "don't mess around". It should also be noted that almost all American curse words, including "fuck", are recognizable to the Japanese because of their use in films.

²Thai has a medical word for sexual intercourse (which translated back means "genitalia touching") and at least two slang versions for it. But even the slang versions wouldn't work as insults. To the amusement of Thais, the name of the German automaker [[Audi]] sounds like one of the two slang versions. To confuse matters, Thais have a vegetable whose name sounds like ''fuck'' (it irritates some tourists when they hear the name because they think they are being insulted). But the correct pronunciation for this vegetable is "fug" with the "g" like in "guest".

3 On an interesting side note, the word ''ficken'' was seemingly not used as an expletive in German until recently. (It was, however, a taboo word, but this due to its literal meaning, and its belonging to vulgar speech.) That today ''fick dich!'' is used as a common (though very strong) expletive meaning ''fuck off!'' is clearly a borrowing from English. The general all-purpose taboo expletive and correct translation of ''fuck!'' remains ''Scheiße'', literally ''shit'', or, increasingly common, ''fuck'' used in untranslated verbatim.

==Further reference==
* [[Jesse Sheidlower]], ''The F Word'' (1999) ISBN 0375706348. Presents hundreds of uses of ''fuck'' and related words.
* Michael Swan, ''Practical English Usage'', OUP, 1995, ISBN 019431197X
* Philip J. Cunningham, ''Zakennayo!: The Real Japanese You Were Never Taught in School'', Plume (1995) ISBN 0452275067
* [[Wayland Young]], ''Eros Denied: Sex in Western Society''. Grove Press/Zebra Books, New York 1964.

==See also==
*[[Fuck (band)]]
*[[Four-letter word]]
*[[Euphemism]]
*[[Motherfucker]]
*[[Cocksucker]]
*[[Profanity]]
*[[Seven dirty words]]
*[[Sexual slang]]
*''[[This Be The Verse]]''
*[[Fucking, Austria]]
* [[Fuddle Duddle]]
*[[Meet the Parents]]

==External links==
{{define}}
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/fword1.html A thorough and amusing legal brief on the history and constitutionality of "Fuck".] All relevant cases are cited.
* [http://slate.msn.com/id/2103467/ slate.com on ''fuck'']
* [http://www.bartleby.com/61/95/F0349500.html American Heritage Dictionary], see "Word History" for an enciphered(!) usage of the word in the ribald sixteenth-century poem, ''Flen flyys.''
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3699-2004Jun24.html "Cheney Dismisses Critic With Obscenity."] [[Washington Post]] article on the 2004 Cheney-Leahy incident.

[[de:Ficken]]
[[eo:fiki]]
[[ja:ファック]]
[[zh:幹]]

[[Category:Profanity]]

StarCraft (video game)

2004-12-03T20:17:06Z

24.11.21.192: added retribution and insurrection expansion packs to expansion listing in the floated right section

'''''StarCraft''''' ('''SC''') is a [[real-time strategy]] [[computer game]] produced by [[Blizzard Entertainment]] in [[1998]]. The game is similar to Blizzard's previous hit ''[[Warcraft II]]'', but has a [[science fiction]] setting. The game was heavily edited during the development process to steer the game away from being simply "Warcraft in Space", and eventually the entire [[game engine]] had to be gutted and redeveloped to allow the developers to actually achieve the results they were after. The main storyline of the game revolves around a war between three [[galaxy|galactic]] species: the [[Protoss]] (a race of [[humanoid]] [[religion|religious]] warriors), the [[Zerg]] ([[insect]]-like aliens who share a [[hive mind]]) and the [[Terran (StarCraft)|Terrans]] ([[human]] [[colony|colonists]] from [[Earth]]). It was initially released for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], later for [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] and the [[N64|N64]].

''StarCraft'' was the best selling computer game in [[1998]]. In that same year Blizzard released an [[expansion pack]] called ''[[StarCraft_Brood_War|StarCraft: Brood War]]''. Recently, Blizzard has announced a [[third person shooter]], ''[[StarCraft: Ghost]]'' that will be released sometime in [[2005]].


<div style="float: right; margin-right: 0em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 4em; width: 240px;">


<div style="font-size: 0.86em; font-family: lucida grande, sans-serif; line-height: normal; border: 1px solid #ccd2d9; background: #f0f6fa; text-align: left; padding: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2em">
<div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; color: #6a6c76; margin-bottom: 1em">
StarCraft
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[[Image:StarCraft.front cover.jpg|130px|center|Front cover of the StarCraft installation CD]]

{| style="background: transparent; text-align: left; table-layout: auto; border-collapse: collapse; margin-top: 1em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"

|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Release
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" | [[1998]]

|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Platforms
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" | [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mac OS]], [[Mac OS X]] and [[Nintendo 64|N64]]

|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Developer
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" | [[Blizzard Entertainment]]

|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Publisher
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" | [[Blizzard Entertainment]]

|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Genre
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" | [[Real-Time Strategy|RTS]]

|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Predecessor
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" | ''[[WarCraft II]]''

|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Expansion
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" | ''[[StarCraft: Brood War]]'', ''[[Starcraft: Retribution]]'', ''[[Starcraft: Insurrection]]''

|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Influences
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Starship Troopers]]'', ''[[Aliens (movie)|Aliens]]'', ''[[Warhammer Fantasy]]'', ''[[Warhammer 40,000]]''

|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Gameplay
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" | Galactic war between 3 asymmetric species

|-
! style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" | Official site
| style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" | [http://www.blizzard.com/starcraft StarCraft@Blizzard]

|}
</div> 
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[[Image:StarcraftScreenshot.png|right|232px|thumbnail|Replay-Screenshot Zerg vs. Terran]]

==General information==

''Warcraft II'', while advanced for its time, featured what many gamers believed to be a weakness in that, apart from a few minor (but significant, balance-wise) differences in available spells and the cost of upgrades, the game's two races were exactly the same mechanically, with only graphical differences. ''StarCraft'' improved upon this by incorporating three races, [[Protoss]], [[Zerg (StarCraft)|Zerg]] and [[Terran (StarCraft)|Terran]], instead of two, and by revamping the unit rosters to include unique technologies and units in all three factions.

The game also includes [[multiplayer]] gaming on Blizzard's own [[Internet]] gaming service [[Battle.net]]. One can play against opponents all over the world free of any charge beyond the original purchase of the game and local Internet access fees. Many fans enjoy playing in groups against the computer in skirmish games -- the [[artificial intelligence|AI]] is considered to be weak compared to a good player, but decent early game performance can make it an enjoyable opponent for more casual players, and fans also enjoy creating unfair maps giving the computer an advantage which can be extremely hard to beat. A couple of years after the release of the game Blizzard also released several free maps on the "insane" level.

An expansion pack called ''Brood War'' was released in [[1998]]. The expansion provides several new units for each race (which were influential enough to dramatically change the gameplay) and a whole new set of scenarios which continue where the StarCraft scenarios left off. Most people who still play use this expansion and agree that it changed the game significantly for the better, although a few stick to the so-called "vanilla" game.

==Playing StarCraft==

===The multiplayer game===

Usually the game is played by one player against another over the Internet or a [[local area network|LAN]]. The game is usually won by destroying all of the opponent's buildings, although other, less commonly played game types also exist. Such a game, with reasonably experienced players (played at highest game speed), typically lasts between 8 and 60 minutes, the average being about 15 minutes. Traditionally the game does not end with the utter annihilation of one party. Instead, the losing player, when he does not see any chance of winning, sends the message "gg" (good game) and leaves the game.

Like most computer strategy games, the game is centered on resources. Resources are needed to construct units and buildings and better units require more resources. In order to win, the players need to balance between quickly expanding to the resource locations to gather as many resources as possible, defending those locations against the enemy, and preventing the enemy from gathering them for themselves. In ''StarCraft'' there are two kinds of resources: minerals (needed for all units) and Vespene gas (needed for some advanced units and upgrades). Minerals appear as blue crystalline formations protruding from the ground and are 'harvested' by drones, [[Space Construction Vehicle (StarCraft)|SCVs]], or probes, while Vespene gas appear as green clouds forming above geysers. Vespene gas, unlike mineral crystals, can only be harvested after a refinery building is constructed over the geyser.

There is a limited amount of resources at each location, and only a limited amount of resources can be gathered in a specific time frame from one location. Depending on what race the players choose, one player might need to expand to considerably more resource locations in order to win the game (while of course also being better suited to do so).

Whether an action is good or not is judged by its cost-effectiveness, meaning the player's own costs/wins compared to those of the opponent. Also, the player cannot create an infinite number of units. Each unit has a "supply/support" rating that adds to a pool. If this amount exceeds 200, the player can no longer create units. Smaller, weaker units use one supply whereas larger ones, like [[nuclear missiles]], can use up to eight.

===Mastering StarCraft===

Many ''StarCraft'' players recognize three skills essential to becoming a good player: micro-management, macro-management and multi-tasking.
* [[micromanagement (computer gaming)|Micromanagement]] refers to unit control, especially in battle. Having this skill means to attack only when it's cost-effective, retreat fast enough in case you see it's not (effectively doing more damage with fewer units), while preventing the enemy from doing the same. It requires knowledge of the units, their shooting range, speed, abilities, strengths and weaknesses.
* [[macromanagement (computer gaming)|Macromanagement]] means to keep your economy running, expanding at the right moments to the best locations, picking the right upgrades, building towards and producing the right units in time, spying on the enemy, predicting his moves and, hopefully, outsmarting him. It requires knowledge about the tech-trees (for prerequisites) and the map (where to defend, where to attack, where to expand).
* [[Multitasking]] refers to being able to do many things at the same time. ''StarCraft'' enables the player to use a variety of shortcuts to jump to a specific position on the map and give fast orders. Having this skill means, for example, to defend and attack at the same time, while not neglecting your micro-management and still working efficiently towards your long-term goals. If the opponent is confident, he might try to distract you with something, usually drops, for you to take care of in order to 'steal your time'.

Sometimes '''Actions Per Minute''' (or APM) is used as a quantitative indicator of one's ability to micro- and macromanage. Having a high APM rating does not necessarily mean that one is a skilled, or even decent player; a high APM rating instead indicates a fast, active player. A player's APM rating is determined by calculating the average number of actions that a player performs during each minute beyond the first 80 seconds of a game. An action in StarCraft is defined as selecting a unit or building, giving an order to a unit or building, or designating a target for an order (for example, ordering a marine to attack a supply depot would be three separate actions). Professional gamers, such as those in South Korea, have been known to achieve average APM ratings of over 300, and peak APM ratings, such as during a battle, of over 500 (8.33 actions per second). The [[computer program]] [http://www.bwchart.com BWChart] allows StarCraft players to easily determine their APM ratings.

===A typical game===

Even though new tricks and tactics are still being discovered despite the game's age, it is possible to outline what usually happens in a 'one-on-one' between experienced players.

The map and thus the resource locations are known to both players, however the players are placed in the map at one of the possible ''spawn points'' randomly (if the map is set to have Random Start Locations), not knowing where the enemy started off. Everything out of the sight radius of their units is black, everything that once was but now isn't in the sight radius will be shown grayed out in the last known status - this effect is known as the [[fog of war]]. Each player starts with some resource collecting units and the structure to build more of them, right next to a resource location.

The players start collecting resources immediately. Any Zerg player, being the only one to start with a movable unit not capable of collecting resources, will most likely start ''scouting'' (looking for the enemy) right from the start. The other races will wait a minute or two before sending one of their resource collectors to scout for them, so they won't lose resources in the crucial beginning. Scouting is crucial to keep informed about the enemy's threats and weaknesses.

About the time the player started scouting, he will also start building the structures he needs for his first goals. Those could be defending his base against opponent attacks, preparing for an early attack of chosen units himself and/or expanding his base. Each tactic has its strengths and weaknesses, which is why it's important for the player to act on the information gained through scouting. It's also why the player will try to kill or scare away the scouts of the opponent when he gets the chance. Scouting remains important during the whole game. Players will position cheap, cloaked and/or fast units at crucial positions in the map.

If the player chose to do some early attacks, then he will start doing that after 4 or 5 minutes. There are several known tactics for early attacks and how to best protect oneself against them. When two ''gosu'' (skilled players) play against each other, early attacks are not just a huge threat to the defender, but also for the attacker. That's because the attacker wasn't able to use the resources for collecting more of them, and mistakes in the early game matter a lot. Those 8 minute games, mentioned when describing the game duration, usually are the result of a very successful or unsuccessful outcome in an early attack.

If both players survive the first 10 minutes, the players start the battle for space. The players generally will try to get as many resource locations as possible to 'out-resource' the opponent, and 'starve' him by trying to prevent him from doing the same. The players start this quest with the handicap or the advantage of the early game. During this part of the game, the players will stock up their army and try to weaken their enemy by smaller and bigger attacks on resource locations, tech-buildings (structures required for upgrades and advanced units) and buildings necessary to build more units.

During the rest of the game both players will try to get resource domination. A considerable resource control advantage can still be broken by finding weaknesses in the opponent's strategy, doing a 'come-back'. A simple example of this is to build a lot of air units, when the opponent has little anti-air defense, because he concentrated on building a lot of anti-ground. Sooner or later one player will start dominating the game, winning more and more ground. There's an upper limit to the time it takes, because there is a limited amount of resources on the map - long games are rare as small advantages tend to increase over time.

In a typical ending the stronger player rushes towards the other player's main base. The losing player tries to delay the attacker in order to collect his troops for defense. The attacker will push the defender to the outskirt of the base, still with enough troops to defeat the enemy on his own ground. The defender, having almost no troops left and the opponent's army at the outskirts of his main base, surrenders. However often players surrender before a huge attack happens, because they realize they won't be able to get a resource advantage anymore.

An alternative ending is where the weaker, socially challenged player crashes the enemy StarCraft clients, possibly with a cryptic message such as "attack hover incomplete", due to security issues present (as of October, [[2004]]) in StarCraft. There are also other alternatives, such as freezing the other clients while sending rude messages to them.

==StarCraft culture==

===Popularity===

In the early [[2000s]], the game received an explosive popularity among [[South Korea]]n online gamers, to the point of being (somewhat exaggeratedly) referred to as the [[national sport]] of South Korea by some avid gamers.

Even as of 2004, ''StarCraft'' is probably still one of the most popular online games in the world, as shown by the German multi-gaming [http://pgde.mog-server.de/index.php?page=news&id=2476 clan pro-Gaming (in German)]. However, [[as of 2004]], most active ''StarCraft'' players come from South Korea.

The game itself has its own culture, similar to [[Slashdot|Slashdot's]] and other [[Massive Multiplayer Online Game]]s (MMOG) communities.

In South Korea, ''StarCraft'' professional gamers, such as SlayerS_`BoxeR`, [NC]YellOw, and Nal_rA are [[celebrity|celebrities]]: their games are broadcast over several television channels such as [[MBC Game]], [[Ongamenet]], and [[iTV]]. While a select few have become moderately wealthy through this (for example, one highly successful player, known in-game as [Red]NaDa, signed a 3 year, ~$500,000 contract in 2004), and some can earn a decent to good living from TV-contracts, sponsoring and tournament prizes, the lower-echelon pro players tend to subsist on relatively small wages. Many pro gamers play ''StarCraft'' pretty much every waking hour in order to maintain preparation for the highly competitive leagues. Superior ''StarCraft'' and ''[[Warcraft III]]'' players are called [[gosu]], a Korean word meaning "highly skilled". South Korea is an example of how [[Electronic sports|e-sports]] can have a social status similar to physical sports.

Also of note is the semi-infamous [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_cwal Operation CWAL](Can't Wait Any Longer). More than just a simple cheat to decrease unit build time, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_cwal Operation CWAL] formed in 1997, as a writers group, in the [[StarCraft]] Suggestions Forum in an attempt to "liberate" a final copy of [[StarCraft]], which appeared obviously completed despite numerous delays on the part of [[Blizzard Entertainment]]. [[Blizzard Entertainment]] has gone as far as to give special thanks to this group in the manual for [[StarCraft]], as well as including their name as a code in the game.

While not incredibly active today, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_cwal Operation CWAL] remains as one of [[Blizzard Entertainment]]'s older and more loyal fan groups. Many CWALers are waiting for release information regarding another RTS in the StarCraft universe.

===Influence===

Because of its vast popularity, StarCraft has become extremely influential in the computer and video gaming fields. In the years immediately following its release, it was considered by many to be the bar against which new [[real-time strategy]] games were measured. Several terms now widely used in computer gaming in reference to other games are directly derived from StarCraft: [[rush]] (popularized by the term "Zerg rush") and [[zerging]].

===Novels and eBooks===

''StarCraft'' even became an inspiration for the creation of official novels and [[eBook]]s (which were generally not especially well-received by fans), such as:

* ''[[StarCraft: Uprising]]'' (2000) ISBN B00005AS12 (eBook only)
* ''[[StarCraft: Liberty's Crusade]]'' (2001) ISBN 0671041487
* ''[[StarCraft: Shadow of the Xel'Naga]]'' (2001) ISBN 0671041495
* ''[[StarCraft: Speed of Darkness]]'' (2002) ISBN 0671041509

and many others written by fans ([[fanfiction]]s).

===Custom scenarios===

The game comes with a campaign/map editor (practically a "Game Creation System" in itself) called '''StarEdit'''. StarEdit has many features, including a trigger system that allows one to make radical changes to the way that map works, readily giving gamers the ability to create custom map scenarios. Hundreds of custom scenarios are created everyday, giving the game a refreshing variety. The StarCraft map-making community has also constructed additional editors or functionalities that grant the user even more power to modify the game.

Scenarios are created with entirely different sets of rules, objectives, and units. More popular user created scenarios include [[StarCraft Diplomacy]], [[Turret Defense]], [[Sunken Defense]], [[Nightmare RPG]], and the ubiquitous [[Tower Defense]]. Scenarios with infinite minerals are also very popular, examples including "Fastest Map Ever" and "0Clutter." Many real-world events, including the [[Napoleonic Wars]], [[World War I]], [[World War II]] and the [[American Civil War]], have also been used as a base for StarCraft maps. There have been recent StarCraft maps depicting single or multiple scenes from books and movies, such as [[Troy]] and the [[The Lord of the Rings]]. These maps include The Battle for Pellenor Fields and The Battle for Helm's Deep.

It is estimated that the popularity of special scenario Starcraft maps (or "custom" maps) among the general worldwide populace often exceeds that of the regular game, especially during peak traffic hours. The popularity of custom maps is not limited, however, to only online gaming. Because StarEdit allows the map maker to "link together" several maps, single player "campaigns" (which are long scenarios played out over several maps, hence the name "campaign") have become prominent in the community. Popularized by the revolutionary [http://www.antiochforever.com/?The_Antioch_Chronicles Antioch Chronicles], many campaigns even come with "MODs" that feature new "heroes" (ie. the map makers create new art files to be imported in to StarCraft, thus creating completely new units and characters - something StarEdit alone could never do). Popular player-made campaigns include Campaign Creation's ''[http://campaigncreations.org/starcraft/lotc/index.shtml Legacy of the Confederation]'', ''[http://loam.samods.org Life of a Marine]'', ''[http://www.antiochforever.com/?The_Antioch_Chronicles The Antioch Chronicles]'', and StarCraft.org's official campaigns: ''[http://www.starcraft.org/scums/packs/ The Shifters and Fields of Ash]''.

In addition, some other map editors exist. These include the "Starcraft X-tra Map Editor," and have other features not in StarEdit. One of the possibilities included in some editors include "stacking" buildings and minerals, placing many one on top of the other, and the ability to change player colors.

===Replays, RWAs, and VODs===

''StarCraft'' enables the player to record a game and save it as a ''replay'', which can then be viewed with any other copy of ''StarCraft'', displaying the entire course of the game. [[As of 2004]], there are many websites that host replays of players with different skill levels, though pro-level replays are relatively rarely released, for reasons of team secrecy and pro-league policy.

The [http://www.bwchart.com/us/rwa.php RWAtools] are a set of freeware tools that create valid replay files, additionally containing an [[Ogg]] audio stream. They allow gamers to comment their own games while they play them and comment replays of other players. During replay the commentary is kept in sync with the game. This can be particularly interesting for people new to the game, who can learn from more experienced players pointing out things about a replay they would not have seen on their own. Also, those replays can be quite fun to watch, if the commentator did a good job.

[http://www.teamliquid.net/forum/viewmessage.php?topic_id=9999 Lasgo's Observer Pack] contains, beside other things, a tool that allows you to see the results of the recorded player's actions as if you played yourself (except the mouse pointer and the selection boxes).

'''VODs''' (from "Video On Demand") are videos that show the screen of a commentator (or sometimes player) during a (usually) pro-level game. They are (legally or not) available from a variety of websites, and are ripped from Korean television or internet streams. They usually come in the [[Advanced Streaming Format|ASF]] video file format for [[Windows Media Player]], which plays them with seeking disabled, or in the [[Windows Media Video|WMV]] format. Because they are compressed with an [[MPEG-4]] codec and the file size needs to be small, there is a significant quality loss in comparison to watching a replay. VODs are usually accompanied by enthusiastic announcing from the Korean commentators, and the occasional crowd shot.

===StarCraft in space===

On the [[United States]] [[space shuttle]] mission [[STS-96]], occurring in [[May 1999|May]]-[[June 1999]], [[astronaut]] [[Daniel T. Barry]], who enjoys playing StarCraft, brought a copy of the game along with him. [http://www.blizzard.com/starcraft/sis/]

==Notable Players==

===Lim Yohwan (SlayerS_`BoxeR`) (Terran)===

Known to Koreans as the "Terran Emperor", Boxer is definitely the most popular ''Starcraft'' player in Korea, even having a DVD of his best games released. He is also probably the most successful, having won the [[World Cyber Games]] ([http://www.worldcybergames.com WCG]) twice and having won the OnGameNet Starleague (OSL) twice. He came to fame by dominating the professional Starcraft scene as a Terran player at a time when Terran was considered relatively weak, and innovated heavily, most notably making much more effective use of the Terran Dropship unit than had been achieved in the past. Boxer is particularly known for his superb micro (unit control) and his highly creative and original play, and was not so good at the macro (economic management) side of the game, which resulted in a gradual loss of dominance as other players improved at a faster pace. Today, while no longer the top player, Boxer is still going strong (having spent much effort improving his macro), and even made it to the finals of KTF-EVER sponsored OSL of late 2004 (though he lost to Oov 3-2).

One of his famous games is a Terran vs Terran against Chunsang. In that game, Chunsang has seven Battlecruisers, while Boxer has eleven Wraiths and seven Ghosts, a force that would normally fall easily to the Battlecruisers. However, Boxer drops off the Ghosts on a ledge and proceeds to lockdown all seven Battlecruisers in the span of one second. He then cleans up the helpless Battlecruisers with his Wraiths. Boxer's losses: one or two Ghosts. Chunsang's losses: 2800 minerals and 2100 gas within twenty seconds.

===Guillaume Patry (X'Ds-Grrrr...) (Protoss)===
Canadian player Grrrr... was easily the number one player in the world for some time in the era before professional gaming fully took off in Korea, and played successfully in Korea for some time (including winning an OSL) before fading from the scene as new players surpassed his skill.

===Kim Dong-Soo (Garimto) (Protoss)===

The only other player to win the OSL twice, Garimto was notable for succeeding even during Boxer's height of dominance. He also innovated heavily with Protoss build-orders, making frequent use of "hidden" tech buildings and other tricks. Garimto had to quit SC in order to do his Korean military service, but now occasionally acts as a commentator for games.

===Hong Jinho ([N.C]...Yellow) (Zerg)===

The most successful Zerg player over the long term, Yellow, the "Storm Zerg", is known for his aggressive play, and for his rivalry with Boxer (who is usually on the winning end, at least when it comes to important finals). He also seems to suffer from a certain degree of angst due to continued strong showings combined with failure to win one of the major leagues.

===Park Jung Suk ([Oops]Reach) (Protoss)===

Reach, the "Standard Protoss" (or "Hero Protoss") is the Protoss player who has been most consistent in the long term, beating Boxer in an OSL final near the height of his dominance, and generally placing well in tournaments. As his nickname suggests, he is generally known for his standard/solid/safe style of play, with strong macro and use of Psi Storm, although he has been leaning away from this slightly in recent times due to changes in the playing style of the other races.

===Lee Yunyeol ([Red]NaDa) (Terran)===

The "Tornado Terran", Nada succeeded Boxer as the number one ranked player. Nada also achieved the highest peak ''[http://www.e-sports.or.kr KeSPA]'' rank ever (estimated, as the ranking system was rescaled at one point). He is known for having incredible macro, with the ability to rapidly conjure up a large tank army seemingly from nowhere. His focus in gameplay tends to be more defensive in the early game, concentrating on building up a large force while skillfully harassing the opponent, rather than directly attacking them, with a massive strike being launched at precisely the right time.

===Choi Yeon Sung (IloveOOv) (Terran)===

The current number one ranked player (succeeding Nada), Oov's macro is even better than Nada's, leading to him being jokingly known as the "Cheater Terran" in Korea. He is also somewhat more aggressive than Nada and seems to have a more varied playstyle, and possibly a somewhat better strategic grasp of the game, which may account for his greater current success. Oov has won the MBCGame Starleague (MSL) three times in succession, an amazing feat, and in November 2004 finally won the OSL, cementing his place as the current strongest player of the game (as of late 2004).

===Other Notable Players===

Zerg:

Gorush 
Julyzerg 
Chojja 
H.O.T.-Forever 

Protoss:

Nal_Ra 
Kingdom 
Zeus 
IntotheRain 

Terran:

The Marine 
Xellos 
Silent_Control 
Sync

==Story==

{{spoiler}}

===The coming of the Zerg and Protoss===

In the beginning you discover that it is the year [[2499]]. A [[Terran (StarCraft)|Terran]] outpost on the edge of known space, named [[Chau Sara]], is attacked by a technologically-advanced race known as the [[Protoss]]. The [[Terran Confederacy]] fears that [[Mar Sara]] is next and scrambles their defenses. At the same time, an insectoid alien race known as the [[Zerg]] slowly begin to spread across the surface of Mar Sara.

===Downfall of the Confederacy===

A small group of troops is sent to seek out a local Marshall, named [[Jim Raynor]], to help relocate the colonists. Raynor despises the Confederacy, and after destroying an infested installation to save a colony he is sent to prison. However, [[Arcturus Mengsk]], who leads the Rebel group [[Sons of Korhal]], frees him. They evacuate the planet and flee to the Second Moon of [[Antiga Prime]], where a group of people are ready to rebel against the Confederacy. While they're on the planet they meet up with [[Sarah Kerrigan]], Mengsk's second-in-command. Later, the ship [[Norad II]], flagship of Confederate general [[Edmund Duke]], is shot down by the Zerg. They rescue the ship and convince him to join the Sons of Korhal. He helps them bring down the Confederate homeworld of [[Tarsonis]] and to defeat the Protoss in battle. To get rid of the Confederacy once and for all they plant a [[psi-emitter]] on the planet, a device capable of attracting the Zerg. The Zerg bear down on the planet and destroy the Confederacy. Mengsk then unites the Terrans and forms the [[Terran Dominion]], crowning himself as Emperor. However, Mengsk abandons Kerrigan, leaving her behind to the Zerg. In response, Raynor breaks away from the Sons of Korhal.

===Rise of a New Power===

Meanwhile, the [[Zerg Overmind]] is protecting a "new creation," which you soon learn is to be born from an egg. The Zerg travel to the planet [[Char (Starcraft)|Char]] and protect the egg. When it hatches an infested form of Kerrigan emerges, now working to serve the Zerg. Kerrigan soon discovers that the Protoss are on Char. [[Tassadar]] is leading these forces, and Kerrigan challenges him to a fight. However, Tassadar summons an illusion, which serves as a distraction so that the Protoss can flaunt their new weapon, the [[Dark Templar]], capable of killing [[Zerg Cerebrate]]s. The Dark Templar [[Zeratul]] kills [[Zasz]], but when Zasz is killed the Overmind learns the secrets of the Protoss, including the location of the homeworld of the Protoss, [[Aiur]]. The Zerg then travel to Aiur to obtain a [[Khaydarin Crystal]]. They set this upon the ground of a [[Xel'Naga]] temple. The Overmind is then able to manifest itself upon this ground, establishing Zerg dominance of Aiur.

===Betrayal of the Conclave===

Meanwhile, the Protoss known as [[Fenix]] flees to the colony of Antioch to defend against a Zerg attack. While there you quickly discover that Tassadar has deserted the [[Protoss Conclave]]. He was drawn to Char by Kerrigan's psionic signature, and there met Zeratul, one of the banished Dark Templar. Tassadar says that Zeratul told him that killing Cerebrates is the key to bringing down the Zerg. After they slay the Cerebrate is it immediately reincarnated. Tassadar quickly notes that the only way to kill a Zerg Cerebrate is to use Dark Templar. Fenix then leads an attack against the Zerg and is nearly killed. His crippled body is recovered and placed in a Dragoon exoskeleton so that he may fight again. The Conclave, led by [[Aldaris]], then begins to track down Tassadar and arrest him for his treason. Apparently the treason was not being right about the Cerebrate, which was reincarnated. When they find Tassadar it is found that he has aligned with the Terran Jim Raynor. Tassadar says that he will submit himself once he proves that the Dark Templar indeed can bring down the Cerebrates. The Conclave agrees and Tassadar seeks out Zeratul. He is found with a group of Dark Templar. Fenix soon sides with Tassadar and Zeratul. However, it is soon discovered that the Conclave has betrayed them, and they take out a key Conclave base. However, Tassadar cannot bear the Protoss fighting each other and submits himself to the Conclave. Raynor and Fenix then team up and free Tassadar. Zeratul moves in and eliminates two cerebrates guarding the Overmind so that they may stage their final assault.

===Assault on the Overmind===

In a final climactic battle, Raynor and his forces, Fenix, Tassadar, and Zeratul team up to defeat the Overmind. Also, in a suprising move, Aldaris apologises for his actions against Tassadar. An immense battle takes place, and finally, in the end, Tassadar realizes that he must sacrifice himself. He takes his personal Carrier, the [[Gantrithor]], channels Dark Templar energy through it, and rams it into the Overmind. The Overmind is killed, but Tassadar is taken with it.

But the threat does not die with the Overmind, for another is poised to take this opportunity to come to power themselves...

==External links==

===Official sites===
* [http://www.blizzard.com/starcraft/ StarCraft homepage at Blizzard Entertainment]
* [http://www.battle.net/scc/ Battle.net StarCraft Compendium]

===General===
* [http://www.teamliquid.net/ Team Liquid]
* [http://www.starcraftgamers.com/ StarcraftGamers]
* [http://www.sclegacy.com/ StarCraft Legacy]
* [http://www.bwchart.com/ BWChart tools]
* [http://www.cwal.net/ Operation CWAL]

===Competitive Ladders===
* [http://www.wgtour.com/ WGTour]
* [http://www.pgtour.net/ PGTour]
* [http://www.neogamei.net/ Neogamei]

===Strategies===
* [http://hautamaki.isgsa.org/ Hautamaki's Starcraft Shrine] (Protoss focused)
* [http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~j-rad/starcraft/index.html Starcraft Guide]
* [http://starcraft.strategy-gaming.com/ StarCraft University]

===Customs/Campaigns===
* [http://www.smempire.org/ Sovereign Modding Empire]
* [http://www.campaigncreations.org/ Campaign Creations]
* [http://www.staredit.net/ StarCraft Map Maker Site]
* [http://www.samods.org/ The Star Alliance Mods]

===News===
*[http://www.geartest.com/sections/games/professional_gamer.html ''Life as a Professional Gamer'' - Interview & profile of professional StarCraft gamer Guillaume Patry (Grrrr_ca)]

{{Blizzard}}
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Dream

2004-12-02T20:20:16Z

24.11.21.192: /* History */

'''Dreaming''' is the subjective experience of imaginary images, sounds/voices, thoughts or sensations during [[sleep]], usually involuntarily. Dreaming is associated with [[rapid eye movement]] (REM) sleep, a lighter form of sleep that occurs during the later portion of the sleep cycle, characterized by rapid horizontal eye movements, stimulation of the [[pons]], increased respiratory and heart rate, and temporary paralysis of the body. It can also occur in other phases of sleep, though this is less common. [[Hypnogogia]], which occurs spontaneously during the approach to deep sleep, is thought to be related to dreaming.

Dreams are a language of imagery. This imagery ranges from the normal to the surreal; in fact, dreams often provoke artistic and other forms of inspiration. Forms of dream include the frightening or upsetting [[nightmare]] and erotic dreams with [[sex]]ual [[image]]s and [[nocturnal emission]].

Most scientists believe that dreams occur in all humans with about equal frequency per amount of sleep. Therefore, if individuals feel that they did not dream or that they only had one dream in any given night, it is because their memory of the dream has faded. This "memory erasure" aspect of the dream state is mostly found when a person naturally awakes via a smooth transition from REM sleep through delta sleep to the awake state. If a person is awoken directly from REM sleep (e.g. by an alarm clock), they are much more likely remember the dream from that REM cycle (although it's most likely that not all dreams will be remembered because they occur in REM cycles, which are interrupted by periods of delta sleep which in turn have a tendency to cause the memory of previous dreams to fade.)

True dreaming has only been positively confirmed in ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', but many believe that dreaming occurs in other animals as well. Animals certainly undergo REM sleep, but their subjective experience is difficult to determine. The animal with the longest average periods of REM sleep is the [[armadillo]]. It would appear that mammals are the only, or at least most frequent, dreamers in nature, which is perhaps related to their sleep patterns.

== History ==

Dreams have always been featured prominently in [[literature]]; for example, the [[bible|biblical]] book of [[Genesis]] features [[Joseph]] interpreting the dreams of members of the Egyptian court.

Many historical figures were reputed to have been influenced by their dreams. Some believed that a [[god]] was speaking to them through dreams. (Joseph, for example, is given this view.)



A quite interesting example of dreaming in history would be the dream [[Abraham Lincoln]] had shortly before he was [[assassinated]].
Three days prior to his assassination, Abraham Lincoln related the dream he had to his wife and a few friends. According to Ward Hill Lamon, one of the friends who was present for the conversation, the President said:
"About ten days ago, I retired very late. I had been up waiting for important dispatches from the front. I could not have been long in bed when I fell into a slumber, for I was weary. I soon began to dream. There seemed to be a death-like stillness about me. Then I heard subdued sobs, as if a number of people were weeping. I thought I left my bed and wandered downstairs. There the silence was broken by the same pitiful sobbing, but the mourners were invisible. I went from room to room; no living person was in sight, but the same mournful sounds of distress met me as I passed along. I saw light in all the rooms; every object was familiar to me; but where were all the people who were grieving as if their hearts would break? I was puzzled and alarmed. What could be the meaning of all this? Determined to find the cause of a state of things so mysterious and so shocking, I kept on until I arrived at the East Room, which I entered. There I met with a sickening surprise. Before me was a catafalque, on which rested a corpse wrapped in funeral vestments. Around it were stationed soldiers who were acting as guards; and there was a throng of people, gazing mournfully upon the corpse, whose face was covered, others weeping pitifully. 'Who is dead in the White House?' I demanded of one of the soldiers, 'The President,' was his answer; 'he was killed by an assassin.' Then came a loud burst of grief from the crowd, which woke me from my dream. I slept no more that night; and although it was only a dream, I have been strangely annoyed by it ever since."

Lincoln was, of course, assassinated by [[John Wilkes Booth]], those three days after.

== Psychology of dreams ==

Dreams are, according to some [[psychology|psychologists]] (most famously, [[Sigmund Freud]]), rich in [[symbol]]ism and offer a window into the [[Unconscious mind|unconscious mind]]. [[Interpretation of dreams]] is a regular part of [[psychoanalysis]]. It is said that one may control the course and content of dreams by a technique called [[lucid dreaming]]. However, this could distract one from the dream-matter provided by the [[unconscious mind]].

Most mainstream academic psychologists do not believe that dreams have a coherent meaning. [[Carl Jung]]'s view of dreams was more precise than this: that dreams have meanings, but their meanings are idiosyncratic, complicated, and not susceptible to more than vague, uncertain, and sometimes superficial interpretations. In particular, interpretation needs to be based on the thoughts of the individual dreamer, and not on any formula.

The art of interpreting dreams from a proto-psychological point of view is known as oneirocriticism. The usage of this now obsolete word occurs at the conclusion of Sir [[Thomas Browne]]'s [[1658]] Discourse [[The Garden of Cyrus]]:

:''Besides Hippocrates hath spoken so little, and the Oneirocritical Masters have left such frigid interpretations from plants that there is little encouragement to dream of Paradise itself.''

== Neurology of dreams ==

There are two competing theories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'' states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as sensory input, producing the vivid hallucinations we know as dreams. Sensory-based input interpretation is in turn based on past experience. Perhaps this is the reason why our dreams contain many characters and scenes from our regular lives. For some people, there are dreams that recur again and again over many years, sometimes with new additions from new experiences during the waken-up life.
However, research by Mark Solms seems to suggest that dreams are generated in the forebrain, and that REM sleep and dreaming are two different brain systems. The debate between these two theories is ongoing.

== Supernatural interpretation of dreams ==

[[Oneiromancy]] is the art of [[divination]] by [[Dream interpretation|interpreting dreams]].

==Lucid dreaming==
{{cleanup}}

Lucid dreaming researchers often define lucid dreaming as simply "being aware in a dream that one is dreaming". Many others define a lucid dream as a dream in which the dreamer has full awareness that the situation he is in is a construct of his mind, and thus can analyse the situation logically and react accordingly. Such full awareness adds numerous extra abilities to the dreamer. The dreamer usually has control of the direction of the dream and can thus explore the dream world. This control is particularly helpful during nightmares, when the dream self can turn round and face the attacker to confront or destroy it. When lucid, the dreamer usually has direct control of the dream environment, and hence can do things impossible in real life, such as making new objects appear, polymorphing, or flying. Lucid dreams can occur spontaneously, especially during youth, but for lucid dreams to occur more frequently, dedication and practice is almost always necessary.

Lucid dreams can be categorized into DILDs (Dream-Initiated Lucid Dreams) and WILDs (Wake-Initiated Lucid Dreams). DILDs start as non-lucid dreams, but at some point in the dream the dreamer realizes they're dreaming. In a WILD, conscious logic and reasoning is preserved while the dreamer transitions from waking to dreaming, and the dreamer is lucid from the beginning of the dream. These uses of "WILD" and "DILD" have mostly fallen into disuse (or rather they mostly never came into use), though "WILD" is often used to refer to any technique in general that happens to induce a wake-initiated lucid dream, by moving directly from conscious wakefulness to conscious dreaming.

''Lucid dreamers'' are those who practise lucid dreaming frequently for personal or spiritual gain. They usually induce lucid dreams through the use of one of many induction techniques. A common technique, known as MILD (Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams) and developed by [[Stephen LaBerge]], consists of remembering to recognize that they are dreaming the next time they have a dream.

See the [[lucid dreaming]] article for a more in-depth look at the subject.

==Minority views==
An extreme minority of individuals and cultures believe dreams to be real and waking life not to be, and there is some gradation of views between this and the common position.

==Other meanings==

A dream is also a long-term [[hope]], e.g. in ''[[I have a dream]]''. It often has a positive [[connotation]] and is associated with achievement.

The term "dreamer" is used to [[ridicule]] someone who has hopes for something unlikely, or mistakenly believes something. This usage is especially associated with the term "pipe dream", which literally refers to a fantasy induced by [[opium]].

''"Dreaming"'' is also a song; see [[Fresh Cream]], and there is an unrelated song entitled "Dreaming" by [[Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark]].
* "Dream On" by [[Aerosmith]]

''[[The Dream]]'' is a sports comedy talk show presented by [[Roy and HG]] during the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].

[[Dreamtime (mythology)|The Dreaming]] or [[Dreamtime (mythology)|Dreamtime]] is an Australian Aboriginal [[creation belief]].

''Dream'', as a [[anthropomorphism|personification]], is the main character of the [[The Sandman (DC Comics Modern Age)|Sandman]] comic book series.

== Books on Dreams ==
* [[Stephen LaBerge]] ''Lucid Dreaming''
* [[Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche]] ''The Tibetan Yogas of Dream and Sleep'' Snow Lion Publications, [[Ithaca, New York]] ([[1998]]).

==See also==
* [[Hallucination]]
* [[Dream art]]

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.petrix.com/dreams/ Dreams Dictionary (The Meaning of Dreams)]
* [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/5569228/site/newsweek/ Newsweek Article exploring dreams]
* [http://samvak.tripod.com/dream.html Psychological and biological aspects of dreaming]
* [http://www.dreamgate.com/dream/resources/online_a.htm DreamGate] offers an exhaustive list of dream related sites
* [http://wave.customer.netspace.net.au/hf2004/htm/dreams.htm The Interpretation of Dreams (alternative ideas)]


[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Dreaming]]
[[Category:Personal life]]



[[ca:Somni]]
[[de:Traum]]
[[fr:Rêve]]
[[he:חלום]]
[[it:Sogno]]
[[ja:夢]]
[[fi:Uni]]
[[sv:Dröm]]

Dream

2004-12-02T20:19:53Z

24.11.21.192: /* Psychology of dreams */

'''Dreaming''' is the subjective experience of imaginary images, sounds/voices, thoughts or sensations during [[sleep]], usually involuntarily. Dreaming is associated with [[rapid eye movement]] (REM) sleep, a lighter form of sleep that occurs during the later portion of the sleep cycle, characterized by rapid horizontal eye movements, stimulation of the [[pons]], increased respiratory and heart rate, and temporary paralysis of the body. It can also occur in other phases of sleep, though this is less common. [[Hypnogogia]], which occurs spontaneously during the approach to deep sleep, is thought to be related to dreaming.

Dreams are a language of imagery. This imagery ranges from the normal to the surreal; in fact, dreams often provoke artistic and other forms of inspiration. Forms of dream include the frightening or upsetting [[nightmare]] and erotic dreams with [[sex]]ual [[image]]s and [[nocturnal emission]].

Most scientists believe that dreams occur in all humans with about equal frequency per amount of sleep. Therefore, if individuals feel that they did not dream or that they only had one dream in any given night, it is because their memory of the dream has faded. This "memory erasure" aspect of the dream state is mostly found when a person naturally awakes via a smooth transition from REM sleep through delta sleep to the awake state. If a person is awoken directly from REM sleep (e.g. by an alarm clock), they are much more likely remember the dream from that REM cycle (although it's most likely that not all dreams will be remembered because they occur in REM cycles, which are interrupted by periods of delta sleep which in turn have a tendency to cause the memory of previous dreams to fade.)

True dreaming has only been positively confirmed in ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', but many believe that dreaming occurs in other animals as well. Animals certainly undergo REM sleep, but their subjective experience is difficult to determine. The animal with the longest average periods of REM sleep is the [[armadillo]]. It would appear that mammals are the only, or at least most frequent, dreamers in nature, which is perhaps related to their sleep patterns.

== History ==

Dreams have always been featured prominently in [[literature]]; for example, the [[bible|biblical]] book of [[Genesis]] features [[Joseph]] interpreting the dreams of members of the Egyptian court.

Many historical figures were reputed to have been influenced by their dreams. Some believed that a [[god]] was speaking to them through dreams. (Joseph, for example, is given this view.)



== Psychology of dreams ==

Dreams are, according to some [[psychology|psychologists]] (most famously, [[Sigmund Freud]]), rich in [[symbol]]ism and offer a window into the [[Unconscious mind|unconscious mind]]. [[Interpretation of dreams]] is a regular part of [[psychoanalysis]]. It is said that one may control the course and content of dreams by a technique called [[lucid dreaming]]. However, this could distract one from the dream-matter provided by the [[unconscious mind]].

Most mainstream academic psychologists do not believe that dreams have a coherent meaning. [[Carl Jung]]'s view of dreams was more precise than this: that dreams have meanings, but their meanings are idiosyncratic, complicated, and not susceptible to more than vague, uncertain, and sometimes superficial interpretations. In particular, interpretation needs to be based on the thoughts of the individual dreamer, and not on any formula.

The art of interpreting dreams from a proto-psychological point of view is known as oneirocriticism. The usage of this now obsolete word occurs at the conclusion of Sir [[Thomas Browne]]'s [[1658]] Discourse [[The Garden of Cyrus]]:

:''Besides Hippocrates hath spoken so little, and the Oneirocritical Masters have left such frigid interpretations from plants that there is little encouragement to dream of Paradise itself.''

== Neurology of dreams ==

There are two competing theories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'' states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as sensory input, producing the vivid hallucinations we know as dreams. Sensory-based input interpretation is in turn based on past experience. Perhaps this is the reason why our dreams contain many characters and scenes from our regular lives. For some people, there are dreams that recur again and again over many years, sometimes with new additions from new experiences during the waken-up life.
However, research by Mark Solms seems to suggest that dreams are generated in the forebrain, and that REM sleep and dreaming are two different brain systems. The debate between these two theories is ongoing.

== Supernatural interpretation of dreams ==

[[Oneiromancy]] is the art of [[divination]] by [[Dream interpretation|interpreting dreams]].

==Lucid dreaming==
{{cleanup}}

Lucid dreaming researchers often define lucid dreaming as simply "being aware in a dream that one is dreaming". Many others define a lucid dream as a dream in which the dreamer has full awareness that the situation he is in is a construct of his mind, and thus can analyse the situation logically and react accordingly. Such full awareness adds numerous extra abilities to the dreamer. The dreamer usually has control of the direction of the dream and can thus explore the dream world. This control is particularly helpful during nightmares, when the dream self can turn round and face the attacker to confront or destroy it. When lucid, the dreamer usually has direct control of the dream environment, and hence can do things impossible in real life, such as making new objects appear, polymorphing, or flying. Lucid dreams can occur spontaneously, especially during youth, but for lucid dreams to occur more frequently, dedication and practice is almost always necessary.

Lucid dreams can be categorized into DILDs (Dream-Initiated Lucid Dreams) and WILDs (Wake-Initiated Lucid Dreams). DILDs start as non-lucid dreams, but at some point in the dream the dreamer realizes they're dreaming. In a WILD, conscious logic and reasoning is preserved while the dreamer transitions from waking to dreaming, and the dreamer is lucid from the beginning of the dream. These uses of "WILD" and "DILD" have mostly fallen into disuse (or rather they mostly never came into use), though "WILD" is often used to refer to any technique in general that happens to induce a wake-initiated lucid dream, by moving directly from conscious wakefulness to conscious dreaming.

''Lucid dreamers'' are those who practise lucid dreaming frequently for personal or spiritual gain. They usually induce lucid dreams through the use of one of many induction techniques. A common technique, known as MILD (Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams) and developed by [[Stephen LaBerge]], consists of remembering to recognize that they are dreaming the next time they have a dream.

See the [[lucid dreaming]] article for a more in-depth look at the subject.

==Minority views==
An extreme minority of individuals and cultures believe dreams to be real and waking life not to be, and there is some gradation of views between this and the common position.

==Other meanings==

A dream is also a long-term [[hope]], e.g. in ''[[I have a dream]]''. It often has a positive [[connotation]] and is associated with achievement.

The term "dreamer" is used to [[ridicule]] someone who has hopes for something unlikely, or mistakenly believes something. This usage is especially associated with the term "pipe dream", which literally refers to a fantasy induced by [[opium]].

''"Dreaming"'' is also a song; see [[Fresh Cream]], and there is an unrelated song entitled "Dreaming" by [[Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark]].
* "Dream On" by [[Aerosmith]]

''[[The Dream]]'' is a sports comedy talk show presented by [[Roy and HG]] during the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].

[[Dreamtime (mythology)|The Dreaming]] or [[Dreamtime (mythology)|Dreamtime]] is an Australian Aboriginal [[creation belief]].

''Dream'', as a [[anthropomorphism|personification]], is the main character of the [[The Sandman (DC Comics Modern Age)|Sandman]] comic book series.

== Books on Dreams ==
* [[Stephen LaBerge]] ''Lucid Dreaming''
* [[Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche]] ''The Tibetan Yogas of Dream and Sleep'' Snow Lion Publications, [[Ithaca, New York]] ([[1998]]).

==See also==
* [[Hallucination]]
* [[Dream art]]

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.petrix.com/dreams/ Dreams Dictionary (The Meaning of Dreams)]
* [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/5569228/site/newsweek/ Newsweek Article exploring dreams]
* [http://samvak.tripod.com/dream.html Psychological and biological aspects of dreaming]
* [http://www.dreamgate.com/dream/resources/online_a.htm DreamGate] offers an exhaustive list of dream related sites
* [http://wave.customer.netspace.net.au/hf2004/htm/dreams.htm The Interpretation of Dreams (alternative ideas)]


[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Dreaming]]
[[Category:Personal life]]



[[ca:Somni]]
[[de:Traum]]
[[fr:Rêve]]
[[he:חלום]]
[[it:Sogno]]
[[ja:夢]]
[[fi:Uni]]
[[sv:Dröm]]

Dream

2004-12-02T20:18:18Z

24.11.21.192: /* Psychology of dreams */

'''Dreaming''' is the subjective experience of imaginary images, sounds/voices, thoughts or sensations during [[sleep]], usually involuntarily. Dreaming is associated with [[rapid eye movement]] (REM) sleep, a lighter form of sleep that occurs during the later portion of the sleep cycle, characterized by rapid horizontal eye movements, stimulation of the [[pons]], increased respiratory and heart rate, and temporary paralysis of the body. It can also occur in other phases of sleep, though this is less common. [[Hypnogogia]], which occurs spontaneously during the approach to deep sleep, is thought to be related to dreaming.

Dreams are a language of imagery. This imagery ranges from the normal to the surreal; in fact, dreams often provoke artistic and other forms of inspiration. Forms of dream include the frightening or upsetting [[nightmare]] and erotic dreams with [[sex]]ual [[image]]s and [[nocturnal emission]].

Most scientists believe that dreams occur in all humans with about equal frequency per amount of sleep. Therefore, if individuals feel that they did not dream or that they only had one dream in any given night, it is because their memory of the dream has faded. This "memory erasure" aspect of the dream state is mostly found when a person naturally awakes via a smooth transition from REM sleep through delta sleep to the awake state. If a person is awoken directly from REM sleep (e.g. by an alarm clock), they are much more likely remember the dream from that REM cycle (although it's most likely that not all dreams will be remembered because they occur in REM cycles, which are interrupted by periods of delta sleep which in turn have a tendency to cause the memory of previous dreams to fade.)

True dreaming has only been positively confirmed in ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', but many believe that dreaming occurs in other animals as well. Animals certainly undergo REM sleep, but their subjective experience is difficult to determine. The animal with the longest average periods of REM sleep is the [[armadillo]]. It would appear that mammals are the only, or at least most frequent, dreamers in nature, which is perhaps related to their sleep patterns.

== History ==

Dreams have always been featured prominently in [[literature]]; for example, the [[bible|biblical]] book of [[Genesis]] features [[Joseph]] interpreting the dreams of members of the Egyptian court.

Many historical figures were reputed to have been influenced by their dreams. Some believed that a [[god]] was speaking to them through dreams. (Joseph, for example, is given this view.)



== Psychology of dreams ==

Dreams are, according to some [[psychology|psychologists]] (most famously, [[Sigmund Freud]]), rich in [[symbol]]ism and offer a window into the [[Unconscious mind|unconscious mind]]. [[Interpretation of dreams]] is a regular part of [[psychoanalysis]]. It is said that one may control the course and content of dreams by a technique called [[lucid dreaming]]. However, this could distract one from the dream-matter provided by the [[unconscious mind]].

Most mainstream academic psychologists do not believe that dreams have a coherent meaning. [[Carl Jung]]'s view of dreams was more precise than this: that dreams have meanings, but their meanings are idiosyncratic, complicated, and not susceptible to more than vague, uncertain, and sometimes superficial interpretations. In particular, interpretation needs to be based on the thoughts of the individual dreamer, and not on any formula.

The art of interpreting dreams from a proto-psychological point of view is known as oneirocriticism. The usage of this now obsolete word occurs at the conclusion of Sir [[Thomas Browne]]'s [[1658]] Discourse [[The Garden of Cyrus]]:

:''Besides Hippocrates hath spoken so little, and the Oneirocritical Masters have left such frigid interpretations from plants that there is little encouragement to dream of Paradise itself.''

A quite interesting example of dreaming in history would be the dream [[Abraham Lincoln]] had shortly before he was [[assassinated]].
Three days prior to his assassination, Abraham Lincoln related the dream he had to his wife and a few friends. According to Ward Hill Lamon, one of the friends who was present for the conversation, the President said:
"About ten days ago, I retired very late. I had been up waiting for important dispatches from the front. I could not have been long in bed when I fell into a slumber, for I was weary. I soon began to dream. There seemed to be a death-like stillness about me. Then I heard subdued sobs, as if a number of people were weeping. I thought I left my bed and wandered downstairs. There the silence was broken by the same pitiful sobbing, but the mourners were invisible. I went from room to room; no living person was in sight, but the same mournful sounds of distress met me as I passed along. I saw light in all the rooms; every object was familiar to me; but where were all the people who were grieving as if their hearts would break? I was puzzled and alarmed. What could be the meaning of all this? Determined to find the cause of a state of things so mysterious and so shocking, I kept on until I arrived at the East Room, which I entered. There I met with a sickening surprise. Before me was a catafalque, on which rested a corpse wrapped in funeral vestments. Around it were stationed soldiers who were acting as guards; and there was a throng of people, gazing mournfully upon the corpse, whose face was covered, others weeping pitifully. 'Who is dead in the White House?' I demanded of one of the soldiers, 'The President,' was his answer; 'he was killed by an assassin.' Then came a loud burst of grief from the crowd, which woke me from my dream. I slept no more that night; and although it was only a dream, I have been strangely annoyed by it ever since."

Lincoln was, of course, assassinated by [[John Wilkes Booth]], those three days after.

== Neurology of dreams ==

There are two competing theories as to the neurological cause of the dreaming experience. The state of REM sleep is known to be produced by a brain region known as the pons. The ''activation-synthesis theory'' states that the brain tries to interpret random impulses from the pons as sensory input, producing the vivid hallucinations we know as dreams. Sensory-based input interpretation is in turn based on past experience. Perhaps this is the reason why our dreams contain many characters and scenes from our regular lives. For some people, there are dreams that recur again and again over many years, sometimes with new additions from new experiences during the waken-up life.
However, research by Mark Solms seems to suggest that dreams are generated in the forebrain, and that REM sleep and dreaming are two different brain systems. The debate between these two theories is ongoing.

== Supernatural interpretation of dreams ==

[[Oneiromancy]] is the art of [[divination]] by [[Dream interpretation|interpreting dreams]].

==Lucid dreaming==
{{cleanup}}

Lucid dreaming researchers often define lucid dreaming as simply "being aware in a dream that one is dreaming". Many others define a lucid dream as a dream in which the dreamer has full awareness that the situation he is in is a construct of his mind, and thus can analyse the situation logically and react accordingly. Such full awareness adds numerous extra abilities to the dreamer. The dreamer usually has control of the direction of the dream and can thus explore the dream world. This control is particularly helpful during nightmares, when the dream self can turn round and face the attacker to confront or destroy it. When lucid, the dreamer usually has direct control of the dream environment, and hence can do things impossible in real life, such as making new objects appear, polymorphing, or flying. Lucid dreams can occur spontaneously, especially during youth, but for lucid dreams to occur more frequently, dedication and practice is almost always necessary.

Lucid dreams can be categorized into DILDs (Dream-Initiated Lucid Dreams) and WILDs (Wake-Initiated Lucid Dreams). DILDs start as non-lucid dreams, but at some point in the dream the dreamer realizes they're dreaming. In a WILD, conscious logic and reasoning is preserved while the dreamer transitions from waking to dreaming, and the dreamer is lucid from the beginning of the dream. These uses of "WILD" and "DILD" have mostly fallen into disuse (or rather they mostly never came into use), though "WILD" is often used to refer to any technique in general that happens to induce a wake-initiated lucid dream, by moving directly from conscious wakefulness to conscious dreaming.

''Lucid dreamers'' are those who practise lucid dreaming frequently for personal or spiritual gain. They usually induce lucid dreams through the use of one of many induction techniques. A common technique, known as MILD (Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams) and developed by [[Stephen LaBerge]], consists of remembering to recognize that they are dreaming the next time they have a dream.

See the [[lucid dreaming]] article for a more in-depth look at the subject.

==Minority views==
An extreme minority of individuals and cultures believe dreams to be real and waking life not to be, and there is some gradation of views between this and the common position.

==Other meanings==

A dream is also a long-term [[hope]], e.g. in ''[[I have a dream]]''. It often has a positive [[connotation]] and is associated with achievement.

The term "dreamer" is used to [[ridicule]] someone who has hopes for something unlikely, or mistakenly believes something. This usage is especially associated with the term "pipe dream", which literally refers to a fantasy induced by [[opium]].

''"Dreaming"'' is also a song; see [[Fresh Cream]], and there is an unrelated song entitled "Dreaming" by [[Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark]].
* "Dream On" by [[Aerosmith]]

''[[The Dream]]'' is a sports comedy talk show presented by [[Roy and HG]] during the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].

[[Dreamtime (mythology)|The Dreaming]] or [[Dreamtime (mythology)|Dreamtime]] is an Australian Aboriginal [[creation belief]].

''Dream'', as a [[anthropomorphism|personification]], is the main character of the [[The Sandman (DC Comics Modern Age)|Sandman]] comic book series.

== Books on Dreams ==
* [[Stephen LaBerge]] ''Lucid Dreaming''
* [[Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche]] ''The Tibetan Yogas of Dream and Sleep'' Snow Lion Publications, [[Ithaca, New York]] ([[1998]]).

==See also==
* [[Hallucination]]
* [[Dream art]]

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.petrix.com/dreams/ Dreams Dictionary (The Meaning of Dreams)]
* [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/5569228/site/newsweek/ Newsweek Article exploring dreams]
* [http://samvak.tripod.com/dream.html Psychological and biological aspects of dreaming]
* [http://www.dreamgate.com/dream/resources/online_a.htm DreamGate] offers an exhaustive list of dream related sites
* [http://wave.customer.netspace.net.au/hf2004/htm/dreams.htm The Interpretation of Dreams (alternative ideas)]


[[Category:Sleep]]
[[Category:Dreaming]]
[[Category:Personal life]]



[[ca:Somni]]
[[de:Traum]]
[[fr:Rêve]]
[[he:חלום]]
[[it:Sogno]]
[[ja:夢]]
[[fi:Uni]]
[[sv:Dröm]]