Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

The Taste of Tea

2011-03-08T15:25:30Z

62.101.100.5: /* Synopsis */

{{Infobox film
|name = The Taste of Tea (茶の味 Cha no Aji)
|image = The Taste of Tea.jpg
|caption = ''The Taste of Tea'' poster
|director = [[Katsuhito Ishii]]
|producer = [[Kazuto Takida]] [[Kazutoshi Wadakura]]
|writer = [[Katsuhito Ishii]]
|starring = [[Tadanobu Asano]] [[Takahiro Sato]] [[Maya Banno]] [[Satomi Tezuka]] [[Tomokazu Miura]] [[Tatsuya Gashuin]] [[Anna Tsuchiya]] [[Rinko Kikuchi]]
|music = [[Little Tempo]]
|cinematography = [[Kosuke Matushima]]
|editing = [[Katsuhito Ishii]]
|distributor = [[Grasshoppa]] (Japan) [[Viz Media]] (USA)
|released = July 17, 2004
|runtime = 143 min.
|country = [[Japan]]
|language = [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
|budget =
}}
{{nihongo|'''''The Taste of Tea'''''|茶の味|Cha no Aji}} is the third film by [[Cinema of Japan|Japanese]] writer and director [[Katsuhito Ishii]]. The film has been referred to as a "[[surrealism|surreal]]" version of [[Ingmar Bergman]]'s ''[[Fanny and Alexander]]''. It was a selection of the [[Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name=midnighteye>{{citeweb|url=http://www.midnighteye.com/interviews/rinko_kikuchi.shtml|title=Midnight Eye interview: Rinko Kikuchi|accessdate=2007-02-14}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The film is concerned with the lives of the Haruno family, who live in rural [[Tochigi Prefecture]], the countryside north of [[Tokyo]]. Nobuo is a [[hypnotherapist]]. He teaches his son, Hajime, [[Go (board game)|Go]]. Hajime becomes an excellent Go player, but he has a rough time with girls and puberty. Yoshiko refuses to be an average housewife, and works on animated film projects at home.
She uses assistance from Grandfather Akira, an eccentric old man who is a former animator and occasional model. Uncle Ayano, a sound engineer and record producer, moves in with the family. He is looking to restart his life again after living in Tokyo for several years. Meanwhile, Yoshiko's daughter Sachiko, believes that she is followed around everywhere by a giant version of herself, and searches for ways to rid herself of it.

==Cast==
*[[Tomokazu Miura]] ... Nobuo Haruno - father
*[[Satomi Tezuka]] ... Yoshiko Haruno - mother
*[[Maya Banno]] ... Sachiko Haruno - daughter
*[[Takahiro Sato]] ... Hajime Haruno - son
*[[Tadanobu Asano]] ... Ayano Haruno - uncle
*[[Tatsuya Gashuin]] ... Akira Todoroki - grandpa
*[[Tomoko Nakajima]] ... Akira Terako
*[[Ikki Todoroki]] ... Himself
*[[Anna Tsuchiya]] ... Aoi Suzuishi
*[[Kenichi Matsuyama]] ... Matsuken/The man in the red shirt

==Awards==
*Audience Award - 2004, [[Entrevues Film Festival]]
*Grand Prix - 2004, Entrevues Film Festival
*Best Feature Film - 2004, [[Hawaii International Film Festival]]
*Best New Actress (Anna Tsuchiya) - 2004, [[Hochi Film Awards]]
*Orient Express Award - 2004, [[Festival de Cine de Sitges]] (Special Mention)
*Audience Award - 2005, [[Dejima Japanese Film Festival]]
*Best Asian Film - 2005, [[Fant-Asia Film Festival]]
*Fantasia Ground-Breaker Award - 2005, Fant-Asia Film Festival (3rd Place)
*Audience Award - 2005, [[New York Asian Film Festival]]
*Best New Actress (Anna Tsuchiya) - 2005 [[Kinema Junpo Awards]]
*New Talent Award (Anna Tsuchiya) - 2005, [[Mainichi Film Award]]
*Festival Prize - 2005, [[Yokohama Film Festival]]

==Reference==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/2004/eb002810.htm|title=茶の味|accessdate=2008-01-05|language=Japanese|publisher=[[Japanese Movie Database]]}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://ttt-movie.com/}}
* [http://www.avistaz.com/movies/2008/the-taste-of-tea-japan-2005.html Review, Poster and Trailer]
* {{imdb title|0413893|The Taste of Tea (茶の味 Cha no Aji)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taste of Tea, The}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Japanese films]]
[[Category:Japanese-language films]]
[[Category:Katsuhito Ishii films]]

{{2000s-Japan-film-stub}}

[[fr:The Taste of Tea]]
[[ko:녹차의 맛]]
[[hu:A tea íze]]
[[ja:茶の味]]

Gianmarco Bellini

2011-02-11T09:47:44Z

62.101.100.5:

'''Gianmarco Bellini''' (Born September 15, 1958 in [[Montagnana]], [[Italy]]), is an [[Aeronautica Militare|Italian Air Force]] officer, who served with [[U.N.]] Coalition forces and was a [[prisoner of war]] during the [[First Gulf War]].

==Career==

He enlisted in the [[Aeronautica Militare|Italian Air Force]] in 1977 and attended the Italian Air Force Academy. He was the redeployed to [[Laughlin Air Force Base]] where he received his wings. Bellini has a degree in [[Political Science]] from the Federico II University in [[Naples]], [[Italy]], and a [[Master's degree]] in "Strategic Study" from the [[Air War College]] at [[Air University (United States)|Air University]], based at [[Maxwell Air Force Base]] in [[Alabama]], [[United States]].

==Overview==

On the eve of the [[Operation Desert Storm]] the Italian government deployed eight [[Panavia Tornado|Tornado]] [[Ground attack aircraft|Fighter-bombers]] on the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]] [[Theater (warfare)|Theatre of Operations]].

On January 16, 1991, coalition forces began concentrated [[air strike]]s on [[Iraqi Republican Guard|Iraqi military]] targets in [[Iraq]] and [[Kuwait]].

On January 18, 1991 an Italian [[Panavia Tornado|Tornado]] piloted by Major Gianmarco Bellini with Captain [[Maurizio Cocciolone]] as his [[flight officer|navigator]] took off as part of a multi national 10 planes squadron. Bellini and Cocciolone were the only members of the squadron able to execute [[in-flight refueling]], while the other 9 aircraft failed and had to abort the mission. The mission profile dictated that the operation could be performed even by a single plane, so Bellini and Cocciolone went on. Their plane was hit by Iraqi [[anti aircraft]] fire and they had to eject. They were captured by the [[Iraqi Republican Guard]], even though their status was unknown at the time.

While Cocciolone was shown on Iraqi [[television]] on January 20, 1991 in a propaganda video, no news of Bellini was given initially, and he was feared to be a casualty. The two were kept separate for the whole time of their captivity. On March 3, 1991 both officers were released by [[Iraq]]. Bellini holds numerous military decorations including the silver Medal for Military Valor for his actions during Desert Storm.

Bellini and Cocciolone were the only Italian [[Prisoners of War]] of the entire war.

Bellini was later appointed commanding officer of the [[Ghedi]] air base.

Now Gianmarco Bellini is married to Gilda Di Domenico.

==External links==
* [http://www.pownetwork.org/gulf/cd024.htm Cocciolone's entry in the Homecoming project]
* {{it}} [http://www.seatejectcolor.com/seat/stories/iraq91/eject.htm Gianmarco Bellini recounts his history]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Bellini, Gianmarco
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1958
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bellini, Gianmarco}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Italian Air Force personnel]]
[[Category:Italian aviators]]
[[Category:Gulf War prisoners of war]]
[[Category:Military personnel of the Gulf War]]
[[Category:Italian prisoners of war]]

[[it:Gianmarco Bellini]]

1990 FIFA World Cup

2010-12-03T15:36:23Z

62.101.100.5: /* Venues */

{{Redirect|Italia 90|the computer game|World Cup Italia '90}}
{{Infobox International Football Competition
| tourney_name = FIFA World Cup
| year = 1990
| other_titles = Italia '90
| image = 1990 Football World Cup logo.svg
| size = 150px
| caption = 1990 FIFA World Cup official logo
| country = Italy
| dates = 8 June – 8 July 1990
| confederations = 5
| num_teams = [[1990 FIFA World Cup qualification#Qualified teams|24]]
| venues = [[1990 FIFA World Cup#Venues|12]]
| cities = 12
| champion = West Germany
| count = 3
| second = Argentina
| third = Italy
| fourth = England
| matches = 52
| goals = 115
| attendance = 2516348
| top_scorer = {{Flag icon|ITA}} [[Salvatore Schillaci]] (6 goals)
| player = {{Flag icon|ITA}} Salvatore Schillaci
| prevseason = [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]]
| nextseason = [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]]
}}
The '''1990 FIFA World Cup''' was the 14th [[FIFA World Cup]], the [[Anniversary#Latin-derived numerical names|quadrennial]] international [[Association football|football]] world championship tournament. It was held from 8 June to 8 July 1990 in [[Italy]], the second country to host the event twice. [[List of men's national association football teams|Teams]] representing 116 national football associations from all six populated continents entered the competition, with its [[1990 FIFA World Cup qualification|qualification process]] beginning in April 1988. Twenty-two teams qualified from this process, along with host nation [[Italy national football team|Italy]] and defending champion [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]], for the finals tournament. The official match ball was the [[Adidas Etrusco Unico]].

The tournament was won by [[Germany national football team|West Germany]], who claimed their third World Cup title by defeating reigning champions Argentina 1–0 in the final, a rematch of the previous final four years earlier. Hosts Italy beat [[England national football team|England]] 2–1 to finish third after both lost their semi-finals in [[Penalty shootout (association football)|penalty shootouts]].

The 1990 World Cup is widely regarded as one of the poorest World Cups ever.<ref name="Italy 1990">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/history/newsid_1632000/1632223.stm|title=Italy 1990|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=17 April 2002}}</ref><ref name="World Cup 1990">{{Cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/story?id=696774|title=World Cup 1990|work=ESPN Soccernet|date=9 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Glanville|first=Brian|title=The Story of the World Cup|publisher=Faber|year=2005|isbn=0-571-22944-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Freddi|first=Cris|title=Complete Book of the World Cup|publisher=HarperSport|year=2006|isbn=978-0007229161}}</ref> It generated a record low goals-per-game average of just 2.21 and a then-record 16 red cards were handed out, including the first ever dismissal in a final.

Despite the low goalscoring, the 1990 World Cup stands as one of the most watched events in television history, garnering an estimated 26.69 billion non-unique viewers, compiled over the course of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/ffprojects/ip-401_06e_tv_2658.pdf |title=World Cup and Television |accessdate=6 June 2007|year=2006|format=PDF|publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> At the time it was the most watched World Cup in history in non-unique viewers, but has subsequently been bettered by the [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]] and [[2002 FIFA World Cup]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/ffprojects/ip-401%5f05a%5ftvstats%5f9299.pdf|title=The FIFA World Cup TV viewing figures|accessdate=31 October 2007|format=PDF|publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref>

Following this World Cup, the [[back-pass rule]] was introduced in 1992 to discourage time-wasting and overly defensive play, and [[three points for a win|wins were awarded three points]] in the group stage of the [[1994 World Cup]] to encourage more aggressive offensive tactics and discourage the [[two points for a win|strategy of playing for a draw]].

==Host selection==
{{Main|FIFA World Cup hosts}}
The vote to choose the hosts of the 1990 tournament was held on 19 May 1984 in [[Zürich]], Switzerland. Here, the FIFA Executive Committee chose Italy ahead of the only rival bid, the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], by 11 votes to 5.<ref name="Hosting">{{Cite news| title = Italy gain vote over Soviet rival | pages = 21 | newspaper = [[The Times]] | location = London | date = 21 May 1984
}}</ref> This awarding made Italy only the second nation to host two World Cup tournaments, after [[Mexico]] had also achieved this with their [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986 staging]]. Italy had previously had the event in [[1934 FIFA World Cup|1934]], where they had won their first championship.

[[Austria]], [[England]], [[France]], [[Greece]], [[West Germany]] and [[Yugoslavia]] also submitted initial applications for the 31 July 1983 deadline.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Sports in brief | pages = 17 | newspaper = [[The Times]] | location = London | date = 3 August 1983
}}</ref> A month later, only England and Greece remained in the hunt with Italy and the Soviet Union after the other contenders all withdrew.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Sports in brief | pages = 20 | newspaper = [[The Times]] | location = London | date = 2 September 1983
}}</ref> All four bids were assessed by FIFA in late 1983, with the final decision overrunning into 1984 due to the volume of paperwork involved.<ref>{{Cite news| title = World Cup formats | pages = 18 | newspaper = [[The Times]] | location = London | date = 12 November 1983
}}</ref> In early 1984, England and Greece also withdrew, leading to a two-horse race in the final vote. The [[1984 Summer Olympics boycott|Soviet boycott of the 1984 Olympic Games]] announced on the eve of the World Cup decision was speculated to have been a major factor behind Italy winning the vote so decisively,<ref>{{Cite news| title = Romania could join the boycott | pages = 30 | newspaper = [[The Times]] | location = London | date = 22 May 1984
}}</ref> although this was dismissed by FIFA President [[João Havelange]].<ref name="Hosting" />

==Qualification==
{{Main|1990 FIFA World Cup qualification}}
[[Image:1990 world cup qualification.png|thumb|305px|{{legend|#000cff|Countries qualified for World Cup}} {{legend|#ffb400|Country failed to qualify}} {{legend|black|Countries that did not enter World Cup}} {{legend|#ababab|Country not a FIFA member}}]]
116 teams entered the 1990 World Cup, with 114 being required to qualify (due to rejected entries and withdrawals, 103 teams eventually participated in the qualifying stages). Italy as host nation and Argentina as reigning World Cup champions were granted automatic qualification, with the remaining 22 finals places divided among the continental confederations.

Thirteen places were contested by [[UEFA]] teams (Europe), three by [[CONMEBOL]] teams (South America), two by [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] teams (Africa), two by [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] teams (Asia), and two by [[CONCACAF]] teams (North and Central America and Caribbean). The remaining place was decided by a play-off between CONMEBOL and [[Oceania Football Confederation|OFC]] (Oceania).

Both [[Mexico national football team|Mexico]] and [[Chile national football team|Chile]] were disqualified during the qualification process; the former for fielding an overage player in a prior youth tournament, the latter after goalkeeper [[Roberto Rojas]] faked injury from a firework thrown from the stands, which caused the match to be abandoned. Chile were also banned from the [[1994 FIFA World Cup qualification|1994 qualifiers]] for this offence.

Three teams qualified for the first time: [[Costa Rica national football team|Costa Rica]], the [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Republic of Ireland]] and the [[United Arab Emirates national football team|United Arab Emirates]].

Returning after long absences were Egypt, who qualified for the first time since 1934; the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]], who competed for the first time since 1950, Colombia who appeared for the first time since 1962; and Romania, who last appeared at the Finals in 1970.

Among the teams who failed to qualify were Hungary, France, Poland, and Portugal.

==Venues==
Twelve stadia were selected to host the World Cup matches in twelve different cities. The [[Stadio San Nicola]] in [[Bari]] and [[Turin]]'s [[Stadio delle Alpi]] were completely new venues opened for the World Cup.

The remaining ten venues all underwent extensive programmes of improvements in preparation for the tournament, forcing many of the club tenants of the stadia to move to temporary homes. Additional seating and roofs were added to most stadia, with further redevelopments seeing running tracks removed and new pitches laid. Due to structural constraints, several of the existing stadia had to be virtually rebuilt in order to implement the changes required.

Most of the works cost in excess of their original estimates, and total costs ended up being over £550 million (approximately $935 million). Rome's [[Stadio Olimpico]] which would host the final was the most expensive project overall, while Udine's [[Stadio Friuli]], the newest of the existing stadia (opened 14 years prior), cost the least to redevelop.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Rome]]
! [[Milan]]
! [[Naples]]
! [[Turin]]
|-
| [[Stadio Olimpico]]
| [[San Siro]]
| [[Stadio San Paolo]]
| [[Stadio delle Alpi]]
|-
|{{Coord|41|56|1.99|N|12|27|17.23|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Stadio Olimpico}}
|{{Coord|45|28|40.89|N|9|7|27.14|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=San Siro}}
|{{Coord|40|49|40.68|N|14|11|34.83|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Stadio San Paolo}}
|{{Coord|45|06|34.42|N|7|38|28.54|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Stadio delle Alpi}}
|-
| Capacity: '''72,698'''
| Capacity: '''85,700'''
| Capacity: '''74,000'''
| Capacity: '''68,000'''
|-
| [[File:Stadio Olimpico in Rome.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:S.Siro esterno.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:SanPaolo.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:Stadio delle Alpi 2.JPG|200px]]
|-
! [[Bari]]
! rowspan=10 colspan=2 |
{{location map start|Italy|float=none|width=400}}
{{location map marker|Italy|lat=41.933886|long=12.454786|label='''[[Rome]]'''}}
{{location map marker|Italy|lat=45.478025|long=9.124206|label='''[[Milan]]'''}}
{{location map marker|Italy|lat=40.827967|long=14.193008|label='''[[Naples]]'''}}
{{location map marker|Italy|lat=45.109561|long=7.641261|label='''[[Turin]]'''}}
{{location map marker|Italy|lat=41.084736|long=16.840072|label='''[[Bari]]'''}}
{{location map marker|Italy|lat=45.435356|long=10.968647|label='''[[Verona]]'''}}
{{location map marker|Italy|lat=43.780822|long=11.282258|label='''[[Florence]]'''}}
{{location map marker|Italy|lat=39.199394|long=9.134953|label='''[[Cagliari]]'''}}
{{location map marker|Italy|lat=44.492314|long=11.309667|label='''[[Bologna]]'''}}
{{location map marker|Italy|lat=46.081603|long=13.200136|label='''[[Udine]]'''}}
{{location map marker|Italy|lat=38.152767|long=13.342275|label='''[[Palermo]]'''}}
{{location map marker|Italy|lat=44.416431|long=8.952428|label='''[[Genoa]]'''}}
! [[Verona]]
|-
| [[Stadio San Nicola]]
| [[Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi]]
|-
|{{Coord|41|5|5.05|N|16|50|24.26|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Stadio San Nicola}}
|{{Coord|45|26|7.28|N|10|58|7.13|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi}}
|-
| Capacity: '''56,000'''
| Capacity: '''42,000'''
|-
| [[File:StadioSanNicola.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:Interno dello Stadio Bentegodi di Verona 2.jpg|200px]]
|-
! [[Florence]]
! [[Cagliari]]
|-
| [[Stadio Artemio Franchi]]
| [[Stadio Sant'Elia]]
|-
|{{Coord|43|46|50.96|N|11|16|56.13|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Stadio Artemio Franchi}}
|{{Coord|39|11|57.82|N|9|8|5.83|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Stadio Sant'Elia}}
|-
| Capacity: '''41,000'''
| Capacity: '''40,000'''
|-
| [[File:Soccer in Florence, Italy, 2007.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:Stadio Sant'Elia -Cagliari -Italy-23Oct2008.jpg|200px]]
|-
! [[Bologna]]
! [[Udine]]
! [[Palermo]]
! [[Genoa]]
|-
| [[Stadio Renato Dall'Ara]]
| [[Stadio Friuli]]
| [[Stadio Renzo Barbera|Stadio La Favorita]]
| [[Stadio Luigi Ferraris]]
|-
|{{Coord|44|29|32.33|N|11|18|34.80|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Stadio Renato Dall'Ara}}
|{{Coord|46|4|53.77|N|13|12|0.49|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Stadio Friuli}}
|{{Coord|38|9|9.96|N|13|20|32.19|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Stadio Renzo Barbera}}
|{{Coord|44|24|59.15|N|8|57|8.74|E|region:IT_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Stadio Luigi Ferraris}}
|-
| Capacity: '''39,000'''
| Capacity: '''38,000'''
| Capacity: '''36,000'''
| Capacity: '''36,000'''
|-
|
| [[File:Stadio Friuli Udine 20090923.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:Stadio Barbera dal Monte Pellegrino.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:Genova-Stadio Luigi Ferraris-DSCF8919.JPG|200px]]
|}

==Squads==
{{details|1990 FIFA World Cup squads}}
Squads for the 1990 World Cup consisted of 22 players, as for the previous tournament in 1986. Replacement of injured players was permitted during the tournament at FIFA's discretion. Two goalkeepers – Argentina's [[Ángel Comizzo]] and England's [[Dave Beasant]] – entered their respective squads during the tournament to replace injured players ([[Nery Pumpido]] and [[David Seaman]]).

==Match officials==
41 match officials from 34 countries were assigned to the tournament to serve as referees and assistant referees. Officials in italics were only used as assistants during the tournament. Referees dressed only in traditional black jerseys for the final time at a World Cup (a red change shirt was used for two Group C games in which Scotland wore their navy blue shirts).
{{col-begin-small}}
{{col-2}}
;Africa
*{{Flag icon|ALG}} ''[[Mohamed Hansal]]''
*{{Flag icon|TUN|old}} [[Neji Jouini]]
*{{Flag icon|GAB}} ''[[Jean-Fidele Diramba]]''

;Asia
*{{Flag icon|SYR}} [[Jamal Al Sharif]]
*{{Flag icon|BHR|1972}} ''[[Jassim Mandi]]''
*{{Flag icon|JPN}} [[Shizuo Takada]]

;Europe
*{{Flag icon|ITA}} [[Luigi Agnolin]]
*{{Flag icon|ESP}} [[Emilio Soriano Aladrén]]
*{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[George Courtney]]
*{{Flag icon|ITA}} ''[[Pietro D'Elia]]''
*{{Flag icon|SWE}} [[Erik Fredriksson]]
*{{Flag icon|GDR}} [[Siegfried Kirschen]]
*{{Flag icon|AUT}} [[Helmut Kohl (referee)|Helmut Kohl]]
*{{Flag icon|ITA}} [[Tullio Lanese]]
*{{Flag icon|POL}} ''[[Michał Listkiewicz]]''
*{{Flag icon|ITA}} ''[[Rosario Lo Bello]]''
*{{Flag icon|ITA}} ''[[Carlo Longhi]]''
*{{Flag icon|ITA}} ''[[Pierluigi Magni]]''
*{{Flag icon|DEN}} [[Peter Mikkelsen (referee)|Peter Mikkelsen]]
*{{Flag icon|ITA}} ''[[Pierluigi Pairetto]]''
*{{Flag icon|YUG}} [[Zoran Petrović]]
*{{Flag icon|FRA}} [[Joël Quiniou]]
*{{Flag icon|SUI}} [[Kurt Röthlisberger]]
*{{Flag icon|FRG}} [[Aron Schmidhuber]]
*{{Flag icon|POR}} [[Carlos Silva Valente]]
*{{Flag icon|SCO}} [[George Smith (referee)|George Smith]]
*{{Flag icon|NIR}} [[Alan Snoddy]]
*{{Flag icon|URS}} [[Alexey Spirin]]
*{{Flag icon|BEL}} [[Marcel van Langenhove (referee)|Marcel van Langenhove]]
*{{Flag icon|FRA}} [[Michel Vautrot]]
{{col-2}}
;North and Central America
*{{Flag icon|MEX}} [[Edgardo Codesal]]
*{{Flag icon|USA}} [[Vincent Mauro]]
*{{Flag icon|CRC}} ''[[Berny Ulloa Morera]]''

;Oceania
*{{Flag icon|AUS}} ''[[Richard Lorenc]]''

;South America
*{{Flag icon|URU}} [[Juan Daniel Cardellino]]
*{{Flag icon|COL}} ''[[Armando Pérez Hoyos]]''
*{{Flag icon|ECU}} [[Elías Jácome]]
*{{Flag icon|ARG}} [[Juan Carlos Loustau]]
*{{Flag icon|PAR|1988}} [[Carlos Maciel]]
*{{Flag icon|CHI}} [[Hernán Silva]]
*{{Flag icon|BRA|1968}} [[José Roberto Wright]]
{{col-end}}

==Groups==
===Seedings===
The six [[Single-elimination tournament#Seeding|seeded]] teams for the 1990 tournament were announced on 7 December 1989.<ref name="Seedings">{{Cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/08/sports/england-is-seeded-sixth-in-1990-world-cup-in-italy.html
|title=England Is Seeded Sixth In 1990 World Cup in Italy
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=8 December 1989}}</ref> The seeds were then allocated to the six groups in order of their seeding rank (1st seed to Group A, 2nd seed to Group B, etc.).

The seeds were decided by FIFA based on the nations' performance in, primarily, the [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986 World Cup]] with the [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982 World Cup]] also considered as a secondary influence. Six of the final eight in 1986 had qualified for the 1990 tournament. Italy – who were seeded first as hosts – had not reached the final eight in 1986, and this left FIFA needing to exclude one of the three (qualified) nations who were eliminated in the 1986 quarter finals: Brazil, England or Spain.

Owing to their performance in 1982 but also to their overall World Cup record, Brazil were seeded third and not considered to drop out of the seedings. FIFA opted to seed England ahead of Spain. Spain had only been eliminated in 1986 on penalties, while England had been defeated in 90 minutes; both countries had also reached the second stage in the 1982 event, but Spain had also appeared in the [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978 event]], while England had failed to qualify. FIFA President [[João Havelange]] had reportedly earlier stated that Spain would be seeded.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/30/sports/cup-seedings-revealed.html
|title=Cup seedings revealed
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=30 November 1989}}</ref>

Spain believed the seeding was contrived to ensure England would be placed in Group F, the group to be held off the Italian mainland, in a bid to contain England's hooliganism problems. Spanish coach [[Luis Suárez Miramontes|Luis Suárez]] said, "We feel we've been cheated...they wanted to seed England and to send it to Cagliari at all costs. So they invented this formula".<ref name="Seedings" /> FIFA countered that "the formula was based on the teams' respective showings during the previous two World Cups. England merited the sixth position. This is in no way a concession to English hooliganism".<ref name="Seedings" />

{| class="wikitable" width=98%
|-
!width=20%| '''Pot 1'''
!width=20%| '''Pot 2'''
!width=20%| '''Pot 3'''
!width=20%| '''Pot 4'''
|-
|
{{fb|ITA}} (1st) 
{{fb|ARG}} (2nd) 
{{fb|BRA|1968}} (3rd) 
{{fb|FRG}} (4th) 
{{fb|BEL}} (5th) 
{{fb|ENG}} (6th)
|
{{fb|AUT}} 
{{fb|NED}} 
{{fb|SCO}} 
{{fb|ESP}} 
{{fb|URS}} 
{{fb|YUG}}
|
{{fb|COL}} 
{{fb|CSK}} 
{{fb|IRL}} 
{{fb|ROM}} 
{{fb|SWE}} 
{{fb|URU}}
| valign="top"|
{{fb|CMR}} 
{{fb|CRC}} 
{{fb|EGY}} 
{{fb|KOR}} 
{{fb|UAE}} 
{{fb|USA}}
|}

===Final draw===
On 9 December 1989 the draw was held at the [[Palazzetto dello sport]] in Rome, where the group lineups and order of matches was determined. The ceremony was hosted by Italian television presenter [[Pippo Baudo]], with Italian actress [[Sophia Loren]] and opera singer [[Luciano Pavarotti]] conducting the draw alongside FIFA General Secretary [[Sepp Blatter]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/10/sports/soccer-us-must-face-italy-in-cup.html
|title=U.S. must face Italy in cup
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=10 December 1989
| first=Paul
| last=Gardner}}</ref>

The draw show was FIFA's most ambitious yet with [[Pelé]], [[Bobby Moore]] and [[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge]], as well as a performance of the [[FIFA World Cup official songs|tournament's official song]], "[[Un'estate italiana]]" being performed by [[Edoardo Bennato]] and [[Gianna Nannini]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/68/fs-201_10e_fwc-draw-history.pdf
|title=The FIFA World Cup Final Draw history
|publisher=FIFA}}</ref>
[[Image:Italia 90 mascot.png|150px|thumb|''Ciao''.]]
The event also featured the [[FIFA World Cup mascots|official mascot]] of this World Cup, ''Ciao'', a [[stick figure]] player with a football head and an [[flag of Italy|Italian tricolor body]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketing/marketing/fifaassets/mascots.html
|title=Mascots
|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Its name is an Italian greeting.

==Tournament review==
[[Image:World Cup 1990 Football.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The ball ''Etrusco Unico'' used in the tournament]]
The finals tournament of the 1990 World Cup began on 8 June and concluded on 8 July. The format of the 1990 competition remained the same as in [[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986]]: 24 qualified teams were divided into six groups of four. The top two teams and four best third place finishers from the six groups advanced to the knockout stage, which eliminated the teams until a winner emerged. In total, 52 games were played.

===Negative tactics===
The tournament generated a record low goals-per-game average and a then-record of 16 red cards were handed out. In the knockout stage, many teams would "play it safe" for 120 minutes and try their luck in the penalty shoot-out, rather than risk going forward. There were four penalty shootouts, a record subsequently equalled in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 tournament]].

Ireland and Argentina were prime examples of this trend of cautious defensive play; the Irish scored just twice in five games in drawing all their matches until their defeat to Italy in the quarter-finals. Losing finalists Argentina, meanwhile, scored only five goals in the entire tournament (a record low for a finalist that, as of 2010, still stands). Argentina also became the first (and so far only) team to advance twice on penalty shootouts, the first team to fail to score in a World Cup final, and the first to have a player sent off in a World Cup final.

Largely as a result of this trend FIFA introduced the [[back-pass rule]] in time for the [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994 tournament]] in order to make it harder for teams to time-waste by repeatedly passing the ball back for their goalkeepers to pick up. Three, rather than two, points would be awarded for victories at future tournaments to help further encourage attacking play.

===Emergence of Cameroon===
[[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] reached the quarter-finals, where they were narrowly defeated by England. They opened the tournament with a shock victory over reigning champions Argentina, before topping the group ahead of both them and [[UEFA Euro 1988|European Championship]] runners-up the [[Soviet Union national football team|Soviet Union]]. Their success was fired by the goals of [[Roger Milla]], a 38 year old forward who came out of international retirement to join the national squad at the last moment after a personal request from Cameroonian President [[Paul Biya]]. Milla's four goals and flamboyant goal celebrations made him one of the tournament's biggest stars as well as taking Cameroon to the last eight. In reaching this stage, they had gone further than any African nation had ever managed in a World Cup before; a feat only equalled twice since (by [[Senegal national football team|Senegal]] in [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]] and [[Ghana national football team|Ghana]] in [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]]). Their success was African football's biggest yet on the world stage, and FIFA subsequently decided to offer the [[Confederation of African Football|CAF qualifying zone]] an additional place for the next World Cup tournament.

===All-champion final four===
Despite the performances of nations such as Cameroon, Colombia and Costa Rica, the final four consisted of reigning champions Argentina, England, Italy and West Germany. All nations were previous World Cup winners, with a total of eight previous titles between them. After the [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970 tournament]], this is only the second time in the history of the World Cup this has occurred. The teams which finished first, second and third had also contested both the two previous World Cup Finals between themselves.

==Results==
[[File:1990 world cup.png|right||thumb|600px|{{col-start}} {{col-4}} {{legend|#2b42a3|Champion}} {{legend|#34c0be|Runner-up}} {{col-4}} {{legend|#269c5a|Third place}} {{legend|#81c846|Fourth place}} {{col-4}} {{legend|#e4e454|Quarter-finals}} {{legend|#f4d4ac|Round of 16}} {{col-4}} {{legend|#b94954|Group stage}} {{col-end}}]]
{{See also|1990 FIFA World Cup schedule}}
''All kick-off times local ([[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]/[[UTC+2]])''

===First round===
The first round, or group stage, saw the twenty-four teams divided into six groups of four teams. Each group was a [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] of six games, where each team played one match against each of the other teams in the same group. Teams were awarded two points for a win, one point for a draw and none for a defeat. The teams coming first and second in each group qualified for the Round of 16. The four best third-placed teams would also advance to the next stage.

If teams were level on points, they were ranked on the following criteria in order:
 
{{quotation|
# Greatest total goal difference in the three group matches
# Greatest number of goals scored in the three group matches
# If teams remained level after those criteria, a mini-group would be formed from those teams, who would be ranked on:
## Most points earned in matches against other teams in the tie
## Greatest goal difference in matches against other teams in the tie
## Greatest number of goals scored in matches against other teams in the tie
# If teams remained level after all these criteria, FIFA would hold a drawing of lots
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=2|Key to colours in group tables
|-
|bgcolor=#ccffcc style="width: 20px;"|
|align=left|Group winners, runners-up, and [[#Ranking of third-placed teams|best four third-placed teams]] advance to the [[#Round of 16|Round of 16]]
|}

====Group A====
{{Main|1990 FIFA World Cup Group A}}
Hosts [[Italy national football team|Italy]] won Group A with a 100 per cent record. They beat [[Austria national football team|Austria]] 1–0 thanks to substitute [[Salvatore Schillaci|Salvatore 'Toto' Schillaci]], who had played only one international before but would become a star during the tournament. A second 1–0 victory followed against a [[United States men's national soccer team|United States team]] already thumped 5–1 by [[Czechoslovakia national football team|Czechoslovakia]]. The Czechoslovaks ended runners-up in the group, while the USA's first appearance in a World Cup Finals since [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950]] ended with three consecutive defeats.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|ITA}}
|3||3||0||0||4||0||+4||'''6'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|CSK}}
|3||2||0||1||6||3||+3||'''4'''
|-
|align="left"|{{fb|AUT}}
|3||1||0||2||2||3||−1||'''2'''
|-
|align="left"|{{fb|USA}}
|3||0||0||3||2||8||−6||'''0'''
|}

{|width=100% cellspacing=1
!width=25%|
!width=10%|
!
|-
|9 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|ITA}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 0'''||'''{{fb|AUT}}'''|| [[Stadio Olimpico]], [[Rome]]
|-
|10 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|USA}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 5'''||'''{{fb|CSK}}'''|| [[Stadio Artemio Franchi (Florence)|Stadio Comunale]], [[Florence]]
|-
|14 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|ITA}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 0'''||'''{{fb|USA}}'''|| [[Stadio Olimpico]], [[Rome]]
|-
|15 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|AUT}}'''||align=center|'''0 – 1'''||'''{{fb|CSK}}'''|| [[Stadio Artemio Franchi (Florence)|Stadio Comunale]], [[Florence]]
|-
|19 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|AUT}}'''||align=center|'''2 – 1'''||'''{{fb|USA}}'''|| [[Stadio Artemio Franchi (Florence)|Stadio Comunale]], [[Florence]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|ITA}}'''||align=center|'''2 – 0'''||'''{{fb|CSK}}'''|| [[Stadio Olimpico]], [[Rome]]
|}

====Group B====
{{Main|1990 FIFA World Cup Group B}}
[[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] defeated reigning champions [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]. Despite ending the match with only nine men, the African team held on for a shock 1–0 win, with contrasting fortunes for the brothers Biyik: Francois Omam scoring the winning goal, shortly after seeing Andre Kana sent off for a serious foul. In their second game the introduction of [[Roger Milla]] was the catalyst for a 2–1 win over [[Romania national football team|Romania]], Milla scoring twice from the bench (making him the oldest goalscorer in the tournament). With progression assured, Cameroon slumped to a 4–0 defeat in their final group game to a [[USSR national football team|Soviet Union]] side striving to stay in the tournament on goal difference after successive 2-0 defeats. A 1–1 draw between Romania and Argentina sent both through, the latter as one of the best third-placed teams.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|CMR}}
|3||2||0||1||3||5||−2||'''4'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|ROM}}
|3||1||1||1||4||3||+1||'''3'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|ARG}}
|3||1||1||1||3||2||+1||'''3'''
|-
|align="left"|{{fb|URS}}
|3||1||0||2||4||4||0||'''2'''
|}

{|width=100% cellspacing=1
!width=25%|
!width=10%|
!
|-
|8 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|ARG}}'''||align=center|'''0 – 1'''||'''{{fb|CMR}}'''|| [[San Siro]], [[Milan]]
|-
|9 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|URS}}'''||align=center|'''0 – 2'''||'''{{fb|ROM}}'''|| [[Stadio San Nicola]], [[Bari]]
|-
|13 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|ARG}}'''||align=center|'''2 – 0'''||'''{{fb|URS}}'''|| [[Stadio San Paolo]], [[Naples]]
|-
|14 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|CMR}}'''||align=center|'''2 – 1'''||'''{{fb|ROM}}'''|| [[Stadio San Nicola]], [[Bari]]
|-
|18 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|ARG}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 1'''||'''{{fb|ROM}}'''|| [[Stadio San Paolo]], [[Naples]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|CMR}}'''||align=center|'''0 – 4'''||'''{{fb|URS}}'''|| [[Stadio San Nicola]], [[Bari]]
|}

====Group C====
{{Main|1990 FIFA World Cup Group C}}
[[Costa Rica national football team|Costa Rica]] beat [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] 1–0 in their first match, lost 1-0 to [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] in their second, then saw off [[Sweden national football team|Sweden]] 2–1 to claim a place in the second round. Brazil took maximum points from the group. They began with a 2–1 win over Sweden, then beat both Costa Rica and Scotland 1–0. Scotland's 2–1 win over Sweden was not enough to save them from an early return home as one of the two lowest-ranked third-placed teams.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|BRA|1968}}
|3||3||0||0||4||1||+3||'''6'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|CRC}}
|3||2||0||1||3||2||+1||'''4'''
|-
|align="left"|{{fb|SCO}}
|3||1||0||2||2||3||−1||'''2'''
|-
|align="left"|{{fb|SWE}}
|3||0||0||3||3||6||−3||'''0'''
|}

{|width=100% cellspacing=1
!width=25%|
!width=10%|
!
|-
|10 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|BRA|1968}}'''||align=center|'''2 – 1'''||'''{{fb|SWE}}'''|| [[Stadio delle Alpi|Stadio Delle Alpi]], [[Turin]]
|-
|11 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|CRC}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 0'''||'''{{fb|SCO}}'''|| [[Stadio Luigi Ferraris]], [[Genoa]]
|-
|16 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|BRA|1968}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 0'''||'''{{fb|CRC}}'''|| [[Stadio delle Alpi|Stadio Delle Alpi]], [[Turin]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|SWE}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 2'''||'''{{fb|SCO}}'''|| [[Stadio Luigi Ferraris]], [[Genoa]]
|-
|20 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|BRA|1968}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 0'''||'''{{fb|SCO}}'''|| [[Stadio delle Alpi|Stadio Delle Alpi]], [[Turin]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|SWE}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 2'''||'''{{fb|CRC}}'''|| [[Stadio Luigi Ferraris]], [[Genoa]]
|}

====Group D====
{{Main|1990 FIFA World Cup Group D}}
Group D featured the most goals of all the groups, due in part to the defensive inadequacies of a [[United Arab Emirates national football team|United Arab Emirates]] team that lost 2–0 to [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]], 5–1 to [[Germany national football team|West Germany]] and 4–1 to [[Yugoslavia national football team|Yugoslavia]]. All three of the UAE's first round opponents reached the last 16, with West Germany topping the group after a 4–1 opening victory over group runners-up Yugoslavia.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|FRG}}
|3||2||1||0||10||3||+7||'''5'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|YUG}}
|3||2||0||1||6||5||+1||'''4'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|COL}}
|3||1||1||1||3||2||+1||'''3'''
|-
|align="left"|{{fb|UAE}}
|3||0||0||3||2||11||−9||'''0'''
|}

{|width=100% cellspacing=1
!width=25%|
!width=10%|
!
|-
|9 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|UAE}}'''||align=center|'''0 – 2'''||'''{{fb|COL}}'''|| [[Stadio Renato Dall'Ara]], [[Bologna]]
|-
|10 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|FRG}}'''||align=center|'''4 – 1'''||'''{{fb|YUG}}'''|| [[San Siro]], [[Milan]]
|-
|14 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|YUG}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 0'''||'''{{fb|COL}}'''|| [[Stadio Renato Dall'Ara]], [[Bologna]]
|-
|15 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|FRG}}'''||align=center|'''5 – 1'''||'''{{fb|UAE}}'''|| [[San Siro]], [[Milan]]
|-
|19 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|FRG}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 1'''||'''{{fb|COL}}'''|| [[San Siro]], [[Milan]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|YUG}}'''||align=center|'''4 – 1'''||'''{{fb|UAE}}'''|| [[Stadio Renato Dall'Ara]], [[Bologna]]
|}

====Group E====
{{Main|1990 FIFA World Cup Group E}}
The winners of Group E were [[Spain national football team|Spain]], for whom [[Michel (footballer)|Michel]] hit a [[List of FIFA World Cup hat-tricks|hat-trick]] as they beat [[Korea Republic national football team|South Korea]] 3–1 in an unbeaten group campaign. [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]] won their first two games against South Korea and [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] to ensure their progress; Uruguay's advance to the second round came with an injury time winner against South Korea to edge them through as the weakest of the third-placed sides to remain in the tournament.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|ESP}}
|3||2||1||0||5||2||+3||'''5'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|BEL}}
|3||2||0||1||6||3||+3||'''4'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|URU}}
|3||1||1||1||2||3||−1||'''3'''
|-
|align="left"|{{fb|KOR}}
|3||0||0||3||1||6||−5||'''0'''
|}

{|width=100% cellspacing=1
!width=25%|
!width=10%|
!
|-
|12 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|BEL}}'''||align=center|'''2 – 0'''||'''{{fb|KOR}}'''|| [[Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi]], [[Verona]]
|-
|13 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|URU}}'''||align=center|'''0 – 0'''||'''{{fb|ESP}}'''|| [[Stadio Friuli]], [[Udine]]
|-
|17 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|BEL}}'''||align=center|'''3 – 1'''||'''{{fb|URU}}'''|| [[Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi]], [[Verona]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|KOR}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 3'''||'''{{fb|ESP}}'''|| [[Stadio Friuli]], [[Udine]]
|-
|21 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|BEL}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 2'''||'''{{fb|ESP}}'''|| [[Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi]], [[Verona]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|KOR}}'''||align=center|'''0 – 1'''||'''{{fb|URU}}'''|| [[Stadio Friuli]], [[Udine]]
|}

====Group F====
{{Main|1990 FIFA World Cup Group F}}
Group F was one of the tightest groups in World Cup history. In its six games, featuring [[UEFA Euro 1988|European champions]] [[Netherlands national football team|the Netherlands]], [[England national football team|England]], the [[Republic of Ireland national football team|Republic of Ireland]] and [[Egypt national football team|Egypt]], no team managed to score more than once in a match, and only one match failed to end a draw. England's bright start against Ireland - including an early goal from Lineker - faded rapidly, and their lead was cancelled out 20 minutes from time by Kevin Sheedy's strike. The Netherlands, highly rated following their European Championship victory in 1988, conceded a late penalty to allow an Egyptian equalizer. England largely dominated their match against the Netherlands - despite, for the second World Cup in succession, losing their captain [[Bryan Robson]] to an injury which would keep him out of the rest of the tournament - but the closest they came was a [[Stuart Pearce]] free-kick which went directly into the net, but was disallowed because the referee had in fact awarded an ''indirect'' free kick. (Goalkeeper Van Breukelen was also apparently unaware the freekick was supposed to be indirect, and came very close to touching the ball in attempting to save it, which would have made it a goal if he had touched it but failed to keep it out.) Ireland and Egypt failed to have a single shot on target between them in the 90 minutes of their 0-0 draw. The decisive result was England's 1–0 victory over Egypt, thanks to a headed goal by [[Mark Wright (footballer born 1963)|Mark Wright]], which won them the group and eliminated the Africans: meanwhile the Netherlands, for the second time, conceded a late equalizer, this time to Niall Quinn. For the first time in World Cup Finals history, the drawing of lots was required to divide two teams, as Ireland and the Netherlands ended with identical results.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|ENG}}
|3||1||2||0||2||1||+1||'''4'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|IRL}}
|3||0||3||0||2||2||0||'''3'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align="left"|{{fb|NED}}
|3||0||3||0||2||2||0||'''3'''
|-
|align="left"|{{fb|EGY}}
|3||0||2||1||1||2||−1||'''2'''
|}

The Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands finished with identical records. With both teams assured of progressing, they were split by the drawing of lots to determine second and third place.

{|width=100% cellspacing=1
!width=25%|
!width=10%|
!
|-
|11 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|ENG}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 1'''||'''{{fb|IRL}}'''|| [[Stadio Sant'Elia]], [[Cagliari]]
|-
|12 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|NED}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 1'''||'''{{fb|EGY}}'''|| [[Stadio Renzo Barbera|Stadio La Favorita]], [[Palermo]]
|-
|16 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|ENG}}'''||align=center|'''0 – 0'''||'''{{fb|NED}}'''|| [[Stadio Sant'Elia]], [[Cagliari]]
|-
|17 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|IRL}}'''||align=center|'''0 – 0'''||'''{{fb|EGY}}'''|| [[Stadio Renzo Barbera|Stadio La Favorita]], [[Palermo]]
|-
|21 June 1990
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|ENG}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 0'''||'''{{fb|EGY}}'''|| [[Stadio Sant'Elia]], [[Cagliari]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|'''{{fb-rt|IRL}}'''||align=center|'''1 – 1'''||'''{{fb|NED}}'''|| [[Stadio Renzo Barbera|Stadio La Favorita]], [[Palermo]]
|}

====Ranking of third-placed teams====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=20|Group
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| W | Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| D | Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GF | Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GA | Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| GD | Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|B||align="left"|{{fb|ARG}}
|3||1||1||1||3||2||+1||'''3'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|D||align="left"|{{fb|COL}}
|3||1||1||1||3||2||+1||'''3'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|F||align="left"|{{fb|NED}}
|3||0||3||0||2||2||0||'''3'''
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|E||align="left"|{{fb|URU}}
|3||1||1||1||2||3||−1||'''3'''
|-
|A||align="left"|{{fb|AUT}}
|3||1||0||2||2||3||−1||'''2'''
|-
|C||align="left"|{{fb|SCO}}
|3||1||0||2||2||3||−1||'''2'''
|}

===Knockout stage===
{{Main|1990 FIFA World Cup knockout stage}}
The [[single-elimination tournament|knockout stage]] involved the sixteen teams that qualified from the group stage of the tournament. There were four rounds of matches, with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round. The successive rounds were: round of 16, quarter-finals, semi-finals, final. There was also a play-off to decide third/fourth place. For each game in the knockout stage, any draw at 90 minutes was followed by thirty minutes of [[extra time]]; if scores were still level there would be a [[Penalty shootout (association football)|penalty shootout]] (at least five penalties each, and more if necessary) to determine who progressed to the next round. Scores after extra time are indicated by (a.e.t.), and penalty shoot outs are indicated by (pen.).

{{Round16


|24 June – [[Stadio delle Alpi|Turin]]|{{fb|BRA|1968}}|0|'''{{fb|ARG}}'''|1
|26 June – [[Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi|Verona]]|{{fb|ESP}}|1|'''{{fb|YUG}}''' ([[Extra time|a.e.t.]])|2
|25 June – [[Stadio Luigi Ferraris|Genoa]]|'''{{fb|IRL}}''' ([[Penalty shootout (association football)|pen.]])|0 (5)|{{fb|ROU}} ([[Penalty shootout (association football)|pen.]])|0 (4)
|25 June – [[Stadio Olimpico|Rome]]|'''{{fb|ITA}}'''|2|{{fb|URU}}|0
|23 June – [[Stadio San Nicola|Bari]]|'''{{fb|CSK}}'''|4|{{fb|CRC}}|1
|24 June – [[San Siro|Milan]]|'''{{fb|FRG}}'''|2|{{fb|NED}}|1
|23 June – [[Stadio San Paolo|Naples]]|'''{{fb|CMR}}''' ([[Extra time|a.e.t.]])|2|{{fb|COL}}|1
|26 June – [[Stadio Renato Dall'Ara|Bologna]]|'''{{fb|ENG}}''' ([[Extra time|a.e.t.]])|1|{{fb|BEL}}|0

|30 June – [[Stadio Artemio Franchi (Florence)|Florence]]|'''{{fb|ARG}}''' ([[Penalty shootout (association football)|pen.]])|0 (3)|{{fb|YUG}}|0 (2)
|30 June – [[Stadio Olimpico|Rome]]|{{fb|IRL}}|0|'''{{fb|ITA}}'''|1
|1 July – [[San Siro|Milan]]|{{fb|CSK}}|0|'''{{fb|FRG}}'''|1
|1 July – [[Stadio San Paolo|Naples]]|{{fb|CMR}} ([[Extra time|a.e.t.]])|2|'''{{fb|ENG}}'''|3

|3 July – [[Stadio San Paolo|Naples]]|'''{{fb|ARG}}''' ([[Penalty shootout (association football)|pen.]])|1 (4)|{{fb|ITA}}|1 (3)
|4 July – [[Stadio delle Alpi|Turin]]|'''{{fb|FRG}}''' ([[Penalty shootout (association football)|pen.]])|1 (4)|{{fb|ENG}}|1 (3)

|8 July – [[Stadio Olimpico|Rome]]|{{fb|ARG}}|0|'''{{fb|FRG}}'''|1

|7 July – [[Stadio San Nicola|Bari]]|'''{{fb|ITA}}'''|2|{{fb|ENG}}|1}}

====Round of 16====
Two of the ties – Argentina vs Brazil and Italy vs Uruguay – pitted former champion countries against each other, and West Germany met the Netherlands in a rematch of the [[1974 FIFA World Cup Final|1974 World Cup Final]].

The all-South American game was won for Argentina by a goal from [[Claudio Caniggia]] with ten minutes remaining after a run through the Brazilian defence by [[Diego Maradona]] - who later claimed that water offered to Brazilian midfielder [[Cláudio Ibrahim Vaz Leal|Branco]] by a member of the Argentinian staff during this game contained a tranquilizer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maradona ratificó que le adulteraron el bidón a Branco |url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2005/03/01/um/m-930729.htm|work=Clarin|date=1 March 2005}}</ref> - and an outstanding performance from their goalkeeper [[Sergio Goycochea]]. A strong second half showing from Italy saw them beat Uruguay 2–0, thanks to another goal from Schillaci and one from [[Aldo Serena]].

The West Germany–Netherlands clash was held in Milan, and both sides featured several notable players from the two Milanese clubs. After 22 minutes [[Rudi Völler]] and [[Frank Rijkaard]] were dismissed after a spitting incident. Early in the second half, [[Jürgen Klinsmann]] put the West Germans ahead and [[Andreas Brehme]] added a second with eight minutes left. A [[Ronald Koeman]] penalty for the Netherlands in the 89th minute narrowed the score to 2–1 but the Germans saw the game out to gain some revenge for their [[UEFA_Euro_1988#Semi-finals|exit to the Dutch in the previous European Championship]].

Meanwhile, the heroics of Cameroon and Roger Milla continued in their game with Colombia. Milla was introduced as a second half substitute with the game goalless, eventually breaking the deadlock midway in extra time. Three minutes later he netted a second after Colombian goalkeeper, [[Rene Higuita]] was dispossessed by Milla while well out of his goal, leaving the striker free to slot the ball into the empty net. Though the deficit was soon reduced to 2-1, Cameroon held on to become the first African team ever to reach the World Cup quarter-finals. Costa Rica were comfortably beaten 4–1 by Czechoslovakia, for whom [[Tomáš Skuhravý]] scored the tournament's second and final [[hat-trick]].

The Republic of Ireland's match with Romania remained goalless after extra time, and the Irish side won 5–4 on penalties. [[David O'Leary]] converted the penalty that clinched Ireland's place in the quarter-finals. Ireland thus became the only team in history to reach the last eight in a World Cup finals tournament without winning a match outright. Yugoslavia beat Spain 2–1 after extra time, with [[Dragan Stojković]] scoring both the Yugoslavs' goals. England were the final qualifier against a largely dominating Belgium, but with midfielder [[David Platt (footballer)|David Platt]]'s swivelling volley breaking the stalemate with the game moments away from a shootout.
{{footballbox
|date = 23 June 1990
|time = 17:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|CMR}}
|score = 2 – 1 ([[Extra time|a.e.t.]])
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=102/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|COL}}
|goals1 = [[Roger Milla|Milla]] {{goal|106||109}}
|goals2 = [[Bernardo Redín|Redín]] {{goal|115}}
|stadium = [[Stadio San Paolo]], [[Naples]]
|attendance = 50,026
|referee = [[Tullio Lanese]] ([[Italian Football Federation|Italy]])}}
----
{{footballbox
|date = 23 June 1990
|time = 21:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|CSK}}
|score = 4 – 1
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=129/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|CRC}}
|goals1 = [[Tomáš Skuhravý|Skuhravý]] {{goal|12||63||82}} [[Luboš Kubík|Kubík]] {{goal|75}}
|goals2 = [[Rónald González Brenes|González]] {{goal|54}}
|stadium = [[Stadio San Nicola]], [[Bari]]
|attendance = 47,673
|referee = [[Siegfried Kirschen]] ([[German Football Association|East Germany]])}}
----
{{footballbox
|date = 24 June 1990
|time = 17:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|BRA|1968}}
|score = 0 – 1
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=25/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|ARG}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Claudio Caniggia|Caniggia]] {{goal|80}}
|stadium = [[Stadio delle Alpi|Stadio Delle Alpi]], [[Turin]]
|attendance = 61,381
|referee = [[Joël Quiniou]] ([[French Football Federation|France]])}}
----
{{footballbox
|date = 24 June 1990
|time = 21:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|FRG}}
|score = 2 – 1
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=196/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|NED}}
|goals1 = [[Jürgen Klinsmann|Klinsmann]] {{goal|51}} [[Andreas Brehme|Brehme]] {{goal|82}}
|goals2 = [[Ronald Koeman|R. Koeman]] {{goal|89|pen.}}
|stadium = [[San Siro]], [[Milan]]
|attendance = 74,559
|referee = [[Juan Carlos Loustau]] ([[Argentine Football Association|Argentina]])}}
----
{{footballbox
|date = 25 June 1990
|time = 17:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IRL}}
|score = 0 – 0 ([[Extra time|a.e.t.]])
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=248/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|ROM}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Stadio Luigi Ferraris]], [[Genoa]]
|attendance = 31,818
|referee = [[José Roberto Wright]] ([[Brazilian Football Confederation|Brazil]])
|penalties1 = [[Kevin Sheedy (Irish footballer)|Sheedy]] {{pengoal}} [[Ray Houghton|Houghton]] {{pengoal}} [[Andy Townsend|Townsend]] {{pengoal}} [[Tony Cascarino|Cascarino]] {{pengoal}} [[David O'Leary|O'Leary]] {{pengoal}}
|penaltyscore = 5 – 4
|penalties2 = {{pengoal}} [[Gheorghe Hagi|Hagi]] {{pengoal}} [[Dănuţ Lupu|Lupu]] {{pengoal}} [[Iosif Rotariu|Rotariu]] {{pengoal}} [[Ioan Lupescu|Lupescu]] {{penmiss|saved}} [[Daniel Timofte|Timofte]]}}
----
{{footballbox
|date = 25 June 1990
|time = 21:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ITA}}
|score = 2 – 0
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=264/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|URU}}
|goals1 = [[Salvatore Schillaci|Schillaci]] {{goal|65}} [[Aldo Serena|Serena]] {{goal|85}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Stadio Olimpico]], [[Rome]]
|attendance = 73,303
|referee = [[George Courtney]] ([[The Football Association|England]])}}
----
{{footballbox
|date = 26 June 1990
|time = 17:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ESP}}
|score = 1 – 2 ([[Extra time|a.e.t.]])
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=181/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|YUG}}
|goals1 = [[Julio Salinas|Salinas]] {{goal|83}}
|goals2 = [[Dragan Stojković|Stojković]] {{goal|78||92}}
|stadium = [[Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi]], [[Verona]]
|attendance = 35,500
|referee = [[Aron Schmidhuber]] ([[German Football Association|West Germany]])}}
----
{{footballbox
|date = 26 June 1990
|time = 21:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ENG}}
|score = 1 – 0 ([[Extra time|a.e.t.]])
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=55/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|BEL}}
|goals1 = [[David Platt (footballer)|Platt]] {{goal|119}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Stadio Renato Dall'Ara]], [[Bologna]]
|attendance = 34,520
|referee = [[Peter Mikkelsen (referee)|Peter Mikkelsen]] ([[Danish Football Association|Denmark]])}}

====Quarter-finals====
The first game of the last 8 saw Argentina and a Yugoslav side, reduced to 10 men after only half an hour, play out a goalless stalemate. The holders reached the semi-finals after winning the penalty shoot-out 3–2, despite Maradona having his penalty saved. A second Argentine miss (by [[Pedro Troglio]]) looked to have eliminated them until goalkeeper [[Sergio Goycochea]] – playing because first choice [[Nery Pumpido]] broke his leg during the group stage – rescued his side by stopping the Yugoslavs' final two spotkicks.

The Republic of Ireland's World Cup run was brought to an end by a single goal from Schillaci in the first half of their quarter-final with hosts Italy. West Germany beat Czechoslovakia with a 25th minute [[Lothar Matthäus]] penalty.

In the last quarter-final Cameroon came to within seven minutes of reaching the semi-finals. After Platt headed England ahead in the 25th minute of their quarter-final fixture, the half time introduction of Roger Milla turned the game in the space of five second half minutes. First, Cameroon were awarded a penalty, from which [[Emmanuel Kundé]] equalised, before [[Eugène Ekéké]] put them ahead, then they conceded a penalty, which [[Gary Lineker]] converted to equalise. Midway through extra time, England were awarded another penalty that Lineker again converted to send them through to the semi-finals.
{{footballbox
|date = 30 June 1990
|time = 17:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|YUG}}
|score = 0 – 0 ([[Extra time|a.e.t.]])
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=31/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|ARG}}
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Stadio Artemio Franchi (Florence)|Stadio Artemio Franchi]], [[Florence]]
|attendance = 38,971
|referee = [[Kurt Röthlisberger]] ([[Swiss Football Association|Switzerland]])
|penalties1 = [[Dragan Stojković|Stojković]] {{penmiss|hit the crossbar}} [[Robert Prosinečki|Prosinečki]] {{pengoal}} [[Dejan Savićević|Savićević]] {{pengoal}} [[Dragoljub Brnović|Brnović]] {{penmiss|saved}} [[Faruk Hadžibegić|Hadžibegić]] {{penmiss|saved}}
|penaltyscore = 2 – 3
|penalties2 = {{pengoal}} [[José Serrizuela|Serrizuela]] {{pengoal}} [[Jorge Burruchaga|Burruchaga]] {{penmiss|saved}} [[Diego Maradona|Maradona]] {{penmiss|hit the post}} [[Pedro Troglio|Troglio]] {{pengoal}} [[Gustavo Dezotti|Dezotti]]}}
----
{{footballbox
|date = 30 June 1990
|time = 21:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ITA}}
|score = 1 – 0
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=243/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IRL}}
|goals1 = [[Salvatore Schillaci|Schillaci]] {{goal|38}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Stadio Olimpico]], [[Rome]]
|attendance = 73,303
|referee = [[Carlos Silva Valente]] ([[Portuguese Football Federation|Portugal]])}}
----
{{footballbox
|date = 1 July 1990
|time = 17:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|FRG}}
|score = 1 – 0
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=197/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|CSK}}
|goals1 = [[Lothar Matthäus|Matthäus]] {{goal|25|pen.}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[San Siro]], [[Milan]]
|attendance = 73,347
|referee = [[Helmut Kohl (referee)|Helmut Kohl]] ([[Austrian Football Association|Austria]])}}
----
{{footballbox
|date = 1 July 1990
|time = 21:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ENG}}
|score = 3 – 2 ([[Extra time|a.e.t.]])
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=103/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|CMR}}
|goals1 = [[David Platt (footballer)|Platt]] {{goal|25}} [[Gary Lineker|Lineker]] {{goal|83|pen.|105|pen.}}
|goals2 = [[Emmanuel Kundé|Kundé]] {{goal|61|pen.}} [[Eugène Ekéké|Ekéké]] {{goal|65}}
|stadium = [[Stadio San Paolo]], [[Naples]]
|attendance = 55,205
|referee = [[Edgardo Codesal]] ([[Mexican Football Federation|Mexico]])}}

====Semi-finals====
The first semi-final pitted the host nation, Italy, against the world champion, Argentina. [[Salvatore Schillaci|'Toto' Schillaci]] scored to put Italy ahead in the 17th minute, but [[Claudio Caniggia]] equalised midway through the second half, the first player to breach the Italian defence in a [[FIFA_World_Cup_records#Goalkeeping|World Cup record]] 517 minutes' play. There were no further goals, but a series of serious fouls saw five yellow cards and a red issued, largely to Argentina: the game went to a shootout which Argentina won 4–3, after [[Roberto Donadoni]] and [[Aldo Serena]] both had their kicks saved by [[Sergio Goycochea]]. Argentina's decisive penalty had been converted by [[Diego Maradona]], who playing in his club "home city" of Naples had urged locals to support him rather than their homeland, creating a more muted atmosphere than Italy's previous games in Rome.<ref name="Seedings">{{Cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/03/sports/world-cup-90-naples-loves-maradona-but-loves-italy-more.html
|title=Naples Loves Maradona, but Loves Italy More
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=3 July 1990
| first=George
| last=Vecsey}}</ref> Argentina reached the final having scored only five goals in the tournament, an all-time record low.

The second semi-final was between West Germany and England. Neither side was able to fashion a clear-cut chance in the first half. The deadlock was broken on the hour mark when a free kick from [[Andreas Brehme]] was heavily deflected by the on-rushing [[Paul Parker (footballer)|Paul Parker]], sending the ball into the net. With 10 minutes left, Gary Lineker equalised for England, forcing extra-time. In the 99th minute, England's [[Paul Gascoigne]] received his second yellow card of the competition and the English player openly wept at the realisation that he would not be allowed to play in the final were England to advance. Extra-time ended without any further scoring, although both sides hit the post, and England had another Platt goal ruled out for off-side, the game went to penalty kicks, where West Germany won their third straight World Cup shoot-out, 4–3, to take them to a third consecutive final.
{{footballbox
|date = 3 July 1990
|time = 20:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ITA}}
|score = 1 – 1 ([[Extra time|a.e.t.]])
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=28/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|ARG}}
|goals1 = [[Salvatore Schillaci|Schillaci]] {{goal|17}}
|goals2 = [[Claudio Caniggia|Caniggia]] {{goal|67}}
|stadium = [[Stadio San Paolo]], [[Naples]]
|attendance = 59,978
|referee = [[Michel Vautrot]] ([[French Football Federation|France]])
|penalties1 = [[Franco Baresi|Baresi]] {{pengoal}} [[Roberto Baggio|Baggio]] {{pengoal}} [[Luigi De Agostini|De Agostini]] {{pengoal}} [[Roberto Donadoni|Donadoni]] {{penmiss|saved}} [[Aldo Serena|Serena]] {{penmiss|saved}}
|penaltyscore = 3 – 4
|penalties2 = {{pengoal}} [[José Serrizuela|Serrizuela]] {{pengoal}} [[Jorge Burruchaga|Burruchaga]] {{pengoal}} [[Julio Olarticoechea|Olarticoechea]] {{pengoal}} [[Diego Maradona|Maradona]]}}
----
{{footballbox
|date = 4 July 1990
|time = 20:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|FRG}}
|score = 1 – 1 ([[Extra time|a.e.t.]])
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=159/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|ENG}}
|goals1 = [[Andreas Brehme|Brehme]] {{goal|60}}
|goals2 = [[Gary Lineker|Lineker]] {{goal|80}}
|stadium = [[Stadio delle Alpi]], [[Turin]]
|attendance = 62,628
|referee = [[José Roberto Wright]] ([[Brazilian Football Confederation|Brazil]])
|penalties1 = [[Andreas Brehme|Brehme]] {{pengoal}} [[Lothar Matthäus|Matthäus]] {{pengoal}} [[Karl-Heinz Riedle|Riedle]] {{pengoal}} [[Olaf Thon|Thon]] {{pengoal}}
|penaltyscore = 4 – 3
|penalties2 = {{pengoal}} [[Gary Lineker|Lineker]] {{pengoal}} [[Peter Beardsley|Beardsley]] {{pengoal}} [[David Platt (footballer)|Platt]] {{penmiss|saved}} [[Stuart Pearce|Pearce]] {{penmiss|over}} [[Chris Waddle|Waddle]]}}

====Third place match====
The game saw three goals in a fifteen minute spell. [[Roberto Baggio]] opened the scoring after a rare mistake by England's goalkeeper Peter Shilton, in his final game before international retirement, presented a simple opportunity. A header by [[David Platt (footballer)|David Platt]] levelled the game 10 minutes later but [[Salvatore Schillaci|Schillaci]] was fouled in the penalty area five minutes later, leading to a penalty. Schillaci himself got up to convert the kick to win him the tournament's [[FIFA World Cup awards#Golden Boot|Golden Shoe]] for his six goal tally and give the hosts third place. England had the consolation prize of the Fair Play award, having received no red cards and the lowest average number of yellows per match.
{{footballbox
|date = 7 July 1990
|time = 20:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|ITA}}
|score = 2 – 1
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=162/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|ENG}}
|goals1 = [[Roberto Baggio|Baggio]] {{goal|71}} [[Salvatore Schillaci|Schillaci]] {{goal|86|pen.}}
|goals2 = [[David Platt (footballer)|Platt]] {{goal|81}}
|stadium = [[Stadio San Nicola]], [[Bari]]
|attendance = 51,426
|referee = [[Joël Quiniou]] ([[French Football Federation|France]])}}

====Final====
{{Main|1990 FIFA World Cup Final}}
The final between West Germany and Argentina has been cited as the most cynical and lowest quality of all World Cup Finals.<ref name="Italy 1990"/><ref name="World Cup 1990"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Glanville|first=Brian|title=The Story of the World Cup|page=303|publisher=Faber|year=2005|isbn=0-571-22944-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/09/sports/sports-of-the-times-winning-ugly-losing-ugly-just-plain-ugly.html|title=Winning Ugly, Losing Ugly, Just Plain Ugly|publisher=[[New York Times]]|date= 9 July 1990 | first=George | last=Vecsey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = A poor display bare of class | newspaper = [[The Times]] | location = London | date = 9 July 1990}}</ref> In the 65th minute, Argentina's [[Pedro Monzon]] was sent off for a foul on [[Jürgen Klinsmann]], the first player ever to be sent off in a World Cup Final.

Argentina, weakened by suspension and injury, offered little attacking threat throughout a contest dominated by the West Germans, who struggled to create many clear goalscoring opportunities. The only goal of the contest arrived in the 85th minute when Mexican referee [[Edgardo Codesal]] awarded a [[Penalty kick|penalty]] to West Germany, after a foul on [[Rudi Völler]] by [[Roberto Néstor Sensini|Roberto Sensini]]. [[Andreas Brehme]] converted the spot kick to settle the contest. In the closing moments, Argentina were reduced to nine after [[Gustavo Dezotti]] received the second red card of the game when he hauled [[Jürgen Kohler]] to the ground during a stoppage in play. The 1–0 scoreline provided another first: Argentina were the first team to fail to score in a World Cup Final.

With its third title (and three second place finishes) West Germany – in its final tournament before [[German reunification|national reunification]] – became the most successful World Cup nation, until Brazil won their fourth title in [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]]. West German manager [[Franz Beckenbauer]] became the only man to both captain (in [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]]) and manage a World Cup winning team, and only the second man (after [[Mário Zagallo]] of Brazil) to win the World Cup as a player and as team manager. It was also the first time a team from UEFA won the final against a non-European team.
{{footballbox
|date = 8 July 1990
|time = 20:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|FRG}}
|score = 1 – 0
|report = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/results/matches/match=27/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|ARG}}
|goals1 = [[Andreas Brehme|Brehme]] {{goal|85|pen.}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Stadio Olimpico]], [[Rome]]
|attendance = 73,603
|referee = [[Edgardo Codesal]] ([[Mexican Football Federation|Mexico]])}}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto;"
|-
![[FIFA_World_Cup_awards#Golden_Boot|Golden Boot Winner]]
![[FIFA_World_Cup_awards#Golden_Ball|Golden Ball Winner]]
![[FIFA World Cup awards#FIFA Fair Play Trophy|FIFA Fair Play Trophy]]
|-
|{{Flag icon|ITA}} [[Salvatore Schillaci]]
|{{Flag icon|ITA}} [[Salvatore Schillaci]]
|{{fb|ENG}}
|}

===All-star team===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto"
|-
!Goalkeeper
!Defenders
!Midfielders
!Forwards
|-
|align=left valign=top|
{{Flag icon|ARG}} [[Sergio Goycochea]] 
|align=left valign=top|
{{Flag icon|GER}} [[Andreas Brehme]] 
{{Flag icon|ITA}} [[Paolo Maldini]] 
{{Flag icon|ITA}} [[Franco Baresi]] 
|align=left valign=top|
{{Flag icon|ARG}} [[Diego Maradona]] 
{{Flag icon|GER}} [[Lothar Matthäus]] 
{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Paul Gascoigne]] 
{{Flag icon|ITA}} [[Roberto Donadoni]] 
|align=left valign=top|
{{Flag icon|ITA}} [[Salvatore Schillaci]] 
{{Flag icon|CMR}} [[Roger Milla]] 
{{Flag icon|CZE}} [[Tomáš Skuhravý]] 
|}

==Goalscorers==
[[Salvatore Schillaci]] received the [[FIFA World Cup awards#Golden Boot|Golden Shoe]] award for scoring six goals in the World Cup. This made him the second Italian footballer to have this honour, after [[Paolo Rossi]] won the award in [[1982 FIFA World Cup#Scorers|1982]]. In total, 115 goals were scored by 75 different players (none credited as [[Own goal#Association football|own goal]]s).

{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
;6 goals
*{{Flag icon|ITA}} [[Salvatore Schillaci]]

;5 goals

*{{Flag icon|TCH}} [[Tomáš Skuhravý]]

;4 goals
*{{Flag icon|CMR}} [[Roger Milla]]
*{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Gary Lineker]]
*{{Flag icon|FRG}} [[Lothar Matthäus]]
*{{Flag icon|ESP}} [[Míchel (footballer)|Míchel]]

;3 goals
*{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[David Platt (footballer)|David Platt]]
*{{Flag icon|FRG}} [[Andreas Brehme]]
*{{Flag icon|FRG}} [[Jürgen Klinsmann]]
*{{Flag icon|FRG}} [[Rudi Völler]]

;2 goals
*{{Flag icon|ARG}} [[Claudio Caniggia]]
*{{Flag icon|BRA|1968}} [[Careca]]
*{{Flag icon|BRA|1968}} [[Müller (footballer)|Müller]]
*{{Flag icon|COL}} [[Bernardo Redín]]
*{{Flag icon|TCH}} [[Michal Bílek]]
*{{Flag icon|ITA}} [[Roberto Baggio]]
*{{Flag icon|ROM}} [[Gavril Balint]]
*{{Flag icon|ROM}} [[Marius Lăcătuş]]
*{{Flag icon|YUG}} [[Davor Jozić]]
*{{Flag icon|YUG}} [[Darko Pančev]]
*{{Flag icon|YUG}} [[Dragan Stojković]]

{{col-3}}
;1 goal
*{{Flag icon|AUT}} [[Andreas Ogris]]
*{{Flag icon|AUT}} [[Gerhard Rodax]]
*{{Flag icon|ARG}} [[Jorge Burruchaga]]
*{{Flag icon|ARG}} [[Pedro Monzón]]
*{{Flag icon|ARG}} [[Pedro Troglio]]
*{{Flag icon|BEL}} [[Jan Ceulemans]]
*{{Flag icon|BEL}} [[Lei Clijsters]]
*{{Flag icon|BEL}} [[Michel De Wolf]]
*{{Flag icon|BEL}} [[Marc Degryse]]
*{{Flag icon|BEL}} [[Enzo Scifo]]
*{{Flag icon|BEL}} [[Patrick Vervoort]]
*{{Flag icon|CMR}} [[Eugène Ekéké]]
*{{Flag icon|CMR}} [[Emmanuel Kundé]]
*{{Flag icon|CMR}} [[François Omam-Biyik]]
*{{Flag icon|COL}} [[Freddy Rincón]]
*{{Flag icon|COL}} [[Carlos Valderrama (footballer)|Carlos Valderrama]]
*{{Flag icon|CRC}} [[Juan Cayasso]]
*{{Flag icon|CRC}} [[Róger Flores]]
*{{Flag icon|CRC}} [[Rónald González Brenes|Rónald González]]
*{{Flag icon|CRC}} [[Hernán Medford]]
*{{Flag icon|TCH}} [[Ivan Hašek]]
*{{Flag icon|TCH}} [[Luboš Kubík]]
*{{Flag icon|TCH}} [[Milan Luhový]]
*{{Flag icon|EGY}} [[Magdi Abdelghani]]
*{{Flag icon|ENG}} [[Mark Wright (footballer born 1963)|Mark Wright]]
*{{Flag icon|FRG}} [[Uwe Bein]]
*{{Flag icon|FRG}} [[Pierre Littbarski]]

{{col-3}}
*{{Flag icon|IRL}} [[Niall Quinn]]
*{{Flag icon|IRL}} [[Kevin Sheedy (Irish footballer)|Kevin Sheedy]]
*{{Flag icon|ITA}} [[Giuseppe Giannini]]
*{{Flag icon|ITA}} [[Aldo Serena]]
*{{Flag icon|NED}} [[Ruud Gullit]]
*{{Flag icon|NED}} [[Wim Kieft]]
*{{Flag icon|NED}} [[Ronald Koeman]]
*{{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Mo Johnston]]
*{{Flag icon|SCO}} [[Stuart McCall]]
*{{Flag icon|KOR}} [[Hwangbo Kwan]]
*{{Flag icon|URS}} [[Igor Dobrovolski]]
*{{Flag icon|URS}} [[Oleh Protasov]]
*{{Flag icon|URS}} [[Oleksandr Zavarov]]
*{{Flag icon|URS}} [[Andrei Zygmantovich]]

*{{Flag icon|ESP}} [[Alberto Górriz]]
*{{Flag icon|ESP}} [[Julio Salinas]]
*{{Flag icon|SWE}} [[Tomas Brolin]]
*{{Flag icon|SWE}} [[Johnny Ekström]]
*{{Flag icon|SWE}} [[Glenn Strömberg]]
*{{Flag icon|UAE}} [[Khalid Ismaïl]]
*{{Flag icon|UAE}} [[Ali Thani]]
*{{Flag icon|USA}} [[Paul Caligiuri]]
*{{Flag icon|USA}} [[Bruce Murray (soccer)|Bruce Murray]]
*{{Flag icon|URU}} [[Pablo Bengoechea]]
*{{Flag icon|URU}} [[Daniel Fonseca]]
*{{Flag icon|YUG}} [[Robert Prosinečki]]
*{{Flag icon|YUG}} [[Safet Sušić]]
{{col-end}}

*There were no [[Own goal#Association football|own goal]]s scored in the tournament.

==FIFA Final Ranking==
After the tournament, FIFA published a ranking of all teams that competed in the 1990 World Cup finals based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition.<ref>http://www.soccer-now.com/soccer-now-articles/the-world-soccer.html (need better ref)</ref>

'''Final'''
# {{fb|FRG}}
# {{fb|ARG}}
'''3rd and 4th place'''
#<li value="3"> {{fb|ITA}}
# {{fb|ENG}}
'''Eliminated in the quarter-finals'''
#<li value="5"> {{fb|CSK}}
# {{fb|YUG}}
# {{fb|CMR}}
# {{fb|IRL}}
'''Eliminated in the round of 16'''
#<li value="9"> {{fb|NED}}
# {{fb|BRA|1968}}
# {{fb|BEL}}
# {{fb|ESP}}
# {{fb|ROM}}
# {{fb|COL}}
# {{fb|URU}}
# {{fb|CRC}}
'''Eliminated at the group stage'''
#<li value="17"> {{fb|EGY}}
# {{fb|AUT}}
# {{fb|SCO}}
# {{fb|URS}}
# {{fb|SWE}}
# {{fb|KOR}}
# {{fb|USA}}
# {{fb|UAE}}

==Statistics==
*Most wins: '''[[Italy national football team|Italy]]''' (6)
*Most defeats: '''[[Korea Republic national football team|Korea Republic]], [[Sweden national football team|Sweden]], [[United Arab Emirates national football team|UAE]], [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]]''' (3)
*First goal: '''[[François Omam Biyik]]''' (for [[1990 FIFA World Cup Group B#Argentina vs Cameroon|Cameroon vs Argentina]]; Group B, 8 June)
*Fastest goal in a match: '''3 minutes 59 seconds''' – [[Safet Sušić]] (for [[1990 FIFA World Cup Group D#Yugoslavia vs UAE|Yugoslavia vs UAE]]; Group D, 19 June)
*Latest goal scored in a match (apart from penalty shoot-outs): '''119 minutes''' – [[David Platt (footballer)|David Platt]] (for [[1990 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#England vs Belgium|England vs Belgium]]; Round of 16, 16 June)
*Biggest win: '''5–1''' – by [[1990 FIFA World Cup Group A#United States vs Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia vs United States]], and by [[1990 FIFA World Cup Group D#West Germany vs UAE|West Germany vs UAE]]
*Most goals in the tournament (team): '''[[Germany national football team|West Germany]]''' (15)
*Most goals in the tournament (player): '''[[Salvatore Schillaci]]''' ([[Italy national football team|Italy]]) (6)
*Least goals in the tournament (team): '''[[Egypt national football team|Egypt]]''' and '''[[Korea Republic national football team|Korea Republic]]''' (1)
*Most goals in a game: '''6''' ([[1990 FIFA World Cup Group A#United States vs Czechoslovakia|United States 1 Czechoslovakia 5]]; [[1990 FIFA World Cup Group D#West Germany vs UAE|West Germany 5 UAE 1]])
*Most goals in a game (player): '''3''', by '''[[Míchel (footballer)|Míchel]]''' (for [[1990_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_E#Korea_Republic_vs_Spain|Spain vs Korea Republic]]) and '''[[Tomáš Skuhravý]]''' (for [[1990_FIFA_World_Cup_knockout_stage#Czechoslovakia_vs_Costa_Rica|Czechoslovakia vs Costa Rica]])
*Least goals conceded: '''[[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]''', '''[[Egypt national football team|Egypt]]''' and '''[[Italy national football team|Italy]]''' (2)
*Total goals scored: '''115''' (average 2.21 goals per game, a record low in World Cup history)
*Most clean sheets: '''[[Italy national football team|Italy]]''' (5)
*Number of penalties awarded: '''18''' (13 scored, 5 missed)<ref>Figure does not include shootouts; penalties were missed during games by: [[Michal Bílek]] ([[1990_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_A#United_States_vs_Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia v USA]]), [[Rubén Sosa]] ([[1990_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_E#Uruguay_vs_Spain|Uruguay v Spain]]), [[Faruk Hadžibegić]] ([[1990_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_D#Yugoslavia_vs_Colombia|Yugoslavia v Colombia]]), [[Gianluca Vialli]] ([[1990_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_A#Italy_vs_United_States|Italy v USA]]) and [[Enzo Scifo]] ([[1990_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_E#Belgium_vs_Spain|Belgium v Spain]])</ref>
*Most yellow cards in a game: '''9''' – '''[[1990 FIFA World Cup Group A#Austria vs United States|Austria vs United States]]''' (Group A, 19 June)
*Most yellow cards in the tournament: '''[[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]''' (22)
*Total yellow cards: '''162'''<ref>Figure does not include second yellow cards that lead to a red card</ref>
*Most red cards in the tournament: '''[[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]''' (3)
*Total red cards: '''16''' (a record high for a 24 team World Cup)
*Highest attendance: '''74,765''' – '''[[1990 FIFA World Cup Group D#West Germany vs Yugoslavia|West Germany vs Yugoslavia]]''' (Group D, 10 June)
*Lowest attendance: '''27,833''' – '''[[1990 FIFA World Cup Group D#Yugoslavia vs UAE|Yugoslavia vs UAE]]''' (Group D, 19 June)
*Average attendance: '''48,391''' (5th highest in World Cup history)
*Oldest player: '''[[Peter Shilton]]''' ([[England national football team|England]]) (40 years 292 days)
*Youngest player: '''[[Rónald González Brenes]]''' ([[Costa Rica national football team|Costa Rica]]) (19 years 307 days)

==See also==
* [[Sir Bobby Robson Trophy match]], a 2009 replay of the 1990 England Germany semi-final in honour of the England manager Bobby Robson

==References and footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=76/index.html Italia 90 on the FIFA website]
*[http://www.rsssf.com/tables/90full.html Details at RSSSF]
*[http://homepages.enterprise.net/eico/1990.htm History of the World Cup-1990]
*[http://www.planetworldcup.com/CUPS/1990/wc90index.html Planet World Cup - Italy 1990]

{{1990 FIFA World Cup}}
{{FIFA World Cup}}
{{International Football}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1990 Fifa World Cup}}
[[Category:1990 FIFA World Cup]]
[[Category:1990 in association football|World Cup]]
[[Category:FIFA World Cup tournaments]]
[[Category:International football (soccer) competitions hosted by Italy]]

[[af:FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1990]]
[[ar:بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1990]]
[[az:FİFA Dünya Kuboku 1990]]
[[bs:Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu 1990.]]
[[bg:Световно първенство по футбол 1990]]
[[ca:Copa del Món de Futbol de 1990]]
[[cs:Mistrovství světa ve fotbale 1990]]
[[cy:Cwpan y Byd Pêl-droed 1990]]
[[da:VM i fodbold 1990]]
[[de:Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1990]]
[[et:1990. aasta jalgpalli maailmameistrivõistlused]]
[[el:Παγκόσμιο Κύπελλο Ποδοσφαίρου 1990]]
[[es:Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 1990]]
[[eo:Futbala Mondpokalo 1990]]
[[fa:جام جهانی فوتبال ۱۹۹۰]]
[[fr:Coupe du monde de football de 1990]]
[[gl:Mundial de Fútbol Italia 1990]]
[[ko:1990년 FIFA 월드컵]]
[[hr:Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu - Italija 1990.]]
[[id:Piala Dunia FIFA 1990]]
[[it:Campionato mondiale di calcio 1990]]
[[he:מונדיאל 1990]]
[[la:Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1990)]]
[[lv:FIFA Pasaules kauss 1990]]
[[lt:XIV pasaulio futbolo čempionatas]]
[[hu:1990-es labdarúgó-világbajnokság]]
[[mk:Светско првенство во фудбал 1990]]
[[ml:ഫുട്ബോൾ ലോകകപ്പ് 1990]]
[[mr:१९९० फिफा विश्वचषक]]
[[ms:Piala Dunia FIFA 1990]]
[[nl:Wereldkampioenschap voetbal 1990]]
[[ja:1990 FIFAワールドカップ]]
[[no:VM i fotball 1990]]
[[nn:VM i fotball 1990]]
[[pl:Mistrzostwa Świata w Piłce Nożnej 1990]]
[[pt:Copa do Mundo FIFA de 1990]]
[[ro:Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 1990]]
[[ru:Чемпионат мира по футболу 1990]]
[[simple:1990 FIFA World Cup]]
[[sk:Majstrovstvá sveta vo futbale 1990]]
[[sr:Светско првенство у фудбалу 1990.]]
[[fi:Jalkapallon maailmanmestaruuskilpailut 1990]]
[[sv:Världsmästerskapet i fotboll 1990]]
[[th:ฟุตบอลโลก 1990]]
[[tr:1990 FIFA Dünya Kupası]]
[[uk:Чемпіонат світу з футболу 1990]]
[[vi:Giải vô địch bóng đá thế giới 1990]]
[[zh:1990年世界盃足球賽]]

High-Speed Uplink Packet Access

2010-11-12T11:53:27Z

62.101.100.5: /* Versions */

{{Refimprove|date=March 2009}}

'''High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)''' is a [[3G]] [[mobile telephony]] [[Communications protocol|protocol]] in the [[High-Speed Packet Access|HSPA]] family with up-link speeds up to 5.76 [[Mbit/s]]. The name HSUPA was created by [[Nokia]]. The [[3GPP]] does not support the name 'HSUPA', but instead uses the name [[Enhanced Uplink]] (EUL).<ref>[http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25321.htm 3GPP specification: 25.321]</ref>

The specifications for HSUPA are included in [[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System]] Release 6 [[Standardization|standard]] published by [[3GPP]].
– "The technical purpose of the Enhanced Uplink feature is to improve the performance of uplink dedicated transport channels, i.e. to increase capacity and throughput and reduce delay."

==Description==
HSUPA uses an uplink ''enhanced dedicated channel'' (E-DCH) on which it employs link adaptation methods similar to those employed by [[HSDPA]], namely:

* ''shorter [[Transmission Time Interval]]'' enabling faster [[link adaptation]];

* ''[[HARQ]]'' (hybrid [[ARQ]]) with ''[[incremental redundancy]]'' making [[Retransmission (data networks)|retransmissions]] more effective.

Similarly to HSDPA, HSUPA uses a ''packet scheduler'', but it operates on a ''request-grant'' principle where the [[UE (wireless telephone)|UE]]s request a permission to send data and the scheduler decides when and how many UEs will be allowed to do so. A request for transmission contains data about the state of the transmission buffer and the queue at the UE and its available power margin. However, unlike HSDPA, uplink transmissions are not orthogonal to each other.

In addition to this ''scheduled'' mode of transmission the standards also allows a self-initiated transmission mode from the UEs, denoted ''non-scheduled''. The ''non-scheduled'' mode can, for example, be used for [[VoIP]] services for which even the reduced TTI and the [[Node B]] based scheduler will not be able to provide the very short delay time and constant bandwidth required.

Each MAC-d flow (i.e. [[QoS flow]]) is configured to use either ''scheduled'' or ''non-scheduled'' modes; the UE adjusts the data rate for ''scheduled'' and ''non-scheduled'' flows independently. The maximum data rate of each ''non-scheduled'' flow is configured at call setup, and typically not changed frequently. The power used by the ''scheduled'' flows is controlled dynamically by the Node B through absolute grant (consisting of an actual value) and relative grant (consisting of a single up/down bit) messages.

At Layer 1, HSUPA introduces new physical channels E-AGCH (Absolute Grant Channel), E-RGCH (Relative Grant Channel), F-DPCH (Fractional-DPCH), E-HICH (E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel), E-DPCCH (E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel) and E-DPDCH (E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel).

E-DPDCH is used to carry the E-DCH Transport Channel; and E-DPCCH is used to carry the control information associated with the E-DCH.

==Versions==
The following table gives uplink speeds for the different categories of HSUPA.

{| class="wikitable"
!HSUPA Category
!Max Uplink Speed
!Examples
|-
|Category 1
|0.73 Mbit/s
|
|-
|Category 2
|1.46 Mbit/s
|
|-
|Category 3
|1.46 Mbit/s
|
|-
|Category 4
|2.93 Mbit/s
|Qualcomm 6290
|-
|Category 5
|2.00 Mbit/s
|Nokia: N8, C5, C3-01, [[E52]], E72, E55, 6700 Classic, N900, 5630 XpressMusic; BlackBerry: Storm 9500, 9530; HTC: Dream, Passion (Nexus One)<ref>{{Cite web | title = Nexus One Phone Google Technical Specs | url = http://www.google.com/phone/static/en_US-nexusone_tech_specs.html }}</ref>; [[Sony Ericsson C510]], [[Sony Ericsson C903]], [[Sony Ericsson W705]], [[Sony Ericsson W995]], Sony Ericsson T715
|-
|Category 6
|5.76 Mbit/s
|BlackBerry Tour 9630, Nokia CS-15, Option GlobeTrotter Express 441/442, Option iCON 505/505M, Samsung i8910, Apple iPhone 4<ref>{{Cite web | title = Apple iPhone 4 Technical Specs | url = http://www.apple.com/iphone/specs.html }}</ref>, Huawei, E180/E182E/E1820/E5832/EM770W
|-
|Category 7 (3GPP Rel7)
|11.5 Mbit/s
|
|-
|Category 8 (3GPP Rel8)
|42 Mbit/s
|
|-
|Category 9 (3GPP Rel9)
|84 Mbit/s
|
|-
|}

==Roadmap==
After HSUPA the [[3GPP]] is working on further advancing transfer rates. [[Long Term Evolution|LTE]] provides up to 326.4 Mbit/s for downlink and 86.4 Mbit/s for uplink. LTE-Advanced, in development as a minor update to LTE networks, supports maximum download rates of over 1 Gbit/s.

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
*[[DC-HSUPA|Dual Cell HSUPA]]
*[[3GPP Long Term Evolution]]
*[[Broadband]]
*[[DigRF V3]]
*[[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access]]
*[[HSOPA|High-Speed Orthogonal Packet Access]]
*[[List of Deployed HSUPA networks]]
*[[List of device bandwidths]]
*[[Quad band]]
*[[Triband (telephone)]]
*[[UMTS frequency bands]]
</div>

==References==

<references/>

== Bibliography ==

*{{cite book |title=HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access for Mobile Communications |author=Harri Holma and Antti Toskala |year=2006 |isbn=0470018844}}

{{Mobile telecommunications standards}}
{{Internet Access}}

[[Category:Universal Mobile Telecommunications System]]
[[Category:High-Speed Packet Access]]

[[cs:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[de:High Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[et:HSUPA]]
[[es:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[fr:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[id:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[it:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[hu:HSUPA]]
[[ms:HSUPA]]
[[nl:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[no:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[pl:High Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[pt:HSUPA]]
[[ru:HSUPA]]
[[su:HSUPA]]
[[fi:HSUPA]]
[[sv:HSUPA]]
[[tr:HSUPA]]
[[uk:High Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[zh:HSUPA]]

High-Speed Uplink Packet Access

2010-11-12T11:53:09Z

62.101.100.5: /* Versions */

{{Refimprove|date=March 2009}}

'''High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)''' is a [[3G]] [[mobile telephony]] [[Communications protocol|protocol]] in the [[High-Speed Packet Access|HSPA]] family with up-link speeds up to 5.76 [[Mbit/s]]. The name HSUPA was created by [[Nokia]]. The [[3GPP]] does not support the name 'HSUPA', but instead uses the name [[Enhanced Uplink]] (EUL).<ref>[http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25321.htm 3GPP specification: 25.321]</ref>

The specifications for HSUPA are included in [[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System]] Release 6 [[Standardization|standard]] published by [[3GPP]].
– "The technical purpose of the Enhanced Uplink feature is to improve the performance of uplink dedicated transport channels, i.e. to increase capacity and throughput and reduce delay."

==Description==
HSUPA uses an uplink ''enhanced dedicated channel'' (E-DCH) on which it employs link adaptation methods similar to those employed by [[HSDPA]], namely:

* ''shorter [[Transmission Time Interval]]'' enabling faster [[link adaptation]];

* ''[[HARQ]]'' (hybrid [[ARQ]]) with ''[[incremental redundancy]]'' making [[Retransmission (data networks)|retransmissions]] more effective.

Similarly to HSDPA, HSUPA uses a ''packet scheduler'', but it operates on a ''request-grant'' principle where the [[UE (wireless telephone)|UE]]s request a permission to send data and the scheduler decides when and how many UEs will be allowed to do so. A request for transmission contains data about the state of the transmission buffer and the queue at the UE and its available power margin. However, unlike HSDPA, uplink transmissions are not orthogonal to each other.

In addition to this ''scheduled'' mode of transmission the standards also allows a self-initiated transmission mode from the UEs, denoted ''non-scheduled''. The ''non-scheduled'' mode can, for example, be used for [[VoIP]] services for which even the reduced TTI and the [[Node B]] based scheduler will not be able to provide the very short delay time and constant bandwidth required.

Each MAC-d flow (i.e. [[QoS flow]]) is configured to use either ''scheduled'' or ''non-scheduled'' modes; the UE adjusts the data rate for ''scheduled'' and ''non-scheduled'' flows independently. The maximum data rate of each ''non-scheduled'' flow is configured at call setup, and typically not changed frequently. The power used by the ''scheduled'' flows is controlled dynamically by the Node B through absolute grant (consisting of an actual value) and relative grant (consisting of a single up/down bit) messages.

At Layer 1, HSUPA introduces new physical channels E-AGCH (Absolute Grant Channel), E-RGCH (Relative Grant Channel), F-DPCH (Fractional-DPCH), E-HICH (E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel), E-DPCCH (E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel) and E-DPDCH (E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel).

E-DPDCH is used to carry the E-DCH Transport Channel; and E-DPCCH is used to carry the control information associated with the E-DCH.

==Versions==
The following table gives uplink speeds for the different categories of HSUPA.

{| class="wikitable"
!HSUPA Category
!Max Uplink Speed
!Examples
|-
|Category 1
|0.73 Mbit/s
|
|-
|Category 2
|1.46 Mbit/s
|
|-
|Category 3
|1.46 Mbit/s
|
|-
|Category 4
|2.93 Mbit/s
|Qualcomm 6290
|-
|Category 5
|2.00 Mbit/s
|Nokia: N8, C5, C3-01 [[E52]], E72, E55, 6700 Classic, N900, 5630 XpressMusic; BlackBerry: Storm 9500, 9530; HTC: Dream, Passion (Nexus One)<ref>{{Cite web | title = Nexus One Phone Google Technical Specs | url = http://www.google.com/phone/static/en_US-nexusone_tech_specs.html }}</ref>; [[Sony Ericsson C510]], [[Sony Ericsson C903]], [[Sony Ericsson W705]], [[Sony Ericsson W995]], Sony Ericsson T715
|-
|Category 6
|5.76 Mbit/s
|BlackBerry Tour 9630, Nokia CS-15, Option GlobeTrotter Express 441/442, Option iCON 505/505M, Samsung i8910, Apple iPhone 4<ref>{{Cite web | title = Apple iPhone 4 Technical Specs | url = http://www.apple.com/iphone/specs.html }}</ref>, Huawei, E180/E182E/E1820/E5832/EM770W
|-
|Category 7 (3GPP Rel7)
|11.5 Mbit/s
|
|-
|Category 8 (3GPP Rel8)
|42 Mbit/s
|
|-
|Category 9 (3GPP Rel9)
|84 Mbit/s
|
|-
|}

==Roadmap==
After HSUPA the [[3GPP]] is working on further advancing transfer rates. [[Long Term Evolution|LTE]] provides up to 326.4 Mbit/s for downlink and 86.4 Mbit/s for uplink. LTE-Advanced, in development as a minor update to LTE networks, supports maximum download rates of over 1 Gbit/s.

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
*[[DC-HSUPA|Dual Cell HSUPA]]
*[[3GPP Long Term Evolution]]
*[[Broadband]]
*[[DigRF V3]]
*[[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access]]
*[[HSOPA|High-Speed Orthogonal Packet Access]]
*[[List of Deployed HSUPA networks]]
*[[List of device bandwidths]]
*[[Quad band]]
*[[Triband (telephone)]]
*[[UMTS frequency bands]]
</div>

==References==

<references/>

== Bibliography ==

*{{cite book |title=HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access for Mobile Communications |author=Harri Holma and Antti Toskala |year=2006 |isbn=0470018844}}

{{Mobile telecommunications standards}}
{{Internet Access}}

[[Category:Universal Mobile Telecommunications System]]
[[Category:High-Speed Packet Access]]

[[cs:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[de:High Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[et:HSUPA]]
[[es:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[fr:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[id:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[it:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[hu:HSUPA]]
[[ms:HSUPA]]
[[nl:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[no:High-Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[pl:High Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[pt:HSUPA]]
[[ru:HSUPA]]
[[su:HSUPA]]
[[fi:HSUPA]]
[[sv:HSUPA]]
[[tr:HSUPA]]
[[uk:High Speed Uplink Packet Access]]
[[zh:HSUPA]]

Fugging, Upper Austria

2010-11-11T15:10:14Z

62.101.100.5: /* See also */

{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}

{{Infobox Settlement



|name = Fucking 
|official_name =
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|settlement_type =Village 
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|image_skyline = Fucking, Austria, street sign cropped.jpg
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|image_caption = The frequently stolen traffic sign,<ref name="ananova">{{cite news|title=F***ing signs now theft-proof |publisher=[[Ananova]]|url=http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_1509431.html |accessdate=2006-12-15}}</ref> at the entrance to the village of Fucking.
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|pushpin_map_caption =Located in Austria 2.5 miles from the German border.
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|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Austria]]
|subdivision_type1 =[[States of Austria|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Upper Austria]]
|subdivision_type2 = Region
|subdivision_name2 = [[Innviertel]]
|subdivision_type3 = Municipality
|subdivision_name3 = [[Tarsdorf]]
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|established_title = Established 
|established_date = since at least 1070
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|named_for =6th century man called Focko

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|latd=48 |latm=04 |lats=02 |latNS=N
|longd=12 |longm=51 |longs=49 |longEW=E

|postal_code_type =[[List of postal codes in Austria|Postal code]] 
|postal_code =5121
|area_code =06278
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'''Fucking''' ({{IPA-de|ˈfʊkɪŋ}}, rhymes with "''booking''"<ref name="dailytele"/>) is an [[Austria]]n [[village]]<ref>[http://www.gisdat.at/website/tarsdorf/main_content.html Tarsdorf Official map]</ref> in the municipality of [[Tarsdorf]],<ref>[http://www.tarsdorf.at/ Official governmental Homepage of Tarsdorf Municipality]</ref> in the [[Innviertel]] region of western [[Upper Austria]]. The village is {{convert|33|km}} north of [[Salzburg]], four kilometres (2.5 mi) east of the [[Germany|German]] border.

Despite having a population of only 104, the village has become famous for its name in the [[English-speaking world]]. Its road signs are a popular visitor attraction, and were often stolen by souvenir-hunting tourists until 2005, when they were modified to be theft-resistant.

==Etymology==
It is believed that the settlement was founded around the 6th century by ''Focko'', a [[Austro-Bavarian|Bavarian]] nobleman. The existence of the village was documented for the first time in 1070 and historical records show that some twenty years later the [[lord]] was Adalpertus de Fucingin. The spelling of the name has evolved over the years; it is first recorded in historical sources with the spelling as ''Vucchingen'' in 1070, ''Fukching'' in 1303,<ref>{{cite book|last=Etz|first=Albrecht|title=Die Siedlungsnamen des Innviertels als lauthistorische Quellen|page=212|series=Volume 53 of ''Dissertationen der Universität Wien''|publisher=Notring|year=1971}}</ref> ''Fugkhing'' in 1532, and in the modern spelling ''Fucking'' in the 18th century,<ref name="age030905">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2005/09/02/1125302734420.html|title=What's the F---ing joke?|date=3 September 2005|publisher=[[The Age]]|accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref> which is pronounced with the vowel ''oo'' as in ''book''.<ref name="dailytele"/> The ending ''-ing'' is an old [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] suffix indicating the people belonging to the root word to which it is attached, such as in the English word ''earthling''; thus ''Fucking'' means "(place of) Focko’s people."<ref name="the-register">[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/08/15/austrian_signs/ "Brits steal carloads of F**king Austrian roadsigns"], ''The Register'', 15 August 2005.</ref>

==Demographics and transportation==

The [[Demographics of Austria|Austrian census]] of 2001 recorded that the village had a population of 93.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/blickgem/vz2/g40443.pdf|title=Wohnbevölkerung nach Ortschaften|date=29 July 2009|publisher=[[Statistik Austria]]|language=German|accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref> ''[[The Age]]'' reported in 2005 that it had 104 people and 32 houses.<ref name="age030905" />

There is a bus service operated by [[OÖVV]] between [[Schärding]] and [[Eggerding]] which makes stops at [[Unterfucking]] (Lower Fucking) and [[Oberfucking]] (Upper Fucking). Bus route 2302 operates once a day from Monday to Friday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fahrplan.oebb.at/bin/traininfo.exe/dn/225489/182564/523502/186588/81?L=vs_ooev&rt=0&seqnr=2&ident=cb.0196131.1256470172&|title=Fahrtinformationen|publisher=[[OÖVV]]|language=German|accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref>

==Name and notoriety==
Fucking's most famous feature is four [[traffic sign]]s with its name on them, beside which tourists stop to have their photograph taken, owing to the identical spelling to the present participle of the English-language profanity "[[fuck]]". One version of the sign features the village name with an additional sign beneath it, with the words "Bitte — nicht so schnell!" ("Please — not so fast!"). The lower sign — which features an illustration of two children — is meant to advise drivers to watch their speed, but tourists see this as a double meaning coupled with the village name.<ref name="snopes">[http://www.snopes.com/photos/signs/austria.asp Urban Legends Reference Pages: Welcome to Austria]</ref>

British and American [[soldiers]] based in nearby Salzburg noticed the name after [[World War II]], and began to travel to the village to have their photos taken beside the signs while striking various poses. The local residents, the Fuckingers, were considerably bemused as they had not previously been aware of the meaning of their village's name in English.<ref name="age030905" /> Since then, the number of visitors to Fucking has increased, with the occasional visit by a tour bus.<ref name="dailytele">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/austria/1497132/No-there-are-no-Fing-postcards.html|title='No, there are no F***ing postcards'|last=Harnden|first=Toby|date=28 August 2005|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | location = London |accessdate=2009-11-07}}</ref>

The village is especially popular with British tourists; as a local tour guide explained: "The Germans all want to see [[Mozart]]'s house in [[Salzburg]]; the Americans want to see where [[The Sound of Music (film)|''The Sound of Music'']] was filmed; the Japanese want [[Hitler]]'s birthplace in [[Braunau am Inn|Braunau]]; but for the British, it's all about Fucking."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/columnists/parsons/2005/08/29/this-town-s-a-f-joke-115875-15907192/|title=This Towns A F****** Joke|date=29 August 2005|newspaper=[[The Daily Mirror]]|location = London | accessdate=2009-11-07}}</ref> Augustina Lindlbauer, the manager of an area guesthouse, noted that the area had lakes, forests and vistas worth visiting, but there was an "obsession with Fucking". Lindlbauer recalled how she had to explain to a British female tourist "that there were no Fucking postcards."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20050911151145/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20050828/wl_uk_afp/britainaustriaoffbeat|title=Brits driving Austrians bonkers over rude village name |date=28 August 2005|agency=[[Agence France Presse]]|accessdate=2009-11-07|location=London}}</ref>

The [[street sign theft|road signs were commonly stolen]] as souvenirs,<ref name="snopes" /> – the only crime which has been reported in the village.<ref name="kingston" /> It cost some 300 [[Euro]]s to replace each stolen sign, and the costs were reflected in the taxes that local residents pay.<ref name="age030905" /> In 2004, owing mainly to the stolen signs, a vote was held on changing the village's name, but the residents voted against doing so.<ref name="the-register" /> Tarsdorf municipality's mayor Siegfried Höppl stated that it was decided to keep the name as it had existed for 800 years,<ref name="the-register" /> and further stated that "(e)veryone here knows what it means in English, but for us Fucking is Fucking — and it's going to stay Fucking."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haywood |first1=Anthony |last2=Walker | first2 =Kerry |title=Austria |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2008 |edition=5 |page=217 |isbn=174104670X |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=dXQLdFUKa0UC|accessdate=2009-11-07}}</ref>

After a spate of thefts, which included the theft of all four signs in one night, and a total of fifteen over a period of several years, in August 2005 the road signs were replaced with theft-resistant signs welded to steel and secured in concrete to prevent their being stolen.<ref name="age030905" /><ref name="londonpaper" /> Mayor Höppl said that officials were fed up with English-speaking tourists stealing the signs, and noted that with the newly installed signs it would take all night to steal one. Höppl said that tourists, and the money they bring to the area, were welcome, but locals were sick of replacing the signs.<ref name="ananova" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Austrian town uses concrete to block cursed sign thefts |date=23 August 2005 |newspaper=[[The Ottawa Citizen]] |pages=A8 |accessdate=2009-11-07 }}</ref> Kommandant Schmitzberger, the local police chief, also hinted at other avenues to stop what he calls "foreign criminals" from disturbing order in the village. Schmitzberger, whilst not disclosing what other options were on the table, stated "What they are, I am not at liberty to disclose, but we will not stand for the Fucking signs being removed. It may be very amusing for you British, but Fucking is simply Fucking to us. What is this big Fucking joke? It is puerile."<ref name="kingston">{{cite news |title=Town's vulgar name draws 'puerile' tourists |last=Harnden |first=Toby |date=29 August 2005 |newspaper=[[Kingston Whig-Standard]] |page=14 |accessdate=2009-11-07}}</ref>

A local resident of the village, Josef Winkler, attempted to cash in on the village's fame by setting up a website (www.fucking.at), on which he sold t-shirts featuring the village road signs, with the slogan "I like Fucking in Austria" printed on them. According to Winkler, they were selling well, and he was in negotiations with [[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim magazine]] regarding possible promotions, but was forced to stop his venture after being shouted at and threatened in the street. Winkler said "It was a bit of fun that didn't hurt anyone, but I found out that in this region you just can't do something like that. The whole thing became a real trial for me and I had to stop. People are very traditional here."<ref name="kingston" />

In November 2008 the village hosted the ''Festival of the Fuck Bands'' [[music festival]], which featured bands [[Fucked Up]], [[Holy Fuck (band)|Holy Fuck]], [[Fuck (band)|Fuck]] and [[Fuck Buttons]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2009-01-29/music/fucked-up-and-other-f-word-bands-congregate-at-the-festival-of-the-fuck-bands/ |title=Fucked Up and other F-Word Bands Congregate at the Festival of the Fuck Bands |last=Lopez |first=Michael |date=27 January 2009 |newspaper=[[Phoenix New Times]]|accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref>

In July 2009 it was announced that the village would be installing [[CCTV camera]]s in an attempt to deter summertime [[tourist]]s from filming themselves having sexual intercourse in front of the ''Fucking'' signs. A resident of the village said that installing cameras around the village may make tourists think twice and instead choose to only have a photograph taken in front of the sign.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/playlist/view/91341/Would-you-please-all-stop-f-ing-in-F-ing/ |title=Would you please all stop f*&%ing in F***ing |date=28 July 2009 |newspaper=[[Daily Star (United Kingdom)|Daily Star]]| location = London |accessdate=2009-10-24}}</ref> Juergen Stoll, the operator of a guesthouse at [[Wank (mountain)|Wank]], close to the Austrian-German border, stated that the residents of Fucking should be cashing in on its name, although Mayor Franz Meindl states "We don't find it funny. We just want to be left alone. We don't harm anyone and just want to live in peace.",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/2572607/Rude-named-town-gets-a-helping-hand-from-its-neighbours.html |title=Rude town gets handy advice |last=Watson |first=Leon |date=5 August 2009 |newspaper=[[The Sun (newspaper)|The Sun]] | location = London |accessdate=2009-11-07}}</ref> and that he would prefer not to see the village being featured in the press anymore.<ref>{{de icon}} {{cite news |url=http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/Home/Nachrichten/Bayern/Artikel,-Die-Ortstafel-als-Souvenir-_arid,1196026_regid,2_puid,2_pageid,4289.html |title=Die Ortstafel als Souvenir |last=Schmidt |first=Von Axel |date=24 March 2008 |newspaper=[[Augsburger Allgemeine]]|accessdate=2009-11-07}}</ref> Meindl appears to have the opposite view of former Mayor Höppl, by proclaiming that residents wish for their village to be left alone by tourists.<ref name="londonpaper">{{cite news |url=http://www.thelondonpaper.com/thelondonpaper/weird/odd-news/people-in-the-village-of-fucking-hate-tourists |title=People in the village of Fucking hate tourists |last=Ross |first=Kirsty |date=30 July 2009 |newspaper=[[thelondonpaper]]| location = London |accessdate=2009-11-07}}</ref>

Putting the problem in context, however, ''tz-online'' notes that numerous villages across the border in Germany have names that are "unfortunate" even in German, including Affendorf (''Monkey Village''), Faulebutter (''Putrid Butter''), Fickmühlen (''Fuck Mill''), Himmelreich (''Kingdom of Heaven''), Katzenhirn (''Cat Brain''), Plöd (''Stupid''), Regenmantel (''Raincoat''), Sklavenhaus (''Slave House'') and Warzen (''Warts'').<ref>{{cite news |title=Schluss mit Plöd! - Wie ein lustiger Ortsname zur Last wird |url=http://www.tz-online.de/aktuelles/bayern/schluss-mit-ploed---wie-ein-lustiger-ortsname-zur-last-wird-72134.html |newspaper=TZ | location = Munich | language = German |date=14 November 2008}}</ref>

In 2009, the European Union's [[OHIM]] trademarks agency forbade a German brewery to market a beer called "Fucking Hell". It appealed, and was granted permission in January 2010 to market the beer.<ref>[http://oami.europa.eu/ows/rw/pages/OHIM/OHIMPublications/newsletter/1003/CASELAW/cs2.en.do Decision of the Forth Board of Appeal of 21 January 2010 in Case R 0385/2008-4 – Fucking Hell] ''The Trade Marks and Designs Registration Office of the European Union''</ref> It claims the beer is actually named after the Austrian village Fucking and the German term for [[pale lager]], ''Hell''.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/german-beer-can-call-itself-fking-hell | work = Radio Netherlands | title = German beer can call itself F**king Hell | date = 19 March 2010 | location = Hilversum}} </ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
*[[Anus, France]]
*[[Condom, France]]
*[[Dildo, Newfoundland and Labrador]]
*[[Intercourse, Pennsylvania]]
*[[Petting, Bavaria]]
*[[Pussy, France]]
*[[Shitterton|Shitterton, England]]
*[[Tarsdorf]]
*[[Tittybong, Victoria]]
*[[Wank (mountain)]]
*[[Wankers Corner, Oregon]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Fucking, Austria}}
* {{de icon}} [http://www.tarsdorf.at Tarsdorf Municipality website]
* [http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/0,1518,686305,00.html spiegel.de (in English)]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Upper Austria]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 6th century]]


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[[id:Fucking, Austria]]
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[[ro:Fucking, Austria]]
[[ru:Фукинг]]
[[simple:Fucking, Austria]]
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[[uk:Фукінг]]
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[[zh:富金]]

Hive

2010-09-03T12:17:18Z

62.101.100.5: /* In technology */

'''Hive''' may refer to:
__NOTOC__
==In science==
* [[Beehive

==In technology==
* The highest level of organization in the [[Windows Registry]]
* [[HIVE]], an abstract game programming library
Matteo gay

==In the arts==
* [[Hive mind]], one of several forms of [[collective consciousness]]
* [[The Hives]], a rock band
* [[Hive (record producer)]], a DJ and producer in the drum and bass music genre
* [[Hive (game)]] is an abstract-strategy board game published in 2001
* [[Hive Records]], a record label
* [[H.I.V.E.]], a DC Comics villain organization
* [[The_Hive_(film)|The Hive]], a 2008 film.
* [[H.I.V.E. (series)|H.I.V.E.]], a series of children's books.

==In business==
* [[HIVE (ISP)]], an ISP in Iceland, founded in 2004

==Other==
* [[Hive, East Riding of Yorkshire]], England
* [[Vestfold University College]] (Høgskolen i Vestfold, ''HiVe''), a Norwegian university college

See also [[The Hive]] for other meanings.

{{disambig}}

[[ko:하이브]]
[[ja:ハイブ (曖昧さ回避)]]

Hive

2010-09-03T12:16:42Z

62.101.100.5: /* In science */

'''Hive''' may refer to:
__NOTOC__
==In science==
* [[Beehive

==In technology==
* The highest level of organization in the [[Windows Registry]]
* [[HIVE]], an abstract game programming library

==In the arts==
* [[Hive mind]], one of several forms of [[collective consciousness]]
* [[The Hives]], a rock band
* [[Hive (record producer)]], a DJ and producer in the drum and bass music genre
* [[Hive (game)]] is an abstract-strategy board game published in 2001
* [[Hive Records]], a record label
* [[H.I.V.E.]], a DC Comics villain organization
* [[The_Hive_(film)|The Hive]], a 2008 film.
* [[H.I.V.E. (series)|H.I.V.E.]], a series of children's books.

==In business==
* [[HIVE (ISP)]], an ISP in Iceland, founded in 2004

==Other==
* [[Hive, East Riding of Yorkshire]], England
* [[Vestfold University College]] (Høgskolen i Vestfold, ''HiVe''), a Norwegian university college

See also [[The Hive]] for other meanings.

{{disambig}}

[[ko:하이브]]
[[ja:ハイブ (曖昧さ回避)]]

Intesa Sanpaolo

2010-09-01T10:41:19Z

62.101.100.5:

{{Infobox company
|company_name = Intesa Sanpaolo S.p.A.
|company_logo = [[Image:Intesa Sanpaolo.svg|230px]]
|company_type = [[Società per azioni]] ({{ISE|IT0000072618|ISP}})
|foundation = 2007 (merger of [[Banca Intesa]] and [[Sanpaolo IMI]])
|location = [[Turin]], [[Italy]]
|key_people = Corrado Passera ([[chief executive officer|CEO]]), Enrico Salza ([[Chairman]] of the [[board of directors|executive board]]), Giovanni Bazoli ([[Chairman]] of the [[supervisory board]])
|industry = [[Financial services]]
|operating_income = €8.021 billion (2009)<ref name="AR2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.group.intesasanpaolo.com/scriptIsir0/rntisInvestor/content/bilancioRelazione/viewStream.onetwo?id=CNT000000000000347&attachmentName=attachmentPdf&type=bilancioRelazione&locale=en |title=Annual Report 2009 |accessdate=2010-04-24 |publisher=Intesa Sanpaolo |language=Italian}}</ref>
|net_income = €2.805 billion (2009)<ref name="AR2009" />
|assets = €624.8 billion (2009)<ref name="AR2009" />
|equity = €52.68 billion (2009)<ref name="AR2009" />
|num_employees = 103,720 (2009)<ref name="AR2009" />
|products = [[Retail banking|Retail]], [[investment bank|investment]] and [[private bank]]ing, [[investment management]], [[public finance]]
|homepage = [http://www.intesasanpaolo.com www.intesasanpaolo.com]
|intl = yes
}}

'''Intesa Sanpaolo''' ({{ISE|IT0000072618|ISP}}) is a banking group resulting from the merger between [[Banca Intesa]] and [[Sanpaolo IMI]] based in [[Turin]], [[Italy]]. It has clear leadership in the [[Banking in Italy|Italian market]] and a minor but growing international presence focused on Central-Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean basin (77% of the bank's revenue (97.7% from Europe) and 86% of all loans to customers come from business in Italy).<ref name=AR2009/>

In 2009 group acquisitions included a 30% interest in business info company MF Honyvem, and an increased stake in [[Alitalia]] up to 33.3%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aRjZ9em2tuaM|title=Leali, Other Investors Buy Alitalia Cargo Unit, Corriere Says|date=2009-04-2}}</ref> Even though the bank was rumoured to have been working with the government to keep Air France from acquiring a stake in Alitalia Air France eventually acquired a 25% interest in it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/transport/article3599214.ece|title=Silvio Berlusconi may save Alitalia from Air France|date=2008-03-22}}</ref><ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSMAT00759720071210 Intesa CEO attacks French purchase of Alitalia]</ref>

==Business Units==
The group's operations are segmented into 6 parts<ref>[http://www.group.intesasanpaolo.com/scriptIsir0/isInvestor/eng/chi_siamo/eng_attivita_intesa_sanpaolo.jsp Intesa Sanpaolo Group Business]</ref>
*Banca dei Territori - By far the largest division (60% of total revenue, 53% of direct customer deposits and about half of all customers in 2009) it is the company's domestic commercial bank in Italy. Subsidiaries include Mediocredito Italiano, Intesa Sanpaolo Private Banking, Banca Prossima, and insurance companies EurizonVita, EurizonTutela, Intesa Vita, Sud Polo Vita and Centrovita Assicurazioni.
*Corporate and Investment Banking - Present in 34 countries this division contributes 20% of the group's revenue.
*International Subsidiary Banks - Present in 13 countries spanning central eastern Europe and the Mediterranean basin. About a quarter the size of its Italian counterpart.
*Public Finance - 18 of 19 branches are in Italy, only international one is in London.
*Eurizon Capital - Asset manager
*[[Banca Fideuram]] - Offers financial advice services

== Banca Intesa ==
[[Banca Intesa]] [[S.p.A.]] focuses in four main business areas. Known by its present name since Janurary 2010 it is the result of a merger between Zao Banca Intesa and KMB Bank.

===Retail Division===
The Retail Division serves individuals, small businesses, small and medium enterprises and [[non-profit organizations]]; its main activities include retail banking, wealth management, private banking and industrial credit.

===Corporate Division===
The Corporate Division serves mid and large corporates, financial institutions and public administrations; its main activities include mergers and acquisitions and structured finance services, merchant banking, capital market, global custody and the specialized international network.

===Italian Subsidiary Banks Division===
The Italian Subsidiary Banks Division includes banking subsidiaries rooted in regional markets.

===International Subsidiary Banks Division ===
The International Subsidiary Banks Division involves subsidiaries abroad, providing retail and commercial banking services mainly in Central-Eastern Europe. [[Banca Intesa]] has branches and representative offices in Europe, Asia, Latin and North America, and Africa.

== Sanpaolo IMI ==
The '''[[Sanpaolo IMI|Gruppo Sanpaolo IMI]]''' is one of Italy's major banking and insurance groups and it is based in [[Turin]]. It employs about 44,000 people and it has about seven million customers.

It has about 3,200 local offices where private, business and retail banking activities take place. It also cares about savings and retirement funds.

== Subsidiaries ==
* [[Banca Fideuram]], Italy
* [[Banca Intesa Beograd]], Serbia
* [[Banka Koper]], Slovenia
* [[Privredna banka Zagreb]], Croatia
* [[CIB Bank]], Hungary has merged with [[Inter-Európa Bank]] Hungary following the merger of Banca Intesa and Sanpaolo IMI.
* [[Intesa Sanpaolo Bank Albania]], Albania
* [[Bank of Alexandria]], Egypt
* [[Pravex Bank]], Ukraine
* [[Bank Intesa]], Russia
* [[VÚB Banka]], Slovakia

==See also==
* [[Inter-Alpha Group of Banks]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*{{official|http://www.intesasanpaolo.com}}

{{Portal|Companies}}
{{FTSE MIB companies}}
{{Members of Euro Banking Association}}

[[Category:Banks of Italy]]
[[Category:Banks established in 2007]]
[[Category:Companies based in Turin]]

[[fr:Intesa Sanpaolo]]
[[it:Intesa Sanpaolo]]
[[pl:Intesa Sanpaolo]]
[[ro:Intesa Sanpaolo]]
[[sv:Intesa Sanpaolo]]
[[zh:意大利联合圣保罗银行]]

Milan Malpensa Airport

2010-03-15T10:22:45Z

62.101.100.5: /* Rail */

{{Refimprove|date=February 2009}}
{{Infobox Airport
| name = Milan Malpensa Airport "City of Milan"
| nativename = Aeroporto di Milano-Malpensa "Città di Milano"
| image = logoSea.png
| image-width = 161
| image2 = IMG 9882.jpg
| image2-width = 200
| IATA = MXP
| ICAO = LIMC
| type = Public
| owner =
| operator = [[SEA - Aeroporti di Milano]]
| city-served = Milan
| location = [[Somma Lombardo]], [[Italy]]
| hub =
<div>
*[[Air Italy]]
*[[Air One]]
*[[Blue Panorama Airlines]]
*[[EasyJet]]
*[[Eurofly]]
*[[Livingston Energy Flight]]
*[[Neos]]
</div>
| elevation-f = 768
| elevation-m = 234
| coordinates = {{coord|45|37|48|N|008|43|23|E|type:airport_region:IT|display=inline,title|name=Milan Malpensa Airport}}
| website = [http://www.sea-aeroportimilano.it/en www.sea-aeroportimilano.it]
| metric-rwy = y
| r1-number = 17L/35R
| r1-length-f = 12,861
| r1-length-m = 3,920
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt]]
| r2-number = 17R/35L
| r2-length-f = 12,861
| r2-length-m = 3,920
| r2-surface = Asphalt
| footnotes = Source: Italian [[Aeronautical Information Publication|AIP]] at [[European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation|EUROCONTROL]]<ref name="AIP">[http://www.ead.eurocontrol.int/publicuser/protect/pu/main.jsp EAD Basic]</ref>
}}

'''Milano Malpensa Airport''' "City of Milan" {{airport codes|MXP|LIMC}}, former '''"Aeroporto Città di [[Busto Arsizio]]" <ref>http://www.mxpairport.it/index.php?id=100</ref>''' is Milan's largest airport. It is located 39.97 km (24.83 mi) northwest<ref name="AIP"/> of central [[Milan]], [[Italy]]. It is one of 3 [[airports]] in the [[Milan metropolitan area]].

The airport is connected to Milan by the Milano-Varese highway as well as by the "Malpensa Express" train starting from the Milan Cadorna railway station (LeNord regional railways) and taking about 40 minutes. It is also connected to [[Linate Airport]] by a scheduled bus service and by Milan's local transportation. The Milan airport system has a third international airport, [[Orio al Serio Airport]], which serves low-cost traffic.

Malpensa handled over 23.8 million passengers in 2007 (over 33 million with [[Linate]], the second airport of Milan, closer to downtown and over 39 million with Orio al Serio Airport, Milan's low-cost airport). As of early 2008, Malpensa remains the top Italian airport in terms of international traffic, together with Rome [[Leonardo da Vinci Airport]] in terms of total passengers. As far as hub transit passengers are concerned it is also the second airport in Italy after Rome, according to ASSAEROPORTI traffic data. It is also the leading air freight gateway to Italy. Malpensa serves a population of over 15 million inhabitants.

[[easyJet]] has a dedicated Terminal (T2) and Malpensa is that company's biggest base outside the [[UK]].

In 2008 Lufthansa announced plans to create its first hub outside Germany, and its fourth European hub.<ref>''Third Runway for Malpensa'', [[Aviation Week & Space Technology]], '''171''', 1 (6 July 2009), p. 15</ref> In October 2008 [[Lufthansa]] set up its Italian division, [[Lufthansa Italia]]. SEA and Lufthansa have a memorandum of understanding for future development and improvement of current facilities. In July 2009 Lufthansa announced that has requested 10 additional daily slots at Malpensa.<ref>AW & ST</ref>

Malpensa has two terminals and a third runway has been announced, with completion set for 2012.<ref>AW & ST</ref> There is also a dedicated [[cargo terminal]] called "CargoCity", which currently handles over 410,000 tons of yearly traffic.

==Ground handling==
Ground handling services have been slowly deregulated and have seen SEA (the airport authority) create SEA Handling and the arrival of private handler ATA Handling. ATA Handling provides all services apart from bus transport to/from aircraft (originally subcontracted to SEA Handling, now subcontracted to Air Pullman) and disabled assistance. Up to 2001 all ground handling services were provided by SEA and TWA. In the first few years of deregulation some airlines put their own staff for customer assistance but Air One and British Airways realised that it was too expensive and so dismissed them. United Airlines stopped flying to Malpensa. To date the only airline with its own check-in staff remains KLM. Passenger handling is provided by SEA Handling, ATA Handling, Aviapartner, Globeground Italia and ICTS Italia. Ramp services are provided by SEA Handling, ATA and recently Aviapartner. SEA Handling provides 80% of ramp services mostly thanks to its major customer Alitalia.

In May 2006, Italy's Civil Aviation Authority took off the limitation of two ramp handlers. Aviapartner and ARE Group announced that they would create a new company called Aviapartner (owned 51% by Aviapartner and 49% ARE Group) to serve Milan Malpensa and Rome Fiumicino. There are fears that luggage mishandling will go up.

Aviapartner has started operating serving Iberia flights and signing more contracts as time has gone on. However, SEA Handling maintains a dominant position and is reorganising itself to be more competitive by going from a monopolistic mentality to free market one.

==Security services==
Airport security services were transferred in 2000 from the [[Polizia di Stato]] (State Police) to SEA which created an internal division called SEA Airport Security. Up to 2002 SEA was assisted by IVRI in providing security services but the contract was not renewed. SEA Airport Security is supervised by Polizia di Stato (Italian State Police), [[Guardia di Finanza]] (Italian Military Customs Police) and Ente Nazionale Aviazione Civile (Italy's Civil Aviation Authority). [[Carabinieri]] supervise ramp entrance. Furthermore some airlines rely on private security companies (such as ICTS Italia, SEA Airport Security, Gruppo Sicurezza etc) to provide ID check and airplane guarding.

==Terminals, airlines and destinations==
Malpensa has two terminals:
;Terminal 1
*is divided into three sections:
**1A handles domestic and intra-Schengen flights
**1B handles non-Schengen flights
**1C is currently closed for redevelopment
;Terminal 2
*is used by low-cost carriers and for charter services

{{Airport-dest-list
|3rdcoltitle = Terminal
|[[Aegean Airlines]] | Athens, Heraklion, Thessaloniki [ends 26 March] | 1A
|[[Aer Lingus]] |Dublin [seasonal] | 1B
|[[Aeroflot]] |Moscow-Sheremetyevo | 1B
|[[Afriqiyah Airways ]] |Tripoli [begins 18 July] | 1B
|[[Air Algérie]] |Algiers | 1B
|[[AirBaltic]] |Riga | 1A
|[[Air Berlin]] |Berlin-Tegel, Düsseldorf, Nuremberg, Stuttgart [begins 28 March] | 1A
|[[Air China]] |Shanghai-Pudong | 1B
|[[Air Dolomiti]]|Dresden [begins 28 March], Perugia, Salerno [ends 8 May] | 1A
|[[Air Europa]] |Madrid | 1A
|[[Air France]] |Paris-Charles de Gaulle | 1A
|Air France operated by [[Airlinair]] |Lyon | 1A
|Air France operated by [[Régional Compagnie Aérienne Européenne|Régional]] |Bastia [begins 29 May; seasonal] Lyon, Nantes, Toulouse | 1A
|[[Air Italy]] |Cartagena, Fortaleza, La Romana, Maceio, Natal, Nosy Be, Porto Seguro, Salvador da Bahia, Sharm el Sheikh | 1B
|[[Air Malta]] |Malta | 1A
|[[Air Mauritius]] |Mauritius | 1B
|[[Air Moldova]] |Chisinau | 1B
|[[Air One]]| Alghero [seasonal, begins 14 May], Bari [begins 28 March], Brindisi [seasonal, begins 16 April], Catania [begins 28 March], Ibiza [seasonal, begins 19 July], Lamezia Terme [begins 16 April], Naples [begins 28 March], Olbia [seasonal, begins 19 July], Palermo [begins 28 March], Palma de Mallorca [seasonal, begins 19 July], Rome-Fiumicino, Trapani [seasonal, begins 16 April] | 1A
|Air One |Cairo [begins 28 March], Tirana [begins 28 March], Tunis [begins 28 March]| 1B
|[[Air Seychelles]] |Mahé | 1B
|[[Alitalia]] | Bari [ends 27 March], Catania [ends 27 March], Rome-Fiumicino [resumes 28 March] | 1A
|Alitalia |Algiers [ends 27 March], Cairo [ends 27 March], Istanbul-Atatürk [ends 27 March], Miami [resumes 3 June], New York-JFK, São Paulo-Guarulhos [ends 27 March], Sofia [ends 27 March], Tel Aviv [ends 27 March], Tirana [ends 27 March], Tokyo-Narita, Tripoli [ends 27 March], Tunis [ends 27 March] | 1B
|Alitalia operated by Air One |Catania [ends 27 March], Rome-Fiumicino | 1A
|[[AMC Airlines]] |Sharm el-Sheikh | 1B
|[[American Airlines]] |New York-JFK | 1B
|[[Arkia Israel Airlines]] |Tel Aviv | 1B
|[[Atlas Blue]] |Marrakech| 1B
|[[Atlasjet]] |Antalya | 1B
|[[Austrian Airlines]] | Vienna | 1A
|Austrian operated by [[Tyrolean Airways]]|Vienna [seasonal] | 1A
|[[Azerbaijan Airlines]]|Baku | 1B
|[[Belavia]] |Minsk | 1B
|[[Belle Air]] |Tirana | 1B
|[[Blue Panorama Airlines]] |Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Cancun, Cayo Largo, Fort Lauderdale [seasonal, begins 11 May]<ref>http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/blogs/flybolognairport/archive/2010/01/29/blue-panorama-lands-in-us.aspx</ref> Havana, La Romana, Montego Bay, Phuket, Punta Cana, Roatan, Santa Clara, Varadero | 1B
|[[Blue1]] |Helsinki | 1A
|[[Blu-express]]|Lampedusa [seasonal, begins 22 June], Pantelleria [seasonal, begins 21 June] | 1A
|Blu-express|Istanbul-Sabiha Gökçen [begins 28 March]| 1B
|[[British Airways]] |London-Heathrow | 1B
|[[Brussels Airlines]] |Brussels | 1A
|[[Bulgaria Air]] |Sofia [begins 29 March] | 1B
|[[Cathay Pacific]] |Hong Kong [begins 28 March] | 1B
|[[Continental Airlines]] |Newark | 1B
|[[Corendon Airlines]] |Antalya | 1B
|[[Cyprus Airways]] |Larnaca, Rome-Fiumicino | 1B
|[[Czech Airlines]] |Prague | 1A
|[[Darwin Airline]]|Foggia | 1A
|[[Delta Air Lines]] |Atlanta, New York-JFK | 1B
|[[easyJet]] |Agadir, Amsterdam, Athens, Barcelona, Bari, Berlin-Schönefeld, Bordeaux [begins 30 April], Brindisi, Bristol, Brussels, Bucharest-Henri Coanda, Cagliari, Casablanca, Catania, Copenhagen, Corfu [begins 10 July], Dubrovnik [seasonal], Edinburgh, Heraklion [seasonal], Ibiza, Lamezia Terme, London-Gatwick, London-Luton, Lisbon, Madrid, Malaga, Malta [begins 30 June], Marrakech, Mykonos, Naples, Olbia, Palermo, Palma de Mallorca, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Porto, Prague, Rhodes [seasonal], Rome-Fiumicino, Santorini [begins 11 July], Split, Sofia, Stockholm-Arlanda, Thessaloniki [begins 28 March] | 2
|[[EgyptAir]] |Cairo, Luxor, Sharm el-Sheikh | 1B
|[[El Al]] |Tel Aviv | 1B
|[[Elbafly]] |Elba [seasonal] | 1A
|[[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] | Dubai | 1B
|[[Estonian Air]] |Tallinn | 1A
|[[Etihad Airways]] |Abu Dhabi | 1B
|[[Eurofly]] |Fuerteventura, Mykonos [seasonal], Santorini [seasonal], Tenerife-Sur Reina Sofia | 1A
|Eurofly |Cairo, Chisinau, Colombo, Dakar, Hurghada, Mahé, Malé, Marsa Alam, Mauritius, Mombasa, Sharm el-Sheikh, Tel Aviv, Zanzibar | 1B
|[[Europe Airpost]] |Lourdes | 1A
|[[Finnair]] |Helsinki, Rovaniemi [seasonal] | 1A
|[[Flybaboo]] | Geneva, Marseilles | 1A
|[[Flybe]] |Birmingham, Manchester | 1B
|[[Freebird Airlines]] |Antalya, Istanbul | 1B
|[[Germanwings]] |Cologne/Bonn, Hanover [begins 29 April] | 1A
|[[Iberia Airlines|Iberia]] |Madrid | 1A
|[[Icelandair]] |Reykjavik-Keflavik [seasonal] | 1A
|[[Iran Air]] |Tehran-Imam Khomeini | 1B
|[[Israir]] |Tel Aviv | 1B
|[[Itali Airlines]] |Lampedusa, Lourdes | 1A
|[[Japan Airlines]] |Tokyo-Narita | 1B
|[[Jat Airways]] |Belgrade | 1B
|[[Jet4you]] |Casablanca | 1B
|[[Karthago]] |Djerba, Monastir | 1B
|[[KLM]] |Amsterdam | 1A
|[[Korean Air]] |Seoul-Incheon | 1B
|[[Libyan Airlines]] |Tripoli | 1B
|[[Livingston (airline)|Livingston Energy Flight]] |Faro, Fuerteventura, Heraklion, Ibiza, Karpathos, Kos, Lourdes, Minorca, Mykonos, Palma de Mallorca, Rhodes, Santorini | 1A
|Livingston Energy Flight |Antigua, Banjul, Barbados, Boa Vista, Cancún, Cartagena, Cayo Largo, Colombo, Dakar, Djerba, Donetsk, Dubai, Fortaleza, Havana, Holguin, Hurghada, La Romana, Larnaca, Luxor, Maceio, Malé, Marka, Marsa Alam, Mersa Matruh, Mombasa, Montego Bay, Natal, Panama City, Phnom-Penh, Phuket, Porto Santo, Porto Seguro, Punta Cana, Recife, Sal, Salvador da Bahia, San Salvador, Sharm el-Sheikh, St Lucia, Tenerife-South, Varadero, Zanzibar | 1B
|[[LOT Polish Airlines]] |Warsaw | 1A
|[[Lufthansa]] |Barcelona, Bari, Budapest, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Madrid, Naples, Olbia [seasonal, begins 28 March], Palermo [begins 28 March], Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Stockholm-Arlanda [begins 28 March], Warsaw [begins 28 March]| 1A
|Lufthansa |Bucharest-Henri Coanda, London-Heathrow| 1B
|Lufthansa operated by [[bmi (airline)|bmi]]|London-Heathrow | 1B
|[[Lufthansa Regional]] operated by [[Air Dolomiti]]|Munich, Dresden | 1A
|Lufthansa Regional operated by [[Eurowings]]|Düsseldorf | 1A
|Lufthansa Regional operated by [[Lufthansa CityLine]]|Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Munich, Stuttgart | 1A
|[[Luxair]] |Luxembourg | 1A
|[[Malév Hungarian Airlines]] |Budapest | 1A
|[[Meridiana]] operated by [[Eurofly]] |Fuerteventura, Tenerife-South | 1A
|[[Middle East Airlines]] |Beirut | 1B
|[[Mistral Air]] |Pantelleria | 1A
|Mistral Air |Hurgada, Tel Aviv | 1B
|[[Neos]] |Amsterdam, Brindisi, Chania, Copenhagen, Fuerteventura, Funchal, Heraklion, Ibiza, Karpathos, Kos, Lamezia Terme, Lisbon, Lourdes, Madrid, Malaga, Mykonos, Palma de Mallorca, Porto Santo, Rhodes, Satorini, Seville, Skiathos, Tenerife-South | 1A
|Neos |Agadir, Amman, Antalya, Antigua, Aqaba, Banjul, Boa Vista, Cairo, Cancún, Cap Skirring, Djerba, Dubai, Havana, Holguin, Hurghada, La Romana, Larnaca, Mahé, Malaga, Malé, Marka, Marrakech, Marsa Alam, Merida, Mersa Matruh, Mombasa, Montego Bay, Nosy Be, Pointe-à-Pitre, Punta Cana, Ras al Khaimah, Recife, Sal, Salvador da Bahia, Samana, Sharm el-Sheikh, Tel Aviv, Zanzibar | 1B
|[[Niki (airline)|Niki]] |Vienna | 1A
|[[Norwegian Air Shuttle]] |Oslo-Gardermoen [begins 28 March] | 2
|[[Nouvelair]] |Djerba, Monastir | 1B
|[[Olympic Air]] |Athens | 1A
|[[Pakistan International Airlines]] |Islamabad, Lahore | 1B
|[[Qatar Airways]] |Doha | 1B
|[[Rossiya (airline)|Rossiya]] |St Petersburg | 1B
|[[Royal Air Maroc]] |Agadir, Casablanca, Marrakech | 1B
|[[Royal Jordanian]] |Amman | 1B
|[[Saudi Arabian Airlines]] |Jeddah, Riyadh | 1B
|[[Scandinavian Airlines]] |Copenhagen, Oslo-Gardermoen | 1A
|[[Skybridge Airops]] |Sharm el Sheikh| 1B
|[[Singapore Airlines]] |Singapore{{fn|1}} | 1B
|[[SriLankan Airlines]] |Colombo | 1B
|[[Star1 Airlines]] |Vilnius | 1B
|[[SunExpress]] |Antalya, Istanbul-Atatürk, Izmir | 1B
|[[Swiss International Air Lines]] operated by [[Helvetic Airways]] |Zürich | 1A
|Swiss operated by [[Swiss European Air Lines]]|Zürich | 1A
|[[Syrian Air]] |Aleppo, Damascus | 1B
|[[TAM Airlines]] |São Paulo-Guarulhos | 1B
|[[TAP Portugal]]|Lisbon, Porto | 1A
|[[Thai Airways International]] |Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi | 1B
|[[Tunisair]] |Djerba, Monastir, Tozeur, Tunis | 1B
|[[Turkish Airlines]] |Antalya [begins 13 June], Bodrum [begins 19 June], Istanbul-Atatürk | 1B
|[[Twin Jet]]|Marseilles | 1A
|[[Ukraine International Airlines]] |Kiev-Boryspil, L'viv [resumes 28 March] | 1B
|[[Uzbekistan Airways]] |Tashkent | 1B
|[[Vueling Airlines]]|Barcelona, Valencia | 1A
|[[Wind Jet]]|Catania [begins 7 June] | 1A
}}


;Notes:
*{{fnb|1}} Singapore Airlines flights continue to/from Barcelona, but Singapore Airlines has no rights to transport passengers between Milan-Malpensa and Barcelona.


===Cargo airlines===
{{Airport-dest-list
|[[Air Atlanta Icelandic]]|
|[[Air China Cargo]]| Beijing-Capital, Shanghai-Pudong, Vienna
|[[Asiana Cargo]]| London-Stansted, Seoul-Incheon
|[[Atlas Air]] |Lima, Santa Maria
|[[AirBridgeCargo Airlines]] |Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Maastricht, Moscow-Sheremetyevo
|[[CAL Cargo Air Lines]] |Liège, Tel Aviv
|[[Cargoitalia]] |Abu Dhabi, Almaty, Chicago, Dubai, Hong Kong, Liège, New York-JFK, Tel Aviv, Toronto-Pearson
|[[Cargolux]] |Luxembourg, New York-JFK
|[[Cargolux|Cargolux Italia]]|Baku, Dubai, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, Luxembourg, Osaka-Kansai, Taipei-Taoyuan
|[[Cathay Pacific]] |Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, London-Heathrow, Manchester, New York-JFK
|[[China Airlines]] |Dubai, Manchester, Taipei-Taoyuan
|[[China Cargo Airlines]] |Amsterdam, Shanghai-Pudong, Urumqi
|[[Cygnus Air]] |Madrid
|[[DHL Aviation]] |London-Heathrow, London-Luton, London-Stansted
|[[Emirates SkyCargo]] |Amsterdam, Dubai, Nairobi
|[[Etihad Crystal Cargo]] |Abu Dhabi, Tripoli
|[[European Air Transport]] |London-Heathrow
|[[FedEx Express]] |Ancona, Cologne/Bonn, Frankfurt, Memphis, Newark, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Pisa, Venice-Marco Polo
|[[Great Wall Airlines]]| Amsterdam, Chennai, Shanghai-Pudong
|[[Kalitta Air]] |
|[[Korean Air]] |Navoiy, Seoul-Incheon
|[[Lufthansa Cargo]] |Chicago, Detroit, Frankfurt, Shannon
|[[MNG Airlines]] |Istanbul-Atatürk, Paris-Charles de Gaulle
|[[Nippon Cargo Airlines]] |Amsterdam, Nagoya-Centrair, Tokyo-Narita
|[[Polar Air Cargo]]|
|[[Polet Airlines]]| Khartoum
|[[Qatar Airways]] |Doha
|[[Saudi Arabian Airlines]] | Brussels, Jeddah, Riyadh
|[[Southern Air]] |Atlanta, Chicago-O'Hare, New York-JFK
|[[TAROM Cargo]] |Bucharest-Henri Coandă
|[[Turkish Airlines]] |Istanbul-Atatürk, Pristina
|[[West Air Sweden]]|
|[[World Airways]] |Baltimore, Chicago-O'Hare, Mexico City, New York-JFK
}}

==Transport links==
===Rail===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2009}}
[[Image:Milano-Malpensa Airport.gif|thumb|right|Malpensa Airport Diagram]]
* Malpensa Airport is linked to [[Milan Cadorna Station]] (connection with Milan's subway's [[Line M2 - Milan Subway (Metropolitana di Milano)|Line M2 (Green)]] and [[Line M1 - Milan Subway (Metropolitana di Milano)|Line M1 (Red)]], and the Suburban and the Regional Railway Service) by the [[Malpensa Express]], with intermediate stops at [[Busto Arsizio]] [[Ferrovie Nord Milano|FNM]], [[Saronno]] Centrale (connection with regional trains bound for [[Varese]] and [[Como]]) and Milano Bovisa (connection with the Passante track of the suburban railways). [[Malpensa Express]] arrives at the Terminal 1, an additional bus travel is required to reach Terminal 2.

* Suburban Line '''S10''' (Milano Rogoredo-Milano Bovisa) will extend its route to the airport from March. Will be fully active from June 2010 <ref>http://www3.varesenews.it/lombardia/articolo.php?id=162869</ref>. Intermediate stops at Ferno, [[Busto Arsizio]], Castellanza, Rescaldina, [[Saronno]] Centrale, Milano Bovisa, Milano Lancetti, Milano Porta Garibaldi [[Line M2 - Milan Subway (Metropolitana di Milano)|M2 (Green)]], Milano Repubblica [[Line M3 - Milan Subway (Metropolitana di Milano)|M3 (Yellow)]], Milano Porta Venezia [[Line M1 - Milan Subway (Metropolitana di Milano)|M1 (Red)]], Milano Dateo and Milano Porta Vittoria.

* There is also a shuttle connection between Malpensa Airport railway station and [[Busto Arsizio]] [[Ferrovie dello Stato|FS]] <ref>http://www3.varesenews.it/busto/articolo.php?id=135358</ref>. From here there are connections with Milan's railway stations of [[Milan Central railway station|Milano Centrale]] and Milano Porta Garibaldi.

*From March 2010 there will be two daily connection between the Airport, Gallarate and Bellinzona (CH) <ref>http://stradeferrate.blogosfere.it/2010/02/lombardia-collegamenti-col-cantone-ticino-e-novita-a-cremona.html</ref>

* The Malpensa-Varese-Mendrisio (CH)-Lugano (CH) line is being built and will be finished by 2012. There are future plans also to connect Gallarate Station (FS) and Milan's Centrale Station (FS) allowing for easy connections onto high-speed international lines.

===Bus===
Malpensa Shuttle and Malpensa Bus Express connect the airport to [[Milan Central Station]] ([[Trenitalia]]'s National Railway hub) and the metro. Stops at the Milan Fair are provided on request. Travel time is about an hour (longer during heavy traffic).

A free shuttle bus links Terminal 1 & 2 every 20 minutes 24 hours a day, within the airport. Travel time to go from one terminal to the other is about 15 minutes.

Malpensa is also connected by bus to [[Linate Airport]] and to various cities in northern Italy (like Turin, Novara, Como, Varese, Bergamo and Brescia) and [[Switzerland]].

===Taxi===
Taxis are available at the Arrivals of Terminal 1 & 2.

===Automobile connections===
Malpensa Airport is connected by a four-lane highway to the A8 motorway (connecting Switzerland to Milan) and by a four-lane highway to the A4 motorway linking Milan to [[Turin]] and to the Strada Statale 11.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commonscat|Malpensa airport (Milan)}}
==External links==
{{portalbox
| name1 = Italy
| image1 = Flag of Italy.svg
| name2= Aviation
| image2= Aviacionavion.png
}}
*[http://www.sea-aeroportimilano.it/en/malpensa/index.phtml Official website]
*[http://www.aoc-mxp.com Malpensa Airport AOC & USERS Committees MXP Milan]
*{{NWS-current|LIMC}}
*{{ASN|MXP}}
*[http://www.airportmalpensa.com/blog Malpensa Airport News]

 
{{Airports in Italy|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Transport in Milan]]
[[Category:Airports in Italy]]

[[da:Milano Malpensa Airport]]
[[de:Flughafen Mailand-Malpensa]]
[[es:Aeropuerto de Milán-Malpensa]]
[[eo:Milan Malpensa]]
[[fr:Aéroport de Milan Malpensa]]
[[id:Bandar Udara Internasional Malpensa]]
[[it:Aeroporto di Milano-Malpensa]]
[[hu:Milánó-Malpensai repülőtér]]
[[mk:Аеродром Милано Малпенза]]
[[ms:Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Malpensa]]
[[nl:Luchthaven Milaan-Malpensa]]
[[ja:ミラノ・マルペンサ国際空港]]
[[no:Malpensa lufthavn]]
[[pl:Port lotniczy Mediolan-Malpensa]]
[[pt:Aeroporto de Milão-Malpensa]]
[[ro:Aeroportul Internaţional Milano-Malpensa]]
[[ru:Миланский аэропорт Мальпенса]]
[[sk:Medzinárodné letisko Malpensa]]
[[sr:Аеродром Малпенса Милано]]
[[fi:Malpensan kansainvälinen lentoasema]]
[[sv:Malpensaflygplatsen]]
[[th:ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติมัลเปนซา]]
[[uk:Аеропорт Мілан Мальпенза]]
[[vi:Sân bay quốc tế Malpensa]]
[[zh:米兰－马尔彭萨机场]]

Milan Malpensa Airport

2010-03-15T10:19:32Z

62.101.100.5: /* Bus */

{{Refimprove|date=February 2009}}
{{Infobox Airport
| name = Milan Malpensa Airport "City of Milan"
| nativename = Aeroporto di Milano-Malpensa "Città di Milano"
| image = logoSea.png
| image-width = 161
| image2 = IMG 9882.jpg
| image2-width = 200
| IATA = MXP
| ICAO = LIMC
| type = Public
| owner =
| operator = [[SEA - Aeroporti di Milano]]
| city-served = Milan
| location = [[Somma Lombardo]], [[Italy]]
| hub =
<div>
*[[Air Italy]]
*[[Air One]]
*[[Blue Panorama Airlines]]
*[[EasyJet]]
*[[Eurofly]]
*[[Livingston Energy Flight]]
*[[Neos]]
</div>
| elevation-f = 768
| elevation-m = 234
| coordinates = {{coord|45|37|48|N|008|43|23|E|type:airport_region:IT|display=inline,title|name=Milan Malpensa Airport}}
| website = [http://www.sea-aeroportimilano.it/en www.sea-aeroportimilano.it]
| metric-rwy = y
| r1-number = 17L/35R
| r1-length-f = 12,861
| r1-length-m = 3,920
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt]]
| r2-number = 17R/35L
| r2-length-f = 12,861
| r2-length-m = 3,920
| r2-surface = Asphalt
| footnotes = Source: Italian [[Aeronautical Information Publication|AIP]] at [[European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation|EUROCONTROL]]<ref name="AIP">[http://www.ead.eurocontrol.int/publicuser/protect/pu/main.jsp EAD Basic]</ref>
}}

'''Milano Malpensa Airport''' "City of Milan" {{airport codes|MXP|LIMC}}, former '''"Aeroporto Città di [[Busto Arsizio]]" <ref>http://www.mxpairport.it/index.php?id=100</ref>''' is Milan's largest airport. It is located 39.97 km (24.83 mi) northwest<ref name="AIP"/> of central [[Milan]], [[Italy]]. It is one of 3 [[airports]] in the [[Milan metropolitan area]].

The airport is connected to Milan by the Milano-Varese highway as well as by the "Malpensa Express" train starting from the Milan Cadorna railway station (LeNord regional railways) and taking about 40 minutes. It is also connected to [[Linate Airport]] by a scheduled bus service and by Milan's local transportation. The Milan airport system has a third international airport, [[Orio al Serio Airport]], which serves low-cost traffic.

Malpensa handled over 23.8 million passengers in 2007 (over 33 million with [[Linate]], the second airport of Milan, closer to downtown and over 39 million with Orio al Serio Airport, Milan's low-cost airport). As of early 2008, Malpensa remains the top Italian airport in terms of international traffic, together with Rome [[Leonardo da Vinci Airport]] in terms of total passengers. As far as hub transit passengers are concerned it is also the second airport in Italy after Rome, according to ASSAEROPORTI traffic data. It is also the leading air freight gateway to Italy. Malpensa serves a population of over 15 million inhabitants.

[[easyJet]] has a dedicated Terminal (T2) and Malpensa is that company's biggest base outside the [[UK]].

In 2008 Lufthansa announced plans to create its first hub outside Germany, and its fourth European hub.<ref>''Third Runway for Malpensa'', [[Aviation Week & Space Technology]], '''171''', 1 (6 July 2009), p. 15</ref> In October 2008 [[Lufthansa]] set up its Italian division, [[Lufthansa Italia]]. SEA and Lufthansa have a memorandum of understanding for future development and improvement of current facilities. In July 2009 Lufthansa announced that has requested 10 additional daily slots at Malpensa.<ref>AW & ST</ref>

Malpensa has two terminals and a third runway has been announced, with completion set for 2012.<ref>AW & ST</ref> There is also a dedicated [[cargo terminal]] called "CargoCity", which currently handles over 410,000 tons of yearly traffic.

==Ground handling==
Ground handling services have been slowly deregulated and have seen SEA (the airport authority) create SEA Handling and the arrival of private handler ATA Handling. ATA Handling provides all services apart from bus transport to/from aircraft (originally subcontracted to SEA Handling, now subcontracted to Air Pullman) and disabled assistance. Up to 2001 all ground handling services were provided by SEA and TWA. In the first few years of deregulation some airlines put their own staff for customer assistance but Air One and British Airways realised that it was too expensive and so dismissed them. United Airlines stopped flying to Malpensa. To date the only airline with its own check-in staff remains KLM. Passenger handling is provided by SEA Handling, ATA Handling, Aviapartner, Globeground Italia and ICTS Italia. Ramp services are provided by SEA Handling, ATA and recently Aviapartner. SEA Handling provides 80% of ramp services mostly thanks to its major customer Alitalia.

In May 2006, Italy's Civil Aviation Authority took off the limitation of two ramp handlers. Aviapartner and ARE Group announced that they would create a new company called Aviapartner (owned 51% by Aviapartner and 49% ARE Group) to serve Milan Malpensa and Rome Fiumicino. There are fears that luggage mishandling will go up.

Aviapartner has started operating serving Iberia flights and signing more contracts as time has gone on. However, SEA Handling maintains a dominant position and is reorganising itself to be more competitive by going from a monopolistic mentality to free market one.

==Security services==
Airport security services were transferred in 2000 from the [[Polizia di Stato]] (State Police) to SEA which created an internal division called SEA Airport Security. Up to 2002 SEA was assisted by IVRI in providing security services but the contract was not renewed. SEA Airport Security is supervised by Polizia di Stato (Italian State Police), [[Guardia di Finanza]] (Italian Military Customs Police) and Ente Nazionale Aviazione Civile (Italy's Civil Aviation Authority). [[Carabinieri]] supervise ramp entrance. Furthermore some airlines rely on private security companies (such as ICTS Italia, SEA Airport Security, Gruppo Sicurezza etc) to provide ID check and airplane guarding.

==Terminals, airlines and destinations==
Malpensa has two terminals:
;Terminal 1
*is divided into three sections:
**1A handles domestic and intra-Schengen flights
**1B handles non-Schengen flights
**1C is currently closed for redevelopment
;Terminal 2
*is used by low-cost carriers and for charter services

{{Airport-dest-list
|3rdcoltitle = Terminal
|[[Aegean Airlines]] | Athens, Heraklion, Thessaloniki [ends 26 March] | 1A
|[[Aer Lingus]] |Dublin [seasonal] | 1B
|[[Aeroflot]] |Moscow-Sheremetyevo | 1B
|[[Afriqiyah Airways ]] |Tripoli [begins 18 July] | 1B
|[[Air Algérie]] |Algiers | 1B
|[[AirBaltic]] |Riga | 1A
|[[Air Berlin]] |Berlin-Tegel, Düsseldorf, Nuremberg, Stuttgart [begins 28 March] | 1A
|[[Air China]] |Shanghai-Pudong | 1B
|[[Air Dolomiti]]|Dresden [begins 28 March], Perugia, Salerno [ends 8 May] | 1A
|[[Air Europa]] |Madrid | 1A
|[[Air France]] |Paris-Charles de Gaulle | 1A
|Air France operated by [[Airlinair]] |Lyon | 1A
|Air France operated by [[Régional Compagnie Aérienne Européenne|Régional]] |Bastia [begins 29 May; seasonal] Lyon, Nantes, Toulouse | 1A
|[[Air Italy]] |Cartagena, Fortaleza, La Romana, Maceio, Natal, Nosy Be, Porto Seguro, Salvador da Bahia, Sharm el Sheikh | 1B
|[[Air Malta]] |Malta | 1A
|[[Air Mauritius]] |Mauritius | 1B
|[[Air Moldova]] |Chisinau | 1B
|[[Air One]]| Alghero [seasonal, begins 14 May], Bari [begins 28 March], Brindisi [seasonal, begins 16 April], Catania [begins 28 March], Ibiza [seasonal, begins 19 July], Lamezia Terme [begins 16 April], Naples [begins 28 March], Olbia [seasonal, begins 19 July], Palermo [begins 28 March], Palma de Mallorca [seasonal, begins 19 July], Rome-Fiumicino, Trapani [seasonal, begins 16 April] | 1A
|Air One |Cairo [begins 28 March], Tirana [begins 28 March], Tunis [begins 28 March]| 1B
|[[Air Seychelles]] |Mahé | 1B
|[[Alitalia]] | Bari [ends 27 March], Catania [ends 27 March], Rome-Fiumicino [resumes 28 March] | 1A
|Alitalia |Algiers [ends 27 March], Cairo [ends 27 March], Istanbul-Atatürk [ends 27 March], Miami [resumes 3 June], New York-JFK, São Paulo-Guarulhos [ends 27 March], Sofia [ends 27 March], Tel Aviv [ends 27 March], Tirana [ends 27 March], Tokyo-Narita, Tripoli [ends 27 March], Tunis [ends 27 March] | 1B
|Alitalia operated by Air One |Catania [ends 27 March], Rome-Fiumicino | 1A
|[[AMC Airlines]] |Sharm el-Sheikh | 1B
|[[American Airlines]] |New York-JFK | 1B
|[[Arkia Israel Airlines]] |Tel Aviv | 1B
|[[Atlas Blue]] |Marrakech| 1B
|[[Atlasjet]] |Antalya | 1B
|[[Austrian Airlines]] | Vienna | 1A
|Austrian operated by [[Tyrolean Airways]]|Vienna [seasonal] | 1A
|[[Azerbaijan Airlines]]|Baku | 1B
|[[Belavia]] |Minsk | 1B
|[[Belle Air]] |Tirana | 1B
|[[Blue Panorama Airlines]] |Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Cancun, Cayo Largo, Fort Lauderdale [seasonal, begins 11 May]<ref>http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/blogs/flybolognairport/archive/2010/01/29/blue-panorama-lands-in-us.aspx</ref> Havana, La Romana, Montego Bay, Phuket, Punta Cana, Roatan, Santa Clara, Varadero | 1B
|[[Blue1]] |Helsinki | 1A
|[[Blu-express]]|Lampedusa [seasonal, begins 22 June], Pantelleria [seasonal, begins 21 June] | 1A
|Blu-express|Istanbul-Sabiha Gökçen [begins 28 March]| 1B
|[[British Airways]] |London-Heathrow | 1B
|[[Brussels Airlines]] |Brussels | 1A
|[[Bulgaria Air]] |Sofia [begins 29 March] | 1B
|[[Cathay Pacific]] |Hong Kong [begins 28 March] | 1B
|[[Continental Airlines]] |Newark | 1B
|[[Corendon Airlines]] |Antalya | 1B
|[[Cyprus Airways]] |Larnaca, Rome-Fiumicino | 1B
|[[Czech Airlines]] |Prague | 1A
|[[Darwin Airline]]|Foggia | 1A
|[[Delta Air Lines]] |Atlanta, New York-JFK | 1B
|[[easyJet]] |Agadir, Amsterdam, Athens, Barcelona, Bari, Berlin-Schönefeld, Bordeaux [begins 30 April], Brindisi, Bristol, Brussels, Bucharest-Henri Coanda, Cagliari, Casablanca, Catania, Copenhagen, Corfu [begins 10 July], Dubrovnik [seasonal], Edinburgh, Heraklion [seasonal], Ibiza, Lamezia Terme, London-Gatwick, London-Luton, Lisbon, Madrid, Malaga, Malta [begins 30 June], Marrakech, Mykonos, Naples, Olbia, Palermo, Palma de Mallorca, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Porto, Prague, Rhodes [seasonal], Rome-Fiumicino, Santorini [begins 11 July], Split, Sofia, Stockholm-Arlanda, Thessaloniki [begins 28 March] | 2
|[[EgyptAir]] |Cairo, Luxor, Sharm el-Sheikh | 1B
|[[El Al]] |Tel Aviv | 1B
|[[Elbafly]] |Elba [seasonal] | 1A
|[[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] | Dubai | 1B
|[[Estonian Air]] |Tallinn | 1A
|[[Etihad Airways]] |Abu Dhabi | 1B
|[[Eurofly]] |Fuerteventura, Mykonos [seasonal], Santorini [seasonal], Tenerife-Sur Reina Sofia | 1A
|Eurofly |Cairo, Chisinau, Colombo, Dakar, Hurghada, Mahé, Malé, Marsa Alam, Mauritius, Mombasa, Sharm el-Sheikh, Tel Aviv, Zanzibar | 1B
|[[Europe Airpost]] |Lourdes | 1A
|[[Finnair]] |Helsinki, Rovaniemi [seasonal] | 1A
|[[Flybaboo]] | Geneva, Marseilles | 1A
|[[Flybe]] |Birmingham, Manchester | 1B
|[[Freebird Airlines]] |Antalya, Istanbul | 1B
|[[Germanwings]] |Cologne/Bonn, Hanover [begins 29 April] | 1A
|[[Iberia Airlines|Iberia]] |Madrid | 1A
|[[Icelandair]] |Reykjavik-Keflavik [seasonal] | 1A
|[[Iran Air]] |Tehran-Imam Khomeini | 1B
|[[Israir]] |Tel Aviv | 1B
|[[Itali Airlines]] |Lampedusa, Lourdes | 1A
|[[Japan Airlines]] |Tokyo-Narita | 1B
|[[Jat Airways]] |Belgrade | 1B
|[[Jet4you]] |Casablanca | 1B
|[[Karthago]] |Djerba, Monastir | 1B
|[[KLM]] |Amsterdam | 1A
|[[Korean Air]] |Seoul-Incheon | 1B
|[[Libyan Airlines]] |Tripoli | 1B
|[[Livingston (airline)|Livingston Energy Flight]] |Faro, Fuerteventura, Heraklion, Ibiza, Karpathos, Kos, Lourdes, Minorca, Mykonos, Palma de Mallorca, Rhodes, Santorini | 1A
|Livingston Energy Flight |Antigua, Banjul, Barbados, Boa Vista, Cancún, Cartagena, Cayo Largo, Colombo, Dakar, Djerba, Donetsk, Dubai, Fortaleza, Havana, Holguin, Hurghada, La Romana, Larnaca, Luxor, Maceio, Malé, Marka, Marsa Alam, Mersa Matruh, Mombasa, Montego Bay, Natal, Panama City, Phnom-Penh, Phuket, Porto Santo, Porto Seguro, Punta Cana, Recife, Sal, Salvador da Bahia, San Salvador, Sharm el-Sheikh, St Lucia, Tenerife-South, Varadero, Zanzibar | 1B
|[[LOT Polish Airlines]] |Warsaw | 1A
|[[Lufthansa]] |Barcelona, Bari, Budapest, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Madrid, Naples, Olbia [seasonal, begins 28 March], Palermo [begins 28 March], Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Stockholm-Arlanda [begins 28 March], Warsaw [begins 28 March]| 1A
|Lufthansa |Bucharest-Henri Coanda, London-Heathrow| 1B
|Lufthansa operated by [[bmi (airline)|bmi]]|London-Heathrow | 1B
|[[Lufthansa Regional]] operated by [[Air Dolomiti]]|Munich, Dresden | 1A
|Lufthansa Regional operated by [[Eurowings]]|Düsseldorf | 1A
|Lufthansa Regional operated by [[Lufthansa CityLine]]|Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Munich, Stuttgart | 1A
|[[Luxair]] |Luxembourg | 1A
|[[Malév Hungarian Airlines]] |Budapest | 1A
|[[Meridiana]] operated by [[Eurofly]] |Fuerteventura, Tenerife-South | 1A
|[[Middle East Airlines]] |Beirut | 1B
|[[Mistral Air]] |Pantelleria | 1A
|Mistral Air |Hurgada, Tel Aviv | 1B
|[[Neos]] |Amsterdam, Brindisi, Chania, Copenhagen, Fuerteventura, Funchal, Heraklion, Ibiza, Karpathos, Kos, Lamezia Terme, Lisbon, Lourdes, Madrid, Malaga, Mykonos, Palma de Mallorca, Porto Santo, Rhodes, Satorini, Seville, Skiathos, Tenerife-South | 1A
|Neos |Agadir, Amman, Antalya, Antigua, Aqaba, Banjul, Boa Vista, Cairo, Cancún, Cap Skirring, Djerba, Dubai, Havana, Holguin, Hurghada, La Romana, Larnaca, Mahé, Malaga, Malé, Marka, Marrakech, Marsa Alam, Merida, Mersa Matruh, Mombasa, Montego Bay, Nosy Be, Pointe-à-Pitre, Punta Cana, Ras al Khaimah, Recife, Sal, Salvador da Bahia, Samana, Sharm el-Sheikh, Tel Aviv, Zanzibar | 1B
|[[Niki (airline)|Niki]] |Vienna | 1A
|[[Norwegian Air Shuttle]] |Oslo-Gardermoen [begins 28 March] | 2
|[[Nouvelair]] |Djerba, Monastir | 1B
|[[Olympic Air]] |Athens | 1A
|[[Pakistan International Airlines]] |Islamabad, Lahore | 1B
|[[Qatar Airways]] |Doha | 1B
|[[Rossiya (airline)|Rossiya]] |St Petersburg | 1B
|[[Royal Air Maroc]] |Agadir, Casablanca, Marrakech | 1B
|[[Royal Jordanian]] |Amman | 1B
|[[Saudi Arabian Airlines]] |Jeddah, Riyadh | 1B
|[[Scandinavian Airlines]] |Copenhagen, Oslo-Gardermoen | 1A
|[[Skybridge Airops]] |Sharm el Sheikh| 1B
|[[Singapore Airlines]] |Singapore{{fn|1}} | 1B
|[[SriLankan Airlines]] |Colombo | 1B
|[[Star1 Airlines]] |Vilnius | 1B
|[[SunExpress]] |Antalya, Istanbul-Atatürk, Izmir | 1B
|[[Swiss International Air Lines]] operated by [[Helvetic Airways]] |Zürich | 1A
|Swiss operated by [[Swiss European Air Lines]]|Zürich | 1A
|[[Syrian Air]] |Aleppo, Damascus | 1B
|[[TAM Airlines]] |São Paulo-Guarulhos | 1B
|[[TAP Portugal]]|Lisbon, Porto | 1A
|[[Thai Airways International]] |Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi | 1B
|[[Tunisair]] |Djerba, Monastir, Tozeur, Tunis | 1B
|[[Turkish Airlines]] |Antalya [begins 13 June], Bodrum [begins 19 June], Istanbul-Atatürk | 1B
|[[Twin Jet]]|Marseilles | 1A
|[[Ukraine International Airlines]] |Kiev-Boryspil, L'viv [resumes 28 March] | 1B
|[[Uzbekistan Airways]] |Tashkent | 1B
|[[Vueling Airlines]]|Barcelona, Valencia | 1A
|[[Wind Jet]]|Catania [begins 7 June] | 1A
}}


;Notes:
*{{fnb|1}} Singapore Airlines flights continue to/from Barcelona, but Singapore Airlines has no rights to transport passengers between Milan-Malpensa and Barcelona.


===Cargo airlines===
{{Airport-dest-list
|[[Air Atlanta Icelandic]]|
|[[Air China Cargo]]| Beijing-Capital, Shanghai-Pudong, Vienna
|[[Asiana Cargo]]| London-Stansted, Seoul-Incheon
|[[Atlas Air]] |Lima, Santa Maria
|[[AirBridgeCargo Airlines]] |Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Maastricht, Moscow-Sheremetyevo
|[[CAL Cargo Air Lines]] |Liège, Tel Aviv
|[[Cargoitalia]] |Abu Dhabi, Almaty, Chicago, Dubai, Hong Kong, Liège, New York-JFK, Tel Aviv, Toronto-Pearson
|[[Cargolux]] |Luxembourg, New York-JFK
|[[Cargolux|Cargolux Italia]]|Baku, Dubai, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, Luxembourg, Osaka-Kansai, Taipei-Taoyuan
|[[Cathay Pacific]] |Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, London-Heathrow, Manchester, New York-JFK
|[[China Airlines]] |Dubai, Manchester, Taipei-Taoyuan
|[[China Cargo Airlines]] |Amsterdam, Shanghai-Pudong, Urumqi
|[[Cygnus Air]] |Madrid
|[[DHL Aviation]] |London-Heathrow, London-Luton, London-Stansted
|[[Emirates SkyCargo]] |Amsterdam, Dubai, Nairobi
|[[Etihad Crystal Cargo]] |Abu Dhabi, Tripoli
|[[European Air Transport]] |London-Heathrow
|[[FedEx Express]] |Ancona, Cologne/Bonn, Frankfurt, Memphis, Newark, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Pisa, Venice-Marco Polo
|[[Great Wall Airlines]]| Amsterdam, Chennai, Shanghai-Pudong
|[[Kalitta Air]] |
|[[Korean Air]] |Navoiy, Seoul-Incheon
|[[Lufthansa Cargo]] |Chicago, Detroit, Frankfurt, Shannon
|[[MNG Airlines]] |Istanbul-Atatürk, Paris-Charles de Gaulle
|[[Nippon Cargo Airlines]] |Amsterdam, Nagoya-Centrair, Tokyo-Narita
|[[Polar Air Cargo]]|
|[[Polet Airlines]]| Khartoum
|[[Qatar Airways]] |Doha
|[[Saudi Arabian Airlines]] | Brussels, Jeddah, Riyadh
|[[Southern Air]] |Atlanta, Chicago-O'Hare, New York-JFK
|[[TAROM Cargo]] |Bucharest-Henri Coandă
|[[Turkish Airlines]] |Istanbul-Atatürk, Pristina
|[[West Air Sweden]]|
|[[World Airways]] |Baltimore, Chicago-O'Hare, Mexico City, New York-JFK
}}

==Transport links==
===Rail===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2009}}
[[Image:Milano-Malpensa Airport.gif|thumb|right|Malpensa Airport Diagram]]
* Malpensa Airport is linked to [[Milan Cadorna Station]] (connection with Milan's subway's [[Line M2 - Milan Subway (Metropolitana di Milano)|Line M2 (Green)]] and [[Line M1 - Milan Subway (Metropolitana di Milano)|Line M1 (Red)]], and the Suburban and the Regional Railway Service) by the [[Malpensa Express]], with intermediate stops at [[Busto Arsizio]] [[Ferrovie Nord Milano|FNM]], [[Saronno]] Centrale (connection with regional trains bound for [[Varese]] and [[Como]]) and Milano Bovisa (connection with the Passante track of the suburban railways).

* Suburban Line '''S10''' (Milano Rogoredo-Milano Bovisa) will extend its route to the airport from March. Will be fully active from June 2010 <ref>http://www3.varesenews.it/lombardia/articolo.php?id=162869</ref>. Intermediate stops at Ferno, [[Busto Arsizio]], Castellanza, Rescaldina, [[Saronno]] Centrale, Milano Bovisa, Milano Lancetti, Milano Porta Garibaldi [[Line M2 - Milan Subway (Metropolitana di Milano)|M2 (Green)]], Milano Repubblica [[Line M3 - Milan Subway (Metropolitana di Milano)|M3 (Yellow)]], Milano Porta Venezia [[Line M1 - Milan Subway (Metropolitana di Milano)|M1 (Red)]], Milano Dateo and Milano Porta Vittoria.

* There is also a shuttle connection between Malpensa Airport railway station and [[Busto Arsizio]] [[Ferrovie dello Stato|FS]] <ref>http://www3.varesenews.it/busto/articolo.php?id=135358</ref>. From here there are connections with Milan's railway stations of [[Milan Central railway station|Milano Centrale]] and Milano Porta Garibaldi.

*From March 2010 there will be two daily connection between the Airport, Gallarate and Bellinzona (CH) <ref>http://stradeferrate.blogosfere.it/2010/02/lombardia-collegamenti-col-cantone-ticino-e-novita-a-cremona.html</ref>

* The Malpensa-Varese-Mendrisio (CH)-Lugano (CH) line is being built and will be finished by 2012. There are future plans also to connect Gallarate Station (FS) and Milan's Centrale Station (FS) allowing for easy connections onto high-speed international lines.

===Bus===
Malpensa Shuttle and Malpensa Bus Express connect the airport to [[Milan Central Station]] ([[Trenitalia]]'s National Railway hub) and the metro. Stops at the Milan Fair are provided on request. Travel time is about an hour (longer during heavy traffic).

A free shuttle bus links Terminal 1 & 2 every 20 minutes 24 hours a day, within the airport. Travel time to go from one terminal to the other is about 15 minutes.

Malpensa is also connected by bus to [[Linate Airport]] and to various cities in northern Italy (like Turin, Novara, Como, Varese, Bergamo and Brescia) and [[Switzerland]].

===Taxi===
Taxis are available at the Arrivals of Terminal 1 & 2.

===Automobile connections===
Malpensa Airport is connected by a four-lane highway to the A8 motorway (connecting Switzerland to Milan) and by a four-lane highway to the A4 motorway linking Milan to [[Turin]] and to the Strada Statale 11.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commonscat|Malpensa airport (Milan)}}
==External links==
{{portalbox
| name1 = Italy
| image1 = Flag of Italy.svg
| name2= Aviation
| image2= Aviacionavion.png
}}
*[http://www.sea-aeroportimilano.it/en/malpensa/index.phtml Official website]
*[http://www.aoc-mxp.com Malpensa Airport AOC & USERS Committees MXP Milan]
*{{NWS-current|LIMC}}
*{{ASN|MXP}}
*[http://www.airportmalpensa.com/blog Malpensa Airport News]

 
{{Airports in Italy|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Transport in Milan]]
[[Category:Airports in Italy]]

[[da:Milano Malpensa Airport]]
[[de:Flughafen Mailand-Malpensa]]
[[es:Aeropuerto de Milán-Malpensa]]
[[eo:Milan Malpensa]]
[[fr:Aéroport de Milan Malpensa]]
[[id:Bandar Udara Internasional Malpensa]]
[[it:Aeroporto di Milano-Malpensa]]
[[hu:Milánó-Malpensai repülőtér]]
[[mk:Аеродром Милано Малпенза]]
[[ms:Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Malpensa]]
[[nl:Luchthaven Milaan-Malpensa]]
[[ja:ミラノ・マルペンサ国際空港]]
[[no:Malpensa lufthavn]]
[[pl:Port lotniczy Mediolan-Malpensa]]
[[pt:Aeroporto de Milão-Malpensa]]
[[ro:Aeroportul Internaţional Milano-Malpensa]]
[[ru:Миланский аэропорт Мальпенса]]
[[sk:Medzinárodné letisko Malpensa]]
[[sr:Аеродром Малпенса Милано]]
[[fi:Malpensan kansainvälinen lentoasema]]
[[sv:Malpensaflygplatsen]]
[[th:ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติมัลเปนซา]]
[[uk:Аеропорт Мілан Мальпенза]]
[[vi:Sân bay quốc tế Malpensa]]
[[zh:米兰－马尔彭萨机场]]

Seryoga

2010-03-12T13:54:18Z

62.101.100.5:

{{Infobox Musical artist 
| Name = Seryoga
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Sergey Vasilyevich Parhomenko
| Alias = Ayvengo
| Born = {{Birth date and age|1976|10|08}} [[Gomel]], [[Belarus]]
| Died =
| Origin = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| Instrument =
| Voice_type =
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Occupation = [[Rapper]], [[record producer]], [[actor]]
| Years_active = 2002 - present
| Label = [[KingRing]]
| Associated_acts = [[st1m]], [[Max Lorens]], [[Satsura]]
| URL = [http://www.kingring.ru/artists/seryoga/ www.kingring.ru/artists/seryoga/]
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Sergey Vasilyevich Parkhomenko''' ({{lang-ru|Серге́й Васи́льевич Пархо́менко}}, ''Sergey Vasilyevich Parhomenko''}}; {{lang-be|Сяргей Васільевіч Пархоменка, ''Syarhyey Vasilyevich Parkhomyenka''}}, born 1976) is a popular Belarusian rapper and the owner of "KingRing" record label.

Born in [[Gomel]], [[Belarus]], Seryoga grew up in a tough neighbourhood. His music became a unique combination of Russian folk music ([[chastushki]], which features fast pronunciation of lyrics) with modern [[beat (music)|beats]] and original lyrics appealing to [[youth subculture|youth]]. In press releases this style was called ''спортивные частушки'' (sporty chastushki).

Before his solo career Seryoga was part of "Контра да Банда" (''Kontra da Banda'') hip-hop group that was established in 2001 in Gomel. He also was part of ''ТТ-34'' group for few months and later participated in ''ТТ-34'' music video for song "Бум".

First single "Загубили Лялю" appeared in summer 2002.<ref>[http://svegak.ru/?a=person_about&person=58&letter=%D1. Серёга — биография]</ref> In 2003 [[record label]] "Монолит" (''Monolit'') releases CD [[Maxi single]] "Загубили Лялю" (''Zagubili Lyalyu'') with 5 tracks in Russia and Belarus.

When he first appeared on Ukrainian TV with music videos on "Загубили Лялю" (''Zagubili Lyalyu'') and "Кукла" (''Kukla''), he was branded the "Slavic [[Eminem]]".

In February 2004 Seryoga starts on Ukrainian [[music channel]] [[М-1]]. In April 2004 record label MFG/BMG Ukraine releases debut album "Мой двор: свадьбы & похороны" in Ukraine. Simultaneously same album is released in Belarus by record label ''Go Records''. Few weeks later in Russia same album is released with a different title "''Мой двор. Спортивные частушки''".

Seryoga has gained great popularity with the release of his third single "Чёрный Бумер" (''Chyorniy Bumer'', Black [[BMW|Beemer]]). The "Чёрный Бумер" music video was shot in summer 2004 by Ukrainian director Vladimir Yakimenko ([[Pistolet Film]]) and was presented on September 15 2004 in [[Kiev]]. This song and video were immediately nominated for the [[MTV]] [[Russian Music Awards]] in the categories "best hip-hop project of the year" and "the best debut of the year". By the end of 2004 "''Чёрный Бумер''" becomes the leader of MTV charts in Russia.

In march 2005 music video for song "King Ring" was shot in Kiev. The song was written for [[Shadowboxing (2005 film)| "Shadowboxing"]] movie and was included on its [[soundtrack]].

In late 2005 new music video "Дискомалярия" (''Diskomalaria'') is released where Seryoga changes his image from "ordinary guy" to "glamorous hip-hop king".

In the beginning of 2006 [[Day Watch]] movie is shown in theatres that features new song "Мел судьбы или Песня Тамерлана" (''Mel sudby ili Pesnya [[Timur|Tamerlana]]'', [[English language|English]]: "Chalk of Destiny or [[Timur]] song") as the themesong.

In [[Germany]] Seryoga became popular by making the song "2Kaiser" together with the German rapper [[Azad (rapper)|Azad]]. After this song he worked with German rapper [[Megaloh]]. He also recorded song "In Da City" with German rapper [[Culcha Candela]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap.ru/ru/news/id-23167|title=Серега "In Da City"|publisher=Rap.Ru|language=Russian|date=2006-07-14|accessdate=2009-01-22}}</ref>

One of his songs, [[King Ring]], was eventually chosen by [[Rockstar Games]] to be the background music of the Third Trailer of [[Grand Theft Auto IV]], titled ''Move up, Ladies''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.xbox360.ign.com/articles/840/840000p1.html|title=Grand Theft Auto IV Trailer and Q&A|publisher=[[IGN]]|date=2007-12-06|accessdate=2009-01-22}}</ref> and is actually used in the game on its "Vladivostok FM" radio station.

He was also contracted to compose a track for ''[[The Music of Grand Theft Auto IV]]'' (the music CD included with the special edition of ''GTA IV'') entitled ''Liberty City: The Invasion'',<ref name="Special Edition Tracklist">{{cite web | url = http://kotaku.com/384297/whats-on-gta-ivs-soundtrack | title = What's On GTA IV's Soundtrack? | publisher = [[Kotaku]] | first = Luke | last = Plunkett | date = 2008-04-25 | accessdate = 2008-04-27}}</ref> which is also featured on the in-game radio station. Seryoga provided the voice acting of ''Moto Moto'' in the Russian dubbed [[Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa]] movie.

==Discography==
=== Studio albums ===
* 2004 - '''Moy Dvor''' ({{lang-ru|My Hood}})
** Moy Dvor: Svad'by i pokhoriny (Ukraine and Belarus) (2004)
** Moy Dvor: Sportivnye chastushki (Russia) (2004)
Tracklist:
<blockquote>
1. Govorila mama vecherom synochku (Momma told the son at night) 
2. Kukla (Doll) - feat. Max Lorens 
3. Ryzhy (Red-Head) 
4. Pesenka o slesare shestogo razryada 
5. Gimn boleyshikov FC "Spartak" 
6. Suka-iuda 
7. Vykhodila Manya zamuzh (Manya Got Married) 
8. A na tantspole netu svobodnykh mest (There's no space on the dancefloor) 
9. Chorniy Bumer (Black Beamer) 
10. Deti Moskvy (Kids Of Moscow) 
11. Голуби (Swans) - feat. Satsura 
12. Zagubili lyalyu 
</blockquote>

* 2005 - '''Дискомалярия''' (Discomalaria)
** Дискомалярия (standard edition) (2005)
** Дискомалярия (deluxe edition) (2005)
** Дискомалярия: Большая порция (2006)
** 1000000$: Самая Большая Порция (collectors edition) (2007)
Tracklist:
<blockquote>
1 Intro 
2 2 Kaiser (feat. Azad) 
3 Barbeque 
4 Gangsta No More 
5 Mr. Perfect (feat. Rapturous) 
6 Disco Malaria (feat. Eveleena) 
7 Old Schooler (feat. Sacura) 
8 I'm In Love With A Russian Boy 
9 Mon Beat (feat. Skuril) 
10 Disco Malaria (Russian Version) 
11 Superbotanic full track 
12 Kukla full track 
13 Gangsta Rap (feat. Eveleena) 
14 Kepka (A Tribute to Kangol 504) 
15 King Ring 
</blockquote>
* 2007 - '''Не для продажи''' (Ne Dlya Prodazhi) ({{lang-ru|Not for sale}}, as Ayvengo)
01. Сиди и слушай
02. Skit от Хабы Казанского
03. Парнишка с улицы
04. Добавь скорость
05. Моё поколение feat. Сацура
06. Мне с тобою хорошо
07. Шоу должно продолжаться (саундтрек к шоу «Король Ринга»)
08. Quasimodo Skit
09. Квазимодо feat. Сацура
10. Корабли
11. Mon Ami feat. Макс Лоренс
12. Вторжение (саундтрек к игре GTA 4)
13. Выше неба только небо (Sky is the limit) feat. Александр Маршал
14. Игра
15. Чики
16. Оля и СПИД feat. Жириновский
17. Чайна-таун (трек-фантом)

* 2008 - '''Хроника парнишки с гомельских улиц''' (Khronika Parnishki S Gomel'skikh Ulits) ({{lang-ru|Chronic of guy from Gomel's Streets}})
Tracklist:
<blockquote>
01. Sidi i slushay (Sit And Listen) 
02. Skit ot Khaby Kazanskogo (Skit from Haba Kazansky) 
03. Parnishka s ulitsy (Guy From Streets) 
04. Dobav' skorost' (Add The Speed) 
05. Moyo pokoleniye (My Generation) - feat. Satsura 
06. Mne s toboyu khorosho (It's Good With You) 
07. Show dolzhno prodolzat'sya (The Show Must Go On) 
08. Quasimodo Skit 
09. Quasimodo - feat. Satsura 
10. Korabli (Ships) 
11. Mon Ami - feat. Max Lorens 
12. Vtorzheniye (The Invansion) (GTA IV Soundtrack) 
13. Vyshe neba tol'ko nebo (Sky is the limit) - feat. Aleksandr Marshal 
14. Igra (Game) 
15. Chiki (Chicks) 
16. Olya i SPID (Olya & AIDS) - feat. [[Vladimir Zhirinovsky]] / China-town (hidden track) 
</blockquote>

=== Compilations ===
* 2005 - '''А на танцполе нет свободных мест''' (remix album)
* 2006 - '''Russia's No.1'''
* 2008 - '''The Best of Seryoga'''

=== Singles ===

* 2003 - Загубили Лялю
* 2005 - Barbeque
* 2005 - Diskomalaria [[vinyl record]]
* 2006 - 2 Kaiser (feat. [[Azad (rapper)|Azad]])
* 2007 - Рэп vs. СПИД (feat. [[Vladimir Zhirinovsky|ВВЖ]])
* 2007 - Gangsta No More
* 2007 - Gangsta No More [[vinyl record]]

== Videos ==
* 2003 - Загубили Лялю
* 2003 - Кукла
* 2004 - Чёрный Бумер
* 2004 - Песенка о слесаре шестого разряда
* 2004 - Бум! ([[TT-34]] featuring Seryoga)
* 2005 - King Ring
* 2005 - Дискомалярия
* 2005 - Возле дома твоего
* 2005 - $1000000
* 2006 - Мел судьбы
* 2006 - 2 Kaizer (featuring [[Azad (rapper)|Azad]])
* 2007 - RAP vs. СПИД (featuring ВВЖ)
* 2007 - Ein Teil von Mir (Sido featuring Seryoga & B-Tight)
* 2007 - Я - рэп (featuring [[St1m]])
* 2007 - Gangsta No More
* 2007 - Отчего (Ri featuring Seryoga)
* 2007 - Аггробабруйск
* 2007 - Чики
* 2007 - Про модных девчёнок и не модных ребят (featuring Podium)
* 2008 - Позови меня (featuring Alexa)
* 2008 - Шоу должно продолжаться
* 2008 - Liberty City: The Invasion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/k1GAAjC8VZLP2ZMU5H|title=Seryoga - Liberty
City: The Invasion
*2009 — Кружим
*2009 — К Элизе (feat. ПМ)
*2009 - C Новым годом, СНГ! (feat. Маша Малиновская)
*2009 — Холодно (feat. Ri)
*2009 - Корабли(Вторжение)|publisher=[[Dailymotion]]|date=2008-10-02|accessdate=2009-01-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.kingring.ru/artists/seryoga/ Official website]
*[http://kingring.imeem.com/ Seryoga on IMEEM]
*[http://www.myspace.com/seryoga Seryoga @ MySpace.com]
*[http://arenany.com/ For information on Seryoga's first US performances CLICK HERE]
*[http://2kaiser.de/ Microsite for the Single "SERYOGA FEAT. AZAD - 2KAISER" ]
*[http://www.mtv.de/seryoga/ Exclusive interview for MTV germany on mtv.de (German language)]
*[http://russmus.net/band.jsp?band=Seryoga Seryoga on Russmus.net: lyrics and translations]
*[http://hotdvl.kilu.de/blog/index.php/grand-theft-auto-iv-trailer-3-released/ Grand Theft Auto IV Third Trailer]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seryoga}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gomel]]
[[Category:Belarusian singers]]
[[Category:Russian hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:Russians of Belarusian descent]]

[[be:Серёга]]
[[be-x-old:Сярога]]
[[de:Seryoga]]
[[es:Seryoga]]
[[fr:Seryoga]]
[[nl:Serjoga]]
[[pt:Seryoga]]
[[ru:Серёга]]

Twist in My Sobriety

2010-01-27T10:02:48Z

62.101.100.5: /* Covers */

{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Twist in My Sobriety
| Cover = Tanita tikaram twist in my sobriety.jpg
| Caption =
| Artist = [[Tanita Tikaram]]
| from Album = [[Ancient Heart]]
| A-side =
| B-side = "Friends" "The Kill in Your Heart" "For All These Years"
| Released = 1988
| Format = [[7" single]], [[12"|12" maxi]], [[CD maxi]]
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Folk music|folk]]
| Length = 3:53
| Label = WEA
| Writer = [[Tanita Tikaram]]
| Producer = [[Peter Van Hooke]], [[Rod Argent]]
| Certification =
| Last single = [[Good Tradition]] (1988)
| This single = Twist in My Sobriety (1988)
| Next single = [[Cathedral Song]] (1989)
| Misc =
}}

"'''Twist in My Sobriety'''" is a song written and recorded by [[Tanita Tikaram]]. Released as a single in 1988 from her debut album ''[[Ancient Heart]]'', it was a top ten hit in many European countries, peaking at #2 in Austria and Germany, though it achieved only moderate success in the US and Australia.

In 1996, the song was also released in UK in a remixed version peaking at #82.

In 2001, the song appeared on the soundtrack of the film "[[Bandits]]."

The first line of the song, "All God's children need travelling shoes", is the title of a book by writer/poet [[Maya Angelou]].

==Track listing==
; 7" single
# "Twist in My Sobriety" (edit) — 3:53
# "Friends" — 2:13

; 12" maxi
# "Twist in My Sobriety" (full length version) — 4:51
# "Friends" — 2:13
# "For All These Years" — 5:13

; CD maxi
# "Twist in My Sobriety (edit)" — 3:55
# "Friends" — 2:16
# "The Kill in Your Heart" — 3:43
# "For All These Years" — 5:12

; 1996 remixes
# "Twist in My Sobriety (Tikaramp Radio)" — 4:23
# "Twist in My Sobriety (Phil Kelsey Vocal)" — 9:40
# "Twist in My Sobriety (Extended Bumps Fluidity Mix)" — 5:10
# "Twist in My Sobriety (Tikaramp Vocal)" — 6:48
# "Twist in My Sobriety (SFX Sobreity Mix)" — 6:55

== Covers ==
*In 1989, [[Liza Minnelli]] covered the song for her album ''[[Results (album)|Results]]'', which was produced by the [[Pet Shop Boys]].
*In 1989, Italo disco singer [[George Aaron]] recorded a version released on vinyl as a 12" single by Cruisin' Records, Italy.
*In 1999, the German [[gothic metal]] group [[Dreadful Shadows]] recorded a cover version of the song on their album ''[[The Cycle]]'' as a [[bonus track]].
*In 1999, the Chinese singer [[Chyi Yu]] covered the song for her album ''C'est la vie''.
*In 2002, the [[Gothic metal]] band [[Darkwell]] covered the song for their album ''[[Conflict of Interest (album)|Conflict of Interest]]''.
*In 2006, the Italian singer [[Gennaro Cosmo Parlato]] covered the song for him album ''Remainders''.
*In 2007, the [[electronic dance music]] artist Les Adams covered the song and released it on [[Southern Fried Records]]. The release included remixes by Digital Dog, Soul Buddha, Ali Payami, Nathan Detroit and [[Norman Cook]].
*In 2007, the [[Death metal]] Project Cynicism published a covered version with their album A Taste Of Hate.

==Certifications==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! bgcolor="#ebf5ff" | Country
! bgcolor="#ebf5ff" | Certification
! bgcolor="#ebf5ff" | Date
! bgcolor="#ebf5ff" | Sales
|-
| France<ref>French certifications [http://www.chartsinfrance.net/certifications/artiste-222.htm Chartsinfrance.net] (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref>
| Silver
| 1989
| 200,000+
|-
| Germany<ref>German certifications [http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=1&strSuche=Twist+in+My+Sobriety musikindustrie.de] (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref>
| Gold
| 1989
|
|-
|}

==Charts==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart (1988–1989)<ref name="Lescharts">"Twist in My Sobriety", in various Singles Chart [http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Tanita+Tikaram&titel=Twist+In+My+Sobriety&cat=s Lescharts.com] (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref><ref>German Singles Chart [http://www.charts-surfer.de/musiksearch.php Charts-surfer.de] (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref><ref>Irish Single Chart [http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement Irishcharts.ie] (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref><ref>UK Singles Chart [http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=15832 Chartstats.com] (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref><ref>Billboard [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:0iftxqr5ldse~T51 allmusic.com] (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref>
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Modern Rock Tracks
|align="center"|25
|-
|align="left"|Australian ARIA Singles Chart
|align="center"|23
|-
|align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|French Singles Chart
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|German Singles Chart
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Irish Singles Chart
|align="center"|10
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|UK Singles Chart
|align="center"|22
|-
|}

{{col-2}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|End of the year chart (1989)
!align="center"|Position
|-
|align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart<ref name="Austrian">1989 Austrian Singles Chart [http://austriancharts.at/statistic_1989.asp Austriancharts.at] (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref>
|align="center"|10
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref name="Swiss">1989 Swiss Singles Chart [http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=1989 Hitparade.ch] (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref>
|align="center"|21
|-
|}

{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tanita Tikaram}}

[[Category:1988 singles]]
[[Category:Tanita Tikaram songs]]
[[Category:Liza Minnelli songs]]

[[fa:انحرافی در هوشیاری من]]

Enterprise application integration

2010-01-15T11:06:35Z

62.101.100.5:

'''Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)''' is defined as the use of [[software]] and computer systems architectural principles to integrate a set of enterprise computer applications.
== Overview ==
Enterprise Application Integration is an integration framework composed of a collection of technologies and services which form a [[middleware]] to enable integration of systems and applications across the enterprise.

[[Supply chain management]] applications (for managing inventory and shipping), [[customer relationship management]] applications (for managing current and potential customers), [[business intelligence]] applications (for finding patterns from existing data from operations), and other types of applications (for managing data such as [[human resources]] data, health care, internal communications, etc) typically cannot communicate with one another in order to share data or business rules. For this reason, such applications are sometimes referred to as [[islands of automation]] or [[information silo]]s. This lack of communication leads to inefficiencies, wherein identical data are stored in multiple locations, or straightforward processes are unable to be automated.

Enterprise application integration (EAI) is the process of linking such applications within a single organization together in order to simplify and automate business processes to the greatest extent possible, while at the same time avoiding having to make sweeping changes to the existing applications or data structures. In the words of the [[Gartner Group]], EAI is the “unrestricted sharing of data and business processes among any connected application or data sources in the enterprise.”<ref>In its April 2001 report for AIIM International, "Enterprise Applications: Adoption of E-Business and Document Technologies, 2000-2001: Worldwide Industry Study," Gartner defines EAI as "the unrestricted sharing of data and business processes among any connected applications and data sources in the enterprise." {{cite journal |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3937/is_200203/ai_n9019202 |title=Enterprise application integration |journal=Information Management Journal |date=March/April 2002 |last=Gable |first=Julie |accessdate=2008-01-22 }}</ref>

One large challenge of EAI is that the various systems that need to be linked together often reside on different [[operating system]]s, use different [[database]] solutions and different [[computer language]]s, and in some cases are [[legacy system]]s that are no longer supported by the vendor who originally created them. In some cases, such systems are dubbed "[[stovepipe system]]s" because they consist of components that have been jammed together in a way that makes it very hard to modify them in any way.

== Improving connectivity ==
If integration is applied without following a structured EAI approach, [[Link (telecommunications)#Point-to-point|point-to-point connections]] grow across an organization. Dependencies are added on an impromptu basis, resulting in a tangled mess that is difficult to maintain. This is commonly referred to as spaghetti, an allusion to the programming equivalent of [[spaghetti code]]. For example:

The number of connections needed to have a fully meshed point-to-point connections, with <math>n</math> points, is given by <math>\frac{n(n-1)}{2}</math>. Thus, for ten applications to be fully integrated point-to-point, <math>\frac{10\times9}{2}</math>, or 45 point-to-point connections are needed.

However, EAI is not just about sharing data between applications; it focuses on sharing both business data and business process. [[Middleware Analysts]] attending to EAI involves looking at the [[system of systems]], which involves large scale [[inter-disciplinary]] problems with multiple, [[heterogeneous]], distributed [[systems]] that are embedded in [[computer networking|networks]] at multiple levels.

== Purposes of EAI ==
EAI can be used for different purposes:

* [[Data integration|Data (information) Integration]]: Ensuring that information in multiple systems is kept consistent. This is also known as EII ([[Enterprise Information Integration]]).
* Vendor independence: Extracting business policies or rules from applications and implementing them in the EAI system, so that even if one of the business applications is replaced with a different vendor's application, the business rules do not have to be re-implemented.
* Common Facade: An EAI system could front-end a cluster of applications, providing a single consistent access interface to these applications and shielding users from having to learn to interact with different software packages.

== EAI patterns ==
=== Integration patterns ===
There are two patterns that EAI systems implement:

;[[Data mediation | Mediation]]:Here, the EAI system acts as the go-between or broker between (interface or communicating) multiple applications. Whenever an interesting event occurs in an application (e. g., new information created, new transaction completed, etc.) an integration module in the EAI system is notified. The module then propagates the changes to other relevant applications.
;[[Federation (information technology)|Federation]]:In this case, the EAI system acts as the overarching facade across multiple applications. All from the 'outside world' to any of the applications are front-ended by the EAI system. The EAI system is configured to expose only the relevant information and interfaces of the underlying applications to the outside world, and performs all interactions with the underlying applications on behalf of the requester.

Both patterns are often used concurrently. The same EAI system could be keeping multiple applications in sync (mediation), while servicing requests from external users against these applications (federation).

=== Access patterns ===
EAI supports both asynchronous and [[synchronous access]] patterns, the former being typical in the mediation case and the latter in the federation case.

=== Lifetime patterns ===
An integration operation could be short-lived (e. g., keeping data in sync across two applications could be completed within a second) or long-lived (e. g., one of the steps could involve the EAI system interacting with a human [[work flow]] application for approval of a loan that takes hours or days to complete).

== EAI topologies ==
There are two major topologies: [[Hub and spoke|hub-and-spoke]], and [[Enterprise service bus|bus]]. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. In the hub-and-spoke model, the EAI system is at the center (the hub), and interacts with the applications via the spokes. In the bus model, the EAI system is the bus (or is implemented as a resident module in an already existing message bus or [[message-oriented middleware]]).

== Technologies ==
Multiple technologies are used in implementing each of the components of the EAI system:

;Bus/hub: This is usually implemented by enhancing standard [[middleware]] products ([[application server]], [[message bus]]) or implemented as a stand-alone program (i. e., does not use any middleware), acting as its own middleware.
;Application connectivity: The bus/hub connects to applications through a set of '''adapters''' (also referred to as '''[[connector (computer science)|connector]]s'''). These are programs that know how to interact with an underlying business application. The adapter performs two-way communication, performing requests from the hub against the application, and notifying the hub when an event of interest occurs in the application (a new record inserted, a transaction completed, etc.). Adapters can be specific to an application (e. g., built against the application vendor's client libraries) or specific to a class of applications (e. g., can interact with any application through a standard communication protocol, such as [[SOAP]] or [[SMTP]]). The adapter could reside in the same process space as the bus/hub or execute in a remote location and interact with the hub/bus through industry standard protocols such as message queues, web services, or even use a proprietary protocol. In the Java world, standards such as [[J2EE Connector Architecture|JCA]] allow adapters to be created in a vendor-neutral manner.
;[[File format|Data format]] and [[data transformation|transformation]]: To avoid every adapter having to convert data to/from every other applications' formats, EAI systems usually stipulate an application-independent (or common) data format. The EAI system usually provides a data transformation service as well to help convert between application-specific and common formats. This is done in two steps: the adapter converts information from the application's format to the bus's common format. Then, semantic transformations are applied on this (converting zip codes to city names, splitting/merging objects from one application into objects in the other applications, and so on).
;Integration modules: An EAI system could be participating in multiple concurrent integration operations at any given time, each type of integration being processed by a different integration module. Integration modules subscribe to events of specific types and process notifications that they receive when these events occur. These modules could be implemented in different ways: on [[Java (programming language)|Java]]-based EAI systems, these could be [[web application]]s or [[Enterprise JavaBean|EJBs]] or even [[POJO]]s that conform to the EAI system's specifications.
;Support for [[Database transaction|transaction]]s: When used for process integration, the EAI system also provides transactional consistency across applications by executing all integration operations across all applications in a single overarching distributed transaction (using [[two-phase commit]] protocols or [[compensating transaction]]s).

== Communication architectures ==
Currently, there are many variations of thought on what constitutes the best infrastructure, component model, and standards structure for Enterprise Application Integration. There seems to be consensus that four components are essential for a modern enterprise application integration architecture:

# A centralized broker that handles security, access, and communication. This can be accomplished through integration servers (like the [[Schools Interoperability Framework|School Interoperability Framework (SIF)]] Zone Integration Servers) or through similar software like the [[Enterprise service bus]] (ESB) model that acts as a SOAP-oriented services manager.
# An independent data model based on a standard data structure. It appears that XML and the use of XML style sheets has become the [[de facto]] and in some cases [[de jure]] standard.
# A connector, or agent model where each vendor, application, or interface can build a single component that can speak natively to that application and communicate with the centralized broker.
# A system model that defines the APIs, data flow and rules of engagement to the system such that components can be built to interface with it in a standardized way.

Although other approaches like connecting at the database or user-interface level have been explored, they have not been found to scale or be able to adjust. Individual applications can publish messages to the centralized broker and subscribe to receive certain messages from that broker. Each application only requires one connection to the broker. This central control approach can be extremely [[scalable]] and [[Event-driven SOA|highly evolvable]].

Enterprise Application Integration is related to [[middleware]] technologies such as message-oriented middleware ([[Message Oriented Middleware|MOM]]), and data representation technologies such as [[XML]]. Other EAI technologies involve using [[web services]] as part of [[service-oriented architecture]] as a means of integration. Enterprise Application Integration tends to be data centric. In the near future, it will come to include [[Enterprise Content Integration|content integration]] and [[business processes]].

== EAI Implementation Pitfalls ==
In 2003 it was reported that 70% of all EAI projects fail. Most of these failures are not due to the software itself or technical difficulties, but due to management issues. Integration Consortium European Chairman Steve Craggs has outlined the seven main pitfalls undertaken by companies using EAI systems and explains solutions to these problems.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dancing Around EAI 'Bear Traps'|date=2003-12-15|first=Gian|last=Trotta|url=http://www.ebizq.net/topics/int_sbp/features/3463.html|accessdate=2006-06-27}}</ref>

* ''Constant change''
:The very nature of EAI is dynamic and requires dynamic project managers to manage their implementation.
* ''Shortage of [[Middleware Analysts|EAI experts]]''
:EAI requires knowledge of many issues and technical aspects.
* ''Competing standards''
:Within the EAI field, the paradox is that EAI standards themselves are not universal.
* ''EAI is a tool paradigm''
:EAI is not a tool, but rather a system and should be implemented as such.
* ''Building interfaces is an art''
:Engineering the solution is not sufficient. Solutions need to be negotiated with user departments to reach a common consensus on the final outcome. A lack of consensus on interface designs leads to excessive effort to map between various systems data requirements.
* ''Loss of detail''
: Information that seemed unimportant at an earlier stage may become crucial later.
* ''Accountability''
:Since so many departments have many conflicting requirements, there should be clear accountability for the system's final structure.

Other potential problems may arise in these areas:
* ''Emerging Requirements''
:EAI implementations should be extensible and modular to allow for future changes.
* ''Protectionism''
:The applications whose data is being integrated often belong to different departments that have technical, cultural, and political reasons for not wanting to share their data with other departments

== Advantages and Disadvantages ==
* Advantages
** Real time information access among systems
** Streamlines business processes and helps raise organizational efficiency
** Maintains information integrity across multiple systems
** Ease of development and maintenance
* Disadvantages
** High initial development costs, especially for small and mid-sized businesses (SMBs)
** Require a fair amount of up front business design, which many managers are not able to envision or not willing to invest in. Most EAI projects usually start off as point-to-point efforts, very soon becoming unmanageable as the number of applications increase

== The Future of EAI ==

EAI technologies are still being developed and there still is no consensus on the ideal approach or the correct group of technologies a company should use. A common pitfall is to use other proprietary technologies that claim to be open and extensible but create [[vendor lock-in]].

== See also ==
* [[Business semantics management]]
* [[Comparison of business integration software]]
* [[Data integration]]
* [[Enterprise Information Integration]]
* [[Enterprise integration]]
* [[Enterprise Integration Patterns]]
* [[Enterprise service bus]]
* [[Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology]]
* [[Integration appliance]]
* [[Integration Competency Center]]
* [[Integration platform]]
* [[Straight Through Processing]]
* [[System integration]]

=== Initiatives and organizations ===
* [[Health Level 7]]
* [[Open Knowledge Initiative]]
* [[OSS through Java]]
* [[Schools Interoperability Framework]] (SIF)

=== Commercial solutions ===
* [[Avolution]]
* [[Axway]]
* [[FRENDS Iron]] - [http://iron.frends.com "FRENDS Iron Page on Frends Technology"]
* [[IBM WebSphere Message Broker]]
* [[iBOLT]]
* [[Integration Objects]]
* [[Interwoven]]
* [[IONA Technologies]] Artix ESB
* [[Microsoft BizTalk Server]] - [http://www.microsoft.com/biztalk "BizTalk Server Page on Microsoft"]
* [[MOND Technologies]]
* [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Aqualogic Service Bus
* [[Oracle BPEL Process Manager]]
* [[Pervasive Software]]
* [[Progress Software]]
* [[Reconfigurable Computing Environment]]
* [[Software AG]] webMethods
* [[Sterling Commerce]]
* [[Sun Java CAPS]]
* [[TIBCO]]

=== Open-source projects ===
* [[Apache ActiveMQ]]
* [[Apache Camel]]
* [[Apache ServiceMix]]
* [[Apache Synapse]]
* [[FUSE ESB]] (enterprise ServiceMix)
* [[FUSE Mediation Router]] (enterprise Camel)
* [[FUSE Message Broker]] (enterprise ActiveMQ)
* [[Jitterbit Integration Server]]
* [[MuleSource]]
* [[Openadaptor]]
* [[OpenESB]]
* [[OW2 PEtALS|PEtALS ESB]]
* [[Spring Framework|Spring Integration]]
* [[Talend]]
* [[Virtuoso Universal Server]]

== References ==
<references/>


[[Category:Enterprise application integration]]


[[da:Enterprise Application Integration]]
[[de:Enterprise Application Integration]]
[[es:Enterprise application integration]]
[[fr:Intégration d'applications d'entreprise]]
[[it:Enterprise Application Integration]]
[[ko:기업 응용프로그램 통합]]
[[he:Enterprise Application Integration]]
[[nl:Enterprise application integration]]
[[ja:Enterprise application integration]]
[[pt:EAI]]
[[ru:Enterprise Application Integration]]
[[vi:Tích hợp ứng dụng doanh nghiệp]]
[[zh:企业应用集成]]

Enterprise application integration

2010-01-15T11:05:31Z

62.101.100.5:

'''Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)''' is defined as the use of [[software]] and computer systems architectural principles to integrate a set of enterprise computer applications.
== Overview ==
Enterprise Application Integration is an integration framework composed of a collection of technologies and services which form a [[middleware]] to enable integration of systems and applications across the enterprise.

[[Supply chain management]] applications (for managing inventory and shipping), [[customer relationship management]] applications (for managing current and potential customers), [[business intelligence]] applications (for finding patterns from existing data from operations), and other types of applications (for managing data such as [[human resources]] data, health care, internal communications, etc) typically cannot communicate with one another in order to share data or business rules. For this reason, such applications are sometimes referred to as [[islands of automation]] or [[information silo]]s. This lack of communication leads to inefficiencies, wherein identical data are stored in multiple locations, or straightforward processes are unable to be automated.

Enterprise application integration (EAI) is the process of linking such applications within a single organization together in order to simplify and automate business processes to the greatest extent possible, while at the same time avoiding having to make sweeping changes to the existing applications or data structures. In the words of the [[Gartner Group]], EAI is the “unrestricted sharing of data and business processes among any connected application or data sources in the enterprise.”<ref>In its April 2001 report for AIIM International, "Enterprise Applications: Adoption of E-Business and Document Technologies, 2000-2001: Worldwide Industry Study," Gartner defines EAI as "the unrestricted sharing of data and business processes among any connected applications and data sources in the enterprise." {{cite journal |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3937/is_200203/ai_n9019202 |title=Enterprise application integration |journal=Information Management Journal |date=March/April 2002 |last=Gable |first=Julie |accessdate=2008-01-22 }}</ref>

One large challenge of EAI is that the various systems that need to be linked together often reside on different [[operating system]]s, use different [[database]] solutions and different [[computer language]]s, and in some cases are [[legacy system]]s that are no longer supported by the vendor who originally created them. In some cases, such systems are dubbed "[[stovepipe system]]s" because they consist of components that have been jammed together in a way that makes it very hard to modify them in any way.

== Improving connectivity ==
If integration is applied without following a structured EAI approach, [[Link (telecommunications)#Point-to-point|point-to-point connections]] grow across an organization. Dependencies are added on an impromptu basis, resulting in a tangled mess that is difficult to maintain. This is commonly referred to as spaghetti, an allusion to the programming equivalent of [[spaghetti code]]. For example:

The number of connections needed to have a fully meshed point-to-point connections, with <math>n</math> points, is given by <math>\frac{n(n-1)}{2}</math>. Thus, for ten applications to be fully integrated point-to-point, <math>\frac{10\times9}{2}</math>, or 45 point-to-point connections are needed.

However, EAI is not just about sharing data between applications; it focuses on sharing both business data and business process. [[Middleware Analysts]] attending to EAI involves looking at the [[system of systems]], which involves large scale [[inter-disciplinary]] problems with multiple, [[heterogeneous]], distributed [[systems]] that are embedded in [[computer networking|networks]] at multiple levels.

== Purposes of EAI ==
EAI can be used for different purposes:

* [[Data integration|Data (information) Integration]]: Ensuring that information in multiple systems is kept consistent. This is also known as EII ([[Enterprise Information Integration]]).
* Vendor independence: Extracting business policies or rules from applications and implementing them in the EAI system, so that even if one of the business applications is replaced with a different vendor's application, the business rules do not have to be re-implemented.
* Common Facade: An EAI system could front-end a cluster of applications, providing a single consistent access interface to these applications and shielding users from having to learn to interact with different software packages.

== EAI patterns ==
=== Integration patterns ===
There are two patterns that EAI systems implement:

;[[Data mediation | Mediation]]:Here, the EAI system acts as the go-between or broker between (interface or communicating) multiple applications. Whenever an interesting event occurs in an application (e. g., new information created, new transaction completed, etc.) an integration module in the EAI system is notified. The module then propagates the changes to other relevant applications.
;[[Federation (information technology)|Federation]]:In this case, the EAI system acts as the overarching facade across multiple applications. All from the 'outside world' to any of the applications are front-ended by the EAI system. The EAI system is configured to expose only the relevant information and interfaces of the underlying applications to the outside world, and performs all interactions with the underlying applications on behalf of the requester.

Both patterns are often used concurrently. The same EAI system could be keeping multiple applications in sync (mediation), while servicing requests from external users against these applications (federation).

=== Access patterns ===
EAI supports both asynchronous and [[synchronous access]] patterns, the former being typical in the mediation case and the latter in the federation case.

=== Lifetime patterns ===
An integration operation could be short-lived (e. g., keeping data in sync across two applications could be completed within a second) or long-lived (e. g., one of the steps could involve the EAI system interacting with a human [[work flow]] application for approval of a loan that takes hours or days to complete).

== EAI topologies ==
There are two major topologies: [[Hub and spoke|hub-and-spoke]], and [[Enterprise service bus|bus]]. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. In the hub-and-spoke model, the EAI system is at the center (the hub), and interacts with the applications via the spokes. In the bus model, the EAI system is the bus (or is implemented as a resident module in an already existing message bus or [[message-oriented middleware]]).

== Technologies ==
Multiple technologies are used in implementing each of the components of the EAI system:

;Bus/hub: This is usually implemented by enhancing standard [[middleware]] products ([[application server]], [[message bus]]) or implemented as a stand-alone program (i. e., does not use any middleware), acting as its own middleware.
;Application connectivity: The bus/hub connects to applications through a set of '''adapters''' (also referred to as '''[[connector (computer science)|connector]]s'''). These are programs that know how to interact with an underlying business application. The adapter performs two-way communication, performing requests from the hub against the application, and notifying the hub when an event of interest occurs in the application (a new record inserted, a transaction completed, etc.). Adapters can be specific to an application (e. g., built against the application vendor's client libraries) or specific to a class of applications (e. g., can interact with any application through a standard communication protocol, such as [[SOAP]] or [[SMTP]]). The adapter could reside in the same process space as the bus/hub or execute in a remote location and interact with the hub/bus through industry standard protocols such as message queues, web services, or even use a proprietary protocol. In the Java world, standards such as [[J2EE Connector Architecture|JCA]] allow adapters to be created in a vendor-neutral manner.
;[[File format|Data format]] and [[data transformation|transformation]]: To avoid every adapter having to convert data to/from every other applications' formats, EAI systems usually stipulate an application-independent (or common) data format. The EAI system usually provides a data transformation service as well to help convert between application-specific and common formats. This is done in two steps: the adapter converts information from the application's format to the bus's common format. Then, semantic transformations are applied on this (converting zip codes to city names, splitting/merging objects from one application into objects in the other applications, and so on).
;Integration modules: An EAI system could be participating in multiple concurrent integration operations at any given time, each type of integration being processed by a different integration module. Integration modules subscribe to events of specific types and process notifications that they receive when these events occur. These modules could be implemented in different ways: on [[Java (programming language)|Java]]-based EAI systems, these could be [[web application]]s or [[Enterprise JavaBean|EJBs]] or even [[POJO]]s that conform to the EAI system's specifications.
;Support for [[Database transaction|transaction]]s: When used for process integration, the EAI system also provides transactional consistency across applications by executing all integration operations across all applications in a single overarching distributed transaction (using [[two-phase commit]] protocols or [[compensating transaction]]s).

== Communication architectures ==
Currently, there are many variations of thought on what constitutes the best infrastructure, component model, and standards structure for Enterprise Application Integration. There seems to be consensus that four components are essential for a modern enterprise application integration architecture:

# A centralized broker that handles security, access, and communication. This can be accomplished through integration servers (like the [[Schools Interoperability Framework|School Interoperability Framework (SIF)]] Zone Integration Servers) or through similar software like the [[Enterprise service bus]] (ESB) model that acts as a SOAP-oriented services manager.
# An independent data model based on a standard data structure. It appears that XML and the use of XML style sheets has become the [[de facto]] and in some cases [[de jure]] standard.
# A connector, or agent model where each vendor, application, or interface can build a single component that can speak natively to that application and communicate with the centralized broker.
# A system model that defines the APIs, data flow and rules of engagement to the system such that components can be built to interface with it in a standardized way.

Although other approaches like connecting at the database or user-interface level have been explored, they have not been found to scale or be able to adjust. Individual applications can publish messages to the centralized broker and subscribe to receive certain messages from that broker. Each application only requires one connection to the broker. This central control approach can be extremely [[scalable]] and [[Event-driven SOA|highly evolvable]].

Enterprise Application Integration is related to [[middleware]] technologies such as message-oriented middleware ([[Message Oriented Middleware|MOM]]), and data representation technologies such as [[XML]]. Other EAI technologies involve using [[web services]] as part of [[service-oriented architecture]] as a means of integration. Enterprise Application Integration tends to be data centric. In the near future, it will come to include [[Enterprise Content Integration|content integration]] and [[business processes]].

== EAI Implementation Pitfalls ==
In 2003 it was reported that 70% of all EAI projects fail. Most of these failures are not due to the software itself or technical difficulties, but due to management issues. Integration Consortium European Chairman Steve Craggs has outlined the seven main pitfalls undertaken by companies using EAI systems and explains solutions to these problems.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dancing Around EAI 'Bear Traps'|date=2003-12-15|first=Gian|last=Trotta|url=http://www.ebizq.net/topics/int_sbp/features/3463.html|accessdate=2006-06-27}}</ref>

* ''Constant change''
:The very nature of EAI is dynamic and requires dynamic project managers to manage their implementation.
* ''Shortage of [[Middleware Analysts|EAI experts]]''
:EAI requires knowledge of many issues and technical aspects.
* ''Competing standards''
:Within the EAI field, the paradox is that EAI standards themselves are not universal.
* ''EAI is a tool paradigm''
:EAI is not a tool, but rather a system and should be implemented as such.
* ''Building interfaces is an art''
:Engineering the solution is not sufficient. Solutions need to be negotiated with user departments to reach a common consensus on the final outcome. A lack of consensus on interface designs leads to excessive effort to map between various systems data requirements.
* ''Loss of detail''
: Information that seemed unimportant at an earlier stage may become crucial later.
* ''Accountability''
:Since so many departments have many conflicting requirements, there should be clear accountability for the system's final structure.

Other potential problems may arise in these areas:
* ''Emerging Requirements''
:EAI implementations should be extensible and modular to allow for future changes.
* ''Protectionism''
:The applications whose data is being integrated often belong to different departments that have technical, cultural, and political reasons for not wanting to share their data with other departments

== Advantages and Disadvantages ==
* Advantages
** Real time information access among systems
** Streamlines business processes and helps raise organizational efficiency
** Maintains information integrity across multiple systems
** Ease of development and maintenance
* Disadvantages
** High initial development costs, especially for small and mid-sized businesses (SMBs)
** Require a fair amount of up front business design, which many managers are not able to envision or not willing to invest in. Most EAI projects usually start off as point-to-point efforts, very soon becoming unmanageable as the number of applications increase

== The Future of EAI ==

EAI technologies are still being developed and there still is no consensus on the ideal approach or the correct group of technologies a company should use. A common pitfall is to use other proprietary technologies that claim to be open and extensible but create [[vendor lock-in]].

== See also ==
* [[Business semantics management]]
* [[Comparison of business integration software]]
* [[Data integration]]
* [[Enterprise Information Integration]]
* [[Enterprise integration]]
* [[Enterprise Integration Patterns]]
* [[Enterprise service bus]]
* [[Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology]]
* [[Integration appliance]]
* [[Integration Competency Center]]
* [[Integration platform]]
* [[Straight Through Processing]]
* [[System integration]]

=== Initiatives and organizations ===
* [[Health Level 7]]
* [[Open Knowledge Initiative]]
* [[OSS through Java]]
* [[Schools Interoperability Framework]] (SIF)

=== Commercial solutions ===
* [[Avolution]]
* [[Axway]]
* [[FRENDS Iron]] - [http://iron.frends.com "FRENDS Iron Page on Frends Technology"]
* [[IBM WebSphere Message Broker]]
* [[iBOLT]]
* [[Integration Objects]]
* [[Interwoven]]
* [[IONA Technologies]] Artix ESB
* [[Microsoft BizTalk Server]] - [http://www.microsoft.com/biztalk "BizTalk Server Page on Microsoft"]
* [[MOND Technologies]]
* [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Aqualogic Service Bus
* [[Oracle BPEL Process Manager]]
* [[Pervasive Software]]
* [[Progress Software]]
* [[Reconfigurable Computing Environment]]
* [[Software AG]] webMethods
* [[Sterling Commerce]]
* [[Sun Java CAPS]]
* [[TIBCO]]

=== Open-source projects ===
* [[Apache ActiveMQ]]
* [[Apache Camel]]
* [[Apache ServiceMix]]
* [[Apache Synapse]]
* [[FUSE ESB]] (enterprise ServiceMix)
* [[FUSE Mediation Router]] (enterprise Camel)
* [[FUSE Message Broker]] (enterprise ActiveMQ)
* [[Jitterbit Integration Server]]
* [[MuleSource]]
* [[Openadaptor]]
* [[OpenESB]]
* [[OW2 PEtALS|PEtALS ESB]]
* [[Spring Framework|Spring Integration]]
* [[Talend]]
* [[Virtuoso Universal Server]]

== References ==
<references/>


[[Category:Enterprise application integration]]


[[da:Enterprise Application Integration]]
[[de:Enterprise Application Integration]]
[[es:Enterprise application integration]]
[[fr:Intégration d'applications d'entreprise]]
[[it:Integrazione d'applicazioni d'impresa]]
[[ko:기업 응용프로그램 통합]]
[[he:Enterprise Application Integration]]
[[nl:Enterprise application integration]]
[[ja:Enterprise application integration]]
[[pt:EAI]]
[[ru:Enterprise Application Integration]]
[[vi:Tích hợp ứng dụng doanh nghiệp]]
[[zh:企业应用集成]]

Enterprise application integration

2010-01-15T11:04:52Z

62.101.100.5:

'''Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)''' is defined as the use of [[software]] and computer systems architectural principles to integrate a set of enterprise computer applications.
== Overview ==
Enterprise Application Integration is an integration framework composed of a collection of technologies and services which form a [[middleware]] to enable integration of systems and applications across the enterprise.

[[Supply chain management]] applications (for managing inventory and shipping), [[customer relationship management]] applications (for managing current and potential customers), [[business intelligence]] applications (for finding patterns from existing data from operations), and other types of applications (for managing data such as [[human resources]] data, health care, internal communications, etc) typically cannot communicate with one another in order to share data or business rules. For this reason, such applications are sometimes referred to as [[islands of automation]] or [[information silo]]s. This lack of communication leads to inefficiencies, wherein identical data are stored in multiple locations, or straightforward processes are unable to be automated.

Enterprise application integration (EAI) is the process of linking such applications within a single organization together in order to simplify and automate business processes to the greatest extent possible, while at the same time avoiding having to make sweeping changes to the existing applications or data structures. In the words of the [[Gartner Group]], EAI is the “unrestricted sharing of data and business processes among any connected application or data sources in the enterprise.”<ref>In its April 2001 report for AIIM International, "Enterprise Applications: Adoption of E-Business and Document Technologies, 2000-2001: Worldwide Industry Study," Gartner defines EAI as "the unrestricted sharing of data and business processes among any connected applications and data sources in the enterprise." {{cite journal |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3937/is_200203/ai_n9019202 |title=Enterprise application integration |journal=Information Management Journal |date=March/April 2002 |last=Gable |first=Julie |accessdate=2008-01-22 }}</ref>

One large challenge of EAI is that the various systems that need to be linked together often reside on different [[operating system]]s, use different [[database]] solutions and different [[computer language]]s, and in some cases are [[legacy system]]s that are no longer supported by the vendor who originally created them. In some cases, such systems are dubbed "[[stovepipe system]]s" because they consist of components that have been jammed together in a way that makes it very hard to modify them in any way.

== Improving connectivity ==
If integration is applied without following a structured EAI approach, [[Link (telecommunications)#Point-to-point|point-to-point connections]] grow across an organization. Dependencies are added on an impromptu basis, resulting in a tangled mess that is difficult to maintain. This is commonly referred to as spaghetti, an allusion to the programming equivalent of [[spaghetti code]]. For example:

The number of connections needed to have a fully meshed point-to-point connections, with <math>n</math> points, is given by <math>\frac{n(n-1)}{2}</math>. Thus, for ten applications to be fully integrated point-to-point, <math>\frac{10\times9}{2}</math>, or 45 point-to-point connections are needed.

However, EAI is not just about sharing data between applications; it focuses on sharing both business data and business process. [[Middleware Analysts]] attending to EAI involves looking at the [[system of systems]], which involves large scale [[inter-disciplinary]] problems with multiple, [[heterogeneous]], distributed [[systems]] that are embedded in [[computer networking|networks]] at multiple levels.

== Purposes of EAI ==
EAI can be used for different purposes:

* [[Data integration|Data (information) Integration]]: Ensuring that information in multiple systems is kept consistent. This is also known as EII ([[Enterprise Information Integration]]).
* Vendor independence: Extracting business policies or rules from applications and implementing them in the EAI system, so that even if one of the business applications is replaced with a different vendor's application, the business rules do not have to be re-implemented.
* Common Facade: An EAI system could front-end a cluster of applications, providing a single consistent access interface to these applications and shielding users from having to learn to interact with different software packages.

== EAI patterns ==
=== Integration patterns ===
There are two patterns that EAI systems implement:

;[[Data mediation | Mediation]]:Here, the EAI system acts as the go-between or broker between (interface or communicating) multiple applications. Whenever an interesting event occurs in an application (e. g., new information created, new transaction completed, etc.) an integration module in the EAI system is notified. The module then propagates the changes to other relevant applications.
;[[Federation (information technology)|Federation]]:In this case, the EAI system acts as the overarching facade across multiple applications. All from the 'outside world' to any of the applications are front-ended by the EAI system. The EAI system is configured to expose only the relevant information and interfaces of the underlying applications to the outside world, and performs all interactions with the underlying applications on behalf of the requester.

Both patterns are often used concurrently. The same EAI system could be keeping multiple applications in sync (mediation), while servicing requests from external users against these applications (federation).

=== Access patterns ===
EAI supports both asynchronous and [[synchronous access]] patterns, the former being typical in the mediation case and the latter in the federation case.

=== Lifetime patterns ===
An integration operation could be short-lived (e. g., keeping data in sync across two applications could be completed within a second) or long-lived (e. g., one of the steps could involve the EAI system interacting with a human [[work flow]] application for approval of a loan that takes hours or days to complete).

== EAI topologies ==
There are two major topologies: [[Hub and spoke|hub-and-spoke]], and [[Enterprise service bus|bus]]. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. In the hub-and-spoke model, the EAI system is at the center (the hub), and interacts with the applications via the spokes. In the bus model, the EAI system is the bus (or is implemented as a resident module in an already existing message bus or [[message-oriented middleware]]).

== Technologies ==
Multiple technologies are used in implementing each of the components of the EAI system:

;Bus/hub: This is usually implemented by enhancing standard [[middleware]] products ([[application server]], [[message bus]]) or implemented as a stand-alone program (i. e., does not use any middleware), acting as its own middleware.
;Application connectivity: The bus/hub connects to applications through a set of '''adapters''' (also referred to as '''[[connector (computer science)|connector]]s'''). These are programs that know how to interact with an underlying business application. The adapter performs two-way communication, performing requests from the hub against the application, and notifying the hub when an event of interest occurs in the application (a new record inserted, a transaction completed, etc.). Adapters can be specific to an application (e. g., built against the application vendor's client libraries) or specific to a class of applications (e. g., can interact with any application through a standard communication protocol, such as [[SOAP]] or [[SMTP]]). The adapter could reside in the same process space as the bus/hub or execute in a remote location and interact with the hub/bus through industry standard protocols such as message queues, web services, or even use a proprietary protocol. In the Java world, standards such as [[J2EE Connector Architecture|JCA]] allow adapters to be created in a vendor-neutral manner.
;[[File format|Data format]] and [[data transformation|transformation]]: To avoid every adapter having to convert data to/from every other applications' formats, EAI systems usually stipulate an application-independent (or common) data format. The EAI system usually provides a data transformation service as well to help convert between application-specific and common formats. This is done in two steps: the adapter converts information from the application's format to the bus's common format. Then, semantic transformations are applied on this (converting zip codes to city names, splitting/merging objects from one application into objects in the other applications, and so on).
;Integration modules: An EAI system could be participating in multiple concurrent integration operations at any given time, each type of integration being processed by a different integration module. Integration modules subscribe to events of specific types and process notifications that they receive when these events occur. These modules could be implemented in different ways: on [[Java (programming language)|Java]]-based EAI systems, these could be [[web application]]s or [[Enterprise JavaBean|EJBs]] or even [[POJO]]s that conform to the EAI system's specifications.
;Support for [[Database transaction|transaction]]s: When used for process integration, the EAI system also provides transactional consistency across applications by executing all integration operations across all applications in a single overarching distributed transaction (using [[two-phase commit]] protocols or [[compensating transaction]]s).

== Communication architectures ==
Currently, there are many variations of thought on what constitutes the best infrastructure, component model, and standards structure for Enterprise Application Integration. There seems to be consensus that four components are essential for a modern enterprise application integration architecture:

# A centralized broker that handles security, access, and communication. This can be accomplished through integration servers (like the [[Schools Interoperability Framework|School Interoperability Framework (SIF)]] Zone Integration Servers) or through similar software like the [[Enterprise service bus]] (ESB) model that acts as a SOAP-oriented services manager.
# An independent data model based on a standard data structure. It appears that XML and the use of XML style sheets has become the [[de facto]] and in some cases [[de jure]] standard.
# A connector, or agent model where each vendor, application, or interface can build a single component that can speak natively to that application and communicate with the centralized broker.
# A system model that defines the APIs, data flow and rules of engagement to the system such that components can be built to interface with it in a standardized way.

Although other approaches like connecting at the database or user-interface level have been explored, they have not been found to scale or be able to adjust. Individual applications can publish messages to the centralized broker and subscribe to receive certain messages from that broker. Each application only requires one connection to the broker. This central control approach can be extremely [[scalable]] and [[Event-driven SOA|highly evolvable]].

Enterprise Application Integration is related to [[middleware]] technologies such as message-oriented middleware ([[Message Oriented Middleware|MOM]]), and data representation technologies such as [[XML]]. Other EAI technologies involve using [[web services]] as part of [[service-oriented architecture]] as a means of integration. Enterprise Application Integration tends to be data centric. In the near future, it will come to include [[Enterprise Content Integration|content integration]] and [[business processes]].

== EAI Implementation Pitfalls ==
In 2003 it was reported that 70% of all EAI projects fail. Most of these failures are not due to the software itself or technical difficulties, but due to management issues. Integration Consortium European Chairman Steve Craggs has outlined the seven main pitfalls undertaken by companies using EAI systems and explains solutions to these problems.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dancing Around EAI 'Bear Traps'|date=2003-12-15|first=Gian|last=Trotta|url=http://www.ebizq.net/topics/int_sbp/features/3463.html|accessdate=2006-06-27}}</ref>

* ''Constant change''
:The very nature of EAI is dynamic and requires dynamic project managers to manage their implementation.
* ''Shortage of [[Middleware Analysts|EAI experts]]''
:EAI requires knowledge of many issues and technical aspects.
* ''Competing standards''
:Within the EAI field, the paradox is that EAI standards themselves are not universal.
* ''EAI is a tool paradigm''
:EAI is not a tool, but rather a system and should be implemented as such.
* ''Building interfaces is an art''
:Engineering the solution is not sufficient. Solutions need to be negotiated with user departments to reach a common consensus on the final outcome. A lack of consensus on interface designs leads to excessive effort to map between various systems data requirements.
* ''Loss of detail''
: Information that seemed unimportant at an earlier stage may become crucial later.
* ''Accountability''
:Since so many departments have many conflicting requirements, there should be clear accountability for the system's final structure.

Other potential problems may arise in these areas:
* ''Emerging Requirements''
:EAI implementations should be extensible and modular to allow for future changes.
* ''Protectionism''
:The applications whose data is being integrated often belong to different departments that have technical, cultural, and political reasons for not wanting to share their data with other departments

== Advantages and Disadvantages ==
* Advantages
** Real time information access among systems
** Streamlines business processes and helps raise organizational efficiency
** Maintains information integrity across multiple systems
** Ease of development and maintenance
* Disadvantages
** High initial development costs, especially for small and mid-sized businesses (SMBs)
** Require a fair amount of up front business design, which many managers are not able to envision or not willing to invest in. Most EAI projects usually start off as point-to-point efforts, very soon becoming unmanageable as the number of applications increase

== The Future of EAI ==

EAI technologies are still being developed and there still is no consensus on the ideal approach or the correct group of technologies a company should use. A common pitfall is to use other proprietary technologies that claim to be open and extensible but create [[vendor lock-in]].

== See also ==
* [[Business semantics management]]
* [[Comparison of business integration software]]
* [[Data integration]]
* [[Enterprise Information Integration]]
* [[Enterprise integration]]
* [[Enterprise Integration Patterns]]
* [[Enterprise service bus]]
* [[Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology]]
* [[Integration appliance]]
* [[Integration Competency Center]]
* [[Integration platform]]
* [[Straight Through Processing]]
* [[System integration]]

=== Initiatives and organizations ===
* [[Health Level 7]]
* [[Open Knowledge Initiative]]
* [[OSS through Java]]
* [[Schools Interoperability Framework]] (SIF)

=== Commercial solutions ===
* [[Avolution]]
* [[Axway]]
* [[FRENDS Iron]] - [http://iron.frends.com "FRENDS Iron Page on Frends Technology"]
* [[IBM WebSphere Message Broker]]
* [[iBOLT]]
* [[Integration Objects]]
* [[Interwoven]]
* [[IONA Technologies]] Artix ESB
* [[Microsoft BizTalk Server]] - [http://www.microsoft.com/biztalk "BizTalk Server Page on Microsoft"]
* [[MOND Technologies]]
* [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Aqualogic Service Bus
* [[Oracle BPEL Process Manager]]
* [[Pervasive Software]]
* [[Progress Software]]
* [[Reconfigurable Computing Environment]]
* [[Software AG]] webMethods
* [[Sterling Commerce]]
* [[Sun Java CAPS]]
* [[TIBCO]]

=== Open-source projects ===
* [[Apache ActiveMQ]]
* [[Apache Camel]]
* [[Apache ServiceMix]]
* [[Apache Synapse]]
* [[FUSE ESB]] (enterprise ServiceMix)
* [[FUSE Mediation Router]] (enterprise Camel)
* [[FUSE Message Broker]] (enterprise ActiveMQ)
* [[Jitterbit Integration Server]]
* [[MuleSource]]
* [[Openadaptor]]
* [[OpenESB]]
* [[OW2 PEtALS|PEtALS ESB]]
* [[Spring Framework|Spring Integration]]
* [[Talend]]
* [[Virtuoso Universal Server]]

== References ==
<references/>


[[Category:Enterprise application integration]]


[[da:Enterprise Application Integration]]
[[de:Enterprise Application Integration]]
[[es:Enterprise application integration]]
[[fr:Intégration d'applications d'entreprise]]
[[Ir:Integrazione d'applicazioni d'impresa]]
[[ko:기업 응용프로그램 통합]]
[[he:Enterprise Application Integration]]
[[nl:Enterprise application integration]]
[[ja:Enterprise application integration]]
[[pt:EAI]]
[[ru:Enterprise Application Integration]]
[[vi:Tích hợp ứng dụng doanh nghiệp]]
[[zh:企业应用集成]]

Occitan folk music

2009-11-11T14:10:34Z

62.101.100.5: /* External links */

{{Orphan|date=February 2009}}
The traditional [[Occitan music]] in the [[Occitan Valleys]] of [[Italy]], along with the [[language]] and religion are a fundamental element of aggregation for the local community. They mostly consist of [[ballads]], mainly in the [[Occitan territories]] of [[Piedmont]]; performed during almost all occasions of celebration in the valleys and are well known even outside the boundaries of [[Occitan Valleys]] of Italy.

The ruggedness and impervious nature of the valleys has resulted in each valley having kept its own melodies and dances, different steps and patterns from those of adjacent valleys.

A few of the instruments traditionally used are the [[accordion]], [[clarinet]], [[violin]], [[organ (music)|organ]], as well as the [[hurdy-gurdy]] (''vioulo''), the [[diatonic button accordion]] (''semitoun'') with ''[[pinfre]]'' (various wind instruments) and the [[harmonica]] (''ourganin'').

==Ballads in the valleys==
Valle Vermenagna: Courenta, Courenta dei coscritti e Balet
Valle Maira: Courento dla Rocho
Val Varaita: Countradonsa, Courento, Buréo vièio, Gigo, Tresso, Courente de Coustiole, Grondo Gigo, Moulinet, Guiouno and Cadrio
Po Valley: Giga and Bouréa
Val Germanasca and Val Chisone: Courento, Ëspouzino, Bouréo de Ruclarét

==Discography==
1998 Silvio Peron and Gabriele Ferrero Dance of Occitan valleys of Italy - Robi Droli

==Related Items==
*[[Occitania]]
*[[Baìo]]
*[[French folk music]]
*[[Italian folk music]]

==External links==
*http://www.occitania.it/
*http://digilander.libero.it/occt/
*http://www.ladanco.net/danze.htm
*http://www.folkworld.de/10/e/occi.html
*http://www.danzeoccitane.eu/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Occitan Folk Music}}
[[Category:Occitan music]]
[[Category:Italian folk music]]
[[Category:Piedmont]]

[[it:Danze occitane]]

Goran Bregović

2009-10-30T16:38:38Z

62.101.100.5:

{{Infobox Musical artist 
| Name = Goran Bregović
| Img = Brega7-large.jpg
| Img_alt =
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| Birth_name =
| Alias =
| Born = {{Birth date and age|1950|03|22}}
| Died =
| Origin = [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[SFR Yugoslavia]]
| Instrument = guitar
| Voice_type =
| Genre =
| Occupation = guitarist, composer, band leader
| Years_active = 1969{{ndash}}
| Label =
| Associated_acts = [[Kodeksi]], [[Jutro]], [[Bijelo Dugme]]
| URL = [http://www.goranbregovic.rs/ www.goranbregovic.rs]
| Notable_instruments =
}}
'''Goran Bregović''' (born 22 March 1950) is a [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] [[musician]], from [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] of [[Serb]]ian and Croatian descent, and one of the most internationally known modern [[composer]]s of the [[Balkans]]. He currently lives in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]], where he came after civil war in ex Yugoslavia had started.

Bregović has composed for such varied artists as [[Iggy Pop]] and [[Cesária Évora]]. He rose to fame playing guitar with his rock band [[Bijelo dugme]]. Among his better known scores are [[Emir Kusturica]]’s films (''[[Time of the Gypsies]]'', ''[[Arizona Dream]]'', ''[[Underground (1995 film)|Underground]]'').

==Musical Style==
Bregović’s compositions, extending Balkan musical inspirations to innovative extremes, draw upon European classicism and Balkan rhythms.<ref>Lincoln Center Festival website</ref>

Bregović's music carries both [[Slavic peoples|South Slavic]] and [[Romani people|Romani]] themes and is a fusion of [[popular music]] with traditional [[Polyphony|polyphonic]] music from the Balkans, [[tango music|tango]] and [[Balkan Brass Band|brass band]]s.

Although he is a very popular musician in [[Eastern Europe]], Bregović has been accused on several occasions of "stealing" original Romani and [[folk music]] of the Balkans and ultimately rewriting and branding it as his own creation.

==Early life and career==
[[Image:Goran Bregovic in Tbilisi, Georgia.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Goran Bregović in concert in [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] on 3 October 2007.]]

Bregović was born in [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (then [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavia]]). His father was an officer in the [[Yugoslav People's Army]]. When his parents divorced he remained living with his mother in Sarajevo.

Goran played [[violin]] in a [[music school]]. However, deemed untalented, he was thrown out during second grade. His musical education was thus reduced to what his friend taught him until Goran's mother bought him his first [[guitar]] in his early teens. Bregović wanted to enroll in a [[fine art]]s high school, but his aunt told his mother that it was supposedly full of homosexuals, which precipitated his mother's decision to send him to a technical (traffic) school. As a compromise for not getting his way, she allowed him to grow his hair long. Upon entering high school, Goran joined the school band "''Izohipse''" where he began on [[bass guitar]]. Soon, however, he was kicked out of that school too (this time for misbehaviour - he crashed a school-owned [[Mercedes-Benz]]). Bregović then entered grammar school and its school band "''Beštije''" (again as a bass guitar player). When he was 16, his mother left him and moved to the coast, meaning that other than having a few relatives to rely on, he mostly had to take care of himself. He did that by playing [[folk music]] in a [[kafana]] in [[Konjic]], working on construction sites, and selling newspapers.

Spotting him at a Beštije gig in 1969, [[Željko Bebek]] invited 18-year-old Bregović to play bass guitar in his band [[Kodeksi]], which Goran gladly accepted.

{{main|Kodeksi}}

Eventually, Kodeksi shifted setup so Goran moved from [[bass guitar|bass]] to [[lead guitar]], resulting in Kodeksi having the following line-up during summer 1970: Goran Bregović, Željko Bebek, [[Zoran Redžić]] and [[Milić Vukašinović]]. All of them would eventually become members of [[Bijelo dugme]] at some point in the future. At the time, they were largely influenced by [[Led Zeppelin]] and [[Black Sabbath]]. During the fall of 1970, this resulted in departure of Željko Bebek, who (both as [[rhythm guitar]] player and [[singer]]) got phased out of the band. At the end of the year, Goran's mother and Zoran's brother arrived to [[Naples]] and took them back to [[Sarajevo]].

Then in the autumn of 1971, Goran entered [[university]] and decided to study [[philosophy]] and [[sociology]]. He soon quit, however. At the same time, Milić Vukašinović left for [[London]], so Goran and Zoran started playing in a band named [[Jutro]] ("Morning"). In the next few years, the band changed lineups frequently, and on 1 January 1974 changed its name to [[Bijelo dugme]] ("White Button").

==Bijelo dugme==

{{main|Bijelo dugme}}

Bregović played lead guitar and composed most of the music for the rock group [[Bijelo dugme]] (''White Button''). They were one of the most popular bands in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavia]] right from their arrival on the scene in 1974 until their folding in 1989.

==After Bijelo dugme==

At the time Bijelo dugme was falling apart, Goran entered the world of [[Film score|film music]]. His first project was [[Emir Kusturica]]'s ''[[Time of the Gypsies]]'' (1989). This turned out to be a great success (both the film and the music from it). Goran and Emir's collaboration continued, and Goran composed music (which was performed by [[Iggy Pop]]) for Emir's next film ''[[Arizona Dream]]'' (1993).During a war in Bosnia And Herzegovina Goran lived in Paris but he also lived in Belgrade. His next major project, music for [[Patrice Chéreau]]'s ''[[La Reine Margot (1994 film)|Queen Margot]]'' was again a great success, and the film won two awards on the 1994 [[Cannes Film Festival]]. Next year's [[Palme d'Or|Golden Palm]]
went to ''[[Underground (1995 film)|Underground]]'', for which Goran Bregović composed the music.

In 1997, he worked with Turkish singer [[Sezen Aksu]] on her album ''Düğün ve Cenaze''. After that album, he continued making composite albums with other musicians that were based on his music and singers' lyrics.

He made an album with [[George Dalaras]] in 1999 named ''[[Thessaloniki - Yannena with Two Canvas Shoes]]''. In the same year, Bregović recorded an album called ''Kayah i Bregović'' (Kayah and Bregović) with popular [[Poland|Polish]] singer [[Kayah (singer)|Kayah]] which sold over 650,000 copies in [[Poland]] (six times platinum record).

In 2001, he recorded another album with another Polish singer, [[Krzysztof Krawczyk]], titled "Daj mi drugie życie" ("Give Me Second Life").

In 2005, Bregović took part in three large farewell concerts of Bijelo dugme.

A number of works by Bregović can be heard on the soundtrack to the 2006 film [[Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan]], most notably "Đurđevdan." The film itself actually features more Bregović samples than the soundtrack.

== Weddings and Funerals Orchestra ==
Bregović performs with a large ensemble of musicians. A brass band, bagpipes, a string ensemble, a tuxedo-clad all-male choir from [[Belgrade]], and traditional [[Bulgaria]]n and [[Romani people|Roma]] singers make up his 40-piece band and orchestra.

Since 1998, Bregović has been performing his music mainly in the form of concerts all over the world with his Weddings and Funerals Orchestra. This consists of 10 people (in the small version) or 37 (in the large version, although at some instances this number will be different, depending on participants from the host country).

The small orchestra consists of Alen Ademović (vocals, drums), Bokan Stanković (first trumpet), Dalibor Lukić (second trumpet), Stojan Dimov (sax, clarinet), Aleksandar Rajković (first trombone, glockenspiel), Miloš Mihajlović (second trombone), Dejan Manigodić (tuba) and Goran himself. The uniqueness of the orchestra comes from the voices of the Bulgarian singers [[Daniela Radkova|Daniela Radkova-Aleksandrova]] and [[Ludmila Radkova|Ludmila Radkova-Traikova]]. The large orchestra usually has singers from the Belgrade Orthodox male choir, string performers from Poland, or from the country in which they perform, as well as other local performers.

==Personal==
In 1993, Bregović married his long-time girlfriend Dženana Sudžuka. The wedding ceremony held in [[Paris]] featured film director [[Emir Kusturica]] as the groom's best man and longtime Bijelo dugme backing vocal Amila Sulejmanović as the bride's maid of honour.

The couple has three daughters: Ema,who is in a relationship with Dusan Micic in Paris and they are expecting, (born in March 1995), Una (February 2002) and Lulu (May 2004).

Bregović owns real-estate properties all over the world, but spends most of his time between [[Belgrade]], where most of his musical collaborators reside, and [[Paris]], where his spouse lives with their three daughters.

He also has a daughter named Željka (born out of wedlock from a previous relationship) who gave birth to Goran's grand daughter, Bianca. He has a brother named Predrag who lives in [[New York City]] and sister Dajana who lives in [[Split, Croatia|Split]].

On 12 June 2008, Bregović injured his spine in a fall from a tree. He fell four meters from a cherry tree in the garden of his home in [[Senjak]], a [[Belgrade]] district, breaking vertebrae. However, according to the doctors, his condition was "stable without neurological complications."<ref>[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hk5bdDmkh9HpxSl-ID9M1gWzvchw Balkan musician Bregovic 'injures spine in tree fall', AFP, June 12, 2008]</ref> After surgery, he made a quick recovery and on 8 July and 9 July, he held two big concerts in New York City, where for more than two hours each night, he proved his performance skills had not suffered from the accident.<ref>[http://blog.veni.com/?p=518 Goran Bregovic plays in New York]</ref>

Bregović prefers to avoid delving into politics. "Yugoslavia is the intersection of so many worlds: Orthodox, Catholic, Muslim," says Bregović. "With music, I don't have to represent anyone except myself -- because I speak the first language of the world, the one everyone understands: music."<ref>[http://www.cleveland.com/arts/index.ssf/2009/06/goran_bregovic_to_perform_at_p.html Goran Bregovic to perform at PlayhouseSquare]</ref>

==List of film scores==
[[Image:Goran Bregovic.jpg|thumb|300px|Goran Bregović Wedding and Funeral Orchestra in [[Donetsk]]. March 15 2006.]]

* 1977 - ''Butterfly cloud'' (Leptirov oblak) - Directed by: Zdravko Randić
* 1979 - ''Personal Affairs'' (Lične stvari) - Directed by: Aleksandar Mandić
* 1988 - ''[[Time of the Gypsies]]'' (Dom za vešanje) - Directed by: [[Emir Kusturica]]
* 1989 - ''[[Kuduz]]'' - Directed by: [[Ademir Kenović]]
* 1990 - ''[[Silent Gunpowder]]'' (Gluvi barut) - Directed by: Bahrudin Čengić
* 1991 - ''The Serbian Girl'' (Das Serbische Mädchen) - Directed by: Peter Sehr
* 1991 - ''The Little One'' (Mala) - Directed by: Predrag Antonijević
* 1991 - ''[[Čaruga (film)|Čaruga]]'' - Directed by: [[Rajko Grlić]]
* 1993 - ''[[Arizona Dream]]'' - Directed by: [[Emir Kusturica]]
* 1993 - ''Toxic Affair'' - Directed by: Philoméne Esposito
* 1993 - ''La Nuit sacrée'' - Directed by: Nicolas Klotz
* 1993 - ''Le Nombril du monde'' - Directed by: Ariel Zeitoun
* 1994 - ''[[La Reine Margot (1994 film)|La Reine Margot]]'' - Directed by: [[Patrice Chéreau]]
* 1995 - ''[[Underground (1995 film)|Underground]]'' - Directed by: [[Emir Kusturica]]
* 1997 - ''Music for Weddings and Funerals'' (Musik för bröllop och begravningar) - Directed by: Unni Straume
* 1997 - ''[[A Chef in Love]]'' (Shekvarebuli kulinaris ataserti retsepti) - Directed by: [[Nana Djordjadze]]
* 1997 - ''The Serpent's Kiss'' - Directed by: [[Philippe Rousselot]]
* 1997 - ''XXL'' - Directed by: Ariel Zeitoun
* 1998 - ''[[Train de Vie]]'' - Directed by: [[Radu Mihaileanu]]
* 1999 - ''The Lost Son'' - Directed by: Chris Menges
* 1999 - ''Tuvalu'' - Directed by: Veit Helmer
* 1999 - ''Operation Simoom (Operacja Samum)'' - Directed by Władysław Pasikowski
* 2000 - ''27 Missing Kisses'' - Directed by: [[Nana Djordjadze]]
* 2000 - ''Je li jasno prijatelju?'' - Directed by: [[Dejan Aćimović|Dejan Ačimović]]
* 2005 - ''[[The Turkish Gambit (film)|The Turkish Gambit]]'' (Турецкий гамбит) - Directed by: Dzhanik Faiziyev
* 2005 - ''I Giorni Dell' Abbandono'' - Directed by: Roberto Faenza
* 2006 - ''Karaula'' - Directed by: [[Rajko Grlić]]
* 2006 - ''Le Lièvre de Vatanen'' - Directed by: Marc Rivière
* 2006 - ''[[Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (soundtrack)|Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan]]'' (non-original music; "Ederlezi" from Dom za vešanje)
* 2007 - ''Fly by Rossinant'' - Directed by: [[Jacky Stoév]]
* 2008 - ''[[Mustafa (film)|Mustafa]]'' - Directed by: [[Can Dündar]]

==List of solo and movie soundtrack albums==
* ''[[Goran Bregović (album)|Goran Bregović]]'' (1976, [[PGP RTB]])
* ''A milicija trenira strogoću'' (1983, [[Jugoton]])
* ''Dom za vjesanje'' (1989, Kamarad - [[Diskoton]])
* ''Kuduz'' (1989, [[Diskoton]])
* ''[[Time of the Gypsies / Kuduz - Soundtrack|Les Temps des Gitans - Kuduz]]'' (1990, Kamarad - [[PolyGram]] - [[Komuna Belgrade|Komuna]])
* ''[[Arizona Dream - Soundtrack]]'' (1993, Kamarad - [[PolyGram]] - [[Komuna Belgrade|Komuna]])
* ''[[La reine Margot - Soundtrack]]'' (1994, Kamarad - [[PolyGram]] - [[Komuna Belgrade|Komuna]])
* ''[[Underground (soundtrack)|Underground - Soundtrack]]'' (1995, Kamarad - [[PolyGram]] - [[Komuna Belgrade|Komuna]])
* ''[[P.S. - album|P.S.]]'' (compilation 1996, [[Komuna]])
* ''[[Silence of the Balkans]]'' (live album 1997, [[Mercury Records]])
* ''[[Düğün ve Cenaze]] with [[Sezen Aksu]]'' (1997)
* ''Protopsálti (Πρωτοψάλτη)- Paradéchtika (Παραδέχτηκα)'' (1991)
* ''Ederlezi'' (compilation 1998, [[PolyGram]]
* ''[[Thessaloniki - Yannena with Two Canvas Shoes]] with [[George Dalaras]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Songbook (compilation)|Songbook]]'' (compilation 2000, [[Mercury Records]] - [[Universal Music Group|Universal]])
* ''[[Kayah i Bregović]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Tales and songs from weddings and funerals]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Goran Bregovic's Karmen with a Happy End]]'' (2007- [[Universal Music Group|Universal]])
* ''[[Alkohol]]'' (2008)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Goran Bregović}}
* [http://www.goranbregovic.co.rs/ Official web site]
* [http://www.europopmusic.eu/Yugoslavia_pages/Goran_Bregovic.html Goran Bregovic on Europopmusic.eu] (English)
* {{imdb name|id=0005975}}
* [http://www.yu4you.com/trazi.php?terms=Goran+Bregovic&lang=en More Goran Bregovic's music]
{{Balkan music}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bregovic, Goran}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Film score composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Yugoslav musicians]]
[[Category:People from Sarajevo]]
[[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina rock musicians]]

[[ast:Goran Bregovic]]
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[[mk:Горан Бреговиќ]]
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[[ru:Брегович, Горан]]
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[[uk:Ґоран Бреґовіч]]

Jawbreaker (film)

2009-07-20T09:32:00Z

62.101.100.5:

{{unsourced|date=June 2009}}
{{Infobox Film
| name = Jawbreaker
| image =
| caption =
| director = Darren Stein
| producer = [[Adam Silverman]]
| writer = Darren Stein
| starring = [[Rose McGowan]] [[Rebecca Gayheart]] [[Julie Benz]] [[Judy Greer]] [[Ethan Erickson]] [[Marilyn Manson]]
| music = Stephen Endelman
| cinematography = Amy Vincent
| editing = Troy T. Takaki
| distributor = [[TriStar Pictures]]
| released = [[January 30]], [[1999]] ([[Sundance Film Festival|Sundance]]) [[February 19]], [[1999]]
| runtime = 87 min.
| country = [[United States]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| budget = $3.5 million
| gross = $3,117,085
| imdb_id = 0155776
}}

'''Jawbreaker''' is a [[1999 in film|1999]] [[comedy-drama]] directed by Darren Stein. It was released [[February 19]], [[1999]]. The film stars [[Rose McGowan]], [[Rebecca Gayheart]], [[Julie Benz]], and [[Judy Greer]] as girls in a [[clique]] that is at the top of the feeding order in their local high school. [[Connie Francis]] filed a lawsuit after viewing her song "Lollipop Lips" in a scene she found objectionable.{{fact|date=July 2009}}

==Plot==
There's a wicked clique in Reagan High School, Los Angeles. Cursed with beauty, dark wit and cold charisma, the girls in the pack are making their way up the social ladder, leaving casualties in their path. That is, until a mindless birthday prank leaves Liz Purr choked to death with a [[jawbreaker]], still in her bra and panties, in the trunk of a car. The girls responsible for the grisly (yet accidental) murder are Courtney ([[Rose McGowan]]), the cold hearted leader; Marcie ([[Julie Benz]]), the adoring best friend; and Julie ([[Rebecca Gayheart]]), the sensible and kind one. Courtney insists on covering up the murder, making it look as if Liz had died at the hands of a rapist. Stumbling upon the dark plot is school outcast Fern ([[Judy Greer]]); to buy Fern's silence, Courtney accepts Fern into the clique, transforming her into beautiful exchange student "Vylette." Disgusted and horrified with her friends' actions, Julie, the only one with remorse, leaves the group, only to be targeted by her former friends. Julie watches in mute horror as Courtney spins a web of lies, betrayal and manipulation to cover up the murder and to ensure her popularity.

Fern's new popularity makes Courtney angry because Fern is now more popular than she is. Courtney eventually turns on her and reveals that Vylette is actually Fern, and Fern is once again an outcast at school, but Julie takes pity on her and forgives her for falling under Courtney's influence. Later, Julie finds the recording card she was fiddling with when Courtney was faking Liz's death (containing the message. "I killed Liz. I killed the teen dream. Deal with it") among a bag of Liz's possessions she was given. Fern, Julie, and her boyfriend, broadcast this card at the school [[Prom]] when Courtney is making her Prom Queen speech, and this brings the demise of her popularity as the students of the school pelt her with flowers and call her a murderer.

==Cast==
* [[Rose McGowan]] as Courtney Alice Shayne
* [[Rebecca Gayheart]] as Julie Freeman
* [[Julie Benz]] as Marcie Fox
* [[Judy Greer]] as Fern Mayo / Vylette
* [[Ethan Erickson]] as Dane Sanders
* [[Charlotte Ayanna|Charlotte Roldan]] as Elizabeth "Liz" Purr
* Chad Christ as Zack Tartak
* [[Tatyana Ali]] as Brenda Chad
* [[PJ Soles]] as Mrs. Purr
* [[William Katt]] as Mr. Purr
* [[Jeff Conaway]] as Mr. Fox
* [[Marilyn Manson]] as The Stranger/Rapist
* [[Carol Kane]] as Ms. Sherwood
* [[Pam Grier]] as Det. Vera Cruz
==Jawbreaker Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Track #
! Song Title
! Artist
! Length
|-
|<center>1.</center>||Yoo Hoo||[[Imperial Teen]]||3:31
|-
|<center>2.</center>||I See||[[Letters To Cleo]]||3:56
|-
|<center>3.</center>||Next To You||[[Edna Swap]]||2:35
|-
|<center>4.</center>||Don't Call Me Babe||[[Shampoo (band)|Shampoo]]||2:58
|-
|<center>5.</center>||Bad Word For A Good Thing||Friggs||2:53
|-
|<center>6.</center>||Stay In Bed||Grand Mal||4:49
|-
|<center>7.</center>||Flow||[[Transister]]||5:59
|-
|<center>8.</center>||She Bop||Howie Beno||3:06
|-
|<center>9.</center>||Water Boy||[[Imperial Teen]]||1:36
|-
|<center>10.</center>||[[Rock You Like A Hurricane]]||[[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]]||4:14
|-
|<center>11.</center>||Rock 'n' Roll Machine||[[The Donnas]]||2:54
|-
|<center>12.</center>||Beat You Up||The Prissteens||2:36
|-
|<center>13.</center>||Trouble||[[Shampoo (band)|Shampoo]]||3:21
|-
|}

==External links==
* {{imdb title|id=0155776|title=Jawbreaker}}
* {{mojo title|id=jawbreaker|title=Jawbreaker}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=jawbreaker|title=Jawbreaker}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:American comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Black comedy films]]
[[Category:Satirical films]]
[[Category:Teen comedy films]]
[[Category:TriStar films]]

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[[ja:ハード・キャンディ]]
[[sv:Jawbreaker]]

Underdog

2009-05-26T10:37:57Z

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{{Unreferenced|date=August 2008}}
An '''underdog''' is a person or group in a [[competition]], frequently in [[election|electoral politics]], [[sports]] and [[creative work]]s, who is popularly expected to lose. The party, team or individual expected to win is called the '''favourite''' or '''top dog'''. In the rare case where an underdog wins, the outcome is an [[upset]]. These terms are commonly used in [[Gambling#Sports betting|sports betting]].{{Or|date=August 2008}}

==Sympathy for the underdog==
In a broader sense, "underdog" is used in reference to a social or ethnic group which experiences discrimination, persecution and/or economic disability, and which could therefore gain the sympathy of public opinion, either nationally or worldwide. Such sympathy has often proved of crucial importance in the struggles of [[national liberation]], [[civil rights]] and [[social justice]] movements, and such movements sometimes significantly modify their tactics and strategy in order to gain "underdog sympathy".

The definition of a particular group as an "underdog" or (conversely) a "top dog" may change considerably over time and through circumstances. During the [[Boer War]], the [[Afrikaner]]s were widely perceived as the underdogs, a small group of people bravely defying the might of the [[British Empire]] {{see|Opposition to the Second Boer War}}.

During [[Apartheid]], however, the Afrikaners became regarded as cruel [[racist]] oppressors, with the South African [[Black]]s being the underdogs. Similarly, in its earlier stages, the [[Zionist]] movement was widely regarded in the West as representing an underdog, as Jews were the target of persecution, and later of [[Nazi]] genocide. The creation of [[Israel]] in 1948 was widely regarded as a victory for this underdog. However, Israel's [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupation]]s of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]], along with the increasing visibility of the displaced [[Palestinians]] through the activities of [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian nationalist]] groups such as the [[PLO]], has increased awareness and sympathy for the Palestinians. The governments of both Israel and the [[Palestinian National Authority]] have successfully portrayed themselves to the rest of the world as the victims, and thus underdogs, the former by emphasising attacks on Israel launched by groups such as [[Hamas]] and other allied Arab groups such as [[Hezbollah]], the latter by highlighting the actions taken against military and civilian targets in the occupied territories by the [[Israel Defense Forces]].

The depiction of a conflict in the [[mass media]], especially on [[TV]], greatly influences who would be seen as the "underdog" and "favourite". Consequently, participants in various conflicts often accuse the international media of ignoring or downplaying the casualties on their own side, while inflating those of their opponents.

==Underdogs==
===History===
*King [[Sudas]] defeated the ten [[Rigvedic tribes]] during the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]].
*The [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] states successfully repelled the mighty [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] [[Persian Empire]] at the [[Battle of Salamis]].
*The people of [[Rhodes]] in resisting the siege imposed by King [[Demetrius I of Macedon]].
*[[Hannibal (Barcid)|Hannibal]] defeated the numerically superior [[Roman Republic|Roman]] forces at the [[Battle of Cannae]] during the [[Second Punic War]].
*The [[Parthia]]ns, who were outnumbered four to one, defeated the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] at the [[Battle of Carrhae]].
*The [[Rashidun army|Arab army]] led by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] defeated the numerically superior forces of the powerful [[Sassanid Empire|Persian]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Roman empires]] during their [[Islamic conquest of Persia|conquest of Persia]] and [[Muslim conquest of Syria|conquest of Roman Syria]].
*In 209 AD, in the [[Three Kingdoms|Three Kingdoms]] era of [[China|China]] at the [[Battle of Red Cliffs|Battle of Red Cliffs]], the combined 50,000 forces of [[Sun Quan|Sun Quan]] and [[Liu Bei|Liu Bei]] were able to defeat the overwhelming 220,000+ forces of [[Cao Cao|Cao Cao]].
*The Scottish army of [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]], outnumbered almost three to one, defeated the English force of [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] at the [[Battle of Bannockburn]].
*The [[Knights Hospitaller]] triumphed against the overwhelming [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces during the [[Great Siege of Malta]].
*In the 13th century, invasions from the powerful [[Mongol Empire]] were successfully repelled by both the [[Khilji dynasty]] of [[History of India|India]] and [[Bahri dynasty]] of [[History of Egypt|Egypt]].
*In the 1552 [[siege of Eger]], 2,100 [[Royal Hungary|Hungarians]] were able to withstand the onslaught of 80,000 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] soldiers.
*The defending British fleet was victorious over the "invincible" [[Spanish Armada]] in June 1588.
*[[Finland]] held out against the Soviet Union during the [[Winter War]].
*The [[Viet Minh]] triumphed over French colonial forces in the [[Indochina War]] and the [[NLF]] and [[North Vietnam]] defeated the United States and [[South Vietnam]] in the [[Vietnam War]].
*[[Afghanistan]] successfully repelled an invasion by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] during the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] in the 1980s.
*Attorney [[Clarence Darrow]] made a famous career in successfully defending several famous and disadvantaged criminal defendants in court.
*The Battle of Aljubarrota that took place on August 14, 1385, 6,500 Portuguese troops defeated the invading Spanish army of 31,000 men.

===American politics===
*[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Harry Truman]] in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1948|1948 presidential election]].
*[[Minnesota]] Senator [[Paul Wellstone]] in 1990.
*[[Wisconsin]] [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Russ Feingold]] in 1992.
*[[Tennessee]] Senator [[Bill Frist]] in 1994.
*Minnesota [[Governor]] [[Jesse Ventura]] in 1998.

===Sports===
*In 1919, boxer [[Jack Dempsey]] defeated the larger [[heavyweight]] champion [[Jess Willard]] in what many then called a modern [[Goliath|David and Goliath]] fight.
*In 1935, boxer [[James J. Braddock]] ([[Cinderella Man]]) defeated heavyweight champion [[Max Baer (boxer)|Max Baer]] as the 10-to-1 underdog in a major upset.
*On July 16, 1950, during the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]] final in [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] defeated the highest ranked team in the world and seemingly certain winners, [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]], [[Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)|2-1]] to win the tournament in one of the greatest upsets ever in Brazilian football history. Another upset in the tournament was the [[United States men's national soccer team|USA]] victory over (then) highly-ranked [[England national football team|England]], [[England v United States (1950)|1-0]].
*In the [[1954 FIFA World Cup]], [[Germany national football team|Germany]] defeated [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] 3-2 from 2-0 down to win the final. The amazing upset is called the ''[[Miracle of Bern]]''. Hungary's [[Golden Team]] had dominated the sport for several years in the 1950s, including beating the Germans 8-3 in the first round of the tournament. The final was their first and only defeat during that period.
*In [[Super Bowl III]], the [[New York Jets]], led by quarterback [[Joe Namath]], defeated the heavily favored [[History of the Indianapolis Colts|Baltimore Colts]] 16-7 after giving a "guarantee" to do so.
*In the 1964 [[Muhammad Ali versus Sonny Liston|Ali versus Liston]] and 1974 [[The Rumble in the Jungle|Rumble in the Jungle]] fights, boxer [[Muhammad Ali]] was expected to lose against [[Sonny Liston]] and [[George Foreman]] respectively, who were both formerly undefeated hard-punching heavyweight champions. Ali defeated them in major upsets. In 1975, underdog [[Chuck Wepner]] almost went [[The distance (boxing)|the distance]] with Ali, which was later the main inspiration for the fictional character of [[Rocky Balboa (character)|Rocky Balboa]] in the films ''[[Rocky]]'' (1976) and ''[[Rocky II]]'' (1979).
*In the [[1967 European Cup Final]], Scottish side [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] defeated heavy favourites [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Inter Milan]].
*In [[1969 World Series|1969]] the heavily favored [[Baltimore Orioles]] were defeated by the [[New York Mets]] in five games.
*[[Billy Mills]]'s upset in the [[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics - Men's 10000 metres|men's 10,000-metre event]] at the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in Tokyo.
*In 1972, non-league football club [[Hereford United F.C.|Hereford United]] [[Hereford United v Newcastle United 1972|defeated hugely favoured]] [[Football League First Division|top flight]] professional club [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] in the [[FA Cup]] Third Round replay.
*In 1978, Irish provincial [[rugby union]] team, [[Munster Rugby|Munster]], defeated the touring New Zealand [[All Blacks]] by 12 points to nil. The game was later turned into a stage play, ''[[Alone it Stands]]''.
*In 1980, the United States hockey team, consisting of amateurs and college players, defeated the Olympic hockey superpower, the Soviet Union. The amazing upset was called the "[[Miracle on Ice]]".
*On July 5, 1982, during the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]] group 2nd stage in [[Barcelona]], Spain, [[Italy national football team|Italy]] defeated then-unbeaten (and favourites for the final) [[Brazil national football team|Brazilian team]] 3-2. Eventually Italy, beat Poland in semi-final and West Germany in final, and won their 3rd FIFA World Cup.
*In the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]], India defeated two time winners West Indies in the final in a low scoring match. The Indian team before 1983, had never reached the semi final stages. This is considered as one of the biggest upset victories in the world of cricket.
*In 1985, 8th-seeded [[Villanova Wildcats men's basketball|Villanova]] defeated top-seeded and defending champion [[Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball|Georgetown]] in the championship game of the [[1985 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament]].
*Boxer [[James "Buster" Douglas]], given [[odds]] of 42-to-1 by one [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[sports book]], handed the previously-undefeated [[Mike Tyson]] his first ever professional defeat in Tokyo, Japan on February 11, 1990. This was the largest upset in the history of [[boxing]].
*In [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]], in the first match of the [[FIFA World Cup]], [[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] team surprisingly obtained a shock 1-0 win over [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]], which was the defending champion.
*[[Derrike Cope]], who had never won a [[Sprint Cup|Winston Cup]] race, won the 1990 [[Daytona 500]] after [[Dale Earnhardt]] blew a tire on the last lap.
*[[Arie Luyendyk]], who had never won an [[IndyCar]] race, won the [[1990 Indianapolis 500]] after polesitter and heavy favorite [[Emerson Fittipaldi]], and later [[Bobby Rahal]], suffered tire blistering.
*In the [[UEFA Euro 1992|1992 European Football Championship]] in [[Sweden]], [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]], which entered as a reserve team because of the [[Yugoslav Wars]], won the tournament.
*[[Wendell Suckow]]'s surprising gold medal in men's singles [[luge]] for the United States at the [[FIL World Luge Championships 1993|1993 FIL World Luge Championships]] in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada.
*In 1994, the [[Denver Nuggets]] (42-40; 8th seed) beat the [[Seattle SuperSonics]] (64-18; 1st seed) in the first round of the playoffs.
*In 1998, the [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]] [[1997 Denver Broncos season|Denver Broncos]], 0-4 in previous Super Bowl trips, knocked off the [[1997 Green Bay Packers season|Green Bay Packers]] 31-24 in [[Super Bowl XXXII]]. The Broncos were the first [[American Football Conference]] team to win the Super Bowl since [[Super Bowl XVIII|1984]] and the first wild card team to win it since [[Super Bowl XV|1981]].
*In 2000, wrestler [[Rulon Gardner]] defeated [[Alexander Karelin]] of Russia in the 2000 Summer Olympics. Karelin had been undefeated for thirteen years, and had not given up a point in six years, prior to his loss in the gold medal match to Gardner.
*In 2001, [[Goran Ivanišević]] won the men's singles title at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] as a [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]]. He is the first and only person to have done so.
*In 2002, the [[New England Patriots]] defeated the [[St. Louis Rams]] 20-17 in [[Super Bowl XXXVI]]. The Rams were favored by 14 points, making it the second largest upset in [[Super Bowl]] history.
*In the [[2002 Winter Olympics]] in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]], United States, Belarus beat favourites Sweden 4-3 in the [[Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics|men's ice hockey competition]].
*In the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]], [[Senegal national football team|Senegal]] beat the [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998 World Cup]] winner [[France national football team|France]] during the opening game, much to the shock and surprise of most. Also, [[Korea Republic national football team|South Korea]] finished the tournament in 4th place, their best-ever result, and the [[United States men's national soccer team|Americans]] posted their best cup performance in modern history, thanks to a shock victory against the [[Mexico national football team|Mexicans]] and giving [[Germany national football team|Germany]], the eventual runners-up, a run for their money.
*In the [[UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004]] [[football (soccer)|football]] competition, [[Greece national football team|Greece]], which some sports books gave 150-1 odds to win at the start of the tournament, defeated the hosts [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] in their opening match, also the defending champions [[France national football team|France]], then favourites [[Czech Republic national football team|Czech Republic]] in the semi-finals, and Portugal again in the final, to win the trophy in probably the most unexpected victory in football history.
*In 2004, the [[Boston Red Sox]] were down three games to none against the favored [[New York Yankees]] in the [[2004 American League Championship Series|American League Championship Series]], and the Red Sox won four games in a row to defeat the Yankees by four games to three, winning their [[Curse of the Bambino|first World Series title in 86 years]] ''en route''.
*In the [[Copa Libertadores 2004|2004 Copa Libertadores]], [[Once Caldas]] won the title against all the odds, beating [[Santos Futebol Clube|Santos]], [[São Paulo Futebol Clube|São Paulo]] and finally the defending champions [[Club Atlético Boca Juniors|Boca Juniors]] in the penalty shootout.
* In the [[2004 French Open]], [[Gastón Gaudio]] was two sets down against pre-tournament favourite [[Guillermo Coria]], but the entire match suddenly turned on its head and Gaudio, after winning the next two sets, struggled on to win the title, saving two match points in the final set.
*In the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics|tennis competition]], [[Tomáš Berdych]] beat no. 1 seed [[Roger Federer]], and [[Nicolas Massú]] won the gold medal a matter of hours after the doubles final.
*In 2005, world [[cricket]] champions [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] were beaten by underdogs [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] in a [[one day cricket]] match at Cardiff, Wales, thanks to a century by 20-year-old [[Mohammad Ashraful]]. Of Bangladesh's previous 108 games, it was only their tenth win.
*In 2006, the 6th-seeded [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]] [[2005 Pittsburgh Steelers season|Pittsburgh Steelers]] upset the top-seeded [[2005 Indianapolis Colts season|Indianapolis Colts]] 21-18 in an AFC Divisional Playoff Game, becoming the [[National Football League|NFL]]'s first 6th seed ever to advance to a conference championship game. The Steelers would make more history [[NFL playoffs, 2005-06|that postseason]] by going on to win [[Super Bowl XL]], becoming the first team since the [[AFL-NFL merger]] to win a Super Bowl without playing any home playoff games.
*In 2006, the [[2005-06 George Mason Patriots men's basketball team|George Mason Patriots]] made it to the [[Final Four]] in the [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA Men's Tournament]] by defeating [[Michigan State Spartans men's basketball|Michigan State Spartans]], the defending champs [[North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball|North Carolina Tar Heels]], [[Wichita State University|Wichita State]] and the top-seeded [[Connecticut Huskies]].
*In the [[2007 Fiesta Bowl]], the underdog from the [[Western Athletic Conference]], [[2006 Boise State Broncos football team|Boise State]], upset [[Big 12 Conference|Big 12]] powerhouse [[2006 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma]] 43-42, using a [[hook and lateral]] play to tie the game near the end of regulation, a touchdown on a halfback option pass on 4th down and goal to close the scoreline gap to one point in overtime, and the winning two-point conversion on a [[Statue of Liberty play]].
*In 2007, the 8th-seeded [[Golden State Warriors]] upset the top-seeded [[Dallas Mavericks]] in the first round of the [[2007 NBA Playoffs]].
*In the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]], the unseeded and rank outsiders [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] upset 4th-seeded [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in the first round of the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
*Also in the 2007 Cricket World Cup, [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] beat [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]] finalists [[India national cricket team|India]] in another major upset, leading to India being eliminated and Bangladesh making it through to the Super 8 for the first time. Bangladesh caused another major upset at the 2007 World Cup by beating the world's then top-ranked team, [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]].
*In the [[ICC World Twenty20|2007 Cricket Twenty20 World Cup]], [[India national cricket team|India]] beat [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] champions [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the semi-final, going on to win the final against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. This was considered a major upset, as the Indian team was then at an all-time low, not having qualified for the Super 8 stage of the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
*In 2007, Division I FCS [[2007 Appalachian State Mountaineers football team|Appalachian State]] beat [[2007 Michigan Wolverines football team|Michigan]], the #5-ranked team in the top-level Division I FBS, [[2007 Appalachian State vs. Michigan football game|34-32]] in Michigan's season opener. Michigan became the first AP Top 25 team from the [[Division I#Football Bowl Subdivision|FBS]] to lose to a team in the [[Division I#Football Championship Subdivision|FCS]], and Michigan dropped out of the top 25 after the loss.
* Also in 2007, the unranked [[Stanford Cardinal football|Stanford Cardinal]], a 41-point underdog, beat the #2 [[2007 USC Trojans football team|USC Trojans]] [[2007 Stanford vs. Southern California football game|24-23]] in week 6. This win ultimately cost USC, the pre-season national champion favorite, a chance to [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|play for the national title]]; it had to settle for the [[2008 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]] instead.
* Again in 2007, the unranked [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh Panthers]], a 28-point underdog [[Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium|on the road]], upset the [[2007 West Virginia Mountaineers football team|West Virginia Mountaineers]] 13-9, ruining West Virginia's hopes of a [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|BCS title game berth]]. They wound up settling for a berth in the [[2008 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta Bowl]], in which they pulled an upset of their own, pounding the [[2007 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma Sooners]] 48-28.
* In the [[FA Cup 2007-08]], second division [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]] produced two shocks, firstly eliminating [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] in the fifth round at Anfield with a 2-1 victory, then defeating [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] 1-0 in the quarter-final before losing the semi-final against [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]].
* In 2008, [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] managed to win the [[Scottish Premier League 2007-08|SPL]] after overcoming a seven-point deficit to pip [[Old Firm|rivals]] [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] to the title on the last day of the season.
* [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg]] were the surprise winners of the 2007-2008 UEFA Cup, after eliminating favourites Bayern Munchen in the semi-final. They also knocked out other top-flight teams such as Villareal, Bayer Leverkusen and Marseille, and won the final 2-0 against Rangers. They also won the [[UEFA Super Cup]] by defeating European champions [[Manchester United]].
* In 2008, the [[2008 Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team|Fresno State Bulldogs]] won the [[2008 College World Series|NCAA Division I Baseball Championship]] after starting out as a regional 4 seed—equivalent to at best a #13 seed in the NCAA basketball tournament. During the tournament, the Bulldogs survived elimination 5 times and beat 4 nationally-seeded teams: No. 3 [[Arizona State Sun Devils baseball|Arizona State]], No. 6 [[Rice Owls baseball|Rice]], No. 2 [[North Carolina Tar Heels baseball|North Carolina]], and No. 8 [[Georgia Bulldogs baseball|Georgia]]. Fresno State became the lowest-seeded team (in any sport) to win an NCAA title.
*In [[Super Bowl XLII]], the [[New York Giants]] defeated the unbeaten [[New England Patriots]] (18-0) 17-14 to stop the NFL powerhouse from becoming the first NFL team to go undefeated since the [[1972 Miami Dolphins]]. The Giants also were underdogs in beating the higher seeded [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]], [[Dallas Cowboys]], and [[Green Bay Packers]] before getting the chance to play in the [[Super Bowl]].
* At the [[Euro 2008]] football tournament, [[Russian national football team|Russia]] were deemed underdogs by some pundits because the team was one of the youngest in the tournament, somewhat inexperienced in the international scene, and none of them played for the top few European leagues (such as the Premier League, La Liga or Serie A). However, they managed to defeat an experienced Swedish side boasting stars such as Larsson, Ibrahimović and Ljungberg, defending champions [[Greece national football team|Greece]] and overran the highly-rated [[Netherlands national football team|Dutch]] side 3-1 before bowing out to Spain at the semi-final stage.
* In 2008, [[Hull City A.F.C.]] came from 1-0 behind to defeat [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] 2-1 at their own ground, [[The Emirates]]. In doing so, they became the only team apart from [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham]] and [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] to defeat [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] in a league match at the stadium.<ref>http://www.arsenal.com/fixtures/fixtures-reports?season=2006-2007&x=21&y=3</ref><ref>http://www.arsenal.com/fixtures/fixtures-reports?season=2007-2008&x=21&y=3</ref>
* In 2008, the [[Tampa Bay Rays]] went from last in the [[AL East]] to first while also heading to the [[2008 World Series]]. Their underdog run ended at the [[World Series]] when they lost to the [[Philadelphia Phillies]] four games to one.
* In 2008, the [[Arizona Cardinals]] made an improbable run as underdogs through the [[NFL Playoffs]]. The Cardinals advanced to the [[Super Bowl]] for the first time in frachise history but fell to the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] 27-23.
*In [[2009]], in the [[World Baseball Classic]] [[tournament]] , the Puerto Rican [[team]] beat the [[United States]] team 11-1 by [[early termination rule]], ending the game in the 7th [[inning]] when [[Puerto Rico]] scored the [[run]] that would give them the 10-run [[advantage]] to put the rule in effect.
*In [[2009]], in the [[2010_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(CONMEBOL)|World Cup 2010 South American qualifiers]], [[Bolivia_national_football_team|Bolivia]] surprisingly defeated [[Argentina_national_football_team|Argentina]] 6-1 in La Paz. Ironically, the best results that Bolivia got in the qualifiers were against the leaders, two home victories against [[Paraguay_national_football_team|Paraguay]] and Argentina, and an away draw against [[Brazil_national_football_team|Brazil]].
*In [[2009 Stanley Cup Playoffs]], the [[San Jose Sharks]] entered the playoffs as the Presidents' Trophy winner, earning the NHL's best regular season record with 117 points. They were defeated 4-2 by the [[Anaheim Ducks]], who earned 91 points to clinch the eighth playoff seed in the Western Conference.

==See also==
{{Wiktionary|underdog}}

*[[Contender (stock character)]]
*[[Cinderella (sports)]]
*[[Rags to riches]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Competition]]
[[Category:Sports terminology]]

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Underdog

2009-05-26T10:36:06Z

62.101.100.5:

{{Unreferenced|date=August 2008}}
An '''underdog''' is a person or group in a [[competition]], frequently in [[election|electoral politics]], [[sports]] and [[creative work]]s, who is popularly expected to lose. The party, team or individual expected to win is called the '''favourite''' or '''top dog'''. In the rare case where an underdog wins, the outcome is an [[upset]]. These terms are commonly used in [[Gambling#Sports betting|sports betting]].{{Or|date=August 2008}}

==Sympathy for the underdog==
In a broader sense, "underdog" is used in reference to a social or ethnic group which experiences discrimination, persecution and/or economic disability, and which could therefore gain the sympathy of public opinion, either nationally or worldwide. Such sympathy has often proved of crucial importance in the struggles of [[national liberation]], [[civil rights]] and [[social justice]] movements, and such movements sometimes significantly modify their tactics and strategy in order to gain "underdog sympathy".

The definition of a particular group as an "underdog" or (conversely) a "top dog" may change considerably over time and through circumstances. During the [[Boer War]], the [[Afrikaner]]s were widely perceived as the underdogs, a small group of people bravely defying the might of the [[British Empire]] {{see|Opposition to the Second Boer War}}.

During [[Apartheid]], however, the Afrikaners became regarded as cruel [[racist]] oppressors, with the South African [[Black]]s being the underdogs. Similarly, in its earlier stages, the [[Zionist]] movement was widely regarded in the West as representing an underdog, as Jews were the target of persecution, and later of [[Nazi]] genocide. The creation of [[Israel]] in 1948 was widely regarded as a victory for this underdog. However, Israel's [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupation]]s of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]], along with the increasing visibility of the displaced [[Palestinians]] through the activities of [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian nationalist]] groups such as the [[PLO]], has increased awareness and sympathy for the Palestinians. The governments of both Israel and the [[Palestinian National Authority]] have successfully portrayed themselves to the rest of the world as the victims, and thus underdogs, the former by emphasising attacks on Israel launched by groups such as [[Hamas]] and other allied Arab groups such as [[Hezbollah]], the latter by highlighting the actions taken against military and civilian targets in the occupied territories by the [[Israel Defense Forces]].

The depiction of a conflict in the [[mass media]], especially on [[TV]], greatly influences who would be seen as the "underdog" and "favourite". Consequently, participants in various conflicts often accuse the international media of ignoring or downplaying the casualties on their own side, while inflating those of their opponents.

==Underdogs==
===History===
*King [[Sudas]] defeated the ten [[Rigvedic tribes]] during the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]].
*The [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] states successfully repelled the mighty [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] [[Persian Empire]] at the [[Battle of Salamis]].
*The people of [[Rhodes]] in resisting the siege imposed by King [[Demetrius I of Macedon]].
*[[Hannibal (Barcid)|Hannibal]] defeated the numerically superior [[Roman Republic|Roman]] forces at the [[Battle of Cannae]] during the [[Second Punic War]].
*The [[Parthia]]ns, who were outnumbered four to one, defeated the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] at the [[Battle of Carrhae]].
*The [[Rashidun army|Arab army]] led by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] defeated the numerically superior forces of the powerful [[Sassanid Empire|Persian]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Roman empires]] during their [[Islamic conquest of Persia|conquest of Persia]] and [[Muslim conquest of Syria|conquest of Roman Syria]].
*In 209 AD, in the [[Three Kingdoms|Three Kingdoms]] era of [[China|China]] at the [[Battle of Red Cliffs|Battle of Red Cliffs]], the combined 50,000 forces of [[Sun Quan|Sun Quan]] and [[Liu Bei|Liu Bei]] were able to defeat the overwhelming 220,000+ forces of [[Cao Cao|Cao Cao]].
*The Scottish army of [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]], outnumbered almost three to one, defeated the English force of [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] at the [[Battle of Bannockburn]].
*The [[Knights Hospitaller]] triumphed against the overwhelming [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces during the [[Great Siege of Malta]].
*In the 13th century, invasions from the powerful [[Mongol Empire]] were successfully repelled by both the [[Khilji dynasty]] of [[History of India|India]] and [[Bahri dynasty]] of [[History of Egypt|Egypt]].
*In the 1552 [[siege of Eger]], 2,100 [[Royal Hungary|Hungarians]] were able to withstand the onslaught of 80,000 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] soldiers.
*The defending British fleet was victorious over the "invincible" [[Spanish Armada]] in June 1588.
*[[Finland]] held out against the Soviet Union during the [[Winter War]].
*The [[Viet Minh]] triumphed over French colonial forces in the [[Indochina War]] and the [[NLF]] and [[North Vietnam]] defeated the United States and [[South Vietnam]] in the [[Vietnam War]].
*[[Afghanistan]] successfully repelled an invasion by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] during the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] in the 1980s.
*Attorney [[Clarence Darrow]] made a famous career in successfully defending several famous and disadvantaged criminal defendants in court.
*The Battle of Aljubarrota that took place on August 14, 1385, 6,500 Portuguese troops defeated the invading Spanish army of 31,000 men.

===American politics===
*[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Harry Truman]] in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1948|1948 presidential election]].
*[[Minnesota]] Senator [[Paul Wellstone]] in 1990.
*[[Wisconsin]] [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Russ Feingold]] in 1992.
*[[Tennessee]] Senator [[Bill Frist]] in 1994.
*Minnesota [[Governor]] [[Jesse Ventura]] in 1998.

===Sports===
*In 1919, boxer [[Jack Dempsey]] defeated the larger [[heavyweight]] champion [[Jess Willard]] in what many then called a modern [[Goliath|David and Goliath]] fight.
*In 1935, boxer [[James J. Braddock]] ([[Cinderella Man]]) defeated heavyweight champion [[Max Baer (boxer)|Max Baer]] as the 10-to-1 underdog in a major upset.
*On July 16, 1950, during the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]] final in [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] defeated the highest ranked team in the world and seemingly certain winners, [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]], [[Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)|2-1]] to win the tournament in one of the greatest upsets ever in Brazilian football history. Another upset in the tournament was the [[United States men's national soccer team|USA]] victory over (then) highly-ranked [[England national football team|England]], [[England v United States (1950)|1-0]].
*In the [[1954 FIFA World Cup]], [[Germany national football team|Germany]] defeated [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] 3-2 from 2-0 down to win the final. The amazing upset is called the ''[[Miracle of Bern]]''. Hungary's [[Golden Team]] had dominated the sport for several years in the 1950s, including beating the Germans 8-3 in the first round of the tournament. The final was their first and only defeat during that period.
*In [[Super Bowl III]], the [[New York Jets]], led by quarterback [[Joe Namath]], defeated the heavily favored [[History of the Indianapolis Colts|Baltimore Colts]] 16-7 after giving a "guarantee" to do so.
*In the 1964 [[Muhammad Ali versus Sonny Liston|Ali versus Liston]] and 1974 [[The Rumble in the Jungle|Rumble in the Jungle]] fights, boxer [[Muhammad Ali]] was expected to lose against [[Sonny Liston]] and [[George Foreman]] respectively, who were both formerly undefeated hard-punching heavyweight champions. Ali defeated them in major upsets. In 1975, underdog [[Chuck Wepner]] almost went [[The distance (boxing)|the distance]] with Ali, which was later the main inspiration for the fictional character of [[Rocky Balboa (character)|Rocky Balboa]] in the films ''[[Rocky]]'' (1976) and ''[[Rocky II]]'' (1979).
*In the [[1967 European Cup Final]], Scottish side [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] defeated heavy favourites [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Inter Milan]].
*In [[1969 World Series|1969]] the heavily favored [[Baltimore Orioles]] were defeated by the [[New York Mets]] in five games.
*[[Billy Mills]]'s upset in the [[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics - Men's 10000 metres|men's 10,000-metre event]] at the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in Tokyo.
*In 1972, non-league football club [[Hereford United F.C.|Hereford United]] [[Hereford United v Newcastle United 1972|defeated hugely favoured]] [[Football League First Division|top flight]] professional club [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] in the [[FA Cup]] Third Round replay.
*In 1978, Irish provincial [[rugby union]] team, [[Munster Rugby|Munster]], defeated the touring New Zealand [[All Blacks]] by 12 points to nil. The game was later turned into a stage play, ''[[Alone it Stands]]''.
*In 1980, the United States hockey team, consisting of amateurs and college players, defeated the Olympic hockey superpower, the Soviet Union. The amazing upset was called the "[[Miracle on Ice]]".
*On July 5, 1982, during the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]] group 2nd stage in [[Barcelona]], Spain, [[Italy national football team|Italy]] defeated then-unbeaten (and favourites for the final) [[Brazil national football team|Brazilian team]] 3-2. Eventually Italy, beat Poland in semi-final and West Germany in final, and won their 3rd FIFA World Cup.
*In the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]], India defeated two time winners West Indies in the final in a low scoring match. The Indian team before 1983, had never reached the semi final stages. This is considered as one of the biggest upset victories in the world of cricket.
*In 1985, 8th-seeded [[Villanova Wildcats men's basketball|Villanova]] defeated top-seeded and defending champion [[Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball|Georgetown]] in the championship game of the [[1985 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament]].
*Boxer [[James "Buster" Douglas]], given [[odds]] of 42-to-1 by one [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[sports book]], handed the previously-undefeated [[Mike Tyson]] his first ever professional defeat in Tokyo, Japan on February 11, 1990. This was the largest upset in the history of [[boxing]].
*In [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]], in the first match of the [[FIFA World Cup]], [[Cameroon]] team surprisingly obtained a shock 1-0 win over [[Argentina]], which was the defending champion.
*[[Derrike Cope]], who had never won a [[Sprint Cup|Winston Cup]] race, won the 1990 [[Daytona 500]] after [[Dale Earnhardt]] blew a tire on the last lap.
*[[Arie Luyendyk]], who had never won an [[IndyCar]] race, won the [[1990 Indianapolis 500]] after polesitter and heavy favorite [[Emerson Fittipaldi]], and later [[Bobby Rahal]], suffered tire blistering.
*In the [[UEFA Euro 1992|1992 European Football Championship]] in [[Sweden]], [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]], which entered as a reserve team because of the [[Yugoslav Wars]], won the tournament.
*[[Wendell Suckow]]'s surprising gold medal in men's singles [[luge]] for the United States at the [[FIL World Luge Championships 1993|1993 FIL World Luge Championships]] in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada.
*In 1994, the [[Denver Nuggets]] (42-40; 8th seed) beat the [[Seattle SuperSonics]] (64-18; 1st seed) in the first round of the playoffs.
*In 1998, the [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]] [[1997 Denver Broncos season|Denver Broncos]], 0-4 in previous Super Bowl trips, knocked off the [[1997 Green Bay Packers season|Green Bay Packers]] 31-24 in [[Super Bowl XXXII]]. The Broncos were the first [[American Football Conference]] team to win the Super Bowl since [[Super Bowl XVIII|1984]] and the first wild card team to win it since [[Super Bowl XV|1981]].
*In 2000, wrestler [[Rulon Gardner]] defeated [[Alexander Karelin]] of Russia in the 2000 Summer Olympics. Karelin had been undefeated for thirteen years, and had not given up a point in six years, prior to his loss in the gold medal match to Gardner.
*In 2001, [[Goran Ivanišević]] won the men's singles title at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] as a [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]]. He is the first and only person to have done so.
*In 2002, the [[New England Patriots]] defeated the [[St. Louis Rams]] 20-17 in [[Super Bowl XXXVI]]. The Rams were favored by 14 points, making it the second largest upset in [[Super Bowl]] history.
*In the [[2002 Winter Olympics]] in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]], United States, Belarus beat favourites Sweden 4-3 in the [[Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics|men's ice hockey competition]].
*In the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]], [[Senegal national football team|Senegal]] beat the [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998 World Cup]] winner [[France national football team|France]] during the opening game, much to the shock and surprise of most. Also, [[Korea Republic national football team|South Korea]] finished the tournament in 4th place, their best-ever result, and the [[United States men's national soccer team|Americans]] posted their best cup performance in modern history, thanks to a shock victory against the [[Mexico national football team|Mexicans]] and giving [[Germany national football team|Germany]], the eventual runners-up, a run for their money.
*In the [[UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004]] [[football (soccer)|football]] competition, [[Greece national football team|Greece]], which some sports books gave 150-1 odds to win at the start of the tournament, defeated the hosts [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] in their opening match, also the defending champions [[France national football team|France]], then favourites [[Czech Republic national football team|Czech Republic]] in the semi-finals, and Portugal again in the final, to win the trophy in probably the most unexpected victory in football history.
*In 2004, the [[Boston Red Sox]] were down three games to none against the favored [[New York Yankees]] in the [[2004 American League Championship Series|American League Championship Series]], and the Red Sox won four games in a row to defeat the Yankees by four games to three, winning their [[Curse of the Bambino|first World Series title in 86 years]] ''en route''.
*In the [[Copa Libertadores 2004|2004 Copa Libertadores]], [[Once Caldas]] won the title against all the odds, beating [[Santos Futebol Clube|Santos]], [[São Paulo Futebol Clube|São Paulo]] and finally the defending champions [[Club Atlético Boca Juniors|Boca Juniors]] in the penalty shootout.
* In the [[2004 French Open]], [[Gastón Gaudio]] was two sets down against pre-tournament favourite [[Guillermo Coria]], but the entire match suddenly turned on its head and Gaudio, after winning the next two sets, struggled on to win the title, saving two match points in the final set.
*In the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics|tennis competition]], [[Tomáš Berdych]] beat no. 1 seed [[Roger Federer]], and [[Nicolas Massú]] won the gold medal a matter of hours after the doubles final.
*In 2005, world [[cricket]] champions [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] were beaten by underdogs [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] in a [[one day cricket]] match at Cardiff, Wales, thanks to a century by 20-year-old [[Mohammad Ashraful]]. Of Bangladesh's previous 108 games, it was only their tenth win.
*In 2006, the 6th-seeded [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]] [[2005 Pittsburgh Steelers season|Pittsburgh Steelers]] upset the top-seeded [[2005 Indianapolis Colts season|Indianapolis Colts]] 21-18 in an AFC Divisional Playoff Game, becoming the [[National Football League|NFL]]'s first 6th seed ever to advance to a conference championship game. The Steelers would make more history [[NFL playoffs, 2005-06|that postseason]] by going on to win [[Super Bowl XL]], becoming the first team since the [[AFL-NFL merger]] to win a Super Bowl without playing any home playoff games.
*In 2006, the [[2005-06 George Mason Patriots men's basketball team|George Mason Patriots]] made it to the [[Final Four]] in the [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA Men's Tournament]] by defeating [[Michigan State Spartans men's basketball|Michigan State Spartans]], the defending champs [[North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball|North Carolina Tar Heels]], [[Wichita State University|Wichita State]] and the top-seeded [[Connecticut Huskies]].
*In the [[2007 Fiesta Bowl]], the underdog from the [[Western Athletic Conference]], [[2006 Boise State Broncos football team|Boise State]], upset [[Big 12 Conference|Big 12]] powerhouse [[2006 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma]] 43-42, using a [[hook and lateral]] play to tie the game near the end of regulation, a touchdown on a halfback option pass on 4th down and goal to close the scoreline gap to one point in overtime, and the winning two-point conversion on a [[Statue of Liberty play]].
*In 2007, the 8th-seeded [[Golden State Warriors]] upset the top-seeded [[Dallas Mavericks]] in the first round of the [[2007 NBA Playoffs]].
*In the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]], the unseeded and rank outsiders [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] upset 4th-seeded [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in the first round of the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
*Also in the 2007 Cricket World Cup, [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] beat [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]] finalists [[India national cricket team|India]] in another major upset, leading to India being eliminated and Bangladesh making it through to the Super 8 for the first time. Bangladesh caused another major upset at the 2007 World Cup by beating the world's then top-ranked team, [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]].
*In the [[ICC World Twenty20|2007 Cricket Twenty20 World Cup]], [[India national cricket team|India]] beat [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] champions [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the semi-final, going on to win the final against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. This was considered a major upset, as the Indian team was then at an all-time low, not having qualified for the Super 8 stage of the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
*In 2007, Division I FCS [[2007 Appalachian State Mountaineers football team|Appalachian State]] beat [[2007 Michigan Wolverines football team|Michigan]], the #5-ranked team in the top-level Division I FBS, [[2007 Appalachian State vs. Michigan football game|34-32]] in Michigan's season opener. Michigan became the first AP Top 25 team from the [[Division I#Football Bowl Subdivision|FBS]] to lose to a team in the [[Division I#Football Championship Subdivision|FCS]], and Michigan dropped out of the top 25 after the loss.
* Also in 2007, the unranked [[Stanford Cardinal football|Stanford Cardinal]], a 41-point underdog, beat the #2 [[2007 USC Trojans football team|USC Trojans]] [[2007 Stanford vs. Southern California football game|24-23]] in week 6. This win ultimately cost USC, the pre-season national champion favorite, a chance to [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|play for the national title]]; it had to settle for the [[2008 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]] instead.
* Again in 2007, the unranked [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh Panthers]], a 28-point underdog [[Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium|on the road]], upset the [[2007 West Virginia Mountaineers football team|West Virginia Mountaineers]] 13-9, ruining West Virginia's hopes of a [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|BCS title game berth]]. They wound up settling for a berth in the [[2008 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta Bowl]], in which they pulled an upset of their own, pounding the [[2007 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma Sooners]] 48-28.
* In the [[FA Cup 2007-08]], second division [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]] produced two shocks, firstly eliminating [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] in the fifth round at Anfield with a 2-1 victory, then defeating [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] 1-0 in the quarter-final before losing the semi-final against [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]].
* In 2008, [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] managed to win the [[Scottish Premier League 2007-08|SPL]] after overcoming a seven-point deficit to pip [[Old Firm|rivals]] [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] to the title on the last day of the season.
* [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg]] were the surprise winners of the 2007-2008 UEFA Cup, after eliminating favourites Bayern Munchen in the semi-final. They also knocked out other top-flight teams such as Villareal, Bayer Leverkusen and Marseille, and won the final 2-0 against Rangers. They also won the [[UEFA Super Cup]] by defeating European champions [[Manchester United]].
* In 2008, the [[2008 Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team|Fresno State Bulldogs]] won the [[2008 College World Series|NCAA Division I Baseball Championship]] after starting out as a regional 4 seed—equivalent to at best a #13 seed in the NCAA basketball tournament. During the tournament, the Bulldogs survived elimination 5 times and beat 4 nationally-seeded teams: No. 3 [[Arizona State Sun Devils baseball|Arizona State]], No. 6 [[Rice Owls baseball|Rice]], No. 2 [[North Carolina Tar Heels baseball|North Carolina]], and No. 8 [[Georgia Bulldogs baseball|Georgia]]. Fresno State became the lowest-seeded team (in any sport) to win an NCAA title.
*In [[Super Bowl XLII]], the [[New York Giants]] defeated the unbeaten [[New England Patriots]] (18-0) 17-14 to stop the NFL powerhouse from becoming the first NFL team to go undefeated since the [[1972 Miami Dolphins]]. The Giants also were underdogs in beating the higher seeded [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]], [[Dallas Cowboys]], and [[Green Bay Packers]] before getting the chance to play in the [[Super Bowl]].
* At the [[Euro 2008]] football tournament, [[Russian national football team|Russia]] were deemed underdogs by some pundits because the team was one of the youngest in the tournament, somewhat inexperienced in the international scene, and none of them played for the top few European leagues (such as the Premier League, La Liga or Serie A). However, they managed to defeat an experienced Swedish side boasting stars such as Larsson, Ibrahimović and Ljungberg, defending champions [[Greece national football team|Greece]] and overran the highly-rated [[Netherlands national football team|Dutch]] side 3-1 before bowing out to Spain at the semi-final stage.
* In 2008, [[Hull City A.F.C.]] came from 1-0 behind to defeat [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] 2-1 at their own ground, [[The Emirates]]. In doing so, they became the only team apart from [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham]] and [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] to defeat [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] in a league match at the stadium.<ref>http://www.arsenal.com/fixtures/fixtures-reports?season=2006-2007&x=21&y=3</ref><ref>http://www.arsenal.com/fixtures/fixtures-reports?season=2007-2008&x=21&y=3</ref>
* In 2008, the [[Tampa Bay Rays]] went from last in the [[AL East]] to first while also heading to the [[2008 World Series]]. Their underdog run ended at the [[World Series]] when they lost to the [[Philadelphia Phillies]] four games to one.
* In 2008, the [[Arizona Cardinals]] made an improbable run as underdogs through the [[NFL Playoffs]]. The Cardinals advanced to the [[Super Bowl]] for the first time in frachise history but fell to the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] 27-23.
*In [[2009]], in the [[World Baseball Classic]] [[tournament]] , the Puerto Rican [[team]] beat the [[United States]] team 11-1 by [[early termination rule]], ending the game in the 7th [[inning]] when [[Puerto Rico]] scored the [[run]] that would give them the 10-run [[advantage]] to put the rule in effect.
*In [[2009]], in the [[2010_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(CONMEBOL)|World Cup 2010 South American qualifiers]], [[Bolivia_national_football_team|Bolivia]] surprisingly defeated [[Argentina_national_football_team|Argentina]] 6-1 in La Paz. Ironically, the best results that Bolivia got in the qualifiers were against the leaders, two home victories against [[Paraguay_national_football_team|Paraguay]] and Argentina, and an away draw against [[Brazil_national_football_team|Brazil]].
*In [[2009 Stanley Cup Playoffs]], the [[San Jose Sharks]] entered the playoffs as the Presidents' Trophy winner, earning the NHL's best regular season record with 117 points. They were defeated 4-2 by the [[Anaheim Ducks]], who earned 91 points to clinch the eighth playoff seed in the Western Conference.

==See also==
{{Wiktionary|underdog}}

*[[Contender (stock character)]]
*[[Cinderella (sports)]]
*[[Rags to riches]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Competition]]
[[Category:Sports terminology]]

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Underdog

2009-05-26T10:35:16Z

62.101.100.5:

{{Unreferenced|date=August 2008}}
An '''underdog''' is a person or group in a [[competition]], frequently in [[election|electoral politics]], [[sports]] and [[creative work]]s, who is popularly expected to lose. The party, team or individual expected to win is called the '''favourite''' or '''top dog'''. In the rare case where an underdog wins, the outcome is an [[upset]]. These terms are commonly used in [[Gambling#Sports betting|sports betting]].{{Or|date=August 2008}}

==Sympathy for the underdog==
In a broader sense, "underdog" is used in reference to a social or ethnic group which experiences discrimination, persecution and/or economic disability, and which could therefore gain the sympathy of public opinion, either nationally or worldwide. Such sympathy has often proved of crucial importance in the struggles of [[national liberation]], [[civil rights]] and [[social justice]] movements, and such movements sometimes significantly modify their tactics and strategy in order to gain "underdog sympathy".

The definition of a particular group as an "underdog" or (conversely) a "top dog" may change considerably over time and through circumstances. During the [[Boer War]], the [[Afrikaner]]s were widely perceived as the underdogs, a small group of people bravely defying the might of the [[British Empire]] {{see|Opposition to the Second Boer War}}.

During [[Apartheid]], however, the Afrikaners became regarded as cruel [[racist]] oppressors, with the South African [[Black]]s being the underdogs. Similarly, in its earlier stages, the [[Zionist]] movement was widely regarded in the West as representing an underdog, as Jews were the target of persecution, and later of [[Nazi]] genocide. The creation of [[Israel]] in 1948 was widely regarded as a victory for this underdog. However, Israel's [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupation]]s of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]], along with the increasing visibility of the displaced [[Palestinians]] through the activities of [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian nationalist]] groups such as the [[PLO]], has increased awareness and sympathy for the Palestinians. The governments of both Israel and the [[Palestinian National Authority]] have successfully portrayed themselves to the rest of the world as the victims, and thus underdogs, the former by emphasising attacks on Israel launched by groups such as [[Hamas]] and other allied Arab groups such as [[Hezbollah]], the latter by highlighting the actions taken against military and civilian targets in the occupied territories by the [[Israel Defense Forces]].

The depiction of a conflict in the [[mass media]], especially on [[TV]], greatly influences who would be seen as the "underdog" and "favourite". Consequently, participants in various conflicts often accuse the international media of ignoring or downplaying the casualties on their own side, while inflating those of their opponents.

==Underdogs==
===History===
*King [[Sudas]] defeated the ten [[Rigvedic tribes]] during the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]].
*The [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] states successfully repelled the mighty [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] [[Persian Empire]] at the [[Battle of Salamis]].
*The people of [[Rhodes]] in resisting the siege imposed by King [[Demetrius I of Macedon]].
*[[Hannibal (Barcid)|Hannibal]] defeated the numerically superior [[Roman Republic|Roman]] forces at the [[Battle of Cannae]] during the [[Second Punic War]].
*The [[Parthia]]ns, who were outnumbered four to one, defeated the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] at the [[Battle of Carrhae]].
*The [[Rashidun army|Arab army]] led by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] defeated the numerically superior forces of the powerful [[Sassanid Empire|Persian]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Roman empires]] during their [[Islamic conquest of Persia|conquest of Persia]] and [[Muslim conquest of Syria|conquest of Roman Syria]].
*In 209 AD, in the [[Three Kingdoms|Three Kingdoms]] era of [[China|China]] at the [[Battle of Red Cliffs|Battle of Red Cliffs]], the combined 50,000 forces of [[Sun Quan|Sun Quan]] and [[Liu Bei|Liu Bei]] were able to defeat the overwhelming 220,000+ forces of [[Cao Cao|Cao Cao]].
*The Scottish army of [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]], outnumbered almost three to one, defeated the English force of [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] at the [[Battle of Bannockburn]].
*The [[Knights Hospitaller]] triumphed against the overwhelming [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces during the [[Great Siege of Malta]].
*In the 13th century, invasions from the powerful [[Mongol Empire]] were successfully repelled by both the [[Khilji dynasty]] of [[History of India|India]] and [[Bahri dynasty]] of [[History of Egypt|Egypt]].
*In the 1552 [[siege of Eger]], 2,100 [[Royal Hungary|Hungarians]] were able to withstand the onslaught of 80,000 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] soldiers.
*The defending British fleet was victorious over the "invincible" [[Spanish Armada]] in June 1588.
*[[Finland]] held out against the Soviet Union during the [[Winter War]].
*The [[Viet Minh]] triumphed over French colonial forces in the [[Indochina War]] and the [[NLF]] and [[North Vietnam]] defeated the United States and [[South Vietnam]] in the [[Vietnam War]].
*[[Afghanistan]] successfully repelled an invasion by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] during the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] in the 1980s.
*Attorney [[Clarence Darrow]] made a famous career in successfully defending several famous and disadvantaged criminal defendants in court.
*The Battle of Aljubarrota that took place on August 14, 1385, 6,500 Portuguese troops defeated the invading Spanish army of 31,000 men.

===American politics===
*[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Harry Truman]] in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1948|1948 presidential election]].
*[[Minnesota]] Senator [[Paul Wellstone]] in 1990.
*[[Wisconsin]] [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Russ Feingold]] in 1992.
*[[Tennessee]] Senator [[Bill Frist]] in 1994.
*Minnesota [[Governor]] [[Jesse Ventura]] in 1998.

===Sports===
*In 1919, boxer [[Jack Dempsey]] defeated the larger [[heavyweight]] champion [[Jess Willard]] in what many then called a modern [[Goliath|David and Goliath]] fight.
*In 1935, boxer [[James J. Braddock]] ([[Cinderella Man]]) defeated heavyweight champion [[Max Baer (boxer)|Max Baer]] as the 10-to-1 underdog in a major upset.
*On July 16, 1950, during the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]] final in [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] defeated the highest ranked team in the world and seemingly certain winners, [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]], [[Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)|2-1]] to win the tournament in one of the greatest upsets ever in Brazilian football history. Another upset in the tournament was the [[United States men's national soccer team|USA]] victory over (then) highly-ranked [[England national football team|England]], [[England v United States (1950)|1-0]].
*In the [[1954 FIFA World Cup]], [[Germany national football team|Germany]] defeated [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] 3-2 from 2-0 down to win the final. The amazing upset is called the ''[[Miracle of Bern]]''. Hungary's [[Golden Team]] had dominated the sport for several years in the 1950s, including beating the Germans 8-3 in the first round of the tournament. The final was their first and only defeat during that period.
*In [[Super Bowl III]], the [[New York Jets]], led by quarterback [[Joe Namath]], defeated the heavily favored [[History of the Indianapolis Colts|Baltimore Colts]] 16-7 after giving a "guarantee" to do so.
*In the 1964 [[Muhammad Ali versus Sonny Liston|Ali versus Liston]] and 1974 [[The Rumble in the Jungle|Rumble in the Jungle]] fights, boxer [[Muhammad Ali]] was expected to lose against [[Sonny Liston]] and [[George Foreman]] respectively, who were both formerly undefeated hard-punching heavyweight champions. Ali defeated them in major upsets. In 1975, underdog [[Chuck Wepner]] almost went [[The distance (boxing)|the distance]] with Ali, which was later the main inspiration for the fictional character of [[Rocky Balboa (character)|Rocky Balboa]] in the films ''[[Rocky]]'' (1976) and ''[[Rocky II]]'' (1979).
*In the [[1967 European Cup Final]], Scottish side [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] defeated heavy favourites [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Inter Milan]].
*In [[1969 World Series|1969]] the heavily favored [[Baltimore Orioles]] were defeated by the [[New York Mets]] in five games.
*[[Billy Mills]]'s upset in the [[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics - Men's 10000 metres|men's 10,000-metre event]] at the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in Tokyo.
*In 1972, non-league football club [[Hereford United F.C.|Hereford United]] [[Hereford United v Newcastle United 1972|defeated hugely favoured]] [[Football League First Division|top flight]] professional club [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] in the [[FA Cup]] Third Round replay.
*In 1978, Irish provincial [[rugby union]] team, [[Munster Rugby|Munster]], defeated the touring New Zealand [[All Blacks]] by 12 points to nil. The game was later turned into a stage play, ''[[Alone it Stands]]''.
*In 1980, the United States hockey team, consisting of amateurs and college players, defeated the Olympic hockey superpower, the Soviet Union. The amazing upset was called the "[[Miracle on Ice]]".
*On July 5, 1982, during the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]] group 2nd stage in [[Barcelona]], Spain, [[Italy national football team|Italy]] defeated then-unbeaten (and favourites for the final) [[Brazil national football team|Brazilian team]] 3-2. Eventually Italy, beat Poland in semi-final and West Germany in final, and won their 3rd FIFA World Cup.
*In the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]], India defeated two time winners West Indies in the final in a low scoring match. The Indian team before 1983, had never reached the semi final stages. This is considered as one of the biggest upset victories in the world of cricket.
*In 1985, 8th-seeded [[Villanova Wildcats men's basketball|Villanova]] defeated top-seeded and defending champion [[Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball|Georgetown]] in the championship game of the [[1985 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament]].
*Boxer [[James "Buster" Douglas]], given [[odds]] of 42-to-1 by one [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[sports book]], handed the previously-undefeated [[Mike Tyson]] his first ever professional defeat in Tokyo, Japan on February 11, 1990. This was the largest upset in the history of [[boxing]].
*In [[1990|1990 FIFA World Cup]], in the first match of the [[FIFA World Cup]], [[Cameroon]] team surprisingly obtained a shock 1-0 win over [[Argentina]], which was the defending champion.
*[[Derrike Cope]], who had never won a [[Sprint Cup|Winston Cup]] race, won the 1990 [[Daytona 500]] after [[Dale Earnhardt]] blew a tire on the last lap.
*[[Arie Luyendyk]], who had never won an [[IndyCar]] race, won the [[1990 Indianapolis 500]] after polesitter and heavy favorite [[Emerson Fittipaldi]], and later [[Bobby Rahal]], suffered tire blistering.
*In the [[UEFA Euro 1992|1992 European Football Championship]] in [[Sweden]], [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]], which entered as a reserve team because of the [[Yugoslav Wars]], won the tournament.
*[[Wendell Suckow]]'s surprising gold medal in men's singles [[luge]] for the United States at the [[FIL World Luge Championships 1993|1993 FIL World Luge Championships]] in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada.
*In 1994, the [[Denver Nuggets]] (42-40; 8th seed) beat the [[Seattle SuperSonics]] (64-18; 1st seed) in the first round of the playoffs.
*In 1998, the [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]] [[1997 Denver Broncos season|Denver Broncos]], 0-4 in previous Super Bowl trips, knocked off the [[1997 Green Bay Packers season|Green Bay Packers]] 31-24 in [[Super Bowl XXXII]]. The Broncos were the first [[American Football Conference]] team to win the Super Bowl since [[Super Bowl XVIII|1984]] and the first wild card team to win it since [[Super Bowl XV|1981]].
*In 2000, wrestler [[Rulon Gardner]] defeated [[Alexander Karelin]] of Russia in the 2000 Summer Olympics. Karelin had been undefeated for thirteen years, and had not given up a point in six years, prior to his loss in the gold medal match to Gardner.
*In 2001, [[Goran Ivanišević]] won the men's singles title at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] as a [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]]. He is the first and only person to have done so.
*In 2002, the [[New England Patriots]] defeated the [[St. Louis Rams]] 20-17 in [[Super Bowl XXXVI]]. The Rams were favored by 14 points, making it the second largest upset in [[Super Bowl]] history.
*In the [[2002 Winter Olympics]] in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]], United States, Belarus beat favourites Sweden 4-3 in the [[Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics|men's ice hockey competition]].
*In the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]], [[Senegal national football team|Senegal]] beat the [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998 World Cup]] winner [[France national football team|France]] during the opening game, much to the shock and surprise of most. Also, [[Korea Republic national football team|South Korea]] finished the tournament in 4th place, their best-ever result, and the [[United States men's national soccer team|Americans]] posted their best cup performance in modern history, thanks to a shock victory against the [[Mexico national football team|Mexicans]] and giving [[Germany national football team|Germany]], the eventual runners-up, a run for their money.
*In the [[UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004]] [[football (soccer)|football]] competition, [[Greece national football team|Greece]], which some sports books gave 150-1 odds to win at the start of the tournament, defeated the hosts [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] in their opening match, also the defending champions [[France national football team|France]], then favourites [[Czech Republic national football team|Czech Republic]] in the semi-finals, and Portugal again in the final, to win the trophy in probably the most unexpected victory in football history.
*In 2004, the [[Boston Red Sox]] were down three games to none against the favored [[New York Yankees]] in the [[2004 American League Championship Series|American League Championship Series]], and the Red Sox won four games in a row to defeat the Yankees by four games to three, winning their [[Curse of the Bambino|first World Series title in 86 years]] ''en route''.
*In the [[Copa Libertadores 2004|2004 Copa Libertadores]], [[Once Caldas]] won the title against all the odds, beating [[Santos Futebol Clube|Santos]], [[São Paulo Futebol Clube|São Paulo]] and finally the defending champions [[Club Atlético Boca Juniors|Boca Juniors]] in the penalty shootout.
* In the [[2004 French Open]], [[Gastón Gaudio]] was two sets down against pre-tournament favourite [[Guillermo Coria]], but the entire match suddenly turned on its head and Gaudio, after winning the next two sets, struggled on to win the title, saving two match points in the final set.
*In the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics|tennis competition]], [[Tomáš Berdych]] beat no. 1 seed [[Roger Federer]], and [[Nicolas Massú]] won the gold medal a matter of hours after the doubles final.
*In 2005, world [[cricket]] champions [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] were beaten by underdogs [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] in a [[one day cricket]] match at Cardiff, Wales, thanks to a century by 20-year-old [[Mohammad Ashraful]]. Of Bangladesh's previous 108 games, it was only their tenth win.
*In 2006, the 6th-seeded [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]] [[2005 Pittsburgh Steelers season|Pittsburgh Steelers]] upset the top-seeded [[2005 Indianapolis Colts season|Indianapolis Colts]] 21-18 in an AFC Divisional Playoff Game, becoming the [[National Football League|NFL]]'s first 6th seed ever to advance to a conference championship game. The Steelers would make more history [[NFL playoffs, 2005-06|that postseason]] by going on to win [[Super Bowl XL]], becoming the first team since the [[AFL-NFL merger]] to win a Super Bowl without playing any home playoff games.
*In 2006, the [[2005-06 George Mason Patriots men's basketball team|George Mason Patriots]] made it to the [[Final Four]] in the [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA Men's Tournament]] by defeating [[Michigan State Spartans men's basketball|Michigan State Spartans]], the defending champs [[North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball|North Carolina Tar Heels]], [[Wichita State University|Wichita State]] and the top-seeded [[Connecticut Huskies]].
*In the [[2007 Fiesta Bowl]], the underdog from the [[Western Athletic Conference]], [[2006 Boise State Broncos football team|Boise State]], upset [[Big 12 Conference|Big 12]] powerhouse [[2006 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma]] 43-42, using a [[hook and lateral]] play to tie the game near the end of regulation, a touchdown on a halfback option pass on 4th down and goal to close the scoreline gap to one point in overtime, and the winning two-point conversion on a [[Statue of Liberty play]].
*In 2007, the 8th-seeded [[Golden State Warriors]] upset the top-seeded [[Dallas Mavericks]] in the first round of the [[2007 NBA Playoffs]].
*In the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]], the unseeded and rank outsiders [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] upset 4th-seeded [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in the first round of the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
*Also in the 2007 Cricket World Cup, [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] beat [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]] finalists [[India national cricket team|India]] in another major upset, leading to India being eliminated and Bangladesh making it through to the Super 8 for the first time. Bangladesh caused another major upset at the 2007 World Cup by beating the world's then top-ranked team, [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]].
*In the [[ICC World Twenty20|2007 Cricket Twenty20 World Cup]], [[India national cricket team|India]] beat [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] champions [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the semi-final, going on to win the final against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. This was considered a major upset, as the Indian team was then at an all-time low, not having qualified for the Super 8 stage of the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
*In 2007, Division I FCS [[2007 Appalachian State Mountaineers football team|Appalachian State]] beat [[2007 Michigan Wolverines football team|Michigan]], the #5-ranked team in the top-level Division I FBS, [[2007 Appalachian State vs. Michigan football game|34-32]] in Michigan's season opener. Michigan became the first AP Top 25 team from the [[Division I#Football Bowl Subdivision|FBS]] to lose to a team in the [[Division I#Football Championship Subdivision|FCS]], and Michigan dropped out of the top 25 after the loss.
* Also in 2007, the unranked [[Stanford Cardinal football|Stanford Cardinal]], a 41-point underdog, beat the #2 [[2007 USC Trojans football team|USC Trojans]] [[2007 Stanford vs. Southern California football game|24-23]] in week 6. This win ultimately cost USC, the pre-season national champion favorite, a chance to [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|play for the national title]]; it had to settle for the [[2008 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]] instead.
* Again in 2007, the unranked [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh Panthers]], a 28-point underdog [[Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium|on the road]], upset the [[2007 West Virginia Mountaineers football team|West Virginia Mountaineers]] 13-9, ruining West Virginia's hopes of a [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|BCS title game berth]]. They wound up settling for a berth in the [[2008 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta Bowl]], in which they pulled an upset of their own, pounding the [[2007 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma Sooners]] 48-28.
* In the [[FA Cup 2007-08]], second division [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]] produced two shocks, firstly eliminating [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] in the fifth round at Anfield with a 2-1 victory, then defeating [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] 1-0 in the quarter-final before losing the semi-final against [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]].
* In 2008, [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] managed to win the [[Scottish Premier League 2007-08|SPL]] after overcoming a seven-point deficit to pip [[Old Firm|rivals]] [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] to the title on the last day of the season.
* [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg]] were the surprise winners of the 2007-2008 UEFA Cup, after eliminating favourites Bayern Munchen in the semi-final. They also knocked out other top-flight teams such as Villareal, Bayer Leverkusen and Marseille, and won the final 2-0 against Rangers. They also won the [[UEFA Super Cup]] by defeating European champions [[Manchester United]].
* In 2008, the [[2008 Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team|Fresno State Bulldogs]] won the [[2008 College World Series|NCAA Division I Baseball Championship]] after starting out as a regional 4 seed—equivalent to at best a #13 seed in the NCAA basketball tournament. During the tournament, the Bulldogs survived elimination 5 times and beat 4 nationally-seeded teams: No. 3 [[Arizona State Sun Devils baseball|Arizona State]], No. 6 [[Rice Owls baseball|Rice]], No. 2 [[North Carolina Tar Heels baseball|North Carolina]], and No. 8 [[Georgia Bulldogs baseball|Georgia]]. Fresno State became the lowest-seeded team (in any sport) to win an NCAA title.
*In [[Super Bowl XLII]], the [[New York Giants]] defeated the unbeaten [[New England Patriots]] (18-0) 17-14 to stop the NFL powerhouse from becoming the first NFL team to go undefeated since the [[1972 Miami Dolphins]]. The Giants also were underdogs in beating the higher seeded [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]], [[Dallas Cowboys]], and [[Green Bay Packers]] before getting the chance to play in the [[Super Bowl]].
* At the [[Euro 2008]] football tournament, [[Russian national football team|Russia]] were deemed underdogs by some pundits because the team was one of the youngest in the tournament, somewhat inexperienced in the international scene, and none of them played for the top few European leagues (such as the Premier League, La Liga or Serie A). However, they managed to defeat an experienced Swedish side boasting stars such as Larsson, Ibrahimović and Ljungberg, defending champions [[Greece national football team|Greece]] and overran the highly-rated [[Netherlands national football team|Dutch]] side 3-1 before bowing out to Spain at the semi-final stage.
* In 2008, [[Hull City A.F.C.]] came from 1-0 behind to defeat [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] 2-1 at their own ground, [[The Emirates]]. In doing so, they became the only team apart from [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham]] and [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] to defeat [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] in a league match at the stadium.<ref>http://www.arsenal.com/fixtures/fixtures-reports?season=2006-2007&x=21&y=3</ref><ref>http://www.arsenal.com/fixtures/fixtures-reports?season=2007-2008&x=21&y=3</ref>
* In 2008, the [[Tampa Bay Rays]] went from last in the [[AL East]] to first while also heading to the [[2008 World Series]]. Their underdog run ended at the [[World Series]] when they lost to the [[Philadelphia Phillies]] four games to one.
* In 2008, the [[Arizona Cardinals]] made an improbable run as underdogs through the [[NFL Playoffs]]. The Cardinals advanced to the [[Super Bowl]] for the first time in frachise history but fell to the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] 27-23.
*In [[2009]], in the [[World Baseball Classic]] [[tournament]] , the Puerto Rican [[team]] beat the [[United States]] team 11-1 by [[early termination rule]], ending the game in the 7th [[inning]] when [[Puerto Rico]] scored the [[run]] that would give them the 10-run [[advantage]] to put the rule in effect.
*In [[2009]], in the [[2010_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(CONMEBOL)|World Cup 2010 South American qualifiers]], [[Bolivia_national_football_team|Bolivia]] surprisingly defeated [[Argentina_national_football_team|Argentina]] 6-1 in La Paz. Ironically, the best results that Bolivia got in the qualifiers were against the leaders, two home victories against [[Paraguay_national_football_team|Paraguay]] and Argentina, and an away draw against [[Brazil_national_football_team|Brazil]].
*In [[2009 Stanley Cup Playoffs]], the [[San Jose Sharks]] entered the playoffs as the Presidents' Trophy winner, earning the NHL's best regular season record with 117 points. They were defeated 4-2 by the [[Anaheim Ducks]], who earned 91 points to clinch the eighth playoff seed in the Western Conference.

==See also==
{{Wiktionary|underdog}}

*[[Contender (stock character)]]
*[[Cinderella (sports)]]
*[[Rags to riches]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Competition]]
[[Category:Sports terminology]]

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Underdog

2009-05-26T10:34:00Z

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{{Unreferenced|date=August 2008}}
An '''underdog''' is a person or group in a [[competition]], frequently in [[election|electoral politics]], [[sports]] and [[creative work]]s, who is popularly expected to lose. The party, team or individual expected to win is called the '''favourite''' or '''top dog'''. In the rare case where an underdog wins, the outcome is an [[upset]]. These terms are commonly used in [[Gambling#Sports betting|sports betting]].{{Or|date=August 2008}}

==Sympathy for the underdog==
In a broader sense, "underdog" is used in reference to a social or ethnic group which experiences discrimination, persecution and/or economic disability, and which could therefore gain the sympathy of public opinion, either nationally or worldwide. Such sympathy has often proved of crucial importance in the struggles of [[national liberation]], [[civil rights]] and [[social justice]] movements, and such movements sometimes significantly modify their tactics and strategy in order to gain "underdog sympathy".

The definition of a particular group as an "underdog" or (conversely) a "top dog" may change considerably over time and through circumstances. During the [[Boer War]], the [[Afrikaner]]s were widely perceived as the underdogs, a small group of people bravely defying the might of the [[British Empire]] {{see|Opposition to the Second Boer War}}.

During [[Apartheid]], however, the Afrikaners became regarded as cruel [[racist]] oppressors, with the South African [[Black]]s being the underdogs. Similarly, in its earlier stages, the [[Zionist]] movement was widely regarded in the West as representing an underdog, as Jews were the target of persecution, and later of [[Nazi]] genocide. The creation of [[Israel]] in 1948 was widely regarded as a victory for this underdog. However, Israel's [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupation]]s of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]], along with the increasing visibility of the displaced [[Palestinians]] through the activities of [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian nationalist]] groups such as the [[PLO]], has increased awareness and sympathy for the Palestinians. The governments of both Israel and the [[Palestinian National Authority]] have successfully portrayed themselves to the rest of the world as the victims, and thus underdogs, the former by emphasising attacks on Israel launched by groups such as [[Hamas]] and other allied Arab groups such as [[Hezbollah]], the latter by highlighting the actions taken against military and civilian targets in the occupied territories by the [[Israel Defense Forces]].

The depiction of a conflict in the [[mass media]], especially on [[TV]], greatly influences who would be seen as the "underdog" and "favourite". Consequently, participants in various conflicts often accuse the international media of ignoring or downplaying the casualties on their own side, while inflating those of their opponents.

==Underdogs==
===History===
*King [[Sudas]] defeated the ten [[Rigvedic tribes]] during the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]].
*The [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] states successfully repelled the mighty [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] [[Persian Empire]] at the [[Battle of Salamis]].
*The people of [[Rhodes]] in resisting the siege imposed by King [[Demetrius I of Macedon]].
*[[Hannibal (Barcid)|Hannibal]] defeated the numerically superior [[Roman Republic|Roman]] forces at the [[Battle of Cannae]] during the [[Second Punic War]].
*The [[Parthia]]ns, who were outnumbered four to one, defeated the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] at the [[Battle of Carrhae]].
*The [[Rashidun army|Arab army]] led by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] defeated the numerically superior forces of the powerful [[Sassanid Empire|Persian]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Roman empires]] during their [[Islamic conquest of Persia|conquest of Persia]] and [[Muslim conquest of Syria|conquest of Roman Syria]].
*In 209 AD, in the [[Three Kingdoms|Three Kingdoms]] era of [[China|China]] at the [[Battle of Red Cliffs|Battle of Red Cliffs]], the combined 50,000 forces of [[Sun Quan|Sun Quan]] and [[Liu Bei|Liu Bei]] were able to defeat the overwhelming 220,000+ forces of [[Cao Cao|Cao Cao]].
*The Scottish army of [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]], outnumbered almost three to one, defeated the English force of [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] at the [[Battle of Bannockburn]].
*The [[Knights Hospitaller]] triumphed against the overwhelming [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces during the [[Great Siege of Malta]].
*In the 13th century, invasions from the powerful [[Mongol Empire]] were successfully repelled by both the [[Khilji dynasty]] of [[History of India|India]] and [[Bahri dynasty]] of [[History of Egypt|Egypt]].
*In the 1552 [[siege of Eger]], 2,100 [[Royal Hungary|Hungarians]] were able to withstand the onslaught of 80,000 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] soldiers.
*The defending British fleet was victorious over the "invincible" [[Spanish Armada]] in June 1588.
*[[Finland]] held out against the Soviet Union during the [[Winter War]].
*The [[Viet Minh]] triumphed over French colonial forces in the [[Indochina War]] and the [[NLF]] and [[North Vietnam]] defeated the United States and [[South Vietnam]] in the [[Vietnam War]].
*[[Afghanistan]] successfully repelled an invasion by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] during the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] in the 1980s.
*Attorney [[Clarence Darrow]] made a famous career in successfully defending several famous and disadvantaged criminal defendants in court.
*The Battle of Aljubarrota that took place on August 14, 1385, 6,500 Portuguese troops defeated the invading Spanish army of 31,000 men.

===American politics===
*[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Harry Truman]] in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1948|1948 presidential election]].
*[[Minnesota]] Senator [[Paul Wellstone]] in 1990.
*[[Wisconsin]] [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Russ Feingold]] in 1992.
*[[Tennessee]] Senator [[Bill Frist]] in 1994.
*Minnesota [[Governor]] [[Jesse Ventura]] in 1998.

===Sports===
*In 1919, boxer [[Jack Dempsey]] defeated the larger [[heavyweight]] champion [[Jess Willard]] in what many then called a modern [[Goliath|David and Goliath]] fight.
*In 1935, boxer [[James J. Braddock]] ([[Cinderella Man]]) defeated heavyweight champion [[Max Baer (boxer)|Max Baer]] as the 10-to-1 underdog in a major upset.
*On July 16, 1950, during the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]] final in [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] defeated the highest ranked team in the world and seemingly certain winners, [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]], [[Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)|2-1]] to win the tournament in one of the greatest upsets ever in Brazilian football history. Another upset in the tournament was the [[United States men's national soccer team|USA]] victory over (then) highly-ranked [[England national football team|England]], [[England v United States (1950)|1-0]].
*In the [[1954 FIFA World Cup]], [[Germany national football team|Germany]] defeated [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] 3-2 from 2-0 down to win the final. The amazing upset is called the ''[[Miracle of Bern]]''. Hungary's [[Golden Team]] had dominated the sport for several years in the 1950s, including beating the Germans 8-3 in the first round of the tournament. The final was their first and only defeat during that period.
*In [[Super Bowl III]], the [[New York Jets]], led by quarterback [[Joe Namath]], defeated the heavily favored [[History of the Indianapolis Colts|Baltimore Colts]] 16-7 after giving a "guarantee" to do so.
*In the 1964 [[Muhammad Ali versus Sonny Liston|Ali versus Liston]] and 1974 [[The Rumble in the Jungle|Rumble in the Jungle]] fights, boxer [[Muhammad Ali]] was expected to lose against [[Sonny Liston]] and [[George Foreman]] respectively, who were both formerly undefeated hard-punching heavyweight champions. Ali defeated them in major upsets. In 1975, underdog [[Chuck Wepner]] almost went [[The distance (boxing)|the distance]] with Ali, which was later the main inspiration for the fictional character of [[Rocky Balboa (character)|Rocky Balboa]] in the films ''[[Rocky]]'' (1976) and ''[[Rocky II]]'' (1979).
*In the [[1967 European Cup Final]], Scottish side [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] defeated heavy favourites [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Inter Milan]].
*In [[1969 World Series|1969]] the heavily favored [[Baltimore Orioles]] were defeated by the [[New York Mets]] in five games.
*[[Billy Mills]]'s upset in the [[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics - Men's 10000 metres|men's 10,000-metre event]] at the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in Tokyo.
*In 1972, non-league football club [[Hereford United F.C.|Hereford United]] [[Hereford United v Newcastle United 1972|defeated hugely favoured]] [[Football League First Division|top flight]] professional club [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] in the [[FA Cup]] Third Round replay.
*In 1978, Irish provincial [[rugby union]] team, [[Munster Rugby|Munster]], defeated the touring New Zealand [[All Blacks]] by 12 points to nil. The game was later turned into a stage play, ''[[Alone it Stands]]''.
*In 1980, the United States hockey team, consisting of amateurs and college players, defeated the Olympic hockey superpower, the Soviet Union. The amazing upset was called the "[[Miracle on Ice]]".
*On July 5, 1982, during the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]] group 2nd stage in [[Barcelona]], Spain, [[Italy national football team|Italy]] defeated then-unbeaten (and favourites for the final) [[Brazil national football team|Brazilian team]] 3-2. Eventually Italy, beat Poland in semi-final and West Germany in final, and won their 3rd FIFA World Cup.
*In the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]], India defeated two time winners West Indies in the final in a low scoring match. The Indian team before 1983, had never reached the semi final stages. This is considered as one of the biggest upset victories in the world of cricket.
*In 1985, 8th-seeded [[Villanova Wildcats men's basketball|Villanova]] defeated top-seeded and defending champion [[Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball|Georgetown]] in the championship game of the [[1985 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament]].
*Boxer [[James "Buster" Douglas]], given [[odds]] of 42-to-1 by one [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[sports book]], handed the previously-undefeated [[Mike Tyson]] his first ever professional defeat in Tokyo, Japan on February 11, 1990. This was the largest upset in the history of [[boxing]].
*In 1990, in the first match of the [[FIFA World Cup]], [[Cameroon]] team surprisingly obtained a shock 1-0 win over [[Argentina]], which was the defending champion.
*[[Derrike Cope]], who had never won a [[Sprint Cup|Winston Cup]] race, won the 1990 [[Daytona 500]] after [[Dale Earnhardt]] blew a tire on the last lap.
*[[Arie Luyendyk]], who had never won an [[IndyCar]] race, won the [[1990 Indianapolis 500]] after polesitter and heavy favorite [[Emerson Fittipaldi]], and later [[Bobby Rahal]], suffered tire blistering.
*In the [[UEFA Euro 1992|1992 European Football Championship]] in [[Sweden]], [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]], which entered as a reserve team because of the [[Yugoslav Wars]], won the tournament.
*[[Wendell Suckow]]'s surprising gold medal in men's singles [[luge]] for the United States at the [[FIL World Luge Championships 1993|1993 FIL World Luge Championships]] in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada.
*In 1994, the [[Denver Nuggets]] (42-40; 8th seed) beat the [[Seattle SuperSonics]] (64-18; 1st seed) in the first round of the playoffs.
*In 1998, the [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]] [[1997 Denver Broncos season|Denver Broncos]], 0-4 in previous Super Bowl trips, knocked off the [[1997 Green Bay Packers season|Green Bay Packers]] 31-24 in [[Super Bowl XXXII]]. The Broncos were the first [[American Football Conference]] team to win the Super Bowl since [[Super Bowl XVIII|1984]] and the first wild card team to win it since [[Super Bowl XV|1981]].
*In 2000, wrestler [[Rulon Gardner]] defeated [[Alexander Karelin]] of Russia in the 2000 Summer Olympics. Karelin had been undefeated for thirteen years, and had not given up a point in six years, prior to his loss in the gold medal match to Gardner.
*In 2001, [[Goran Ivanišević]] won the men's singles title at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] as a [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]]. He is the first and only person to have done so.
*In 2002, the [[New England Patriots]] defeated the [[St. Louis Rams]] 20-17 in [[Super Bowl XXXVI]]. The Rams were favored by 14 points, making it the second largest upset in [[Super Bowl]] history.
*In the [[2002 Winter Olympics]] in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]], United States, Belarus beat favourites Sweden 4-3 in the [[Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics|men's ice hockey competition]].
*In the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]], [[Senegal national football team|Senegal]] beat the [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998 World Cup]] winner [[France national football team|France]] during the opening game, much to the shock and surprise of most. Also, [[Korea Republic national football team|South Korea]] finished the tournament in 4th place, their best-ever result, and the [[United States men's national soccer team|Americans]] posted their best cup performance in modern history, thanks to a shock victory against the [[Mexico national football team|Mexicans]] and giving [[Germany national football team|Germany]], the eventual runners-up, a run for their money.
*In the [[UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004]] [[football (soccer)|football]] competition, [[Greece national football team|Greece]], which some sports books gave 150-1 odds to win at the start of the tournament, defeated the hosts [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] in their opening match, also the defending champions [[France national football team|France]], then favourites [[Czech Republic national football team|Czech Republic]] in the semi-finals, and Portugal again in the final, to win the trophy in probably the most unexpected victory in football history.
*In 2004, the [[Boston Red Sox]] were down three games to none against the favored [[New York Yankees]] in the [[2004 American League Championship Series|American League Championship Series]], and the Red Sox won four games in a row to defeat the Yankees by four games to three, winning their [[Curse of the Bambino|first World Series title in 86 years]] ''en route''.
*In the [[Copa Libertadores 2004|2004 Copa Libertadores]], [[Once Caldas]] won the title against all the odds, beating [[Santos Futebol Clube|Santos]], [[São Paulo Futebol Clube|São Paulo]] and finally the defending champions [[Club Atlético Boca Juniors|Boca Juniors]] in the penalty shootout.
* In the [[2004 French Open]], [[Gastón Gaudio]] was two sets down against pre-tournament favourite [[Guillermo Coria]], but the entire match suddenly turned on its head and Gaudio, after winning the next two sets, struggled on to win the title, saving two match points in the final set.
*In the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics|tennis competition]], [[Tomáš Berdych]] beat no. 1 seed [[Roger Federer]], and [[Nicolas Massú]] won the gold medal a matter of hours after the doubles final.
*In 2005, world [[cricket]] champions [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] were beaten by underdogs [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] in a [[one day cricket]] match at Cardiff, Wales, thanks to a century by 20-year-old [[Mohammad Ashraful]]. Of Bangladesh's previous 108 games, it was only their tenth win.
*In 2006, the 6th-seeded [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]] [[2005 Pittsburgh Steelers season|Pittsburgh Steelers]] upset the top-seeded [[2005 Indianapolis Colts season|Indianapolis Colts]] 21-18 in an AFC Divisional Playoff Game, becoming the [[National Football League|NFL]]'s first 6th seed ever to advance to a conference championship game. The Steelers would make more history [[NFL playoffs, 2005-06|that postseason]] by going on to win [[Super Bowl XL]], becoming the first team since the [[AFL-NFL merger]] to win a Super Bowl without playing any home playoff games.
*In 2006, the [[2005-06 George Mason Patriots men's basketball team|George Mason Patriots]] made it to the [[Final Four]] in the [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA Men's Tournament]] by defeating [[Michigan State Spartans men's basketball|Michigan State Spartans]], the defending champs [[North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball|North Carolina Tar Heels]], [[Wichita State University|Wichita State]] and the top-seeded [[Connecticut Huskies]].
*In the [[2007 Fiesta Bowl]], the underdog from the [[Western Athletic Conference]], [[2006 Boise State Broncos football team|Boise State]], upset [[Big 12 Conference|Big 12]] powerhouse [[2006 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma]] 43-42, using a [[hook and lateral]] play to tie the game near the end of regulation, a touchdown on a halfback option pass on 4th down and goal to close the scoreline gap to one point in overtime, and the winning two-point conversion on a [[Statue of Liberty play]].
*In 2007, the 8th-seeded [[Golden State Warriors]] upset the top-seeded [[Dallas Mavericks]] in the first round of the [[2007 NBA Playoffs]].
*In the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]], the unseeded and rank outsiders [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] upset 4th-seeded [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in the first round of the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
*Also in the 2007 Cricket World Cup, [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] beat [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]] finalists [[India national cricket team|India]] in another major upset, leading to India being eliminated and Bangladesh making it through to the Super 8 for the first time. Bangladesh caused another major upset at the 2007 World Cup by beating the world's then top-ranked team, [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]].
*In the [[ICC World Twenty20|2007 Cricket Twenty20 World Cup]], [[India national cricket team|India]] beat [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] champions [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the semi-final, going on to win the final against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. This was considered a major upset, as the Indian team was then at an all-time low, not having qualified for the Super 8 stage of the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
*In 2007, Division I FCS [[2007 Appalachian State Mountaineers football team|Appalachian State]] beat [[2007 Michigan Wolverines football team|Michigan]], the #5-ranked team in the top-level Division I FBS, [[2007 Appalachian State vs. Michigan football game|34-32]] in Michigan's season opener. Michigan became the first AP Top 25 team from the [[Division I#Football Bowl Subdivision|FBS]] to lose to a team in the [[Division I#Football Championship Subdivision|FCS]], and Michigan dropped out of the top 25 after the loss.
* Also in 2007, the unranked [[Stanford Cardinal football|Stanford Cardinal]], a 41-point underdog, beat the #2 [[2007 USC Trojans football team|USC Trojans]] [[2007 Stanford vs. Southern California football game|24-23]] in week 6. This win ultimately cost USC, the pre-season national champion favorite, a chance to [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|play for the national title]]; it had to settle for the [[2008 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]] instead.
* Again in 2007, the unranked [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh Panthers]], a 28-point underdog [[Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium|on the road]], upset the [[2007 West Virginia Mountaineers football team|West Virginia Mountaineers]] 13-9, ruining West Virginia's hopes of a [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|BCS title game berth]]. They wound up settling for a berth in the [[2008 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta Bowl]], in which they pulled an upset of their own, pounding the [[2007 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma Sooners]] 48-28.
* In the [[FA Cup 2007-08]], second division [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]] produced two shocks, firstly eliminating [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] in the fifth round at Anfield with a 2-1 victory, then defeating [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] 1-0 in the quarter-final before losing the semi-final against [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]].
* In 2008, [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] managed to win the [[Scottish Premier League 2007-08|SPL]] after overcoming a seven-point deficit to pip [[Old Firm|rivals]] [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] to the title on the last day of the season.
* [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg]] were the surprise winners of the 2007-2008 UEFA Cup, after eliminating favourites Bayern Munchen in the semi-final. They also knocked out other top-flight teams such as Villareal, Bayer Leverkusen and Marseille, and won the final 2-0 against Rangers. They also won the [[UEFA Super Cup]] by defeating European champions [[Manchester United]].
* In 2008, the [[2008 Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team|Fresno State Bulldogs]] won the [[2008 College World Series|NCAA Division I Baseball Championship]] after starting out as a regional 4 seed—equivalent to at best a #13 seed in the NCAA basketball tournament. During the tournament, the Bulldogs survived elimination 5 times and beat 4 nationally-seeded teams: No. 3 [[Arizona State Sun Devils baseball|Arizona State]], No. 6 [[Rice Owls baseball|Rice]], No. 2 [[North Carolina Tar Heels baseball|North Carolina]], and No. 8 [[Georgia Bulldogs baseball|Georgia]]. Fresno State became the lowest-seeded team (in any sport) to win an NCAA title.
*In [[Super Bowl XLII]], the [[New York Giants]] defeated the unbeaten [[New England Patriots]] (18-0) 17-14 to stop the NFL powerhouse from becoming the first NFL team to go undefeated since the [[1972 Miami Dolphins]]. The Giants also were underdogs in beating the higher seeded [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]], [[Dallas Cowboys]], and [[Green Bay Packers]] before getting the chance to play in the [[Super Bowl]].
* At the [[Euro 2008]] football tournament, [[Russian national football team|Russia]] were deemed underdogs by some pundits because the team was one of the youngest in the tournament, somewhat inexperienced in the international scene, and none of them played for the top few European leagues (such as the Premier League, La Liga or Serie A). However, they managed to defeat an experienced Swedish side boasting stars such as Larsson, Ibrahimović and Ljungberg, defending champions [[Greece national football team|Greece]] and overran the highly-rated [[Netherlands national football team|Dutch]] side 3-1 before bowing out to Spain at the semi-final stage.
* In 2008, [[Hull City A.F.C.]] came from 1-0 behind to defeat [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] 2-1 at their own ground, [[The Emirates]]. In doing so, they became the only team apart from [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham]] and [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] to defeat [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] in a league match at the stadium.<ref>http://www.arsenal.com/fixtures/fixtures-reports?season=2006-2007&x=21&y=3</ref><ref>http://www.arsenal.com/fixtures/fixtures-reports?season=2007-2008&x=21&y=3</ref>
* In 2008, the [[Tampa Bay Rays]] went from last in the [[AL East]] to first while also heading to the [[2008 World Series]]. Their underdog run ended at the [[World Series]] when they lost to the [[Philadelphia Phillies]] four games to one.
* In 2008, the [[Arizona Cardinals]] made an improbable run as underdogs through the [[NFL Playoffs]]. The Cardinals advanced to the [[Super Bowl]] for the first time in frachise history but fell to the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] 27-23.
*In [[2009]], in the [[World Baseball Classic]] [[tournament]] , the Puerto Rican [[team]] beat the [[United States]] team 11-1 by [[early termination rule]], ending the game in the 7th [[inning]] when [[Puerto Rico]] scored the [[run]] that would give them the 10-run [[advantage]] to put the rule in effect.
*In [[2009]], in the [[2010_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(CONMEBOL)|World Cup 2010 South American qualifiers]], [[Bolivia_national_football_team|Bolivia]] surprisingly defeated [[Argentina_national_football_team|Argentina]] 6-1 in La Paz. Ironically, the best results that Bolivia got in the qualifiers were against the leaders, two home victories against [[Paraguay_national_football_team|Paraguay]] and Argentina, and an away draw against [[Brazil_national_football_team|Brazil]].
*In [[2009 Stanley Cup Playoffs]], the [[San Jose Sharks]] entered the playoffs as the Presidents' Trophy winner, earning the NHL's best regular season record with 117 points. They were defeated 4-2 by the [[Anaheim Ducks]], who earned 91 points to clinch the eighth playoff seed in the Western Conference.

==See also==
{{Wiktionary|underdog}}

*[[Contender (stock character)]]
*[[Cinderella (sports)]]
*[[Rags to riches]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Competition]]
[[Category:Sports terminology]]

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Underdog

2009-05-26T10:27:02Z

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{{Unreferenced|date=August 2008}}
An '''underdog''' is a person or group in a [[competition]], frequently in [[election|electoral politics]], [[sports]] and [[creative work]]s, who is popularly expected to lose. The party, team or individual expected to win is called the '''favourite''' or '''top dog'''. In the rare case where an underdog wins, the outcome is an [[upset]]. These terms are commonly used in [[Gambling#Sports betting|sports betting]].{{Or|date=August 2008}}

==Sympathy for the underdog==
In a broader sense, "underdog" is used in reference to a social or ethnic group which experiences discrimination, persecution and/or economic disability, and which could therefore gain the sympathy of public opinion, either nationally or worldwide. Such sympathy has often proved of crucial importance in the struggles of [[national liberation]], [[civil rights]] and [[social justice]] movements, and such movements sometimes significantly modify their tactics and strategy in order to gain "underdog sympathy".

The definition of a particular group as an "underdog" or (conversely) a "top dog" may change considerably over time and through circumstances. During the [[Boer War]], the [[Afrikaner]]s were widely perceived as the underdogs, a small group of people bravely defying the might of the [[British Empire]] {{see|Opposition to the Second Boer War}}.

During [[Apartheid]], however, the Afrikaners became regarded as cruel [[racist]] oppressors, with the South African [[Black]]s being the underdogs. Similarly, in its earlier stages, the [[Zionist]] movement was widely regarded in the West as representing an underdog, as Jews were the target of persecution, and later of [[Nazi]] genocide. The creation of [[Israel]] in 1948 was widely regarded as a victory for this underdog. However, Israel's [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupation]]s of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]], along with the increasing visibility of the displaced [[Palestinians]] through the activities of [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian nationalist]] groups such as the [[PLO]], has increased awareness and sympathy for the Palestinians. The governments of both Israel and the [[Palestinian National Authority]] have successfully portrayed themselves to the rest of the world as the victims, and thus underdogs, the former by emphasising attacks on Israel launched by groups such as [[Hamas]] and other allied Arab groups such as [[Hezbollah]], the latter by highlighting the actions taken against military and civilian targets in the occupied territories by the [[Israel Defense Forces]].

The depiction of a conflict in the [[mass media]], especially on [[TV]], greatly influences who would be seen as the "underdog" and "favourite". Consequently, participants in various conflicts often accuse the international media of ignoring or downplaying the casualties on their own side, while inflating those of their opponents.

==Underdogs==
===History===
*King [[Sudas]] defeated the ten [[Rigvedic tribes]] during the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]].
*The [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] states successfully repelled the mighty [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] [[Persian Empire]] at the [[Battle of Salamis]].
*The people of [[Rhodes]] in resisting the siege imposed by King [[Demetrius I of Macedon]].
*[[Hannibal (Barcid)|Hannibal]] defeated the numerically superior [[Roman Republic|Roman]] forces at the [[Battle of Cannae]] during the [[Second Punic War]].
*The [[Parthia]]ns, who were outnumbered four to one, defeated the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] at the [[Battle of Carrhae]].
*The [[Rashidun army|Arab army]] led by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] defeated the numerically superior forces of the powerful [[Sassanid Empire|Persian]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Roman empires]] during their [[Islamic conquest of Persia|conquest of Persia]] and [[Muslim conquest of Syria|conquest of Roman Syria]].
*In 209 AD, in the [[Three Kingdoms|Three Kingdoms]] era of [[China|China]] at the [[Battle of Red Cliffs|Battle of Red Cliffs]], the combined 50,000 forces of [[Sun Quan|Sun Quan]] and [[Liu Bei|Liu Bei]] were able to defeat the overwhelming 220,000+ forces of [[Cao Cao|Cao Cao]].
*The Scottish army of [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]], outnumbered almost three to one, defeated the English force of [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] at the [[Battle of Bannockburn]].
*The [[Knights Hospitaller]] triumphed against the overwhelming [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces during the [[Great Siege of Malta]].
*In the 13th century, invasions from the powerful [[Mongol Empire]] were successfully repelled by both the [[Khilji dynasty]] of [[History of India|India]] and [[Bahri dynasty]] of [[History of Egypt|Egypt]].
*In the 1552 [[siege of Eger]], 2,100 [[Royal Hungary|Hungarians]] were able to withstand the onslaught of 80,000 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] soldiers.
*The defending British fleet was victorious over the "invincible" [[Spanish Armada]] in June 1588.
*[[Finland]] held out against the Soviet Union during the [[Winter War]].
*The [[Viet Minh]] triumphed over French colonial forces in the [[Indochina War]] and the [[NLF]] and [[North Vietnam]] defeated the United States and [[South Vietnam]] in the [[Vietnam War]].
*[[Afghanistan]] successfully repelled an invasion by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] during the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] in the 1980s.
*Attorney [[Clarence Darrow]] made a famous career in successfully defending several famous and disadvantaged criminal defendants in court.
*The Battle of Aljubarrota that took place on August 14, 1385, 6,500 Portuguese troops defeated the invading Spanish army of 31,000 men.

===American politics===
*[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Harry Truman]] in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1948|1948 presidential election]].
*[[Minnesota]] Senator [[Paul Wellstone]] in 1990.
*[[Wisconsin]] [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Russ Feingold]] in 1992.
*[[Tennessee]] Senator [[Bill Frist]] in 1994.
*Minnesota [[Governor]] [[Jesse Ventura]] in 1998.

===Sports===
*In 1919, boxer [[Jack Dempsey]] defeated the larger [[heavyweight]] champion [[Jess Willard]] in what many then called a modern [[Goliath|David and Goliath]] fight.
*In 1935, boxer [[James J. Braddock]] ([[Cinderella Man]]) defeated heavyweight champion [[Max Baer (boxer)|Max Baer]] as the 10-to-1 underdog in a major upset.
*On July 16, 1950, during the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]] final in [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] defeated the highest ranked team in the world and seemingly certain winners, [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]], [[Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)|2-1]] to win the tournament in one of the greatest upsets ever in Brazilian football history. Another upset in the tournament was the [[United States men's national soccer team|USA]] victory over (then) highly-ranked [[England national football team|England]], [[England v United States (1950)|1-0]].
*In the [[1954 FIFA World Cup]], [[Germany national football team|Germany]] defeated [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] 3-2 from 2-0 down to win the final. The amazing upset is called the ''[[Miracle of Bern]]''. Hungary's [[Golden Team]] had dominated the sport for several years in the 1950s, including beating the Germans 8-3 in the first round of the tournament. The final was their first and only defeat during that period.
*In [[Super Bowl III]], the [[New York Jets]], led by quarterback [[Joe Namath]], defeated the heavily favored [[History of the Indianapolis Colts|Baltimore Colts]] 16-7 after giving a "guarantee" to do so.
*In the 1964 [[Muhammad Ali versus Sonny Liston|Ali versus Liston]] and 1974 [[The Rumble in the Jungle|Rumble in the Jungle]] fights, boxer [[Muhammad Ali]] was expected to lose against [[Sonny Liston]] and [[George Foreman]] respectively, who were both formerly undefeated hard-punching heavyweight champions. Ali defeated them in major upsets. In 1975, underdog [[Chuck Wepner]] almost went [[The distance (boxing)|the distance]] with Ali, which was later the main inspiration for the fictional character of [[Rocky Balboa (character)|Rocky Balboa]] in the films ''[[Rocky]]'' (1976) and ''[[Rocky II]]'' (1979).
*In the [[1967 European Cup Final]], Scottish side [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] defeated heavy favourites [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Inter Milan]].
*In [[1969 World Series|1969]] the heavily favored [[Baltimore Orioles]] were defeated by the [[New York Mets]] in five games.
*[[Billy Mills]]'s upset in the [[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics - Men's 10000 metres|men's 10,000-metre event]] at the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in Tokyo.
*In 1972, non-league football club [[Hereford United F.C.|Hereford United]] [[Hereford United v Newcastle United 1972|defeated hugely favoured]] [[Football League First Division|top flight]] professional club [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] in the [[FA Cup]] Third Round replay.
*In 1978, Irish provincial [[rugby union]] team, [[Munster Rugby|Munster]], defeated the touring New Zealand [[All Blacks]] by 12 points to nil. The game was later turned into a stage play, ''[[Alone it Stands]]''.
*In 1980, the United States hockey team, consisting of amateurs and college players, defeated the Olympic hockey superpower, the Soviet Union. The amazing upset was called the "[[Miracle on Ice]]".
*On July 5, 1982, during the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]] group 2nd stage in [[Barcelona]], Spain, [[Italy national football team|Italy]] defeated then-unbeaten (and favourites for the final) [[Brazil national football team|Brazilian team]] 3-2. Eventually Italy, beat Poland in semi-final and West Germany in final, and won their 3rd FIFA World Cup.
*In the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]], India defeated two time winners West Indies in the final in a low scoring match. The Indian team before 1983, had never reached the semi final stages. This is considered as one of the biggest upset victories in the world of cricket.
*In 1985, 8th-seeded [[Villanova Wildcats men's basketball|Villanova]] defeated top-seeded and defending champion [[Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball|Georgetown]] in the championship game of the [[1985 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament]].
*Boxer [[James "Buster" Douglas]], given [[odds]] of 42-to-1 by one [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[sports book]], handed the previously-undefeated [[Mike Tyson]] his first ever professional defeat in Tokyo, Japan on February 11, 1990. This was the largest upset in the history of [[boxing]].
*[[Derrike Cope]], who had never won a [[Sprint Cup|Winston Cup]] race, won the 1990 [[Daytona 500]] after [[Dale Earnhardt]] blew a tire on the last lap.
*[[Arie Luyendyk]], who had never won an [[IndyCar]] race, won the [[1990 Indianapolis 500]] after polesitter and heavy favorite [[Emerson Fittipaldi]], and later [[Bobby Rahal]], suffered tire blistering.
*In the [[UEFA Euro 1992|1992 European Football Championship]] in [[Sweden]], [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]], which entered as a reserve team because of the [[Yugoslav Wars]], won the tournament.
*[[Wendell Suckow]]'s surprising gold medal in men's singles [[luge]] for the United States at the [[FIL World Luge Championships 1993|1993 FIL World Luge Championships]] in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada.
*In 1994, the [[Denver Nuggets]] (42-40; 8th seed) beat the [[Seattle SuperSonics]] (64-18; 1st seed) in the first round of the playoffs.
*In 1998, the [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]] [[1997 Denver Broncos season|Denver Broncos]], 0-4 in previous Super Bowl trips, knocked off the [[1997 Green Bay Packers season|Green Bay Packers]] 31-24 in [[Super Bowl XXXII]]. The Broncos were the first [[American Football Conference]] team to win the Super Bowl since [[Super Bowl XVIII|1984]] and the first wild card team to win it since [[Super Bowl XV|1981]].
*In 2000, wrestler [[Rulon Gardner]] defeated [[Alexander Karelin]] of Russia in the 2000 Summer Olympics. Karelin had been undefeated for thirteen years, and had not given up a point in six years, prior to his loss in the gold medal match to Gardner.
*In 2001, [[Goran Ivanišević]] won the men's singles title at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] as a [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]]. He is the first and only person to have done so.
*In 2002, the [[New England Patriots]] defeated the [[St. Louis Rams]] 20-17 in [[Super Bowl XXXVI]]. The Rams were favored by 14 points, making it the second largest upset in [[Super Bowl]] history.
*In the [[2002 Winter Olympics]] in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]], United States, Belarus beat favourites Sweden 4-3 in the [[Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics|men's ice hockey competition]].
*In the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]], [[Senegal national football team|Senegal]] beat the [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998 World Cup]] winner [[France national football team|France]] during the opening game, much to the shock and surprise of most. Also, [[Korea Republic national football team|South Korea]] finished the tournament in 4th place, their best-ever result, and the [[United States men's national soccer team|Americans]] posted their best cup performance in modern history, thanks to a shock victory against the [[Mexico national football team|Mexicans]] and giving [[Germany national football team|Germany]], the eventual runners-up, a run for their money.
*In the [[UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004]] [[football (soccer)|football]] competition, [[Greece national football team|Greece]], which some sports books gave 150-1 odds to win at the start of the tournament, defeated the hosts [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] in their opening match, also the defending champions [[France national football team|France]], then favourites [[Czech Republic national football team|Czech Republic]] in the semi-finals, and Portugal again in the final, to win the trophy in probably the most unexpected victory in football history.
*In 2004, the [[Boston Red Sox]] were down three games to none against the favored [[New York Yankees]] in the [[2004 American League Championship Series|American League Championship Series]], and the Red Sox won four games in a row to defeat the Yankees by four games to three, winning their [[Curse of the Bambino|first World Series title in 86 years]] ''en route''.
*In the [[Copa Libertadores 2004|2004 Copa Libertadores]], [[Once Caldas]] won the title against all the odds, beating [[Santos Futebol Clube|Santos]], [[São Paulo Futebol Clube|São Paulo]] and finally the defending champions [[Club Atlético Boca Juniors|Boca Juniors]] in the penalty shootout.
* In the [[2004 French Open]], [[Gastón Gaudio]] was two sets down against pre-tournament favourite [[Guillermo Coria]], but the entire match suddenly turned on its head and Gaudio, after winning the next two sets, struggled on to win the title, saving two match points in the final set.
*In the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics|tennis competition]], [[Tomáš Berdych]] beat no. 1 seed [[Roger Federer]], and [[Nicolas Massú]] won the gold medal a matter of hours after the doubles final.
*In 2005, world [[cricket]] champions [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] were beaten by underdogs [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] in a [[one day cricket]] match at Cardiff, Wales, thanks to a century by 20-year-old [[Mohammad Ashraful]]. Of Bangladesh's previous 108 games, it was only their tenth win.
*In 2006, the 6th-seeded [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]] [[2005 Pittsburgh Steelers season|Pittsburgh Steelers]] upset the top-seeded [[2005 Indianapolis Colts season|Indianapolis Colts]] 21-18 in an AFC Divisional Playoff Game, becoming the [[National Football League|NFL]]'s first 6th seed ever to advance to a conference championship game. The Steelers would make more history [[NFL playoffs, 2005-06|that postseason]] by going on to win [[Super Bowl XL]], becoming the first team since the [[AFL-NFL merger]] to win a Super Bowl without playing any home playoff games.
*In 2006, the [[2005-06 George Mason Patriots men's basketball team|George Mason Patriots]] made it to the [[Final Four]] in the [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA Men's Tournament]] by defeating [[Michigan State Spartans men's basketball|Michigan State Spartans]], the defending champs [[North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball|North Carolina Tar Heels]], [[Wichita State University|Wichita State]] and the top-seeded [[Connecticut Huskies]].
*In the [[2007 Fiesta Bowl]], the underdog from the [[Western Athletic Conference]], [[2006 Boise State Broncos football team|Boise State]], upset [[Big 12 Conference|Big 12]] powerhouse [[2006 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma]] 43-42, using a [[hook and lateral]] play to tie the game near the end of regulation, a touchdown on a halfback option pass on 4th down and goal to close the scoreline gap to one point in overtime, and the winning two-point conversion on a [[Statue of Liberty play]].
*In 2007, the 8th-seeded [[Golden State Warriors]] upset the top-seeded [[Dallas Mavericks]] in the first round of the [[2007 NBA Playoffs]].
*In the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]], the unseeded and rank outsiders [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] upset 4th-seeded [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in the first round of the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
*Also in the 2007 Cricket World Cup, [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] beat [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]] finalists [[India national cricket team|India]] in another major upset, leading to India being eliminated and Bangladesh making it through to the Super 8 for the first time. Bangladesh caused another major upset at the 2007 World Cup by beating the world's then top-ranked team, [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]].
*In the [[ICC World Twenty20|2007 Cricket Twenty20 World Cup]], [[India national cricket team|India]] beat [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] champions [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the semi-final, going on to win the final against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. This was considered a major upset, as the Indian team was then at an all-time low, not having qualified for the Super 8 stage of the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
*In 2007, Division I FCS [[2007 Appalachian State Mountaineers football team|Appalachian State]] beat [[2007 Michigan Wolverines football team|Michigan]], the #5-ranked team in the top-level Division I FBS, [[2007 Appalachian State vs. Michigan football game|34-32]] in Michigan's season opener. Michigan became the first AP Top 25 team from the [[Division I#Football Bowl Subdivision|FBS]] to lose to a team in the [[Division I#Football Championship Subdivision|FCS]], and Michigan dropped out of the top 25 after the loss.
* Also in 2007, the unranked [[Stanford Cardinal football|Stanford Cardinal]], a 41-point underdog, beat the #2 [[2007 USC Trojans football team|USC Trojans]] [[2007 Stanford vs. Southern California football game|24-23]] in week 6. This win ultimately cost USC, the pre-season national champion favorite, a chance to [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|play for the national title]]; it had to settle for the [[2008 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]] instead.
* Again in 2007, the unranked [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh Panthers]], a 28-point underdog [[Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium|on the road]], upset the [[2007 West Virginia Mountaineers football team|West Virginia Mountaineers]] 13-9, ruining West Virginia's hopes of a [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|BCS title game berth]]. They wound up settling for a berth in the [[2008 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta Bowl]], in which they pulled an upset of their own, pounding the [[2007 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma Sooners]] 48-28.
* In the [[FA Cup 2007-08]], second division [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]] produced two shocks, firstly eliminating [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] in the fifth round at Anfield with a 2-1 victory, then defeating [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] 1-0 in the quarter-final before losing the semi-final against [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]].
* In 2008, [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] managed to win the [[Scottish Premier League 2007-08|SPL]] after overcoming a seven-point deficit to pip [[Old Firm|rivals]] [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] to the title on the last day of the season.
* [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg]] were the surprise winners of the 2007-2008 UEFA Cup, after eliminating favourites Bayern Munchen in the semi-final. They also knocked out other top-flight teams such as Villareal, Bayer Leverkusen and Marseille, and won the final 2-0 against Rangers. They also won the [[UEFA Super Cup]] by defeating European champions [[Manchester United]].
* In 2008, the [[2008 Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team|Fresno State Bulldogs]] won the [[2008 College World Series|NCAA Division I Baseball Championship]] after starting out as a regional 4 seed—equivalent to at best a #13 seed in the NCAA basketball tournament. During the tournament, the Bulldogs survived elimination 5 times and beat 4 nationally-seeded teams: No. 3 [[Arizona State Sun Devils baseball|Arizona State]], No. 6 [[Rice Owls baseball|Rice]], No. 2 [[North Carolina Tar Heels baseball|North Carolina]], and No. 8 [[Georgia Bulldogs baseball|Georgia]]. Fresno State became the lowest-seeded team (in any sport) to win an NCAA title.
*In [[Super Bowl XLII]], the [[New York Giants]] defeated the unbeaten [[New England Patriots]] (18-0) 17-14 to stop the NFL powerhouse from becoming the first NFL team to go undefeated since the [[1972 Miami Dolphins]]. The Giants also were underdogs in beating the higher seeded [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]], [[Dallas Cowboys]], and [[Green Bay Packers]] before getting the chance to play in the [[Super Bowl]].
* At the [[Euro 2008]] football tournament, [[Russian national football team|Russia]] were deemed underdogs by some pundits because the team was one of the youngest in the tournament, somewhat inexperienced in the international scene, and none of them played for the top few European leagues (such as the Premier League, La Liga or Serie A). However, they managed to defeat an experienced Swedish side boasting stars such as Larsson, Ibrahimović and Ljungberg, defending champions [[Greece national football team|Greece]] and overran the highly-rated [[Netherlands national football team|Dutch]] side 3-1 before bowing out to Spain at the semi-final stage.
* In 2008, [[Hull City A.F.C.]] came from 1-0 behind to defeat [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] 2-1 at their own ground, [[The Emirates]]. In doing so, they became the only team apart from [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham]] and [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] to defeat [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] in a league match at the stadium.<ref>http://www.arsenal.com/fixtures/fixtures-reports?season=2006-2007&x=21&y=3</ref><ref>http://www.arsenal.com/fixtures/fixtures-reports?season=2007-2008&x=21&y=3</ref>
* In 2008, the [[Tampa Bay Rays]] went from last in the [[AL East]] to first while also heading to the [[2008 World Series]]. Their underdog run ended at the [[World Series]] when they lost to the [[Philadelphia Phillies]] four games to one.
* In 2008, the [[Arizona Cardinals]] made an improbable run as underdogs through the [[NFL Playoffs]]. The Cardinals advanced to the [[Super Bowl]] for the first time in frachise history but fell to the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] 27-23.
*In [[2009]], in the [[World Baseball Classic]] [[tournament]] , the Puerto Rican [[team]] beat the [[United States]] team 11-1 by [[early termination rule]], ending the game in the 7th [[inning]] when [[Puerto Rico]] scored the [[run]] that would give them the 10-run [[advantage]] to put the rule in effect.
*In [[2009]], in the [[2010_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(CONMEBOL)|World Cup 2010 South American qualifiers]], [[Bolivia_national_football_team|Bolivia]] surprisingly defeated [[Argentina_national_football_team|Argentina]] 6-1 in La Paz. Ironically, the best results that Bolivia got in the qualifiers were against the leaders, two home victories against [[Paraguay_national_football_team|Paraguay]] and Argentina, and an away draw against [[Brazil_national_football_team|Brazil]].
*In [[2009 Stanley Cup Playoffs]], the [[San Jose Sharks]] entered the playoffs as the Presidents' Trophy winner, earning the NHL's best regular season record with 117 points. They were defeated 4-2 by the [[Anaheim Ducks]], who earned 91 points to clinch the eighth playoff seed in the Western Conference.

==See also==
{{Wiktionary|underdog}}

*[[Contender (stock character)]]
*[[Cinderella (sports)]]
*[[Rags to riches]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Competition]]
[[Category:Sports terminology]]

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Underdog

2009-05-26T10:26:24Z

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{{Unreferenced|date=August 2008}}
An '''underdog''' is a person or group in a [[competition]], frequently in [[election|electoral politics]], [[sports]] and [[creative work]]s, who is popularly expected to lose. The party, team or individual expected to win is called the '''favourite''' or '''top dog'''. In the rare case where an underdog wins, the outcome is an [[upset]]. These terms are commonly used in [[Gambling#Sports betting|sports betting]].{{Or|date=August 2008}}

==Sympathy for the underdog==
In a broader sense, "underdog" is used in reference to a social or ethnic group which experiences discrimination, persecution and/or economic disability, and which could therefore gain the sympathy of public opinion, either nationally or worldwide. Such sympathy has often proved of crucial importance in the struggles of [[national liberation]], [[civil rights]] and [[social justice]] movements, and such movements sometimes significantly modify their tactics and strategy in order to gain "underdog sympathy".

The definition of a particular group as an "underdog" or (conversely) a "top dog" may change considerably over time and through circumstances. During the [[Boer War]], the [[Afrikaner]]s were widely perceived as the underdogs, a small group of people bravely defying the might of the [[British Empire]] {{see|Opposition to the Second Boer War}}.

During [[Apartheid]], however, the Afrikaners became regarded as cruel [[racist]] oppressors, with the South African [[Black]]s being the underdogs. Similarly, in its earlier stages, the [[Zionist]] movement was widely regarded in the West as representing an underdog, as Jews were the target of persecution, and later of [[Nazi]] genocide. The creation of [[Israel]] in 1948 was widely regarded as a victory for this underdog. However, Israel's [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupation]]s of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]], along with the increasing visibility of the displaced [[Palestinians]] through the activities of [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian nationalist]] groups such as the [[PLO]], has increased awareness and sympathy for the Palestinians. The governments of both Israel and the [[Palestinian National Authority]] have successfully portrayed themselves to the rest of the world as the victims, and thus underdogs, the former by emphasising attacks on Israel launched by groups such as [[Hamas]] and other allied Arab groups such as [[Hezbollah]], the latter by highlighting the actions taken against military and civilian targets in the occupied territories by the [[Israel Defense Forces]].

The depiction of a conflict in the [[mass media]], especially on [[TV]], greatly influences who would be seen as the "underdog" and "favourite". Consequently, participants in various conflicts often accuse the international media of ignoring or downplaying the casualties on their own side, while inflating those of their opponents.

==Underdogs==
===History===
*King [[Sudas]] defeated the ten [[Rigvedic tribes]] during the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]].
*The [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] states successfully repelled the mighty [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] [[Persian Empire]] at the [[Battle of Salamis]].
*The people of [[Rhodes]] in resisting the siege imposed by King [[Demetrius I of Macedon]].
*[[Hannibal (Barcid)|Hannibal]] defeated the numerically superior [[Roman Republic|Roman]] forces at the [[Battle of Cannae]] during the [[Second Punic War]].
*The [[Parthia]]ns, who were outnumbered four to one, defeated the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] at the [[Battle of Carrhae]].
*The [[Rashidun army|Arab army]] led by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] defeated the numerically superior forces of the powerful [[Sassanid Empire|Persian]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Roman empires]] during their [[Islamic conquest of Persia|conquest of Persia]] and [[Muslim conquest of Syria|conquest of Roman Syria]].
*In 209 AD, in the [[Three Kingdoms|Three Kingdoms]] era of [[China|China]] at the [[Battle of Red Cliffs|Battle of Red Cliffs]], the combined 50,000 forces of [[Sun Quan|Sun Quan]] and [[Liu Bei|Liu Bei]] were able to defeat the overwhelming 220,000+ forces of [[Cao Cao|Cao Cao]].
*The Scottish army of [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]], outnumbered almost three to one, defeated the English force of [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] at the [[Battle of Bannockburn]].
*The [[Knights Hospitaller]] triumphed against the overwhelming [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces during the [[Great Siege of Malta]].
*In the 13th century, invasions from the powerful [[Mongol Empire]] were successfully repelled by both the [[Khilji dynasty]] of [[History of India|India]] and [[Bahri dynasty]] of [[History of Egypt|Egypt]].
*In the 1552 [[siege of Eger]], 2,100 [[Royal Hungary|Hungarians]] were able to withstand the onslaught of 80,000 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] soldiers.
*The defending British fleet was victorious over the "invincible" [[Spanish Armada]] in June 1588.
*[[Finland]] held out against the Soviet Union during the [[Winter War]].
*The [[Viet Minh]] triumphed over French colonial forces in the [[Indochina War]] and the [[NLF]] and [[North Vietnam]] defeated the United States and [[South Vietnam]] in the [[Vietnam War]].
*[[Afghanistan]] successfully repelled an invasion by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] during the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] in the 1980s.
*Attorney [[Clarence Darrow]] made a famous career in successfully defending several famous and disadvantaged criminal defendants in court.
*The Battle of Aljubarrota that took place on August 14, 1385, 6,500 Portuguese troops defeated the invading Spanish army of 31,000 men.

===American politics===
*[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Harry Truman]] in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1948|1948 presidential election]].
*[[Minnesota]] Senator [[Paul Wellstone]] in 1990.
*[[Wisconsin]] [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Russ Feingold]] in 1992.
*[[Tennessee]] Senator [[Bill Frist]] in 1994.
*Minnesota [[Governor]] [[Jesse Ventura]] in 1998.

===Sports===
*In 1919, boxer [[Jack Dempsey]] defeated the larger [[heavyweight]] champion [[Jess Willard]] in what many then called a modern [[Goliath|David and Goliath]] fight.
*In 1935, boxer [[James J. Braddock]] ([[Cinderella Man]]) defeated heavyweight champion [[Max Baer (boxer)|Max Baer]] as the 10-to-1 underdog in a major upset.
*On July 16, 1950, during the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]] final in [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] defeated the highest ranked team in the world and seemingly certain winners, [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]], [[Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)|2-1]] to win the tournament in one of the greatest upsets ever in Brazilian football history. Another upset in the tournament was the [[United States men's national soccer team|USA]] victory over (then) highly-ranked [[England national football team|England]], [[England v United States (1950)|1-0]].
*In the [[1954 FIFA World Cup]], [[Germany national football team|Germany]] defeated [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] 3-2 from 2-0 down to win the final. The amazing upset is called the ''[[Miracle of Bern]]''. Hungary's [[Golden Team]] had dominated the sport for several years in the 1950s, including beating the Germans 8-3 in the first round of the tournament. The final was their first and only defeat during that period.
*In [[Super Bowl III]], the [[New York Jets]], led by quarterback [[Joe Namath]], defeated the heavily favored [[History of the Indianapolis Colts|Baltimore Colts]] 16-7 after giving a "guarantee" to do so.
*In the 1964 [[Muhammad Ali versus Sonny Liston|Ali versus Liston]] and 1974 [[The Rumble in the Jungle|Rumble in the Jungle]] fights, boxer [[Muhammad Ali]] was expected to lose against [[Sonny Liston]] and [[George Foreman]] respectively, who were both formerly undefeated hard-punching heavyweight champions. Ali defeated them in major upsets. In 1975, underdog [[Chuck Wepner]] almost went [[The distance (boxing)|the distance]] with Ali, which was later the main inspiration for the fictional character of [[Rocky Balboa (character)|Rocky Balboa]] in the films ''[[Rocky]]'' (1976) and ''[[Rocky II]]'' (1979).
*In the [[1967 European Cup Final]], Scottish side [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] defeated heavy favourites [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Inter Milan]].
*In [[1969 World Series|1969]] the heavily favored [[Baltimore Orioles]] were defeated by the [[New York Mets]] in five games.
*[[Billy Mills]]'s upset in the [[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics - Men's 10000 metres|men's 10,000-metre event]] at the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in Tokyo.
*In 1972, non-league football club [[Hereford United F.C.|Hereford United]] [[Hereford United v Newcastle United 1972|defeated hugely favoured]] [[Football League First Division|top flight]] professional club [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] in the [[FA Cup]] Third Round replay.
*In 1978, Irish provincial [[rugby union]] team, [[Munster Rugby|Munster]], defeated the touring New Zealand [[All Blacks]] by 12 points to nil. The game was later turned into a stage play, ''[[Alone it Stands]]''.
*In 1980, the United States hockey team, consisting of amateurs and college players, defeated the Olympic hockey superpower, the Soviet Union. The amazing upset was called the "[[Miracle on Ice]]".
*On July 5, 1982, during the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]] group 2nd stage in [[Barcelona]], Spain, [[Italy national football team|Italy]] defeated then-unbeaten (and favourites for the final) [[Brazil national football team|Brazilian team]] 3-2. Eventually Italy, beat Poland in semi-final and West Germany in final, and won their 3rd FIFA World Cup.
*In the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]], India defeated two time winners West Indies in the final in a low scoring match. The Indian team before 1983, had never reached the semi final stages. This is considered as one of the biggest upset victories in the world of cricket.
*In 1985, 8th-seeded [[Villanova Wildcats men's basketball|Villanova]] defeated top-seeded and defending champion [[Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball|Georgetown]] in the championship game of the [[1985 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament]].
*Boxer [[James "Buster" Douglas]], given [[odds]] of 42-to-1 by one [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[sports book]], handed the previously-undefeated [[Mike Tyson]] his first ever professional defeat in Tokyo, Japan on February 11, 1990. This was the largest upset in the history of [[boxing]].
*[[Derrike Cope]], who had never won a [[Sprint Cup|Winston Cup]] race, won the 1990 [[Daytona 500]] after [[Dale Earnhardt]] blew a tire on the last lap.
*[[Arie Luyendyk]], who had never won an [[IndyCar]] race, won the [[1990 Indianapolis 500]] after polesitter and heavy favorite [[Emerson Fittipaldi]], and later [[Bobby Rahal]], suffered tire blistering.
*In the [[UEFA Euro 1992|1992 European Football Championship]] in [[Sweden]], [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]], which entered as a reserve team because of the [[Yugoslav Wars]], won the tournament.
*[[Wendell Suckow]]'s surprising gold medal in men's singles [[luge]] for the United States at the [[FIL World Luge Championships 1993|1993 FIL World Luge Championships]] in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada.
*In 1994, the [[Denver Nuggets]] (42-40; 8th seed) beat the [[Seattle SuperSonics]] (64-18; 1st seed) in the first round of the playoffs.
*In 1998, the [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]] [[1997 Denver Broncos season|Denver Broncos]], 0-4 in previous Super Bowl trips, knocked off the [[1997 Green Bay Packers season|Green Bay Packers]] 31-24 in [[Super Bowl XXXII]]. The Broncos were the first [[American Football Conference]] team to win the Super Bowl since [[Super Bowl XVIII|1984]] and the first wild card team to win it since [[Super Bowl XV|1981]].
*In 2000, wrestler [[Rulon Gardner]] defeated [[Alexander Karelin]] of Russia in the 2000 Summer Olympics. Karelin had been undefeated for thirteen years, and had not given up a point in six years, prior to his loss in the gold medal match to Gardner.
*In 2001, [[Goran Ivanišević]] won the men's singles title at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] as a [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]]. He is the first and only person to have done so.
*In 2002, the [[New England Patriots]] defeated the [[St. Louis Rams]] 20-17 in [[Super Bowl XXXVI]]. The Rams were favored by 14 points, making it the second largest upset in [[Super Bowl]] history.
*In the [[2002 Winter Olympics]] in [[Salt Lake City, Utah]], United States, Belarus beat favourites Sweden 4-3 in the [[Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics|men's ice hockey competition]].
*In the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]], [[Senegal national football team|Senegal]] beat the [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998 World Cup]] winner [[France national football team|France]] during the opening game, much to the shock and surprise of most. Also, [[Korea Republic national football team|South Korea]] finished the tournament in 4th place, their best-ever result, and the [[United States men's national soccer team|Americans]] posted their best cup performance in modern history, thanks to a shock victory against the [[Mexico national football team|Mexicans]] and giving [[Germany national football team|Germany]], the eventual runners-up, a run for their money.
*In the [[UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004]] [[football (soccer)|football]] competition, [[Greece national football team|Greece]], which some sports books gave 150-1 odds to win at the start of the tournament, defeated the hosts [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] in their opening match, also the defending champions [[France national football team|France]], then favourites [[Czech Republic national football team|Czech Republic]] in the semi-finals, and Portugal again in the final, to win the trophy in probably the most unexpected victory in football history.
*In 2004, the [[Boston Red Sox]] were down three games to none against the favored [[New York Yankees]] in the [[2004 American League Championship Series|American League Championship Series]], and the Red Sox won four games in a row to defeat the Yankees by four games to three, winning their [[Curse of the Bambino|first World Series title in 86 years]] ''en route''.
*In the [[Copa Libertadores 2004|2004 Copa Libertadores]], [[Once Caldas]] won the title against all the odds, beating [[Santos Futebol Clube|Santos]], [[São Paulo Futebol Clube|São Paulo]] and finally the defending champions [[Club Atlético Boca Juniors|Boca Juniors]] in the penalty shootout.
* In the [[2004 French Open]], [[Gastón Gaudio]] was two sets down against pre-tournament favourite [[Guillermo Coria]], but the entire match suddenly turned on its head and Gaudio, after winning the next two sets, struggled on to win the title, saving two match points in the final set.
*In the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics|tennis competition]], [[Tomáš Berdych]] beat no. 1 seed [[Roger Federer]], and [[Nicolas Massú]] won the gold medal a matter of hours after the doubles final.
*In 2005, world [[cricket]] champions [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] were beaten by underdogs [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] in a [[one day cricket]] match at Cardiff, Wales, thanks to a century by 20-year-old [[Mohammad Ashraful]]. Of Bangladesh's previous 108 games, it was only their tenth win.
*In 2006, the 6th-seeded [[Wild card (sports)|wild card]] [[2005 Pittsburgh Steelers season|Pittsburgh Steelers]] upset the top-seeded [[2005 Indianapolis Colts season|Indianapolis Colts]] 21-18 in an AFC Divisional Playoff Game, becoming the [[National Football League|NFL]]'s first 6th seed ever to advance to a conference championship game. The Steelers would make more history [[NFL playoffs, 2005-06|that postseason]] by going on to win [[Super Bowl XL]], becoming the first team since the [[AFL-NFL merger]] to win a Super Bowl without playing any home playoff games.
*In 2006, the [[2005-06 George Mason Patriots men's basketball team|George Mason Patriots]] made it to the [[Final Four]] in the [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA Men's Tournament]] by defeating [[Michigan State Spartans men's basketball|Michigan State Spartans]], the defending champs [[North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball|North Carolina Tar Heels]], [[Wichita State University|Wichita State]] and the top-seeded [[Connecticut Huskies]].
*In the [[2007 Fiesta Bowl]], the underdog from the [[Western Athletic Conference]], [[2006 Boise State Broncos football team|Boise State]], upset [[Big 12 Conference|Big 12]] powerhouse [[2006 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma]] 43-42, using a [[hook and lateral]] play to tie the game near the end of regulation, a touchdown on a halfback option pass on 4th down and goal to close the scoreline gap to one point in overtime, and the winning two-point conversion on a [[Statue of Liberty play]].
*In 2007, the 8th-seeded [[Golden State Warriors]] upset the top-seeded [[Dallas Mavericks]] in the first round of the [[2007 NBA Playoffs]].
*In the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]], the unseeded and rank outsiders [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] upset 4th-seeded [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in the first round of the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
*Also in the 2007 Cricket World Cup, [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] beat [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]] finalists [[India national cricket team|India]] in another major upset, leading to India being eliminated and Bangladesh making it through to the Super 8 for the first time. Bangladesh caused another major upset at the 2007 World Cup by beating the world's then top-ranked team, [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]].
*In the [[ICC World Twenty20|2007 Cricket Twenty20 World Cup]], [[India national cricket team|India]] beat [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] champions [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the semi-final, going on to win the final against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. This was considered a major upset, as the Indian team was then at an all-time low, not having qualified for the Super 8 stage of the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
*In 2007, Division I FCS [[2007 Appalachian State Mountaineers football team|Appalachian State]] beat [[2007 Michigan Wolverines football team|Michigan]], the #5-ranked team in the top-level Division I FBS, [[2007 Appalachian State vs. Michigan football game|34-32]] in Michigan's season opener. Michigan became the first AP Top 25 team from the [[Division I#Football Bowl Subdivision|FBS]] to lose to a team in the [[Division I#Football Championship Subdivision|FCS]], and Michigan dropped out of the top 25 after the loss.
* Also in 2007, the unranked [[Stanford Cardinal football|Stanford Cardinal]], a 41-point underdog, beat the #2 [[2007 USC Trojans football team|USC Trojans]] [[2007 Stanford vs. Southern California football game|24-23]] in week 6. This win ultimately cost USC, the pre-season national champion favorite, a chance to [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|play for the national title]]; it had to settle for the [[2008 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]] instead.
* Again in 2007, the unranked [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh Panthers]], a 28-point underdog [[Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium|on the road]], upset the [[2007 West Virginia Mountaineers football team|West Virginia Mountaineers]] 13-9, ruining West Virginia's hopes of a [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|BCS title game berth]]. They wound up settling for a berth in the [[2008 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta Bowl]], in which they pulled an upset of their own, pounding the [[2007 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma Sooners]] 48-28.
* In the [[FA Cup 2007-08]], second division [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]] produced two shocks, firstly eliminating [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] in the fifth round at Anfield with a 2-1 victory, then defeating [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] 1-0 in the quarter-final before losing the semi-final against [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]].
* In 2008, [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] managed to win the [[Scottish Premier League 2007-08|SPL]] after overcoming a seven-point deficit to pip [[Old Firm|rivals]] [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] to the title on the last day of the season.
* [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg]] were the surprise winners of the 2007-2008 UEFA Cup, after eliminating favourites Bayern Munchen in the semi-final. They also knocked out other top-flight teams such as Villareal, Bayer Leverkusen and Marseille, and won the final 2-0 against Rangers. They also won the [[UEFA Super Cup]] by defeating European champions [[Manchester United]].
* In 2008, the [[2008 Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team|Fresno State Bulldogs]] won the [[2008 College World Series|NCAA Division I Baseball Championship]] after starting out as a regional 4 seed—equivalent to at best a #13 seed in the NCAA basketball tournament. During the tournament, the Bulldogs survived elimination 5 times and beat 4 nationally-seeded teams: No. 3 [[Arizona State Sun Devils baseball|Arizona State]], No. 6 [[Rice Owls baseball|Rice]], No. 2 [[North Carolina Tar Heels baseball|North Carolina]], and No. 8 [[Georgia Bulldogs baseball|Georgia]]. Fresno State became the lowest-seeded team (in any sport) to win an NCAA title.
*In [[Super Bowl XLII]], the [[New York Giants]] defeated the unbeaten [[New England Patriots]] (18-0) 17-14 to stop the NFL powerhouse from becoming the first NFL team to go undefeated since the [[1972 Miami Dolphins]]. The Giants also were underdogs in beating the higher seeded [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]], [[Dallas Cowboys]], and [[Green Bay Packers]] before getting the chance to play in the [[Super Bowl]].
* At the [[Euro 2008]] football tournament, [[Russian national football team|Russia]] were deemed underdogs by some pundits because the team was one of the youngest in the tournament, somewhat inexperienced in the international scene, and none of them played for the top few European leagues (such as the Premier League, La Liga or Serie A). However, they managed to defeat an experienced Swedish side boasting stars such as Larsson, Ibrahimović and Ljungberg, defending champions [[Greece national football team|Greece]] and overran the highly-rated [[Netherlands national football team|Dutch]] side 3-1 before bowing out to Spain at the semi-final stage.
* In 2008, [[Hull City A.F.C.]] came from 1-0 behind to defeat [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] 2-1 at their own ground, [[The Emirates]]. In doing so, they became the only team apart from [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham]] and [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] to defeat [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] in a league match at the stadium.<ref>http://www.arsenal.com/fixtures/fixtures-reports?season=2006-2007&x=21&y=3</ref><ref>http://www.arsenal.com/fixtures/fixtures-reports?season=2007-2008&x=21&y=3</ref>
* In 2008, the [[Tampa Bay Rays]] went from last in the [[AL East]] to first while also heading to the [[2008 World Series]]. Their underdog run ended at the [[World Series]] when they lost to the [[Philadelphia Phillies]] four games to one.
* In 2008, the [[Arizona Cardinals]] made an improbable run as underdogs through the [[NFL Playoffs]]. The Cardinals advanced to the [[Super Bowl]] for the first time in frachise history but fell to the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] 27-23.
*In [[2009]], in the [[World Baseball Classic]] [[tournament]] , the Puerto Rican [[team]] beat the [[United States]] team 11-1 by [[early termination rule]], ending the game in the 7th [[inning]] when [[Puerto Rico]] scored the [[run]] that would give them the 10-run [[advantage]] to put the rule in effect.
*In [[2009]], in the [[2010_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(CONMEBOL)|World Cup 2010 South American qualifiers]], [[Bolivia_national_football_team|Bolivia]] surprisingly defeated [[Argentina_national_football_team|Argentina]] 6-1 in La Paz. Ironically, the best results that Bolivia got in the qualifiers were against the leaders, two home victories against [[Paraguay_national_football_team|Paraguay]] and Argentina, and an away draw against [[Brazil_national_football_team|Brazil]].
*In [[2009 Stanley Cup Playoff]], the [[San Jose Sharks]] entered the playoffs as the Presidents' Trophy winner, earning the NHL's best regular season record with 117 points. They were defeated 4-2 by the [[Anaheim Ducks]], who earned 91 points to clinch the eighth playoff seed in the Western Conference.

==See also==
{{Wiktionary|underdog}}

*[[Contender (stock character)]]
*[[Cinderella (sports)]]
*[[Rags to riches]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Competition]]
[[Category:Sports terminology]]

[[de:Underdog (Soziologie)]]
[[es:Underdog (competición)]]
[[fr:Outsider]]
[[nl:Underdog]]
[[ja:負け犬]]
[[pt:Underdog (competição)]]

Rome Fiumicino Airport

2009-05-13T12:42:52Z

62.101.100.5: /* Terminal C */

{{Infobox Airport
| name = Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport
| nativename = Aeroporto Leonardo da Vinci di Fiumicino
| nativename-r = Roma/Fiumicino Airport
| image = Rom Fiumicino 04.jpg
| IATA = FCO
| ICAO = LIRF
| type = Public
| owner =
| operator = Aeroporti di Roma (ADR S.p.A.)
| city-served = [[Rome]]
| location = [[Fiumicino, Italy|Fiumicino]]
| elevation-f = {{convert|15|ft}}
| elevation-m = 5
| coordinates = {{coord|41|48|01|N|012|14|20|E|type:airport_region:IT|display=inline,title}}
| website = [http://www.adr.it/portal/portal/adr/Fiumicino/Leonardo_da_vinci www.adr.it]
| metric-rwy = yes
| r1-number = 07/25
| r1-length-f = 10,856
| r1-length-m = 3,309
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt]]
| r2-number = 16R/34L
| r2-length-f = 12,795
| r2-length-m = 3,900
| r2-surface = Asphalt
| r3-number = 16L/34R
| r3-length-f = 12,795
| r3-length-m = 3,900
| r3-surface = Asphalt
| r4-number = 16C/34C
| r4-length-f = 11,811
| r4-length-m = 3,600
| r4-surface = Asphalt
| footnotes = Source: Italian [[Aeronautical Information Publication]]<ref name="AIP">[http://www.enav.it/portal/page/portal/PortaleENAV/Home_EN/AIP_EN ENAV S.p.A.]</ref> <ref>[http://www.ead.eurocontrol.int/eadcms/eadsite/index.php%3Foption=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=25&Itemid=3.html A6856/07 NOTAMN] from [[European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation]]</ref>
}}

'''Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport''' ({{lang-it|Aeroporto Leonardo da Vinci di Fiumicino}}) {{Airport codes|FCO|LIRF}}, also commonly known as '''Fiumicino Airport''', is [[Italy]]'s largest [[airport]] and second-largest international air gateway, with 35,226,351 passengers served in 2008, located in [[Fiumicino, Italy|Fiumicino]], 35 km from [[Rome]]'s historic city centre.

It was the world's [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|25th busiest airport by passenger traffic]] in 2008, and the sole hub for [[Alitalia]].

The airport is named after the Italian [[polymath]] [[Leonardo da Vinci]], who first designed a proto [[helicopter]] and a flying machine with wings.

==History==
The airport officially opened on January 15, 1961 with two [[runway]]s, replacing the small [[Rome Ciampino Airport]] which remains in service for domestic and charter operations. During the decade Alitalia invested heavily on the new airport, building hangars and maintenance centers; in the same period a third runway was added (16L/34R).

Four runways presently operate at Leonardo da Vinci airport: 16L/34R and 16R/34L (separated by a distance of 4,000 metres), 16C/34C (close to 16L/34R), mostly used as a taxiway or as a backup of 16L/34R, and 07/25, used only westwards for takeoffs due to dominant winds.

Since 2005 the airport operates a category III B [[instrument landing system]] (ILS). Further improvement work was implemented in 2007 to enable the airport to handle 30 [[takeoff]]s/[[landing]]s, up from 10, in the event of thick [[fog]].

The [[airport terminal|terminal]] area were upgraded during the 1990s:

1991: Opening of the domestic pier with 12 loading bridges (Pier A);

1995: Opening of the international pier with 10 loading bridges (Pier B);

1999: Opening of the west satellite with 11 loading bridges (satellite C) and sky-bridge train connecting it with the main terminal;

2000: Opening of the new domestic terminal (terminal A). Reorganization of terminal buildings, now comprising of: terminal A (and pier A), terminal AA, terminal B (and pier B), terminal C (and west satellite);

2004: Opening of new cargo terminal called Cargo City;

2008: Opening of terminal 5 (950,000 passengers per year). Extended work to build new pier C.

The next commitments will be the following:

* completion of environment-friendly cogeneration system allowing the airport to self-produce energy (end 2008);

* finalization of a second [[Baggage Handling System]] (BHS) by 2009;

* the new pier C (dedicated to international flights) with 16 additional loading bridges, to be completed by 2010 to enable handling the expected growth from present-day 38 million passengers per year to 55 million by 2018.

==Ground handling==
Ground handling services have been provided by Aeroporti di Roma up to 1999 when it created Aeroporti di Roma Handling (to serve all airlines apart from Alitalia, which continued being handled by Aeroporti di Roma itself). Alitalia provided passenger assistance even before 1999. In 2001 Alitalia created Alitalia Airport and started providing self-handling and third party handling. [[Air One]] created EAS and started providing third-party services too. Aeroporti di Roma Handling remains the biggest handler in terms of airlines handled but Alitalia Airport is the biggest handler in terms of airplanes handled as Alitalia aircraft account for 50% of the ones in Fiumicino. There are some private handlers that provide passenger assistance alone: ARE Group, Globeground Italia and ICTS Italia.

On 2 May 2006 Meridiana's passenger handling staff transferred to Alitalia Airport and the ramp transferred to Alitalia Airport in February 2007 (from Aeroporti di Roma Handling).

The ground handling deregulation has brought confusion on who does what and has decreased service levels especially on transferring baggage.

In May 2006 Italy's Civil Aviation Authority announced that it took off the limitation of 3 ramp handlers in Rome Leonardo da Vinci airport. ARE Group and [[Aviapartner]] announced that they would create a company called Aviapartner (51% Aviapartner; 49% ARE Group) to serve Milan Malpensa and Rome Leonardo da Vinci. There are fears that luggage mishandling will go up.

In November 2006 Aeroporti di Roma Handling was sold to Flightcare (itself owned by Spanish company FCC), an Aviance member.

==Security services==
Security Services transferred from the [[Polizia di Stato]] to Aeroporti di Roma in 2000. Aeroporti di Roma created Airport Security (100%-owned) to provide these services as well as security services to airlines (in competition with other security companies such as IVRI). Airport Security is supervised by Polizia di Stato (Italian State Police), [[Guardia di Finanza]] (Italian Customs Police), Ente Nazionale Aviazione Civile (Italy's Civil Aviation Authority) and Aeroporti di Roma.

==Ground transportation==
[[Image:Fiumicino Station.jpg|thumb|Fiumicino Airport train station]]
Leonardo da Vinci is about 35 kilometres (22 miles) by car from Rome's historic city centre. The airport is well served by the 6-lane motorway [[A91 Roma-Fiumicino]] and numerous buses and taxis.

The airport is served by the Leonardo Express train operated by [[Trenitalia]], available at the airport terminal. The trip takes 30 minutes (no stops) to [[Roma Termini station|Termini Station]] in Rome - there are two such connections per hour. Alternatively, local trains leave once every 15 minutes, stopping at all train stations. Passengers may have to change at [[Trastevere]], Ostiense ([[Rome Metro|Metro Piramide]]) or Tuscolana.<ref>http://www.adr.it/portal/portal/adr/Fiumicino/Servizi/Come_raggiungerci/Arrivo_in_treno_FCO</ref>

==Incidents and accidents==
From the 1960s until the 1980s, the airport experienced significant [[aircraft hijacking]]s as well as became the scene of two major [[List of terrorist incidents|terrorist attack]]s and the port of origin for an aircraft bombing in flight -- all engendered by the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]].

*On 17 December 1973 [[Pan American World Airways]] (Pan Am) [[Pan Am Flight 110|Flight 110]] was attacked by [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian terrorists]]. 30 passengers were killed when [[White phosphorus (weapon)|phosphorus bombs]] were thrown aboard the aircraft as it was preparing for departure.

*On 29th January 1974 Meld Meir, Mossad director was nearly assassinated by the Black September Organisation but was foiled at the last minute when the Mossad agents foiled the attempt.

*On 27 December 1985 during the [[Rome and Vienna airport attacks]] [[terrorism|terrorists]] shot and killed 16 people and wounded 99 other at the airport.

*On 2 April 1986, [[Trans World Airlines]] (TWA) [[TWA Flight 840 (1986)|Flight 840]], which was travelling from Fiumicino to [[Ellinikon International Airport]] in [[Athens]], [[Greece]], was bombed, ejecting 4 people out of the plane to their deaths. The plane landed safely.

*On 17 October 1988, [[Uganda Airlines]] flight 775, en route from [[London Gatwick Airport]] to Rome then [[Entebbe International Airport]], crashed short of the runway after two missed approaches. 26 of 45 aboard and all 7 crew members died.

*7 September 2005 - [[Ryanair]] is under investigation by ANSV, the Italian air accident investigation agency, for an attempted bad weather approach. During an unstabilised approach, the non-flying co-pilot had to intervene to initiate a late go-around, then the crew decided to divert to [[Pescara]]. <ref>[[Flight International]], 12-18 December 2006.</ref>

==Airlines and terminals==
===Terminal A===
{{Airport-dest-list
|[[Air Alps]]|Bolzano, Parma,Perugia, Rimini
|[[Air Italy]]|Verona
|[[Alitalia]]|Amsterdam, Ancona, Athens, Barcelona, Bari, Brussels, Cagliari, Catania, Frankfurt, Florence, Geneva, Genoa, Lamezia Terme, Madrid, Malta, Milan-Linate, Milan-Orio al Serio, Palermo, Reggio Calabria, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Valencia, Venice-Marco Polo
|Alitalia operated by [[Air One]]|Amsterdam, Athens, Barcelona, Bari, Bologna, Budapest, Catania, Frankfurt, Geneva, Genoa, Madrid, Milan-Linate, Munich, Naples, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Pisa, Thessaloniki, Trieste, Turin, Verona
|[[Lufthansa Italia]]|Milan-Malpensa
|[[Meridiana]]|Cagliari, Milan-Linate, Olbia, Verona
}}

===Terminal AA===
{{Airport-dest-list
|[[Blu-express]]|Catania, Ibiza [begins 5 June], Nice, Palermo, Turin
|[[MyAir]]|Brindisi, Bucharest-Băneasa
|[[SkyEurope]]|Bratislava, Prague
|[[TUIfly]]|Hannover, Memmingen
|[[Wind Jet]]|Catania, Palermo
}}

===Terminal B===
{{Airport-dest-list
|[[Aegean Airlines]]|Athens, Rhodes (seasonal)
|[[Air Berlin]]|Berlin-Tegel, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Münster/Osnabrück, Nuremberg
|[[Air Europa]]|Madrid
|[[Air France]]|Paris-Charles de Gaulle
|Air France operated by [[Brit Air]]|Lyon
|Air France operated by [[CCM Airlines]]|Marseille
|Air France operated by [[Régional Compagnie Aérienne Européenne|Régional]]|Bordeaux, Toulouse
|[[Air Malta]]|Malta, Reggio Calabria
|[[Austrian Airlines]]|Vienna
|[[Blue1]]|Helsinki
|[[Blue Air]]|Bacău, Bucharest-Băneasa, Sibiu [begins 2 June]
|[[Brussels Airlines]]|Brussels
|[[Cimber Sterling]]|Billund, Copenhagen
|[[Clickair]]|Barcelona, Valencia
|[[EasyJet]]|Bari,Catania, London-Gatwick, Milan-Malpensa, Palermo, Venice-Marco Polo [begins 8 June]
|[[Estonian Air]]|Tallinn [begins 13 July]
|[[Eurofly]]|Heraklion, Mykonos, Tenerife-South
|[[Finnair]]|Helsinki
|[[Flyglobespan]]|Edinburgh
|[[Germanwings]]|Cologne/Bonn, Stuttgart
|[[Iberia Airlines|Iberia]]|Ibiza [seasonal], Madrid
|[[KLM]]|Amsterdam
|[[Lufthansa]]|Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Munich
|[[Luxair]]|Luxembourg
|[[Niki (airline)|Niki]]|Vienna
|[[Norwegian Air Shuttle]]|Oslo, Stockholm-Arlanda, Warsaw
|[[Olympic Airlines]]|Athens
|[[Scandinavian Airlines System|SAS]]|Copenhagen, Oslo, Stockholm-Arlanda
|[[Swiss International Air Lines]]|Geneva, Zürich
|[[TAP Portugal]]|Lisbon, Porto
|[[Transavia.com]]|Copenhagen, Rotterdam
|[[Vueling Airlines]]|Barcelona, Ibiza [begins 1 July], Madrid, Malaga, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Sevilla
|[[Wizz Air]]|Budapest, Cluj-Napoca, Gdańsk, Poznań, Prague, Sofia, Timişoara, Warsaw
}}

===Terminal C===
[[Image:Fiumicino terminal C from air.JPG|thumb|Terminal C, Fiumicino Airport. Lanes from in-airport railway transport system, named "Skybridge Shuttle", connecting terminals C and B are visible in the ground]]
{{Airport-dest-list
|[[Aer Lingus]]|Belfast-International, Cork, Dublin
|[[Aeroflot]]|Moscow-Sheremetyevo
|[[Aeroméxico]]|Mexico City, Monterrey [resumes 11 June]
|[[Aerolíneas Argentinas]]|Buenos Aires-Ezeiza
|[[Afriqiyah Airways]]|Tripoli
|[[Air Algérie]]|Algiers
|[[Air Canada]]|Montréal-Trudeau [resumes 21 June], Toronto-Pearson
|[[Air China]]|Beijing-Capital, Shanghai-Pudong
|[[Air Italy]]|Asmara, Fortaleza, Mombassa, Nosy Be, Zanzibar
|[[Air Moldova]]|Chisinau
|[[Air Seychelles]]|Mahé
|[[Air Transat]]|Montréal-Trudeau [seasonal], Toronto-Pearson [seasonal], Vancouver [seasonal; begins 30 May]
|[[AirBaltic]]|Riga
|[[Albanian Airlines]]|Tirana
|[[Alitalia]]|Accra, Algiers, Beirut, Belgrade, Boston, Buenos Aires-Ezeiza, Bucharest, Caracas, Cairo, Casablanca, Damascus, Istanbul-Atatürk, Kiev-Boryspil, Lagos, London-Heathrow, Miami, Moscow-Sheremetyevo, New York-JFK, Osaka-Kansai, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Sofia, St Petersburg, Tehran-Imam Khomeini, Tel Aviv, Tirana, Tokyo-Narita, Toronto-Pearson, Tripoli, Tunis, Warsaw
|Alitalia operated by [[Air One]]|Beirut, Bucharest-Otopeni, Chicago-O'Hare, London-Heathrow, Newark
|[[Belavia]]|Minsk
|[[Belle Air]]|Tirana
|[[Biman Bangladesh Airlines]]|Dhaka
|[[Blue Panorama Airlines]]|Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Cayo Largo, Havana,La Romana, Luxor, Malè, Marsa Halam, Phuket, Santiago de Cuba, Sharm el-Sheikh, Zanzibar
|[[British Airways]]|London-Gatwick, London-Heathrow
|[[Bulgaria Air]]|Sofia
|[[Carpatair]]|Timişoara
|[[Cathay Pacific]]|Hong Kong
|[[China Airlines]]|Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Taipei-Taoyuan
|[[Croatia Airlines]]|Dubrovnik, Split, Zagreb
|[[Cyprus Airways]]|Larnaca
|[[Czech Airlines]]|Prague
|[[EgyptAir]]|Cairo, Luxor, Sharm el-Sheikh
|[[Emirates Airline]]|Dubai
|[[Eritrean Airlines]]|Asmara
|[[Ethiopian Airlines]]|Addis Ababa, London-Heathrow, Stockholm-Arlanda, Washington-Dulles
|[[Eurofly]]|Luxor, Malè, Mauritius, Mombasa, New York-JFK, Punta Cana, Sharm el-Sheikh, Tel Aviv
|[[Iran Air]]|Tehran-Imam Khomeini
|[[Japan Airlines]]|Tokyo-Narita
|[[Jat Airways]]|Belgrade
|[[Jet2.com]]|Leeds/Bradford, Manchester
|[[Korean Air]]|Seoul-Incheon
|[[Kuwait Airways]]|Kuwait, Paris-Charles de Gaulle
|[[Livingston Energy Flight]]|Cancún, Fortaleza,Havana (begins June 2009), La Romana, Maceio, Malè, Mombassa, Salvador da Bahia
|[[Libyan Airlines]]|Benghazi, Tripoli
|[[LOT Polish Airlines]]|Warsaw
|[[Malaysia Airlines]]|Kuala Lumpur
|[[Malév Hungarian Airlines]]|Budapest
|[[Middle East Airlines]]|Beirut
|[[Montenegro Airlines]]|Podgorica
|[[Qatar Airways]]|Doha
|[[Royal Air Maroc]]|Casablanca
|[[Royal Jordanian]]|Amman
|[[Rossiya (airline)|Rossiya]]|St Petersburg
|[[Saudi Arabian Airlines]]|Jeddah, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Riyadh
|[[Singapore Airlines]]|Singapore
|[[Sky Georgia]]|Tbilisi [begins 11 June]
|[[Syrian Arab Airlines]]|Aleppo, Damascus
|[[SriLankan Airlines]]|Colombo
|[[TAROM]]|Bucharest-Otopeni
|[[Thai Airways International]]|Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi
|[[Tunisair]]|Djerba, Monastir, Tunis
|[[Turkish Airlines]]|Istanbul-Atatürk
|[[Ukraine International Airlines]]|Kiev-Boryspil, Lviv
|[[Uzbekistan Airways]]|Tashkent
|[[Yemenia]]|Sana'a
|[[Neos]]|Cancun, Chania, La Romana, Marsa Matrouh, Malè, Mombasa, Porto Santo, Ras al Kaimah, Sal, Zanzibar
}}

===Terminal 5===
{{Airport-dest-list
|[[American Airlines]]|Chicago-O'Hare, New York-JFK
|[[Continental Airlines]]|Newark
|[[Delta Air Lines]]|Atlanta [begins 25 October], New York-JFK
|[[El Al]]|Tel Aviv
|[[Northwest Airlines]]|Atlanta [ends 25 October], Detroit [seasonal; begins 5 June], New York-JFK [begins 2 June]
|[[United Airlines]]|Washington-Dulles
|[[US Airways]]|Philadelphia
}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.adr.it/portal/portal/adr/Fiumicino/Leonardo_da_vinci/Header_Window?action=2 Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport] (English)
*[http://www.adr.it/portal/portal/adr/Fiumicino/Leonardo_da_vinci Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport] (Italian)
*[http://www.boeing.com/commercial/noise/fiumicino.html Boeing Company's listing of Fiumicino Airport, its runways, and noise abatement procedures]
*[http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=IT04966 Airport information from World Aeronautical Database]
*[http://www.dfnionline.com/article/UK-team-to-plan-Rome-Fiumicino-international-terminal-expansion-1856708.html UK team to plan Rome Fiumicino international terminal expansion]

[[Category:1961 establishments]]
[[Category:Airports in Italy]]
[[Category:Airports in Rome]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the Lazio]]

[[ar:مطار ليوناردو دا فينشي]]
[[cs:Letiště Řím-Fiumicino]]
[[da:Leonardo da Vinci Airport]]
[[de:Flughafen Rom-Fiumicino]]
[[et:Rooma Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino lennujaam]]
[[es:Aeropuerto de Roma-Fiumicino]]
[[fr:Aéroport Léonard-de-Vinci de Rome Fiumicino]]
[[ko:레오나르도 다 빈치 국제공항]]
[[id:Bandar Udara Internasional Leonardo da Vinci]]
[[it:Aeroporto di Roma-Fiumicino]]
[[mk:Аеродром Рим Фиумичино]]
[[ms:Lapangan Terbang Leonardo da Vinci]]
[[nl:Luchthaven Rome Fiumicino]]
[[ja:フィウミチーノ空港]]
[[no:Leonardo da Vinci internasjonale lufthavn]]
[[pl:Port lotniczy Rzym-Fiumicino]]
[[pt:Aeroporto Internacional de Roma]]
[[ru:Международный аэропорт имени Леонардо да Винчи]]
[[fi:Leonardo da Vincin kansainvälinen lentoasema]]
[[sv:Rom-Fiumicino flygplats]]
[[th:ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติเลโอนาร์โด ดา วินชี]]
[[vi:Sân bay quốc tế Leonardo da Vinci]]
[[zh:罗马－菲乌米奇诺列奥纳多·达芬奇国际机场]]

BackTrack

2009-04-20T10:12:15Z

62.101.100.5: ubuntu is debian-based

{{otheruses3|backtrack}}
{{Infobox_OS
|logo = [[Image:Backtrack logo.png|center|271px|Backtrack]]
|screenshot = [[Image:Backtrack screen booted.png|250px|Screenshot]]
|caption = BackTrack 3.0 (final)
|developer = Mati Aharoni, Max Moser, Remote-Exploit, jayme
|family = [[Linux]] ([[Debian]])
|source_model = [[Free and Open Source Software]]
|latest_release_version = 3.0
|latest_release_date = {{release date and age|mf=yes|2008|06|19}}
|latest_test_version = 4 Beta <ref>http://www.remote-exploit.org/backtrack_download.html</ref>
|latest_test_date = {{release date and age|mf=yes|2009|02|11}}
|kernel_type = [[Monolithic kernel]]
|ui = [[KDE]], [[Fluxbox]]
|license = Various
|working_state = Current
|website = [http://www.remote-exploit.org/backtrack.html www.remote-exploit.org]
}}

'''BackTrack''' is a [[Linux distribution]] distributed as a [[Live CD]] which resulted from the merger of [http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=whoppix WHAX] and the [[Auditor Security Collection]], which is used for [[Penetration test|Penetration testing]].<ref>Remote-Exploit Homepage http://www.remote-exploit.org/backtrack.html</ref> It allows the user to include customizable scripts, additional tools and configurable kernels in personalized distributions. The BackTrack project was created by Mati Aharoni and Max Moser and is a collaborative effort involving the community.

BackTrack 2 was released on March 6, 2007 and includes over 300 security tools.<ref name="linux.com">Linux.com http://www.linux.com/articles/61417</ref> A beta version of BackTrack 3 was released on December 14, 2007, but it was announced that its main focus was to support more and newer hardware as well as provide more flexibility and modularity.

BackTrack 3 was released on June 19, 2008. New additions include [[SAINT (software)|SAINT]] and [[Maltego software|Maltego]]. [[Nessus (software)|Nessus]] was not included in this release, and the developers decided not to upgrade from kernel version 2.6.21.5.<ref>BackTrack Forum http://forums.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=14709</ref>

BackTrack 4 Beta was released on February 11, 2009, with the biggest change being the move to a [[Debian]]-based distribution.<ref>BackTrack 4 Blog http://backtrack4.blogspot.com/2009/02/backtrack-4-beta-public-released.html</ref>

==History==
The BackTrack distribution originated from numerous Linux counterparts. WHAX, a name derived from [[White hat]] and [[SLAX]], was a distribution designed for security tasks. WHAX emerged from [[Whoppix]], a [[Knoppix]]-based security distro. When Whoppix reached version 3.0 it was renamed as WHAX, to reflect the change of parent distribution from Knoppix to SLAX. Customized by Mati Aharoni, an Israeli security consultant, WHAX made its central focus on [[penetration testing]]. WHAX made it possible to test and verify the security of a network from many computers located in various places.

===Auditor Security Collection===
[[Image:Auditor-cd-label-small.jpg|left|thumb|80px|The Auditor logo]]

Max Moser's '''Auditor Security Collection''' - "The Swiss Army Knife for security assessments" - was focused as well on Linux-based penetration tests.<ref>Insecure.org - Bugtraq http://seclists.org/bugtraq/2004/May/0239.html</ref> The overlap with Auditor and WHAX in purpose and tools collection partly led to the merger. Auditor featured well-laid-out menus for its collection of over 300 tools for troubleshooting, network and systems-fortifying. Its user-friendliness resulted in enhanced usability for penetration testing which led to the formulation of the BackTrack security testing distribution. 
The Auditor Security Collection was a [[Live CD]] based on [[Knoppix]].
[[Image:Auditor desktop.png|250px|thumb|right|''Auditor Security Collection'' desktop]]

==Current state==
After coming into a stable development procedure during the last releases and consolidating feedbacks and addition, BackTrack producers restructured the development focal point from stability to functionality by restructuring the build and maintenance processes. With the current versions of BackTrack, the majority of applications are constructed as individual modules which improve the update performance with releases and fixes.

On July 15, 2007, BackTrack 3 was announced to be in the development process<ref>BackTrack Forum http://forum.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=7563</ref> and released on June 19, 2008.

==Features==
BackTrack focuses its central idea on the needs of [[Penetration test|Penetration testers]]. The inclusion of [[Live CD]] and [[Live USB]] functionality enables any user to just insert their respective data medium and boot up BackTrack. Direct hard disk installations (2.7 GB uncompressed) can also be completed within the Live CD (700 MB compressed) environment through the basic graphical installation wizard with no restart subsequent to installation. BackTrack further continues its compatibility with the computer forensics demographic with accessibility and internationalization by including support for Japanese input in reading and writing in [[Hiragana]], [[Katakana]] and [[Kanji]].

The key additions to the BackTrack suite are notably -
* [[Metasploit]] integration
* [[RFMON]] wireless drivers
* [[Kismet (software)|Kismet]]
* [[AutoScan-Network]] - AutoScan-Network is a network discovering and managing application
* [[Nmap]]
* [[Ettercap (computing)|Ettercap]]
* [[Wireshark]] (formerly known as Ethereal)

[[Image:Pentest 1cd backtrack08.png|right|thumb|A screenshot of the BackTrack 2 categories]]

[[Image:BackTrack 1.jpg|right|thumb| The BackTrack 1.0 desktop]]

BackTrack's functionality further increases with the arrangement of each tool in 16 categories. The tool categories are as follows -

* [[Enumeration]]
* [[Exploit (computer security)|Exploit]] Archives
* [[Vulnerability scanner|Scanners]]
* Password Attacks
* [[Fuzzer]]s
* [[Spoofing attack|Spoofing]]
* [[Packet analyzer|Sniffer]]s
* [[Tunneling protocol|Tunneling]]
* [[Wireless]] Tools
* [[Bluetooth]]
* [[Cisco]] Tools
* Database Tools
* Forensic Tools
* BackTrack Services
* [[Reverse engineering|Reversing]]
* Misc

In relation to basic software packages, BackTrack includes some ordinary desktop programs such as [[Mozilla Firefox]], [[Pidgin]], [[K3b]], and [[XMMS]].

==Releases==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date
! Release
|-
| May 26, 2006
| The BackTrack project released its first non-beta version (1.0).
|-
| October 13, 2006
| BackTrack 2 first public beta released.
|-
| November 19, 2006
| BackTrack 2 second public beta released.
|-
| March 6, 2007
| BackTrack 2 final version released.
|-
| December 17, 2007
| BackTrack 3 first beta release.<ref>BackTrack Forum http://forums.remote-exploit.org/showthread.php?t=9954</ref>
|-
| June 19, 2008
| BackTrack 3 final released.
|-
| February 11, 2009
| BackTrack 4 first beta release. (It's now based on [[Debian]])
|-
|}
As soon as newer versions of the BackTrack distro are released, older versions lose their support and service from the BackTrack development team.

==Criticism==
The BackTrack 2 release garnered some criticism. The security suite did not include the popular security scanner [[Nessus (software)|Nessus]], due to various licensing problems.<ref name="linux.com" /> Newer releases also created problems with [[PostgreSQL]] in [[Fluxbox]] which created an error, as well as the inclusion of programs such as the aforementioned Nessus and [[VMware]] which did not work.

==Training==
The Backtrack security distro has spawned a spin-off training course called Offensive Security, as well as the Offensive Security Certified Professional certification. This training course teaches basic [[penetration test]]ing using the Backtrack Live CD.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Knoppix STD]]

==External links==
* {{Official|http://www.remote-exploit.org/index.php/BackTrack}}
* [http://backtrack.offensive-security.com/index.php?title=Main_Page Official wiki]
* {{DistroWatch|backtrack|NAME=BackTrack}}

{{Linux-distro}}

[[Category:SLAX-based distributions]]

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Inertial confinement fusion

2009-04-15T12:21:22Z

62.101.100.5:

[[Image:NOVA laser.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Inertial confinement fusion using [[lasers]] rapidly progressed in the late 1970s and early 1980s from being able to deliver only a few [[joule]]s of laser energy (per pulse) to being able to deliver tens of kilojoules to a target. At this point, incredibly large scientific devices were needed for experimentation. Here, a view of the 10 beam [[LLNL]] Nova laser, shown shortly after the laser's completion in 1984. Around the time of the construction of its predecessor, the [[Shiva laser]], laser fusion had entered the realm of "[[big science]]".]]

'''Inertial confinement fusion''' ('''ICF''') is a process where [[nuclear fusion]] reactions are initiated by heating and compressing a fuel target, typically in the form of a pellet that most often contains a mixture of [[deuterium]] and [[tritium]].

To compress and heat the fuel, energy is delivered to the outer layer of the target using high-energy beams of [[laser|laser light]], [[electron]]s or [[ion]]s, although for a variety of reasons, almost all ICF devices to date have used lasers. The heated outer layer explodes outward, producing a reaction force against the remainder of the target, accelerating it inwards, and sending shock waves into the center. A sufficiently powerful set of shock waves can compress and heat the fuel at the center so much that fusion reactions occur. The energy released by these reactions will then heat the surrounding fuel, which may also begin to undergo fusion. The aim of ICF is to produce a condition known as "ignition", where this heating process causes a [[chain reaction]] that burns a significant portion of the fuel. Typical fuel pellets are about the size of a pinhead and contain around 10 [[milligrams]] of fuel: in practice, only a small proportion of this fuel will undergo fusion, but if all this fuel were consumed it would release the energy equivalent to burning a barrel of oil.


ICF is one of two major branches of [[fusion energy]] research, the other being [[magnetic confinement fusion]]. To date most of the work in ICF has been carried out in the [[United States]], and generally has seen less development effort than magnetic approaches. When it was first proposed, ICF appeared to be a practical approach to [[fusion power]] production, but experiments during the 1970s and '80s demonstrated that the efficiency of these devices was much lower than expected. For much of the 1980s and '90s ICF experiments focused primarily on [[nuclear weapon]]s research. More recent advances suggest that major gains in performance are possible, once again making ICF attractive for commercial power generation. A number of new experiments are underway or being planned to test this new "fast ignition" approach.

==Description==
===Basic fusion===
{{ main|Nuclear fusion }}

[[Image:Hohlraum irradiation on NOVA laser.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Indirect drive laser ICF uses a "hohlraum" which is irradiated with laser beam cones from either side on it its inner surface to bathe a fusion microcapsule inside with smooth high intensity X-rays. The highest energy X-rays can be seen leaking through the hohlraum, represented here in orange/red.]]
Fusion reactions combine lighter atoms, such as [[hydrogen]], together to form larger ones. Generally the reactions take place at such high temperatures that the atoms have been [[ion]]ized, their [[electron]]s stripped off by the heat; thus, fusion is typically described in terms of "nuclei" instead of "atoms".

Nuclei are positively charged, and thus repel each other due to the [[electrostatic force]]. Counteracting this is the [[strong force]] which pulls nucleons together, but only at very short ranges. Thus a fluid of nuclei will generally not undergo fusion. The nuclei must be forced together before the strong force can pull them together into stable collections. Fusion reactions on a scale useful for energy production require a very large amount of energy to initiate in order to overcome the so-called ''[[Coulomb barrier]]'' or ''fusion barrier energy''. Generally less energy will be needed to cause lighter nuclei to fuse, as they have less charge and thus a lower barrier energy, and when they do fuse, more energy will be released. As the mass of the nuclei increase, there is a point where the reaction no longer gives off net energy — the energy needed to overcome the energy barrier is greater than the energy released in the resulting fusion reaction. This happens at Fe56.

The key to practical fusion power is to select a fuel that requires the minimum amount of energy to start, that is, the lowest barrier energy. The best fuel from this standpoint is a one to one mix of [[deuterium]] and [[tritium]]; both are heavy [[isotope]]s of hydrogen. The D-T (deuterium & tritium) mix has a low barrier because of its high ratio of neutrons to protons. The presence of neutral [[neutron]]s in the nuclei helps pull them together via the [[strong force]]; while the presence of positively charged protons pushes the nuclei apart via Coloumbic forces (the [[electromagnetic]] force). Tritium has one of the highest ratios of neutrons to protons of any stable or moderately unstable nuclide -- two neutrons and one proton. Adding protons or removing neutrons increases the energy barrier.

In order to create the required conditions, the fuel must be heated to tens of millions of degrees, and/or compressed to immense pressures. The temperature and pressure required for any particular fuel to fuse is known as the [[Lawson criterion]]. These conditions have been known since the 1950s when the first [[H-bomb]]s were built.

===ICF mechanism of action ===

In a "hydrogen bomb" the fusion fuel is compressed and heated with a separate fission bomb. A variety of mechanisms transfers the energy of the "trigger"'s explosion into the fusion fuel. The use of a nuclear bomb to ignite a fusion reaction makes the concept less than useful as a power source. Not only would the triggers be prohibitively expensive to produce, but there is a minimum size that such a bomb can be built, defined roughly by the [[critical mass (nuclear)|critical mass]] of the [[plutonium]] fuel used. Generally it seems difficult to build nuclear devices smaller than about 1 kiloton in size, which would make it a difficult engineering problem to extract power from the resulting explosions. Also the smaller a thermonuclear bomb is, the "dirtier" it is, that is to say, the percentage of energy produced in the explosion by fusion is decreased while the percent produced by fission reactions tends toward unity (100%). This did not stop efforts to design such a system however, leading to the [[PACER (fusion)|PACER]] concept.

If some source of compression could be found, other than a nuclear bomb, then the size of the reaction could be scaled down. This idea has been of intense interest to both the bomb-making and fusion energy communities. It was not until the 1970s that a potential solution appeared in the form of very large, very high power, high energy lasers, which were then being built for weapons and other research. The D-T mix in such a system is known as a ''target'', containing much less fuel than in a bomb design (often only micro or milligrams), and leading to a much smaller explosive force.<ref>[http://www.llnl.gov/nif/library/ife.pdf Inertial Fusion Energy]</ref><ref name=intro>[http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/thyd/icf/IFE.html Inertial Fusion Energy: A Tutorial on the Technology and Economics]</ref>

Generally ICF systems use a single laser, the ''driver'', whose beam is split up into a number of beams which are subsequently individually amplified by a trillion times or more. These are sent into the reaction chamber (called a target chamber) by a number of mirrors, positioned in order to illuminate the target evenly over its whole surface. The heat applied by the driver causes the outer layer of the target to explode, just as the outer layers of an H-bomb's fuel cylinder do when illuminated by the X-rays of the nuclear device.

The material exploding off the surface causes the remaining material on the inside to be driven inwards with great force, eventually collapsing into a tiny near-spherical ball. In modern ICF devices the density of the resulting fuel mixture is as much as one-hundred times the density of lead, around 1000 g/cm³. This density is not high enough to create any useful rate of fusion on its own. However, during the collapse of the fuel, [[shock wave]]s also form and travel into the center of the fuel at high speed. When they meet their counterparts moving in from the other sides of the fuel in the center, the density of that spot is raised much further.

Given the correct conditions, the fusion rate in the region highly compressed by the shock wave can give off significant amounts of highly energetic [[alpha particles]]. Due to the high density of the surrounding fuel, they move only a short distance before being "thermalized", losing their energy to the fuel as heat. This additional energy will cause additional fusion reactions in the heated fuel, giving off more high-energy particles. This process spreads outward from the center, leading to a kind of self sustaining burn known as ''ignition''.

[[Image:Inertial confinement fusion.svg|thumb|center|600px|Schematic of the stages of inertial confinement fusion using lasers. The blue arrows represent radiation; orange is blowoff; purple is inwardly transported thermal energy. 
1. Laser beams or laser-produced X-rays rapidly heat the surface of the fusion target, forming a surrounding plasma envelope. 
2. Fuel is compressed by the rocket-like blowoff of the hot surface material. 
3. During the final part of the capsule implosion, the fuel core reaches 20 times the density of lead and ignites at 100,000,000 ˚C. 
4. Thermonuclear burn spreads rapidly through the compressed fuel, yielding many times the input energy.]]

===Issues with the successful achievement of ICF===

The primary problems with increasing ICF performance since the early experiments in the 1970s have been of energy delivery to the target, controlling symmetry of the imploding fuel, preventing premature heating of the fuel (before maximum density is achieved), preventing premature mixing of hot and cool fuel by [[hydrodynamic]] instabilities and the formation of a 'tight' [[Shock wave|shockwave]] convergence at the compressed fuel center.

In order to focus the shock wave on the center of the target, the target must be made with extremely high precision and [[sphericity]] with aberrations of no more than a few micrometres over its surface (inner and outer). Likewise the aiming of the laser beams must be extremely precise and the beams must arrive at the same time at all points on the target. Beam timing is a relatively simple issue though and is solved by using [[delay line]]s in the beams' optical path to achieve [[1 E-12 s|picosecond]] levels of timing accuracy. The other major problem plaguing the achievement of high symmetry and high temperatures/densities of the imploding target are so called "beam-beam" imbalance and beam anisotropy. These problems are, respectively, where the energy delivered by one beam may be higher or lower than other beams impinging on the target and of "hot spots" within a beam diameter hitting a target which induces uneven compression on the target surface, thereby forming [[Rayleigh–Taylor instability|Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities]] in the fuel, prematurely mixing it and reducing heating efficacy at the time of maximum compression.

All of these problems have been substantially mitigated to varying degrees in the past two decades of research by using various beam smoothing techniques and beam energy diagnostics to balance beam to beam energy though RT instability remains a major issue. Target design has also improved tremendously over the years. Modern [[Cryogenics|cryogenic]] [[hydrogen]] ice targets tend to freeze a thin layer of [[deuterium]] just on the inside of a plastic sphere while irradiating it with a low power [[IR]] laser to smooth its inner surface while monitoring it with a [[microscope]] equipped [[camera]], thereby allowing the layer to be closely monitored ensuring its "smoothness".<ref>[http://www.lle.rochester.edu/pub/progress/doe_apr02.pdf Inertial Confinement Fusion Program Activities, April 2002]</ref> Cryogenic targets filled with a deuterium [[tritium]] (D-T) mixture are "self-smoothing" due to the small amount of heat created by the decay of the radioactive tritium isotope. This is often referred to as "[[beta radiation|beta]]-layering".<ref>[http://www.lle.rochester.edu/pub/progress/MarDOE06.pdf Inertial Confinement Fusion Program Activities, March 2006]</ref>

[[Image:Nif hohlraum.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A gold plated [[National Ignition Facility|NIF]] hohlraum.]]
[[Image:Fusion microcapsule.jpg|right|thumb|250px|An inertial confinement [[Nuclear fusion|fusion]] fuel microcapsule (sometimes called a "microballon") of the size to be used on the [[National Ignition Facility|NIF]] which can be filled with either [[deuterium]] and [[tritium]] gas or DT ice. The capsule can be either inserted in a hohlraum (as above) and imploded in the '''indirect drive''' mode or irradiated directly with [[laser]] energy in the '''direct drive''' configuration. Microcapsules used on previous laser systems were significantly smaller owing to the less powerful irradiation earlier lasers were capable of delivering to the target.]]

Certain targets are surrounded by a small metal cylinder which is irradiated by the laser beams instead of the target itself, an approach known as "''indirect drive''".<ref>[http://fire.pppl.gov/iaea04_lindl.pdf Recent Advances in Indirect Drive ICF Target Physics]</ref> In this approach the lasers are focused on the inner side of the cylinder, heating it to a superhot [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] which radiates mostly in [[X-ray]]s. The X-rays from this plasma are then absorbed by the target surface, imploding it in the same way as if it had been hit with the lasers directly. The absorption of thermal x-rays by the target is more efficient than the direct absorption of laser light, however these ''[[hohlraum]]''s or "burning chambers" also take up considerable energy to heat on their own thus significantly reducing the overall efficiency of laser-to-target energy transfer. They are thus a debated feature even today; the equally numerous "''direct-drive''" design does not use them. Most often, indirect drive hohlraum targets are used to simulate [[Nuclear weapon|thermonuclear weapons]] tests due to the fact that the fusion fuel in them is also imploded mainly by X-ray radiation.

A variety of ICF drivers are being explored. Lasers have improved dramatically since the 1970s, scaling up in energy and power from a few [[joule]]s and kilowatts to megajoules (see [[National Ignition Facility|NIF]] laser) and hundreds of terawatts, using mostly [[Nonlinear optics|frequency doubled or tripled light]] from [[Neodymium#Neodymium glass|neodymium glass]] amplifiers.

Heavy ion beams are particularly interesting for commercial generation, as they are easy to create, control, and focus. On the downside, it is very difficult to achieve the very high energy densities required to implode a target efficiently, and most ion-beam systems require the use of a hohlraum surrounding the target to smooth out the irradiation, reducing the overall efficiency of the coupling of the [[ion beam]]'s energy to that of the imploding target further.

==Brief history of ICF==

{{see also|timeline of nuclear fusion}}

The first laser-driven "ICF" experiments (though strictly speaking, these were only high intensity laser-hydrogen plasma interaction experiments) were carried out using [[ruby laser]]s soon after these were invented in the 1960s. It was realized that the power available from existing lasers was far too low to be truly useful in achieving significant fusion reactions, but were useful in establishing preliminary theories describing high intensity light and plasma interactions.

A major step in the ICF program took place in 1972, when John Nuckolls of the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL) published a seminal article in ''Nature'' that predicted that ignition could be achieved with laser energies about 1 kJ, while "high gain" would require energies around 1 MJ.<ref>Nuckolls et al, ''[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v239/n5368/pdf/239139a0.pdf Laser Compression of Matter to Super-High Densities: Thermonuclear (CTR) Applications]'', ''Nature'' Vol. 239, 1972, pp. 129</ref><ref>John Lindl, ''[http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10126383-6NAuBK/native/10126383.pdf The Edward Teller Medal Lecture: The Evolution Toward Indirect Drive and Two Decades of Progress Toward ICF Ignition and Burn]'', 11th International Workshop on Laser Interaction and Related Plasma Phenomena, December 1994. Retrieved on [[May 7]] [[2008]].</ref>

But already back in 1964, it was proposed by Winterberg <ref>F. Winterberg, Z. f. Naturforsch. 19a, 231 (1964)</ref> that ignition could be achieved by an intense beam of microparticles accelerated to a velocity of 1000 km/s. And in 1968 <ref>F. Winterberg, Phys. Rev. 174, 212 (1968)</ref>, Winterberg proposed to use intense electron and ion beams, generated by Marx generators, for the same purpose.

The primary problems in making a practical ICF device would be building a laser of the required energy and making its beams uniform enough to collapse a fuel target evenly. At first it was not obvious that the energy issue could ever be addressed, but a new generation of laser devices first invented in the late 1960s pointed to ways to build devices of the required power. Starting in the early-1970s several labs started experiments with such devices, including [[krypton fluoride]] [[excimer laser]]s at the [[Naval Research Laboratory]] (NRL) and the [[solid-state laser]]s ([[List of laser types#Solid-state lasers|Nd:glass laser]]s) at [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL). What followed was a series of advances followed by seemingly intractable problems that characterized fusion research in general.

High energy ICF experiments (multi-hundred joules per shot and greater experiments) began in earnest in the early-1970s, when lasers of the required energy and power were first designed. This was some time after the successful design of [[magnetic confinement fusion]] systems, and around the time of the particularly successful [[tokamak]] design that was introduced in the early '70s. Nevertheless, high funding for fusion research stimulated by the multiple [[energy crisis|energy crises]] during the mid to late 1970s produced rapid gains in performance, and inertial designs were soon reaching the same sort of "below break-even" conditions of the best magnetic systems.

LLNL was, in particular, very well funded and started a major laser fusion development program. Their [[Janus laser]] started operation in 1974, and validated the approach of using Nd:glass lasers to generate very high power devices. Focusing problems were explored in the [[Long path laser]] and [[Cyclops laser]], which led to the larger [[Argus laser]]. None of these were intended to be practical ICF devices, but each one advanced the state of the art to the point where there was some confidence the basic approach was valid. At the time it was believed that making a much larger device of the Cyclops type could both compress and heat the ICF targets, leading to ignition in the "short term". This was a misconception based on extrapolation of the fusion yields seen from experiments utilizing the so called "exploding pusher" type of fuel capsules. During the period spanning the years of the late '70s and early '80s the estimates for laser energy on target needed to achieve ignition doubled almost yearly as the various plasma instabilities and laser-plasma energy coupling loss modes were gradually understood. The realization that the simple exploding pusher target designs and mere few kilojoule (kJ) laser irradiation intensities would never scale to high gain fusion yields led to the effort to increase laser energies to the hundred kJ level in the UV and to the production of advanced ablator and cryogenic DT ice target designs.

One of the earliest serious and large scale attempts at an ICF driver design was the '''[[Shiva laser]]''', a 20-beam [[Neodymium#Neodymium glass|neodymium doped glass]] laser system built at the [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL) that started operation in 1978. Shiva was a "proof of concept" design intended to demonstrate compression of fusion fuel capsules to many times the liquid density of hydrogen. In this, Shiva succeeded and compressed its pellets to 100 times the liquid density of deuterium. However, due to the laser's strong coupling with hot electrons, premature heating of the dense plasma (ions) was problematic and fusion yields were low. This failure by Shiva to efficiently heat the compressed plasma pointed to the use of [[optical frequency multiplier]]s as a solution which would frequency triple the infrared light from the laser into the ultraviolet at 351 nm. Newly discovered schemes to efficiently frequency triple high intensity laser light discovered at the [[Laboratory for Laser Energetics]] in 1980 enabled this method of target irradiation to be experimented with in the 24 beam OMEGA laser and the [[NOVETTE laser]], which was followed by the [[Nova laser]] design with 10 times the energy of Shiva, the first design with the specific goal of reaching ignition conditions.

Nova also failed in its goal of achieving ignition, this time due to severe variation in laser intensity in its beams (and differences in intensity between beams) caused by filamentation which resulted in large non-uniformity in irradiation smoothness at the target and asymmetric implosion. The techniques pioneered earlier could not address these new issues. But again this failure led to a much greater understanding of the process of implosion, and the way forward again seemed clear, namely the increase in uniformity of irradiation, the reduction of hot-spots in the laser beams through beam smoothing techniques to reduce [[Rayleigh–Taylor instability]] imprinting on the target and increased laser energy on target by at least an order of magnitude. Funding for fusion research was severely constrained in the 80's, but Nova nevertheless successfully gathered enough information for a next generation machine.



The resulting design, now known as the [[National Ignition Facility]], started construction at LLNL in 1997. NIF's main objective will be to operate as the flagship experimental device of the so called [[Stockpile stewardship|nuclear stewardship program]], supporting LLNLs traditional bomb-making role. Originally intended to start construction in the early 1990s, NIF is now scheduled for fusion experiments starting in 2009 when the remaining lasers in the 192-beam array are installed. The facility was completed in March 2009 <ref>[https://publicaffairs.llnl.gov/news/news_releases/2009/NR-NNSA-09-03-06.html Department of Energy announces completion of NIF]</ref>. The first credible attempts at ignition are scheduled for 2010.

A more recent development is the concept of "fast ignition", which may offer a way to directly heat the high density fuel after compression, thus decoupling the heating and compression phases of the implosion. In this approach the target is first compressed "normally" using a driver laser system, and then when the implosion reaches maximum density (at the stagnation point or "bang time"), a second ultra-short pulse ultra-high power [[petawatt]] (PW) laser delivers a single pulse focused on one side of the core, dramatically heating it and hopefully starting fusion ignition. The two types of fast ignition are the "plasma bore-through" method and the "cone-in-shell" method. In the first method the petawatt laser is simply expected to bore straight through the outer plasma of an imploding capsule and to impinge on and heat the dense core, whereas in the cone-in-shell method, the capsule is mounted on the end of a small high-z cone such that the tip of the cone projects into the core of the capsule. In this second method, when the capsule is imploded, the petawatt has a clear view straight to the high density core and does not have to waste energy boring through a 'corona' plasma; however, the presence of the cone affects the implosion process in significant ways that are not fully understood. Several projects are currently underway to explore the fast ignition approach, including upgrades to the [[OMEGA laser]] at the [[University of Rochester]], the [[GEKKO XII]] device in Japan, and an entirely new £500m facility, known as [[HiPER]], proposed for construction in the [[European Union]]. If successful, the fast ignition approach could dramatically lower the total amount of energy needed to be delivered to the target; whereas NIF uses UV beams of 2 MJ, HiPER's driver is 200 kJ and heater 70 kJ, yet the predicted fusion gains are nevertheless even higher than on NIF.

Finally, using a different approach entirely is the [[z-pinch]] device. Z-pinch uses massive amounts of electrical current which is switched into a small number of extremely fine wires. The wires heat and vaporize so quickly they fill the target with x-rays, which implode the fuel pellet. In order to direct the x-rays onto the pellet the target consists of a cylindrical metal capsule with the wiring and fuel within. Challenges to this approach include relatively low drive temperatures, resulting in slow implosion velocities and potentially large instability growth, and preheat caused by high-energy x-rays.<ref>[http://www.sandia.gov/pulsedpower/prog_cap/pub_papers/010607a.pdf Z-Pinch Power Plant a Pulsed Power Driven System for Fusion Energy]</ref><ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AIPC..651....3G Fast Z-Pinch Study in Russia and Related Problems]</ref>

Most recently, Winterberg has proposed the ignition of a deuterium microexplosion, with a gigavolt super-Marx generator, which is a Marx Generator driven by up to 100 ordinary Marx generators <ref>F. Winterberg, arXiv:0812.0394v1 [physics.gen-ph]</ref>

==Inertial confinement fusion as an energy source==

Practical power plants built using ICF have been studied since the late 1970s when ICF experiments were beginning to ramp up to higher powers; they are known as '''inertial fusion energy''', or '''IFE''' plants. These devices would deliver a successive stream of targets to the reaction chamber, several a second typically, and capture the resulting heat and neutron radiation from their implosion and fusion to drive a conventional [[steam turbine]].

Laser driven systems were initially believed to be able to generate commercially useful amounts of energy. However, as estimates of the energy required to reach ignition grew dramatically during the 1970s and '80s, these hopes were abandoned. Given the low efficiency of the laser amplification process (about 1 to 1.5%), and the losses in generation (steam-driven turbine systems are typically about 35% efficient), fusion gains would have to be on the order of 350 just to break even. These sorts of gains appeared to be impossible to generate, and ICF work turned primarily to weapons research. With the recent introduction of fast ignition, things have changed dramatically. In this approach gains of 100 are predicted in the first experimental device, [[HiPER]]. Given a gain of about 100 and a laser efficiency of about 1%, HiPER produces about the same amount of ''fusion'' energy as electrical energy was needed to create it.

Additionally newer laser devices appear to be able to greatly improve driver efficiency. Current designs use [[xenon flash lamp]]s{{Fact|date=October 2007}} to produce an intense flash of white light, some of which is absorbed by the Nd:glass that produces the laser power. In total about 1 to 1.5% of the electrical power fed into the flash tubes is turned into useful laser light. Newer designs replace the flash lamps with [[laser diode]]s that are tuned to produce most of their energy in a frequency range that is strongly absorbed. Initial experimental devices offer efficiencies of about 10%, and it is suggested that 20% is a real possibility with some additional development.

With "classical" devices like NIF about 330 MJ of electrical power are used to produce the driver beams, producing an expected yield of about 20 MJ, with the maximum credible yield of 45 MJ. Using the same sorts of numbers in a reactor combining fast ignition with newer lasers would offer dramatically improved performance. HiPER requires about 270 kJ of laser energy, so assuming a first-generation diode laser driver at 10% the reactor would require about 3 MJ of electrical power. This is expected to produce about 30 MJ of fusion power.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} Even a very poor conversion to electrical energy appears to offer real-world power output, and incremental improvements in yield and laser efficiency appear to be able to offer a commercially useful output.

ICF systems face some of the same secondary power extraction problems as magnetic systems in generating useful power from their reactions. One of the primary concerns is how to successfully remove heat from the reaction chamber without interfering with the targets and driver beams. Another serious concern is that the huge number of [[neutron]]s released in the fusion reactions react with the plant, causing them to become intensely radioactive themselves, as well as mechanically weakening metals. Fusion plants built of conventional metals like [[steel]] would have a fairly short lifetime and the core containment vessels will have to be replaced frequently.

One current concept in dealing with both of these problems, as shown in the '''HYLIFE-II''' baseline design, is to use a "waterfall" of ''flibe'', a molten mix of [[fluorine]], [[lithium]] and [[beryllium]] salts, which both protect the chamber from neutrons, as well as carrying away heat. The flibe is then passed into a [[heat exchanger]] where it heats water for use in the turbines.<ref>[http://www.ap.columbia.edu/SMproceedings/6.InertialConcepts/6.IFE_Subgroups.pdf Snowmass Fusion Summer Study, Inertial Fusion Concepts Working Group Subgroup 3: Inertial Fusion Power Plant Concepts]</ref> Another, '''Sombrero''', uses a reaction chamber built of [[carbon fibre]] which has a very low neutron [[Cross section (physics)|cross section]]. Cooling is provided by a molten ceramic, chosen because of its ability to stop the neutrons from traveling any further, while at the same time being an efficient heat transfer agent.<ref>[http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/pdf/fdm862.pdf SOMBRERO - A Solid Breeder Moving Bed KrF Laser Driven IFE Power Reactor]</ref>

[[Image:Fusion target implosion on NOVA laser.jpg|thumb|right|300px|An inertial confinement fusion implosion in Nova, creating "microsun" conditions of tremendously high density and temperature rivaling even those found at the core of our [[Sun]].]]

As a power source, even the best IFE reactors would be hard-pressed to deliver the same economics as [[coal]], although they would have advantages in terms of less pollution and [[global warming]]. Coal can simply be dug up and burned for little financial cost, one of the main costs being shipping. In terms of the turbomachinery and generators, an IFE plant would likely cost the same as a coal plant of similar power, and one might suggest that the "combustion chamber" in an IFE plant would be similar to those for a coal plant. On the other hand, a coal plant has no equivalent to the driver laser, which would make the IFE plant much more expensive. Additionally, extraction of deuterium and its formation into useful fuel pellets is considerably more expensive than coal processing, although the cost of shipping it is much lower (in terms of energy per unit mass). It is generally estimated that an IFE plant would have long-term operational costs about the same as coal, discounting development. HYLIFE-II claims to be about 40% less expensive than a coal plant of the same size, but considering the problems with NIF, it is simply too early to tell if this is realistic or not.

The various phases of such a project are the following, the sequence of inertial confinement fusion development follows much the same outline:
* '''burning demonstration:''' reproducible achievement of some fusion energy release (not necessarily a Q factor of >1).
* '''high gain demonstration:''' experimental demonstration of the feasibility of a reactor with a sufficient energy gain.
* '''industrial demonstration:''' validation of the various technical options, and of the whole data needed to define a commercial reactor.
* '''commercial demonstration:''' demonstration of the reactor ability to work over a long period, while respecting all the requirements for safety, liability and cost.

At the moment, according to the available data <ref>This chapter is based on data available in June 2006, when [[Laser Megajoule]] and NIF lasers are not yet into complete service.</ref>, inertial confinement fusion experiments have not gone beyond the first phase, although Nova and others have repeatedly demonstrated operation within this realm.

In the short term a number of new systems are expected to reach the second stage. NIF is expected to be able to quickly reach this sort of operation when it starts, but the date for the start of fusion experiments is currently suggested to be somewhere between 2010 and 2014. [[Laser Mégajoule]] would also operate within the second stage, and was initially expected to become operational in 2010. Fast ignition systems work well within this range. Finally, the z-pinch machine, not using lasers, is expected to obtain a high fusion energy gain, as well as capability for repetitive working, starting around 2010.

For a true industrial demonstration, further work is required. In particular, the laser systems need to be able to run at high operating frequencies, perhaps one to ten times a second. Most of the laser systems mentioned in this article have trouble operating even as much as once a day. Parts of the HiPER budget are dedicated to research in this direction as well. Because they convert electricity into laser light with much higher efficiency, diode lasers also run cooler, which in turn allows them to be operated at much higher frequencies. HiPER is currently studying devices that operate at 1 MJ at 1 Hz, or alternately 100 kJ at 10 Hz.

==Inertially confined fusion and the nuclear weapons program==

The very hot and dense conditions encountered during an Inertial Confinement Fusion experiment are similar to those created in a thermonuclear weapon, and have applications to the nuclear weapons program. ICF experiments might be used, for example, to help determine how warhead performance will degrade as it ages, or as part of a program of designing new weapons. Retaining knowledge and corporate expertise in the nuclear weapons program is another motivation for pursuing ICF.<ref>[[Richard Garwin]], Arms Control Today, 1997</ref><ref>[http://www.llnl.gov/nif/project/missions_security.html NIF: Stockpile Stewardship]</ref>. Funding for the NIF facility in the United States is sourced from the 'Nuclear Weapons Stewardship' program, and the goals of the program are oriented accordingly.<ref>[http://www.llnl.gov/nif/project/missions.html National Ignition Facility Project: MIssions]</ref> It has been argued that some aspects of ICF research may violate the [[Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty]] or the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]].<ref>[http://www.ieer.org/reports/fusion/chap5.html Nuclear Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Issues Related to Explosive Confinement Fusion]</ref>. In the long term, despite the formidable technical hurdles, ICF research might potentially lead to the creation of a "[[pure fusion weapon]]".<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/~globsec/publications/pdf/7_2Jones.pdf Jones and von Hippel, Science and Global security, 1998, Volume 7 p129-150 ]</ref>

==Inertial confinement fusion as a neutron source==
Inertial confinement fusion has the potential to produce orders of magnitude more neutrons than [[spallation]]. Neutrons are capable of locating hydrogen atoms in molecules, resolving atomic thermal motion and studying collective excitations of photons more effectively than [[X-rays]]. [[Neutron scattering]] studies of molecular structures could resolve problems associated with [[protein folding]], [[Facilitated diffusion|diffusion through membanes]], [[Proton pump|proton transfer mechanisms]], dynamics of [[molecular motor]]s, etc. by modulating [[Neutron temperature|thermal neutrons]] into beams of slow neutrons <ref>{{cite journal | author=Taylor, Andrew | title=A Route to the Brightest Possible Neutron Source? | journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume=315 | month=February | year=2007 | pages=1092–1095 | pmid=17322053 | doi=10.1126/science.1127185 }}</ref>. In combination with fissionable materials, neutrons produced by ICF can potentially be used in [[Hybrid Nuclear Fusion]] designs to produce electric power.

==See also==
* [[Antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion]]
* [[Laboratory for Laser Energetics]]
* [[Bubble fusion]] is controversially claimed to be an ''acoustic'' form of inertial confinement fusion
* [[Pulsed power]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

{{fusion methods}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.llnl.gov/nif/nif.html National Ignition Facility Project]
*[http://zpinch.sandia.gov/ Zpinch Home Page]
*[http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/9/9/2/1/ Europe plans laser-fusion facility] ''(Physicsweb)''
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2007/dec/06/laserfusion Lasers point the way to clean energy] ''(The Guardian)''
*[http://other.nrl.navy.mil/LaserFusionEnergy/ National Laser Fusion Energy Development Plan]
*[http://www.ile.osaka-u.ac.jp/index_e.html Institute of Laser Engineering Osaka University]
*[http://lasers.llnl.gov/missions/energy_for_the_future/life/ Laser Inertial-Confinement Fusion-Fission Energy]

[[Category:Fusion power]]

[[cs:Inerciální udržení]]
[[de:Trägheitsfusion]]
[[es:Confinamiento inercial]]
[[eo:Inercia kuntena fuzio]]
[[fa:محصورسازی لیزری]]
[[fr:Fusion par confinement inertiel]]
[[it:Confinamento inerziale di fusione]]
[[ja:レーザー核融合]]

Talk:Apache Tomcat

2009-03-11T16:31:20Z

62.101.100.5: /* Catalina Merge */

{{talkheader}}
{{WikiProject Computing|class=Start|importance=}}
{{WPFS|class=start|importance=}}
== ant ==

can someone talk about apache ant ? it's important to tomcat.
see [[Apache Ant]] —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Unixer|Unixer]] ([[User talk:Unixer|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Unixer|contribs]]) 13:06, 29 March 2006

== External Links ==
Why is it acceptible to add links to a commercial book for the purpose of sales, but not to free tutorials that assist in setting up and using Tomcat (similar to the C language page)? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Naidim|Naidim]] ([[User talk:Naidim|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Naidim|contribs]]) 22:05, 11 September 2006
: That other articles also violate policy is irrelevant. In the particular case of the O'Reilly book, it's the canonical reference book for the application. Perhaps one has heard of a library? I've corrected the link to a book citation rather than just a normal external link. [[User:Thumperward|Chris Cunningham]] 08:20, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
:: I didn't realize there was a policy against linking to free information, yet allowing commercial information. As a server administrator for setting up Tomcat I've found "Professional Apache Tomcat 5" by Wrox press to be superior to the O'Reilly's book. What makes the O'Reilly book "canonical"? Also would there be a policy against linking to the (again ''Free'') Tomcat-Book project at http://tomcatbook.sourceforge.net/en/index.shtml? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Naidim|Naidim]] ([[User talk:Naidim|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Naidim|contribs]]) 19:23, 15 September 2006

Why is Resin, a "competitor" to Tomcat, given a link on this page? I only see it mentioned one in the external links. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:75.181.51.0|75.181.51.0]] ([[User talk:75.181.51.0|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/75.181.51.0|contribs]]) 20:19, 22 April 2007

==Fair use rationale for Image:Tomcat.png==
[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|70px|left]]
'''[[:Image:Tomcat.png]]''' is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under [[Wikipedia:Fair use|fair use]] but there is no [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline|explanation or rationale]] as to why its use in '''this''' Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Fair use|boilerplate fair use template]], you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with [[WP:FU|fair use]].

Please go to [[:Image:Tomcat.png|the image description page]] and edit it to include a [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline |fair use rationale]]. Using one of the templates at [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline]] is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Media copyright questions page]]. Thank you.

[[User:BetacommandBot|BetacommandBot]] 05:32, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

== tomcat ==
A tomcat is a male housecat. There is a snow leopard on the cover. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:129.33.1.37|129.33.1.37]] ([[User talk:129.33.1.37|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/129.33.1.37|contribs]]) 22:41, 16 November 2007

== Catalina Merge ==

I believe the information on Catalina should be merged into the Tomcat article. It is not significant enough on its own. As long as the Catalina_(Tomcat) page redirects to Apache_Tomcat it would be fine. A yes from me. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Lantrix|Lantrix]] ([[User talk:Lantrix|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lantrix|contribs]]) 07:12, 22 January 2008 (UTC) 
:Done. - [[User:Kesla|David Björklund]] ([[User_talk:Kesla|talk]]) 19:40, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Why was choosen the name "catalina" ?

== Web Server or Application Server==
It's given here that Tomcat is an application server or web-server. But apache tomcat is a webserver only right? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Pradeepnnv|Pradeepnnv]] ([[User talk:Pradeepnnv|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pradeepnnv|contribs]]) 05:20, 20 March 2008 
: My understanding is that it is both an application server (which can then be proxied through to a web server such as Apache HTTP Server) or that it can host websites itself through its web server interface. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[Jam]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 20:32, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

== mobile and tomcat ==

Hiii I am doing a project , title is "Infocity on Mobile ".In that I have to give city details on mobile using GPRS. So I am using Tomcat 5.0 and J2ME . I need a help for project report that what should I add in my project... —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/121.245.186.215|121.245.186.215]] ([[User talk:121.245.186.215|talk]]) 19:24, 17 October 2008 (UTC) 

: Sorry, but this is not a forum. We are here to discuss how to improve the article, not how to do your project. ~~ [[User:JGXenite|[ジャム]]][[User talk:JGXenite|[talk]]] 09:13, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

Talk:True-range multilateration

2009-03-11T14:34:22Z

62.101.100.5: /* Math error? */

:"Trilateration is most commonly used in GPS applications, where the distances from satellite transmitters (the reference points) are measured by a receiver (the subject point)."

Not precisely. What are measured are timing ''differences'', so we are really intersecting [[hyperboloid of revolution|hyperboloids of revolution]]. It would be trilateration if we already knew the exact time; but that's one of the things we are solving for. -- [[User:The Anome|The Anome]] 11:59, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

== locations at sea ==

'''For example, if the subject is known to be on land, or on the surface of the Earth, and one of the candidate locations is at sea or in space, that point may be disregarded.'''

Why the locations at sea are disregarded? A subject can be at sea or land at any given time.--[[User:Assu|Assu]] 14:01, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

:At any time subject knows where he is. If one of the candidate points is on land and the other one is at sea, and the subject is on land - he can easily pick the correct point from the two. It works the other way as well. Furthermore, if the subject knows his approximate position from previous oservations, he can make a pick as well. [[User:Kender|Kender]] 00:46, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

== C++ to do 2D trilateration ==

Just hand-derived this. It seems to work and might be useful to add to the article.

// Precondition: one center point (p1/p2/p3) must not be colinear with the other two.
Point Trilaterate(const Point &p1, float d1, const Point &p2, float d2, const Point &p3, float d3)
{
double i1=p1.x,i2=p2.x,i3=p3.x;
double j1=p1.y,j2=p2.y,j3=p3.y;
double x,y;
~~
x = (((2*j3-2*j2)*((d1*d1-d2*d2)+(i2*i2-i1*i1)+(j2*j2-j1*j1)) - (2*j2-2*j1)*((d2*d2-d3*d3)+(i3*i3-i2*i2)+(j3*j3-j2*j2)))/
((2*i2-2*i3)*(2*j2-2*j1)-(2*i1-2*i2)*(2*j3-2*j2)));
y = ((d1*d1-d2*d2)+(i2*i2-i1*i1)+(j2*j2-j1*j1)+x*(2*i1-2*i2))/(2*j2-2*j1);

return Point(x,y);
}

Hey, this is really great (and pretty helpful), have you thought of adding it to the "List of Algorithms"? [[Special:Contributions/75.153.121.178|75.153.121.178]] ([[User talk:75.153.121.178|talk]]) 04:39, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

== Math error? ==

I'm no math wizard, but shouldn't the last term of the equation for y be:

<math>\frac{(r_1^2-r_2^2+d^2)^2}{8d^2j}</math>

The equation given didn't spit back the expected results for me, but using 8 instead of 4 in the denominator yields the expected result. I'm not confident enough in my algebra to change the actual article based on just my conclusions, so if someone else checks my work and finds it to be right please fix this on the main article.
# I checked the formulas and all are rights

==Merge==

'''Note: following all the discussion below, I have clarified both Trilateration and Multilateration articles to hopefully address the points below and remove the need for any merging. If the original proposer for the merge, [[User:Frelke|Frelke]], is happy with the changes, I suggest the merge tag is removed from the articles'''
--[[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 18:48, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

:Just done it. Are we all happy ? [[User:Frelke|Frelke]] 20:45, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
::Yep! It doesn't seem to be confusing any more. [[User:Kender|Kender]] 03:47, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
:::Phew! --[[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 11:32, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

I am proposing to merge this page with [[multilateration]], it being the more general case. I think that this article is actually the better article and so would intend to keep the vast majority of it.

===Agree===
# Strong '''agree''' [[User:Frelke|Frelke]] 07:40, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
# I '''agree''' but I'm unsure whether to move it to multilateration or keep it at trilateration. The latter is more familiar to laymen while the former is more used in research papers and such. [[User:Deco|Deco]] 08:27, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
# '''Agree.''' This will clarify discussion of the remainer of the issues. I don't know which one should be the main article, but do note for interest that the Encyclopædia Britannica has an article for trilateration, but not for multilateration. --[[User:Sicooke|SC]] 21:47, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

===Disagree===

#Following the discussions in this section, I now change my vote to '''disagree''' as it seems the two concepts are better kept distinct, although I do think we should keep a "See also" in each article, linking to the other. --[[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 12:27, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
# '''I did agree at some point. I've changed my mind.''' But please stop the confusion. Somebody draws a picture for the TOA positioning, which is rightfully called trilateration, but then talks about the hyperbolic systems and intersection of two hyperboloids. We have to figure out whether tri- and multi-lateration and hyperbolic positioning are the same things. Which ones are TOA and which ones are TDOA? Who and why have coined the term "multilateration", and what sense does it make at all? Any takers? [[User:Kender|Kender]] 07:19, 23 January 2006 (UTC) Stanford, CA
::See my comments below in "Multilateration vs. Triangulation" [[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 11:47, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
# The first picture at the top-right of the page is wrong. The picture shows a particular case where there is a solution with z=0. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/62.101.100.5|62.101.100.5]] ([[User talk:62.101.100.5|talk]]) 14:02, 11 March 2009 (UTC) 

===Discussion on Multilateration vs. Trilateration===
It's probably worth trying to come to some agreed position on the relationship between multilateration and trilateration before merging the two articles. To that end, I suggest we use this section. Here is my input for a start! I think points of initial agreement are that "trilateration" normally means using TOA and three sites; similarly "multilateration" normally means three or more sites using TDOA. Also, hyperbolic positioning clearly refers to the use of TDOA and is ambiguous regarding the number of sites. Also, both terms are in common usage (Google on either). The issue really comes down to: "is trilateration synonymous with TOA and multilateration with TDOA, or is trilateration synonymous with 3 sites and multilateration synonymous with multiple sites?". If we can resolve that, then the problem is resolved. It is clear that in normal use, "multi" is used as the general case of "tri" - eg. "trilateral agreement", "multilateral agreement". By extension, it seems illogical to describe a system with more than 3 sites using TOA as "trilateration", or (to a lesser extent) a system with exactly 3 sites as "multilateration". It also seems clear to me that even given the usual definitions of trilateration (3 sites, TOA) and multilateration (multiple sites, TDOA), the two approaches are mathematically equivalent and hence the same thing. For instance, if my classical trilateration system measures three distances, d1, d2, d3 to computer the location by the intersection of three circles, I could equally well solve the problem by taking (d2-d1) and (d2-d3) and solving for the intersection of the two resulting hyperbolae. It's simply a matter of how I choose to code up the algorithm - to the end user, nothing is different. My personal opinion is that we should explicitly address this confusion by structuring the article as I recommend below. Within the "Definition" section we could state that the most common usage of trilateration is in the context of TOA measurements, and the most common usage of multilateration is in the context of TDOA measurements. Comments? [[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 11:47, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

:Re: "''it seems illogical to describe a system with more than 3 sites using TOA as "trilateration''". Is this really the case? Is Triangulation only triangulation when 3 angles are in use? --[[User:Sicooke|SC]] 21:00, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

:Most TOA systems, deployed to date, use more then 3 sites for position fixing. In the perfect world 3 would be enough, but in the real world TOA is estimated with errors, which are caused by phenomena such as clock drifts, unknown clock biases and unknown propagation parameters. In a 2-D case with no errors in a system with 4 TOA the LOP circles would intersect in one point, and the system would be overdefined. However, in the real 2-D case with errors all 4 LOP circles normally do not intersect at one point, because errors are different for each TOA, and they would not necessarily cancel. The user would use the least-squares method (may be with a Kalman filter) to estimate her position, and the more TOAs she gets – the more accurate is her estimate. The most prominent example is the GPS, which is a TOA system, where user typically sees 5-12 satellites at the same time.

:Adding to the confusion:
:* To make position fix in 3-D one needs 4 TOA in the general case.
:* One can do hyperbolic positioning with just three sites, which are arranged in three distinct pairs.

:So, here’s my take on resolving this confusion:
:* Trilateration – TOA position fixing with any number of sites. We call it tri-lateration, because 3 is the minimum number of sites for the 2-D case.
:* Hyperbolic – TDOA position fixing with any number of sites.
:* Multilateration – stillborn and confusing term. No wonder that Britannica doesn’t have it. We should just warn the readers.

:[[User:Kender|Kender]] 21:59, 24 January 2006 (UTC) Stanford, CA

: To correct something above - you *can* do 2D hyperbolic positioning with 3 sites, as you you get 2 hyperboloids. However, you *can't* regard them as three distinct pairs as the TDOA of the third pair is always dependent on that from the other two. However, to describe multilateration as a "stillborn and confusing term" is utterly wrong. It may not be a term that *you* are familiar with, or used in whatever your area of expertise is, but it is in '''widespread''' use in the area of surveillance systems. Just Google and see. '''Hyperbolic''' positioning is never used in this context - even though it is describing the same concept - so I might equally well describe that as "stillborn and confusing". Whether Britannica uses it, or not, is immaterial - Wikipedia already has many more articles than Britannica and so this should not be the measure of what is included. The surveillance literature deos use the term, and that is a more important measure than Britannica (encyclopedias should never be regarded as primary sources of information). Given the obvious different usage of terms in different areas here, I suggest we stick with my suggestion below and simply state which domains most commonly use each term. Using emotive language like above is just inserting personal prejudices into a factual article. Incidentally, a large part of my day job is working with multilateration systems. They are in widespread use in civil ATC and military surveillance and are always referred to as multilateration. I'm therefore arguing this from a position of current and professional knowledge. Once again, I suggest we use my structure below and can use the "definition" and "example uses" sections to indicate which terms are in common use in each domains. Without further comment on whether we believe that domain is correct or not. [[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 06:38, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

:: I have also searched for "multilateration" on the IEEE site, and got 46 hits ("trilateration" 25, "hyperbolic position" 9). They seem to employ Paul's definition of multilateration. So, I take "stillborn" back. But I keep the "confusing". We should not merge the articles, and add the phrase "Mutilateration, which is based on TDOA measurements, should not be confused with trilateration, which is based on TOA measurements." to the multilateration article and remove the references to the TOA systems (such as GPS and Galileo). By the way, I work with GPS, Loran and Galileo, and, as you can see, I've never encountered the term "multilateration", so it could quite specific to the surveillance area. [[User:Kender|Kender]] 09:09, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

::: I agree with Kender - and have now changed my vote above to '''disagree'''. We should just aim to clarify both articles in light of the discussions above, and ensure the two cross-reference each other. --[[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 12:29, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Incidentally, if we can't resolve this issue over the relation between trilateration and multilateration, I propose we abandon the proposal to merge the two articles, but simply include a "see also" at the bottom of each article. It seems that there are only three of us interested in a merge anyway... [[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 06:58, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

===Proposal for Structure of Merged Articles ===
I propose that the two articles are merged as follows:

* Definition (define multilateration, trilateration)
* Principle of operation
**Reciprocity (discussion of equivalence of multiple receivers and one transmitter, and vice versa)
**Time of Arrival
***Description of approach
***Mathematics of estimation using TOA (based on existing trilateration article, but perhaps in 3D rather than 2D)
**Time Difference of Arrival
***Description of approach
***Mathematics of estimation using TDOA (based on [http://www.era.cz/en/tdoa.shtml])
**Phase Difference
***Brief mention that this is equivalent to TDOA for narrowband sources
**Multilateration accuracy (merge existing section of same name, and error model in trilateration)
*Example applications
*See also
*External links

[[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 12:08, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

:Propose link structures as follows:
:*Main page as [[Multilateration]]
:*Redirect [[Trilateration]] to Multilateration
:[[User:Frelke|Frelke]] 23:04, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

== Separating Math from Measurement ==

I would argue that the terms trilateration and multilateration refer to the ''mathematical techniques'' used to solve for position using range or distance data - regardless of how these distances are measured. For example, what do you call the technique when it is performed with distances provided by laser range finders? With these types of measurements the concepts of TDOA and TOA are not applicable but the terms trilateration and multilateration are still used. My opinion is that multilateration is merely an extension of trilateration from the 2D case to the 3D case (as well as to situations where the localisation problem is over constrained). In my experience, these terms refer to different versions of the same technique that uses the [[Pythagorean theorem]] to form a set of non-linear equations. I think that the terms TOA and TDOA are only relevant when discussing particular positioning systems that use the ''time-of-flight'' of signals to measure distances (which includes GPS and ultrasound based systems).
--[[User:Redehm|Michael]] 17:27, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

== Trilateration as described in the article can not be used for GPS purposes ==

This text was first put in the main article, but it was considered odd and therefore removed.

Additional, if the description of trilateration in the main article is correct, trilateration can not be used for GPS. A GPS clock (quartz clock) can be used for TDOA (Time Difference Of Arrival), but can not be used for TOA (Time Of Arrival) calculations. Trilateration as described above needs a better clock than the quartz clock available in a gps receiver. Pseudorange calculation [http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-112516142975720/unrestricted/appa.pdf][http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html](Pseudo-Range Navigation Solution Example), needs only a clock good enough to determine the TDOA between the different signals to calculate the position the actual time is not used. For Pseudorange calculations the signals of four satelites are needed, or the signal of tree satelites and a known hight is needed.

Comment: Only after a GPS device has made a fix and knows what it's location is, can it determine what the distances to the satellietes is. The reception of 3 satellietes allone is not enough to determine location or distances.

'''The quartz clock.'''
 A clock drift of only one second a year will result in an error af about 10 meters/second so after a minute the error is as large as 600 meters. A clock drift of one second a week (more realistic) will result in 500 meters/second, this is about 100 miles per hour. This is often more than the speed we are traveling in. So if the clock can not be corrected very often, it can not be used for the positioning because the error would be larger than if the GPS device would just 'stick' to the last correct position. The clock is used for measuring the Time Difference Off Arrival (TDOA) and the accuracy of the clock is still importent, but the drift is not a problem.
[[User:Crazy Software Productions|Crazy Software Productions]] 11:31, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

== Why "Z" ? ==
Hello, I've been reading through the article because i wanted to know more about his technique.
The explanatory calculus seems too complicated using 3coordinated when the article excplicitly says it is for 2D (x & y) and that z=0, would removing the Z make things clearer and more understandable ? [[Special:Contributions/85.168.232.38|85.168.232.38]] ([[User talk:85.168.232.38|talk]]) 03:40, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
: I understand your doubts. It is not clear in article why we use z=0. I can't explain you why, but I can tell you that consideration of 3D centers of spheres with z=0 is different than considering 2D centers of circles - When 3D then solutions is 3D. When 2D then solution is in 2D:
:* When we have 3 spheres (3D) then we have: no solution (usually error in measurement) or one solution (very rare) or two solutions. In case of two solutions there must be used some technique for eliminating one of them (for example when we have three GPS measurement from three satellites then we have two points as the solution: one point is on the earth (good), other is beyond GPS satellites orbit (wrong or we are flying to moon))
:* When we have 3 circles (2D) then we have: no solution or one solution.
:* When we have 2 spheres (3D) then we have: no solution or one solution or infinitely more pints in solution
:* When we have 2 circles (2D) then we have: no solution (no intersection) or one solution (touch each other) or two solutions (two intersections).
: As you see considering 3D centers of spheres with z=0 is different than considering 2D centers of circles in this case. [[User:CoperNick|CoperNick]] ([[User talk:CoperNick|talk]]) 08:02, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

== Not a good figure ==

I think the existing illustration, [[:Image:Trilateration.svg]], is very misleading. It looks like the center P3 is exactly "below" (same first coordinate as) the points A and B. This corresponds to a special case where the parameter ''i'' is equal to the first coordinate ''x''solution of the two solutions. I think the illustration should show the general case. If one makes the radii of all balls bigger, the two solution points will not fall in the ''xy'' plane, but their common projection onto that plane could be shown easily. /[[User:Jeppesn|JeppeSN]] ([[User talk:Jeppesn|talk]]) 18:04, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Talk:True-range multilateration

2009-03-11T14:02:17Z

62.101.100.5: /* Disagree */

:"Trilateration is most commonly used in GPS applications, where the distances from satellite transmitters (the reference points) are measured by a receiver (the subject point)."

Not precisely. What are measured are timing ''differences'', so we are really intersecting [[hyperboloid of revolution|hyperboloids of revolution]]. It would be trilateration if we already knew the exact time; but that's one of the things we are solving for. -- [[User:The Anome|The Anome]] 11:59, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

== locations at sea ==

'''For example, if the subject is known to be on land, or on the surface of the Earth, and one of the candidate locations is at sea or in space, that point may be disregarded.'''

Why the locations at sea are disregarded? A subject can be at sea or land at any given time.--[[User:Assu|Assu]] 14:01, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

:At any time subject knows where he is. If one of the candidate points is on land and the other one is at sea, and the subject is on land - he can easily pick the correct point from the two. It works the other way as well. Furthermore, if the subject knows his approximate position from previous oservations, he can make a pick as well. [[User:Kender|Kender]] 00:46, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

== C++ to do 2D trilateration ==

Just hand-derived this. It seems to work and might be useful to add to the article.

// Precondition: one center point (p1/p2/p3) must not be colinear with the other two.
Point Trilaterate(const Point &p1, float d1, const Point &p2, float d2, const Point &p3, float d3)
{
double i1=p1.x,i2=p2.x,i3=p3.x;
double j1=p1.y,j2=p2.y,j3=p3.y;
double x,y;
~~
x = (((2*j3-2*j2)*((d1*d1-d2*d2)+(i2*i2-i1*i1)+(j2*j2-j1*j1)) - (2*j2-2*j1)*((d2*d2-d3*d3)+(i3*i3-i2*i2)+(j3*j3-j2*j2)))/
((2*i2-2*i3)*(2*j2-2*j1)-(2*i1-2*i2)*(2*j3-2*j2)));
y = ((d1*d1-d2*d2)+(i2*i2-i1*i1)+(j2*j2-j1*j1)+x*(2*i1-2*i2))/(2*j2-2*j1);

return Point(x,y);
}

Hey, this is really great (and pretty helpful), have you thought of adding it to the "List of Algorithms"? [[Special:Contributions/75.153.121.178|75.153.121.178]] ([[User talk:75.153.121.178|talk]]) 04:39, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

== Math error? ==

I'm no math wizard, but shouldn't the last term of the equation for y be:

<math>\frac{(r_1^2-r_2^2+d^2)^2}{8d^2j}</math>

The equation given didn't spit back the expected results for me, but using 8 instead of 4 in the denominator yields the expected result. I'm not confident enough in my algebra to change the actual article based on just my conclusions, so if someone else checks my work and finds it to be right please fix this on the main article.

==Merge==

'''Note: following all the discussion below, I have clarified both Trilateration and Multilateration articles to hopefully address the points below and remove the need for any merging. If the original proposer for the merge, [[User:Frelke|Frelke]], is happy with the changes, I suggest the merge tag is removed from the articles'''
--[[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 18:48, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

:Just done it. Are we all happy ? [[User:Frelke|Frelke]] 20:45, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
::Yep! It doesn't seem to be confusing any more. [[User:Kender|Kender]] 03:47, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
:::Phew! --[[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 11:32, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

I am proposing to merge this page with [[multilateration]], it being the more general case. I think that this article is actually the better article and so would intend to keep the vast majority of it.

===Agree===
# Strong '''agree''' [[User:Frelke|Frelke]] 07:40, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
# I '''agree''' but I'm unsure whether to move it to multilateration or keep it at trilateration. The latter is more familiar to laymen while the former is more used in research papers and such. [[User:Deco|Deco]] 08:27, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
# '''Agree.''' This will clarify discussion of the remainer of the issues. I don't know which one should be the main article, but do note for interest that the Encyclopædia Britannica has an article for trilateration, but not for multilateration. --[[User:Sicooke|SC]] 21:47, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

===Disagree===

#Following the discussions in this section, I now change my vote to '''disagree''' as it seems the two concepts are better kept distinct, although I do think we should keep a "See also" in each article, linking to the other. --[[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 12:27, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
# '''I did agree at some point. I've changed my mind.''' But please stop the confusion. Somebody draws a picture for the TOA positioning, which is rightfully called trilateration, but then talks about the hyperbolic systems and intersection of two hyperboloids. We have to figure out whether tri- and multi-lateration and hyperbolic positioning are the same things. Which ones are TOA and which ones are TDOA? Who and why have coined the term "multilateration", and what sense does it make at all? Any takers? [[User:Kender|Kender]] 07:19, 23 January 2006 (UTC) Stanford, CA
::See my comments below in "Multilateration vs. Triangulation" [[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 11:47, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
# The first picture at the top-right of the page is wrong. The picture shows a particular case where there is a solution with z=0.

===Discussion on Multilateration vs. Trilateration===
It's probably worth trying to come to some agreed position on the relationship between multilateration and trilateration before merging the two articles. To that end, I suggest we use this section. Here is my input for a start! I think points of initial agreement are that "trilateration" normally means using TOA and three sites; similarly "multilateration" normally means three or more sites using TDOA. Also, hyperbolic positioning clearly refers to the use of TDOA and is ambiguous regarding the number of sites. Also, both terms are in common usage (Google on either). The issue really comes down to: "is trilateration synonymous with TOA and multilateration with TDOA, or is trilateration synonymous with 3 sites and multilateration synonymous with multiple sites?". If we can resolve that, then the problem is resolved. It is clear that in normal use, "multi" is used as the general case of "tri" - eg. "trilateral agreement", "multilateral agreement". By extension, it seems illogical to describe a system with more than 3 sites using TOA as "trilateration", or (to a lesser extent) a system with exactly 3 sites as "multilateration". It also seems clear to me that even given the usual definitions of trilateration (3 sites, TOA) and multilateration (multiple sites, TDOA), the two approaches are mathematically equivalent and hence the same thing. For instance, if my classical trilateration system measures three distances, d1, d2, d3 to computer the location by the intersection of three circles, I could equally well solve the problem by taking (d2-d1) and (d2-d3) and solving for the intersection of the two resulting hyperbolae. It's simply a matter of how I choose to code up the algorithm - to the end user, nothing is different. My personal opinion is that we should explicitly address this confusion by structuring the article as I recommend below. Within the "Definition" section we could state that the most common usage of trilateration is in the context of TOA measurements, and the most common usage of multilateration is in the context of TDOA measurements. Comments? [[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 11:47, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

:Re: "''it seems illogical to describe a system with more than 3 sites using TOA as "trilateration''". Is this really the case? Is Triangulation only triangulation when 3 angles are in use? --[[User:Sicooke|SC]] 21:00, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

:Most TOA systems, deployed to date, use more then 3 sites for position fixing. In the perfect world 3 would be enough, but in the real world TOA is estimated with errors, which are caused by phenomena such as clock drifts, unknown clock biases and unknown propagation parameters. In a 2-D case with no errors in a system with 4 TOA the LOP circles would intersect in one point, and the system would be overdefined. However, in the real 2-D case with errors all 4 LOP circles normally do not intersect at one point, because errors are different for each TOA, and they would not necessarily cancel. The user would use the least-squares method (may be with a Kalman filter) to estimate her position, and the more TOAs she gets – the more accurate is her estimate. The most prominent example is the GPS, which is a TOA system, where user typically sees 5-12 satellites at the same time.

:Adding to the confusion:
:* To make position fix in 3-D one needs 4 TOA in the general case.
:* One can do hyperbolic positioning with just three sites, which are arranged in three distinct pairs.

:So, here’s my take on resolving this confusion:
:* Trilateration – TOA position fixing with any number of sites. We call it tri-lateration, because 3 is the minimum number of sites for the 2-D case.
:* Hyperbolic – TDOA position fixing with any number of sites.
:* Multilateration – stillborn and confusing term. No wonder that Britannica doesn’t have it. We should just warn the readers.

:[[User:Kender|Kender]] 21:59, 24 January 2006 (UTC) Stanford, CA

: To correct something above - you *can* do 2D hyperbolic positioning with 3 sites, as you you get 2 hyperboloids. However, you *can't* regard them as three distinct pairs as the TDOA of the third pair is always dependent on that from the other two. However, to describe multilateration as a "stillborn and confusing term" is utterly wrong. It may not be a term that *you* are familiar with, or used in whatever your area of expertise is, but it is in '''widespread''' use in the area of surveillance systems. Just Google and see. '''Hyperbolic''' positioning is never used in this context - even though it is describing the same concept - so I might equally well describe that as "stillborn and confusing". Whether Britannica uses it, or not, is immaterial - Wikipedia already has many more articles than Britannica and so this should not be the measure of what is included. The surveillance literature deos use the term, and that is a more important measure than Britannica (encyclopedias should never be regarded as primary sources of information). Given the obvious different usage of terms in different areas here, I suggest we stick with my suggestion below and simply state which domains most commonly use each term. Using emotive language like above is just inserting personal prejudices into a factual article. Incidentally, a large part of my day job is working with multilateration systems. They are in widespread use in civil ATC and military surveillance and are always referred to as multilateration. I'm therefore arguing this from a position of current and professional knowledge. Once again, I suggest we use my structure below and can use the "definition" and "example uses" sections to indicate which terms are in common use in each domains. Without further comment on whether we believe that domain is correct or not. [[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 06:38, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

:: I have also searched for "multilateration" on the IEEE site, and got 46 hits ("trilateration" 25, "hyperbolic position" 9). They seem to employ Paul's definition of multilateration. So, I take "stillborn" back. But I keep the "confusing". We should not merge the articles, and add the phrase "Mutilateration, which is based on TDOA measurements, should not be confused with trilateration, which is based on TOA measurements." to the multilateration article and remove the references to the TOA systems (such as GPS and Galileo). By the way, I work with GPS, Loran and Galileo, and, as you can see, I've never encountered the term "multilateration", so it could quite specific to the surveillance area. [[User:Kender|Kender]] 09:09, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

::: I agree with Kender - and have now changed my vote above to '''disagree'''. We should just aim to clarify both articles in light of the discussions above, and ensure the two cross-reference each other. --[[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 12:29, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Incidentally, if we can't resolve this issue over the relation between trilateration and multilateration, I propose we abandon the proposal to merge the two articles, but simply include a "see also" at the bottom of each article. It seems that there are only three of us interested in a merge anyway... [[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 06:58, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

===Proposal for Structure of Merged Articles ===
I propose that the two articles are merged as follows:

* Definition (define multilateration, trilateration)
* Principle of operation
**Reciprocity (discussion of equivalence of multiple receivers and one transmitter, and vice versa)
**Time of Arrival
***Description of approach
***Mathematics of estimation using TOA (based on existing trilateration article, but perhaps in 3D rather than 2D)
**Time Difference of Arrival
***Description of approach
***Mathematics of estimation using TDOA (based on [http://www.era.cz/en/tdoa.shtml])
**Phase Difference
***Brief mention that this is equivalent to TDOA for narrowband sources
**Multilateration accuracy (merge existing section of same name, and error model in trilateration)
*Example applications
*See also
*External links

[[User:PEHowland|Paul]] 12:08, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

:Propose link structures as follows:
:*Main page as [[Multilateration]]
:*Redirect [[Trilateration]] to Multilateration
:[[User:Frelke|Frelke]] 23:04, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

== Separating Math from Measurement ==

I would argue that the terms trilateration and multilateration refer to the ''mathematical techniques'' used to solve for position using range or distance data - regardless of how these distances are measured. For example, what do you call the technique when it is performed with distances provided by laser range finders? With these types of measurements the concepts of TDOA and TOA are not applicable but the terms trilateration and multilateration are still used. My opinion is that multilateration is merely an extension of trilateration from the 2D case to the 3D case (as well as to situations where the localisation problem is over constrained). In my experience, these terms refer to different versions of the same technique that uses the [[Pythagorean theorem]] to form a set of non-linear equations. I think that the terms TOA and TDOA are only relevant when discussing particular positioning systems that use the ''time-of-flight'' of signals to measure distances (which includes GPS and ultrasound based systems).
--[[User:Redehm|Michael]] 17:27, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

== Trilateration as described in the article can not be used for GPS purposes ==

This text was first put in the main article, but it was considered odd and therefore removed.

Additional, if the description of trilateration in the main article is correct, trilateration can not be used for GPS. A GPS clock (quartz clock) can be used for TDOA (Time Difference Of Arrival), but can not be used for TOA (Time Of Arrival) calculations. Trilateration as described above needs a better clock than the quartz clock available in a gps receiver. Pseudorange calculation [http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-112516142975720/unrestricted/appa.pdf][http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html](Pseudo-Range Navigation Solution Example), needs only a clock good enough to determine the TDOA between the different signals to calculate the position the actual time is not used. For Pseudorange calculations the signals of four satelites are needed, or the signal of tree satelites and a known hight is needed.

Comment: Only after a GPS device has made a fix and knows what it's location is, can it determine what the distances to the satellietes is. The reception of 3 satellietes allone is not enough to determine location or distances.

'''The quartz clock.'''
 A clock drift of only one second a year will result in an error af about 10 meters/second so after a minute the error is as large as 600 meters. A clock drift of one second a week (more realistic) will result in 500 meters/second, this is about 100 miles per hour. This is often more than the speed we are traveling in. So if the clock can not be corrected very often, it can not be used for the positioning because the error would be larger than if the GPS device would just 'stick' to the last correct position. The clock is used for measuring the Time Difference Off Arrival (TDOA) and the accuracy of the clock is still importent, but the drift is not a problem.
[[User:Crazy Software Productions|Crazy Software Productions]] 11:31, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

== Why "Z" ? ==
Hello, I've been reading through the article because i wanted to know more about his technique.
The explanatory calculus seems too complicated using 3coordinated when the article excplicitly says it is for 2D (x & y) and that z=0, would removing the Z make things clearer and more understandable ? [[Special:Contributions/85.168.232.38|85.168.232.38]] ([[User talk:85.168.232.38|talk]]) 03:40, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
: I understand your doubts. It is not clear in article why we use z=0. I can't explain you why, but I can tell you that consideration of 3D centers of spheres with z=0 is different than considering 2D centers of circles - When 3D then solutions is 3D. When 2D then solution is in 2D:
:* When we have 3 spheres (3D) then we have: no solution (usually error in measurement) or one solution (very rare) or two solutions. In case of two solutions there must be used some technique for eliminating one of them (for example when we have three GPS measurement from three satellites then we have two points as the solution: one point is on the earth (good), other is beyond GPS satellites orbit (wrong or we are flying to moon))
:* When we have 3 circles (2D) then we have: no solution or one solution.
:* When we have 2 spheres (3D) then we have: no solution or one solution or infinitely more pints in solution
:* When we have 2 circles (2D) then we have: no solution (no intersection) or one solution (touch each other) or two solutions (two intersections).
: As you see considering 3D centers of spheres with z=0 is different than considering 2D centers of circles in this case. [[User:CoperNick|CoperNick]] ([[User talk:CoperNick|talk]]) 08:02, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

== Not a good figure ==

I think the existing illustration, [[:Image:Trilateration.svg]], is very misleading. It looks like the center P3 is exactly "below" (same first coordinate as) the points A and B. This corresponds to a special case where the parameter ''i'' is equal to the first coordinate ''x''solution of the two solutions. I think the illustration should show the general case. If one makes the radii of all balls bigger, the two solution points will not fall in the ''xy'' plane, but their common projection onto that plane could be shown easily. /[[User:Jeppesn|JeppeSN]] ([[User talk:Jeppesn|talk]]) 18:04, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

REST

2009-02-27T16:20:05Z

62.101.100.5:

{{Redirect|REST||Rest}}
'''Representational state transfer''' ('''REST''') is a style of [[software architecture]] for distributed [[hypermedia]] systems such as the [[World Wide Web]]. As such, it is not strictly a method for building "[[web services]]". The terms "representational state transfer" and "REST" were introduced in 2000 in the doctoral dissertation of [[Roy Fielding]],<ref>Chapter 5 of Fielding's dissertation is [http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/rest_arch_style.htm "Representational State Transfer (REST)"].</ref> one of the principal authors of the [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol]] (HTTP) specification.

REST strictly refers to a collection of [[network architecture]] principles which outline how resources are defined and addressed. The term is often used in a looser sense to describe any simple interface which transmits domain-specific data over HTTP without an additional messaging layer such as [[SOAP_(protocol)|SOAP]] or [[Session management|session tracking]] via [[HTTP cookie]]s. These two meanings can conflict as well as overlap. It is possible to design a software system in accordance with Fielding's REST architectural style without using HTTP and without interacting with the World Wide Web.<ref>A tutorial on implementing a REST architecture in pure Java (no HTTP or WWW involved) is available at http://www.theserverside.com/tt/articles/article.tss?track=NL-461&ad=656910USCA&l=ARESTfulCorePart3&asrc=EM_NLN_4355675&uid=2625488</ref> It is also possible to design simple XML+HTTP interfaces which do not conform to REST principles, and instead follow a model of [[remote procedure call]]. The difference between the uses of the term "REST" therefore causes some confusion in technical discussions.

Systems which follow Fielding's REST principles are often referred to as "'''RESTful'''".

== Principles ==
Proponents of REST argue that the [[World Wide Web|Web]]'s [[scalability]] and growth are a direct result of a few key design principles:
* Application state and functionality are abstracted into [[Resource (Web)|resources]]
* Every resource is uniquely addressable using a universal syntax for use in hypermedia links
* All resources share a uniform [[interface (computer science)|interface]] for the transfer of state between client and resource, consisting of
** A constrained set of well-defined operations
** A constrained set of [[content type]]s, optionally supporting [[code on demand]]
* A protocol which is:
** [[Client-server]]
** [[stateless server|Stateless]]
** Cacheable
** Layered

Fielding describes REST's effect on scalability thus:
{{quote|REST's client-server separation of concerns simplifies component implementation, reduces the complexity of [[connector]] semantics, improves the effectiveness of performance tuning, and increases the scalability of pure server components. Layered system constraints allow intermediaries—[[proxies]], [[gateway]]s, and [[firewall]]s—to be introduced at various points in the communication without changing the interfaces between components, thus allowing them to assist in communication translation or improve performance via large-scale, shared caching. REST enables intermediate processing by constraining messages to be self-descriptive: interaction is stateless between requests, standard methods and media types are used to indicate semantics and exchange information, and responses explicitly indicate cacheability.<ref>{{Harv |Fielding|2000| loc=§5.3.1}}</ref>}}

== REST's central principle: resources ==
An important concept in REST is the existence of [[Resource (Web)|resources]] (sources of specific information), each of which is referenced with a global identifier (e.g., a [[Uniform Resource Identifier|URI]] in HTTP). In order to manipulate these resources, ''components'' of the network (user agents and origin servers) communicate via a standardized interface (e.g., HTTP) and exchange ''representations'' of these resources (the actual documents conveying the information). For example, a resource which is a [[circle]] may accept and return a representation which specifies a center point and radius, formatted in [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]], but may also accept and return a representation which specifies any three distinct points along the curve as a [[Comma-separated values|comma-separated list]].

Any number of ''connectors'' (e.g., [[Client (computing)|clients]], [[Server (computing)|servers]], [[cache]]s, [[Tunneling protocol|tunnels]], etc.) can mediate the request, but each does so without "seeing past" its own request (referred to as "layering," another constraint of REST and a common principle in many other parts of information and networking architecture). Thus an application can interact with a resource by knowing two things: the identifier of the resource, and the action required—it does not need to know whether there are caches, proxies, gateways, firewalls, tunnels, or anything else between it and the server actually holding the information. The application does, however, need to understand the format of the information (''representation'') returned, which is typically an HTML, XML or [[JSON]] document of some kind, although it may be an image, plain text, or any other content.

== Claimed benefits ==
''Many of the statements below refer to REST in the specific context of Web Services, as opposed to [[SOAP (protocol)|SOAP]]. REST was originally defined in Fielding's dissertation in the context of information and media access. Fielding did not originally contrast REST with [[Remote procedure call|RPC]].''

Some benefits with REST:
* Provides improved response time and reduced server load due to its support for the '''[[Web cache|caching]]''' of representations
* Improves server scalability by reducing the need to maintain session state. This means that different servers can be used to handle different requests in a session
* Requires less client-side software to be written than other approaches, because a single browser can access any application and any resource
* Depends less on vendor software and mechanisms which layer additional messaging frameworks on top of HTTP
* Provides equivalent functionality when compared to alternative approaches to communication
* Does not require a separate resource discovery mechanism, due to the use of hyperlinks in representations
* Provides better long-term compatibility and evolvability characteristics than RPC. This is due to:
** The capability of document types such as HTML to evolve without breaking backwards- or forwards-compatibility
** The ability of resources to add support for new content types as they are defined without dropping or reducing support for older content types.

One benefit that's obvious with regards to web based applications is that a RESTful implementation allows a user to bookmark specific "queries" (or requests) and allows those to be conveyed to others across e-mail, instant messages, or to be injected into wikis, etc. Thus this "representation" of a path or entry point into an application state becomes highly portable.

== RESTful example: the World Wide Web ==
The World Wide Web is the key example of RESTful design. Much of it conforms to REST principles. The Web consists of the [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol]] (HTTP), [[content type]]s including the [[HTML|Hypertext Markup Language]] (HTML), and other Internet technologies such as the [[Domain Name System]] (DNS).

HTML can include [[JavaScript]] and applets to support [[code on demand]], and has implicit support for hyperlinks.

HTTP has a uniform interface for accessing resources, which consists of [[Uniform Resource Identifier|URIs]], [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol#Request methods|methods]], [[Http#Status codes|status codes]], headers, and content distinguished by [[MIME|MIME type]].

The most important [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol#Request methods|HTTP methods]] are POST, GET, PUT and DELETE. These are often respectively associated with the CREATE, READ, UPDATE, DELETE ([[Create, read, update and delete|CRUD]]) operations associated with database technologies:<ref>IETF RFC 2616 "Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.1", R. Fielding et al., June 1999</ref>

The following table associates several common HTTP verbs with similar database operations, however the meaning of the HTTP verbs do not correspond directly with a single database operation. For example, an HTTP PUT is used to set the value of a resource and may result in either a creation or replacement as needed.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! HTTP
! CRUD
|-
| POST
| Create
|-
| GET
| Read
|-
| PUT
| Update, Create
|-
| DELETE
| Delete
|}

Some "RESTful" services will extend the POST method to include the operations of updating and deleting by including additional arguments (e.g. method=delete,method=update). However, in doing so the service is moving the "operation" out of HTTP and inside the request data (similar to a [[Web_service#Styles_of_use|RPC style]] or [[SOAP_(protocol)|SOAP]] web service). The HTTP standard states that POST is intended to create "a new subordinate of the resource identified"<ref>{{cite web
| title = RFC 2616 - Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1
| publisher = RFC
| url = http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#page-54
| accessdate = 2009-01-29}}</ref>. While the PUT operation is intended to create a new resource "stored under the supplied Request-URI" based on the enclosed entity in the request and in the case that the supplied Request-URI exists, "the enclosed entity SHOULD be considered as a modified version of the one residing on the origin server" (i.e. update the resource)<ref>{{cite web
| title = RFC 2616 - Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1
| publisher = RFC
| url = http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#page-55
| accessdate = 2009-01-29}}</ref>.

HTTP separates the notions of a web server and a web browser. This allows the implementation of each to vary from the other based on the [[Client server|client-server principle]]. When used RESTfully, HTTP is [[stateless server|stateless]]. Each message contains all the information necessary to understand the request when combined with state at the resource. As a result, neither the client nor the server needs to remember any communication state between messages. Any state retained by the server must be modeled as a resource.

The statelessness constraint can be violated in HTTP using [[HTTP cookie|cookies]] to maintain sessions. Fielding notes the risks of privacy leaks and security complications which often arise through the use of cookies, and the confusions and bugs which can result from interactions between cookies and the "back" button in a browser.

HTTP provides mechanisms to control caching, and permits a conversation between web browser and web cache to occur using the same mechanisms as between web browser and web server. No layer can access any conversation other than the one it is immediately involved with.

HTML links only produce HTTP GET requests, and HTML forms allow GET and POST methods. The other HTTP methods mentioned here are not available in HTML 4.01 or XHTML 1.0.<ref>{{cite web
| title = HTML 4.01 Specification: Forms in HTML Documents: The Form Element
| publisher = W3C
| url = http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/interact/forms.html#h-17.3
| accessdate = 2008-03-23}}</ref> [[WebDAV]] makes use of other HTTP verbs in a web context. For this reason some "RESTful" services will overload the POST method to make it perform the operation updating (PUT) and deleting (DELETE) a resource.

== RESTful Web services ==
A RESTFul web service is a simple web service implemented using HTTP and the principles of REST. Such a web service can be thought about as a collection of resources. The definition of such a web service can be thought of as comprising three aspects:
* The URI for the web service such as <code><nowiki>http://example.com/resources/cars</nowiki></code>
* The [[MIME|MIME type]] of the data supported by the web service. This is often [[JSON]] , [[XML]] or [[YAML]] but can be anything.
* The set of operations supported by the web service using [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol#Request methods|HTTP methods]] (e.g. POST, GET, PUT or DELETE).

Members of the collection are addressed by ID using URIs of the form <baseURI>/<ID>. The ID can be any unique identifier.
For example if a RESTFul web service representing a collection of cars for sale might have the URI <code><nowiki>http://example.com/resources/cars</nowiki></code>. If the service uses the car registration number as the ID then a particular car might be present in the collection as <code><nowiki>http://example.com/resources/cars/yxz123</nowiki></code>.

The following table shows how the HTTP verbs are typically used to implement a web service.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ RESTful Web Service HTTP methods
! Resource !! GET !! PUT !! POST !! DELETE
|-
! Collection URI such as <code><nowiki>http://example.com/resources/cars/</nowiki></code>
| '''List''' the members of the collection. For example list all the cars for sale.
| Not generally used. Meaning defined as replace the entire collection with another entire collection.
| '''Create''' a new entry in the collection where the ID is assigned automatically by the collection. The ID created is typically returned by this operation.
| Not Generally Used. Meaning defined as delete the entire collection.
|-
! Member URI such as <code><nowiki>http://example.com/resources/cars/yxz123</nowiki></code>
| '''Retrieve''' the addressed member of the collection
| '''Update''' the addressed member of the collection or create it with a defined ID.
| Not Generally Used.
| '''Delete''' the addressed member of the collection.
|}

<ref>{{Citation
| last = Richardson
| first = Leonard
| last2 = Ruby
| first2 = Sam
| author2-link = Sam Ruby
| publication-date = (May 8, 2007)
| year = 2007
| title = RESTful Web Services
| publisher = O'Reilly
| isbn = 0596529260
}} </ref>

== REST versus RPC ==
''The statements below refer to REST in the context of Web Services, specifically as opposed to [[SOAP (protocol)|SOAP]]. Note that [[Roy_Fielding|Fielding]]'s dissertation presents REST in the context of information and media access, not [[Web_service|web services]]. It does not contrast REST to [[Remote_procedure_call|RPC]], although it does contrast RPC to [[HTTP]] (which is used to illustrate an implementation of REST).''

;REST: Resources—Commands are defined in simple terms: resources to be retrieved, stored / get, set—difficult to do many joins
;RPC: Commands—Commands are defined in methods with varying complexity: depending on "standard"—easier to hide complex things behind a method
;REST: Nouns—Exchanging resources and concepts
;RPC: Verbs—Exchanging methods

[[Image:Resttriangle.svg|thumb|273px|The REST Triangle|REST Triangle of nouns, verbs, and content types.]]

A RESTful [[web application]] requires a different design approach from an RPC application. An RPC application is exposed as one or more network objects, each with an often unique set of functions which can be invoked. Before a client communicates with the application it must have knowledge of the object identity in order to locate it and must also have knowledge of the object type in order to communicate with it.

RESTful design constrains the aspects of a resource which define its interface (the verbs and content types). This leads to the definition of fewer types on the network than an RPC-based application but more resource identifiers (nouns). REST design seeks to define a set of resources with which clients can interact uniformly, and to provide [[hyperlink]]s between resources which clients can navigate without requiring knowledge of the whole resource set. Server-provided forms can also be used in a RESTful environment to describe how clients should construct a [[URL]] in order to navigate to a particular resource.

=== Example ===
An RPC application might define operations such as the following:

getUser()
addUser()
removeUser()
updateUser()
getLocation()
addLocation()
removeLocation()
updateLocation()
listUsers()
listLocations()
findLocation()
findUser()

Client code to access this application may look something like this:

exampleAppObject = new ExampleApp('example.com:1234')
exampleAppObject.removeUser('001')

With REST, on the other hand, the emphasis is on the diversity of resources, or ''nouns''; for example, a REST application might define the following resources

<nowiki>http://example.com/users/</nowiki>
<nowiki>http://example.com/users/{user}</nowiki> (one for each user - where {user} is either the user name or the user id)
<nowiki>http://example.com/findUserForm</nowiki>
<nowiki>http://example.com/locations/</nowiki>
<nowiki>http://example.com/locations/{location}</nowiki> (one for each location - where {location} is the location name or the location id)
<nowiki>http://example.com/findLocationForm</nowiki>

Client code to access this application may look something like this:

userResource = new Resource('<nowiki>http://example.com/users/001</nowiki>')
userResource.delete()

Each resource has its own identifier noun. Clients start at a single resource such as the user resource which represents themselves, and navigate to location resources and other user resources. Clients work with each resource through standard operations, such as [[HTTP#Request_methods|GET]] to download a copy of the resource's representation, PUT to paste a changed copy over the top of the original, or DELETE to remove the data or state associated with the resource. POST is sometimes used interchangeably with PUT, but can also be seen as a "paste after" rather than a "paste over" request. POST is generally used for actions with side-effects, such as requesting the creation of a purchase order, or adding some data to a collection.
Note how each object has its own URL and can easily be cached, copied, and bookmarked.

=== Uniform interfaces in REST and RPC ===
The uniform interface allows clients to access data from a range of resources without special code to deal with each one, so long as it is actually uniform. The content returned from a user resource could be the globally standard and RESTful HTML, a less RESTful industry standard representation such as UserML, or an unRESTful application-specific data format. Which content is returned can be negotiated at request time. The content could even be a combination of these representations: HTML can be marked up with [[microformats]] which have general or industry-specific appeal, and these microformats can be extended with application-specific information.

Uniform interfaces reduce the cost of client software by ensuring it is only written once, rather than once per application it has to deal with. Both REST and RPC designs may try to maximise the uniformity of the interface they expose by conforming to industry or global standards. In the RPC model these standards are primarily in the form of standard type definitions and standard choreography. In REST it is primarily the choice of standard content types and verbs which controls uniformity.

== Public implementations ==
It is possible to claim an enormous number of RESTful applications on the Web (just about everything accessible through an HTTP GET request or updateable through HTTP POST). Taken more narrowly, in its sense as an alternative to both [[Web service|Web Services]] generally and the RPC style specifically, REST can be found in a number of places on the public Web:
* The "[[blogosphere]]"—the universe of [[Blog|weblogs]]—is mostly REST-based, since it involves downloading XML files (in [[Really Simple Syndication|RSS]] or [[Atom (standard)|Atom]] format) which contain lists of links to other resources;
* The [[Atom (standard)|Atom Publishing Protocol]] for publishing to blogs is considered a canonical [http://tools.ietf.org/wg/atompub/draft-ietf-atompub-protocol/ RESTful protocol];
* Various websites and web applications offer REST-like developer interfaces to data (e.g. [[Flickr]], [[Twitter]] or [[Amazon S3]]).

Note that [[Web Services Description Language|WSDL version 2.0]] now offers support for binding to all the [[Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#Request_methods|HTTP request methods]] (not only GET and POST as in version 1.1).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/REC-wsdl20-adjuncts-20070626/#_http_binding_default_rule_method |title=Web Services Description Language (WSDL) Version 2.0 Part 2: Adjuncts}}</ref>

== False or weak forms ==
Some interfaces referred to as being "RESTful" do not intentionally respect REST's architectural constraints. REST advocate Mark Baker uses the term "accidentally RESTful"<ref>[http://www.markbaker.ca/blog/2005/04/14/accidentally-restful/ accidentally RESTful]</ref> to describe interfaces that partially follow REST's architectural constraints. For example, Flickr's interface can be considered RESTful in its use of standalone GET operations, but it does not attempt to support the full range of a REST interface. Other interfaces that use HTTP to tunnel function calls or which offer a "POX/HTTP" ([[Plain Old XML]] over HTTP) endpoint are also sometimes referred to as "REST" interfaces.{{fact|date=April 2008}}

== Implementation challenges ==
Implementation is hampered by limited support for HTTP PUT and DELETE in popular development platforms. For example, in the [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] platform, support for PUT must be added as a module. Web searches offer few examples of how to implement updating database-driven content using PUT. For example, it is nontrivial to create a PHP script to update <code><nowiki>http://example.com/thing/1</nowiki></code> with a PUT message when <code><nowiki>/thing.php</nowiki></code> will serve a GET request with XML generated from a database. Most published patterns for updating entities use the POST method.

== Outside of the Web ==
Just as much of the web can be seen as RESTful or nearly RESTful, a number of existing protocols and architectures have RESTful characteristics. Software which may interact with a number of different kinds of objects or devices can do so by virtue of a uniform, agreed interface. Many of these uniform interfaces follow document-oriented REST patterns rather than object-oriented patterns [should expand on and thus clarify this distinction]:

=== Modbus ===
[[Modbus]] is a protocol which allows memory ranges within [[Programmable logic controller|PLCs]] to be addressed. Ranges can be written and read effectively as PUT and GET operations.

=== JavaBeans ===
[[JavaBean]]s and other systems which perform property-based editing follow the PUT and GET model of the REST architectural style. Rather than write object-specific editor code, the code is written once and can interact with various object types. Resources in this model are defined by the combination of an object identifier and a property name.

=== SNMP ===
The [[SNMP]] protocol and its object model, which predate the Web, share some characteristics with RESTful systems. A strict verb discipline follows from the protocol's small operator set, and the 'resources' are addressed with a uniform global scheme of [[Object identifier|Object Identifiers]]. Most interaction occurs in client-server fashion, and the clients and servers (called managers and agents respectively) can be deployed and evolved independently. Each request-response pair can be understood in isolation.

However, movement through the space of Object identifiers is not assisted by hyperlinks, nor is it considered as traversal through states in a state machine. Rather, the manager uses prior knowledge of the Management Information Bases supported by this particular agent to request or change the information it is interested in. SNMP is focused on providing data about known elements of a device or entity in a LAN or limited-access WAN scope, rather than issues of Internet scaling and links between independently authored content.

=== CMIP ===
The [[Common_management_information_protocol|CMIP]] protocol was designed to allow the control of network resources by presenting their manageable characteristics as object graphs. The objects have parent-child relationships which are identified using distinguished names and attributes which are read and modified by a set of CRUD operations. The notable non-restful aspect of CMIP is the M_ACTION operation although wherever possible, MIB designers would typically endeavour to represent controllable and stateful aspects of network equipment through attributes.

== Footnotes ==
<references/>

== References ==
*{{Citation
|last1=Fielding
|first1=Roy T.
|last2=Taylor
|first2=Richard N.
|date=2002-05
|year=2002
|title=Principled Design of the Modern Web Architecture
|url=http://www.ics.uci.edu/~taylor/documents/2002-REST-TOIT.pdf
|format=[[PDF]]
|journal=ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)
|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery
|location=New York
|volume=2
|issue=2
|pages=115–150
|doi=10.1145/514183.514185
|issn=1533-5399}}

*{{Citation|last=Fielding|first=Roy Thomas|year=2000|title=Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures|version=Doctoral dissertation|publisher=University of California, Irvine|url=http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/top.htm|format=[[HTML]]}}

*{{Citation
|last1=Pautasso
|first1=Cesare
|last2=Zimmermann
|first2=Olaf
|last3=Leymann
|first3=Frank
|date=2008-04
|month=April
|year=2008
|title=RESTful Web Services vs. Big Web Services: Making the Right Architectural Decision
|url=http://www.jopera.org/docs/publications/2008/restws
|format=[[HTML]]
|journal=17th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW2008)
|location=Beijing, China
}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.zulutown.com/blog/2009/01/28/rest-web-application-with-struts21-rest-and-convention-plugins/ REST and Struts2.1] RESTful application with Apache Struts 2.1
* [http://fusesource.com/resources/video-archived-webinars/#webinars "Creating RESTful Services"]: Dana Gardner: webinar with [[iPhone]] demo
* [http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/top.htm "Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures"]: Roy Fielding's doctoral dissertation
* [http://rest.blueoxen.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?FrontPage RESTwiki]: "descriptions of REST, records of the experiences of REST proponents, and resources to help you apply REST [...] to your software or framework"
* [http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-introduction "Stefan Tilkov: A Brief Introduction to REST"]
* [http://www.infoq.com/articles/tilkov-rest-doubts "Stefan Tilkov: Addressing REST Doubts"]
* [http://www.infoq.com/articles/rest-anti-patterns "Stefan Tilkov: REST Anti-Patterns"]
* [http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2005/04/06/restful.html "Constructing or Traversing URIs?"]: discusses the constraint on components to use "hypermedia as the engine of application state".
* [http://duncan-cragg.org/blog/post/getting-data-rest-dialogues/ The REST Dialogues, Part 1: "Getting Data"]: one of nine lessons on applying REST to Web-based business, each lesson in the form of dialog between the author and a fictitious senior technical employee of a company conducting Web-based business.
* [http://wiki.opengarden.org/REST/REST_for_the_Rest_of_Us "REST for the Rest of Us"]: "showcases common REST design patterns that can be put to immediate use".
* [http://www.viddler.com/explore/MindTouch/videos/28/ "MindTouch: Introduction to REST"]: slides and narration explaining REST.
* [http://bitworking.org/news/201/RESTify-DayTrader "RESTify DayTrader"]: a tour of a day-trading interface in REST style.
* [http://www.xfront.com/REST-Web-Services.html "Building Web Services the REST Way"]
* [http://tomayko.com/writings/rest-to-my-wife "How I Explained REST to my Wife"]
* [http://astoria.mslivelabs.com/ "Microsoft ADO.NET Data Services (formerly Project Codename Astoria) for REST"]
* [http://nicolas-zozol.developpez.com/tutorial/java/rest-jsp-english/ "RESTful Web Services with JSP"]: Tutorial for easy RESTful Web Service with JSP
* [http://www.gtrifonov.com/blog/2009/02/04/Building_JSON,XML_REST_API_using_WCF_services.aspx "JSON,XML REST API with Microsoft WCF "]: Tutorial about how to build XML,JSON REST API service with Microsoft WCF
* [http://acet.rdg.ac.uk/projects/tycho/ Tycho]: a wide-area RESTful P2P distributed registry and asynchronous messaging system.
* [http://rest-client.googlecode.com/ RESTClient]: a tool to execute/test/debug REST webservices and applications.
* [http://predic8.com/rest-webservices.htm Thomas Bayer: Introduction into REST Web Services]

[[Category:Cloud standards]]
[[Category:Software architecture]]
[[Category:Web 2.0 neologisms]]

[[ca:REST]]
[[de:Representational State Transfer]]
[[es:Representational State Transfer]]
[[fr:Representational state transfer]]
[[ko:REST]]
[[id:REST]]
[[it:Representational State Transfer]]
[[ja:REST]]
[[pt:REST]]
[[ru:REST]]
[[sv:REST]]
[[zh:REST]]

Commodity

2008-10-21T09:24:07Z

62.101.100.5: /* External links */ Just a commercial site, featuring astronomical analysis (???)

{{Unreferenced|date=June 2007}}

{{for|the Marxist definition of a commodity|Commodity (Marxism)}}
A '''commodity''' is anything for which there is demand, but which is supplied without qualitative differentiation across a market. In other words, copper is copper. Rice is rice. Stereos, on the other hand, have many levels of quality. And, the better a stereo is, the more it will cost. The price of copper is universal, and fluctuates daily based on global supply and demand..

One of the characteristics of a commodity good is that its price is determined as a function of its market as a whole. Well-established physical commodities have actively traded spot and derivative markets. Generally, these are basic resources and [[agriculture|agricultural]] products such as [[iron ore]], [[crude oil]], [[coal]], [[ethanol]], [[salt]], [[sugar]], [[coffee beans]], [[soybeans]], [[aluminum]], [[rice]], [[wheat]], [[gold]] and [[silver]].

[[Commoditization]] occurs as a goods or services market loses differentiation across its supply base, often by the diffusion of the [[intellectual capital]] necessary to acquire or produce it efficiently. As such, goods that formerly carried premium [[margin]]s for [[market]] [[participant]]s have become commodities, such as [[Generic brand|generic]] pharmaceuticals and [[silicon chip]]s.

==Etymology==
Linguistically, the word commodity came into use in English in the 15th century, derived from the French word "[[:fr:commodité|commodité]]", similar in meaning to "[[convenience]]" in terms of quality of services. The Latin root meaning is ''commoditas'', referring variously to the appropriate measure of something; a fitting state, time or condition; a good quality; efficaciousness or propriety; and advantage, or benefit. The German equivalent is ''die Ware'', i.e., wares or goods offered for sale. The French equivalent is "produit de base" or "matière première" like energy, goods, or industrial raw materials.

==Commodity trade==
{{Main|Futures exchange}}
In the original and simplified sense, '''''commodities''''' were things of value, of uniform quality, that were produced in large quantities by many different producers; the items from each different producer are considered equivalent. It is the [[contract]] and this underlying standard that define the commodity, not any quality inherent in the [[product (business)|product]].

[[Commodities exchange]]s include:
*[[Chicago Board of Trade]]
*[[Kansas City Board of Trade]]
*[[Euronext.liffe]]
*[[Bursa Malaysia|Kuala Lumpur Futures Exchange]]
*[[London Metal Exchange]]
*[[New York Mercantile Exchange]]
*[[Multi Commodity Exchange]]
*[[Dalian Commodity Exchange]]

[[Commodity markets|Markets for trading commodities]] can be very [[economic efficiency|efficient]], particularly if the division into pools matches demand [[market segmentation|segments]]. These markets will quickly respond to changes in [[supply and demand]] to find an [[Economic equilibrium|equilibrium]] [[price]] and quantity. In addition, investors can gain passive exposure to the commodity markets through a [[commodity price index]].

==See also==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [[List of traded commodities]]
* [[Commodity fetishism]]
* [[Commodity markets]]
* [[Commodity money]]
* [[Commodity price index]]
* [[Trade]]
* [[Jim Rogers]] (commodities expert)
* ''[[Trading Places]]'' - comedic film about playing the commodity markets

==External links==
*[http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/ Historical Commodity Prices], indexmundi.com.

[[Category:Commodities used as an investment|*]]
[[Category:Business terms]]

[[br:Marc'hadourezh]]
[[cs:Komodita]]
[[de:Handelsware]]
[[es:Commodities]]
[[fr:matière première]]
[[id:Komoditi]]
[[it:Commodity]]
[[nl:Commodities]]
[[pt:Commodity]]
[[sv:Handelsvara]]
[[tr:Meta]]
[[yi:קאמאדיטי]]

Gobbledygook

2008-10-06T08:28:10Z

62.101.100.5: /* In other languages */ added italian typical phrase

{{for|the [[Sigur Rós]] song|Gobbledigook}}
'''Gobbledygook''' or '''gobbledegook''' (sometimes shortened to '''gobbledegoo''', '''gobbledeegook'''<ref>[http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=gobbledeegook gobbledeegook] at urbandictionary.com</ref> or other forms <ref>[http://uktsupport.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=10342&view=findpost&p=66091 gobeldegook in a post] at uktsupport.ipbhost.com</ref>) is an [[English language|English]] term used to describe [[Nonsense|nonsensical]] language, sound that resembles or unintelligible [[Cryptography|encrypted]] text.

== Examples ==
Nixon's [[Watergate tapes|Oval Office tape]] from [[June 14]] shows [[H. R. Haldeman]] describing the situation to Nixon.

:"To the ordinary guy, all this is a bunch of ''gobbledygook''. But out of the gobbledygook comes a very clear thing: you can't trust the government; you can't believe what they say; and you can't rely on their judgment. And the implicit infallibility of presidents, which has been an accepted thing in America, is badly hurt by this, because it shows that people do things the President wants to do even though it's wrong, and the President can be wrong."

Former [[United States]] President [[Ronald Reagan]] explained tax law revisions in an address to the nation, [[28 May]] [[1985]]:
:"Most (tax revisions) didn’t improve the system, they made it more like Washington itself: complicated, unfair, cluttered with ''gobbledygook'' and loopholes designed for those with the power and influence to hire high-priced legal and tax advisers."<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/63/38/338.html Simpson’s Contemporary Quotations] at Bartleby.com</ref>

Former Irish [[tennis]] star Bryan Crowley when describing his chat with the two Danish heroes abroad in [[San Luis Obispo]] :"Them Danish lads have perfect English, but when they speak their own language it sounds like a haype of Gobblydegook."

[[Michael Shanks (public official)|Michael Shanks]], former chairman to the National Consumer Council of [[Great Britain]], characterizes professional gobbledygook as sloppy jargon intended to confuse nonspecialists:
:"''Gobbledygook'' may indicate a failure to think clearly, a contempt for one's clients, or more probably a mixture of both. A system that can't or won't communicate is not a safe basis for a democracy."<ref>[http://www.chat11.com/Contemporary_Quotes Marilyn vos Savant, Parade Magazine] Contemporary Quotes</ref>

The [[Plain English Campaign]] FAQ includes the following explanation:
:"What's wrong with ''gobbledygook''? We can't put it any better than a nurse who wrote about a baffling memo. She said that 'receiving information in this form makes us feel hoodwinked, inferior, definitely frustrated and angry, and it causes a divide between us and the writer.'"<ref>[http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/introduction.html#Anchor-Wha-4749]</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[J.K. Rowling]] makes "Gobbledegook" the language of [[goblin (Harry Potter)|goblin]]s in the [[Harry Potter]] novels, specifically ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'', in which [[Albus Dumbledore]] and [[Bartemius Crouch]] can speak gobbledegook fluently. [[Ludo Bagman]] knows one word: ''Bladvak'' ("pickaxe").

In the film ''[[Thirteen (film)|Thirteen]],'' the two main characters use a form of gobbledygook as their secret language to separate themselves from their parents.

[[Iceland]]ic [[post-rock]] band [[Sigur Rós]]'s first single off their album [[Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust]] is titled [[Gobbledigook]].

Gobbledegook was a comic fantasy goblin character appearing in the magazine [[White Dwarf (magazine)|White Dwarf]] up until about issue 100, usually being 1/3 to a full page in length and appearing semi-regularly

== In other languages ==

In [[English language|English]], other common idioms indicating difficulty in understanding complicated language are: "It is all [[Greek language|Greek]] to me" or "talking double [[Dutch language|Dutch]]". For complicated written language, a common expression is that something is "written in hieroglyphics".

In [[Greek language|Greek]], when one talks with nonsensical, specialized or generally uncommon word choices, he is said to speak "alabournezica" (αλαμπουρνέζικα, Alamburnese), a fictitious language. When somebody talks gibberish it's "acatalavistica" {ακαταλαβίστικα} (i.e. "ununderstandables"). The quivalent phrase to the American "It's all Greek to me!" is "You're speaking Chinese;" pronounced, "cinezica" {κινέζικα, ''Chinese''}.

Ironically, when the same happens in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], it is said that he is talking Greek (''estou falando grego?''), Latin (''isto para mim é latim'') or Chinese (''eu falei chinês?''). In French, the slang word for gobbledygook is "le charabia". It is used informally in conversations. In Italian also we say to speak Arabian (''parli arabo??''). Three similar-meaning words appear in Russian: "Beliberda", "Tarabarshchina" and "Abracadabra". Grammatically, they work in a similar way to a language, and refer to nonsense talk. The Finnish corresponding term is ''kapulakieli'' (cudgel language), referring to haughty, high-spirited and unintelligible office language.

This word has been voted as one of the ten English words that were [[words hardest to translate|hardest to translate]] in [[June 2004]] by a [[United Kingdom|British]] translation company.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

== See also ==
* [[SMOG (Simple Measure Of Gobbledygook)]]
* [[Gibberish]]
* [[Golden Bull Award]]
* [[Jargon]]
* [[Legal writing#Legalese|Legalese]]
* [[Nonsense]]
* [[Newspeak]]
* [[Stanley Unwin (comedian)]]
* [[Technobabble]]
* [[Mojibake]] — Random nonsense characters generated by foreign text
* [[Simlish]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.unfg.org/ The UN Fund for Gobbledygook]
* [http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/generator.htm/ Gobblygook generator]

[[Category:English language]]
[[Category:Language varieties and styles]]

[[es:Galimatías]]
[[fi:Kapulakieli]]

Gobbledygook

2008-10-06T08:26:13Z

62.101.100.5: Added some other form variations for the word, with references

{{for|the [[Sigur Rós]] song|Gobbledigook}}
'''Gobbledygook''' or '''gobbledegook''' (sometimes shortened to '''gobbledegoo''', '''gobbledeegook'''<ref>[http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=gobbledeegook gobbledeegook] at urbandictionary.com</ref> or other forms <ref>[http://uktsupport.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=10342&view=findpost&p=66091 gobeldegook in a post] at uktsupport.ipbhost.com</ref>) is an [[English language|English]] term used to describe [[Nonsense|nonsensical]] language, sound that resembles or unintelligible [[Cryptography|encrypted]] text.

== Examples ==
Nixon's [[Watergate tapes|Oval Office tape]] from [[June 14]] shows [[H. R. Haldeman]] describing the situation to Nixon.

:"To the ordinary guy, all this is a bunch of ''gobbledygook''. But out of the gobbledygook comes a very clear thing: you can't trust the government; you can't believe what they say; and you can't rely on their judgment. And the implicit infallibility of presidents, which has been an accepted thing in America, is badly hurt by this, because it shows that people do things the President wants to do even though it's wrong, and the President can be wrong."

Former [[United States]] President [[Ronald Reagan]] explained tax law revisions in an address to the nation, [[28 May]] [[1985]]:
:"Most (tax revisions) didn’t improve the system, they made it more like Washington itself: complicated, unfair, cluttered with ''gobbledygook'' and loopholes designed for those with the power and influence to hire high-priced legal and tax advisers."<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/63/38/338.html Simpson’s Contemporary Quotations] at Bartleby.com</ref>

Former Irish [[tennis]] star Bryan Crowley when describing his chat with the two Danish heroes abroad in [[San Luis Obispo]] :"Them Danish lads have perfect English, but when they speak their own language it sounds like a haype of Gobblydegook."

[[Michael Shanks (public official)|Michael Shanks]], former chairman to the National Consumer Council of [[Great Britain]], characterizes professional gobbledygook as sloppy jargon intended to confuse nonspecialists:
:"''Gobbledygook'' may indicate a failure to think clearly, a contempt for one's clients, or more probably a mixture of both. A system that can't or won't communicate is not a safe basis for a democracy."<ref>[http://www.chat11.com/Contemporary_Quotes Marilyn vos Savant, Parade Magazine] Contemporary Quotes</ref>

The [[Plain English Campaign]] FAQ includes the following explanation:
:"What's wrong with ''gobbledygook''? We can't put it any better than a nurse who wrote about a baffling memo. She said that 'receiving information in this form makes us feel hoodwinked, inferior, definitely frustrated and angry, and it causes a divide between us and the writer.'"<ref>[http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/introduction.html#Anchor-Wha-4749]</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[J.K. Rowling]] makes "Gobbledegook" the language of [[goblin (Harry Potter)|goblin]]s in the [[Harry Potter]] novels, specifically ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'', in which [[Albus Dumbledore]] and [[Bartemius Crouch]] can speak gobbledegook fluently. [[Ludo Bagman]] knows one word: ''Bladvak'' ("pickaxe").

In the film ''[[Thirteen (film)|Thirteen]],'' the two main characters use a form of gobbledygook as their secret language to separate themselves from their parents.

[[Iceland]]ic [[post-rock]] band [[Sigur Rós]]'s first single off their album [[Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust]] is titled [[Gobbledigook]].

Gobbledegook was a comic fantasy goblin character appearing in the magazine [[White Dwarf (magazine)|White Dwarf]] up until about issue 100, usually being 1/3 to a full page in length and appearing semi-regularly

== In other languages ==

In [[English language|English]], other common idioms indicating difficulty in understanding complicated language are: "It is all [[Greek language|Greek]] to me" or "talking double [[Dutch language|Dutch]]". For complicated written language, a common expression is that something is "written in hieroglyphics".

In [[Greek language|Greek]], when one talks with nonsensical, specialized or generally uncommon word choices, he is said to speak "alabournezica" (αλαμπουρνέζικα, Alamburnese), a fictitious language. When somebody talks gibberish it's "acatalavistica" {ακαταλαβίστικα} (i.e. "ununderstandables"). The quivalent phrase to the American "It's all Greek to me!" is "You're speaking Chinese;" pronounced, "cinezica" {κινέζικα, ''Chinese''}.

Ironically, when the same happens in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], it is said that he is talking Greek (''estou falando grego?''), Latin (''isto para mim é latim'') or Chinese (''eu falei chinês?''). In French, the slang word for gobbledygook is "le charabia". It is used informally in conversations. Three similar-meaning words appear in Russian: "Beliberda", "Tarabarshchina" and "Abracadabra". Grammatically, they work in a similar way to a language, and refer to nonsense talk. The Finnish corresponding term is ''kapulakieli'' (cudgel language), referring to haughty, high-spirited and unintelligible office language.

This word has been voted as one of the ten English words that were [[words hardest to translate|hardest to translate]] in [[June 2004]] by a [[United Kingdom|British]] translation company.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

== See also ==
* [[SMOG (Simple Measure Of Gobbledygook)]]
* [[Gibberish]]
* [[Golden Bull Award]]
* [[Jargon]]
* [[Legal writing#Legalese|Legalese]]
* [[Nonsense]]
* [[Newspeak]]
* [[Stanley Unwin (comedian)]]
* [[Technobabble]]
* [[Mojibake]] — Random nonsense characters generated by foreign text
* [[Simlish]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.unfg.org/ The UN Fund for Gobbledygook]
* [http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/generator.htm/ Gobblygook generator]

[[Category:English language]]
[[Category:Language varieties and styles]]

[[es:Galimatías]]
[[fi:Kapulakieli]]

Organizational structure

2008-09-09T09:24:54Z

62.101.100.5:

{{citation style}}
{{Cleanup|date=June 2008}}
An '''organizational structure''' is a mostly hierarchical concept of subordination of entities that collaborate and contribute to serve one common aim.

Organizations are a number of clustered entities. The structure of an organization is usually set up in one of a variety of styles, dependent on their objectives and ambience. The structure of an organization will determine the modes in which it shall operate and will perform.

''Organizational structure'' allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities. Ordinary description of such entities is as ''branch'', ''site'', ''department'', ''work groups'' and single people. Contracting of individuals in an organizational structure normally is under timely limited ''work contracts'' or ''work orders'' or under timely unlimited ''employment contracts'' or ''program orders''.

== Operational organizations and Informal organizations==

The set organizational structure may not coincide with facts, evolving in operational action. Such divergence decreases performance, when growing. E.g. a ‘’wrong’’ organizational structure may hamper cooperation and thus hinder the completion of orders in due time and within limits of resources and budgets. Organizational structures shall be adaptive to process requirements, aiming to optimize the ratio of effort and input to output.
An effective organizational structure shall facilitate working relationships between various entities in the organization and may improve the working efficiency within the organizational units. Organization shall retain a set order and control to enable monitoring the processes. Organization shall support command for coping with a mix of orders and a change of conditions while performing work. Organization shall allow for application of individual skills to enable high flexibility and apply creativity.
When a business expands, the chain of command will lengthen and the spans of control will widen. When an organization comes to age, the flexibility will decrease and the creativity will fatigue. Therefore organizational structures shall be altered from time to time to enable recovery. If such alteration is prevented by internal or external forces, the final escape is to turn down the organization to prepare for a re-launch in an entirely new set up.

== Success factors ==

Common success criteria for organizational structures are:
* Decentralized reporting
* Flat hierarchy{{Fact|date=September 2008}}
* High transient speed
* High transparency
* Low residual mass
* Permanent monitoring
* Rapid response
* Shared reliability
etc.

= History =

Organizational structures developed from the ancient times of hunters and collectors in tribal organizations through highly royal and clerical power structures to industrial structures and today's post-industrial structures.

==Organizational Structure Types==
=== Pre-bureaucratic structures ===

Pre-bureaucratic (entrepreneurial) structures lack [[standardization]] of tasks. This structure is most common in smaller organizations and is best used to solve simple tasks. The structure is totally centralized. The strategic leader makes all key decisions and most communication is done by one on one conversations. It is particularly useful for new (entrepreneurial) business as it enables the founder to control growth and development.

They are usually based on [[traditional domination]] or [[charismatic domination]] in the sense of [[Max Weber]]'s [[tripartite classification of authority]].

=== Bureaucratic structures ===

[[Bureaucratic]] structures have a certain degree of standardization. They are better suited for more complex or larger scale organizations. They usually adopt a tall structure. Then tension between bureaucratic structures and non-bureaucratic is echoed in Burns and Stalker's (1961) distinction between mechanistic and organic structures.

=== Post-Bureaucratic ===

The term of post bureaucratic is used in two senses in the organizational literature: one generic and one much more specific (see Grey & Garsten, 2001). In the generic sense the term post bureaucratic is often used to describe a range of ideas developed since the 1980s that specifically contrast themselves with Weber's ideal type [[Bureaucracy]]. This may include [[Total Quality Management]], [[Culture Management]] and the [[matrix management|Matrix Organization]] amongst others. None of these however has left behind the core tenets of Bureaucracy. Hierarchies still exist, authority is still Weber's rational, legal type, and the organisation is still rule bound. Heckshcer, arguing along these lines, describes them as cleaned up bureaucracies (Hecksher & Donellson, 1994), rather than a fundamental shift away from bureaucracy. Gideon Kunda, in his classic study of culture management at 'Tech' argued that 'the essence of bureaucratic control - the formalisation, codification and enforcement of rules and regulations - does not change in principle.....it shifts focus from organizational structure to the organization's culture'.

Another smaller group of theorists have developed the theory of the Post-Bureaucratic Organization. Heckscher and Donnellson [1994], provide a detailed discussion which attempts to describe an organization that is fundamentally not bureaucratic. [[Charles Heckscher]] has developed an ideal type [[Post-Bureaucratic Organization]] in which decisions are based on dialogue and consensus rather than authority and command, the organisation is a network rather than a hierarchy, open at the boundaries (in direct contrast to culture management); there is an emphasis on meta-decision making rules rather than decision making rules. This sort of horizontal decision making by [[consensus]] model is often used in [[Housing cooperatives]], other [[Cooperatives]] and when running a [[non-profit]] or [[Community organization]]. It is used in order to encourage [[participation]] and help to [[empower]] people who normally experience [[Oppression]] in groups.

Still other theorists are developing a resurgence of interest in [[Complexity Theory and Organizations]], and have focused on how simple structures can be used to engender organizational adaptations. For instance, Miner and colleagues (2000) studied how simple structures could be used to generate improvisational outcomes in product development. Their study makes links to simple structures and improviseal learning. Other scholars such as Jan Rivkin, Kathleen Eisenhardt Nicolaj Sigglekow, and Nelson Repenning revive an older interest in how structure and strategy relate in dynamic environments.

=== Functional Structures ===
The functional structure groups employees together based upon the functions of specific jobs within the organization. For example, a division of an internet service provider (ISP) with a functional organizational structure might be as follows:

Vice President

- Sales Department (sales function)

- Customer Service Department (customer service function)

- Engineering Department (engineering function)

- Accounting Department (accounting function)

- Administration Department (administration function)

=== Matrix Structure ===
Matrix structure groups employees by both function and product. This structure can combine the best of both separate structures. An example would be a company that produces two products, "product a" and "product b". Using the matrix structure, this company would organize functions within the company as follows: "product a" sales department, "product a" customer service department, "product a" accounting, "product b" sales department, "product b" customer service department, "product b" accounting department. Matrix structure is the most complex of the different organizational structures.

•'''Weak/Functional Matrix:''' A project manager with only limited authority is assigned to oversee the cross- functional aspects of the project. The functional managers maintain control over their resources and project areas.

•'''Balanced/Functional Matrix:''' A project manager is assigned to oversee the project. Power is shared equally between the project manager and the functional mangers. It brings the best aspects of functional and projectized organizations. However, this is the most difficult system to maintain as the sharing power is delicate proposition.

'''•Strong/Project Matrix:''' A project manager is primarily responsible for the project. Functional managers provide technical expertise and assign resources as needed.
ps: There is no good or bad Matrix.

[[Category:Organizational studies and human resource management]]
[[Category:Corporate governance]]

[[he:מבנה הארגון]]
[[nl:Organisatiestructuur]]
[[fi:Organisaatiorakenne]]
[[zh:组织结构]]

OTR-21 Tochka

2008-08-18T08:22:26Z

62.101.100.5: Russia haven't used it in south ossetia, just deployed as deterrent to georgian's aggressions

{{Expand|date=April 2007}}
{{Infobox Weapon
|is_missile=yes
|name=OTP-21 Точка OTR-21 Tochka NATO reporting name: SS-21 Scarab
|image=[[Image:9P129 tochka.jpg|300px]]
|caption=
|origin= {{USSR}}
|type=[[Tactical ballistic missile]]
|used_by= See ''operators''
|manufacturer=[[Kolomna OKB]]
|unit_cost=
|propellant=
|production_date=
|service=1976-present / SS-21 Scarab A 1986-present / SS-21 Scarab B
|engine=Single-state solid propellant
|engine_power=
|weight=2,000 kg (4,409 lb) / SS-21 Scarab A 2,010 kg (4,431 lb) / SS-21 Scarab B
|length=6.4 m (30 ft)
|height=
|diameter=0.65 (2.1 ft)
|wingspan=
|speed=1.8 km/s
|vehicle_range=70 km (43 mi) / SS-21 Scarab A 120 km (74 mi) / SS-21 Scarab B
|ceiling=
|altitude=
|filling=Chemical, 100 kT nuclear warhead, [[Electromagnetic pulse|EMP]], or fragmentation filling
|guidance=Inertial with [[GLONASS]]
|detonation=
|launch_platform=Mobile launcher vehicle
}}

'''OTR-21 ''Tochka''''' ({{lang-ru|оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс (ОТР) «Точка»}}; {{lang-en|Tactical Operational Missile Complex "Tochka"}}, "tochka" is "point" in English) is a [[USSR|Soviet]] [[Short-range ballistic missile|short-range]] [[Tactical bombing|tactical]] [[ballistic missile]]. Its [[GRAU]] designation is '''9K79'''. And its [[NATO reporting name]] is '''SS-21 Scarab'''. It is transported on a 9P129 vehicle, then lifted vertically prior to launch. It was designed as a replacement for the earlier [[FROG-7|FROG]] series of unguided ballistic missiles.

The missile began forward deployment to [[Germany]] in [[1981]], replacing the FROG-7.

==Description==
The OTR-21 is a road-mobile missile launch system, designed to be deployed along with other land combat units on the battlefield. While the FROG-7 is large and inaccurate, the OTR-21 is much smaller. The missile itself can be used for precise strikes on enemy targets with tactical importance, such as control posts, bridges and storage facilities. It can also be very effective against troop concentrations and airfields, weakening the enemy overall. If needed, the FRAG-HE warhead can be replaced with a [[Nuclear warhead|nuclear]], [[Biological weapon|biological]] or [[chemical weapons|chemical warhead]]. The solid propellant makes the missile easier to maintain and deploy. OTR-21 units are usually managed in a brigade structure, with 18 launchers in a brigade. Each launcher is provided with 2 or 3 missiles. The vehicle is completely amphibious, with a maximum road speed of 60 km/h and 8 km/h in water. It is NBC-protected. The system has been in development since [[1968]]. Subsequently, three variants have been created.

===Scarab A===
The initial variant OTR-21 Tochka (''Scarab A'') entered service with the [[Soviet Army]] in [[1975]]. The missile has a weight of 2 000 kg. Its warhead is 482 kg of conventional HE, fragmentation or nuclear. The minimal range is about 15 km, and the maximum range is 70 km, and CEP is estimated to be about 150 m. The guidance system is inertial. The lethal radius of the conventional warhead is more than 200 m. The length of the missile is 6.4 m, its diameter - 0,65 m.

===Scarab B===
An improved variant, the Scarab B (Tochka-U), has been introduced in 1989. The range is increased to 120 km by improving the propellant. CEP is less than 95 m. A third variant, Scarab C, has also been developped in the 90s, with a range of 185 km, a weight of 1 800 kg and even a smaller CEP. [[North Korea]] is known to have developed a local variant, the KN-2, by reverse-engineering Syrian-supplied Scarab A missiles.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/dprk/kn-2.htm globalsecurity.org]</ref>

==Use in combat==

One of suspected uses of the OTR-21 Tochka in combat came on [[October 21]] [[1999]] during the [[Second Chechen War]]. On that date U.S. military surveillance systems tracked a launch of five to six short-range missiles from within [[Russia]] that landed in the city of [[Grozny]]. The missiles struck a marketplace and maternity ward, resulting in at least 143 [[fatalities]]. [http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=18125] A Russian spokesman said the busy market place was targeted because it was used by rebels as an arms bazaar. [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/chechnya2-5.htm]

Also deployed in [[2008 South Ossetia war]] by Russian forces, according to a U.S. diplomat.<ref name="MarketWatch">{{cite web |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/press-briefing-press-secretary-dana/story.aspx |title=Press Briefing by Press Secretary Dana Perino and Senior Director for East Asian Affairs Dennis Wilder and Deputy National Security Advisor Ambassador Jim Jeffrey |accessdate=2008-08-13 |date=2008-08-10 |author= |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] [[MarketWatch]] }} </ref>

==Operators==
;{{AZE}}
;{{BLR}}: 36 <ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/belarus/army-equipment.htm Belarus Army Equipment]</ref>;
;{{BUL}}: 1 brigade + up to 72 missiles (Scarab-A)
;{{KAZ}}: unknown number
;{{LBY}}: unknown number
;{{PRK}}: local upgraded variant, known as KN-2
;{{RUS}}: 140
;{{UKR}}: 90 <ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/groundforces-equipment.htm Ground Forces Equipment - Ukraine]</ref>
;{{SYR}}: 1 brigade and additionally not less than 36 missiles
;{{YEM}}: 10

===Former Operators===
;{{CZS}}: passed on to successor states.
;{{CZE}}: inherrited from Czechoslovakia, retired.
;{{HUN}}: less than 10, retired
;{{POL}}: 4 <ref>[http://www.militarium.net/wojsko_polskie/uzbrojenie.php MILITARIUM - Wojsko Polskie - Uzbrojenie]</ref> retired in 2005, because of lack of rockets and service parts
;{{SVK}}: small number, inherrited from Czechoslovakia, all retired.
;{{USSR}}: Passed on to successor states.

==External links==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeRzHyFX68M Tochka-U Video]
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/ss-21.htm SS-21 Scarab (9K79 Tochka)]
*{{ru icon}} [http://www.kapyar.ru/index.php?pg=250 OTR ''Tochka'']
* [http://missilethreat.com/missiles/ss-21-a_russia.html MissileThreat.com SS-21]
* [http://www.janes.com/defence/news/jmr/jmr060407_1_n.shtml Jane's Defence news on North Korean SS-21 test, April 2006]
* [http://vbox7.com/play:bee81769 Tochka Video]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{PostWWIISovietAFVS}}

{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SSM}}

[[Category:Theatre ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Cold War missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Quasiballistic missiles]]

[[az:Taktiki raket kompleksi Toçka]]
[[bg:ОТР-21]]
[[de:SS-21 Scarab]]
[[ko:OTR-21 토츠카]]
[[fr:SS-21]]
[[it:SS-21 Scarab]]
[[ru:ТРК Точка]]

1974

2008-07-16T14:45:22Z

62.101.100.5: /* September-October */

{{year nav|1975}}
{{C20YearInTopicX}}
Year '''1974''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCMLXXIV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 [[Gregorian calendar]].
{{C20YearTOCtempleton|1974|Fields Medalists}}
== Events of 1974 ==
=== January ===

{{Month3|1|1|0}}
* [[January 4]] - Citing executive privilege, U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] refuses to surrender 500 tapes and documents which have been [[subpoena]]ed by the Senate Watergate Committee.
* [[January 4]] - Joni Lenz is attacked in her bedroom by serial killer [[Ted Bundy]] in Washington.
* [[January 6]] - In response to the [[1973 energy crisis|energy crisis]], [[Daylight Saving Time]] commences nearly 4 months early in the [[United States]].
* [[January 19]] - In [[college basketball|college]] (men's) [[basketball]], [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish|Notre Dame]] defeats [[UCLA Bruins|UCLA]] 71-70, ending the Bruins' record 88-game winning streak.
* [[January 27]] - Brisbane Qld Australia is [[Brisbane 1974 Flood|flooded]].
* [[January 30]]
**[[G. Gordon Liddy]] is found guilty of [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] charges.
**In his [[State of the Union Address]], U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] declares, "One year of Watergate is enough."

=== February ===
{{Month3|2|4|0}}
* [[February 1]] - Fire breaks out in the Joelman Bank Building in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]; 177 dead, 293 injured, 11 die later of their injuries. Article: [[Joelma Fire]]
* [[February 3]] - In the second [[Bathurst Correctional Complex|Bathurst Gaol]] riot, prisoners destroy much of the facility with petrol bombs.
* [[February 4]] - The [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] kidnaps [[Patricia Hearst]], the 19-year-old granddaughter of publisher [[William Randolph Hearst]].
* [[February 8]] - After 94 days in [[outer space]], the crew of ''[[Skylab 4]]'' returns to [[Earth]].
* [[February 8]] The [[Kiss (album)|self-titled debut album]] from [[Kiss (band)|KISS]] is released.
* [[February 12]] - U.S. District Court Judge [[George Boldt]] rules that Native American tribes in [[Washington|Washington State]] are entitled to half of the legal [[salmon]] and [[rainbow trout|steelhead]] catches, based on treaties signed by the tribes and the U.S. government.
* [[February 13]] - [[Nobel Prize]] winning writer [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] is expelled from the Soviet Union (he returns [[May 27]], [[1994]]).
* [[February 17]] - A [[soccer]] stampede occurs in [[Cairo]], killing 49.
* [[February 21]] - The long-running comic strip "[[Sazae-san]]" is published in the ''[[Asahi Shimbun]]'' for the final time, after 28 years of daily installments.
* [[February 22]] - The Second Islamic Summit Conference by [[Organisation of the Islamic Conference]] (OIC) was held in Lahore, Islamic Republic of [[Pakistan]], from 29 [[Moharram]] to 1st [[Safar]], 1394 H, (22-24 February, 1974).
* [[February 23]] - The [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] demands $4 million more to release kidnap victim [[Patty Hearst]].
* [[February 28]]
**The [[United Kingdom]] [[United Kingdom general election, 1974 (February)|general election]] results in an almost dead-heat. [[Harold Wilson]] becomes [[Prime Minister]] again, despite his [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] having received fewer votes than the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].
**[[Ethiopia]]n prime minister [[Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold]], who had held the position since [[1961]], is dismissed by Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] and replaced with [[Endelkachew Makonnen]].

=== March ===
{{Month3|3|4|0}}
* [[March 1]]
**[[Watergate scandal]]: Seven former [[White House]] officials are indicted for their role in the [[Watergate complex|Watergate]] break-in and charged with conspiracy to obstruct justice.
**[[Pierre Messmer]] finishes his first term as [[Prime Minister of France]].
* [[March 3]] - A [[Turkish Airlines]] [[DC-10]] travelling from Paris to London crashes in a wood near Paris, killing all 346 aboard.
* [[March 8]] - [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]] opens in [[Paris]], [[France]].
* [[March 10]] - [[Japan]]ese [[World War II]] soldier, Second Lieutenant [[Hiroo Onoda]], surrenders in the [[Philippines]].
* [[March 18]] - Ten miners die in a [[methane]] gas explosion at [[Golborne]] [[Colliery]] near [[Wigan]], [[Lancashire]].
* [[March 18]] - [[Oil embargo crisis]]: Most [[OPEC]] nations end a 5-month [[Petroleum|oil]] embargo against the [[United States]], [[Europe]] and [[Japan]].
* [[March 20]] - Ian Ball fails in his attempt to kidnap Her Royal Highness [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]] and her husband Captain [[Mark Phillips]] in [[The Mall (London)|The Mall]], outside [[Buckingham Palace]].
* [[March 29]] - ''[[Mariner 10]]'' approaches [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].

=== April ===
{{Month3|4|0|0}}
* [[April 1]] - The [[Local Government Act 1972]] comes into effect in [[England and Wales]], creating six new [[metropolitan county|metropolitan counties]] and comprehensively redrawing the administrative map.
* [[April 2]] - [[France|French]] President [[Georges Pompidou]] dies; Senate President [[Alain Poher]] becomes Acting President for the second time.
* [[April 3]] - The [[Super Outbreak]], the largest series of [[tornado]]es in history, hits 13 U.S. states and one Canadian province. By the time the last of 149 tornadoes hit early the following morning, 315 die and over 5,000 are injured.
* [[April 6]] - [[ABBA]] win the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] in [[Brighton]], [[England]].
* [[April 8]] - [[Hank Aaron]] of the [[Atlanta Braves]] breaks [[Babe Ruth]]'s home run record by hitting his 715th career home-run off [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] pitcher [[Al Downing]] at [[Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium]].
* [[April 10]] - In [[Israel]], [[Golda Meir]] resigns as Prime Minister.
* [[April 15]] - In [[San Francisco]], members of the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] rob a branch of the [[Hibernia National Bank]], joined by [[Patricia Hearst]], their erstwhile captive.
* [[April 24]] - [[Stephen King]] publishes his first novel, [[Carrie (novel)|Carrie]], under his own name.
* [[April 25]] - ''[[Carnation Revolution]]'': A [[coup]] in [[Portugal]] restores [[democracy]].

=== May ===
{{Month3|5|2|0}} 
* [[May 4]]
**An all female [[Japan]]ese team summits [[Manaslu]] in [[Nepal]], becoming the first women to climb an 8,000 metre peak.
**The [[Expo '74]] [[World's Fair]] opens in [[Spokane, Washington]].
**The [[FA Cup]] Liverpool beat Newcastle 3-0 to win the FA Cup final at Wembley.
* [[May 7]] - [[Chancellor of Germany|West German Chancellor]] [[Willy Brandt]] resigns.
* [[May 9]] - The [[United States House of Representatives]] Judiciary Committee opens formal and public [[impeachment]] hearings against President [[Richard M. Nixon]].
* [[May 12]] - Fire damages the carousel in [[Port Dalhousie]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]], injuring 20 animals.
* [[May 15]] - [[West Germany|West German]] Foreign Minister [[Walter Scheel]] is elected [[President of Germany]] for a term beginning [[July 1]].
* [[May 16]] - [[Helmut Schmidt]] is elected [[West Germany|West German]] Chancellor.
* [[May 17]] - [[Los Angeles, California]] police raid [[Symbionese Liberation Army]] headquarters, killing 6 members, including [[Camilla Hall]].
* [[May 17]] - Thirty-three people die and over 300 are wounded in the [[Dublin and Monaghan Bombings]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]]. Members of the [[Ulster loyalism|loyalist]] [[Ulster Volunteer Force]] are behind the blast, allegedly in collusion with members of the British intelligence service.
* [[May 18]]
**[[Nuclear test]]: Under project [[Smiling Buddha]], [[India]] successfully detonates its first [[nuclear weapon]], becoming the sixth nation to do so.
**The [[Warsaw radio mast]] is completed, the tallest structure ever built (it collapses on [[August 8]], [[1991]]).
* [[May 19]]
**In the second round of the presidential elections in [[France]], [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] wins over [[François Mitterrand]], but by a close margin.
**The [[Philadelphia Flyers]] defeat the [[Boston Bruins]], thereby becoming the first expansion team to win the [[Stanley Cup]].
* [[May 28]] - The Italian fascist organization [[Ordine Nuovo]] bombs demonstrators in [[Brescia]], killing 6 people.
* [[May 30]] - [[NASA]]'s [[ATS-6]] satellite is launched.

=== June ===
{{Month3|6|5|0}}
* [[June 1]] - [[Flixborough disaster]]: An explosion at a chemical plant in [[Flixborough]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], kills 28 people.
* [[June 4]] - The [[Cleveland Indians]] stage an ill-advised [[Ten Cent Beer Night]] for a game against the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] at [[Cleveland Municipal Stadium]]. Cleveland forfeits after alcohol-fueled mayhem and violence spreads from the stands onto the field.
* [[June 6]] - A new [[Instrument of Government (1974)|Instrument of Government]] is promulgated, making [[Sweden]] a [[parliamentary]] [[monarchy]].
* [[June 13]] - The [[1974 FIFA World Cup]] begins in [[West Germany]].
* [[June 15]] - [[Red Lion Square disorders]]: Members of the fascist [[British National Front|National Front]] clash with leftist counter-protesters in [[London]]'s West End; one student is killed.
* [[June 17]] - A bomb explodes at the [[Palace of Westminster|Houses of Parliament]] in [[London]], damaging [[Westminster Hall]]. The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] claims responsibility for planting the bomb.
* [[June 26]] - The [[Universal Product Code]] is scanned for the first time, to sell a package of Wrigley's chewing gum at the Marsh Supermarket in Troy, Ohio.
* [[June 29]] - [[Isabel Peron]] becomes interim president of [[Argentina]], when [[Juan Peron]] falls seriously ill.
* [[June 30]] - [[Alberta Williams King]], mother of the late [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], is killed during a church service in [[Atlanta, Georgia]].

=== July ===
{{Month3|7|0|0}}
* [[July 1]] - [[Juan Peron]], President of Argentina dies. He's succeeded by his wife, Vice President [[Isabel Peron]]. She becomes the first female Head of State in South America.
* [[July 7]] - [[Germany national football team|West Germany]] beats [[Netherlands national football team|the Netherlands]] 2-1 to win the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]].
* [[July 11]] - Glenn Davis was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire.
* [[July 14]] - In Issaquah, Washington, serial killer [[Ted Bundy]] abducts Janice Ott and Denise Naslund in broad daylight at Lake Sammamish State Park.
* [[July 15]] - [[Christine Chubbuck]], U.S. television presenter for [[WWSB|WXLT-TV]], draws a revolver and shoots herself in the head during a live broadcast. She dies in a hospital 14 hours later.
* [[July 15]] - A military coup overthrows [[President of Cyprus|President]] [[Makarios]] in [[Cyprus]].
* [[July 17]] - An [[Irish Republican Army]] bomb explodes in the [[Tower of London|White Tower]] at the [[Tower of London]], killing 1 person and injuring 41. Another bomb explodes outside a government building in South [[London]].
* [[July 20]] - [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]]: Forces from [[Turkey]] invade [[Cyprus]] after the [[coup d'etat]] by [[EOKA|EOKA B]].
* [[July 22]] - [[Ethiopia]]n Prime Minister Endelkachew Makonnen is replaced with Mikael Imru.
* [[July 23]] - The [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974|Greek military junta government]] collapses.
* [[July 24]]
**[[Constantine Karamanlis]] is sworn in as interim Prime Minister of [[Greece]].
**[[Watergate scandal]]: The [[United States Supreme Court]] unanimously rules (''[[United States v. Nixon]]'') that President [[Richard Nixon]] can not withhold subpoenaed [[White House]] tapes, and orders him to surrender them to the Watergate special prosecutor.
* [[July 27]]-[[July 30]] - Watergate Scandal: The [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] Judiciary Committee adopts 3 articles of [[impeachment]] charging President [[Richard M. Nixon]] with obstruction of justice, failure to uphold laws, and refusal to produce material subpoenaed by the committee.

=== August ===
{{Month3|8|3|0}}
[[Image:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|Nixon Resigns]]
* [[August 4]] - A bomb explodes in an [[Italicus Expressen]] train between [[Italy]] and [[West Germany]]. Italian neo-fascist terrorists take responsibility.
* [[August 5]] - [[Watergate scandal]]: The "[[smoking gun]]" tape of [[June 23]], [[1972]], is revealed, in which U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] and White House Chief of Staff [[H.R. Haldeman]] discuss using the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] to block a [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] inquiry into [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]]. Nixon's support in [[United States Congress|Congress]] collapses.
* [[August 7]]
** Three [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] congressional leaders ([[Barry Goldwater]], [[Hugh Scott]] and [[John Jacob Rhodes|John Rhodes]]) visit President [[Richard Nixon]] in the [[White House]]. They inform him that he lacks the votes to escape [[impeachment]] in the [[United States House of Representatives]] and conviction in the [[United States Senate|Senate]].
** [[France|French]] [[acrobat]] [[Philippe Petit]] walks across a [[high wire]] slung between the [[twin towers]] of the [[World Trade Center]] in [[New York]].
* [[August 8]] - [[Watergate scandal]]: U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] announces his resignation (effective [[August 9]]).
* [[August 9]] - [[Richard Nixon]] becomes the first [[President of the United States]] to resign from office, an action taken to avoid being removed by impeachment in response to his role in the [[Watergate scandal]]. [[Vice President of the United States of America|Vice President]] [[Gerald Ford]] becomes the 38th President, taking the oath of office in the East Room of the [[White House]].
* [[August 14]] - Turkey invades for the second time in Cyprus, occupying 37% of the island's territory.
* [[August 15]] - [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]] Line 1 is opened.
* [[August 28]] - [[Geir Hallgrímsson]] becomes [[Prime Minister]] of [[Iceland]].
* [[August 30]]
**An express train bound for [[Germany]] from [[Belgrade]] derails in [[Zagreb]], [[Yugoslavia]] (now [[Croatia]]), killing more than 150 passengers.
**Powerful bomb explodes at the [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] headquarters in [[Marunouchi]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]. 8 killed, 378 injured. Eight left-wing activists are arrested [[May 19]], [[1975]] by Japanese authorities.

=== September ===
{{Month3|9|6|0}}
* [[September 1]] - Daredevil [[Bob Gill (daredevil)|Bob Gill]] fails a world-record attempt to jump Appalachia Lake in [[West Virginia]].
* [[September 8]]
**[[Watergate Scandal]]: U.S. President [[Gerald Ford]] pardons former President [[Richard Nixon]] for any crimes Nixon may have committed while in office.
** [[TWA Flight 841 (1974)|TWA Flight 841]] crashes into the [[Ionian Sea]] 18 minutes after take off from [[Athens]], after a bomb explodes in the cargo hold, and kills 88 people.
* [[12 September]] - Emperor [[Haile Selassie of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]] of [[Ethiopia]] is deposed by the [[Derg]]. The imperial throne is offered to his son, Crown Prince [[Amha Selassie of Ethiopia|Asfa Wossen]] on the condition that the Crown Prince returns to Ethiopia.
* [[September 13]] - [[Japanese Red Army]] members seize the French Embassy in [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]]. They secure the release of member Yatuka Fumiya, $300,000 and a flight to [[Aden]].
* [[September 16]] - [[Courageous]] Newport, Rhode Island, America's Cup defender "Courageous", skippered by Ted Hood, wins over Australian challenger "Southern Cross" .
* [[September 23]] - [[Ceefax]] is started by the [[BBC]] - one of the first public service information systems.

=== October ===
{{Month3|10|1|0}}
* [[October 5]] - The [[Guildford pub bombing]]s at ''The Horse and Groom'' and ''The Seven Stars'' kill 5 people, and lead to the wrongful conviction and imprisonment of the [[Guildford Four]] the next year.
* [[October 8]] - [[Franklin National Bank]] collapses due to fraud and mismanagement; at the time it was the largest bank failure in the history of the [[United States]].
* [[October 10]] - The second [[United Kingdom]] [[United Kingdom general election, 1974 (October)|general election]] of the year results in a narrow victory for Labour, still led by [[Harold Wilson]].
* [[October 15]] - U.S. President [[Gerald Ford]] signs a federal campaign reform bill, which sets new regulations in the wake of the [[Watergate scandal]].

=== November ===
{{Month3|11|4|0}} 
* [[November 5]] - [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] make significant gains in the U.S. Congressional midterm elections, as voters punish the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] over the [[Watergate scandal]].
* [[November 7]] - A [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] bomb explodes at the [[Kings Arms, Woolwich]].
* [[November 8]]
**[[Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan]] disappears in [[England]].
**In [[Salt Lake City, Utah]], Carol DaRonch narrowly escapes abduction by serial killer [[Ted Bundy]].
* [[November 10]] - [[Movement 2 June]] members try to kidnap Günter von Drenkmann, the president of [[West Germany]]'s Superior Court of Justice, at his home, but he is fatally shot during the attempt.
* [[November 13]] - [[Ronald DeFeo, Jr.]] murders his parents and his four siblings in what would later become known as "[[The Amityville Horror|The Amityville Horror House]]".
* [[November 16]] - The [[Arecibo radio telescope]] sends an [[Arecibo message|interstellar radio message]] towards the [[Messier Object 13|M13]] Great Globular Cluster. The message will reach its destination around the year [[11th millennium and beyond#Arecibo M13 Message|27000]].
* [[November 17]] - In [[Dublin, Ireland]], President [[Erskine Hamilton Childers|Erskine H. Childers]] dies suddenly of a heart attack in the middle of a public speech.
* [[November 19]] - 140 killed, Makahali River bridge collapsed, Baitadi, Makahali, [[Nepal]].
* [[November 20]] - The [[United States Department of Justice]] files its final anti-trust suit against [[AT&T]]. This suit later leads to the break up of [[AT&T]] and the [[Bell System]].
* [[November 21]] - In [[Birmingham|Birmingham, England]], 2 pubs are bombed, killing 21 people (the [[Birmingham Six]] are later sentenced to life in prison for this).
* [[November 22]] - The [[United Nations]] General Assembly grants the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] observer status.
* [[November 24]] - A skeleton from the [[Hominidae|hominid]] species [[Australopithecus afarensis]] is discovered and named [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]].
* [[November 27]] - The [[Prevention of Terrorism Act (Northern Ireland)|Prevention of Terrorism Act]] is passed in the [[United Kingdom]].

=== December ===
{{Month3|12|6|0}}
* [[December 1]] - A [[Boeing 727]] carrying [[TWA Flight 514]] crashes 25 miles (40 km) northwest of [[Dulles International Airport]] during bad weather, killing all 92 people on board.
* [[December 8]] - [[Greece|Greek]] voters reject a proposal to restore the Greek monarchy.
*[[December 9]] - The [[Paris]] summit, reuniting the [[European communities]]' heads of state and government, commences.
* [[December 19]]
**[[Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh]] becomes the fifth [[President of Ireland]], in a state inauguration in [[Dublin Castle]].
**Former New York Governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]] is sworn in as [[Vice President of the United States]].
* [[December 23]] - Former British minister [[John Stonehouse]], who faked his drowning in Florida, is arrested in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]].
* [[December 24]]-[[December 25]] - [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] is almost completely destroyed by [[Cyclone Tracy]].
* [[December 31]] - Restrictions on holding private [[gold]] within the [[United States]], implemented by [[Franklin Roosevelt]] in [[1933]], are removed.

=== Undated ===
*The [[Milgram experiment]] first described by [[Yale University]] [[psychology|psychologist]] [[Stanley Milgram]] in his 1974 book ''Obedience to Authority; An Experimental View.''
* [[Baltimore police strike]].
* [[Volkswagen]]'s [[VW Golf|Golf]] [[automobile]] (known in the USA as the Rabbit) first enters production, as the replacement for well-loved but antiquated [[Volkswagen Beetle|Beetle]]. VW will go on to sell more than 22 million Golfs, and the model, now in its fifth generation, is still in full scale production as of 2008.
* The [[Toronto Symphony Youth Orchestra]] is founded by [[Toronto Symphony Orchestra]] conductor [[Victor Feldbrill]]
*[[World population]] reaches 4 billion people.
* [[Urdu keyboard|Urdu typewriter keyboard]] layout modified using [[frequency tables]] and bifurcation (balancing load on typist's fingers) techniques, in [[Pakistan]].

=== Ongoing ===
* [[Cold War]]
* [[The Troubles]]

== Births ==
{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Shōwa]] 49}}

=== January-February ===


* [[January 3]] - [[Alessandro Petacchi]], Italian professional road cyclist
* [[January 7]] - [[John Rich (musician)|John Rich]], American guitarist and bassist ([[Big & Rich]])
* [[January 10]] - [[Hrithik Roshan]], Bollywood actor
* [[January 10]] - [[Jemaine Clement]], New Zealand Singer/Comedian/Actor
* [[January 11]] - The [[Rosenkowitz sextuplets]] (Cape Town, South Africa), the first sextuplets known to survive their infancy.
* [[January 11]] - [[Cody McKay]], Canadian baseball player
* [[January 12]] - [[Tor Arne Hetland]], Norwegian cross-country skiier
* [[January 12]] - [[Melanie Chisholm]], English singer-songwriter
* [[January 16]] - [[Kate Moss]], English model
* [[January 17]] - [[Ladan and Laleh Bijani]], Iranian conjoined twins (d. [[2003]])
* [[January 21]] - [[Rove McManus]] Australian talk show host
* [[January 24]] - [[Tim Biakabutuka]], former National Football League player
* [[January 23]] - [[Tiffani Thiessen]], American actress
* [[January 24]] - [[Melissa Tkautz]], Australian singer and actress
* [[January 27]] - [[Chaminda Vaas]], Sri Lankan cricketer
* [[January 28]] - [[Tony Delk]], National Basketball Association player
* [[January 30]] - [[Christian Bale]], Welsh actor
* [[January 31]] - [[Ian Huntley]], English murderer

* [[February 4]] - [[Eric Townsend]], American musician and record producer
* [[February 7]] - [[Steve Nash]], Canadian basketball player
* [[February 7]] - [[J Dilla]], also known as Jay-Dee, American hip-hop producer (d. [[2006]])
* [[February 8]] - [[Seth Green]], American actor
* [[February 8]] - [[Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo]], French disc jockey
* [[February 11]] - [[D'Angelo]], American singer
* [[February 12]] - [[Naseem Hamed]], British boxer
* [[February 13]] - [[Robbie Williams]], English singer
* [[February 14]] - [[Philippe Léonard]], Belgian footballer
* [[February 15]] - [[Tomi Putaansuu]], Finnish singer [[Lordi]]
* [[February 15]] - [[Ugueth Urbina]], Venezuelan [[Major League Baseball]] player
* [[February 15]] - [[Seattle Slew]], American racehorse (d. [[2002]])
* [[February 15]] - [[Alexander Wurz]], Austrian Formula 1 driver
* [[February 22]] - [[Chris Moyles]], English disc jockey
* [[February 22]] - [[James Blunt]], English Singer
* [[February 24]] - [[Chad Hugo]], American musician and producer ([[The Neptunes]])

=== March-April ===

* [[March 1]] - [[Mark-Paul Gosselaar]], American actor
* [[March 4]] - [[Karol Kučera]], Slovakian tennis player
* [[March 4]] - [[Ariel Ortega]], Argentine football player
* [[March 4]] - [[Tommy Phelps]], South Korean professional baseball player
* [[March 5]] - [[Eva Mendes]], American actress
* [[March 5]] - [[Jens Jeremies]], German footballer
* [[March 6]] - [[Sebastian Siegel]], British-American actor
* [[March 6]] - [[Santino Marella|Anthony Carelli]], professional wrestler
* [[March 7]] - [[Alberto Rabagliati]], Italian singer and actor
* [[March 7]] - [[Jenna Fischer]], American actress
* [[March 8]] - [[Fardeen Khan]], Bollywood actor
* [[March 10]] - [[Hugo Ferreira]], American rock musician
* [[March 11]] - [[Bobby Abreu]], Venezuelan [[Major League Baseball]] player
* [[March 11]] - [[Russ Haas]], American wrestler (d. [[2001]])
* [[March 14]] - [[Jeppe Kofod]], Danish politician
* [[March 15]] - [[Percy Montgomery]], South African [[rugby union]] player
* [[March 20]] - [[Paula Garces]], Colombian actress
* [[March 20]] - [[Andrzej Pilipiuk]], Polish writer
* [[March 20]] - [[Carsten Ramelow]], German footballer
* [[March 22]] - [[Marcus Camby]], American basketball player
* [[March 22]] - [[Kidada Jones]], American actress, model, fashion designer
* [[March 24]] - [[Alyson Hannigan]], American actress
* [[March 25]] - [[Lark Voorhies]], American actress
* [[March 25]] - [[Tapani Mokko]], Finnish artist
* [[March 31]] - [[Angela Dotchin]], New Zealand actress

* [[April 1]] - [[Richard Christy]], American musician and radio writer
* [[April 2]] - [[Håkan Hellström]], Swedish musician
* [[April 4]] - [[Dave Mirra]], American athlete
* [[April 9]] - [[Jenna Jameson]], American actress
* [[April 11]] - [[Tricia Helfer]], Canadian actress and model
* [[April 11]] - [[Trot Nixon]], baseball player
* [[April 12]] - [[Belinda Emmett]], Australian actress and singer (d. [[2006]])
* [[April 12]] - [[Shelton]], American actress
* [[April 14]] - [[Da Brat]], American rapper
* [[April 15]] - [[Josh Todd]], American musician and singer ([[Buckcherry]])
* [[April 16]] - [[Valarie Rae Miller]], American actress
* [[April 17]] - [[Victoria Beckham]], English singer ([[Spice Girls]])
* [[April 17]] - [[Mikael Åkerfeldt]], Swedish musician ([[Opeth]])
* [[April 20]] - [[Jonathan Roberts (dancer)|Jonathan Roberts]], American ballroom dancer ([[Dancing with the Stars]])
* [[April 22]] - [[Shavo Odadjian]], Armenian-born bassist ([[System of a Down]])
* [[April 22]] - [[Diego Costa]], Brazilian singer-songwriter
* [[April 23]] - [[Kirill Seleznyov]], Russian businessman
* [[April 27]] - [[Johnny Devine]], Canadian professional wrestler
* [[April 28]] - [[Penélope Cruz]], Spanish actress
* [[April 28]] - [[Richel Hersisia]], Dutch boxer
* [[April 28]] - [[Vernon Kay]], English presenter

=== May-June ===


* [[May 4]] - [[Miguel Cairo]], Venezuelan baseball player
* [[May 8]] - [[Korey Stringer]], American football player (d. [[2001]])
* [[May 11]] - [[Billy Kidman]], American professional wrestler
* [[May 13]] - [[Tim McMahon]], American singer [[Mouthpiece]]
* [[May 16]] - [[Laura Pausini]], Italian singer
* [[May 16]] - [[Sonny Sandoval]], American singer for Payable on Death, aka. [[P.O.D.]]
* [[May 17]] - [[Andrea Corr]], Irish singer ([[The Corrs]])
* [[May 19]] - [[Andrew Johns]], Australian rugby league player
* [[May 21]] - [[Havoc (musician)|Havoc]], American rapper ([[Mobb Deep]])
* [[May 21]] - [[Eduardo Verástegui]], Mexican actor.
* [[May 23]] - [[Ken Jennings]], American game show winner
* [[May 23]] - [[Jewel (singer)|Jewel]], American singer
* [[May 23]] - [[Monica Naranjo]], Spanish singer
* [[May 23]] - [[Charlie Yeung]], Hong Kong actress and singer
* [[May 24]] - [[Daniel Lorenz Johnson]], social activist/artist
* [[May 26]] - [[Lars Frölander]], Swedish swimmer
* [[May 27]] - [[Danny Wuerffel]], American football player
* [[May 30]] - [[Big L (rapper)|Big L]], American rapper (d. [[1999]])
* [[May 31]] - [[Adrian Tomine]], American cartoonist

* [[June 1]] - [[Alanis Morissette]], Canadian singer
* [[June 2]] - [[Gata Kamsky]], American chess player
* [[June 2]] - [[Matt Serra]], American [[mixed martial arts]] fighter
* [[June 7]] - [[Mahesh Bhupathi]], Indian tennis player
* [[June 7]] - Edward [[Bear Grylls]], survivalist
* [[June 12]] - [[Hideki Matsui]], Japanese baseball player
* [[June 13]] - [[Steve-O]], American actor
* [[June 14]] - [[Jang Jin-young]], South Korean actress
* [[June 16]] - [[Paul Lee (artist)|Paul Lee]], British sculptural artist
* [[June 21]] - [[Natasha Desborough]], British radio personality
* [[June 22]] - [[Donald Faison]], American actor
* [[June 22]] - [[Joseph Vijay]], Indian actor
* [[June 25]] - [[Karisma Kapoor]], Indian actress
* [[June 26]] - [[Derek Jeter]], American baseball player
* [[June 26]] - [[Matt Striker]], American professional wrestler
* [[June 26]] - [[Jeff Frankenstein]], American musician ([[Newsboys]])
* [[June 26]] - [[Jason Kendall]], American baseball player
* [[June 26]] - [[Nicole Saba]], Lebanese singer
* [[June 28]] - [[Rob Dyrdek]], pro skateboader
* [[June 30]] - [[Melanie Lambert]], American [[ice skater]]

=== July-August ===

* [[July 2]] - [[Matthew Reilly (writer)|Matthew Reilly]], Australian writer
* [[July 2]] - [[Rocky Gray]], American musician
* [[July 4]] - [[La'Roi Glover]], [[National Football League]] defensive lineman
* [[July 4]] - [[Gackt]], Japanese singer
* [[July 8]] - [[Allen Skillicorn]], American race car driver
* [[July 8]] - [[Dragoslav Jevrić‎]], Montenegrin footballer
* [[July 12]] - [[Gregory Helms]], American professional wrestler
* [[July 18]] - [[Alan Morrison (poet)|Alan Morrison]], British poet
* [[July 19]] - [[Malcolm O'Kelly]], Irish rugby player
* [[July 19]] - [[Erno Schwarz]], Hungarian American soccer player (b. [[1904]])
* [[July 19]] - [[Preston Wilson]], Major League Baseball player
* [[July 22]] - [[Daddy Kev]], American record producer
* [[July 22]] - [[Sonija Kwok]], Hong Kong actress
* [[July 23]] - [[Maurice Greene (athlete)|Maurice Greene]], American athlete
* [[July 23]] - [[Rik Verbrugghe]], Belgian professional road racing cyclist
* [[July 26]] - [[Daniel Negreanu]], Canadian poker player
* [[July 27]] - [[Eason Chan]], Hong Kong singer
* [[July 28]] - [[Justin Lee Collins]], English comedian, TV and radio presenter
* [[July 30]] - [[Hilary Swank]], American actress
* [[July 31]] - [[Emilia Fox]], English actress
* [[July 31]] - [[Jonathan Ogden]], [[National Football League]] offensive lineman

* [[August 2]] - [[Angie Cepeda]], [[Colombia]]n actress
* [[August 7]] - [[Sek Loso]], Thai singer, songwriter and guitarist
* [[August 8]] - [[Brian Harvey]], a [[United Kingdom|British]] singer and lead [[singer]] of [[pop music|pop]]/[[dance]] [[Musical ensemble|band]] [[East 17]]
* [[August 9]] - [[Matt Morris]], baseball player
* [[August 9]] - [[Derek Fisher]], American basketball player
* [[August 15]] - [[Natasha Henstridge]], Canadian actress and model
* [[August 16]] - [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]], Guyanese cricketer
* [[August 16]] - [[Krisztina Egerszegi]], Hungarian Olympic champion swimmer
* [[August 19]] - [[David Patten]], [[National Football League]] wide receiver
* [[August 20]] - [[Amy Adams‎]], American actress
* [[August 20]] - [[Szabolcs Sáfár‎]], Hungarian footballer
* [[August 20]] - [[Maxim Vengerov]], Russian violinist
* [[August 22]] - [[Agustín Pichot]], Argentine rugby player
* [[August 23]] - [[Ray Park]], Scottish actor, martial artist
* [[August 24]] - [[Andrew Clark]], Australian Footballer (Central Coast Mariners)
* [[August 24]] - [[Jennifer Lien]], American actress
* [[August 25]] - [[Eric Millegan]], American actor
* [[August 25]] - [[Kenzo Suzuki]], Japanese professional wrestler
* [[August 25]] - [[Violeta Riaubiskyte]], Lithuanian Singer
* [[August 27]] - [[Jose Vidro]], Major League Baseball player
* [[August 28]] - [[Carsten Jancker]], German soccer player

=== September-October ===

* [[September 1]] - [[Jhonen Vasquez]], American comic book artist
* [[September 1]] - [[Jason Taylor (American football)|Jason Taylor]], American football player
* [[September 4]] - [[Carmit Bachar]], singer
* [[September 4]] - [[Nona Gaye]], American actress and singer
* [[September 4]] - [[Andrew Hansen]], Australian comedian and musician, member of [[The Chaser]]
* [[September 6]] - [[Tim Henman]], English tennis player
* [[September 6]] - [[Nina Persson]], Swedish singer
* [[September 10]] - [[Ben Wallace]], [[National Basketball Association]] guard
* [[September 10]] - [[Mirko Filipović]], Croatian [[kickboxer]] and [[mixed martial arts]] fighter
* [[September 11]] - [[DeLisha Milton-Jones]], American basketball player
* [[September 13]] - [[Stephen Lawrence]], British murder victim (d. [[1993]])
* [[September 14]] - [[Hicham El Guerrouj]], Moroccan athlete
* [[September 15]] - [[Jamie Stevens]], German pop singer
* [[September 17]] - [[Rasheed Wallace]], [[National Basketball Association]] player
* [[September 18]] - [[Sol Campbell]], English footballer
* [[September 18]] - [[Xzibit]], American rapper
* [[September 19]] - [[Jimmy Fallon]], American actor and coemdian
* [[September 19]] - [[Victoria Silvstedt]], Swedish model
* [[September 21]] - [[Katharine Merry]], English sprinter
* [[September 23]] - [[Matt Hardy]], American professional wrestler
* [[September 26]] - [[Gary Hall, Jr.]], American swimmer
* [[September 29]] - [[Brian Ash]], American screenwriter and producer

* [[October 1]] - [[Mats Lindgren]], [[National Hockey League]] player
* [[October 10]] - [[Dale Earnhardt, Jr.]], American race car driver
* [[October 11]] - [[Jason Arnott]], [[National Hockey League]] player
* [[October 11]] - [[Terje Haakonsen]], Norwegian snowboarder
* [[October 11]] - [[Kane Kosugi]], Japanese-American martial artist/actor
* [[October 14]] - [[Shaggy 2 Dope]], Juggalo Rapper
* [[October 16]] - [[Paul Kariya]], [[National Hockey League]] player
* [[October 16]] - [[Deo Grech]], Maltese songwriter & presenter
* [[October 21]] - [[Nakia Burrise]], American actress
* [[October 21]] - [[Lera Auerbach]], Russian composer & pianist
* [[October 23]] - [[Sander Westerveld]], Dutch soccer player
* [[October 24]] - [[Catherine Sutherland]], Australian actress
* [[October 24]] - [[Ali Ahmed]], Mechanical Engineer
* [[October 26]] - [[Lisa (musician)|Lisa]], Japanese musician
* [[October 26]] - [[Alessandro Rachetto]], Italian Aristocratic
* [[October 28]] - [[Joaquin Phoenix]], American actor
* [[October 29]] - [[Michael Vaughan]], English cricketer

=== November-December ===

* [[November 1]] - [[VVS Laxman]], Indian cricketer
* [[November 2]] - [[Beverley Mahood]], Canadian singer and songwriter
* [[November 2]] - [[Nelly]], American rapper
* [[November 3]] - [[Mick Thomson]], lead guitarist for [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]]
* [[November 4]] - [[Louise Redknapp]], English singer
* [[November 4]] - [[Cedric Bixler-Zavala]], Mexican-American singer/lyricist
* [[November 5]] - [[Ryan Adams]], American singer and songwriter
* [[November 5]] - [[Jerry Stackhouse]], American basketball player
* [[November 8]] - [[Masashi Kishimoto]], Japanese manga author
* [[November 9]] - [[Uncle Kracker]], American singer
* [[November 9]] - [[Alessandro Del Piero]], Italian footballer and
* [[November 11]] - [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], American actor
* [[November 11]] - [[Bettina Goislard]], French UN worker (d. [[2003]])
* [[November 14]] - [[Adam Walsh]], American murder victim, son of [[John Walsh]], host of [[America's Most Wanted]] (d. [[1981]])
* [[November 15]] - [[Chad Kroeger]], singer
* [[November 16]] - [[Paul Scholes]], English football player
* [[November 21]] - Kelsi Marie Osborn, American Singer ([[SHeDAISY]])
* [[November 22]] - [[David Pelletier]], Canadian figure skater
* [[November 24]] - [[Stephen Merchant]], British comedian
* [[November 27]] - [[Zsófia Polgár]], Hungarian-born chess player

* [[December 1]] - [[Costinha]], Portuguese footballer
* [[December 6]] - [[Nick Stajduhar]], Canadian ice hockey player
* [[December 7]] - [[Nicole Appleton]], Canadian singer ([[All Saints (band)|All Saints]])
* [[December 7]] - [[Kang Full]], South Korean webcomic artist
* [[December 8]] - [[Maya Mishalska]], Mexican actress
* [[December 10]] - [[Meg White]], drummer ([[The White Stripes]])
* [[December 11]] - [[Rey Mysterio, Jr.|Rey Mysterio]], American professional wrestler
* [[December 13]] - [[Nicholas McCarthy]], English-born guitarist ([[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]])
* [[December 14]] - [[Billy Koch]], baseball player
* [[December 16]] - [[Frida Hallgren]], Swedish actress
* [[December 17]] - [[Duff Goldman]], American celebrity chef
* [[December 18]] - [[Kari Byron]], artist and television personality
* [[December 18]] - [[Peter Boulware]], American football player
* [[December 18]] - [[Euroboy]], Norwegian musician ([[Turbonegro]])
* [[December 19]] - [[Jake Plummer]], American football player
* [[December 19]] - [[Ricky Ponting]], Australian cricketer
* [[December 21]] - [[Karrie Webb]], Australian golfer
* [[December 23]] - [[Aimee Nezhukumatathil]], American poet
* [[December 24]] - [[Ryan Seacrest]], American television host
* [[December 24]] - [[Marcelo Salas]], Chilean footballer
* [[December 27]] - [[Bojan Sarcevic]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian]]-French sculptor
* [[December 28]] - [[Wilson Kirwa]], Kenyan-born Finnish athlete
* [[December 29]] - [[Richie Sexson]], baseball player
* [[December 29]] - [[Brad Hodge]], Australian cricketer
* [[December 31]] - [[Ryan Sakoda]], Japanese American professional wrestler

=== Unknown ===
* [[Banksy]], infamous British graffiti artist. Uncertain, but said to have been born in 1974.
* [[Angus Purden]], Scottish TV presenter (year uncertain).
* [[Andrew White (musician)|Andrew 'Whitey' White]], guitarist of the Kaiser Chiefs.
Robert Cormier American author

== Deaths ==
=== January - March ===

* [[January 2]] - [[Tex Ritter]], American actor and singer (b. [[1905]])
* [[January 12]] - [[Princess Patricia of Connaught]] (b. [[1886]])
* [[January 31]] - [[Samuel Goldwyn]], Polish-born film studio executive (b. [[1879]])

* [[February 2]] - [[Imre Lakatos]], Hungarian philosopher (b. [[1922]])
* [[February 4]] - [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], Indian mathematician and physicist (b. [[1894]])
* [[February 4]] - [[Stuart Buchanan]], American actor (b. [[1894]])
* [[February 11]] - [[Anna Q. Nilsson]], Swedish actress (b. [[1888]])
* [[February 14]] - [[Stewie Dempster]], New Zealand cricketer (b. [[1903]])
* [[February 15]] - [[Kurt Atterberg]], Swedish composer (b. [[1887]])
* [[February 21]] - [[Tim Horton]], Canadian hockey player (b. [[1930]])
* [[February 23]] - [[Harry Ruby]], American composer and writer (b. [[1895]])

* [[March 1]] - [[Bobby Timmons]], American jazz pianist (b. [[1935]])
* [[March 4]] - [[Adolph Gottlieb]], American abstract expressionist painter (b. [[1903]])
* [[March 5]] - [[Sol Hurok]], Russian-born impresario (b. [[1888]])
* [[March 6]] - [[Ernest Becker]], American cultural anthropologist (b. [[1925]])
* [[March 9]] - [[Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.]], American physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1915]])
* [[March 12]] - [[George D. Sax]], drive-in bank innovator (b. [[1904]])
* [[March 20]] - [[Chet Huntley]], American television journalist (b. [[1911]])
* [[March 22]] - [[Peter Revson]], American race car driver (b. [[1939]])
* [[March 31]] - [[Gregorio Wu Pak Chiu]], Chinese tenor (b. [[1913]])

=== April - June ===
* [[April 2]] - [[Georges Pompidou]], [[President of France]] (b. [[1911]])
* [[April 5]] - [[A. Y. Jackson]], Canadian painter (b. [[1882]])
* [[April 15]] - [[Giovanni D'Anzi]], Italian songwriter (b. [[1906]])
* [[April 19]] - [[Ayub Khan]], [[President of Pakistan]] (b. [[1907]])
* [[April 24]] - [[Bud Abbott]], American actor (b. [[1897]])
* [[April 24]] - [[Franz Jonas]], Austrian president (b. [[1899]])
* [[April 30]] - [[Agnes Moorehead]], American actress (b. [[1900]])

* [[May 18]] - [[Mary Maguire]], Australian actress (b. [[1919]])
* [[May 24]] - [[Duke Ellington]], American jazz pianist and bandleader (b. [[1899]])

* [[June 9]] - [[Miguel Ángel Asturias]], Guatemalan writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1890]])
* [[June 10]] - [[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester]], [[Governor-General of Australia]] (b. [[1900]])
*[[June 18]] [[Georgy Zhukov]] [[WWII]] Soviet General. (b. [[1896]])
* [[June 22]] - [[Darius Milhaud]], French composer (b. [[1892]])
* [[June 28]] - [[Frank Sutton]], American actor (b. [[1923]])

=== July - September ===
* [[July 1]] - [[Juan Domingo Perón]], [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1895]])
* [[July 9]] - [[Earl Warren]], Governor of California and [[Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court]] (b. [[1891]])
* [[July 11]] - [[Pär Lagerkvist]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1891]])
* [[July 13]] - [[Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett|Patrick Blackett]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1897]])
*[[July 15]] - [[Christine Chubbuck]], American television reporter (b. [[1944]])
*[[July 19]] - [[Joe Flynn]], American character actor (b. [[1924]])
* [[July 24]] - [[James Chadwick]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1891]])
* [[July 29]] - [[Cass Elliott|"Mama Cass" Elliott]], American rock music vocalist (b. [[1941]])
* [[July 29]] - [[Erich Kästner]], German author (b. [[1899]])

* [[August 6]] - [[Gene Ammons]], American jazz saxophonist (b. [[1925]])
* [[August 26]] - [[Charles Lindbergh]], aviator (b. [[1902]])
* [[August 31]] - [[William Pershing Benedict]], American pilot

* [[September 3]] - [[Harry Partch]], American composer (b. [[1901]])
* [[September 4]] - [[Creighton Williams Abrams]], American general (b. [[1914]])
* [[September 4]] - [[Marcel Achard]], French playwright and scriptwriter (b. [[1899]])
* [[September 11]] - [[Víctor Olea Alegría]], member of the [[Socialist Party (Chile)|Chilean Socialist Party]], "[[forced disappearance|disappeared]]".
* [[September 14]] - [[Warren Hull]], American actor (b. [[1903]])
*[[September 23]] - [[Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur]], last Maharaja of Mysore (b. [[1919]])
* [[September 27]] - [[Silvio Frondizi]], Argentine lawyer, assassinated by the [[Argentine Anticommunist Alliance|Triple A]]
* [[September 30]] - [[Carlos Prats]], Chilean Constitutionalist General, assassinated in the frame of [[Operation Condor]]

=== October - December ===

*[[October 4]] - [[Anne Sexton]], American poet and writer (suicide) (b. [[1928]])
*[[October 6]] - [[V.K. Krishna Menon]], Indian freedom fighter and politician (b. [[1897]])
*[[October 9]] - [[Oskar Schindler]], Saver of Jews in the Holocaust (b. [[1908]])
*[[October 13]] - [[Ed Sullivan]], American television host (b. [[1901]])
*[[October 16]] - [[Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar]], [[carnatic music]]ian (b. [[1895]])
*[[October 24]] - [[David Oistrakh]], Ukrainian violinist (b. [[1908]])
*[[October 24]] - [[Ekaterina Furtseva]], USSR Minster of Culture (b. [[1910]])
* [[November 11]] - [[Alfonso Leng]], Chilean composer (b. [[1894]])
* [[November 13]] - [[Vittorio De Sica]], Italian film director (b. [[1901]])
* [[November 17]] - [[Erskine Hamilton Childers]], fourth [[President of Ireland]] (b. [[1905]])
* [[November 19]] - [[George Brunies]], American musician (b. [[1902]])
* [[November 21]] - [[John B. Gambling]], American radio talk-show host (b. [[1897]])
* [[November 21]] - [[Frank Martin (composer)|Frank Martin]], Swiss composer (b. [[1890]])
* [[November 24]] - [[Nick Drake]], British musician (b. [[1948]])
* [[November 24]] - [[Endelkachew Makonnen]], Ethiopian politician (b. [[1927]])
* [[November 29]] - [[Peng Dehuai]], Chinese leader (b. [[1898]])
* [[November 29]] - [[H. L. Hunt]], American oil tycoon (b. [[1889]])
* [[November 29]] - [[Lawrence Riley]], American playwright and screenwriter (b. [[1896]])

* [[December 2]] - [[Max Weber (politician)|Max Weber]], Swiss Federal Councilor (b. [[1897]])
* [[December 18]] - [[Harry Hooper]], baseball player (b. [[1887]])
* [[December 20]] - [[André Jolivet]], French composer (b. [[1905]])
* [[December 26]] - [[Ahmad Ismail Ali]], Egyptian soldier and politician (b. [[1917]])
* [[December 26]] - [[Farid al-Atrash]], Arab composer, singer, virtuoso oud player, and actor (b. [[1915]])
* [[December 26]] - [[Jack Benny]], American comedian (b. [[1894]])
* [[December 27]] - [[Vladimir Fock]], Soviet physicist (b. [[1898]])
* [[December 28]] - [[Paul Dixon]], Cincinnati TV personality (b. [[1918]])

== Fields Medalists ==
*[[Enrico Bombieri]], [[David Mumford]]

== Nobel prizes ==
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] - [[Sir Martin Ryle]], [[Antony Hewish]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] - [[Paul J. Flory]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] - [[Albert Claude]], [[Christian de Duve]], [[George E. Palade]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] - [[Eyvind Johnson]], [[Harry Martinson]]
* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] - [[Sean MacBride|Séan MacBride]], [[Eisaku Sato]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Economics]] - [[Gunnar Myrdal]], [[Friedrich von Hayek]]

== Templeton Prize ==
*[[Taizé Community|Brother Roger]]

== Notes ==
<references/>
{{commonscat}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.coinpage.com/1974-pictures.html 1974 Coin Pictures]

[[Category:1974| ]]

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[[zh:1974年]]

Vernon Reid

2008-06-26T14:52:28Z

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{{Infobox musical artist
|Img=Replace this image male.svg  | 
| Name = Vernon Reid
| | Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| Birth_name =
| Alias =
| Born = {{Birth date and age|1958|8|22}}, [[London, England]]
| Died =
| Origin =
| Instrument = Guitar
| Genre = [[Hard rock]] [[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]] [[Funk metal]]
| Occupation =
| Years_active =
| Label =
| Associated_acts = [[Living Colour]]
| URL =
| Notable_instruments = Guitar, banjo
}}

'''Vernon Reid''' (born [[August 22]], [[1958]]) is an English [[guitarist]], [[songwriter]], composer and bandleader. Best known as the founder and primary songwriter of the heavy metal band [[Living Colour]], Reid was named #66 on [[Rolling Stone]]'s 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.

Critic Steve Huey writes, "[Reid's] rampant eclecticism encompasses everything from heavy metal and punk to funk, R&B and avant-garde jazz, and his anarchic, lightning-fast solos have become something of a hallmark as well."<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:w9fwxqygldde allmusic ((( Vernon Reid > Overview )))]</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life and career===
Reid was born in [[London]], [[England]] but grew up in [[New York City]], [[United States|USA]].

Reid first came to prominence in the 1980s in the band of drummer [[Ronald Shannon Jackson]]. 1984's ''Smash & Scatteration'' was a duo record with guitarist [[Bill Frisell]].

In [[1985]], Reid co-founded the [[Black Rock Coalition]] with journalist [[Greg Tate]] and producer Konda Mason. Through the BRC, Reid hoped to counter the pigeonholing and marginalization of black musicians.

===Living Colour===
{{main|Living Colour}}
Reid is probably best known for leading [[Living Colour]]. Early versions of the group formed in [[New York City]] in 1983, but the personnel solidified a in 1985-86, and Reid led the group for about another decade.

Among the highlights: a double platinum-selling debut album ''[[Vivid (album)|Vivid]]'', released in 1988; its gold-certified successor, ''[[Time's Up (Living Colour album)|Time's Up]]'', released 1990; two consecutive [[Grammy Awards]] in the category of Best Hard Rock Performance; opening for the [[Rolling Stones]]' 1989 "[[Steel Wheels]]" tour; and appearing on the first [[Lollapalooza]] tour in the summer of 1991. Living Colour released ''[[Collideøscope]]'' in October of 2003 on [[Sanctuary Records]].

===Equipment===
The only known guitar Vernon Reid performed with was a Hamer guitar with a custom multicolor paint job.

===Solo career===
In addition to his work with Living Colour, Reid has been engaged in a number of other projects. He released "Mistaken Identity", his first solo album in 1996 and has collaborated with the choreographers Bill T. Jones on "Still/Here" and Donald Byrd on "Jazztrain". He performed "Party 'Til The End of Time" at the Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) with The Roots, an end of the millennium tribute featuring the music of Prince's album "1999". He also composed and performed "Bring Your Beats" a children's program for BAM.

Reid has also produced records by Resort (a Mexican hard rock group) and two Grammy-nominated albums: "Papa" by the great African singer [[Salif Keita]] and "Memphis Blood: The Sun Studio Sessions" by [[James "Blood" Ulmer]]. Blood's most recent album, released in September of 2003, "No Escape From the Blues", was also produced by Reid. Reid also appears on "Guitar Oblique" (Knitting Factory Records) with guitarists [[David Torn]] and Elliot Sharp. Reid was also featured in the program presented by BAM and the Experience Music Project in Seattle entitled "Magic Science", which includes [[Medeski Martin & Wood]] and the [[Gil Evans]] Orchestra performing Gil Evans' arrangements of songs by [[Jimi Hendrix]].

Reid composed the score for the film ''[[Paid in Full (film)|Paid In Full]]'', directed by [[Charles Stone III]] (well known for creating the "Wasssup!" series of commercials for [[Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch)|Budweiser]] as well as directing three videos for Living Colour) and released by [[Miramax]] in the fall of 2002. Reid also composed the score for the celebrated documentary "Ghosts of Attica" (directed by Brad Lichtenstein) which aired on [[Court TV]] in the fall of 2001 and has been featured at several film festivals. He composed the score for another documentary directed by Lichtenstein, "Almost Home," which aired in 2006 on the PBS series, ''Independent Lens.''

Reid and [[DJ Logic]], calling themselves "[http://www.myspace.com/yohimbebrothers Yohimbe Brothers]", released an album in September, 2002 called "Front End Lifter". The Yohimbe Brothers have been touring on and off since the release of the album. Reid is also the music supervisor for the film "Mr. 3000" starring [[Bernie Mac]] and directed by Charles Stone III; "Mr. 3000" is scheduled for release in the fall of 2004. Vernon's album with [[Masque]] (Leon Gruenbaum - keyboards, Hank Schroy - bass and Marlon Browden - drums), an instrumental album entitled "Known Unknown", was released in April 2004, and On April 18th, 2006 Vernon Reid and [[Masque]] released "Other True Self", both on [[Favored Nations]] records, owned by another guitarist, [[Steve Vai]].

Reid has a prolific session output in a variety of contexts. He has played live or on record with the Roots, Eye & I, Mick Jagger, Rollins Band, Spearhead, Public Enemy, Mariah Carey, Tracey Chapman, [[Ronald Shannon Jackson]], Don Byron, [[Defunkt]], [[Santana]], Bernie Worrell, [[MC 900 Foot Jesus]], [[B.B. King]], Madalyne Peyroux, Meridiem, Jack Bruce, Terry Bozzio, and [[DJ Spooky]] among many others.

In March of 2007, Vernon played with Jamaaladeen Tacuma, and G. Calvin Weston at Tonic in NYC, and Tritone in Philadelphia, which led them to record as Free Form Funky Freqs with the title of the recording called Urban Mythology Volume 1. European Tour in November and a soon to be released CD.

==Discography==
*''Smash & Scatteration (with [[Bill Frisell]])'' ([[1984]])
*''[[Mistaken Identity (Vernon Reid album)|Mistaken Identity]]'' ([[1996]])
*''GTR OBLQ (with [[Elliott Sharp]] and [[David Torn]])'' ([[1998]])
*''This little room'' ([[2000]]) unreleased
*''Front End Lifter - Yohimbe Brothers'' ([[2002]])
*''Known Unknown'' ([[2004]])
*''The Tao Of Yo - Yohimbe Brothers'' ([[2004]])
*''Other True Self'' ([[2006]])

== References ==

<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.myspace.com/vernonreid Vernon Reid @ MySpace ]
*[http://www.favorednations.com/artists/vr/vr.html Favored Nations]
*[http://www.myspace.com/yohimbebrothers Yohimbe Brothers @ Myspace]
*[http://www.myspace.com/livingcolourmusic Living Colour @ Myspace]
*[http://www.myspace.com/freeformfunkyfreqs Free Form Funky Freqs @ Myspace]
*[http://www.livingcolourmusic.com Living Colour Blog]
*[http://www.blackrockcoalition.org/ 1Black Rock Coalition]
*[http://www.recordproduction.com/fenix-recording-studios.html Vernon Reid video interview]
*[http://www.geocities.com/vernonized Vernon Reid fan page]

{{Living Colour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reid, Vernon}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:American heavy metal guitarists]]
[[Category:African American musicians]]
[[Category:Black rock musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ableton Live users]]

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Wikipedia:Sandbox

2008-06-18T17:56:02Z

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sadadasd

Pietrapaola

2008-05-30T09:01:59Z

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{{Infobox CityIT
| official_name = Comune di Pietrapaola
| img_coa =
| img_coa_small =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| region = {{RegioneIT|sigla=CAL}}
| province = {{ProvinciaIT (short form)|sigla=CS}} (CS)
| mayor =
| mayor_party =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 52
| population_footnotes =
| population_as_of =
| population_total = 1232
| pop_density_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 24
| coordinates = {{coor dms|39|29|0|N|16|49|0|E|region:IT_type:city(1232) }}
| gentilic =
| telephone = 0983
| postalcode = 87060
| frazioni =
| saint =
| day =
| mapx = {{ #expr:39 + 29 / 60.0 }}
| mapy = {{ #expr:16 + 49 / 60.0 }}
| locator_position =
| native_name = Pietrapaola
| name = Pietrapaola
| website = http://www.comunepietrapaola.it
}}
'''Pietrapaola''' is a village and ''[[comune]]'' of the [[province of Cosenza]] in the [[Calabria]] region of southern [[Italy]].

==Notes and references==

{{unreferenced|date=March 2008}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.comunepietrapaola.it Official website]
*[http://www.pietrapaola.it Information about the city, what to see, where to stay, how to move]

{{Calabria-geo-stub}}

{{Province of Cosenza}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Calabria]]

[[de:Pietrapaola]]
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Comune

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{{unreferenced|date=November 2007}}

[[Image:Italy municipalities.png|thumb|300px|Municipalities of Italy]]
In [[Italy]], the '''''comune''''', (plural '''comuni''') is the basic [[administrative division]] of both provinces and regions, and may be properly approximated in casual speech by the English word [[township]] or [[municipality]].

== Importance and function ==

The ''comune'' provides many of the basic [[civil]] functions: [[registry]] of births and deaths, [[registry of deeds]], contracting for local roads and public works, etc.

It is headed by a mayor (''sindaco'') assisted by a [[council]] of [[aldermen]], the ''Consiglio Comunale''. The offices of the ''comune'' are housed in a building usually called the ''Municipio'', or ''Palazzo Comunale''.

As of the [[2001]] census, there were 8,101 ''comuni'' in Italy; they vary considerably in area and population.

For example, the ''comune'' of [[Rome]] ([[Lazio]]) has an area of 1,285.30 km² and a population of 2,546,804, and is both the largest and the most populated ''comune'' in Italy; [[Fiera di Primiero]], in the [[Provinces of Italy|province]] of [[Province of Trento|Trento]], is the smallest ''comune'' by area, with only 0.10 km², and [[Morterone]] (province of [[Province of Lecco|Lecco]]) is the smallest by population, with only 33 inhabitants.

The density of ''comuni'' varies widely by [[province]] and [[region]]: the [[province of Bari]], for example, has 1,564,000 inhabitants in 48 municipalities, or over 32,000 inhabitants per municipality; whereas the [[Aosta Valley]] has 121,000 inhabitants in 74 municipalities, or 1,630 inhabitants per municipality – roughly twenty times more communal units per inhabitant.  There are inefficiencies at both ends of the scale, and there is concern about optimizing the size of the comuni so they may best function in the modern world, but planners are hampered by the historical resonances of the comuni, which often reach back many hundreds of years, or even a full millennium: while provinces and regions are creations of the central government, and subject to fairly frequent border changes, the natural cultural unit is indeed the ''comune'', – for many Italians, their hometown: in recent years especially, it has thus become quite rare for ''comuni'' either to merge or to break apart.

Many ''comuni'' also have a ''[[Polizia Municipale]]'' (municipal police) which is responsible for public order duties. Traffic control is their main function in addition to controlling commercial establishments to ensure they open and close according their license.

== Subdivisions ==

A '''''comune''''' usually comprises:
* a principal town or village, that almost always gives its name to the ''comune''; such a town is referred to as the ''capoluogo'' (“head place”, or “capital”) of the ''comune''; the word ''comune'' is also used in casual speech to refer to the town hall.
* other outlying areas called ''frazioni'' (singular: ''frazione'', abbreviated ''Fraz.'', literally “fraction”), each usually centred on a small town or village: for fuller details, see the article ''[[Frazione]]''. These ''frazioni'' have usually never had any independent historical existence, but occasionally are former smaller ''comuni'' consolidated into a larger. They may also represent settlements which predated the ''capoluogo'': the ancient town of Pollentia, for instance, today known as [[Pollenzo]], is a ''[[frazione]]'' of [[Bra (CN)|Bra]]. In recent years the ''frazioni'' have become more important thanks to the instituction of the "Consiglio di Frazione", a local form of government which can can interact with the Comune and show it the local needs, requests and claims. Yet smaller places are called ''località'' (literally “localities” and often, as in the phonebook, abbreviated ''Loc.'').

Some few ''frazioni'' are more populated than the ''capoluogo''; and very occasionally, due to unusual circumstances or to the depopulation of the latter, the town hall and its administrative functions move to one of the ''frazioni'': but the ''comune'' still retains the name of the ''capoluogo''.

Eventually, some "comuni" have not a "capoluogo" but only some "frazioni": in these cases, the "frazione" which comprises the town hall is called "sede municipale" (town hall seat).

== See also ==

{{Wiktionary}}
* [[Municipality]]
* [[Municipio]]
* [[Communes of France]]
* [[Medieval commune]]
* [[Frazione]]
* [[Località]]
* [[Contrada]]
* [[Circoscrizione]]
* [[Rione]]
** [[Rioni of Rome]]
* [[Terziere]]
* [[Quartiere]]
* [[Sestiere]]

* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Abruzzo]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in the Aosta Valley]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Basilicata]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Calabria]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Campania]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in the Lazio]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Liguria]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Lombardy]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in the Marche]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Molise]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Piedmont]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Apulia]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Sardinia]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Sicily]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Tuscany]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in Umbria]]
* [[:Category:Cities and towns in the Veneto]]
{{Articles on third-level administrative divisions of countries}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Italy]]
[[Category:Municipalities by country|Italy]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions]]

[[es:Municipios de Italia]]
[[fr:Commune d'Italie]]
[[it:Comune]]
[[ja:コムーネ]]
[[nl:Lijst van Italiaanse gemeenten]]
[[nn:Kommunar i Italia]]
[[pt:Comuna italiana]]
[[sv:Comune]]

Silea (disambiguation)

2008-05-27T09:44:40Z

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'''Silea''' may refer to several people or places:

* [[Silea]], a comune in [[Italy]]
* [[Silea, Alba|Silea]], a village in [[Fărău]] Commune, [[Alba County]], [[Romania]]
* [[Silea, Vâlcea|Silea]], a village in [[Orleşti]] Commune, [[Vâlcea County]], [[Romania]]
* [[Silea, Joseph|Silea]], Joseph Silea, a clinical pharmacist in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]]

{{geodis}}

IBM

2008-03-27T15:36:41Z

62.101.100.5:

{{Otheruses6|IBM (disambiguation)|Big Blue}}
{{Infobox company |
company_name = International Business Machines Corporation |
company_logo = [[Image:IBM logo.svg|170px|IBM logo]] |
company_type = [[Public company|Public]] ({{nyse|IBM}}) |
foundation = 1889, incorporated 1911 |
location_city = [[Armonk, New York|Armonk]], [[New York]] |
location_country = USA |
slogan = On Demand Business, in demand people |
key_people = [[Samuel J. Palmisano]], Chairman & CEO [[Mark Loughridge]] SVP & CFO [[Dan Fortin]], President (Canada) Frank Kern, President (Asia Pacific) [[Nick Donofrio]], EVP (Innovation & Technology) Bruno Di Leo, President IOT Northeast Europe Dominique Cerutti, President IOT Southwest Europe |
industry = [[Computer hardware]] [[Computer software]] [[Consultant|Consulting]] [[IT Service Management|IT Services]] |
products = [[List of IBM products|See products listing]] |
revenue = {{profit}} $98.8 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (+4% [[Fiscal year|FY]] [[2007|'07]] to [[2008|'08]])|<ref name="morningstar">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/investor/4q06/4q06earnings.phtml |title=IBM 4Q06 Quarterly Earnings Report |accessdate=2007-01-18 |publisher=IBM}}</ref> |
net_income = {{profit}} $10.8 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (+18% [[Fiscal year|FY]] [[2007|'07]] to [[2008|'08]])|<ref name="morningstar"/> (9.3% [[profit margin]]<ref name="reuters">{{cite web|url=http://www.investor.reuters.com/business/BusCompanyOverview.aspx?ticker=IBM&target=%2fbusiness%2fbuscompany%2fbuscompfake%2fbuscompoverview&cotype=1M |title=IBM: Company Overview |accessdate=2006-06-27 |publisher=[[Reuters]] }}</ref>)|
num_employees = 355,766 (2006)|
subsid = [[ADSTAR]] FileNet [[Informix]] [[Iris Associates]] [[Lotus Software]] [[Rational Software]] [[Sequent Computer Systems]] [[Tivoli Systems, Inc.]] |
homepage = [http://www.ibm.com/ www.ibm.com] |
footnotes =
}}
'''International Business Machines Corporation''' (abbreviated '''IBM''', nicknamed '''"Big Red"'''; {{nyse|IBM}}) is a [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[computer]] [[technology]] and [[consulting]] [[corporation]] headquartered in [[Armonk, New York]], [[United States of America|USA]]. The company is one of the few [[information technology]] companies with a continuous history dating back to the 19th century. IBM manufactures and sells computer [[computer hardware|hardware]] and [[computer software|software]], and offers infrastructure services, [[Internet hosting service|hosting services]], and [[consultant|consulting services]] in areas ranging from [[mainframe computer]]s to [[nanotechnology]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/research.nsf/pages/r.nanotech.html | title=Nanotechnology & Nanoscience}}</ref>

IBM has been known through most of its recent history as the world's largest computer company; with over 355,000 employees worldwide, IBM is the largest [[information technology]] employer in the world. Despite falling behind [[Hewlett-Packard]] in total revenue since 2006, it remains the most profitable. Since 1990, IBM's annual sales growth has trailed behind the US economic growth due to global deregulation and competition.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}

IBM holds more [[patent]]s than any other U.S. based technology company.<ref name="patents">{{cite web| url=http://www.ibm.com/news/us/en/2006/01/2006_01_10.html| title=IBM maintains patent lead, moves to increase patent quality| date=[[2006-01-10]]|}}</ref> It has engineers and consultants in over 170 countries and [[IBM Research]] has eight laboratories worldwide.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.research.ibm.com/worldwide/| title= Worldwide IBM Research Locations| publisher=IBM| accessdate=2006-06-21}}</ref> IBM employees have earned three [[Nobel Prize]]s, four [[Turing Award]]s, five [[National Medal of Technology|National Medals of Technology]], and five [[National Medal of Science|National Medals of Science]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/about/awards.shtml |title= Awards & Achievements |accessdate=2006-07-01 |publisher=IBM}}</ref> As a chip maker, IBM is among the [[Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders]].

==History==
{{main|History of IBM}}
{{seealso|Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR)|Herman Hollerith}}
{{seealso|List of IBM products}}
The company which became IBM was founded in 1888 as the Tabulating Machine Company by [[Herman Hollerith]], in [[Broome County, New York]]. It was incorporated as [[Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR)]] on [[June 16]], [[1911]], and was listed on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] in 1916. IBM adopted its current name in 1924, when it became a [[Fortune 500]] company.

The author [[Edwin Black]] has alleged that, during [[World War II]], IBM CEO [[Thomas J. Watson]] used overseas subsidiaries to provide the [[Third Reich]] with punch card machines that could help the [[Nazis]] to track down the European Jewry. IBM denies that they had control over these subsidiaries after the Nazis took control of them. A lawsuit against IBM based on these allegations was dismissed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/828.wss|title=Addendum to IBM Statement on Nazi-era Book and Lawsuit}}</ref>

In the 1950s, IBM became the dominant vendor in the emerging [[computer]] industry with the release of the [[IBM 701]] and other models in the [[IBM_700/7000_series]] of [[mainframes]]. The company's dominance became even more pronounced in the 1960s and 1970s with the [[IBM System/360]] and [[IBM System/370]] mainframes, however antitrust actions by the [[United States Department of Justice]], the rise of [[minicomputer]] companies like [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] and [[Data General]], and the introduction of the [[microprocessor]] all contributed to dilution of IBM's position in the industry, eventually leading the company to diversify into other areas including personal computers, software, and services.

In 1981 IBM introduced the [[IBM Personal Computer]] which is the original version and progenitor of the [[IBM PC compatible]] hardware [[platform (computing)|platform]]. Descendants of the IBM PC compatibles make up the majority of [[microcomputer]]s on the market today, though IBM sold its PC division to the Chinese company [[Lenovo]] on [[May 1]], [[2005]] for $655 million in cash and $600 million in Lenovo stock.

On [[January 25]], [[2007]], [[Ricoh]] announced purchase of IBM Printing Systems Division for $725 million and investment in 3-year joint venture to form a new Ricoh subsidiary, [[InfoPrint Solutions Company]]; Ricoh will own a 51% share, and IBM will own a 49% share in ''InfoPrint''.

==Current projects==
===Eclipse===
[[Image:ibm pc xt.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[IBM PC XT]] personal computer.]]
{{Main|Eclipse (software)}}
Eclipse is a platform-independent, [[Java (programming language)|Java]]-based [[software framework]]. Eclipse was originally a [[proprietary]] product developed by IBM as a successor of the [[VisualAge]] family of tools. Eclipse has subsequently been released as [[free software|free]]/[[open source]] software under the [[Eclipse Public License]].

===developerWorks===
{{Main|developerWorks}}
developerWorks is a website run by [[IBM]] for [[software developer]]s and IT professionals. It contains a large number of how-to articles and tutorials, as well as software downloads and code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals. Subjects range from open, industry-standard technologies like [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[Linux]], [[Service-oriented architecture|SOA]] and [[web services]], [[web development]], [[Ajax (programming)|Ajax]], [[PHP]], and [[XML]] to IBM's products ([[WebSphere]], [[Rational Software|Rational]], [[Lotus Software|Lotus]], [[Tivoli Systems, Inc.|Tivoli]] and [[IBM DB2|DB2]]). In 2007 developerWorks was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame.<ref name="developerWorksJoltHallofFame">{{cite web
|url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/blogs/page/moc?entry=dw_wins_jolt_hall_of
|title=developerWorks blogs : Michael O'Connell : dW wins Jolt Hall of Fame award; Booch, Ambler, dW authors also honored
|publisher=[[IBM]]
|date=2007-03-27
|accessdate=2007-04-23
}}</ref>

===alphaWorks===
{{Main|alphaWorks}}
alphaWorks is IBM's source for emerging software technologies. These technologies include:
*'''Flexible Internet Evaluation Report Architecture''' - A highly flexible architecture for the design, display, and reporting of Internet surveys.
*'''[[IBM History Flow tool|IBM History Flow Visualization Application]]''' - A tool for visualizing dynamic, evolving documents and the interactions of multiple collaborating authors.
*'''IBM [[Linux]] on POWER Performance Simulator''' - A tool that provides users of Linux on Power a set of performance models for IBM's POWER processors.
*'''Database File Archive And Restoration Management''' - An application for archiving and restoring hard disk files using file references stored in a database.
*'''Policy Management for Autonomic Computing''' - A policy-based autonomic management infrastructure that simplifies the automation of IT and business processes.
*'''FairUCE''' - A spam filter that verifies sender identity instead of filtering content.
*'''Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) SDK''' - A Java SDK that supports the implementation, composition, and deployment of applications working with unstructured information.
*'''Accessibility Browser''' - A web-browser specifically designed to assist people with visual impairments, to be released as open-source software. Also known as the "A-Browser," the technology will aim to eliminate the need for a mouse, relying instead completely on voice-controls, buttons and predefined shortcut keys.

===Semiconductor design and manufacturing===
[[Image:Broadwaycpu.JPG|right|thumb|IBM's Wii "Broadway" CPU]]
Virtually all modern [[video game console|console gaming systems]] use [[IC design|microprocessors developed]] by IBM. The [[Xbox 360]] contains the [[Xenon (processor)|Xenon]] tri-core processor, which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.ibm.com/chips/news/2005/1025_xbox.html| title=IBM delivers Power-based chip for Microsoft Xbox 360 worldwide launch| publisher=IBM| date=[[2005-10-25]]}}</ref> Sony's [[PlayStation 3]] features the [[Cell microprocessor| Cell BE microprocessor]] designed jointly by IBM, [[Toshiba]], and [[Sony]]. [[Nintendo]]'s [[History of video game consoles (seventh generation)|seventh-generation]] console, [[Wii]], features an IBM chip codenamed [[Broadway (microprocessor)|Broadway]]. The older [[Nintendo GameCube]] also utilizes the [[Gekko (microprocessor)|Gekko]] processor, designed by IBM.

In May 2002, IBM and Butterfly.net, Inc. announced the Butterfly Grid, a commercial [[grid computing|grid]] for the online video gaming market.<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://www.ibm.com/industries/media/doc/content/news/pressrelease/359248111.html| title= Butterfly and IBM introduce first video game industry computing grid| date=[[2002-05-09]]| publisher=IBM}}</ref> In March 2006, IBM announced separate agreements with Hoplon Infotainment, Online Game Services Incorporated (OGSI), and RenderRocket to provide on-demand content management and [[blade server]] computing resources.<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://www.ibm.com/industries/media/doc/content/news/pressrelease/1551338111.html| title= IBM joins forces with game companies around the world to accelerate innovation| date=[[2006-03-21]]| publisher=IBM}}</ref>

===Open Client Offering===
IBM announced it will launch its new software, called "Open Client Offering" which is to run on [[Microsoft]]'s [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Linux]] and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[Macintosh]]. The company states that its new product allows businesses to offer employees a choice of using the same software on Windows and its alternatives. This means that "Open Client Offering" is to cut costs of managing whether Linux or Apple relative to Windows. There will be no necessity for companies to pay Microsoft for its licenses for operations since the operations will no longer rely on software which is Windows-based. One of Microsoft's office alternatives is the Open Document Format software, whose development IBM supports. It is going to be used for several tasks like: word processing, presentations, along with collaboration with [[Lotus Notes]], instant messaging and blog tools as well as an [[Internet Explorer]] competitor – the [[Firefox]] web browser. IBM plans to install Open Client on 5 percent of its desktop PCs.

===UC2: Unified Communications and Collaboration===
'''UC2''' (''Unified Communications and Collaboration'') is an IBM and [[Cisco]] joint project based on [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] and [[OSGi]]. It will offer the numerous Eclipse application developers a unified platform for an easier work environment.

The software based on UC2 platform will provide major enterprises with easy-to-use communication solutions, such as the Lotus based [[Sametime]]. In the future the Sametime users will benefit from such additional functions as [[click-to-call]] and [[Voicemail|voice mailing]].<ref>[http://www.infoniac.com/hi-tech/ibm-cisco-uc2.html IBM and Cisco: Attempt to Unite the Communication Software Developers]</ref>

===Internal programs===
[[Extreme Blue]] is a company initiative that uses experienced IBM engineers, talented interns, and business managers to develop high-value technology. The project is designed to analyze emerging business needs and the technologies that can solve them. These projects mostly involve rapid-prototyping of high-profile software and hardware projects.

In May 2007, IBM unveiled [[Project Big Green]] -- a re-direction of $1 billion per year across its businesses to increase energy efficiency.

==IBM Software Group==
This group is one of the major divisions of IBM. The various brands include:
* [[IBM Information Management Software|Information Management Software]] — database servers and tools, text analytics, and content management.
* [[Lotus Software]] — Groupware, collaboration and business software. Acquired in 1995.
* [[Rational Software]] — Software development and application lifecycle management. Acquired in 2002.
* [[Tivoli Software]] — Systems management. Acquired in 1996.
* [[IBM WebSphere|WebSphere]] — Integration and application infrastructure software..

==Corporate culture of IBM==
===Big Blue===
[[Image:Ibmcorporateheadquartersentrance.jpg|thumb|right|Sign at entrance to IBM's secure headquarters complex in Armonk.]]
'''Big Blue''' is a nickname for IBM; several theories exist regarding its origin. One theory, substantiated by people who worked for IBM at the time, is that IBM field reps coined the term in the 1960s, referring to the color of the mainframes IBM installed in the 1960s and early 1970s. "All blue" was a term used to describe a loyal IBM customer, and business writers later picked up the term.<ref name="Big Blue">{{cite book| url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0791467872&id=Da1bPYRyltMC&pg=PA228&lpg=PA228&dq=big+blue+ibm&sig=FPSSsYmtECcBzM24IS7B7E0mp5k| title=Postphenomenology: A Critical Companion to Ihde | pages=228| id=ISBN 0-7914-6787-2| year= 2006| publisher= State University of New York Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN2880467500&id=5zAW7RntiD8C&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=big+blue+ibm&sig=WWlqsstQ56JS_7SF7vOWanVPuUU| title=Logos, Letterheads & Business Cards: Design for Profit | pages=15| id= ISBN 2-88046-750-0| year=2004| publisher=Rotovision}}</ref> Another theory suggests that Big Blue simply refers to the Company's [[logo]]. A third theory suggests that Big Blue refers to a former company dress code that required many IBM employees to wear only white shirts and many wore blue suits.<ref>{{Cite book| pages= 55| title= The Essential Guide to Computing: The Story of Information Technology| url= http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0130194697&id=AwrQsOW5SsQC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=big+blue+ibm&sig=IsUsDM2yvj0SFH4LDUoBcL6uXGE| publisher=Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR| id= ISBN 0-13-019469-7|}}</ref><ref name="Big Blue"/> In any event, IBM keyboards, typewriters, and some other manufactured devices, have played on the "Big Blue" concept, using the color for enter keys and carriage returns.

===Sales===
IBM has often been described as having a sales-centric or a sales-oriented business culture. Traditionally, many IBM executives and general managers are chosen from the sales force. The current CEO, [[Sam Palmisano]], for example, joined the company as a salesman and, unusually for CEOs of major corporations, has no MBA or postgraduate qualification. Middle and top management are often enlisted to give direct support to salesmen when pitching sales to important customers.

===Uniform===
A dark (or gray) suit, white shirt, and a "sincere" tie<ref name="Strategic Marketing">{{cite book
| last = Smith
| first = Paul Russell
| title = Strategic Marketing Communications: New Ways to Build and Integrate Communications
| publisher = Kogan Page
| date= 1999
| pages = 24
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=HYvbeQLf_gEC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=%22sincere+tie%22+ibm&source=web&ots=Kw2MtbuPZP&sig=rn5mVJGMaVXmm4d7wC9SaQMzfIs
| isbn = 0749429186 }}</ref> was the public uniform for IBM employees for most of the 20th century. During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s, CEO [[Lou Gerstner]] relaxed these codes, normalizing the dress and behavior of IBM employees to resemble their counterparts in other large technology companies.

===IBM company values and "Jam"===
In 2003, IBM embarked on an ambitious project to rewrite company values. Using its ''Jam'' technology, the company hosted Intranet-based online discussions on key business issues with 50,000 employees over 3 days. The discussions were analyzed by sophisticated text analysis software (eClassifier) to mine online comments for themes. As a result of the 2003 Jam, the company values were updated to reflect three modern business, marketplace and employee views: "Dedication to every client's success", "Innovation that matters - for our company and for the world", "Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ibm.com/ibm/sjp/04-27-2004.html| title=Speeches| author= Samuel J. Palmisano| publisher=IBM| date=[[2004-04-27]]}}</ref>

In 2004, another Jam was conducted during which 52,000 employees exchanged best practices for 72 hours. They focused on finding actionable ideas to support implementation of the values previously identified. A new post-Jam Ratings event was developed to allow IBMers to select key ideas that support the values. The board of directors cited this Jam when awarding Palmisano a pay rise in the spring of 2005.<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Leading Change When Business Is Good: The HBR Interview--Samuel J. Palmisano
| journal = Harvard Business Review
| publisher = Harvard University Press
| date = December 2004
| accessdate = 2006-11-26}}</ref>

In July and September 2006, Palmisano launched another jam called [https://www.globalinnovationjam.com/ InnovationJam]. InnovationJam was the largest online brainstorming session ever with more than 150,000 participants from 104 countries. The participants were IBM employees, members of IBM employees' families, universities, partners, and customers. InnovationJam was divided in two sessions (one in July and one in September) for 72 hours each and generated more than 46,000 ideas. In November 2006, IBM declared that they will invest $US 100 million in the 10 best ideas from InnovationJam.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.infoworld.com/article/06/11/14/HNibminvestnewareas_1.html | title = IBM to invest $100M in new business areas| date= 2006-11-14 }}</ref>

===Open source===
IBM has been influenced by the [[Open Source Initiative]], and began supporting [[Linux]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/news/1999/03/02.phtml |title=IBM launches biggest Linux lineup ever |date=[[1999-03-02]] |publisher=IBM |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/19991110114228/http://www.ibm.com/news/1999/03/02.phtml |archivedate=1999-11-10}}</ref> The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on [[Linux]] through the IBM [[Linux Technology Center]], which includes over 300 [[Linux kernel]] developers.<ref>{{cite web| title=IBM invests in Brazil Linux Tech Center| url=http://lwn.net/Articles/185602/| date=[[2006-05-24]]| publisher=[[LWN.net]]| author=Farrah Hamid|}}</ref> IBM has also released code under different [[open-source license]]s, such as the platform-independent software framework [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] (worth approximately US$40 million at the time of the donation)<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-erick.html|title= Interview: The Eclipse code donation| date=[[2001-11-01]]| publisher= IBM}}</ref> and the [[Java (programming language)|Java]]-based [[relational database management system]] (RDBMS) [[Apache Derby]]. IBM's open source involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see ''[[SCO v. IBM]]'').

===Project Management Center of Excellence===
The IBM Project Management Center of Excellence (PM COE) is a program dedicated to defining and executing the steps IBM must take to strengthen its project management capabilities. Functioning as IBM's [[think tank]], the PM COE combines external industry trends and directions with IBM business, organizational, and geographic requirements and insight. Upon this foundation deliverables (such as project management policy, practices, methods, and tools) are developed.

All IBM Project Managers (PMs) on the Project Management track (dimension) must complete either accreditation or IBM certification. Junior PMs (''Associate PM'' and ''Advisory PM'') are accredited after self-assessment and authorization from supervisors. Senior PMs (''Senior PM'' and ''Executive PM'') must go through a stringent IBM certification process. By validating project managers' expertise and skills against consistent worldwide standards, certification helps maintain customer confidence in the high quality of IBM professionals and it recognizes IBM professionals for their skills and experience.

Becoming certified is public recognition of achieving a significant career milestone and demonstrating expertise in the profession. '''Prior to applying for IBM certification''' each individual must have:
# successfully passed PMI exam (i.e. be a certified PMP).
# verifiable documentation and approval for mastery/expertise in a well-defined set of PM skills.
# several years of PM experience spanning at least 3 verifiable projects within the immediate 5 years (including specific role, team size, and budget requirements).
# verifiable documentation and proof of at least one area of specialty.
# demonstrated the use of IBM's Worldwide Project Management Method (''WWPMM'').
# completed extensive classroom and online education and testing.

IBM PM Certification is a well-defined '''review and verification process''' with many intricate details. In its most simplified form, it '''broadly involves''':
# Candidate preparing a detailed package with proof of above requirements.
# Package review, approval, and support by at least two levels of Senior Management.
# Package review and re-verification by PM COE expert.
# Personal interviews with the PM COE Certification board.
# Candidates whose experience, skills, knowledge and education are deemed valid, verifiable and accurate, are certified by the board as either '''Certified Senior Project Manager (CSPM)''' or '''Certified Executive Project Manager (CEPM)'''.

IBM PM Certification is a significant achievement for any IBMer. It is a deliberately long process with multiple checkpoints designed to ensure the integrity, fairness and validity of the certification.

== Corporate affairs ==
=== Diversity and workforce issues ===
IBM's efforts to promote workforce diversity and equal opportunity date back at least to [[World War I]], when the company hired disabled veterans. IBM was the only technology company ranked in ''Working Mother'' magazine's Top 10 for 2004, and one of two technology companies in 2005 (the other company being Hewlett-Packard).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.workingwoman.com/top10.html |title=100 best companies for working mothers 2004 |publisher= Working Mother Media, Inc. |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20041017073511/http://www.workingwoman.com/top10.html | archivedate = 2004-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.workingwoman.com/top10.html |title=100 best companies 2005 |publisher= Working Mother Media, Inc.| | accessdate = 2006-06-26}}</ref>

On [[September 21]], [[1953]], [[Thomas J. Watson]], the CEO at the time, sent out a very controversial letter to all IBM employees stating that IBM needs to hire the best people, regardless of their race, ethnic origin, sex or sexual preference. He stated that this would give IBM a competitive advantage because IBM would then be able to hire talented people the its competitors would turn down.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www-03.ibm.com/employment/us/diverse/50/tc.shtml| title= IBM's EO Policy letter is IBM's foundation for diversity| publisher=IBM}}</ref>

The company has traditionally resisted [[trade union|labor union]] organizing, although unions represent some IBM workers outside the United States.

In the 1990s, two major [[pension]] program changes, including a conversion to a cash balance plan, resulted in an employee [[class action]] lawsuit alleging [[age discrimination]]. IBM employees won the lawsuit and arrived at a partial settlement, although appeals are still underway. IBM also settled a major overtime class-action lawsuit in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lisahome.blogspot.com/2006/11/ibm-settles-overtime-lawsuit-for-65.html|title=IBM settles overtime lawsuit for $65 million}}</ref>

Historically IBM has had a good reputation of long-term staff retention with few large scale layoffs. In more recent years there have been a number of broad sweeping cuts to the workforce as IBM attempts to adapt to changing market conditions and a declining profit base. After posting weaker than expected revenues in the first quarter of 2005, IBM eliminated 14,500 positions from its workforce, predominantly in Europe. In [[May]] [[2005]], IBM Ireland said to staff that the MD(Micro-electronics Division) facility was closing down by the end of 2005 and offered a settlement to staff. However, all staff that wished to stay with the Company were redeployed within IBM Ireland. The production moved to a company called Amkor in Singapore who purchased IBM's Microelectronics business in Singapore and is widely agreed that IBM promised this Company a full load capacity in return for the purchase of the facility. On [[June 8]] [[2005]], IBM Canada Ltd. eliminated approximately 700 positions. IBM projects these as part of a strategy to "rebalance" its portfolio of professional skills & businesses. [[IBM India]] and other IBM offices in [[China]], the [[Philippines]] and [[Costa Rica]] have been witnessing a recruitment boom and steady growth in number of employees due to lower wages.

On [[October 10]] [[2005]], IBM became the first major company in the world to formally commit to not using [[genetic testing|genetic information]] in its employment decisions. This came just a few months after IBM announced its support of the [[National Geographic Society]]'s [[The Genographic Project|Genographic Project]].

==== Gay rights ====
IBM provides employees' same sex partners with benefits and provides an anti-discrimination clause. The [[Human Rights Campaign]] has consistently rated IBM at 100%, the highest score, on its index of gay-friendliness since 2003 (in 2002, the year it began compiling its report on major companies, IBM scored 86%).<ref>[http://www.hrc.org/Template.cfm?Section=Get_Informed2&CONTENTID=31668&TEMPLATE=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm Corporate Equality Index] ''Human Rights Campaign Foundation, (2002 -)''</ref>

===Logos===
<gallery>
The [[logo]] that was used from 1924 to 1946. The logo is in a form intended to suggest a globe, girdled by the word "International".<ref>"[http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/logo/logo_5.html IBM Archives: International Business Machines (1924-1946)]." Accessed [[January 16]], [[2007]].</ref>
Image:Older IBM Logo.png|The logo that was used from 1947 to 1956. The familiar "globe" was replaced with the simple letters "IBM" in a typeface called "Beton Bold."<ref>"[http://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/logo/logo_6.html IBM Archives: IBM in transition (1947-1956)]." Accessed [[January 16]], [[2007]].</ref>
Image:Old IBM Logo.png|The logo that was used from 1956 to 1972. The letters "IBM" took on a more solid, grounded and balanced appearance.<ref>"[http://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/logo/logo_7.html IBM Archives: IBM continuity (1956-1972)]." Accessed [[January 16]], [[2007]].</ref>
Image:IBM logo.svg|In 1972, the horizontal stripes now replaced the solid letters to suggest "speed and dynamism." This logo (in two versions, 8-bar and 13-bar), as well as the previous one, was designed by graphic designer [[Paul Rand]].<ref>"[http://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/logo/logo_8.html IBM Archives: IBM international recognition (1972- )]." Accessed [[January 16]], [[2007]].</ref>
'''IBM Logo History'''[http://worldsbestlogos.blogspot.com/2007/08/ibm-logo-history.html]
</gallery>
[[Logo]]s designed in the 1970s tended to be sensitive to the technical limitations of photocopiers, which were then being widely deployed. A logo with large solid areas tended to be poorly copied by copiers in the 1970s, so companies preferred logos that avoided large solid areas. The 1972 IBM logos are an example of this tendency. With the advent of digital copiers in the mid-1980s this technical restriction had largely disappeared; at roughly the same time, the 13-bar logo was abandoned for almost the opposite reason – it was difficult to render accurately on the low-resolution digital printers (240 dots per inch) of the time.

===Board of directors===
Current members of the [[board of directors]] of IBM are:
*Cathleen Black President, [[Hearst Corporation|Hearst Magazines]]
*[[William Brody]] President, [[Johns Hopkins University]]
*[[Ken Chenault]] Chairman and CEO, [[American Express]] Company
*Juergen Dormann Chairman of the Board, ABB Ltd
*[[Michael Eskew]] Chairman and CEO, [[United Parcel Service]], Inc.
*[[Shirley Ann Jackson]] President, [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]
*Minoru Makihara Senior Corporate Advisor and former Chairman, [[Mitsubishi Corporation]]
*Lucio Noto Managing Partner, Midstream Partners LLC
*[[James W. Owens]] Chairman and CEO, [[Caterpillar Inc.]]
*[[Samuel J. Palmisano]] Chairman, President and CEO, IBM
*Joan Spero President, [[Doris Duke]] Charitable Foundation
*Sidney Taurell, Chairman and CEO, [[Eli Lilly and Company]]
*[[Lorenzo Zambrano]] Chairman and CEO, [[Cemex]] SAB de CV

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
*[[IBM AIX (operating system)]]
*[[IBM OS/2]]
*[[IBM PS/2]]
*[[IBM PC-DOS]]
*[[IBM PC]]
*[[IBM System/360]]
*[[IBM System/370]]
*[[IBM ESA/390]]
*[[IBM System z9]]
*[[IBM PC compatible|IBM PC compatible (or IBM PC clone)]]
*[[List of Computer System Manufacturers]]
*[[List of IBM acquisitions and spinoffs]]
*[[List of IBM products]]
*List of IBM facilities
*[[SCO v. IBM]]
*[[IBM Rochester]]
*[[IBM and the Holocaust]]
*IBM's [[Deep Thought (chess computer)]]
*[[Extreme Blue]]
</div>

==References and footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}
{{refbegin}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
<div class="references-small">

{| cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0
|- 
|
| width=10px rowspan=14 |
|
| width=10px rowspan=14 |
|
| width=10px rowspan=14 |
|-
| [[Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.]]
| 2002
| ''Who Says Elephants Can't Dance?'' HarperCollins.
| ISBN 0-00-715448-8
|-
| Robert Slater
| 1999
| ''Saving Big Blue: IBM's Lou Gerstner''
| McGraw Hill
|-
| Emerson W. Pugh
| 1996
| ''Building IBM: Shaping an Industry''
| Massachusetts Institute of Technology
|-
| Robert Heller
| 1994
| ''The Fate of IBM''
| Little Brown
|-
| Paul Carroll
| 1993
| ''Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM''
| Crown Publishers
|-
| Roy A Bauer et al
| 1992
| ''The Silverlake Project: Transformation at IBM (AS/400)''
| Oxford University Press
|-
| Thomas J Watson Jr.
| 1990
| ''Father, Son & Co: My Life at IBM and Beyond''
| Bantam
|-
| [[Robert Sobel]]
| 1988
| ''IBM vs. Japan: The Struggle for the Future''
|-
| David Mercer
| 1987
| ''IBM: How the World's Most Successful Corporation is Managed'' [http://futureobservatory.dyndns.org/2013.htm]
| Kogan Page
|-
| Richard Thomas DeLamarter
| 1986
| ''Big Blue: IBM's Use and Abuse of Power''
| Macmillan
|-
| Buck Rodgers
| 1986
| ''The IBM Way''
| Harper & Row
|-
| [[Robert Sobel]]
| 1981
| ''IBM: Colossus in Transition''
| ISBN 0-8129-1000-1
|-
| [[Robert Sobel]]
| 1981
| ''Thomas Watson, Sr.: IBM and the Computer Revolution'' (biography of [[Thomas J. Watson]])
| ISBN 1-893122-82-4
|-
|}
</div>

==External links==
{{commons|International Business Machines}}
*[http://www.ibm.com/ IBM official website]
*[http://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ IBM Archives Site]
{{Finance links
| name = IBM Corp.
| symbol = IBM
| sec_cik = 51143
| hoovers = 10796
}}

{{IBM}}
{{IT giants}}
{{DJIA}}
{{Typewriter}}

[[Category:IBM| ]]
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[[Category:Semiconductor companies]]
[[Category:Computer storage companies]]
[[Category:Computer companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Semiconductor companies]]
[[Category:Software companies of the United States]]
[[Category:UML Partners]]
[[Category:Monopolies]]

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AOL

2008-03-27T13:49:34Z

62.101.100.5:

{{otheruses}}
{{ infobox company
|company_name=AOL LLC
|company_logo=[[Image:AOL logo.png|200px]]
|company_type=[[Subsidiary]] of [[Time Warner]]
|company_slogan="See What's Here For You"
|foundation=1985 (as '''Quantum Computer Services''')
|location_city=[[New York, New York]]
|location_country=[[United States]]
|location_city=[[New York, New York]] (operations in [[Dulles, VA]])
|location_country=[[United States]]
|key_people=[[Randy Falco]], [[Ted Leonsis]], [[Ronald Grant]]
|num_employees=8,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hotjobs.yahoo.com/Company-Profiles/A/AOL-LLC-Jobs_26597 |title=AOL LLC on Yahoo HotJobs |accessdate=2007-01-16}}</ref>
|industry=[[Internet]] & [[Telecommunication|Communications]]
|products=[[Internet service provider|Internet service]]
|homepage=http://www.aol.com/
}}

'''AOL LLC.''' (formerly '''America Online''', Inc.) is an American global Internet services and media company operated by [[Time Warner]] and headquartered in Milan, Italy. It has [[franchising|franchise]]d its services to companies in several nations around the world, or set up [[international]] [[version]]s of its services. <ref>[http://about.aol.com/international_services International Services - About AOL (AOL.com)]</ref>

AOL is perhaps best known for its online software suite, also called "AOL", that allowed millions of customers around the world to access the world's largest "walled garden" online community and eventually reach out to the internet as a whole. At one time AOL's membership was over 30 million members worldwide<ref name="lessbemore">{{cite news | url = http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jul2006/tc20060731_168094.htm | title = Will Less Be More for AOL? | first = Catherine|last = Holahan|publisher = [[BusinessWeek]] |date= [[2006-07-31]] | accessdate = 2006-08-01 }}</ref>, most of whom accessed the AOL service through the AOL software suite.

== Description==
With regional branches around the world, the former American "[[goliath]] among [[Internet service provider]]s"<ref name="lessbemore">{{cite news | url = http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jul2006/tc20060731_168094.htm | title = Will Less Be More for AOL? | first = Catherine|last = Holahan|publisher = [[BusinessWeek]] |date= [[2006-07-31]] | accessdate = 2006-08-01 }}</ref> once had more than 30 million subscribers<ref name="lessbemore" /> on several continents.
In January 2000, AOL and [[Time Warner]] announced plans to merge. The terms of the deal negotiated called for AOL shareholders to own 55% of the new, combined company. The deal closed on [[January 11]], [[2001]] after receiving regulatory approval from the [[Federal Trade Commission|FTC]], the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] and the [[European Union]].

'''America Online, Inc.''', as the company was then called, was led by executives from both AOL, SBI and Time Warner. [[Gerald Levin]], who had served as [[CEO]] of Time Warner, was CEO of the new company. [[Steve Case]] served as [[Board of Directors|Chairman]], [[J. Michael Kelly]] (from AOL) was the [[Chief Financial Officer]], [[Robert W. Pittman]] (from AOL) and [[Dick Parsons]] (from Time Warner) served as Co-[[Chief Operating Officer]]s. The total value of AOL stock subsequently went from $226 billion to about $20 billion.<ref name="scrapcharge">{{cite news | url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060727/wr_nm/media_timewarner_aol_dc_7 | title = AOL expected to scrap charges| first = Kenneth|last = Li|publisher = [[Yahoo!]] |date= [[2006-07-26]] | accessdate = 2006-08-09 }}</ref>Similarly, its customer base has decreased to 10.1 million subscribers as of November 2007<ref name="custBase">{{cite news | url = http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9046103&intsrc=news_ts_head | title = AOL revenue, subscribers plummet| first = Linda|last = Rosencrance|publisher = ComputerWorld |date= [[2007-11-08]] | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref>, just narrowly ahead of [[Comcast]] and [[AT&T Yahoo]].

AOL is a company in transition, made evident by discussions of buy-outs and [[joint venture]]s during a period of dramatic decline in AOL's subscriber base.<ref name="lessbemore" />{{POV-statement|date=February 2008}} News reports in late 2005 identified companies such as [[Yahoo!]], [[Microsoft]], and [[Google]] as candidates for turning AOL into a joint venture;<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/nov2005/tc20051111_725373.htm
|title = Has AOL Met Its Match?
|first = Catherine
|last = Yang
|publisher = [[BusinessWeek]]
|date= [[2005-11-11]]
|accessdate = 2006-08-01 }}</ref> those plans were apparently abandoned when it was revealed on [[December 20]], [[2005]] that Google would purchase a 5% share of AOL for $1 billion.

AOL was rated both one of the best and worst Internet suppliers in the UK, according to a poll by [[Watchdog (TV series)|BBC Watchdog]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/consumer/tv_and_radio/watchdog/reports/internet/internet_20070321.shtml
|title=''Broadband survey results''
|publisher = [[BBC News]]
|date=2007-03-21
|accessdate = 2007-12-04 }}</ref>
On [[March 31]], [[1997]], the short lived [[eWorld]] was purchased by AOL, forcing the 115,000 users to subscribe to AOL. The [[Internet service provider|ISP]] side of AOL UK was bought by [[The Carphone Warehouse]] in October 2006 to take advantage of their 100,000 [[Local loop unbundling|LLU]]s (local loop unbundling), which made The Carphone Warehouse the biggest LLU provider in the UK.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6039740.stm BBC NEWS | Business | Carphone Warehouse buying AOL UK]</ref>

== History ==
{| class="wikitable" width=400 style="float: right; margin: 0.5em 0 1em 1em"
! colspan="2" | AOL release timeline
|-
| 1989
| AOL for Macintosh gains popularity as a Mac BBS
|-
| February 1991
| AOL for [[MS-DOS|DOS]] launched
|-
| January 1993
| AOL 1.0 for Microsoft [[Windows 3.x]] launched, AOL 2.0 for [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] launched
|-
| June 1994
| AOL 1.5 for Microsoft [[Windows 3.x]] launched
|-
| September 1994
| AOL 2.0 for Microsoft [[Windows 3.x]] launched
|-
| June 1995
| AOL 2.5 for Microsoft [[Windows 3.x]] launched
|-
| June 1995
| AOL 3.0 (Win16) for [[Windows 3.x]]/[[Windows 95]]/[[Windows NT]] launched
|-
| June 1996
| AOL 3.0 for [[Windows 95]] launched
|-
| July 1998 / June 1999
| AOL 4.0 (Casablanca) and Refresh 2 launched
|-
| September 1999
| AOL 5.0 (Kilimanjaro) launched
|-
| June 2000
| AOL 5.0 for 9x/NT/2K (Niagara) launched
|-
| October and December 2000
| AOL 6.0 (K2 - Karakorum) and Refresh launched
|-
| September 2001
| AOL 6.0.2 for XP launched
|-
| October and December 2001, May and July 2002
| AOL 7.0 (Taz) and Refresh 1, Refresh 2, and Refresh 2 Plus launched
|-
| October 2002
| AOL 8.0 (Spacely) launched
|-
| April 2003
| AOL 8.0 Plus (Elroy) launched
|-
| August and September 2003
| AOL 9.0 Optimized (Bunker Hill / Blue Hawaii) and Refresh launched
|-
| May 2004
| AOL 9.0 Optimized SE/LE (Thailand / Tahiti) launched
|-
| November 2004, July 2005
| AOL 9.0 Security Edition SE/LE (Strauss) and Refresh launched
|-
| August 2005 to March 2006
| AOL Suite Beta launched (cancelled)
|-
| September 2006, March 2007
| AOL OpenRide (Streamliner) launched
|-
| November 2006, April 2007
| AOL 9.0 VR and Refresh (Raga) launched (AOL 9.0 for Microsoft Windows Vista but also works with Microsoft Windows 98, ME, 2000 and XP)
|-
| September 2007
|AOL Desktop for Mac Beta launched
|-
| October 31, 2007
|AOL 9.1 (Tarana) launched
|-
| December 2007
|AOL Desktop launched aka AOL 10.0
|}

AOL began life as a short-lived venture called '''Control Video Corporation''' (or '''CVC'''), founded by [[William von Meister]]. Its sole product was an online service called [[Gameline]] for the [[Atari 2600]] [[video game console]] after von Meister's idea of buying music on demand was rejected by [[Warner Brothers]]. (Klein, 2003) Subscribers bought a [[modem]] from the company for $49.95 and paid a one-time $15 setup fee. Gameline permitted subscribers to temporarily download games and keep track of high scores, at a cost of approximately $1 per hour.

In 1983, the company nearly went [[bankruptcy|bankrupt]], and an investor in Control Video, Frank Caufield, had a friend of his, [[Jim Kimsey]], brought in as a manufacturing consultant. That same year, [[Steve Case]] joined the company as a full-time marketing employee upon the joint recommendations of von Meister and Kimsey. Kimsey went on to become the [[Chief Executive Officer]] (CEO) of the newly renamed Quantum Computer Services in 1985, after von Meister was quietly dropped from the company.

Case himself rose quickly through the ranks; Kimsey promoted him to vice-president of marketing not long after becoming CEO, and later promoted him further to executive vice-president in 1987. Kimsey soon began to groom Case to ascend to the rank of CEO, which he did when Kimsey retired in 1991.

Kimsey changed the company's strategy, and in 1985 launched a sort of mega-[[Bulletin board system|BBS]] for [[Commodore 64]] and [[Commodore 128|128]] computers, originally called [[Quantum Link]] ("Q-Link" for short). The Quantum Link software was licensed from [[PlayNET|PlayNet, Inc]]. In May 1988, Quantum and Apple launched [[AppleLink]] Personal Edition for [[Apple II family|Apple II]] and [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] computers. After the two companies parted ways in October 1989, Quantum changed the service's name to America Online.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thocp.net/timeline/1989.htm | title = History of Computing Industrial Era (1985-1990) | work = The History of Computing Project | accessdate = 2005-09-24 |date= [[2006-03-20]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://apple2history.org/history/ah22.html|title = Apple II history chapter 22 |date= [[2002-12-31]]|accessdate = 2005-09-24 }}</ref> In August 1988, Quantum launched [[PC Link]], a service for IBM-compatible [[personal computer|PCs]] developed in a joint venture with the [[Tandy Corporation]].

From the beginning, AOL included [[online games]] in its mix of products; many classic and casual games were included in the original PlayNet software system. In the early years of AOL the company introduced many additional innovative online interactive titles and games, including:
*Graphical chat environments [[Habitat (video game)|Habitat]] (1986-1988) and [[Club Caribe]] (1988) from [[LucasArts]].
*The first online interactive fiction series [[QuantumLink Serial]] by [[Tracy Reed (writer)|Tracy Reed]] (1988).
*[[Quantum Space]], the first fully automated [[Play-by-mail game|Play by email]] game (1989-1991).
*The original [[Dungeons & Dragons]] title ''[[Neverwinter Nights (AOL game)|Neverwinter Nights]]'' from [[Stormfront Studios]] (1991-1997), the first Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game ([[MMORPG]]) to depict the adventure with graphics instead of text (1991).
*The first chat room-based text role-playing game [[Black Bayou]] (1996-2004), a horror role-playing game from [[Hecklers Online]] and [[ANTAGONIST, Inc.]].

In February 1991 AOL for [[DOS]] was launched using a [[GeoWorks]] interface followed a year later by AOL for Windows. In October 1991, Quantum changed its name to America Online. These changes coincided with growth in pay-based online services, like [[Prodigy (ISP)|Prodigy]], [[CompuServe]], and [[GEnie]]. AOL discontinued Q-Link and PC Link in the fall of 1994.

=== Growth ===
Case positioned AOL as the online service for people unfamiliar with [[computer]]s, in particular contrast to [[CompuServe]], which had long served the technical community. The PlayNet system that AOL licensed was the first online service to require use of [[proprietary software]], rather than a standard terminal program; as a result it was able to offer a [[graphical user interface]] (GUI) instead of command lines, and was well ahead of the competition in emphasizing communication among members as a feature.

In particular was the [[Chat Room]] concept from PlayNet, as opposed to the previous paradigm of [[Citizens' band radio|CB]]-style channels. Chat Rooms allowed a large group of people with similar interests to convene and hold conversations in real time, including:
*Private rooms - created by any user. Hold up to 23 people.
*Conference rooms - created with permission of AOL. Hold up to 48 people and often moderated.
*Auditoriums - created with permission of AOL. Consisted of a stage and an unlimited number of rows. What happened on the stage was viewable by everybody in the auditorium but what happened within individual rows, of up to 27 people, was viewable only by the people within those rows.

In March 1994, AOL added access to [[USENET]] to the features it offered.

AOL quickly surpassed [[GEnie]], and by the mid-1990s, it passed [[Prodigy (ISP)|Prodigy]] (which for several years allowed AOL advertising) and [[CompuServe]].

Originally, AOL charged its users an hourly fee, but in 1996 this changed and a flat rate of $19.99 a month was charged. Within three years, AOL's userbase grew to 10 million people. During this time, AOL connections would be flooded with users trying to get on, and many canceled their accounts due to constant busy signals.

AOL was quickly running out of room in 1996 for its network at the Vienna, VA campus and moved to Dulles, VA a short distance away. The move to Dulles took place in mid-1996 and provided room for future growth.

AOL was relatively late in providing access to the open Internet. Originally, only some Internet features were accessible through a proprietary interface but eventually it became possible to run other Internet software while logged in through AOL.

=== Change in focus ===
[[Image:Aol subscribers Q201-Q407.png|thumb|right|350px|U.S. AOL Subscribers Q201-Q407]]
Since its merger with Time Warner, the value of AOL has dropped from its $240 billion high. It has seen similar losses among its subscription rate. It has since attempted to reposition itself as a content provider similar to companies such as Yahoo! as opposed to an Internet service provider which delivered content only to subscribers in what was termed a "[[Walled garden (media)|walled garden]]". In 2005, AOL broadcast the [[Live 8]] concert live over the Internet, and thousands of users downloaded clips of the concert over the following months.

In 2004 along with the launch of AOL 9.0 Optimized, AOL also made available the option of personalized greetings which would enable the user to hear his or her name while accessing basic functions and mail alerts, or while logging in or out.

AOL eventually announced plans to offer subscribers classic television programs for free with commercials inserted via its new [[IN2TV]] service. At the time of launch, AOL made available [[Warner Bros. Television]]'s vast library of programs, with ''[[Welcome Back Kotter]]'' as its marquee offering.

In 2006, AOL informed its American customers that it would be increasing the price of its [[dial-up access]] to [[United States dollar|$]]25.90. The increase was part of an effort to migrate the service's remaining dial-up users to broadband, as the increased price was the same price they had been charging for monthly [[Digital subscriber line|DSL]] access.<ref name="mills">{{cite web|url=http://news.com.com/AOL+hanging+up+on+dial-up+customers/2100-1025_3-6043910.html?tag=nl|title=AOL hanging up on dial-up customers?|last=Mills|first=Elinor|publisher=CNET|accessmonthday=August 3 |accessyear=2006}}</ref> However, AOL has started offering their services for $9.95 a month for unlimited dial-up access.<ref name="AOL">{{cite web|url=http://free.aol.com/thenewaol/plan_choice.adp |title=AOL price plans|accessmonthday=October 29 |accessyear=2006}}</ref>

On [[April 3]], [[2006]], AOL announced that it was retiring the full name "America Online"; the official name of the service is now "AOL", and the full name of the TimeWarner subdivision is "AOL, [[Limited liability company|LLC]].<ref name="pr">{{cite news|url = http://www.timewarner.com/corp/newsroom/pr/0,20812,1179447,00.html|title = America Online Changes Its Name to AOL |date= [[2006-04-03]] | accessdate = 2006-07-24 }}</ref>

On [[August 2]], [[2006]], AOL announced that they would give away e-mail accounts and software previously available only to its paying customers provided the customer accesses AOL or AOL.com through a non-AOL-owned access method (otherwise known as "third party transit", "bring your own access", or "BYOA"). The move was designed to reduce costs associated with the "Walled Garden" business model by reducing usage of AOL-owned access points and shifting members with high-speed internet access from client-based usage to the more lucrative advertising provider, AOL.com. The change from paid to free was also designed to slow the rate of members canceling their accounts and defecting to [[Microsoft]] [[Hotmail]], [[Yahoo!]], or other free e-mail providers. According to AOL CEO Randy Falco, as of December 2007, the conversion rate of accounts from paid access to free access is over 80%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alleyinsider.com/2007/12/aol-twx-randy-falcos-yearend-love-note-to-aolers.html|title=AOL (TWX): Randy Falco's Year-End Love Note to AOLers|accessmonthday=December 18|accessyear=2007}}</ref>.

In December 2006, in order to cut operating costs, AOL decided to cease using US-based call centers to provide [[customer service]]. They drastically downsized Stateside corporate operations as well. Two weeks before [[Christmas]], thousands of workers were put on notice that their positions were being eliminated altogether, or being replaced with [[outsourced]] employees. On [[January 28]], [[2007]], the last domestic AOL owned and operated call center (based in [[Oklahoma City]]) closed its doors, and, during October 2007, the last call center in [[Canada]] was also shut down. All customer service calls are now handled by outsourced representatives in [[Ogden, Utah]], [[India]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Mexico]].

=== Moving of headquarters ===
On [[September 17]], [[2007]], AOL announced that it was moving its corporate headquarters from [[Dulles, Virginia]] to [[New York, New York]]<ref>{{cite news|url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119003377082529719.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|title = AOL Moves Headquarters To New York City |date= [[2007-09-17]] | accessdate = 2007-09-17}}</ref> and combining its various advertising units into a new subsidiary called Platform A. This action follows several advertising acquisitions, most notably advertising.com, and highlights the company's new focus on advertising-driven business models. AOL created animated cartoons in 2008 to explain [[behavioral targeting]] to its users, showing how a user's past visits to other Web sites may determine the content of advertising they see in the future.<ref>{{cite news|author=Story, Louise|title=AOL Brings Out the Penguins to Explain Ad Targeting|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/aol-brings-out-the-penguins-to-explain-ad-targeting-ok-saul-and-louise-post-with-article/|date=[[March 10]], [[2008]]}} in {{cite news|author=Story, Louise|title=To Aim Ads, Web Is Keeping Closer Eye on You|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/technology/10privacy.html|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=[[March 10]], [[2008]]|accessdate=2008-03-09}}</ref> AOL management stressed that "significant operations" will remain in Dulles, which includes the company's access services and modem banks.

By the end of September 2007 as part of preparation for the New York move, AOL completed the closure of its former primary Network Operations Center, [[Reston, Virginia|Reston Technology Center]], which it sold to [[Sprint Nextel]] in early 2007. This sale enabled AOL to consolidate its Northern Virginia operations from three sites (Dulles, Manassas, Reston) to two (Dulles and Manassas; personnel primarily went to Dulles, while machines moved to Manassas). AOL took advantage of the move to both reduce its overall hardware inventory and to determine a "right size" for its Network Operations Center staff after consolidating the three sites into two.

As part of the impending move to New York and the restructuring of responsibilities at the Dulles headquarters complex after the Reston move, AOL CEO [[Randy Falco]] announced on [[October 15]], [[2007]] plans to lay off 2000 employees worldwide by the end of 2007, beginning "immediately". That evening, over 750 employees at Dulles alone received notices to attend early morning meetings the next day<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.alleyinsider.com/2007/10/aol-twx-how-to.html|title=AOL (TWX): Live Layoff Coverage|date[2007-10-15|accessdate=2007-10-27}}</ref>; those employees were laid off on [[October 16]], [[2007]], though the employees would remain on the payroll until [[December 14]], [[2007]] in accordance with the [[Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act]]. Other employees whose groups were due for phase-out as part of the restructuring were informed on [[October 16]], [[2007]] that they would be kept on until [[December 14]], [[2007]] to complete any outstanding tasks, after which they would be laid off. The reduction in force was so large that virtually every conference room within the Dulles complex was reserved for the day as a "Special Purpose Room", where various aspects of the layoff process were conducted for outgoing employees; remaining employees at Dulles were quick to dub the mass layoff "Bloody Tuesday" in online blogs and news reports<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.alleyinsider.com/2007/10/aol-twx-how-to.html|title=AOL (TWX): Live Layoff Coverage|date=2007-10-15|accessdate=2007-10-27}}</ref>. An unspecified number of staff at the former [[Compuserve]] facility in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus, OH]] were also released, as well as the entire [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] Quality Analysis shop, a number of AOL employees working at the former Netscape facility in [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View, CA]], the development team in France, and practically the entire [[Moncton|Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada]] member services call center site. The end result was a near 40% layoff across the board at AOL, including a substantial number of Systems Operations personnel, a significant change from previous layoffs where SysOps employees routinely suffered only minor personnel reductions. <ref>{{cite news|url = http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/15/tuesday-is-layoff-day-at-aol/|title = Tuesday is Layoff Day at AOL|date = 2007-10-15|accessdate = 2007-10-17}}</ref>. An additional round of layoffs, mostly confined to analysis groups and the staff at AOL Voice Services in [[City of Halifax|Halifax, Nova Scotia]], occurred on [[December 11]] and [[December 12]], [[2007]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.alleyinsider.com/2007/12/live-aol-twx-layoffs-commence.html|title=LIVE AOL (TWX) Layoff Coverage, AOLers Weigh In|date=2007-12-12|accessdate=2007-12-18}}</ref>.

===TMZ.com===
In 2005, AOL (along with [[Telepictures Productions]]), launched [[TMZ.com]], one of the leading celebrity news and gossip sources on the web. TMZ.com has become known for its quickness to break celebrity news, often accompanied by exclusive videos and photos.<ref>[[TMZ.com]]</ref>

===Splitting AOL into Access and Advertising===
On [[February 6]], [[2008]], Time Warner CEO [[Jeffrey Bewkes|Jeff Bewkes]] announced that Time Warner would split AOL's internet access and adversting businesses into two, with the possibility of later selling the internet access division.<ref>[http://biz.yahoo.com/ap/080206/earns_time_warner.html Time Warner Will Split AOL: Financial News - Yahoo! Finance]</ref>

== Controversies ==
AOL has been involved in many controversies.

=== Community leaders ===
Prior to mid 2005, AOL used volunteers called [[AOL Community Leader Program|Community Leaders]], or CLs, to monitor chatrooms, message boards, and libraries. Some community leaders were recruited for content design and maintenance using a proprietary language and interface called [[RAINMAN]], although most content maintenance was performed by partner and internal employees.

In 1999, a [[class action lawsuit]] was filed against AOL citing violations of U.S. labor laws in its usage of CLs. The [[Department of Labor]] investigated but came to no conclusions, closing their investigation in 2001. In light of these events, AOL began drastically reducing the responsibilities and privileges of its volunteers in 2000. The program was eventually ended on [[June 8]], [[2005]]. Current Community Leaders at the time were offered 12 months of credit on their accounts.

=== Billing disputes ===
AOL has faced a number of lawsuits over claims that it has been slow to stop billing people after their accounts have been canceled, either by the company or the user. In addition, AOL changed its method of calculating used minutes in response to a class action lawsuit. Previously, AOL would add fifteen seconds to the time a user was connected to the service and round up to the next whole minute (thus, a person who used the service for 11 minutes and 46 seconds would be charged for 13 minutes). AOL claimed this was to account for sign on/sign off time, but because this practice was not made known to its customers, the plaintiffs won (some also pointed out that signing on and off did not always take 15 seconds, especially when connecting via another ISP). AOL disclosed its connection time calculation methods to all of its customers and credited them with extra free hours. In addition, the AOL software would notify the user of exactly how long they were connected and how many minutes they were being charged.

AOL was sued by the [[Ohio]] [[Attorney General]] in October of 2003 for improper billing practices. The case was settled on June 8, 2005. AOL agreed to resolve any consumer [[complaints]] filed with the [[Ohio]] AG's office. In December of 2006, AOL agreed to provide [[restitution]] to [[Florida]] consumers to settle the case filed against them by Office of the [[Florida]] [[Attorney General]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dc.bbb.org/report.html?national=Y&compid=2087 |title=AOL |accessdate=2008-01-22 |publisher=[[Better Business Bureau]] }}</ref> Their billing practices violated [[Florida's Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://myfloridalegal.com/pages.nsf/4492d797dc0bd92f85256cb80055fb97/7003247af328dc9e85256cc6006fba91!OpenDocument |title=What Florida Law Provides |accessdate=2008-01-22 |publisher=Office of the Florida Attorney General }}</ref>

=== Account cancellation ===
In response to approximately 300 consumer complaints, then-[[New York]] Attorney General [[Eliot Spitzer]]’s office began an inquiry of AOL’s customer service policies. The investigation revealed that the company had an elaborate scheme for rewarding employees who purported to retain or "save" subscribers who had called to cancel their Internet service. In many instances, such retention was done against subscribers’ wishes, or without their consent. Under the scheme, consumer service personnel received bonuses worth tens of thousands of dollars if they could successfully dissuade or "save" half of the people who called to cancel service. For several years, AOL had instituted minimum retention or "save" percentages, which consumer representatives were expected to meet. These bonuses, and the minimum "save" rates accompanying them, had the effect of employees not honoring cancellations, or otherwise making cancellation unduly difficult for consumers.

Many customers complained that AOL personnel ignored their demands to cancel service and stop billing. On [[August 24]] [[2005]], America Online agreed to pay $1.25 million to the state of New York and reformed its customer service procedures. Under the agreement, AOL will no longer require its customer service representatives to meet a minimum quota for customer retention in order to receive a bonus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dc.bbb.org/report.html?national=Y&compid=2087 |title=AOL |accessdate=2008-01-22 |publisher=Better Business Bureau }}</ref>

On [[June 13]], [[2006]], a man named [[Vincent Ferrari]] documented his account cancellation phone call in a [http://insignificantthoughts.com/2006/06/13/cancelling-aol/ blog post], stating he had switched to broadband years earlier. In the recorded phone call, the AOL representative refused to cancel the account unless the 30-year-old Ferrari explained why AOL hours were still being recorded on it. Ferrari insisted that AOL software was not even installed on the computer. When Ferrari demanded that the account be canceled regardless, the AOL representative asked to speak with Ferrari's father, for whom the account had been set up. The conversation was aired on CNBC. When CNBC reporters tried to have an account on AOL cancelled, they were hung up on immediately and it ultimately took more than 45 minutes to cancel the account. AOL eventually fired the representative who had spoken to Ferrari and issued an apology.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13447232/ | title = How hard can it be to cancel an AOL account? | first = Jane|last = Wells|publisher = CNBC |date= [[2006-06-21]] | accessdate = 2006-07-24 }}</ref>

On [[July 19]], [[2006]], AOL's entire [[retention]] manual was released on the Internet. [http://www.consumerist.com/consumer/exclusive/aol-retention-manual-uploaded-in-full-188310.php] (7MB PDF).

On [[August 3]], [[2006]], [[Time Warner]] announced that the company would be dissolving AOL's retention centers due to its profits hinging on $1 billion in cost cuts. The company estimates that it will lose more than six million subscribers over the next year. [http://www.consumerist.com/consumer/aol/timewarner-dissolves-aol-retention-centers-191878.php]

=== Software ===
{{Refimprovesect|date=March 2008}}
In 2000, AOL was served with an $8 billion lawsuit alleging that its (now outdated) AOL 5.0 software caused significant difficulties for users attempting to use third-party Internet service providers. The lawsuit sought damages of up to $1000 for each user that had downloaded the software cited at the time of the lawsuit. AOL later agreed to a settlement of $15 million, without admission of wrongdoing. Now, the AOL software has a feature called AOL Dialer, or AOL Connect on Mac OS X. This feature allows users to connect to the ISP without running the full interface. This allows users to use only the applications they wish to use, especially if they do not favor the AOL Browser.

=== Usenet newsgroups ===
When AOL gave clients access to [[Usenet]] in 1993, they hid at least one newsgroup in standard list view: ''alt.aol-sucks''. AOL did list the newsgroup in the alternative description view, but changed the description to "Flames and complaints about America Online". With AOL clients swarming [[Usenet]] newsgroups, the old, existing user base started to develop a strong distaste for both AOL and its clients, referring to the new state of affairs as [[Eternal September]].

Later, AOL discontinued providing access to Usenet on [[June 25]], [[2005]] <ref>[http://www.betanews.com/article/AOL_Pulls_Plug_on_Newsgroup_Service/1106664611 BetaNews | AOL Pulls Plug on Newsgroup Service]</ref>. No official details were provided as to the cause of decommissioning Usenet access, except providing users the suggestion to access Usenet services from a third-party, [[Google Groups]]. Currently, AOL provides community-based [[Internet Forum| Message Boards]] in lieu of Usenet.

=== Terms of Service (TOS) ===
AOL has a detailed set of guidelines and expectations for users on their service, known as the [[Terms of Service]] (TOS). It is separated into three different sections: ''Member Agreement'', ''Community Guidelines'' and ''Privacy Policy''.<ref>[http://help.channels.aol.com/kjump.adp?articleId=221224 AOL® Member Agreement]</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]], TOS is known as Conditions of Service (COS).<ref>[http://help.aol.co.uk/conditions-of-service/article/20060802090809990001 Conditions of Service - AOL Help]</ref> All three agreements are presented to users at time of registration and digital acceptance is achieved when they access the AOL service.

There have been many complaints over rules that govern an AOL user's conduct. Some users disagree with the TOS, citing the guidelines are too strict to follow coupled with the fact the TOS may change without users being made aware. A considerable cause for this was likely due to alleged censorship of user-generated content during the earlier years of growth for AOL.<ref>http://www.aolwatch.org/censory.htm</ref><ref>[http://www.thetruthseeker.co.uk/article.asp?ID=3912 The Truth Seeker - Internet Censorship]</ref><ref>[http://www.fglaysher.com/bahaicensorship/AOLcensorship1.htm BAHAI CENSORSHIP ON AOL Censorship on AOL Late 1998-1999]</ref><ref>[http://w2.eff.org/Censorship/Online_services/?f=aol_secret_tos.manual.txt EFF:]</ref>

=== Certified e-mail ===
In early 2005, AOL stated its intention to implement [[certified e-mail]], which will allow companies to send email to users with whom they have pre-existing business relationships, with a visual indication that the email is from a trusted source and without the risk that the email messages might be blocked or stripped by [[spam filter]]s.

This decision has drawn fire from [[MoveOn]], which characterizes the program as an "e-mail tax", and the [[EFF]], which characterizes it as a shakedown of non profits <ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/archives/004398.php | title = AOL, Yahoo and Goodmail: Taxing Your Email for Fun and Profit|author = [[Cindy Cohn]]|publisher = [[EFF]] | date= 2006-02-08}}</ref>. A website called [http://web.archive.org/web/20070104175854/http://www.dearaol.com/ Dearaol.com] was launched, with an online petition and a blog that garnered hundreds of signatures from people and organizations expressing their opposition to AOL's use of goodmail.

[[Esther Dyson]] defended the move in a ''[[New York Times]]'' editorial saying "I hope Goodmail succeeds, and that it has lots of competition. I also think it and its competitors will eventually transform into services that more directly serve the interests of mail recipients. Instead of the fees going to Goodmail and EON, they will also be shared with the individual recipients."<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/17/opinion/17dyson.html?ex=1300251600&en=04138dcf8237c907&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss | title = You've Got Goodmail|author = [[Esther Dyson|Dyson, Esther]]|publisher = [[New York Times]] |date= [[2006-03-17]] | accessdate = 2006-07-24 }}</ref>.

Other members of the antispam and blogging community are broadly critical of moveon.org and the EFF's attempts to characterize this as a "shakedown".

Tim Lee of the [http://www.techliberation.com/archives/038303.php Technology Liberation Front] posted an article that questioned the EFF's adopting a confrontational posture when dealing with private companies. Lee's article cited a series of [http://www.politechbot.com/2006/04/15/debate-over-dearaolcom/ discussions] on [[Declan McCullagh]]'s [[Politechbot]] mailing list on this subject between the EFF's Danny O'Brien and antispammer Suresh Ramasubramanian, who has also [http://www.circleid.com/posts/eff_use_of_propaganda_karl_rove/ compared] the EFF's tactics in opposing Goodmail to tactics used by Republican political strategist [[Karl Rove]]. [[Spamassassin]] developer [[Justin Mason]] posted some criticism of the EFF's and Moveon's "going overboard" in their opposition to the scheme.

The dearaol.com campaign lost momentum and went defunct, with the last post to the now defunct dearaol.com blog - "AOL starts the shakedown" being made on [[May 9]], [[2006]].

=== Search data ===
{{main|AOL search data scandal}}

On [[August 4]] [[2006]], AOL released a compressed text file on one of its websites containing twenty million search [[keyword]]s for over 650,000 users over a 3-month period between [[March 1]], [[2006]] and [[May 31]], intended for research purposes. AOL pulled the file from public access by [[August 7]], but not before its wide distribution on the Internet by others. Derivative research, titled "[http://www.ir.iit.edu/~abdur/publications/pos-infoscale.pdf A Picture of Search]" was published by authors Pass, Chowdhury and Torgeson for [http://www.cs.hku.hk/infoscale06/ The First International Conference on Scalable Information Systems].

The data is being used by Web sites such as [http://www.aolstalker.com AOLstalker] for entertainment purposes, where users of AOLstalker are encouraged to judge AOL clients based on the humorousness of personal details revealed by search behavior.

As of [[December 11]], [[2007]], [[Google]] and the [[Microsoft]] search engine "store personal information for 18 months" and [[Yahoo!]] and AOL "retain search requests for 13 months".<ref>{{cite news|author=Liedtke, Michael|title=Ask.com will purge search info in hours|url=http://www.journalgazette.net/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071211/BIZ/712110335|work=Journal Gazette|publisher=Fort Wayne Newspapers|date=[[December 11]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-12-11}}</ref>

== Company purchases ==
As it grew, AOL purchased many other software companies, including:
*Redgate Communications, in August 1994, through which [[Ted Leonsis]] joined AOL.
*[[BookLink]] bought on [[December 29]] [[1994]].
*[[NaviSoft]]'s [[NaviServer]] (later to become [[AOLserver]]) on [[November 30]] [[1994]].
*Medior in May 1995, through which Barry Schuler joined the company.
*[[Ubique (company)|Ubique]] maker of [[Virtual places|Virtual Places]] on [[September 22]] [[1995]].
*[[Johnson-Grace]], developers of data compression technology, on [[February 1]] [[1996]]
*[[Global Network Navigator|GNN]] Global Network Navigator, 1995
*iAmaze
*[[ImagiNation Network|ImagiNation Network (I.N.N.)]] from [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]] on [[August 6]] [[1996]].
*[[CompuServe]] on [[February 22]] [[1998]].
*[[Mirabilis (company)|Mirabilis]] (maker of [[ICQ]]) on [[June 8]] [[1998]].
*Personal Library Software (PLS) (maker of CPL full text retrieval engine software) on [[November 11]] [[1998]].
*[[Nullsoft]] (maker of [[Winamp]]), in May 1999 for $86 million.
*[[Netscape Communications Corporation|Netscape]], on [[March 17]] [[1999]] for $4.2 billion.
*[[AOL Radio|Spinner.com]], formerly TheDJ.com, in May 1999 for $320 million.
*[[Moviefone]] on [[May 21]] [[1999]] as part of a $525 million stock deal.
*[[Tegic]] on [[December 1]] [[1999]].
*[[Mapquest]] on [[July 3]] [[2000]].
*[[Quack.com]], a voice-based infrastructure and services company, on [[August 31]] [[2000]] for $200 million.
*Gateway.net, an online company owned by computer manufacturer, Gateway, acquired in 2001.
*[[eVoice]], a telecom services company, in 2001.
*[http://infointeractive.com InfoInterActive], a telecom software company, on [[July 19]] [[2001]].
*[[DeadAIM]] in [[2003]].
*[[Singingfish]], an audio and video search engine, in November of 2003.
*[http://advertising.com Advertising.com], an Internet advertising agency, on [[August 2]] [[2004]].
*[http://mailblocks.com MailBlocks], a personal, Web-based email service, on [[August 4]] [[2004]].
*[http://xdrive.com Xdrive], a leading provider of [[online storage]] and [[file sharing]] services, on [[August 4]] [[2005]].
*[http://wildseed.com Wildseed], a privately held mobile software vendor, on [[August 8]] [[2005]].
*[[Weblogs, Inc.]], a [[blog]]ging network that runs such sites as [[Engadget]], [http://www.autoblog.com/ Autoblog], [http://www.cinematical.com/ Cinematical] and [[TV Squad]], on [[October 6]] [[2005]], for $30 million.
*[http://www.musicnow.com/ MusicNow], an online music service, from [[Circuit City]], on [[November 3]] [[2005]].
*[[Truveo]], a video search company, on [[December 21]] [[2005]], for $50 million.
*[http://www.lightningcast.com/ Lightningcast, Inc] a provider of technology that enables broadband audio and video marketing, branding and advertising, in May 2006.
*[[Userplane]], a [[social network]]ing software provider, in August 2006.<ref>[http://press.aol.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1031&section_id=14 AOL News and Broadcast Center]</ref>
*[http://www.gamedaily.com/ GameDaily], a gaming web site, in August 2006.<ref>[http://biz.gamedaily.com/industry/feature/?id=13535 Video Game Features, PC Game Features]</ref>
*[http://www.relegence.com/ Relegence], a financial news and information services company, in November 2006 for between $55 and $65 million.<ref>[http://www.relegence.com/November8.htm Relegence Corporation]</ref>
*[http://www.adtech.info/en/index.html AdTech], an advertising network based in Germany<ref>[http://press.aol.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1232 AOL News and Broadcast Center]</ref>
*[http://www.tacoda.com/ Tacoda], founded in 2001, a targeted advertising network
*[http://www.thirdscreenmedia.com/ Third Screen Media], a mobile advertising network, on [[May 15]], [[2007]]<ref>[http://www.thirdscreenmedia.com/wordpress/?p=117 The Third Word » Blog Archive » AOL Acquires Third Screen Media]</ref>
*[http://www.quigo.com Quigo Technologies, Inc.], a content-targeted advertising company, on [[December 20]] [[2007]]. <ref>[http://press.aol.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1374 AOL News and Broadcast Center]</ref>
*[http://www.buy.at buy.at Affiliate Network], on [[February 5]] [[2008]]<ref>[http://www.advertising.com/press_room_article.php?id=441 Advertising.com | Press Room]</ref>
*[[bebo]], on March 13, 2008.

== Company sales ==
AOL ([[Time Warner]]) has sold a number of its sub-companies in Europe. [[AOL Europe]] has six million users, but its subscription base had been steadily declining. In 2005, 287,000 European AOL online users migrated to other service providers.<ref>{{cite news
| url= http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/05/15/aol_for_sale/
| title= AOL Germany for sale?
| publisher= The Register
|date=2006-04-15
| accessdate=2006-11-08
}}</ref>
In September 2006, AOL Germany's ISP business (''AOL Deutschland [[GmbH]] & Co. [[Kommanditgesellschaft|KG]]'') was sold for $863m (€675m) to [[Telecom Italia]].<ref>{{cite news
| url= http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/telecom_italia_buys_aol
| title= Telecom Italia buys AOL Germany
|date=[[18 September]] [[2006]]
| accessdate=2006-11-11
}}</ref> AOL's German web portal ([http://www.aol.de AOL Deutschland]), however, is now operated by then newly founded ''AOL Deutschland Medien GmbH'' which still is a subsidiary of Time Warner.
In October 2006, [[AOL UK]]'s ISP business was sold for $688m (£370m) to [[Carphone Warehouse]].<ref name="CPW">{{cite news
| url= http://www.cpwplc.com/cpw/media/press/2006/2006-10-11/
| title= Carphone Warehouse to acquire Time Warner's AOL Internet access business in the UK for £370 million
| work= Carphone Warehouse Press Release
|date=2006-10-11 | accessdate=2006-10-27
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news
| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6039740.stm
| title= Carphone Warehouse buying AOL UK
| work= BBC News |date= 2006-10-11 | accessdate=2006-10-11
}}</ref>

== Notable people associated with AOL ==

*[[William von Meister]] (Original founder of Control Video Corporation)
*[[Marc Andreessen]] (Netscape co-founder)
*[[Peter Ban]]
*[[Jim Barksdale]] (former director)
*[[John Barnes]] (former head researcher)
*[[Randall Boe]] (Executive Vice President and General Counsel)
*[[Jan Brandt]] (former President of Marketing)
*[[Jason Calacanis]] (former CEO of Weblogs, Inc. and former GM of Netscape)
*[[Steve Case]] (former CEO and Board Chairman)
*[[Mary Cheney]] (Vice President for Consumer Advocacy and daughter of Vice-President Dick Cheney)
*[[Da Chronic]] (maker of [[AOHell]])
*[[Randy Falco]] (CEO and Board Chairman)
*[[Justin Frankel]] (Nullsoft founder)
*[[Maureen Govern]] (former CTO)
*[[Ron Grant]] (President and COO)
*[[Alexander Haig]] (former Director)
*[[Jim Kimsey]] (former CEO and Board Chairman)
*[[The Untouchable DJ Drastic|Daniel M. Johnson (The Untouchable DJ Drastic)]] (AOL Radio DJ and music industry professional)<ref>[http://music.aol.com/artist/the-untouchable-dj-drastic/343138 The Untouchable DJ Drastic - AOL Music]</ref>
*[[Michael Jones (Internet entrepreneur)|Michael Jones]] (former CEO of Userplane)
*[[Ted Leonsis]] (Vice Chairman, President AOL Audience Group)
*[[Jonathan Miller (America Online)|Jonathan Miller]] (former CEO and Board Chairman)
*[[Colin Powell]] (former Director)
*[[Michael Powell (politician)|Michael Powell]] (involved during merge with [[Time Warner]])
*[[William Raduchel]] (former CTO at AOL and former CFO at Sun Microsystems)
*[[Barry Schuler]] (former CEO)
*[[Jason Smathers]] (former AOL employee convicted of stealing America Online's 92 million screen names and selling it to known spammers.)<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8985989/ Ex-AOL worker who stole e-mail list sentenced - Security - MSNBC.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0623042aol1.html Pair Nailed In AOL Spam Scheme - June 23, 2004]</ref>

== Online security services ==
{{Articleissues|advert=February 2008|proseline=March 2008}}
AOL provides online security services for their free and paid subscribers. AOL partnered with [[McAfee]] to provide anti-virus software for Windows users. AOL's initial package was McAfee VirusScan 8.0 and Firewall Express 5.0. Initially, it was only available to paid subscribers using AOL 8.0 and 9.0; but is now available to users of version as old as 6.0.

In late-2005, AOL released AOL Safety & Security Center, a bundle of anti-virus, anti-spyware, firewal and phishing protection software. Replaced in 2007 by McAfee VirusScan Plus, the AOL Safety and Security Center included McAfee anti-virus, CA spyware protection, and home-grown anti-spam and anti-phishing protection services, plus AOL's proprietary parental controls and a firewall. The software was offered free of charge, but only to users with an AOL e-mail address or an AOL My eAddress running Microsoft Windows XP or 2000.

On [[August 7]], [[2006]] <ref>[http://press.aol.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1025 AOL News and Broadcast Center]</ref>, AOL released [[AOL Active Virus Shield]]. This software was developed by [[Kaspersky Lab]]. Active Virus Shield software was free and did not require an AOL account, only an internet e-mail address. It ran on various Microsoft operating systems including Windows 98, 2000, ME & XP. On [[August 1]], [[2007]], AOL halted new registrations for this service. This led to many users experiencing error messages and failed virus-signature updates. This likely exposed users to the risk of new virus infection. AOL was late to announce this shut-down, as it came over a week after the software stopped updating. This experiment lasted slightly less than one year.

On [[June 8]], [[2006]] <ref>[http://www.timewarner.com/corp/newsroom/pr/0,20812,1201969,00.html AOL Launches Free Software To Improve PC Security For All Internet Users]</ref>, AOL offered a new program called AOL Active Security Monitor. This is a diagnostic tool to check your security status, and recommends additional Security software from AOL or Download.com in the category you are lacking. The program rates a computer on Firewall, Virus Protection, Spyware Protection, Windows and Web Browsers, Wireless and Home Network, Peer to Peer, PC Utilities, as well as giving an overall PC Safety Score Summary. The current version (2.0.0.18) only supports Windows 2000 or XP with Internet Explorer 5.0 or greater.

On [[July 18]], [[2007]] <ref>[http://press.aol.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1269 AOL News and Broadcast Center]</ref>, AOL released [[McAfee VirusScan]] Plus - Special Edition from AOL (VSP) and it premium version named McAfee Internet Security Suite - Special Edition from AOL (MIS). It replaces both The AOL Safety and Security Center and the defunct AOL Active Virus Shield. Like the AOL Safety and Security Center, it is an all-in-one security suite available free of charge to all users with an AOL e-mail address. Free AOL users can download the VSP while paid subscriber can download MIS. VSP includes an anti-virus, an anti-spyware and a firewall. MIS contains all components of VSP plus includes tools like automatic back-up and one-click restore of computer critical files. Additionally, it supports several modern Microsoft Windows operating systems including Windows 2000, XP, and Vista. On this date, AOL pulled all further downloads of the defunct Active Virus Shield.

== Free services ==
{{proseline}}
On Wednesday [[August 2]] [[2006]] AOL announced: "We’re in the process of offering all of our content and many of our services for free -- with or without an AOL Internet connection."<ref>{{cite news
| url= http://www.themoneytimes.com/articles/20061004/aol_uses_refurbished_software_to_woo_customers-id-101785.html
| title= AOL Uses Refurbished Software to Woo Customers
| publisher= The Money Times
|date=[[4 October]] [[2006]] | accessdate=2006-11-11 }}</ref>

Among the announced plans are free email services similar to many 'free' email providers. Chatrooms are included with the free service, but users are required to verify the age of an account created under the free plan using a credit card. AOL charges $1 to the credit card provided and then immediately refunds the charge. Thus people making new accounts currently experience problems whereas those who have simply converted their pay accounts over to the free plan can chat without worry.

The current version of AOL's software as of August 2006, AOL 9.0, was once identified by [[Stopbadware]] as being "under investigation" [http://stopbadware.org/reports/reportdisplay?reportname=aol082706], for installing additional software without disclosure, and modifying browser preferences, toolbars, and icons. However, as of the release of AOL 9.0 VR (Vista Ready) on [[January 26]], [[2007]], it is no longer considered badware due to changes AOL made in the software [http://stopbadware.org/reports/reportdisplay?reportname=aol90vr].

On [[16 February]] [[2007]], it was announced that AOL now supports [[OpenID]].{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

On [[October 4]] [[2006]], AOL released its new, free Internet suite, AOL [[OpenRide]], which combines a web browser, instant messenger, email client and media player in one program window.

On [[March 13]] [[2008]], [[AOL]] purchased the popular networking site [[bebo]] for $850m (£417m), The price-tag is tiny when compared with the valuations of similar websites. [[Microsoft]] bought 1.6% of [[Facebook]] last year for $240m.

AOL currently provides free usage of a custom [[domain name]], which it calls an [http://domains.aol.com AOL My eAddress]. This currently allows you to create an e-mail address like 'example@whateveryouwant.com', and allows up to 100 other addresses to be created. These e-mail accounts can be accessed in similar manner to other AOL and AIM e-mail accounts. The domain, however, is currently limited to e-mail through AOL's service, and is solely registered to AOL. This may make it unsuitable for a corporate image, and currently does not allow a website or [[domain name service|DNS]] configuration. Details can be found in the [https://domains.aol.com/personaldomain/html/tos.html AOL My eAddress Terms of Service] under section 4 'Domain Name Registrations'.
In late 2006, AOL began offering free and unlimited digital picture storage for anyone who has an account (even free ones) with AOL, AIM, or AOL My eAddress. Users can access their photos at [http://pictures.aol.com/] which can be accessed with any account type, paid or free. There is no storage limit on the number of digital photos, and original resolutions are preserved. An ActiveX control provides a drag-n-drop interface, permitting users to drop an entire folder of photos into the web page to upload them. Features include tagging and photo descriptions, similar to Flickr.com's features.

=== AOL Video ===
AOL's free video service is AOL Video. AOL Video features professional content and allows users to upload videos as well. The original user-orientated video service was called UnCut Video, but was abandoned.

=== AOL Local ===
Consolidating local local-based products, AOL Local brings together like the popular [http://cityguide.aol.com/ AOL CityGuide], [http://yellowpages.aol.com/ AOL Yellow Pages] and [http://local.aol.com/ AOL Local Search] to help users find local information like restaurants, local events, and directory listings.

=== YouTube partnership ===
In addition to hosting UnCut Video, AOL is rumored to be partnering up with
[[YouTube]] by integrating video services
[http://www.inreview.com/showthread.php?postid=691353&forumid=1027#post691353].
Based on the leaked internal web site at AOL, some have also speculated that
YouTube is countering MySpace's efforts to compete with them
[http://youtubeforums.com/showthread.php?t=1427].

=== Xdrive ===
Xdrive is a service offered by AOL which allows users to back up their files over the Internet. The service provides a free 5 [[Gigabyte|GB]] account (free [[online storage]]) to anyone who has, or is willing to sign up for a free AOL screenname.<ref name="Pogue">{{cite news
| last =Pogue
| first =David
| coauthors =
| title =Fewer excuses for not doing a PC backup
| work =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =The New York Times
| date =[[January 6]] [[2007]]
| url =http://news.com.com/Fewer+excuses+for+not+doing+a+PC+backup/2100-1046_3-6147459.html?tag=nefd.lede
| accessdate =2007-01-06 }} Quote: "Online backups, where files are shuttled off to the Internet for safekeeping, are suddenly becoming effortless, capacious and even free."</ref>

Xdrive also offers remote backup services and 50GB of storage for a $9.95 per month fee.<ref name="Pogue"/>

Recently, problems have arisen with Xdrive signups. People who sign up for Xdrive using an existing AOL screenname have had their screenname disabled without explanation. Those who had been using AIM as a free service, even under screennames in existence for many years, have been unable to get the accounts reinstated or access the data associated with them. In addition, affected users with free AIM accounts cannot reach AOL for help or even for information, as their phone support explicitly excludes such users. AOL is apparently either unaware of this problem or has no intention to investigate or rectify it. In addition canceling the account seems to be very difficult even for paying customers. Online help suggests that it can be done with either support email or by phone using 1-800 number. Unfortunately due to constant technical problems the phone number and the email address are not visible for every paying account. Even with email canceling option many have stated that phone call to 1-800 number was required while others have found that changing their credit card was the only option.

=== Bebo ===
On [[March 13]] [[2008]], [[AOL]] purchased the popular networking site [[Bebo]] for $850m (£417m), The price-tag is tiny when compared with the valuations of similar websites. [[Microsoft]] bought 1.6% of [[Facebook]] last year for $240m.

== Movie studios partnership ==
[[Image:Aolbeverlyhillsoffice.jpg|thumb|AOL's Beverly Hills branch office]]

On Friday, [[August 25]], [[2006]], AOL announced that it had signed a deal with several major movie studios to open an online video store allowing users to "download to own" full length movies and television shows. The deal was signed with [[News Corporation]]'s [[20th Century Fox]], [[Sony]] Corp.'s [[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]], [[NBC Universal]]'s [[Universal Pictures]], and Time Warner Inc.'s [[Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Group]]<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/24/AR2006082401544.html
|title=AOL Goes Hollywood With Video Portal
|date=2006-08-25
|publisher=The Washington Post
}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[AOL Mail]]
*[[AOL Radio]]
*[[AOHell]]
*[[AOL Explorer]]
*[[Eternal September]]
*[[Inside-AOL.com]]
*[[Vincent Ferrari]]
*[[Tier 1 carrier]]
*[[Sessions@AOL]]
*[[.art]]
*[[AOL UK]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.aol.com/ AOL]
*[http://corp.aol.com/ AOL Corporate]
*[http://discover.aol.com/international.adp AOL International Services]
*[http://www.aol.in/ AOL India]
*[http://canada.aol.ca AOL Canada]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Time Warner}}
{{IT giants}}

[[Category:AOL]]
[[Category:Companies based in Dulles, Virginia]]
[[Category:Companies based in New York City]]
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[[Category:Online service providers]]
[[Category:Internet companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Internet service providers of the United States]]
[[Category:Time Warner subsidiaries]]
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[[Category:Global internet community]]
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[[Category:Pre-World Wide Web online services]]

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Transcoding

2008-03-13T10:13:20Z

62.101.100.5: /* External links */

'''Transcoding''' is the direct digital-to-digital conversion from one (usually [[lossy]]) [[codec]] to another. It involves decoding/decompressing the original data to a raw intermediate format (i.e. [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]] for audio or [[YUV]] for video), in a way that mimics standard playback of the lossy content, and then re-encoding this into the target format.
The simplest way to do transcoding is to decode bitstream into YUV format using compatible decoder and then encode the data using encoder of different standard. Better way to transcode is to change the bitstream format from one standard to another without undergoing complete decoding and encoding process.
Many algorithms exist to achieve this.

Transrating is a process similar to trancoding in which files are coded to a lower bitrate without changing video formats. Need for transrating arises from the fact that the bitrate requirement varies from channel to channel because of vastness in the compression standards in use. Changing the picture size of video is known as transsizing.

==Limitations==
[[Compression artifact]]s are cumulative, therefore transcoding between lossy codecs causes a progressive loss of quality with each successive generation. For this reason, it is generally discouraged unless unavoidable. For instance, if an individual owns a [[digital audio player]] that does not support a particular format (e.g., [[Apple Computer|Apple]] [[iPod]] and [[Ogg Vorbis]]), then the only way for the owner to use content encoded in that format is to transcode it to a supported format. It is better to retain a copy in a lossless format (such as [[TTA (codec)|TTA]], [[FLAC]] or [[WavPack]]), and then encode directly from the lossless source file to the lossy formats required.

==Usage==
Transcoding can be found in many areas of content adaptation however it is commonly used in the area of mobile phones content adaptation.
In the world of mobile content, transcoding is a must due to the diversity of mobile devices.
This diversity requires an intermediate state of content adaptation in order to make sure that the source content will adequately present on the target device it is sent to.

One of the most popular technologies in which transcoding is used is [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]] (Multimedia Messaging System) which is the technology used to send or receive messages with media (Image, Sound, Text and Video) between mobile phones. For example, when using a camera phone to take a digital picture you are actually creating a high-resolution [[JPEG]] image, usually at least 640x480 with 24 bits of color. However when sending the image to another phone this high resolution image might be transcoded to a lower resolution image with less amount of color in order to better fit the target device's screen size and color limitation (e.g. 120x160 and 16 bits of color).
This size and color reduction not only improves the user experience on the target device but is sometimes the only way for content to be sent between different mobile devices.

Transcoding may also refer to the process of directly changing assembled code to work on a different platform or operating system. While it is usually preferable to use [[source code]] and recompile the application, there are times when this is either overkill or impossible, usually when the source code is unavailable. One example would be taking [[Direct3D]] function calls and turning them into [[OpenGL]] calls.

Transcoding is extensively used by [[Home theatre PC]] software, such as [[MythTV]] and [[Freevo]] to reduce disk space of video files. The most common operation in this application is the transcoding of [[MPEG-2]] files to the [[MPEG-4]] format.

On-the-fly or real-time transcoding in a many-to-many way (any input format into any output format) is becoming a necessity to provide true search capability for any multimedia content on any mobile device. With over 500 million videos on the web and a plethora of mobile devices, this is considered the next killer application for the mobile devices. The current players in this space are [http://blueapple.mobi blueapple.mobi] and [http://m.google.com m.google.com]which are both wap-based video search and delivery services

==References==
* [[Federal Standard 1037C]]
* [[MIL-STD-188]]
* [[List of Portable Multimedia Software]]

==External links==
* [http://www.rekast.eu Real-Time Video Transcoding]
* [http://www.transcoding.org/cgi-bin/transcode Transcode video software]
* [http://alembik.sourceforge.net/ Alembik Transcoder Server]
* [http://www.oma-works.org/technical/release_program/sti_v10.aspx STI - Standard Transcoding Interface]
* [http://www.ed-china.com/ARTICLES/2006NOV/2/2006NOV10_HA_AVC_HN_12.PDF IDC Report on Video Transcoding]
* [http://www.ripcode.com/prodForm.php 2007 IDC Report on On-Demand Video Transcoding]

[[Category:Multimedia frameworks]]
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[[Category:Video codecs]]
[[Category:Video conversion software]]
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Web 2.0

2008-03-12T14:27:40Z

62.101.100.5:

[[Image:Web 2.0 Map.svg|thumb|On [[September 30]], [[2005]], [[Tim O'Reilly]] wrote a [http://www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/6228 piece] summarizing his view of Web 2.0. The [[mind map|mind-map]] pictured above (constructed by Markus Angermeier <ref>[http://kosmar.de/archives/2005/11/11/the-huge-cloud-lens-bubble-map-web20/ Markus Angermeier : Web 2.0 Mindmap] [http://nerdwideweb.com/web20/ Translated versions]</ref> on [[November 11]] [[2015]]) sums up some of the [[theme]]s of Web 2.0, with example-sites and services attached.]]

'''''Web 2.0''''' is a trend in [[World Wide Web]] technology, and [[web design]], a second [[generation]] of web-based communities and [[Web service|hosted services]] such as [[social networking sites|social-networking sites]], [[wiki]]s, [[blog]]s, and [[Folksonomy|folksonomies]], which aim to facilitate [[creativity]], collaboration, and sharing among users. The term became notable after the first [[O'Reilly Media]] Web 2.0 conference in [[2004]].<ref name="graham">
{{
cite web
|url=http://www.paulgraham.com/web20.html
|title=Web 2.0
|author=[[Paul Graham]]
|month=November
|year=2005
|accessdate=2006-08-02
|quote="I first heard the phrase 'Web 2.0' in the name of the Web 2.0 conference in 2004."
}}</ref><ref>
{{
cite web
|url=http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html
|title=What Is Web 2.0
|publisher=O'Reilly Network
|author=[[Tim O'Reilly]]
|date=2005-09-30
|accessdate=2006-08-06
}}
</ref> Although the term suggests a new version of the [[World Wide Web]], it does not refer to an update to any technical specifications, but to changes in the ways [[software developer]]s and [[End-user (computer science)| end-users]] use webs. According to [[Tim O'Reilly]]:

<blockquote>
"Web 2.0 is the [[business]] [[revolution]] in the [[computer industry]] caused by the move to the [[Internet]] as [[Platform (computing)| platform]], and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform."
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/12/web_20_compact.html
|title=Web 2.0 Compact Definition: Trying Again
|author=Tim O'Reilly
|date=[[2006-12-10]]
|accessdate=2007-01-20
}}
</ref>
</blockquote>

Some technology experts, notably [[Tim Berners-Lee]], have questioned whether one can use the term in a meaningful way, since many of the technology components of "Web 2.0" have existed since the early days of the Web.<ref name="developerWorks Interviews: Tim Berners-Lee">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/podcast/dwi/cm-int082206txt.html
|title=developerWorks Interviews: Tim Berners-Lee
|date=7-28-2006
|accessdate=2007-02-07
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060901-7650.html
|title=Tim Berners-Lee on Web 2.0: "nobody even knows what it means"
|author=Nate Anderson
|date=2006-09-01
|accessdate=2006-09-05
|publisher=arstechnica.com
}} </ref>

== Definition ==

Web 2.0 has numerous definitions. [[Tim O'Reilly]] regards Web 2.0 as [[business]] embracing the web as a platform and using its strengths (global audiences, for example).{{Fact|date=November 2007}} O'Reilly considers that [[Eric E. Schmidt|Eric Schmidt]]'s abridged slogan, ''don't fight the Internet'', encompasses the essence of Web 2.0 — building applications and [[Web service|services]] around the unique features of the [[Internet]], as opposed to building applications and expecting the Internet to suit as a platform (effectively "fighting the Internet").

In the opening talk of the [[Web 2.0 Conference (2004)|first Web 2.0 conference]], O'Reilly and [[John Battelle]] summarized what they saw as the themes of Web 2.0. They argued that the web had become a [[platform (software)|platform]], with software above the level of a single device, leveraging the power of the [[The Long Tail| "Long Tail"]], and with data as a driving force. According to O'Reilly and Battelle, an [[Software architecture| architecture]] of participation where users can contribute website content creates [[network effect]]s. Web 2.0 technologies tend to foster [[innovation]] in the assembly of systems and [[website| site]]s composed by pulling together features from distributed, independent developers (a kind of "open source" development and an end to the software-adoption cycle (the so-called "[[perpetual beta]]"). Web 2.0 technology encourages [[Lightweight (disambiguation)| lightweight]] [[business model]]s enabled by [[Web syndication|syndication]] of content and of service and by ease of picking-up by [[early adopter]]s.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://conferences.oreillynet.com/pub/w/32/presentations.html
|title=Web 2.0 Conference
|publisher=conferences.oreillynet.com
|accessdate=2007-11-08
}}
</ref>

O'Reilly provided examples of companies or products that embody these principles in his description of his four levels in the hierarchy of Web 2.0-ness. Level-3 applications, the most "Web 2.0"-oriented, only exist on the Internet, deriving their effectiveness from the inter-human connections and from the network effects that Web 2.0 makes possible, and growing in effectiveness in proportion as people make more use of them. O'Reilly gave as examples [[eBay]], [[Craigslist]], [[Wikipedia]], [[del.icio.us]], [[Skype]], [[Dodgeball (service)| dodgeball]] and [[AdSense]]. Level-2 applications can operate offline but gain advantages from going online. O'Reilly cited [[Flickr]], which benefits from its shared photo-database and from its community-generated tag database. Level-1 applications operate offline but gain features online. O'Reilly pointed to Writely (now [[Google Docs & Spreadsheets]]) and [[iTunes]] (because of its music-store portion). Level-0 applications work as well offline as online. O'Reilly gave the examples of [[MapQuest]], [[List of Yahoo!-owned sites and services| Yahoo! Local]] and [[Google Maps]] (mapping-applications using contributions from users to advantage can rank as "level 2"). Non-web applications like [[email]], [[Comparison of instant messaging clients| instant-messaging client]]s and the [[telephone]] fall outside the above hierarchy.<ref>{{
cite web
|title=Levels of the Game: The Hierarchy of Web 2.0 Applications
|work=O'Reilly radar
|url=http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/07/levels_of_the_game.html
|author=[[Tim O'Reilly]]
|date=[[2006-07-17]]
|accessdate=2006-08-08
}}
</ref>

In alluding to the [[version]]-numbers that commonly designate software upgrades, the phrase "Web 2.0" hints at an improved form of the World Wide Web. Technologies such as [[weblog]]s ([[blogs]]), [[wiki]]s, [[podcast]]s, [[RSS (file format)|RSS feed]]s (and other forms of many-to-many publishing), [[social software]], and web [[application programming interface]]s (APIs) provide enhancements over read-only websites. [[Stephen Fry]], who writes a column about technology in the British ''[[The Guardian | Guardian]]'' newspaper, describes Web 2.0 as:

<blockquote>
"...an idea in people's heads rather than a reality. It’s actually an idea that the reciprocity between the user and the provider is what's emphasised. In other words, genuine interactivity, if you like, simply because people can upload as well as download".<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Stephen Fry: Web 2.0
|url=http://www.videojug.com/interview/stephen-fry-web-20
|format=Video interview ([[Adobe Flash]])
|accessdate=2007-07-26
}}
</ref>
</blockquote>

The idea of "Web 2.0" can also relate to a transition of some [[website]]s from isolated [[information silo]]s to interlinked [[platform (computing)|computing platform]]s that function like locally-available software in the perception of the user. Web 2.0 also includes a social element where users generate and distribute content, often with freedom to share and re-use. This can result in a rise in the economic value of the web to businesses, as users can perform more activities online.<ref>{{cite web|title=Web 2.0 is all about understanding the economic value of social interaction|url=http://www.alootechie.com/news/1977.asp|publisher=AlooTechie|accessdate=2008-02-23|date=2007-01-21|author=Barnwal, Rajesh}}</ref>

Others have provided additional definitions of Web 2.0:
* "...the philosophy of mutually maximizing collective intelligence and added value for each participant by formalized and dynamic information sharing and creation." <ref>Högg, R. Meckel, M., Stanoevska-Slabeva, K., Martignoni, R., 2006. Overview of business models for Web 2.0 communities. Proceedings of GeNeMe, p.23-37.</ref>.

* "...all those Internet utilities and services sustained in a data base which can be modified by users whether in its content (adding, changing or deleting- information or associating metadates with the existing information), or how to display them, or in content and external aspect simultaneously."<ref>
{{
cite web
|title=La Web 2.0. El valor de los metadatos y de la inteligencia colectiva
|work=Telos. Cuadernos de Comunicación, Tecnología y Sociedad
|url=http://www.campusred.net/TELOS/articuloperspectiva.asp?idarticulo=2&rev=73
|author=[[Xavier Ribes]]
|date=[[2007-10-01]]
|accessdate=2008-01-08
}}
</ref>

== Characteristics ==
Web 2.0 websites allow users to do more than just retrieve information. They can build on the interactive facilities of "[[Web 1.0]]" to provide [[Web operating system|"Network as platform"]] computing, allowing users to run software-applications entirely through a browser.<ref name="oreilly">{{
cite web
|url=http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html
|title=What Is Web 2.0
|publisher=O'Reilly Network
|author=[[Tim O'Reilly]]
|date=[[2005-09-30]]
|accessdate=2006-08-06
}}</ref> Users can own the data on a Web 2.0 site and exercise control over that data.<ref name="hinchcliffe">{{
cite web
|url=http://web2.wsj2.com/the_state_of_web_20.htm
|title=The State of Web 2.0
|publisher=Web Services Journal
|author=Dion Hinchcliffe
|date=[[2006-04-02]]
|accessdate=2006-08-06
}}</ref><ref name="oreilly" /> These sites may have an "Architecture of participation" that encourages users to add value to the application as they use it.<ref name="oreilly" /><ref name="graham" />
This stands in contrast to very old traditional websites, the sort which limited visitors to viewing and whose content only the site's owner could modify. Web 2.0 sites often feature a rich, user-friendly interface based on [[Ajax (programming)|Ajax]],<ref name="oreilly" /><ref name="graham" /> [[Adobe Flex|Flex]] or similar rich media. The sites may also have [[social networking|social-networking]] aspects.<ref name="hinchcliffe" /><ref name="oreilly" />

The concept of Web-as-[[Participatory culture|participation]]-platform captures many of these characteristics. [[Bart Decrem]], a founder and former CEO of [[Flock (web browser)|Flock]], calls Web 2.0 the "participatory Web"<ref name="decrem">{{
cite web
|url=http://www.flock.com/node/4500
|title=Introducing Flock Beta 1
|publisher=[[Flock]] official [[blog]]
|author=Bart Decrem
|date=2006-06-13
|accessdate=2007-01-13}}</ref> and regards the Web-as-information-source as Web 1.0.

The impossibility of excluding group-members who don’t contribute to the provision of goods from sharing profits gives rise to the possibility that rational members will prefer to withhold their contribution of effort and [[free rider problem|free-ride]] on the contribution of others.<ref>
Gerald Marwell and Ruth E. Ames: "Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods. I. Resources, Interest, Group Size, and the Free-Rider Problem". ''The American Journal of Sociology'', Vol. 84, No. 6 (May, 1979), pp. 1335-1360
</ref>

According to Best<ref>Best, D., 2006. Web 2.0 Next Big Thing or Next Big Internet Bubble? Lecture Web Information Systems. Techni sche Universiteit Eindhoven.</ref>, the characteristics of Web 2.0 are: rich user experience, user participation, dynamic content, metadata, web standards and scalability. Three further characteristics that Best did not mention about web 2.0: openness, freedom<ref>Greenemeier, L. & Gaudin, S., 2007. Amid the rush to Web 2.0, some words of warning. InformationWEEK, 140(1), p.38-50. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=inh&AN=9614283&site=ehost-live [Accessed February 6, 2008].</ref> and collective intelligence <ref>O’Reilly, T., 2005. What is Web 2.0. Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software, 30, p.2005.</ref> by way of user participation – all should be viewed as essential attributes of Web 2.0.

== Technology overview ==

The sometimes complex and continually evolving technology infrastructure of Web 2.0 includes [[computer server|server]]-software, [[content syndication| content-syndication]], [[List of network protocols| messaging-protocol]]s, standards-oriented [[web browser| browser]]s with [[plugin]]s and [[extension]]s, and various client-applications. The differing, yet complementary approaches of such elements provide Web 2.0 sites with [[Computer data storage| information-storage]], creation, and dissemination challenges and capabilities that go beyond what the public formerly expected in the environment of the so-called "Web 1.0".

Web 2.0 websites typically include some of the following features/techniques:

* [[Cascading Style Sheets]] to aid in the separation of presentation and content
* [[Folksonomy|Folksonomies]] (collaborative tagging, social classification, social indexing, and social tagging)
* [[Microformats]] extending pages with additional [[semantics]]
* [[Representational State Transfer|REST]] and/or [[Extensible Markup Language|XML]]- and/or [[JSON]]-based [[application programming interface|API]]s
* [[Rich Internet application]] techniques, often [[Ajax (programming)|Ajax]]-based
* Semantically valid [[XHTML]] and [[HTML]] [[markup language| markup]]
* Syndication, aggregation and notification of data in [[RSS (file format)|RSS]] or [[Atom (standard)|Atom]] feeds
* [[Mashup (web application hybrid)| mashups]], merging content from different sources, client- and server-side
* [[Weblog]]-publishing tools
* [[wiki]] or [[Internet forum|forum]] software, etc., to support [[user generated content| user-generated content]]

== Associated innovations ==
It is a common misconception that "Web 2.0" refers to various visual design elements such as rounded corners or drop shadows. While such design elements have commonly been found on popular Web 2.0 sites, the truth is that the association is merely one of fashion, a designer preference which became popular around the same time that "Web 2.0" became a [[buzz word]].

Another common missassociation with Web 2.0 is [[Ajax (programming)|AJAX]]. This error probably comes about because many Web 2.0 sites rely heavily on AJAX or [[DHTML]] effects commonly associated with AJAX. So while AJAX is often required for Web 2.0 sites to function ''well'', it is (usually) not ''required'' for them to function.

== Web-based applications and desktops ==
[[Ajax (programming)|Ajax]] has prompted the development of websites that mimic [[personal computer]] applications, such as [[word processor|word processing]], the [[spreadsheet]], and [[presentation program|slide-show presentation]]. [[WYSIWYG]] [[wiki]] sites replicate many features of PC authoring applications. Still other sites perform collaboration and [[project management]] functions. In 2006 [[Google|Google, Inc.]] acquired one of the best-known sites of this broad class, [[Google Docs & Spreadsheets|Writely]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.news.com/2100-1032_3-6048136.html
|title=Google buys Web word-processing technology | CNET News.com
|publisher=www.news.com
|accessdate=2007-12-12
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>

Several browser-based "[[operating system]]s" have emerged, including [[EyeOS]]<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.techcrunch.com/2006/11/27/eyeos-open-source-webos-for-the-masses/
|title=Can eyeOS Succeed Where Desktop.com Failed?
|publisher=www.techcrunch.com
|accessdate=2007-12-12
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref> and [[YouOS]]<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/techbeat/archives/2006/03/hey_youos.html
|title=Tech Beat Hey YouOS! - BusinessWeek
|publisher=www.businessweek.com
|accessdate=2007-12-12
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>. They essentially function as application platforms, not as operating systems ''per se''. These services mimic the user experience of desktop operating-systems, offering features and applications similar to a PC environment. They have as their distinguishing characteristic the ability to run within any modern browser.

Numerous web-based application services appeared during the [[dot-com bubble]] of 1997–2001 and then vanished, having failed to gain a critical mass of customers. In 2005, [[WebEx]] acquired one of the better-known of these, [[Intranets.com]], for USD45 million.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,122068-page,1/article.html
|title=PC World - WebEx Snaps Up Intranets.com
|publisher=www.pcworld.com
|accessdate=2007-12-12
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>

{{Unreferencedsection|date=November 2007}}

=== Rich Internet applications ===

{{main|Rich Internet application}}

[[rich Internet application|Rich-Internet application]] techniques such as [[AJAX (programming)|AJAX]], [[Adobe Flash]], [[Adobe Flex|Flex]], [[Java applet|Java]], and [[Microsoft Silverlight|Silverlight]] have evolved that have the potential to improve the [[user experience|user-experience]] in browser-based applications. These technologies allow a web-page to request an update for some part of its content, and to alter that part in the browser, without needing to refresh the whole page at the same time.

;Server-side software
Functionally, Web 2.0 applications build on the existing [[Web server]] architecture, but rely much more heavily on [[back end|back-end]] software. Syndication differs only nominally from the methods of publishing using [[dynamic content management]], but web services typically require much more robust [[database]] and [[workflow]] support, and become very similar to the traditional [[intranet]] functionality of an [[application server]]. Vendor approaches [[as of 2007|to date]] fall either under a universal server approach (which bundles most of the necessary functionality in a single server platform) or under a web-server [[plugin]] approach (which uses standard publishing tools enhanced with API interfaces and other tools).

;Client-side software
The extra functionality provided by Web 2.0 depends on the ability of users to work with the data stored on [[web server|server]]s. This can come about through [[form (web)|form]]s in an [[HTML]] page, through a scripting-language such as [[Javascript]] / [[Ajax (programming) | Ajax]], or through [[Adobe Flash|Flash]], [[Microsoft Silverlight|Silverlight]] or [[Java applet| Java Applets]]. These methods all make use of the [[client (computing)|client]] computer to reduce server workloads and to increase the responsiveness of the application.

=== XML and RSS ===

Advocates of "Web 2.0" may regard syndication of site content as a Web 2.0 feature, involving as it does standardized protocols, which permit end-users to make use of a site's data in another context (such as another website, a browser plugin, or a separate desktop application). Protocols which permit syndication include [[RSS (file format)|RSS]] (Really Simple Syndication — also known as "web syndication"), [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]] (as in RSS 1.1), and [[Atom (standard)|Atom]], all of them [[XML]]-based formats. Observers have started to refer to these technologies as "[[Web feed]]" as the usability of Web 2.0 evolves and the more user-friendly Feeds icon supplants the RSS icon.

;Specialized protocols
Specialized protocols such as [[FOAF (software)|FOAF]] and [[XHTML Friends Network|XFN]] (both for [[social networking]]) extend the functionality of sites or permit end-users to interact without centralized websites.

=== Web APIs ===

Machine-based interaction, a common feature of Web 2.0 sites, uses two main approaches to Web APIs, which allow web-based access to data and functions: [[Representational State Transfer|REST]] and [[SOAP]].

# REST (Representational State Transfer) Web APIs use [[HTTP]] alone to interact, with XML or JSON payloads;
# SOAP involves [[HTTP#Request Methods|POSTing]] more elaborate XML messages and requests to a server that may contain quite complex, but pre-defined, instructions for the server to follow.

Often servers use proprietary APIs, but standard APIs (for example, for posting to a blog or notifying a blog update) have also come into wide use. Most communications through APIs involve [[XML]] (eXtensible Markup Language) or [[JSON]] payloads.

See also [[Web Services Description Language]] (WSDL) (the standard way of publishing a SOAP API) and this [[List of Web service specifications|list of Web Service specifications]].

== Economics ==

The analysis of the economic implications of "Web 2.0" applications and loosely-associated technologies such as wikis, blogs, social-networking, open-source, open-content, file-sharing, peer-production, etc. has also gained scientific attention. This area of research investigates the implications Web 2.0 has for an economy and the principles underlying the economy of Web 2.0.

[[Don Tapscott]] and Anthony D. Williams argue in their book ''[[Wikinomics|Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything]]'' (2006) that the economy of "the new web" depends on mass collaboration. Tapscott and Williams regard it as important for new media companies to find ways of how to make profit with the help of Web 2.0.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} The prospective Internet-based economy that they term "Wikinomics" would depend on the principles of openness, peering, sharing, and acting globally. They identify seven Web 2.0 business-models (peer pioneers, ideagoras, [[prosumer]]s, new Alexandrians, platforms for participation, global plantfloor, wiki workplace).{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

Organizations could make use of these principles and models in order to prosper with the help of Web 2.0-like applications: "Companies can design and assemble products with their customers, and in some cases customers can do the majority of the value creation".<ref>
Tapscott, Don and Anthony D. Williams. 2007. ''Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything''. New York: Penguin. pp. 289sq.
</ref>
"In each instance the traditionally passive buyers of editorial and advertising take active, participatory roles in value creation."<ref>
Tapscott, Don and Anthony D. Williams. 2007. ''Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything''. New York: Penguin. p. 14.
</ref>
Tapscott and Williams suggest business strategies as "models where masses of consumers, employees, suppliers, business partners, and even competitors cocreate value in the absence of direct managerial control".<ref>
Tapscott, Don and Anthony D. Williams. 2007. ''Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything''. New York: Penguin. p. 55.
</ref> Tapscott and Williams see the outcome as an economic democracy.

Some other views in the scientific debate agree with Tapscott and Williams that value-creation increasingly depends on harnessing open source/content, networking, sharing, and peering, but disagree that this will result in an economic democracy, predicting a subtle form and deepening of exploitation, in which Internet-based global outsourcing reduces labour-costs. In such a view, the economic implications of a new web might include on the one hand the emergence of new business-models based on global outsourcing, whereas on the other hand non-commercial online platforms could undermine profit-making and anticipate a co-operative economy. For example, Tiziana Terranova speaks of "free labor" (performed without payment) in the case where prosumers produce surplus value in the circulation-sphere of the cultural industries.<ref> Terranova, Tiziana. 2000. "Free Labor: Producing Culture for the Digital Economy". ''Social Text'' 18(2): 33-57. </ref>

== Criticism ==

The argument exists that "Web 2.0" does not represent a new version of the [[World Wide Web]] at all, but merely continues to use so-called "Web 1.0" technologies and concepts. Note that techniques such as [[AJAX (programming)|AJAX]] do not replace underlying protocols like [[HTTP]], but add an additional layer of abstraction on top of them. Many of the ideas of Web 2.0 had already featured in implementations on networked systems well before the term "Web 2.0" emerged. [[Amazon.com]], for instance, has allowed users to write reviews and consumer guides since its launch in 1995, in a form of self-publishing. Amazon also opened its API to outside developers in 2002.<ref>{{
cite web
|title=Amazon Web Services API
|work=O'Reilly Network
|url=http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/wlg/1707?wlg=yes
|author=[[Tim O'Reilly]]
|date=2002-06-18
|accessdate=2006-05-27
}}</ref> Previous developments also came from research in [[Computer Supported Collaborative Learning|computer-supported collaborative learning]] and [[CSCW|computer-supported cooperative work]] and from established products like [[Lotus Notes]] and [[Lotus Domino]].

In a podcast interview Tim Berners-Lee described the term "Web 2.0" as a "piece of jargon": "nobody really knows what it means"; and went on to say "if Web 2.0 for you is blogs and wikis, then that is people to people. But that was what the Web was supposed to be all along."<ref name="developerWorks Interviews: Tim Berners-Lee"/>

Other criticism has included the term "a second bubble," (referring to the [[Dot-com bubble]] of circa 1995–2001), suggesting that too many Web 2.0 companies attempt to develop the same product with a lack of business models. ''[[The Economist]]'' has written of "Bubble 2.0."<ref>{{
cite web
|title=Bubble 2.0
|work=The Economist
|url=http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_QQNVDDS
|date=2005-12-22
|accessdate=2006-12-20
}}
</ref>

[[Venture capital]]ist [[Josh Kopelman]] noted that Web 2.0 excited only 530,651 people (the number of subscribers to [[TechCrunch]], a Weblog covering Web 2.0 matters), too few users to make them an economically-viable target for consumer applications.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=53,651
|author=[[Josh Kopelman]]
|work=Redeye VC
|url=http://redeye.firstround.com/2006/05/53651.html
|date=2006-05-11
|accessdate=2006-12-21
}}
</ref>

== Trademark ==

In [[November 2004]], [[CMP Media]] applied to the [[USPTO]] for a [[service mark]] on the use of the term "WEB 2.0" for live events.<ref>
[http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=78322306 USPTO serial number 78322306]
</ref>
On the basis of this application, CMP Media sent a [[cease and desist|cease-and-desist]] demand to the [[Ireland|Irish]] non-profit organization [[IT@Cork]] on [[May 24]], [[2006]],<ref>
{{cite web
|title=O'Reilly and CMP Exercise Trademark on 'Web 2.0'
|work=Slashdot
|url=http://yro.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/05/26/1238245
|date=2006-05-26
|accessdate=2006-05-27
}}
</ref>
but retracted it two days later.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=O'Reilly's coverage of Web 2.0 as a service mark
|work=O'Reilly Radar
|url=http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/05/more_on_our_web_20_service_mar.html
|author=Nathan Torkington
|date=2006-05-26
|accessdate=2006-06-01
}}
</ref>
The "WEB 2.0" service mark registration passed final PTO Examining Attorney review on [[May 10]], [[2006]], but as of [[June 12]], [[2006]] the PTO had not published the mark for opposition. The [[European Union]] application (application number 004972212, which would confer unambiguous status in Ireland) remains [[as of 2007| currently]] pending after its filing on [[March 23]], [[2006]].

== See also ==

{{Wikiversity}}

* [[Consumer generated media|Consumer-generated media]]
* [[Mashup (web application hybrid)|Mashups]]
* [[New Media]]
* [[User-generated content]]
* [[Web 1.0]]
* [[Web 3.0]]

== Further reading ==
*[http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/issue/view/263/showToc "Critical Perspectives on Web 2.0"], Special issue of ''[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]]'', 13(3), 2008.

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}



[[Category:Branding]]
[[Category:Buzzwords]]
[[Category:World Wide Web]]
[[Category:Web services]]
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Transcoding

2008-03-11T17:45:44Z

62.101.100.5: /* External links */

'''Transcoding''' is the direct digital-to-digital conversion from one (usually [[lossy]]) [[codec]] to another. It involves decoding/decompressing the original data to a raw intermediate format (i.e. [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]] for audio or [[YUV]] for video), in a way that mimics standard playback of the lossy content, and then re-encoding this into the target format.
The simplest way to do transcoding is to decode bitstream into YUV format using compatible decoder and then encode the data using encoder of different standard. Better way to transcode is to change the bitstream format from one standard to another without undergoing complete decoding and encoding process.
Many algorithms exist to achieve this.

Transrating is a process similar to trancoding in which files are coded to a lower bitrate without changing video formats. Need for transrating arises from the fact that the bitrate requirement varies from channel to channel because of vastness in the compression standards in use. Changing the picture size of video is known as transsizing.

==Limitations==
[[Compression artifact]]s are cumulative, therefore transcoding between lossy codecs causes a progressive loss of quality with each successive generation. For this reason, it is generally discouraged unless unavoidable. For instance, if an individual owns a [[digital audio player]] that does not support a particular format (e.g., [[Apple Computer|Apple]] [[iPod]] and [[Ogg Vorbis]]), then the only way for the owner to use content encoded in that format is to transcode it to a supported format. It is better to retain a copy in a lossless format (such as [[TTA (codec)|TTA]], [[FLAC]] or [[WavPack]]), and then encode directly from the lossless source file to the lossy formats required.

==Usage==
Transcoding can be found in many areas of content adaptation however it is commonly used in the area of mobile phones content adaptation.
In the world of mobile content, transcoding is a must due to the diversity of mobile devices.
This diversity requires an intermediate state of content adaptation in order to make sure that the source content will adequately present on the target device it is sent to.

One of the most popular technologies in which transcoding is used is [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]] (Multimedia Messaging System) which is the technology used to send or receive messages with media (Image, Sound, Text and Video) between mobile phones. For example, when using a camera phone to take a digital picture you are actually creating a high-resolution [[JPEG]] image, usually at least 640x480 with 24 bits of color. However when sending the image to another phone this high resolution image might be transcoded to a lower resolution image with less amount of color in order to better fit the target device's screen size and color limitation (e.g. 120x160 and 16 bits of color).
This size and color reduction not only improves the user experience on the target device but is sometimes the only way for content to be sent between different mobile devices.

Transcoding may also refer to the process of directly changing assembled code to work on a different platform or operating system. While it is usually preferable to use [[source code]] and recompile the application, there are times when this is either overkill or impossible, usually when the source code is unavailable. One example would be taking [[Direct3D]] function calls and turning them into [[OpenGL]] calls.

Transcoding is extensively used by [[Home theatre PC]] software, such as [[MythTV]] and [[Freevo]] to reduce disk space of video files. The most common operation in this application is the transcoding of [[MPEG-2]] files to the [[MPEG-4]] format.

On-the-fly or real-time transcoding in a many-to-many way (any input format into any output format) is becoming a necessity to provide true search capability for any multimedia content on any mobile device. With over 500 million videos on the web and a plethora of mobile devices, this is considered the next killer application for the mobile devices. The current players in this space are [http://blueapple.mobi blueapple.mobi] and [http://m.google.com m.google.com]which are both wap-based video search and delivery services

==References==
* [[Federal Standard 1037C]]
* [[MIL-STD-188]]
* [[List of Portable Multimedia Software]]

==External links==
* [http://www.rekast.eu Real-Time Video Transcoding]
* [http://www.transcoding.org/cgi-bin/transcode Transcode video software]
* [http://alembik.sourceforge.net/ Alembik Transcoder Server]
* [http://www.openmobilealliance.org/release_program/sti_v10.html STI - Standard Transcoding Interface]
* [http://www.ed-china.com/ARTICLES/2006NOV/2/2006NOV10_HA_AVC_HN_12.PDF IDC Report on Video Transcoding]
* [http://www.ripcode.com/prodForm.php 2007 IDC Report on On-Demand Video Transcoding]

[[Category:Multimedia frameworks]]
[[Category:Audio codecs]]
[[Category:Video codecs]]
[[Category:Video conversion software]]
[[Category:Image conversion software]]
[[Category:Audio conversion software]]
[[Category:Film and video technology]]

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Content adaptation

2008-03-10T15:37:06Z

62.101.100.5: /* Links */

'''Content Adaptation''' is the action of transforming [[Content (media and publishing)|content]] to adapt to device capabilities. Content adaptation is usually related to mobile devices that require special handling because of their limited computational power, small screen size and constrained keyboard functionality.

Content adaptation could roughly be divided to two fields: Media content adaptation that adapts media files and browsing content adaptation that adapts Web site to mobile devices.

==Browsing Content Adaptation==

Advances in the capabilities of small, mobile devices, such as [[mobile phone]]s ([[cell phone]]s) and [[Personal Digital Assistant]]s has led to an explosion in the number of types of device that can now access the [[World Wide Web|Web]]. Some commentators refer to the Web that can be accessed from mobile devices as the [[Mobile Web]].

The sheer number and variety of Web-enabled devices poses significant challenges for authors of Web sites who want to support access from mobile devices. The [http://www.w3.org/ W3C] [http://www.w3.org/2001/di/ Device Independence Working Group] described many of the issues in its report [http://www.w3.org/TR/acdi/ Authoring Challenges for Device Independence].

One approach to solving the problem is based around the concept of '''Content Adaptation'''. Rather than requiring authors to create pages explicitly for each type of device that might request them, content adaptation transforms an author's materials automatically.

For example, content might be converted from a device-independent markup language, such as [[Xdime|XDIME]], an implementation of the [[W3C]]'s [http://www.w3.org/TR/dial/ DIAL] specification, into a form suitable for the device, such as [[XHTML Basic]], [[C-HTML]] or [[Wireless Markup Language|WML]]. Similarly a suitable device-specific [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] style sheet or a set of in-line styles might be generated from abstract style definitions. Likewise a device specific layout might be generated from abstract layout definitions.

Once created, the device-specific materials form the response returned to the device from which the request was made.

Content adaptation requires a processor that performs the selection, modification and generation of materials to form the device-specific result. [[IBM|IBM's]] Websphere Everyplace Mobile Portal (WEMP), [[BEA Systems]]' WebLogic Mobility Server and [[Apache Cocoon]] are examples of such processors.

[[Wurfl]] and [http://wurfl.sourceforge.net/java/wall.php WALL] are popular
[[Open Source]] tools for content adaptation. WURFL is an XML-based Device Description Repository with APIs to access the data in Java and PHP (and other popular programming languages). WALL (Wireless Abstraction Library)
lets a developer author mobile pages that look like plain HTML, but converts them to WML, C-HTML and [[XHTML Mobile Profile]] depending on the capabilities of the device from which the HTTP request originates.

[http://alembik.sourceforge.net/ Alembik] (Media Transcoding Server) is a Java (J2EE) application providing transcoding services for variety of clients and for different media types (image, audio, video, etc). It is fully compliant with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Mobile_Alliance OMA]'s [http://www.openmobilealliance.org/release_program/sti_v10.html Standard Transcoder Interface] specification and is distributed under the LGPL open source license.

==Links==

* [http://wurfl.sourceforge.net/java/tutorial.php WALL Tutorial]

[[Category:World Wide Web]][br]

* [http://www.infogin.com Mobile Content Adaptation]

[[Category:Mobile Content Adaptation]]

* [http://alembik.sourceforge.net/ Alembik Transcoder Server]

[[Category:Mobile Content Adaptation]]

Content adaptation

2008-03-10T15:35:12Z

62.101.100.5: /* Browsing Content Adaptation */