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Bundestag

2013-01-17T16:53:30Z

62.145.19.66: rvv

{{About|the current parliament of Germany|the governing body of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866|Bundesversammlung (German Confederation)}}
{{For|other historical parliaments of Germany|Reichstag (disambiguation){{!}}Reichstag}}
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = #5d59a5
| text_color = #FFFFFF
| name = German Federal Diet
| native_name = Deutscher Bundestag
| coa_pic = Deutscher Bundestag logo.svg
| coa_res = 220px
| session_room = Berlin_reichstag_west_panorama_2.jpg
| house_type = Lower house
| leader1_type = [[President of the Bundestag]]
| leader1 = [[Norbert Lammert]]
| party1 = [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]
| election1 = 18 October 2005
| leader2_type = [[Presidium of the Bundestag|Vice Presidents of the Bundestag]]
| leader2 = [[Wolfgang Thierse]], [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] [[Gerda Hasselfeldt]], [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|CSU]] [[Hermann Otto Solms]], [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]] [[Katrin Göring-Eckardt]], [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]] [[Petra Pau]], [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]
| voting_system1 = [[Mixed-member proportional representation]]
| election2 = 27 October 2009
| members = [[List of Bundestag Members|622]]
| structure1 = 17th Bundestag of Germany.svg
| structure1_res = 240px
| political_groups1 = {{colorbox|#000000}} '''[[Merkel Cabinet II|Government]] (330)'''
* {{colorbox|#000000}} [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] (193)
* {{colorbox|#ffff00}} [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]] (93)
* {{colorbox|#3091ea}} [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|CSU]] (44)
 '''Opposition Parties''' 
*{{colorbox|#ff0000}} [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] (146)
*{{colorbox|#660000}} [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] (76)
*{{colorbox|#00ff00}} [[Alliance '90/The Greens|The Greens]] (68)
| last_election1 = [[German federal election, 2009|27 September 2009]]
| meeting_place = [[Reichstag building|Reichstag]] [[Mitte]], [[Berlin]] [[Germany]]
| website = http://www.bundestag.de
}}
{{PoliticsGermany}}
The '''Bundestag''' (Federal [[diet (assembly)|Diet]]; {{IPA-de|ˈbʊndəstaːk|pron}}) is a legislative body in [[Germany]]. In practice Germany is governed by a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] [[legislature]], of which the Bundestag serves as the [[lower house]] and the [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat]] the [[upper house]]. The Bundestag was established by the German [[Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany|Basic Law]] of 1949, as the successor to the earlier [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]]. It meets in the [[Reichstag Building]] in [[Berlin]]. [[Norbert Lammert]] is the current [[President of the Bundestag]].

==History==
With the dissolution of the [[German Confederation]] in 1866 and the founding of the [[German Empire]] ([[Deutsches Reich]]) in 1871, the Reichstag was established as the German parliament in Berlin. Two decades later, the current parliament building was erected. The Reichstag delegates were elected by direct and equal male suffrage (and not the three-class electoral system prevailing in Prussia until 1918). The Reichstag did not participate in the appointment of the Chancellor until the parliamentary reforms of October 1918. After the Revolution of November 1918 and the establishment of the Weimar Constitution, women were given the right to vote for (and serve in) the Reichstag, and the parliament could use the no-confidence vote to force the chancellor or any cabinet member to resign. In March 1933, one month after the [[Reichstag fire]], the then president, Paul von Hindenburg, a retired war hero, gave Hitler ultimate power through Enabling Act of 1933, he remained at the post of Federal Government Chancellor (though he called himself the Führer). After this the Reichstag met only rarely to unanimously rubber-stamp the decisions of the government. It last convened on 26 April 1942.

With the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|new constitution of 1949]], the Bundestag was established as the new (West) German parliament. Because [[West Berlin]] was not officially under the jurisdiction of the Constitution and because of the [[Cold War]], the Bundestag met in [[Bonn]] in several different buildings, including (provisionally) a former water works facility. In addition, owing to the city's [[West Berlin#Legal status|legal status]], citizens of West Berlin were unable to vote in elections to the Bundestag, and were instead represented by 20 non-voting delegates, indirectly elected by the city's [[Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin|House of Representatives]].

The [[Bundeshaus (Bonn)|Bundeshaus in Bonn]] is the former Parliament Building of Germany. The sessions of the German Bundestag were held there from 1949 until its move to Berlin in 1999. Today it houses the [[International Congress Centre Bundeshaus Bonn]] and in the north areas the branch office of the [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat]] (upper house). The southern areas became part of German offices for the [[United Nations]] in 2008.

The former [[Reichstag building|Reichstag]] building housed a history exhibition (Fragen an die deutsche Geschichte) and served occasionally as a conference center. The Reichstag building was also occasionally used as a venue for sittings of the Bundestag and its committees and the [[Bundesversammlung (Germany)|Bundesversammlung]], the body which elects the German Federal President. However the Soviets harshly protested against the use of the Reichstag building by institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany and tried to disturb the sittings by flying supersonic jets close to the building.

Since 1999, the German parliament has again assembled in [[Berlin]] in its original [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag building]], which dates from the 1890s and underwent a significant renovation under the lead of British architect [[Sir Norman Foster]]. Parliamentary committees and subcommittees, public hearings and faction meetings take place in three auxiliary buildings, which surround the Reichstag building: the [[Jakob-Kaiser-Haus]], [[Paul-Löbe-Haus]] and [[Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus]].

In 2005, a small aircraft crashed close to the German parliament. It was then decided to ban private air traffic over Central Berlin.

==Tasks==
Together with the [[Bundesrat (Germany)|Bundesrat]], the Bundestag is the [[legislative branch]] of the [[Politics of Germany|German political system]].

Although most legislation is initiated by the executive branch, the Bundestag considers the legislative function its most important responsibility, concentrating much of its energy on assessing and amending the government's legislative program. The committees (see below) play a prominent role in this process. Plenary sessions provide a forum for members to engage in public debate on legislative issues before them, but they tend to be well attended only when significant legislation is being considered.

The Bundestag members are the only federal officials directly elected by the public; the Bundestag in turn elects the [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellor]] and, in addition, exercises oversight of the executive branch on issues of both substantive policy and routine administration. This check on executive power can be employed through binding legislation, public debates on government policy, investigations, and direct questioning of the chancellor or cabinet officials. For example, the Bundestag can conduct a question hour ''(Fragestunde),'' in which a government representative responds to a previously submitted written question from a member. Members can ask related questions during the question hour. The questions can concern anything from a major policy issue to a specific constituent's problem. Use of the question hour has increased markedly over the past forty years, with more than 20,000 questions being posed during the 1987-90 term. Understandably, the opposition parties are active in exercising the parliamentary right to scrutinize government actions.

One striking difference when comparing the Bundestag with the [[British Parliament]] is the lack of time spent on serving constituents in Germany. This is in part due to Germany's electoral system. A practical constraint on the expansion of constituent service is the limited personal staff of Bundestag deputies. Despite these constraints especially those deputies that are elected directly normally try to keep close contact with their constituents and to help them with their problems, particularly when they are related to federal policies or agencies.

Constituent service does also take place in the form of the Petition Committee. In 2004, the Petition Committee received over 18,000 complaints from citizens and was able to negotiate a mutually satisfactory solution to more than half of them. In 2005, as a pilot of the potential of [[internet petition]]s, a version of [[e-Petitioner]] was produced for the Bundestag. This was a collaborative project involving The [[Scottish Parliament]], [[International Teledemocracy Centre]] and the Bundestag ‘Online Services Department’. The system was formally launched on 1 September 2005, and in 2008 the Bundestag moved to a new system based on its evaluation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tab.fzk.de/de/brief/brief32.pdf |title=''Öffentliche Petitionen beim deutschen Bundestag - erste Ergebnisse der Evaluation des Modellversuchs'' = An Evaluation Study of Public Petitions at the German Parliament'' |accessdate=2009-06-16 |last=Trenel|first=M.|work=TAB Brief Nr 32 |publisher=Deutscher Bundestag |year=2007 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Election==
[[File:Vladimir Putin in Germany 25-27 September 2001-14.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] addresses the Bundestag]]
[[File:Plenarsaal2012.JPG|thumb|left|The Bundestag in 2012]]
Members serve four-year terms; elections are held every four years, or earlier in the relatively rare case that the Bundestag is dissolved prematurely by the [[President of Germany|president]]. The Bundestag can be dissolved by the president on the recommendation of the chancellor if the latter has lost a vote of confidence in the Bundestag. This has happened three times: 1972 under Chancellor [[Willy Brandt]], 1983 under Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]] and 2005 under Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]].

All candidates must be at least eighteen years old; there are no term limits. The election uses the [[Mixed member proportional representation|MMP electoral system]]. In addition, the Bundestag has a minimum threshold of either 5% of the national party vote or three (directly elected) constituency representatives for a [[political party|party]] to gain additional representation through the system of proportional representation.

Thus, small minority parties cannot easily enter the Bundestag and prevent the formation of stable majority governments as they could under the Weimar constitution. Since 1961, only two new parties ([[Bündnis 90/Die Grünen]] and [[Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)|PDS]]/[[Die Linke]]) have entered the Bundestag.

The most recent election, the [[German federal election, 2009]], was held on September 27, 2009.<ref name="Hawley">{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,601451,00.html|title=Political Landscape in Flux ahead of 2009 Votes|last=Hawley|first=Charles|date=15 January 2009|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|accessdate=2009-06-20}}</ref>

===Distribution of seats in the Bundestag===
{{See also|List of German Bundestag constituencies}}
[[File:Bundestagswahl 05 stimmzett.jpg|thumb|right|Bundestag ballot: constituency vote on left, party list (showing top five list candidates) vote on right]]
Half of the Members of the Bundestag are elected directly from 299 constituencies ([[first-past-the-post system]]), the other half are elected from the parties’ Land lists in such a way as to achieve [[proportional representation]] for the total Bundestag (if possible).

Accordingly, each voter has two votes in the elections to the Bundestag. The first vote, allowing voters to elect their local representatives to the Bundestag, decides which candidates are sent to Parliament from the constituencies.

The second vote is cast for a party list; it determines the relative strengths of the parties represented in the Bundestag.

At least 598 Members of the Bundestag are elected in this way. Parties that gain more than 5% of the second votes or win at least 3 direct mandates are allocated seats in the Bundestag in proportion to the number of votes it has received ([[d'Hondt method]] until 1987, [[largest remainder method]] until the 2005 election, now [[Sainte-Laguë method]]). When the total number of mandates gained by a party has been determined, they are distributed between the Land lists. The distribution of the seats of that party to the 16 Lands is proportional to that party's second vote results in the Lands. The first of the mandates allocated to each Land go to the candidates who have won direct mandates in that Land. The rest are assigned in order to the candidates on the Land list put forward before the election.

In addition to this, there are certain circumstances in which some candidates win what are known as [[overhang seat]]s when the seats are being distributed. If a party has gained more direct mandates in a Land than it is entitled to according to the results of the second vote, it does not forfeit these mandates because all directly elected candidates are guaranteed a seat in the Bundestag.

[http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_09/veroeffentlichungen/engueltige/voetab3.pdf Detail of the Land list seats won by each party in 2009]

==Election result==
{{German federal election, 2009}}

==Distribution of seats by party in the 17th Bundestag==
[[File:Parliamentary Groups of the Bundestag .svg|thumb|320px|left|Initial distribution of seats in the 17th Bundestag.]]

{| border="0"
|colspan=4|'''Current distribution of seats in the Bundestag:'''
|-----
| style="background-color: black; color: black" | +
| [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] and [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|CSU]]:
| align="right" | 237 || align="right" | (38.1%)
| including 22 [[overhang seat]]s
|-----
| style="background-color: red; color: red" | +
| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]:
| align="right" | 146 || align="right" | (23.5%)
|
|-----
| style="background-color: yellow; color: yellow" | +
| [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]]:
| align="right" | 93 || align="right" | (15%)
|
|-----
| style="background-color: #DD0066; color: #DD0066" | +
| [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]:
| align="right" | 76 || align="right" | (12.2%)
|
|-----
| style="background-color: green; color: green" | +
| [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Alliance '90/Greens]]:
| align="right" | 68 || align="right" | (10.9%)
|-----
|
|
|}

See the [[List of Bundestag Members]] for lists of changes and current members.
{{-}}

==List of Bundestag by session==
{||border=0 cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1"
! style="background:#eecdab" colspan="10" align="center" | '''Historic seat distribution in the German Bundestag (at the beginning of each session)'''
|- style="background:#ffdead"
! width="200" | Bundestag
! width="200" | Session
! width="200" | Seats
! width="200" | [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]/[[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]
! width="200" | [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
! width="200" | [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]]
! width="200" | [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Alliance '90 / The Greens]]1
! width="200" | [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]]2
! width="200" | [[German Party (1947)|German Party]]
! width="200" | Others ''Sonstige''
|- align="center" style="background:#fff8dc"
| |'''[[First German Bundestag|1st Bundestag]]''' || '''1949–1953'''
| 402 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 139 || 131 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 52 || –  ||  – || style="background-color:#fff888" | 17 || 633
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''[[Second German Bundestag|2nd Bundestag]]''' || '''1953–1957'''
| 487 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 243 || 151 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 48 || –  ||  – || style="background-color:#fff888" | 15 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 304
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''3rd Bundestag''' || '''1957–1961'''
| 497 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 270 || 169 || 41 || – || – || style="background-color:#fff888" | 17 || –
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''4th Bundestag''' || '''1961–1965'''
| 499 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 242 || 190 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 67 || – || – || – || –
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''5th Bundestag''' || '''1965–1969'''
| 496 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 245 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 202 || 49 || – || – || – || –
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''6th Bundestag''' || '''1969–1972'''
| 496 || 242 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 224 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 30 || – || – || – || –
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''7th Bundestag''' || '''1972–1976'''
| 496 || 225 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 230 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 41 || – || – || – || –
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''8th Bundestag''' || '''1976–1980'''
| 496 || 243 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 214 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 39 || – || – || – || –
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''9th Bundestag''' || '''1980–1983'''
| 497 || 226 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 218 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 53 || – || – || – || –
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''10th Bundestag''' || '''1983–1987'''
| 498 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 244 || 193 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 34 || 27 || – || – || –
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''11th Bundestag''' || '''1987–1990'''
| 497 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 223 || 186 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 46 || 42 || – || – || –
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''12th Bundestag''' || '''[[German federal election, 1990|1990]]–1994'''
| 662 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 319 || 239 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 79 || 8 || 17 || – || –
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''13th Bundestag''' || '''[[German federal election, 1994|1994]]–1998'''
| 672 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 294 || 252 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 47 || 49 || 30 || – || –
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''14th Bundestag''' || '''[[German federal election, 1998|1998]]–2002'''
| 669 || 245 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 298 || 43 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 47 || 36 || – || –
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''15th Bundestag''' || '''[[German federal election, 2002|2002]]–2005'''
| 603 || 248 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 251 || 47 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 55 || 2 || – || –
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''16th Bundestag''' || '''[[German federal election, 2005|2005]]–2009'''
| 614 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 226 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 222 || 61 || 51 || 54 || – || –
|- align="center" style="background-color:#fff8dc"
| '''17th Bundestag''' || '''[[German federal election, 2009|2009]]– '''
| 622 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 239 || 146 || style="background-color:#fff888" | 93 || 68 || 76 || – || –
|}
{{legend|#fff888|Parties in the ruling coalition}}
1 1983 to 1990 The Greens, 1990 to 1994 [[Alliance 90]], since 1994 [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Alliance 90/The Greens]] 
2 1990 to 2005 [[Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus|PDS]] (Party of Democratic Socialism), 2005 to 2007 [[The Left Party.PDS]], since 2007 [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] 
3 [[Bavaria Party|BP]] 17, [[Communist Party of Germany|KPD]] 15, [[Economic Development Coalition|WAV]] 12, [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]] 10, [[Deutsche Konservative Partei – Deutsche Rechtspartei|DKP-DRP]] 5, [[South Schleswig Voter Federation|SSW]] 1, Independents 3 
4 [[All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights|GB-BHE]] 27, [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]] 3

[[File:Bundestag Seats.svg|thumb|500px|center|Historic seat distribution in the German Bundestag (at the beginning of each session). The graph shows not the absolute number of seats, but rather the relation of the number of seats a party has to the overall number of seats in that session, in percent. The colours stand for the following parties: Black: CDU/CSU, red: SPD, yellow: FDP, green: Greens, pink: PDS/Left Party, brown: German Party, grey: others.]]
 

==Presidents since 1949==
{| class="wikitable"
| {{highlight1}} align="center" colspan="6" | '''Presidents of the Bundestag'''
|-
! width="12" {{highlight1}} |
! width="450" {{highlight1}} | '''Name'''
! width="20" {{highlight1}} | '''Party'''
! width="180" {{highlight1}} | '''Beginning of term'''
! width="180" {{highlight1}} | '''End of term'''
! width="300" {{highlight1}} | '''Length of term'''
|-
| 1
| [[Erich Köhler]]* (1892–1958)
| align="center" |[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]
| align="center" |7 September 1949
| align="center" |18 October 1950
| align="center" |{{age in years and days|1949|09|07|1950|10|18}}
|-
| 2
| [[Hermann Ehlers]]** (1904–1954)
| align="center" |[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]
| align="center" |19 October 1950
| align="center" |29 October 1954
| align="center" |{{age in years and days|1950|10|19|1954|10|29}}
|-
| 3
| [[Eugen Gerstenmaier]]*** (1906–1986)
| align="center" |[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]
| align="center" |16 November 1954
| align="center" |31 January 1969
| align="center" |{{age in years and days|1954|11|16|1969|01|31}}
|-
| 4
| [[Kai-Uwe von Hassel]] (1913–1997)
| align="center" |[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]
| align="center" |5 February 1969
| align="center" |13 December 1972
| align="center" |{{age in years and days|1969|02|05|1972|12|13}}
|-
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" |5
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Annemarie Renger]]† (1919–2008)
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" align="center" |[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" align="center" |13 December 1972
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" align="center" |14 December 1976
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" align="center" |{{age in years and days|1972|12|13|1976|12|14}}
|-
| 6
| [[Karl Carstens]]§ (1914–1992)
| align="center" |[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]
| align="center" |14 December 1976
| align="center" |31 May 1979
| align="center" |{{age in years and days|1976|12|14|1979|05|31}}
|-
| 7
| [[Richard Stücklen]] (1916–2002)
| align="center" |[[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|CSU]]
| align="center" |31 May 1979
| align="center" |29 March 1983
| align="center" |{{age in years and days|1979|03|31|1983|03|29}}
|-
| 8
| [[Rainer Barzel]]*** (1924–2006)
| align="center" |[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]
| align="center" |29 March 1983
| align="center" |25 October 1984
| align="center" |{{age in years and days|1983|03|29|1984|10|25}}
|-
| 9
| [[Philipp Jenninger]]*** (b. 1932)
| align="center" |[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]
| align="center" |5 November 1984
| align="center" |11 November 1988
| align="center" |{{age in years and days|1984|11|05|1988|11|11}}
|-
| 10
| |[[Rita Süssmuth]] (b. 1937)
| align="center" |[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]
| align="center" |25 November 1988
| align="center" |26 October 1998
| align="center" |{{age in years and days|1988|11|25|1998|10|26}}
|-
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" |11
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" |[[Wolfgang Thierse]] (b. 1943)
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" align="center" |[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" align="center" |26 October 1998
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" align="center" |18 October 2005
|style="background:#FFE8E8;" align="center" |{{age in years and days|1998|10|26|2005|10|18}}
|-
| 12
| [[Norbert Lammert]] (b. 1948)
| align="center" |[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]]
| align="center" |18 October 2005
| align="center" |present
| align="center" |{{age in years and days|2005|10|18}}
|}
*resigned for medical reasons 
<nowiki>**</nowiki>died in office 
<nowiki>***</nowiki>resigned for political reasons 
†first woman to hold the post 
§ resigned when he became [[President of Germany]]

==Organisation==
[[File:M E Lueders Haus 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The ''Marie-Elisabeth-Lüders-Haus'', one of the official buildings of the complex]]

===Parliamentary groups===

The most important organisational structures within the Bundestag are [[fraction (politics)|parliamentary groups]] (''Fraktionen''; sing. ''Fraktion''), which are formed by political parties represented in the chamber which incorporate more than 5% of the Bundestag legislators; [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] and [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|CSU]] have always formed a single united ''Fraktion''. The size of a party's ''Fraktion'' determines the extent of its representation on legislative committees, the time slots allotted for speaking, the number of committee chairs it can hold, and its representation in executive bodies of the Bundestag. The ''Fraktionen,'' not the members, receive the bulk of government funding for legislative and administrative activities.

The leadership of each ''Fraktion'' consists of a parliamentary party leader, several deputy leaders, and an executive committee. The leadership's major responsibilities are to represent the ''Fraktion,'' enforce party discipline, and orchestrate the party's parliamentary activities. The members of each ''Fraktion'' are distributed among [[working group]]s focused on specific policy-related topics such as social policy, economics, and foreign policy. The ''Fraktion'' meets every Tuesday afternoon in the weeks in which the Bundestag is in session to consider legislation before the Bundestag and formulate the party's position on it.

Parties which do not fulfill the criterion for being a ''Fraktion'' but have at least three seats by direct elections (i.e. which have at least three MPs representing a certain electoral district) in the Bundestag can be granted the status of a ''group'' of the Bundestag. This applied to the [[Left Party (Germany)|Party of Democratic Socialism]] (PDS) from 1990-1998. This status entails some privileges which are in general less than those of a ''Fraktion''. In the current Bundestag, there are no such groups (the PDS had only two MPs in parliament until 2005 and could thus not even considered a group anymore; the party has now returned to the Bundestag with full ''Fraktion'' status).

===Executive bodies===

The Bundestag's executive bodies include the [[Council of Elders of the Bundestag (Germany)|Council of Elders]] and the [[Presidium of the Bundestag|Presidium]]. The council consists of the Bundestag leadership, together with the most senior representatives of each ''fraktion'', with the number of these representatives tied to the strength of the Parliamentary groups in the chamber. The council is the coordination hub, determining the daily legislative agenda and assigning committee chairpersons based on Parliamentary group representation. The council also serves as an important forum for interparty negotiations on specific legislation and procedural issues. The Presidium is responsible for the routine administration of the Bundestag, including its clerical and research activities. It consists of the chamber's president (usually elected from the largest ''fraktion'') and vice presidents (one from each ''fraktion'').

===Committees===

Most of the legislative work in the Bundestag is the product of standing committees, which exist largely unchanged throughout one legislative period. The number of committees approximates the number of federal ministries, and the titles of each are roughly similar (e.g., defense, agriculture, and labor). Between 1987 and 1990, the term of the eleventh Bundestag, there were twenty-one standing committees. The distribution of committee chairs and the membership of each committee reflect the relative strength of the various Parliamentary groups in the chamber. In the eleventh Bundestag, the [[Christian-Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]/[[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]] chaired eleven committees, the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] eight, the [[Free Democratic Party of Germany|FDP]] one, and the environmentalist party, the [[German Green Party|Greens]] (Die Grünen), one. Members of the opposition party can chair a significant number of standing committees. These committees have either a small staff or no staff at all.

==Principle of discontinuation==
As is the case with some other parliaments, the Bundestag is subject to the ''principle of discontinuation'', meaning that a newly elected Bundestag is legally regarded to be a body and entity completely different from the previous Bundestag. This leads to the result, that any motion, application or action submitted to the previous Bundestag, e.g. a bill referred to the Bundestag by the Federal Government, is regarded as completed by non-decision (German terminology: “''Die Sache fällt der Diskontinuität anheim''”). Thus any bill that has not been decided upon by the beginning of the new electoral period must to be brought up by the government again, if it aims to uphold the motion, this procedure in effect delaying the passage of the bill. Furthermore, any newly elected Bundestag will have to freshly decide on the rules of procedure (''Geschäftsordnung''), which is done by a formal decision of taking over such rules from the preceding ''Bundestag'' by reference.

Any Bundestag is considered dissolved only once a newly elected Bundestag has actually gathered in order to constitute itself (Article 39 sec. 1 sentence 2 of the Basic Law), which has to happen within 30 days of its election (Article 39 sec. 2 of the Basic Law). Thus, it may happen (and has happened) that the old Bundestag gathers and makes decisions even after the election of a new Bundestag that has not gathered in order to constitute itself. For example, elections to the 16th Bundestag took place on 18 September 2005,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/wahlen/pm-wahl-16-dbt/pd040211.htm |title=Press Release: ''Verkürzte Fristen zur vorgezogenen Neuwahl des Deutschen Bundestages'' |accessdate=2008-10-20 |work=www.bundeswahlleiter.de |publisher=[[Federal Returning Officer|Bundeswahlleiter]] = ''Federal Director for Elections'' ([[Federal Returning Officer]]) |date= 2005-07-25}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> but the 15th Bundestag still convened after election day to make some decisions on German military engagement abroad,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/15/15187.pdf |title=''Stenographischer Bericht der 187. Sitzung des 15. Deutschen Bundestages am 28. September 2005'' = Stenographic report of the 187th session of the 15th ''Deutscher Bundestag'' on 2005-09-28 |accessdate=2008-10-20 |work=dip21.bundestag.de |publisher=Deutscher Bundestag |date=2005-09-28 }}</ref> and was entitled to do so, as the newly elected 16th Bundestag did not convene for the first time until 18 October 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btp/16/16001.pdf |title=''Stenographischer Bericht der 1. Sitzung des 16. Deutschen Bundestages am 18. Oktober 2005'' = Stenographic report of the 1st session of the 16th ''Deutscher Bundestag'' on 2005-10-18 |accessdate=2008-10-20 |work=dip21.bundestag.de |publisher=Deutscher Bundestag |date=2005-10-18 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Politics of Germany]]
* [[Bundesrat (Germany)|Bundesrat]]
* [[Parliamentwatch]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Bundestag}}
* [http://www.bundestag.de/ Official website]
* [http://www.bei-der-wahl-am.de/en/german-elections-for-the-bundestag/ 2009 elections]
* [http://www.election.de/ German election database]
* [http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/bundestagswahl2005/downloads/Karte_Wahlkreise_16DBT_A1.pdf Map of constituencies]
* [http://direkte-demokratie.de/tabelle/weiter/demokratie-schaubild-detail.htm distribution of power]

{{Germany topics}}
{{Europe topic|Parliament of|title=[[Parliaments]] of Europe}}

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[[Category:Legislative branch of the Government of Germany|*]]
[[Category:National lower houses|Germany]]
[[Category:Parliaments by country|Germany]]
[[Category:Politics of Germany]]
[[Category:National legislatures|Germany]]

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Morning wood

2013-01-14T17:19:34Z

62.145.19.66: Undid revision 532362578 by 92.5.44.102 (talk)

{{wiktionary}}
'''Morning wood''' is an informal term referring to the phenomenon of [[nocturnal penile tumescence]] (erection) during and immediately following sleep.

'''Morning wood''' or '''Morningwood''' may also refer to:

* ''Morning Wood'', 1994 hard rock album by [[Tony Harnell#Morning Wood|Tony Harnell]] and others
* ''Morning Wood'', 1995 debut rock album by [[The Rugburns]]
* ''Morning Wood'', 2000 country album by [[Rodney Carrington]]
* [[Morningwood]], alternative rock band from New York City
** [[Morningwood (album)|''Morningwood'' (album)]], 2006 debut album of the eponymous rock band
* In the Movie "Office Space" the character Peter Gibbons lives in Morningwood Condominiums [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0151804/]
==See also==
* "The Mystery of Morning Wood", 1995 episode of the MTV animated comedy series ''[[List of Beavis and Butt-head episodes#Season 6: 1995.E2.80.931996|Beavis and Butthead]]''

{{Disambig}}

Lassi

2013-01-14T17:19:20Z

62.145.19.66: Undid revision 531764329 by 117.241.236.200 (talk)

{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Lassi
| image = [[File:Fatfreelassi.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Fat-free lassi from [[Mumbai]], India
| alternate_name =
| country = Indian subcontinent
| region =
| creator =
| course =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Yogurt]], [[cream]], [[water]], spices
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Lassi''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਲੱਸੀ, [[Hindi language|Hindi]]: लस्सी, [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: {{Nastaliq|لسی}}, [[Marathi language|Marathi]]: ताक, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: છાસ, {{lang-bn|লস্যি}}, is a popular and traditional [[yogurt]]-based drink which originates in the [[Punjab]] regions of India and Pakistan. It is made by blending yogurt with water and [[Indian spices]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/20/stories/2005072007131800.htm | title= The Hindustan Times article | work=[[Hindustan Times]] | accessdate= 2005-07-16}}</ref> Traditional lassi (also known as salted lassi, or, simply lassi) is a savory drink sometimes flavored with ground roasted [[cumin]] while sweet lassi on the other hand is blended with sugar or fruits instead of spices.

In [[Dharmic religion]]s, yogurt sweetened with honey is used while performing religious rituals. Less common is lassi served with milk and topped with a thin layer of [[clotted cream]]. Lassis are enjoyed chilled as a hot-weather refreshment, mostly taken with lunch. With a little [[turmeric]] powder mixed in, it is also used as a [[folk remedy]] for [[gastroenteritis]].

==Variations==
===Traditional mild salted lassi===
[[File:Lassi shop.jpg| right|thumb|A ''lassi'' shop in [[Varanasi]].]]
[[File:Lassi in Varanasi.jpg|right|thumb|Lassi in earthen tumbler, ''Kullhad'', Varanasi.]]
[[File:Mint lassi.jpg|thumb|Mint salted lassi.]]
This form of lassi is more common in the villages of Punjab. It is prepared by blending [[yogurt]] with water and adding salt and other spices to taste. The resulting beverage is known as salted lassi. This is similar to [[ayran]] or [[doogh]].

===Sweet lassi===
Sweet lassi is a form of lassi flavored with sugar, [[rosewater]] and/or [[lemon]], [[strawberry]] or other fruit juices. [[Saffron]] lassis, which are particularly rich, are a specialty of [[Sindh]] (part of Pakistan since 1947), [[Jodhpur]] and [[Rajasthan]] in India. ''Makkhaniya lassi'' is simply lassi with lumps of [[butter]] in it (''makkhan'' is the [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] word for butter). It is usually creamy like a milkshake.

===Mango lassi===
[[Mango]] lassi is most commonly found in India and Pakistan though it is gaining popularity worldwide. It is made from yogurt, water and mango pulp. It may be made with or without additional sugar. It is widely available in UK, Malaysia and Singapore, due to the sizable Indian minority, and in many other parts of the world. In various parts of Canada, mango lassi is a cold drink consisting of sweetened kesar mango pulp mixed with yogurt, cream, or ice cream. It is served in a tall glass with a straw, often with ground pistachio nuts sprinkled on top.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/database/mangolassi_67363.shtml</ref>

===Bhang lassi===
Bhang (or bhung) lassi is a special lassi that contains ''[[bhang]]'', a liquid derivative of [[cannabis]] ([[marijuana]]), which has effects similar to [[cannabis foods|other eaten forms of cannabis]]. It is legal in many parts of India and mainly sold during [[Holi]], when [[pakora]]s containing bhang are also sometimes eaten. [[Rajasthan]] is known to have licensed bhang shops, and in many places one can buy bhang products and drink bhang lassis.<ref>Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations Collection 2, Episode 5; Final Segment</ref>

==Chaas==
[[Chaas]] or chaach is a salted drink like lassi; however, chaas contains more water than lassi and has the butterfat removed, so its consistency is not as thick as lassi. Salt and [[Jeera]] (cumin seeds) are normally added for taste and sometimes even fresh coriander. Fresh ground ginger & green chillies may also be added as seasoning. Chaas is popular in the Indian states [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]], where it is drunk with the main meal.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} It is known to aid digestion {{citation needed|date=October 2011}} and is an excellent coolant in the Indian and Pakistani summers {{citation needed|date=October 2011}}. It is called 'majjige' in [[Kannada]], 'taak' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 'majjiga' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 'moru' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]].

==Cultural references==

A 2008 [[printing|print]]<ref name="hsbcad-print">{{cite web
| title = Can This Lassi Ad Really Be True?
| publisher = indiablogs.searchindia.com
| date = 2008-10-04
| url = www.searchindia.com/2008/10/04/can-this-really-be-true/
| accessdate = 2012-12-01 }} </ref> and television<ref name="hsbcad-tv">{{cite web
| title = HSBC Bank : Washing Machine and Lassi
| publisher = Adoholik
| date = 2008-09-27
| url = http://adoholik.com/2008/09/27/hsbc-bank-washing-machine-and-lassi/
| accessdate = 2008-10-19 }}</ref>[[advertisement|ad]] campaign for [[HSBC]], written by Jeffree Benet of JWT Hong Kong, tells a tale of a [[Poland|Polish]] [[washing machine]] manufacturer's representative sent to India to discover why their sales are so high there. On arriving, the representative investigates a lassi parlor, where he is warmly welcomed, and finds several washing machines being used to mix it. The owner tells him he is able to "make ten times as much lassi as I used to!"

On his ''[[Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations|No Reservations]]'' television program, celebrity chef [[Anthony Bourdain]] visited a "Government Authorised" Bhang Shop in [[Jaisalmer Fort]], [[Rajasthan]]. The proprietor offered him three varieties of bhang lassi: "normally strong, super duper sexy strong, and full power 24 hour, no toilet, no shower."

==See also==
*[[Doogh]]
*[[Cacık]]
*[[Kumis]]
*[[Dahi]]
*[[Ayran]]

{{cookbook}}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{commons category|Lassi}}
* {{Cite web
| title = Anthony Bourdain's No Reservations Travel Guides - Highlights From Rajasthan
| url=http://travel.discovery.com/tv/bourdain/travel-guide/rajasthan-india.html
| accessdate = 2008-01-19 }}

[[Category:Yogurts]]
[[Category:Dairy products]]
[[Category:Fermented foods]]
[[Category:Non-alcoholic beverages]]
[[Category:Indian beverages]]
[[Category:Pakistani beverages]]
[[Category:Punjabi cuisine]]
[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]

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[[bn:লাচ্ছি]]
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[[hi:लस्सी]]
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[[ur:لسی]]

Rolo

2012-12-17T14:31:01Z

62.145.19.66: UK spelling as product not widely known in North America. Also, originally UK product.

{{About|the confectionery}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2008}}
[[File:Rolo-Wrapper-Small.jpg|right|thumb|300px|American package of Rolo]]
[[File:Rolo-Candies-US.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A tube's worth of Rolos]]
[[Image:Rolos.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rolo original chocolate coated caramels, as sold in the UK ''(September 2006)'']]
'''Rolo''' (pronounced "Roh-loh", referring to the roll-styled candy) is a brand of truncated-cone-shaped or [[frustum]]-shaped [[chocolate]]s with a [[caramel]] center, the shape resembling that of a shallow inverted bucket or tub or a traditional lampshade. They are made by [[Nestlé]], except in the [[United States]] where production has been under licence by [[The Hershey Company]] since 1969. Of note, the caramel in the American and UK version is thick and chewy, rather than runny, as it is elsewhere.

==History==
The creator of this confectionary bar (Jasper T. Rolo) developed Rolo's in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] by [[Mackintosh's]],<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tYP67wgAqDUC&pg=PA498&lpg=PA498&dq=rolo+chocolate+norwich+history&source=bl&ots=e7phucOVWp&sig=RtJz_IIBGrKSADOBKgmGr0k8M7A&hl=en&ei=UnhES5nhGYXy0gT4zMiSBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCEQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=rolo%20chocolate%20norwich%20history&f=false Rowntree and the marketing revolution, 1862-1969 Google book]</ref> (later [[Rowntree's|Rowntree]]-Mackintosh), simply [[Mackintosh's Toffee]] coated with chocolate, they were first sold in 1937.<ref>http://www.nestle.co.uk/AboutNestle/TheNestleStory/HistoryOfRowntree/</ref>

They were also produced in [[Norwich]] until 1994, when all UK production moved to [[Fawdon]] in [[Tyneside]], by Nestlé Rowntree. There have now been ''Rolo'' biscuits, [[Ice cream|ice-cream]], [[muffin]]s, birthday cake, desserts, cake bars, doughnuts, mini Rolos, big Rolos, (all of which use the same type of caramel) [[yogurt]]s and [[Easter egg]]s made. In May 2011, [[McDonald's]] combined chocolate pieces and caramel sauce with their soft-serve [[McFlurry]] product to simulate the Rolo flavour profile in a cross-branded product.

== Advertising ==
Rolo was advertised for many years with the slogan "Do you love anyone enough to give them your last Rolo?".
In 1996 the Rolo ad "Elephant" won the Grand Prix in the section Film Lions at the [[Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival]]. This ad was produced by Ammirati Puris Lintas, which now belongs to [[Lowe Worldwide]]. In this ad an elephant gets fooled by a young boy and decades later takes revenge, referring to the saying ''elephants never forget''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canneslions.com/lions/50_years_advert.cfm?sub_channel_id=106 |title=Lions+ / 50+ Years Of Grand Prix | publisher=canneslions.com |accessdate=26 June 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Candy bars]]
[[Category:Yorkshire cuisine]]
[[Category:1937 introductions]]

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Tokio Hotel

2012-11-12T11:33:25Z

62.145.19.66: cancelled and canceled continuity

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{Update|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name=Tokio Hotel
| image = Tokio Hotel.JPG
| caption = Tokio Hotel, 2010. L-R: Georg Listing, Bill Kaulitz, Tom Kaulitz, and Gustav Schäfer
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Magdeburg]], Germany
| years_active = 2001–present
| genre = [[Pop rock]],<ref>[[Elke Buhr]] for [[Frankfurter Rundschau]]. [http://www.signandsight.com/features/1222.html "As if" eroticism]. February 22, 2007. English translation by Sign and Sight.com<blockquote>
Straightforward pop-rock with catchy melodies and a well-calculated mix of stolen Metallica riffs and romantic ballad elements. Everything is played on the safe side, and the production is technically perfect.
</blockquote></ref><ref name=r1>[http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Story?id=5665875&page=3 Tokio Hotel: The Latest German Export]. ABCNews (2008-08-27).</ref> [[alternative rock]],<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/tokio-hotel-guitarist-tom-kaulitz-admits-popping-viagra-overdosing-article-1.447321 Tokio Hotel guitarist Tom Kaulitz admits to popping Viagra – and overdosing on it]. NY Daily News (2010-05-14). Retrieved on 2012-07-04.</ref>
</blockquote></ref>
| label = [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Germany]], [[Cherrytree Records|Cherrytree]], [[Interscope]]
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|http://www.tokiohotel.com}}
| current_members = [[Bill Kaulitz]] Tom Kaulitz Georg Listing Gustav Schäfer
| past_members =
}}

'''Tokio Hotel''' is a [[rock music|rock]] band from [[Germany]], founded in 2001 by singer [[Bill Kaulitz]], guitarist Tom Kaulitz, drummer Gustav Schäfer and bassist Georg Listing.<ref>{{cite web
|author=Angus, Kat
|title=Tokio Hotel Makes All The Girls Scream
|publisher=canada.com
|url=http://www.canada.com/cityguides/montreal/story.html?id=119cfe69-4046-4018-8525-ac18324e1fc9
|accessdate=August 22, 2008}}</ref> The quartet have scored four number one singles and have released three number one albums in their native country, selling nearly 5 million CDs and DVDs there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article2005797/Tokio_Hotel_will_den_gesamten_Planeten_erobern.html |title=Prominente: Tokio Hotel will den gesamten Planeten erobern – Nachrichten Vermischtes – WELT ONLINE |language={{de icon}} |publisher=Welt.de |date=2008-05-19 |accessdate=2011-10-26}}</ref>
After recording an unreleased demo-CD under the name "Devilish" and having their contract with [[Sony BMG|Sony BMG Germany]] terminated, the band released their first German-language album, ''[[Schrei]]'', as Tokio Hotel on [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Germany]] in 2005. ''Schrei'' sold more than half a million copies worldwide<ref name="Schrei album sales">{{cite web
|title=IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 2007
|publisher=ifpi.org
|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2007.html
|accessdate=March 19, 2008}}</ref> and spawned four top five singles in both Germany and Austria. In 2007, the band released their second German album ''[[Zimmer 483]]'' and their first English album ''[[Scream (Tokio Hotel album)|Scream]]'' which have combined album sales of over one million copies worldwide and helped win the band their first [[MTV Europe Music Awards|MTV Europe Music Award]] for Best InterAct. The former, ''Zimmer 483'', spawned three top five singles in Germany while the latter, ''Scream'', spawned two singles that reached the top twenty in new territories such as [[France]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]] and [[Italy]]. In September 2008, they won in the US their first [[MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Video Music Award]] (VMA) for Best New Artist. In October 2008, they won four awards including Best International Artist and Song of the year at [[Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica]] (MTV Video Music Awards Latin America) held in Mexico. Tokio Hotel became the first German band ever to win an award at the MTV VMAs and also at the MTV Latin America Awards. They also picked up the Headliner award at the [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2008]] held in [[Liverpool]] on November 6, 2008 and the Award for Best Group on November 5, 2009 at the [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2009|MTV Europe Music Award]] (EMA) held in Berlin. They won an Award for Best World Stage Performance on November 7, 2010 at the [[MTV Europe Music Awards]] in Madrid. In July 2011, they became the first German band to win an [[MTV Video Music Awards Japan]] (VMAJ). They also won MTV's 2012 Musical March Madness and won MTV O Music Awards three times in a row for "Fan Army FTW".

==History==

===Formation (2001–2004)===
Tokio Hotel by vocalist Bill and guitarist Tom Kaulitz, who are identical twin brothers, drummer Gustav Schäfer and bass-guitarist Georg Listing. The four met in 2001 after a live show in a Magdeburg-Club, where Listing and Schäfer, who knew each other from music school, watched from the audience while Bill and Tom Kaulitz played on the stage.<ref name="Pop Culture Madness">{{cite web |title=Tokio Hotel Interview
|publisher=popculturemadness.com
|url=http://www.popculturemadness.com/interview/Tokio-Hotel.html
|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}</ref><ref name="Tokio Hotel Biography">{{cite web |title=Billboard.com – Tokio Hotel – Biography |publisher=Billboard.com |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/bio/index.jsp?pid=699968 |accessdate=March 19, 2008}}</ref> Under the name Devilish, the band soon began playing in talent shows and small concerts.<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.tokiohotel-us.com/bio/ |title=Biography at |publisher=Tokiohotel-us.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-26}}</ref> After Bill Kaulitz's participation in a children's Star Search in 2003 at age thirteen (which he lost in the quarter-final), he was discovered by music producer Peter Hoffmann. Devilish changed their name to Tokio Hotel: "Tokio", the [[German language|German]] spelling of the Japanese city [[Tokyo]], due to a love of the city, and "Hotel" due to their constant touring and living in hotels.<ref name="Pop Culture Madness"/> Soon after [[Sony BMG]] took them under contract, Hoffmann hired David Jost and Pat Benzner into the team of creators and authors, and had them give the teens instruction on songwriting and instrument playing; most of the songs of the first album were written by Hoffmann, Jost and Benzer (including the singles "Scream" and "Rescue me" which were completely written by them), only the single "Unendlichkeit" was written completely by Tokio Hotel themselves. Shortly before release of their first album, Sony terminated their contract. The band is now one of the biggest modern acts from Germany and the biggest in 20 years.

===''Schrei'' (2005–2006)===
[[Image:Bill Kaulitz stage.png|190px|thumb|float|left|Bill Kaulitz performing in Hessisch-Lichtenau, Germany in 2006.]]
In 2005, Universal Music Group took Tokio Hotel under contract and developed a marketing plan. Their first single, "[[Durch den Monsun]]" ("Through the Monsoon"), quickly rose in the charts, appearing on the German official [[Media Control Charts|Media Control]] single chart at No. 15 on August 20, 2005 and eventually reaching No. 1 on August 26, 2005; it also reached No. 1 on the Austrian [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|singles chart]]. Their second single, "[[Schrei (song)|Schrei]]" ("Scream"), climbed to the No. 5 position in the German charts. These two songs were written by singer Bill Kaulitz together with their group of producers Peter Hoffmann, David Jost, Pat Benzer and Dave Roth. Their debut album, ''[[Schrei]]'', was released on September 19, 2005, and was certified triple gold by the [[Bundesverband Musikindustrie|BVMI]] in 2006 for selling over 300,000 copies in Germany.<ref name="Certification">{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Tokio+Hotel|title=Schrei}}</ref> In 2006, a third and fourth single, "[[Rette mich (Tokio Hotel song)|Rette mich]]" ("Rescue Me") and "[[Der letzte Tag]]" ("The Final Day"), were released; both reached No. 1 as well. "Der letzte Tag" contained a B-side called "Wir schließen uns ein", which was also accompanied by a music video.

===''Zimmer 483'' (2007–2008)===
The first single off their second album ''Zimmer 483'' (''Room 483''), called "[[Übers Ende der Welt]]" (later re-released in English under the name "[[Ready, Set, Go!]]"), was released on January 26, 2007 and quickly reached No. 1 in Germany and Austria, and No. 2 in France. ''Zimmer 483'' was released in Germany on February 23, 2007, along with a deluxe edition of the album containing a DVD. The album's second single, "[[Spring nicht]]" ("Don't Jump") was released on April 7. The tour accompanying the release of the album, The Zimmer 483 Tour, was scheduled to start in March 2007, but was delayed by two weeks because the band members wished to have a different stage design. A third single, "[[An deiner Seite (Ich bin da)]]" ("By Your Side"), was released on November 16. The single contains the B-side "1000 Meere" ("1000 Oceans"), for which a music video was also produced.
On April 28, 2008 Tokio Hotel released their single "[[Heilig (song)|Heilig]]" but no music video for the single was released, because of the tight schedule they had.

===''Scream'' (2007–2008)===
Tokio Hotel's first [[English language]] album, ''[[Scream (Tokio Hotel album)|Scream]]'', was released on June 4, 2007 throughout Europe. In Germany, the album was released as ''Room 483'' in order to emphasize the continuity with their last German album ''Zimmer 483''. ''Scream'' contains English versions of a selection of songs from their German-language albums ''[[Schrei (song)|Scream]]'' and ''Zimmer 483''. "[[Monsoon (song)|Monsoon]]", the English-language version of "Durch den Monsun", was the first single from the album. "[[Ready, Set, Go!]]" (the translation of "[[Übers Ende der Welt]]") was released as the album's second single and "[[Don't Jump]]" (the translation of "Spring nicht") as the third single. A video for "[[Schrei (song)|Scream]]", the English-language version of their 2005 hit "Schrei", was also recorded, and was released to the [[iTunes Store]] in early March 2008.

Tokio Hotel gave their first concert in the [[United Kingdom]] on June 19, 2007. "[[Ready, Set, Go!]]" was released in the UK as the band's first single on August 27, 2007. The song reached No. 77 in the [[UK Singles Chart]].

Tokio Hotel won an [[MTV Europe Music Award]] for Best InterAct on November 1, 2007 and were also nominated for Best Band. They performed "Monsoon" at the event.

Tokio Hotel released their first US single, simply called "Tokio Hotel", in late 2007. The single contains the tracks "Scream" and "Ready, Set, Go!", and was available exclusively at [[Hot Topic]] stores. Their second US single, "Scream America", was released on December 11, 2007. The single contains the track "Scream" and a remix of "Ready, Set, Go!" by [[AFI (band)|AFI]]'s [[Jade Puget]]. In February 2008, the band toured North America for five dates starting in Canada and finishing up in New York.<ref>NYTimes.com [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/20/arts/music/20toki.html?scp=1&sq=tokio%20hotel&st=cse A Wild Welcome to a German Teen-Pop Band]. Retrieved September 30, 2008.</ref> After appearing and performing live on [[MuchMusic]], while touring in Canada, "Ready, Set, Go!" entered the [[MuchOnDemand]] Daily 10, a countdown of videos chosen by viewers. It remained there for over a week, then returned to the top of the MOD Daily 10 chart on April 8. "Scream" was released in Canada on March 25 and in the US on May 6. The "1000 Hotels" European Tour began on March 3, 2008 in [[Brussels]] and continued to locations including The Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Scandinavia, and was scheduled to finish on April 9; during the concert in [[Marseille]], France on March 14, Bill started to experience vocal problems.<ref name="BravoOp">Kautz, Julia, "Das Ende von Tokio Hotel?", pp. 10, 11, 12 & 13, ''Bravo'', Issue 15, April 2008</ref> He let the audience sing more frequently than normal and instead of the original 21 songs that were on the set list, they only played 16 songs. Bill apologized, in German, for his bad singing and explained that he was sick. Two days later, the band cancelled [[Lisbon]], Portugal concert minutes before it was supposed to commence. The rest of the "1000 Hotels" Tour and a scheduled North American Tour were cancelled following an announcement in [[Bild]] by the band's manager that Bill Kaulitz had to undergo surgery to remove a cyst on his vocal cords.<ref>"Wie schlecht geht es Bill wirklich", ''Bild'', April 5, 2008</ref><ref>"Noch mehr US-Konzerte abgesagt", ''Bild'', April 26, 2008</ref>

Bill Kaulitz had been putting strain on his voice after playing 43 concerts in the 1000 Hotels tour without vacation.<ref name="Op1">{{cite web | title= Hat Tokio-Bill seine Stimme kaputt gesungen? | publisher=Bild.de| url=http://www.bild.de/BILD/leute/star-news/2008/03/26/hat-tokio-bill/seine-stimme-kaputt-gesungen.html| accessdate = October 28, 2008 }} {{de icon}}</ref> He had to undergo Larynx surgery on March 30 to remove a cyst that had formed on his vocal cords.<ref name="Op2">{{cite web | title= So verbringt Bill die letzten Stunden vor seiner OP | publisher=Bild.de| url=http://www.bild.de/BILD/leute/star-news/2008/03/29/tokio-hotel/exklusiv-interview.html| accessdate = October 28, 2008 }} {{de icon}}</ref> The cyst was the result of a throat infection that went untreated.<ref name="Op3">{{cite web | title= Verliert Teenie-Schwarm Bill seine Stimme?| publisher=Bild.de| url=http://www.bild.de/BILD/entertainment/musik/2008/03/18/bill-kaulitz-infektion/tokio-bill-infektion-der-stimmbaender.html| accessdate = October 28, 2008 }} {{de icon}}</ref> Following his surgery, Bill was unable to speak for twelve days, and had four weeks of vocal rehabilitation.<ref name="Vanity Fair">Jessen, Philip & Michaelsen, Sven, "Ich habe Angst", p. 46, ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', Issue 15, April 3, 2008</ref> If Bill had continued singing the rest of the tour, his voice would have eventually been permanently damaged.<ref name="BravoOp"/><ref name="Op4">{{cite web | title= Ärzte schneiden ihm Zyste aus dem Hals| publisher=Bild.de| url=http://www.bild.de/BILD/leute/star-news/2008/03/25/tokio-hotel/bill-stimmband-op.html| accessdate = October 28, 2008 }} {{de icon}}</ref> Tokio Hotel started performing again in May 2008<ref name="NewYork">{{cite web | title= New York feiert Tokio Hotel| publisher=Bild.de| url=http://www.bild.de/BILD/entertainment/musik/2008/05/05/tokio-hotel/new-york-feiert-tokio-hotel.html| accessdate = October 28, 2008 }} {{de icon}}</ref> and after that they embarked on a 2nd part of their 1000 Hotels European Tour adding many Open Air concerts and wrapping up the tour on July 13 in Werchter, Belgium.

===North American Tours and ''Humanoid'' (2009–2010) ===
{{Update|type=section|date=November 2010}}
Tokio Hotel embarked on a second tour of North America in August 2008, which included a performance at the Bamboozled festival in New Jersey. The band's music video for "Ready Set Go!" was nominated for Best Pop Video at the [[2008 MTV Video Music Awards]],<ref>{{cite web| last = Harris| first = Chris| title = Miley Cyrus To Face Off Against Tokio Hotel For Best New Artist At VMAs| url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1592481/20080808/cyrus__miley.jhtml| accessdate = August 10, 2008 }}</ref> where they also won the award for Best New Artist.<ref>{{cite news | title= Winners of the 2008 MTV Music Awards | url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iTXYdFYBVqhaKhmh2xUyoiQRmocAD9329JCG0| accessdate = September 7, 2008 }}{{dead link|date=November 2012|bot=Legobot}}</ref> They returned to North America again in October 2008 for a month long tour of concerts and record store signings. In December 2008, a behind-the scenes DVD called ''Tokio Hotel TV – Caught on Camera'' was released. It contains footage from Tokio Hotel TV and backstage feature stories of the previous year on disc one entitled "History – The very best of Tokio Hotel TV!". A deluxe edition contains a second disc entitled "Future – The road to the new Album!" which features footage of the band on promotion tours and preparing for their third studio album.<ref>{{cite web|title = New DVDS: Tokio Hotel TV – Caught on Camera!| url=http://tokiohotel.pop24.de/tokiohotel2/index2_en.php| accessdate = October 28, 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080822022313/http://tokiohotel.pop24.de/tokiohotel2/index2_en.php  |archivedate = August 22, 2008}}</ref>

In between the North American tours, the band returned to their record studio in Hamburg to record their third studio album, ''[[Humanoid (Tokio Hotel album)|Humanoid]]'', which, according to their producer David Jost, is currently set for release on October 2 in Germany & October 6, 2009 in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web | title= Tokio Hotel's New Album Humanoid Due October 2 | url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1616548/20090720/tokio_hotel.jhtml?rsspartner=rssMozilla| accessdate = July 20, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Neues Album von Tokio Hotel heißt "Humanoid" | url=http://www.zeit.de/newsticker/2009/7/20/iptc-bdt-20090720-251-21851364xml| accessdate = July 20, 2009 }} {{de icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Tokio Hotel "Humanoid" | url=http://www.tokiohotel.com/us/| accessdate = July 20, 2009 }}</ref> This is despite earlier statements predicting a March/April 2009 release or a May/June 2009 release.<ref name="Neues Album">{{cite web | title= Neues Album von Tokio Hotel soll bis Anfang Juni erscheinen | url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090212103448/http://de.news.yahoo.com/1/20090209/ten-neues-album-von-tokio-hotel-soll-bis-45cd332.html| accessdate = February 15, 2009|date=2009-02-09 }} {{de icon}}</ref><ref name="Capricho">Dos Anjos, Barbara, "Bem-vinda ao Tokio Hotel", p. 29, ''Capricho'', Issue 1050, August 2008</ref><ref name="Drittes Album">{{cite web | title= Drittes Album von Tokio Hotel im Frühjahr 2009 | url=http://www.bild.de/BILD/unterhaltung/telegramm/unterhaltungs-telegramm,rendertext=6274796.html| accessdate = October 28, 2008 }} {{de icon}}</ref> The album was recorded in both German and English with both versions were released simultaneously worldwide.<ref name="Capricho"/><ref name="Drittes Album"/>

On August 10, it was announced on MTV news that the first German single would be "Automatisch" and its English counterpart, "Automatic", would also be released as a first single in the United States. On August 20, MTV Buzzworthy released a video which previewed "Automatic" and [[Cherrytree Records]] announced that the English version of the song would be released in the US on September 22.<ref>{{cite web | title= Tokio Hotel Announce First Single From Humanoid Album | url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1617983/20090810/tokio_hotel.jhtml| accessdate = August 10, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Automatic and Automatisch Cover Art | url=http://www.cherrytreerecords.com/profiles/blogs/automatic-and-automatisch| accessdate = August 22, 2009}}</ref> Nevertheless, the video for the single was released on September 3.

On November 2, it was announced on Tom's Blog that the second English single would be "World Behind My Wall" and its German counterpart, "Lass uns laufen", would be the second German single.<ref>{{cite web | title= Tom Kaulitz's Blog | url=http://www.tokiohotel.com/us/#tom_kaulitz_blog/toms-blog--11-2009-2009-11-.html| accessdate = November 2, 2009 }}</ref>
The music videos for both versions were released on December 14 and December 15.

On June 24, the live music video for their single, "Dark Side of the Sun" was released on the band website.

On July 20, 2010 they released their second live album [[Humanoid City Live]] from [[Milan]], [[Italy]]
On November 22, 2010, their new song "Hurricanes and Suns," premiered on the Greek radio station Mad Radio. It was included in the bonus track on all versions of "Tokio Hotel: Best Of," a compilation album of their most successful songs. As well as the single for the 'Best of' release. The album will also include "Mädchen aus dem All", the first song the band recorded in a studio.

On December 14, 2010 their 'Best of' was released. December 2 was the World Premiere of the video for "Hurricanes and Suns" on their [http://www.tokiohotel.com Official Website.]
On April 28, 2011 they received the "Fan Army FTW" award at the [http://omusicawards.com MTV O Music Awards], the networks first online award show. A clip of Bill and Tom thanking their fans was played after the winner was announced.

Tokio Hotel performed their first concert in Asia (excluding their concert in Israel) at the Audi Showcase in Singapore, followed shortly by the TM Connects With Tokio Hotel event in Malaysia, promoting the sales of their album Humanoid. They concluded the series of mini-concerts with Taiwan. They returned to Malaysia a couple of months later to perform at MTV World Stage Live in Malaysia 2010. They performed in [[Tokyo]] on December 15, 2010, after their South American Tour concluded in Distrito Federal, Mexico on December 2, 2010. In February, 2011 Tokio Hotel travelled to Japan to complete a second promo tour. A number of TV appearances and media interviews took place between February 8 and February 11.

On June 24, 2011 Tokio Hotel performed in Japan at “The Next Premium Night Tokio Hotel in Tokyo". The event was presented by Audi A1 and 150 fans were chosen to win tickets to attend the show. The event was the band's first acoustic performance in Japan. On June 25, 2011 the band performed live at the MTV Video Music Aid Japan in Tokyo. The show, which was formerly called the Video Music Awards Japan, was used as a music benefit to raise money for the Japanese Red Cross in order to help those who were affected by the recent earthquake.

===Modeling and commercials===
{{Update|type=section|date=January 2010}}
On January 19, 2010, lead singer Bill Kaulitz teamed up with twins [[Dean and Dan Caten]] of DSquared to walk the runway at a fashion event in Milan.<ref>{{cite web | title= Tokio Hotel American: Official Fanclub| url=http://www.tokiohotelamerica.com/2010/01/19/bill-will-open-the-show/| accessdate = February 18, 2011 }}</ref> Kaulitz made two appearances, as he opened and closed DSquared's Menswear Autumn/Winter 2010 show to Tokio Hotel song "Screamin".<ref>{{cite web | title= MTV Buzzworthy Blog| url=http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2010/01/19/bill-kaulitz-opens-dsquared-fashion-show-in-milan-makes-wwd/| accessdate = February 18, 2011 }}</ref>

Car maker Audi hired the two frontmen to star in their new advertising campaign to attract the younger generation. They were featured in an episode of Tokio Hotel TV (on Tokio Hotel's website) and also in a commercial.<ref>{{cite web | title= Tokio Hotel USA| url=http://www.tokiohotelamerica.com/2010/08/26/kaulitz-twins-and-audi/| accessdate = February 18, 2011 }}</ref>

On August 4, 2010, Tom Kaulitz got his own Reebok shoe commercial.<ref name="MTV Style">{{cite web | title= MTV Style| url=http://style.mtv.com/2010/08/09/tokio-hotel-tom-kaulitz-reebok/| accessdate = February 18, 2011 }}</ref> Reebok signed the 20-year-old Tokio Hotel guitarist and sneaker addict to model shoes for the company. "At home, I created a little room like a little storage room," he said of his sneakers. He also said that he gets 10 new pairs a week.<ref name="MTV Style"/>

===Best Of Tokio Hotel (2010)===
At 13 December in Germany and 14 December internationally Tokio Hotel released their first compilation album named "[[Best Of (Tokio Hotel album)|Best Of]]". It comes in two languages: English and German. It contains the most popular songs from all the previous albums and two new songs: "Hurricanes and Suns" (was recorded for [[Humanoid (album)|Humanoid]] but not included in it) and "Mädchen aus dem All" (was recorded for [[Schrei]] but not included in it).There is a deluxe edition too which comes with both German and English versions of album and a bonus DVD with all Tokio Hotel's music videos and "making of" scenes.

===Duet With Far East Movement(2011 – present)===
{{Refimprove section|date=May 2012}}
After finishing "Welcome To Humanoid City Tour" Bill and Tom with their manager David Jost moved to [[Los Angeles]] and still are living there. Bill and Tom released an app named "BTK Twins" for iOS (16 January 2012),<ref name="App Store — BTK Twins">[http://itunes.apple.com/ru/app/btk-twins/id488994614 App Store — BTK Twins]. Itunes.apple.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-04.</ref> and Android(19 December 2011),<ref name="BTK Twins - Android Apps on Google Play">[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.decodeltd.btktwins BTK Twins – Android Apps on Google Play]. Play.google.com (2011-12-27). Retrieved on 2012-07-04.</ref> for keeping in touch with their fans. Here Bill and Tom post their photos, videos and text messages, and fans can leave messages for posts. Bill and Tom answer to these comments very often. The app costs 2.99$. Tokio Hotel launched a service named "VIP Call".<ref name="Tokio Hotel are calling wit VIPcall">[http://www.vipcall.com/tokiohotel Tokio Hotel are calling wit VIPcall].</ref> Fans may pay 4.99 Euros for a month or 3.49 Euros for 3 months and Tokio Hotel call them and leave audio messages. Fans can even ask them questions and Tokio Hotel will answer to them. Since July, they mentioned that they'll stop with the VIPcall temporary so that they can put all their energy and time in producing the new album. On 18 May 2012 [[Far East Movement]] released an album named "Dirty Bass", featuring the song "If I Die Tomorrow" which includes vocals by Bill. Far East Movement announced that there will be a music video released for "If I Die Tomorrow", Bill Kaulitz will take part in the shooting of the video. However, as they are currently working in the studios, taking part in the video may not happen.

==Band members==
*[[Bill Kaulitz]] – [[lead vocals]]
*Tom Kaulitz – [[guitar]]s, [[keyboard instrument|keyboards]], [[backing vocals]]
*Georg Listing – [[bass guitar|bass]], [[piano]], keyboards, backing vocals
*Gustav Schäfer – [[drums]], [[percussion instrument|percussion]], backing vocals

==Discography==
{{details|Tokio Hotel discography}}

;Studio albums
* ''[[Schrei]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Zimmer 483]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Scream (Tokio Hotel album)|Scream]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Humanoid (album)|Humanoid]]'' (2009)

==Awards==

Since the release of the "[[Durch den Monsun]]" single in 2005, Tokio Hotel have gone on to win 107 awards in various categories and countries.

;2005
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
!Award
! Date
|-
| Best Newcomer
| Comet Awards (Germany)
| October 6
|-
| Super Comet
| Comet Awards (Germany)
| October 6
|-
| Best Newcomer
| Eins Live Krone
| November 24
|-
|Best Pop National Act
|Bambi Awards
| December 1
|-
|Best Single
|Golden Penguin (Austria)
|...2005
|-
|Best Pop
|Golden Penguin (Austria)
|...2005
|-
|Rock Band 2005
|Golden Penguin (Austria)
|...2005
|}

;2006
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Award
! Date
|-
|Album of the year
|Golden Penguin (Austria)
|February 8
|-
|Band of the year
|Golden Penguin (Austria)
|February 8
|-
|Song of the year – ‘Der Letzte Tag’
|Golden Penguin (Austria)
|February 8
|-
|Best Newcomer
|Golden Penguin (Austria)
|February 8
|-
|Ausverkaufte Tourhalle
|Sold-out-Award of Königpilsener Arena
|March 11
|-
|Best Newcomer
|[[ECHO (music award)|ECHO]] Awards (Germany)
|March 12
|-
|Best Newcomer
|[[Steiger Award]]s
|March 25
|-
|Pop National
|Radio Regenbogen (Germany)
|March 31
|-
|SuperBand Rock – Golden Otto
|Bravo Otto
|May 6
|-
|Music Award
|Bild OSGAR
|May 22
|-
|Best Newcomer International
|Popcorn Awards (Hungary)
|May 26
|-
|Best Newcomer
|Bravo Otto (Hungary)
|June 24
|-
|Best International Band
|Bravo Otto (Hungary)
|June 24
|-
|Best Newcomer Band
|Popkomm Bavarian Music Lion
|September 21
|-
|Best German Pop Band
|Goldene Stimmgabel
|September 24
|-
|Best Selling German Artist
|World Music Awards
|November 15
|-
|Best Pop National Act
|Bambi Awards
|November 30
|-
|Best Live Act
|Eins Live Krone
|December 7
|-
|Best Rock band
|MTV France
|
|}

;2007
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Award
! Date
|-
| Single of the Year – Durch Den Monsun
| Golden Penguin
|
|-
| Best Selling German Act – Album Schrei
| European Border Breakers Award
| January 21
|-
| European Border Breakers Award
| NRJ Awards
| January 21
|-
| Rock Award
| BZ-Kulturpreis
| January 23
|-
| Best Video National
| ECHO Awards (Germany)
| March 25
|-
| SuperBand Rock – Golden otto
| Bravo Otto
| April 28
|-
|Best Video
|Comet Awards (Germany)
|May 3
|-
|Best Band
|Comet Awards (Germany)
|May 3
|-
|Supercomet
|Comet Awards (Germany)
|May 3
|-
|Best Band
|Jabra Music
|July 2007
|-
|Digital prize
|Festivalbar (Italy)
|September 7
|-
|Most Successful Group Rock International
|Goldene Stimmgabel
|September 22
|-
|Most Successful Popgroup International
|[[Goldene Stimmgabel]] Awards
|October 3
|-
| Best Album
| TMF Awards (Belgium)
|October 14
|-
| Best Video
| TMF Awards (Belgium)
|October 14
|-
| Best New Artist
| TMF Awards (Belgium)
|October 14
|-
| Best Pop
| TMF Awards (Belgium)
|October 14
|-
|Best International Act
|MTV Europe Music Awards (Germany)
|November 1
|-
|Best band of the Year
|MTV Italy Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award
|December 1
|}

;2008
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Award
! Date
|-
|Band of the Year 2007
|Golden Penguin (Austria)
|January
|-
|Best International Band
|Rockbjörnen Award (Sweden)
|January 24
|-
|Best Music National
|Goldene Kamera (Germany)
|February 6
|-
|Best Music Video
|Echo Awards (Germany)
|February 15
|-
|Best International Artist
|Emma Gala Awards (Finland)
|March 8
|-
|Best International Group
|Disney Channel Kids Award (Italy)
|March 28
|-
|Best Concert
|Hitkrant (Netherlands)
|May 2008
|-
|Best Mood Song – Monsoon
|Hitkrant (Netherlands)
|May 2008
|-
|Song that Satys in your Head – Monsoon
|Hitkrant (Netherlands)
|May 2008
|-
|Superband Rock – Silver Otto
|Bravo Otto
|May 3
|-
|Best Band
|MTV TRL Awards (Italy)
|May 17
|-
|Best Number 1 of the Year with Monsoon
|MTV TRL Awards (Italy)
|May 17
|-
|Best Band
|Comet Awards (Germany)
|May 23
|-
|Best Video – An Deiner Seite
|Comet Awards (Germany)
|May 23
|-
|Best Live Act
|Comet Awards (Germany)
|May 23
|-
|Super Comet
|Comet Awards (Germany)
|May 23
|-
|Best New Artist
|MTV VMA Music Awards (USA)
|September 7
|-
|Fan Choice Best Entrance
|MTV VMA Music Awards (USA)
|September 7
|-
|Best Male Artist International (Bill Kaulitz)
| [[TMF Awards]]<ref name="TMF AWARDS 2008 Winners">TMF AWARDS 2008 Winners [http://awards.tmf.be/08/winners08/ TMF Awards 2008 Winners]. Retrieved October 11, 2008.</ref> (Belgium)
|October 11
|-
|Best Video International – Don't Jump
| TMF Awards<ref name="TMF AWARDS 2008 Winners"/> (Belgium)
|October 11
|-
|Song of the Year
|MTV Latin America Awards (Mexico)
|October 16
|-
|Best Fanclub-Venezuela
|MTV Latin America Awards (Mexico)
|October 16
|-
|Best New Artist-International
|MTV Latin America Awards (Mexico)
|October 16
|-
|Best Ringtone
|MTV Latin America Awards (Mexico)
|October 16
|-
|Headliner
|MTV Europe Music Awards (England)
|November 6
|-
|Best Selling DVD: ZImmer 483 – Live in Europe
|Rekord (Russia)
|December 2
|}

;2009
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
!Award
! Date
|-
| SuperBand – Golden Otto
| Bravo Otto (Germany)
| May 12
|-
| Best TRL Artist of the Year
| MTV TRL Awards (Italy)
| May 16
|-
| Best Online Star
| Comet Awards (Germany)
| May 29
|-
| Export Hit of Germany
| Bavarian Music Lion
| September 17
|-
| International Award (2009)
| Audi Generation Award (Germany)
| October 18
|-
| Best Rock Video(2009)
| Music New Video Music Award
| September 2009
|-
| Best Group<ref>Tokio Hotel Win Best Group [http://www.mtv.co.uk/events/emas/news/163380-emas-tokio-hotel-win-best-group-win EMAs: Tokio Hotel Win Best Group]. Retrieved November 6, 2009.</ref>
| MTV Europe Music Awards (Germany)
| November 5
|-
| Best International Rock Band
| Telehit Awards (Mexico)
| November 12
|}

;2010
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
!Award
! Date
|-
| Band of the Year
| Golden Penguin (Austria)
| January 29
|-
| Album of the Year
| Golden Penguin (Austria)
| January 29
|-
| Band of the Year
| Bravoora Awards (Poland)
| February 1
|-
| Best International Artist
| Emma Gala Awards (Finland)
| February 4
|-
| Walk of Fame
| König-Pilsener Arena (Germany)
| February 26
|-
| Best International Band
| Radio Regenbogen Awards (Germany)
| March 19
|-
| Favorite Music Star
| Kids Choice Awards 2010 (Germany)
| April 10
|-
| Best Live Act
| Comet Awards (Germany)
| May 21
|-
| Foreign Song of the Year – World Behind My Wall
| Rockbjörnen Award (Sweden)
| September 1
|-
| Concert of the Year
| Rockbjörnen Award (Sweden)
| September 1
|-
| Best World Stage Performance
| MTV Europe Music Awards (Spain)
| November 7
|-
| Best Group Video
| Music New Video Music Award
| December 2010
|-
| Best Band National<ref name="CMA Awards announced on Twitter (Best Band National)">Tokio Hotel wins Best Band National [http://twitter.com/#!/cmaawards/status/14046620991619072 CMA Awards Best Band National]. Retrieved December 12, 2010.</ref>
| CMA Awards (Germany)
| December 12
|-
| Best Single National – World Behind My Wall<ref name="CMA Awards announced on Twitter (Best Single National)">Tokio Hotel wins Best Single National [https://twitter.com/#!/cmaawards/status/14288474425270272 CMA Awards Best Single National]. Retrieved December 13, 2010.</ref>
| CMA Awards (Germany)
| December 12
|}

;2011
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
!Award
! Date
|-
| Band of the Year
| Bravoora Awards (Poland) <ref name="Bravoora Awards Winners ">Bravoora Awards Winners [http://www.bravo.pl/konkursy/bravoora2010/ Bravoora Winners]. Retrieved March 1, 2011.</ref>
| March
|-
| Star of the 20th Anniversary
| Bravoora Awards (Poland) | Bravoora Awards (Poland) <ref name="Bravoora Awards Winners "/>
| March
|-
| Best Fan Army (Fan Army FTW)
| MTV O Music Awards (USA) <ref name="MTV O Music Awards Fan Army FTW Winner">[http://omusicawards.com/ Fan Army FTW Winner]. Retrieved April 28, 2011.</ref>
|April 28
|-
| Best Rock Video
| MTV Video Music Awards Japan <ref name=" 2011 MTV Video Music Awards Winners">[http://www.mtvjapan.com/news/music/19340 MTV Video Music Awards Japan Winners] [http://www.mtvjapan.com/vmaj/en/2011-07-04/4808 VMAJ Winners]. Retrieved July 2, 2011.</ref>
|July 2
|-
| Best Fan Club : Aliens
| 2Musica Awards <ref name=" 2MUSICA AWARDS GANADORES 2011 BEST FAN CLUB">[http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.180373015366960.39906.128655617205367&type=3 2MUSICA|AWARDS 2011 | CATEGORIA BEST FAN CLUB]. Retrieved August 17, 2011.</ref>
|August 17
|-
| Fashion Icon : Bill Kaulitz
| 2Musica Awards <ref name=" 2MUSICA AWARDS GANADORES 2011 FASHION ICON">[http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=180373308700264&set=a.180373015366960.39906.128655617205367&type=3&theater 2MUSICA|AWARDS 2011 | CATEGORIA FASHION ICON]. Retrieved August 17, 2011.</ref>
|August 17
|-
| Best Videography
| 2Musica Awards <ref name=" 2MUSICA AWARDS GANADORES 2011 BEST VIDEOGRAPHY">[http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=180373785366883&set=a.180373015366960.39906.128655617205367&type=3&theater 2MUSICA|AWARDS 2011 | CATEGORIA BEST VIDEOGRAPHIA]. Retrieved August 17, 2011.</ref>
|August 17
|-
| Best Artist In A Versus
| 2Musica Awards <ref name=" 2MUSICA AWARDS GANADORES 2011 BEST ARTIST IN A VERSUS">[http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=180374122033516&set=a.180373015366960.39906.128655617205367&type=3&theater 2MUSICA|AWARDS 2011 | CATEGORIA MEJOR ARTISTA EN UN VERSUS]. Retrieved August 17, 2011.</ref>
|August 17
|-
| Best Rock Artist
| 2Musica Awards <ref name=" 2MUSICA AWARDS GANADORES 2011 BEST ROCK ARTIST">[http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=180374132033515&set=a.180373015366960.39906.128655617205367&type=3&theater 2MUSICA|AWARDS 2011 | CATEGORIA MEJOR ARTISTA ROCK]. Retrieved August 17, 2011.</ref>
| August 17
|-
| Best Fan Army (Fan Army FTW)
| MTV O Music Awards (USA)<ref name="MTV O Music Awards Fan Army FTW Winner">[http://www.omusicawards.com/vote/fan-army-ftw]. Retrieved October 31, 2011.</ref>
|October 31
|-
| Best Peta2 Ad
| Peta2 6th Annual Libby Awards <ref name="Libby Award Winners 2011">[http://features.peta2.com/libby-awards-2011/ Libby Award Winners 2011]. peta2.com. Retrieved December, 2011.</ref>
|December
|}

;2012
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
!Award
! Date
|-
| Super-Band Rock- Bronze Otto
| BRAVO OTTO (Germany)<ref name="BRAVO OTTO Winner">[http://www.bravo.de/stars/vip/bravo-otto-wahl-2011-die-gewinner-stehen-fest/ex/page/14 BRAVO OTTO Winner]. Retrieved March 22, 2012.</ref>
|March 21
|-
| Mister Winter 2012 : Bill Kaulitz
| Star Planete Awards 2012 (France) <ref name="Mister Winter 2012 : Bill Kaulitz">[http://www.star-planete.net/mister-winter-bill-kaulitz/ Mister Winter 2012 : Bill Kaulitz]. star-planete.net</ref>
|March 25
|-
| Musical March Madness Champions
| MTV Musical March Madness 2012 <ref name="Musical March Madness Champions">[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1682535/tokio-hotel-thank-aliens-musical-march-madness-champions.jhtml Musical March Madness Champions]. Retrieved April 5, 2012.</ref>
|April 5
|-
| Hottest Rocker Boys
| Q102's Online Competitions <ref name="Q102's Rocker Boy Bracket Competition Is Back!">[http://www.q102.com/pages/rocker-boys/2012/index.html Q102's Rocker Boy Bracket Competition Is Back!]. Retrieved May, 2012.</ref>
|May 27
|-
| Best Fan Club : Aliens
| 2Musica Awards <ref name="2MUSICA|AWARDS 2012 | CATEGORIA BEST FAN CLUB">[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=346073552130238&set=a.128658233871772.21646.128655617205367&type=1&theater 2MUSICA|AWARDS 2012 | CATEGORIA BEST FAN CLUB]. Retrieved June, 2012.</ref>
|June 25
|-
| Best Artist In A Versus
| 2Musica Awards <ref name="2MUSICA|AWARDS 2012 | CATEGORIA MEJOR ARTISTA EN UN VERSUS">[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=346073552130238&set=a.128658233871772.21646.128655617205367&type=1&theater 2MUSICA|AWARDS 2012 | CATEGORIA MEJOR ARTISTA EN UN VERSUS]. Retrieved June, 2012.</ref>
|June 25
|-
| Best Fan Army (Fan Army FTW)
| MTV O Music Awards (USA)<ref name="MTV O Music Awards Fan Army FTW Winner">[http://www.omusicawards.com/vote/fan-army-ftw]. Retrieved June 28, 2012.</ref>
|June 28
|-
| Battle Of The Boy Bands
| MTV Latin America Awards (Mexico)<ref name="Battle Of The Boy Bands | Old School vs. New School.">[http://www.mtvla.com/noticias/batalla-de-las-boy-bands]. Retrieved August 16, 2012.</ref>
|August 16
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.tokiohotel.com/ Official site]
*[http://www.cherrytreerecords.com/profile/TokioHotel Cherrytree records profile]
*[http://www.interscope.com/artist/default.aspx?aid=579 Interscope records profile]
*[http://www.myspace.com/tokiohotel Tokio Hotel on MySpace]
*[http://www.facebook.com/tokiohotel Tokio Hotel on Facebook]
*[http://www.twitter.com/tokiohotel Tokio Hotel on Twitter]
*[http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/tokio_hotel/artist.jhtml Tokio Hotel] on [[MTV]]

{{Tokio Hotel}}

[[Category:German rock music groups]]
[[Category:German pop music groups]]
[[Category:German boy bands]]
[[Category:English-language singers of Germany]]
[[Category:People from Leipzig]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2001]]
[[Category:Pop rock groups]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:Tokio Hotel|*]]



[[af:Tokio Hotel]]
[[als:Tokio Hotel]]
[[ar:توكيو هوتيل]]
[[az:Tokio Hotel]]
[[bg:Токио Хотел]]
[[bs:Tokio Hotel]]
[[br:Tokio Hotel]]
[[ca:Tokio Hotel]]
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[[da:Tokio Hotel]]
[[de:Tokio Hotel]]
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[[es:Tokio Hotel]]
[[eo:Tokio Hotel]]
[[eu:Tokio Hotel]]
[[fa:توکیو هتل]]
[[fr:Tokio Hotel]]
[[fy:Tokio Hotel]]
[[gl:Tokio Hotel]]
[[ko:토쿄 호텔]]
[[hr:Tokio Hotel]]
[[it:Tokio Hotel]]
[[he:טוקיו הוטל]]
[[ka:ტოკიო ჰოტელი]]
[[lv:Tokio Hotel]]
[[lt:Tokio Hotel]]
[[li:Tokio Hotel]]
[[hu:Tokio Hotel]]
[[mk:Токио Хотел]]
[[ms:Tokio Hotel]]
[[mn:Токио Хотел]]
[[nl:Tokio Hotel]]
[[nds-nl:Tokio Hotel]]
[[ja:トキオ・ホテル]]
[[no:Tokio Hotel]]
[[nn:Tokio Hotel]]
[[mhr:Tokio Hotel]]
[[uz:Tokio Hotel]]
[[pl:Tokio Hotel]]
[[pt:Tokio Hotel]]
[[ro:Tokio Hotel]]
[[ru:Tokio Hotel]]
[[sq:Tokio Hotel]]
[[simple:Tokio Hotel]]
[[sk:Tokio Hotel]]
[[sl:Tokio Hotel]]
[[sr:Токио Хотел]]
[[sh:Tokio Hotel]]
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[[sv:Tokio Hotel]]
[[th:โทคิโอโฮเทล]]
[[tr:Tokio Hotel]]
[[uk:Tokio Hotel]]
[[vi:Tokio Hotel]]
[[vls:Tokio Hotel]]
[[zh:東京飯店酷兒]]

Push-button

2012-11-07T12:33:36Z

62.145.19.66: press-button not commonly found on google search under UK

{{Unreferenced|date=September 2007}}
[[File:Calculator delete button.jpg|thumb|Buttons on a handheld [[calculator]].]]
[[File:Arcade video game buttons.jpg|thumb|Generic [[arcade game]] buttons.]]
[[File:Knopka 8 ugolnik.jpg|thumb|thumb|]]

A '''push-button''' (also spelled '''pushbutton''') or simply '''button''' is a simple [[switch]] mechanism for controlling some aspect of a [[machine]] or a [[Process (engineering)|process]]. Buttons are typically made out of hard material, usually [[plastic]] or [[metal]]. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often [[Switch#Biased switches|biased switches]], though even many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) require a [[Spring (device)|spring]] to return to their un-pushed state.
Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of the button, such as '''press''', '''depress''', '''mash''', and '''punch'''.

== Uses ==

The "push-button" has been utilized in [[calculators]], [[Push-button telephone|push-button telephones]], [[kitchen appliances]], and various other mechanical and electronic devices, home and commercial.

In industrial and commercial applications, push buttons can be linked together by a mechanical linkage so that the act of pushing one button causes the other button to be released. In this way, a stop button can "force" a start button to be released. This method of linkage is used in simple manual operations in which the machine or process have no [[electrical circuit]]s for control.

Pushbuttons are often [[color-coding|color-coded]] to associate them with their function so that the operator will not push the wrong button in [[error]]. Commonly used colors are red for stopping the machine or process and green for starting the machine or process.

Red pushbuttons can also have large heads (called mushroom heads) for easy operation and to facilitate the stopping of a machine. These pushbuttons are called [[emergency stop]] buttons and are mandated by the electrical code in many jurisdictions for increased safety. This large mushroom shape can also be found in buttons for use with operators who need to wear [[glove]]s for their work and could not actuate a regular [[flush-mount]]ed push button.
As an aid for operators and [[End-user|user]]s in industrial or commercial applications, a [[pilot light]] is commonly added to draw the attention of the user and to provide [[feedback]] if the button is pushed. Typically this light is included into the center of the pushbutton and a [[lens (optics)|lens]] replaces the pushbutton hard center disk. The source of the energy to illuminate the light is not directly tied to the contacts on the back of the pushbutton but to the action the pushbutton controls. In this way a start button when pushed will cause the process or machine operation to be started and a secondary contact designed into the operation or process will close to turn on the pilot light and signify the action of pushing the button caused the resultant process or action to start.

In [[popular culture]], the phrase "'''the button'''" (sometimes capitalized) refers to a (usually fictional) button that a military or government leader could press to launch [[nuclear weapon]]s.

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
* [[Event-driven programming]]
* [[Big red button]]
* [[Button accordion]]
* [[Button (computing)]]
* [[Keyboard (computing)]]
* [[Panic button]]
* [[Placebo button]]
* [[Push-button telephone]]
* [[Reset button]]
* [[Shutter button]]
* [[Turbo button]]
</div>

== External links ==
* [http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/SpringReturnButton/ Spring Return Button] by Sándor Kabai, [[The Wolfram Demonstrations Project]].

[[Category:Human–machine interaction]]
[[Category:Switches]]

[[ca:Polsador]]
[[cs:Klávesa]]
[[da:Knap (maskine)]]
[[de:Taste]]
[[el:Πλήκτρο]]
[[es:Botón (dispositivo)]]
[[eo:Klavo]]
[[gl:Botón (dispositivo)]]
[[ko:버튼]]
[[it:Pulsante]]
[[ln:Molembo]]
[[ja:押しボタン]]
[[mhr:Полдыш]]
[[pl:Klawisz]]
[[ru:Кнопка (техника)]]
[[simple:Push-button]]
[[sr:Тастер]]
[[fi:Painokytkin]]
[[tr:Buton]]

Wissam al-Hassan

2012-10-24T13:14:59Z

62.145.19.66: Undid revision 519334268 by 62.61.163.55 (talk)

{{use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Wissam al-Hassan وسام الحسن
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_name = Wissam Adnan al-Hassan
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1965|4|11|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Btouratige]], [[Koura District]], [[Lebanon]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2012|10|19|1965|4|11|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Beirut]], Lebanon
|death_cause = [[Assassination of Wissam al-Hassan|Assassinated]]
|residence =
|nationality = [[Lebanese nationality law|Lebanese]]
|alma_mater =
|occupation = Chief of Information Branch
|employer = [[Internal Security Forces]]
|years_active =
|net_worth =
|boards =
|religion = [[Islam]]
|spouse = Anna al-Hassan
|children = 2
|parents =
|signature =
|website =
}}

'''Wissam Adnan al-Hassan''' ({{lang-ar| وسام عدنان الحسن‎}} ''Wissām ‘Adnān al-Ḥassan''; 11 April 1965 – 19 October 2012) was a [[brigadier general]] at the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] [[Internal Security Forces]] (ISF) and the head of its intelligence-oriented Information Branch. Seen as a leading [[Sunni Islam in Lebanon|Sunni]] figure in Lebanon, he was also a key player in the opposition [[March 14 alliance]] without having a political position.

== Early life ==
Wissam al-Hassan was born to a [[Lebanese Sunni Muslims|Sunni]] family in the northern Lebanese city of [[Btouratige]], [[Koura District]], [[Lebanon]], on 11 April 1965.<ref name="BBC-profile">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20004476|title=Profile: Wissam al-Hassan|date=19 October 2012|work=BBC News|accessdate=19 October 2012}}</ref>

Al-Hassan spent the early part of his career looking after the security of the Sunni leader and Lebanese Prime Minister [[Rafic Hariri]], becoming the Prime Minister's head guard detachment in 2001.<ref name="Al-Akhbar">{{cite news|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/who-was-wissam-al-hassan|title=Who Was Wissam Al-Hassan?|date=19 October 2012|work=Al-Akhbar|accessdate=19 October 2012}}</ref>

== Hariri assassination ==
{{main|Assassination of Rafic Hariri}}
Rafic Hariri was killed in a massive [[car bomb]] in Beirut on 14 February 2005. As Hariri's chief of protocol, al-Hassan would have normally been in the motorcade that was hit by the attack, but he had taken the day off to study for a university exam.<ref name=BBC-profile /><ref name=Al-Akhbar />

In 2010 U.N. investigators from the [[Special Tribunal for Lebanon]] suspected that al-Hassan was involved in the assassination of Hariri. The investigators considered his alibi to be "weak and inconsistent."<ref name=Al-Akhbar /> However, Rafic Hariri's son, [[Saad Hariri]], said he had always had full confidence in al-Hassan. Al-Hassan was not among those [[Special Tribunal for Lebanon#Indictment|indicted]] by the tribunal in January 2011. The tribunal's prosecutors are instead seeking the arrest of four members of the pro-Syrian [[Shi'a Islam in Lebanon|Shi'a Muslim]] group [[Hezbollah]].<ref name=BBC-profile /> Reportedly, the U.N. investigators decided not to proceed with investigations to al-Hassan's involvement for fear of damaging relations with the ISF.<ref name=Al-Akhbar />

== Head of Information Branch at ISF ==
In the aftermath of the death Rafik Hariri, the intelligence-oriented Information Branch was formed within the [[Internal Security Forces]] (ISF), the national police and security force of Lebanon. Al-Hassan was named as the head of the Information Branch in 2006, and tasked with leading the investigation to Rafic Hariri's death.<ref name=TDS-profile/><ref name=Al-Akhbar/> Al-Hassan served under the ISF's director-general, [[Ashraf Rifi]], who is one of the board members of the Prince Nayef University for Security Studies.<ref name=abukhalil>{{cite news|last=AbuKhalil|first=Asad|title=The Michel Samaha Affair|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/11067|accessdate=20 October 2012|newspaper=Al Akhbar|date=13 August 2012}}</ref> Al-Hassan achieved significant improvements in the capabilities of the information branch in terms of both domestic criminal matters and security issues.<ref name=lwarj>{{cite news|last=Radin|first=CD|title=Beirut car bomb kills anti-Syrian intelligence general|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/10/beirut_car_bombing_k.php?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+LongWarJournalSiteWide+%28The+Long+War+Journal+%28Site-Wide%29%29|accessdate=22 October 2012|newspaper=Long War Journal|date=21 October 2012}}</ref>

His intelligence unit was seen as being backed by the [[March 14 alliance]], acting as a counterweight to the [[Lebanese Armed Forces]]'s intelligence unit that is considered to have close links to [[Syria]].<ref name=Al-Akhbar /> The members of his organization have been subject of repeated assassinations and assassination attempts. One of the Information Branch's tasks was dismantling the network of Israeli spies in Lebanon, and this led to the arrest of over 100 individuals suspected of collaborating with Israel.<ref name=TDS-profile/>

As the chief of the Intelligence Branch, al-Hassan was criticized by members of the [[March 8 Alliance]] for allegedly focusing his investigations on pro-Syrian figures and members of the March 8 Alliance. In August 2012, al-Hassan made headlines as the key player in an investigation that led to the arrest of former Information Minister [[Michel Samaha]],<ref name=nleb201012>{{cite news|title=Charbel: Hassan threatened before revealing Samaha case|url=http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=448505|accessdate=20 October 2012|newspaper=NOW Lebanon|date=20 October 2012}}</ref> who was charged with transporting explosives into Lebanon with the help of the Syrian Security Chief [[Ali Mamlouk]], in an alleged attempt to destabilize the country.<ref name=TDS-profile>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Oct-20/192094-hasans-pivotal-security-role.ashx|title=Hasan’s pivotal security role|last=Taylor|first=Alex|date=20 October 2012|work=The Daily Star|accessdate=20 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=lwarj/> Al-Hassan had evidence of direct links between Samaha and senior Syrian political and intelligence aides, including top adviser to President Assad, Butheina Shaban.<ref name=alsharif>{{cite news|last=Al Sharif|first=Osama|title=Lebanon at the edge of precipice|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/10/24/245615.html|accessdate=24 October 2012|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=24 October 2012}}</ref> Lebanese Interior Minister [[Marwan Charbel]] reported that al-Hassan was threatened in relation to the arrest of Samaha.<ref name=nleb201012/> Imad Othman succeeded al-Hassan as the head of the Internal Security Forces Intelligence Bureau on 21 October 2012.<ref name=nnet>{{cite news|title=Imad Othman Succeeds Hasan as ISF Intelligence Bureau Head|url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/57908-imad-othman-succeeds-hasan-as-isf-intelligence-bureau-head|accessdate=22 October 2012|newspaper=Naharnet|date=22 October 2012}}</ref>

He was also named as a possible negotiation partner by the [[Free Syrian Army]] after the Syrian insurgency fighters kidnapped 11 Lebanese Shi'a pilgrims in August.<ref name=Al-Akhbar/>

== Death and funeral ==
{{main|2012 Beirut bombing}}
On 19 October 2012, al-Hassan died in a massive [[car bomb]]ing near his residence in the [[Achrafieh]] neighborhood of [[Beirut]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/oct/19/lebanon-divide-assassination-security-chief|title=Lebanon's great divide exposed by assassination of security chief|last=Chulov|first=Martin|date=19 October 2012|work=The Guardian|accessdate=19 October 2012}}</ref> Seven other people including his driver also died and nearly eighty people were wounded in the huge blast.<ref name=alsharif/><ref name=euro>{{cite news|title=Protests in Lebanon follow murder of intelligence chief|url=http://www.euronews.com/2012/10/20/protests-in-lebanon-follow-murder-of-intelligence-chief/|accessdate=20 October 2012|newspaper=Euronews|date=20 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=dstar211012/> Al-Hassan is believed to have been the target of the attack.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/19/world/meast/lebanon-beirut-blast/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|title=Anti-Syrian official killed when car bomb rocks Beirut|last=Walsh|first=Nick Paton|coauthors=Jamjoom, Mohammed and Sterling, Joe|date=19 October 2012|work=CNN|accessdate=19 October 2012}}</ref> He returned to Beirut from abroad on 18 October 2012.<ref name=samia2212/>

A state funeral ceremony for him was organized in Beirut on 21 October with the attendance of significant political figures and thousands of people.<ref name=dstar211012>{{cite news|title=Siniora demands Cabinet resign at Hasan's funeral in Beirut|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2012/Oct-21/192178-lebanon-prepares-to-bury-intelligence-chief-hasan.ashx#axzz29m2blrIw|accessdate=21 October 2012|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=21 October 2012|location=Beirut}}</ref><ref name=samia2212>{{cite news|last=Nakhoul|first=Samia|title=Analysis: Killing of security chief raises fears for Lebanon|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/22/us-lebanon-explosion-turmoil-idUSBRE89L06T20121022|accessdate=22 October 2012|newspaper=Reuters|date=22 October 2012|location=Beirut}}</ref> Lebanese president [[Michel Suleiman]] awarded al-Hasan the National Order of the Cedar in Grade of Grand Officer at the ceremony.<ref name=naharnet22>{{cite news|title=Suleiman Asks Govt. Not to Provide Cover for Criminals|url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/57839-suleiman-asks-govt-not-to-provide-cover-for-criminals-urges-speedy-indictments-in-samaha-nahr-al-bared-cases|accessdate=22 October 2012|newspaper=Naharnet|date=22 October 2012}}</ref> Al-Hassan was laid to rest alongside former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri in a cemetery near [[Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque|the Mohammad Amin Mosque]].<ref name=dstar211012/>

== Personal life ==
Al-Hassan was married to Anna al-Hassan and had two sons, Majd and Mazen.<ref name=ahramap>{{cite news|title=Thousands gather for al-Hassan's funeral in Beirut|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/56150/World/Region/Thousands-gather-for-alHassans-funeral-in-Beirut-.aspx|accessdate=22 October 2012|newspaper=Ahram Online|date=21 October 2012|agency=AP}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Future Movement]]
* [[Lebanese–Syrian Security Apparatus]]
* [[2011–2012 conflict in Lebanon]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME =al-Hassan, Wissam
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Lebanese security official
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1965
| PLACE OF BIRTH =Tripoli, Lebanon
| DATE OF DEATH =October 19, 2012
| PLACE OF DEATH =Beirut, Lebanon
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hassan, Wissam al}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated Lebanese politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths by car bomb in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Lebanese Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Lebanese terrorism victims]]
[[Category:March 14 alliance]]
[[Category:People murdered in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in Lebanon]]

[[ar:وسام الحسن]]
[[de:Wissam al-Hassan]]
[[es:Wissam al-Hassan]]
[[fr:Wissam al-Hassan]]
[[id:Wissam al-Hassan]]
[[he:ויסאם אל-חסן]]
[[pam:Wissam al-Hassan]]
[[pl:Wissam al-Hassan]]
[[ru:Аль-Хассан, Висам]]

List of Mr. Men

2012-10-15T14:49:38Z

62.145.19.66: Spelling consistent

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}
{{Multiple issues|unreferenced = July 2010|original research = May 2011|incomplete = May 2011}}

{{SpecialChars}}


The following is a list of '''''[[Mr. Men]]''''', from the [[Children's literature|children's book]] series by [[Roger Hargreaves]], also adapted into the [[children's television]] programme ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]''. Books one (''Mr. Tickle'') to forty-three (''Mr. Cheerful'') were written by Hargreaves, and the remainder by his son, [[Adam Hargreaves]].

{{compactTOC8|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}

==B==
===Mr. Bounce===
{{Infobox book|
| name = Mr. Bounce
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Adam Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = [[Mr. Men and Little Miss]]
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 14 April 1976
| color = yellow
| voiced by = [[Arthur Lowe]] [[Arnold Stang]] [[Neil Crone]] [[Sam Gold]]
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Fussy]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Muddle]]
}}

'''''Mr. Bounce''''' is the twenty-second book in the ''[[Mr. Men]]'' series. Mr. Bounce is small and bounces around like a rubber ball, which makes life very difficult for him. One day, after banging his head on the ceiling from bouncing off a chair, Mr. Bounce has decided he's had it with all this bouncing about and decides to see the doctor about it. On the way however, he trips on a pebble and becomes a live tennis ball for two boys in a tennis court. After taking a bus to the doctor's, Mr. Bounce bounces into the doctor's office and into Dr. Makeyouwell's mid-morning coffee. After Mr. Bounce explains his problem, Dr. Makeyouwell gives him the cure for bouncing about: heavy red boots. Mr. Bounce wears the boots to bed that night. The next morning, he bounces out of bed, but the boots make him fall through the floor straight into the kitchen.

In the 2008 TV series ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]'', he looks the same as in the books except his hat has a stripe on it. Unlike the books, he actally likes bouncing in the show. His bouncing about causes chaos for the other Mr. Men and Little Misses in Dillydale, especially when he's out in public. Mr. Bounce speaks with an [[Indian people|Indian]] accent (Irish in UK version). His catchphrase is, "Hello! Goodbye!". He often speaks quickly. In the US and UK Versions, he is voiced by [[Sam Gold]] and [[Simon Greenall]] respectively.

Mr. Bounce appears under the titles ''Monsieur Bing'' (French), ''Don Saltarin'' (Spanish), ''Meneer Stuiter''/''Meneertje Stuiterbal'' (Dutch), Ο Κύριος Χοροπηδούλης (Greek), 蹦跳先生 (Taiwan), ''Unser Herr Hupf'' (German) ''Senhor Saltitão'' (Portuguese) and ''Mister Beag'' (Gaeilge).

He has been voiced by [[Arthur Lowe]], [[Arnold Stang]], [[Neil Crone]], and [[Sam Gold]].
{{-}}

===Mr. Brave===
{{Infobox book |
| name = Mr. Brave
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 1990
| isbn =
| colour = yellow
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Slow]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Grumble]]
}}
'''''Mr. Brave''''' is the fortieth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series.
Mr. Brave is the most courageous person in the world, or so everyone thinks. The truth is that Mr. Brave is really a lucky coward. He only has one fear: heights. Mr. Brave appears under the titles Monsieur Courageux (French), Ο Κύριος Γενναίος (Greek), 勇敢先生 (Taiwan), 용감씨 (Korean).
{{-}}

===Mr. Bump===
{{Infobox book|
| name = Mr. Bump
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = [[Mr. Men]]
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Fabbri and Partners|Fabbri]]
| pub_date = 10 August 1971
| pages = 40 pp
| isbn = 978-0-85396-005-8
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Sneeze]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Snow]]
}}
'''''Mr. Bump''''' is the sixth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series. Mr. Bump can't help having accidents. He takes a vacation and falls off a boat. Later, he falls into a deep hole at the beach. When he wants a job, the best job he can find is walking around and bumping into trees on Mr. Barley's apple orchard, making the apples fall off the trees.

In ''Mr. Bump Loses His Memory'' he falls out of his bedroom window and bumps his head, promptly causing him [[amnesia|to lose his memory]]. He is told, by [[Mr. Muddle]] that his name is, in fact, '''Mr. Careful''', thus encouraging our confused Mr. Bump to try several jobs for which great care is needed, such as carrying eggs and delivering milk in glass bottles. His memory is restored when he walks into a tree, causing him to fall into a river.

In the 2008 TV series ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]'', Mr. Bump is a regular character. He kept his looks except one of his bandages is gone and is always having accidents, more often than not non-bump-related ones such as accidentally being cleaned in a car wash. Like [[Mr. Grumpy]] and [[Mr. Small]], his favourite food is [[liverwurst]] sandwiches, as mentioned in the '''Beach''' episode. He lives in a square house which is olive, with a black chimney, arched windows and a bandaged roof. Often, [[Little Miss Whoops]], his next-door neighbor, [[Mr. Tickle]] or [[Little Miss Helpful]] is the cause of his accidents. His catchphrase in the show is, "Oh poopity-poop!" and "You'll never learn.", usually exclaimed when his situation turns bad. In the US and UK Versions, he is voiced by [[Aaron Albertus]] and [[Simon Greenall]] respectively.

Mr. Bump appears under the titles Monsieur Malchance (French), Don Pupas (Spanish), Meneer Pech/Meneertje Bots (Dutch), Ο Κύριος Σκουντούφλης (Greek), 意外先生 (Taiwan), 꽈당씨 (Korean), Mr. Hergwd (Welsh), Unser Herr Schussel (German), Fætter Bumle (Danish), מר בום Mar Boom-Mr. Boom (Hebrew), Herra Skellur (Icelandic) and ''[[Senhor Trambolhão]]'' (Portuguese).

He has been voiced by [[Arthur Lowe]], [[John Alderton]], [[Gordon Peters]], [[Neil Crone]], and [[Aaron Albertus]].
{{-}}

===Mr. Busy===
{{Infobox book|
| name = Mr. Busy
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 18 March 1978
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Clever]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Slow]]
}}
'''''Mr. Busy''''' is the thirty-eighth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series.
Mr. Busy cannot stop rushing around, and never sits still. Mr. Busy completes everything ten times faster than anyone else could.

Mr. Busy appears under the titles Monsieur Rapide (French), Don Ocupado (Spanish), Meneertje Druk (Dutch), 빨라씨 (Korean), 勤勞先生 (Taiwan), Ο Κύριος Πολυάσχολος (Greek), Unser Herr Schnell (German), Bay Hýzlý (Turkish).

He has been voiced by [[Gordon Peters]] and [[Neil Crone]].
{{-}}

==C==
===Mr. Chatterbox===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Chatterbox
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 19 January 1976
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Mean (Mr. Men)|Mr. Mean]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Fussy]]
}}
'''''Mr. Chatterbox''''' is the twentieth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series.
Mr. Chatterbox will talk on and on. His talking causes the mailman to be late delivering all his mail, and causes Mr. Bowler, the hatter, to come home late to a cold dinner. Mr. Bowler sells Mr. Chatterbox a magic hat that will grow if Mr. Chatterbox talks too much. It grows until the bottom reaches Mr. Chatterbox's feet. Now Mr. Chatterbox talks less.

Mr. Chatterbox appears under the titles Monsieur Bavard (French), Meneer Kwebbeldoos/Meneertje Kletskous (Dutch), 수다씨 (Korean), 多嘴先生 (Taiwan), Ο Κύριος Πολυλογάς (Greek), Unser Herr Quassel (German), Senhor Tagarela (Portuguese) and Don Charlatano (Spanish).

He has been voiced by [[Arthur Lowe]], [[John Alderton]], [[Gordon Peters]], and [[Len Carlson]].
{{-}}

===Mr. Cheeky===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Cheeky
| author=Gemma Almond
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 21 January 2001
| isbn =
}}
'''''Mr. Cheeky''''' is part of the ''Mr. Men'' series of books, by [[Roger Hargreaves]].
In 2001, a competition was held in the ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|Sunday Times]]'' for children to submit their own Mr. Men character, which was to be published in a limited edition to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the series. ''Mr. Cheeky'' by 8 year-old Gemma Almond was the winner, and her creation was then published and sold only in branches of [[W H Smith]], with a portion of the proceeds going to a charity for children's [[leukemia]].
Mr. Cheeky has a sassy attitude.
{{-}}

===Mr. Cheerful===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Cheerful
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 9 May 1990
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Perfect]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Cool]]
}}
'''''Mr. Cheerful''''' is the forty-third book in the ''[[Mr. Men]]'' series and the final one by [[Roger Hargreaves]].
Mr. Cheerful is the second happiest man in the world, next to Mr. Happy.
Mr. Cheerful appears under the titles Monsieur Joyeux (French), Meneertje Blij (Dutch), Ο Κύριος Κεφάτος (Greek), 開心先生 (Taiwan).

He has been voiced by [[Gordon Peters]] and [[Len Carlson]].
{{-}}

===Mr. Christmas===
{{for|the Wiltshire, UK, man who celebrates Christmas every day|Andy Park (Mr. Christmas)}}
'''Mr. Christmas''' is part of the ''[[Mr. Men]]'' series of books, by [[Roger Hargreaves]].
Mr. Christmas just loves Christmas. Christmas is his favourite holiday and he thinks his uncle, Father Christmas, is just so amazing!
Mr. Christmas appears under the titles ''Monsieur Noel'' (French), Ο Κύριος Χριστουγεννούλης (Greek).
{{-}}

===Mr. Clever===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Clever
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 18 March 1978
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Mischief]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Busy]]
}}
'''''Mr. Clever''''' is the thirty-seventh book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by [[Roger Hargreaves]].
Mr. Clever lives in Cleverland. He is one of the smartest people in the world and is one of the few characters with visible ears.

Mr. Clever appears under the titles Monsieur Malin (French), Don Inteligente (Spanish), Ο Κύριος Έξυπνος (Greek), 聰明先生 (Taiwan), 영리씨 (Korean), Unser Herr Schlaumeier (German), Bay Akýllý (Turkish).

He has been voiced by [[John Alderton]], [[Gordon Peters]], and [[Len Carlson]].
{{-}}

===Mr. Clumsy===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Clumsy
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Egmont Books]]
| pub_date = 5 March 1978
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-7214-2227-5
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Grumpy]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Quiet]]
}}
'''''Mr. Clumsy''''' is the twenty-eighth book in the ''[[Mr. Men]]'' series by [[Roger Hargreaves]].
Mr. Clumsy always breaks things or knocks things over. When he has to go shopping, instead of taking just one can, he knocks over the whole stack. On a farm, he falls into a puddle, and must go home and take a bath. He falls into the linen basket. He falls out of his chair when he eats dinner. Then he has an accident before he goes to bed. Mr. Clumsy is green with a yellow nose and he has one pair of red shoes.
Mr. Clumsy appears under the titles Monsieur Maladroit (French), Don Desastre (Spanish), Meneertje Onhandig (Dutch), 서툴러씨 (Korean), 呆呆先生 (Taiwan), Ο Κύριος Αδέξιος (Greek), Unser Herr Tolpatsch (German), Fætter Bulder (Danish)
{{-}}

===Mr. Cool===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Cool
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Adam Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 3 April 2003
| pages = 38 pp
| isbn = 978-0-7498-5850-6
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Cheerful]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Rude]]
}}
'''''Mr. Cool''''' is the forty-fourth book in the ''[[Mr. Men]]'' series by [[Roger Hargreaves]] and the first one created by [[Adam Hargreaves]].
Mr. Cool is the coolest person in the world. When Jack Robinson has chicken pox and is bored in bed, Mr. Cool appeared and snapped his fingers, everything happens to make Jack happy and fun. at the end, Jack's chicken pox is gone during an extremely long slide down the [[Mount Everest]].
Mr. Cool is published under the title ''Monsieur Génial'' in France.
{{-}}

===Mr. Crosspatch===
'''''Mr. Crosspatch'''''' is a Mr. Men book only available in France. Mr. Crosspatch loves to fight (which may explain the bandage on his head); he even lives in a torn up house. Mr. Crosspatch is published under the title "Monsieur Bagarreur" in France.
{{-}}

==D==
===Mr. Daydream===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Daydream
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Fabbri and Partners|Fabbri]]
| pub_date = 15 August 1972
| pages = 40 pp
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-85396-022-5
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Small]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Forgetful]]
}}
'''''Mr. Daydream''''' is the thirteenth book in the ''[[Mr. Men]]'' series by [[Roger Hargreaves]].

The story tells of a little boy named Jack. Jack is a nice boy, and he likes to daydream a lot! He is at school when his teacher is talking about history. He looks out the window and meets Mr. Daydream, who invites Jack to come on an adventure with him. They get on the back of a huge bird, and the bird flies them from place to place. In the jungle, a crocodile tricks them into using his back as a bridge, and tries to toss them into his mouth, reminiscent of what the fox did to [[The Gingerbread Man]]. The bird rescues them and takes Jack and Mr. Daydream to other places, such as the North Pole, and finally to the Wild West, where Mr. Daydream puts on a hat too big for him, and cannot see. He calls Jack's name from under the hat, and Jack realizes that it wasn't Mr. Daydream calling Jack's name, but his teacher. When the teacher says Jack has been daydreaming, the reader realizes daydreaming is more fun than history!

Mr. Daydream appears under the titles Monsieur Rêve (French), Don Sonador (Spanish), Meneer Dagdroom (Dutch), 白日夢先生 (Taiwan), 공상씨 (Korean), Mr. Breuddwyd (Welsh), Ο Κύριος Ονειροπόλος (Greek), Unser Herr Träumerisch (German), Fætter Dagdrøm (Danish), Gubben Dagdröm (Swedish).
{{-}}

===Mr. Dizzy===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Dizzy
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Egmont Books]]
| pub_date = 14 April 1976
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-7214-2244-2
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Muddle]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Impossible]]
}}
'''''Mr. Dizzy''''' is the twenty-fourth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves.

Mr. Dizzy lives in Cleverland, where everybody is clever except for him – until, one day, because a pig and an elephant take advantage of him, he wishes himself clever as he drinks from a wishing well, despite being unaware of its magical properties. He returns and asks the pig, "What's fat and pink and goes Atishoo, Atishoo?" (This is replaced with "Achoo! Achoo!" in the US edition.) The pig is flummoxed until Mr. Dizzy tickles the pig's nose, causing him to sneeze and say, "Atishoo! Atishoo!" Next he asks the elephant, "What's large and grey and goes Dopit, Dopit?" The elephant is clueless until Mr. Dizzy ties a knot in the elephant's trunk, causing him to declare, "Dopit! Dopit!" and, addressing the readers, "I duppose doo dink dat's fuddy."

Mr. Dizzy appears under the titles Monsieur Nigaud (French), Ο Κύριος Χαζούλης (Greek), 傷腦筋先生 (Taiwan), 우둔씨 (Korean), Unser Herr Dussel (German), Meneer Suizebol (Dutch), Fætter Dumbum (Danish), מר טושטוש (Hebrew), Senhor Bobo (Portuguese),domnul dus (Romanian).
{{-}}

==F==
===Mr. Forgetful===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Forgetful
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Egmont Books]]
| pub_date = 19 January 1976
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-7214-2243-5
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Daydream]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Jelly]]
}}
'''''Mr. Forgetful''''' is the fourteenth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Forgetful has a short memory. This is not particularly useful. One day he has to remember a message for Farmer Fields to say that there is a sheep loose in the lane. Can he remember the message? Sadly, no for he says "there is a goose asleep in the rain".
Mr. Forgetful appears under the titles Monsieur Étourdi (French), Don Memorion (Spanish), Unser Herr Vergesslich (German), Meneer Vergeetal (Dutch), 健忘先生 (Taiwan), 잊어씨 (Korean), Ο Κύριος Ξεχασιάρης (Greek), Bay Unutkan (Turkish), Fætter Glemsom (Danish), מר שכחן (Hebrew) and Senhor Esquecido (Portuguese).
{{-}}

===Mr. Funny===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Funny
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 19 January 1976
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Lazy]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Mean (Mr. Men)|Mr. Mean]]
}}
'''''Mr. Funny''''' is the eighteenth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves.
Mr Funny lived inside a large teapot. So he decided to go out for a funny drive. While he was driving along the road, a Large Pig laughed to see his car and a worm laughed as well. Eventually Mr Funny came to some sign posts. One of them says "This way to the Zoo." Unfortunately all the animals at the zoo have colds. He ends up cheering up the zoo animals with his jokes and humour before driving home again. No one has a sense of humour like Mr. Funny.

He is now a character in [[The Mr. Men Show]], during its second season. He almost looks the same, but his flower and gloves are absent and has a white and red polka-dotted bow tie, his hat is also bent and he has Mr. Rude's nose, only it's red. In the show, Mr. Funny never spoke, and all of his sketches are done in mime and he acts like a [[clown]], his only noises being the sounds of horns and whistles, similar to comedian [[Harpo Marx]].

Mr. Funny appears under the titles Monsieur Rigolo (French), Don Bromista (Spanish), Unser Herr Lustig (German), Meneer Grapjas (Dutch), Ο Κύριος Αστείος (Greek), 趣味先生 (Taiwan), 웃겨씨 (Korean), Herra Fyndinn (Icelandic) and Senhor Engraçado (Portuguese).
{{-}}

===Mr. Fussy===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Fussy
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Ladybird Books]]
| pub_date = 14 April 1976
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-7214-2254-1
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Chatterbox]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Bounce]]
}}
'''''Mr. Fussy''''' is the twenty-first book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Fussy is a perfectionist. He would not tolerate anything imperfect. Mr. Fussy keeps his hair combed, his moustache trimmed, his shoelaces tied and his house very neat. One evening, he is working when his cousin from Australia comes for a visit, [[Mr. Clumsy]]. Mr. Clumsy causes chaos and at the end of his stay, everything in the house is disastrous. However, things just get worse for Mr. Fussy as then a friend comes to visit, [[Mr. Bump]].

The 2008 TV series of ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]'', he is also very clean and will not tolerate anything dirty as well as being fussy about details. He retains his yellow nose and neatly combed hair but was given a black bow tie, reading glasses, brown shoes and a more neatly waxed mustache. He lives next door to Mr. Messy in a [[duplex (building)|duplex]]-style house. He despairs (even crying) at the end of almost all of his scenes. He often gets kicked out or yelled at when he is using his temper on another Mr. Man or Little Miss (such as [[Mr. Messy]], [[Mr. Rude]] and [[Little Miss Naughty]]) and he has terrible classes. In the US and UK Versions, he is voiced by [[Joseph J. Terry]] and [[Rob Rackstraw]]. In the first season of the show he was named [[Mr. Persnickety]] (Mr. Pernickety in UK version; both are another word for fussy) and was coloured light green. He was renamed back to Mr. Fussy in Season 2, retaining his look from the first season, albeit now appearing in his normal dark green colour. Mr. Fussy's catch phrases are, "Mr. Messy!" and "Sweet Henrietta!" ("Sweet apple strudel!" in the UK version, in line with his German Accent in that version). On the website he says, "How revolting.". Mr. Fussy can play the Piano (both his concerts were ruined by Little Miss Chatterbox), the [[Cello]], and the [[Harp]].

Mr. Fussy appears under the title Monsieur Tatillon (French), Unser Herr Ordentlich (German), Meneer Precies (Dutch), Ο Κύριος Ιδιότροπου (Greek), 挑剔先生 (Taiwan), 꼼꼼씨 (Korean) and Senhor Esnobe (Portuguese).
{{-}}

==G==
===Mr. Good===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Good
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = [[Adam Hargreaves]]
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 4 April 2003
| pages = 38 pp
| isbn = 978-0-7498-5898-8
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Rude]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Nobody (Mr. Men)|Mr. Nobody]]
}}
'''''Mr. Good''''' is the forty-sixth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves and the third one created by [[Adam Hargreaves]].
Mr. Good is good, in a town called Badland, where everyone is bad. Mr. Good decides to take a long walk and ends up in Goodland. He lives there now.
''Mr. Good'' was published as ''Monsieur Gentil'' in French and "Sehnor Bonzinho" in Portuguese.
{{-}}

===Mr. Greedy===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Greedy
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Fabbri and Partners|Fabbri]]
| pub_date = 10 August 1971
| pages = 40 pp
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-85396-000-3
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Tickle]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Happy]]
}}
'''''Mr. Greedy''''' is the second book in the ''Mr. Men'' series, by Roger Hargreaves. The story begins with Mr. Greedy waking up and having his overly large daily breakfast. He then goes on a walk afterwards and finds his way into a cave where everything is larger than life and he begins to explore, finding larger than normal food. Mr. Greedy is then picked up by a giant who then teaches him a lesson and makes him eat all the giant food, making Mr. Greedy end up bigger and feeling like he would burst at any moment. The giant agrees to let him go as long as he promises to never be greedy again. Mr. Greedy promises and then at the end he is still keeping the promise and now has lost some weight, and it shows him looking much thinner at the end.

Mr. Greedy appears under the titles Monsieur Glouton (French), Don Glotón (Spanish), Mr. Barus (Welsh), Unser Herr Nimmersatt (German), 먹보씨 (Korean), Meneer Smikkel/Meneertje Vreetzak (Dutch), 貪吃先生 (Taiwan), Ο Κύριος Λαίμαργος (Greek), Fætter Grådig (Danish), Gubben Glufs Glufs (Sweden)
{{-}}

===Mr. Grumble===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Grumble
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 9 May 1990
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Brave]]
| followed_by = [[List_of_Mr._Men#Mr._Perfect|Mr. Perfect]]
}}
'''''Mr. Grumble''''' is the forty-first book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Grumble is the second grumpiest man
in the world "Bah!" says Mr. Grumble. He hates laughter, and he hates singing. Mr. Grumble appears under the titles Monsieur Grognon (French), Ο Κύριος Γκρινιάρης (Greek) and Senhor Reclamão (Portuguese).
{{-}}

===Mr. Grumpy===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Grumpy
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 5 March 1978
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Strong]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Clumsy]]
}}
'''''Mr. Grumpy''''' is the twenty-seventh book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr Grumpy is the grumpiest person in the world. He lives in Happyland{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}, He's always in a bad mood, hating anyone or anything he comes across. He can't stand books so he tears out all of the pages, and he is rude to Mr. Happy who comes to visit. Mr. Happy has Mr. Tickle tickle Mr. Grumpy if he is mean to somebody. This works, because it makes Mr. Grumpy nicer. He laughs out happier. Now when he picks up a book, he only tears out one page.

In the 2008 TV series ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]'', Mr. Grumpy kept his blue color, big blue nose and rectangle body. Though he wears a dark green crooked hat with a stripe instead of a light green top hat, he looks much more mature and so does his voice. He is a frequent victim of [[Mr. Tickle]] and is quite bitter about it, going so far as to invent the Tickle Protector to ward him off. He strongly dislikes Mr. Tickle and Mr. Scatterbrain, due to frequent incidents with them and is annoyed by happiness. His catchphrase: "Crooked [[cucumber]]s!". Like [[Mr. Small]] and [[Mr. Bump]], his favourite food is [[liverwurst]] sandwiches, as mentioned in ''Beach'' and ''Construction''. His favourite TV show is called "Trout Tuesday", which has been run at least once by Mr. Lazy. According to what he said in the episode ''Farm'', he was raised in the country. In the episode ''Dance'', he was writing his life story (and was continuously interrupted by Mr. Noisy's dance class upstairs), which he sold in ''Books''. He also now lives in a small brown house with signs that say "Go Away" and have frowns on them in his front yard, and a vegetable garden with a peach orchard in his backyard (which Mr. Scatterbrain and Little Miss Whoops ruined). He is polite and civil to anyone he talks to, but is very vocal about his opinions and can be rather brusque at times. In the US and UK Versions, he is voiced by [[Sam Gold]] and [[Simon Greenall]] respectively.

Mr. Grumpy appears under the titles Monsieur Grincheux (French), Don Malhumorado (Spanish), 暴躁先生 (Taiwan), Ο Κύριος Κατσούφης (Greek), Unser Herr Griesgram (German), Senhor Rabugento (Portuguese), and คุณหงุดหงิด (Thai).
{{-}}

==H==
===Mr. Happy===
{{Infobox book|
| name = Mr. Happy
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Fabbri and Partners|Fabbri]]
| pub_date = 10 August 1971
| pages = 40 pp
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-85396-001-0
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Greedy]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Nosey]]
}}
'''Mr. Happy''''' is the third book in the ''Mr Men'' series. Mr Happy discovers [[Mr. Miserable]] (who looks exactly like him) and helps him become happy.

Mr. Happy in the 2008 TV series ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]'' looked exactly as he did in the books. He co-hosts a morning show called "Good Morning Dillydale" with [[List of Little Miss characters|Little Miss Sunshine]]. His catchphrase: "Wonderful!" He also has a deepish voice, sounding like a [[stereotypical]] game show [[List of game show hosts|host]]. In the US and UK versions, he is voiced by [[Sam Gold]], [[Simon Greenall]] (Season 1) and [[Rob Rackstraw]] (Season 2). Mr. Happy spent many years as the official face of [[Glasgow]]'s Miles Better campaign.

Mr. Happy appears under the titles ''Monsieur Heureux'' (French), ''Don Feliz'' (Spanish), ''Mr. Hapus'' (Welsh), ''Unser Herr Glücklich'' (German), ''Meneer Blij/Meneertje Vrolijk'' (Dutch), ''Ο Κύριος Χαρούμενος'' (Greek), ''快樂先生'' (Taiwan), ''행복씨'' (Korean), ''Fætter Glad'' (Danish), ''Gubben Lycklig'' (Swedish) and ''Senhor Feliz'' (Portuguese).
{{-}}

==I==
===Mr. Impossible===
{{redirect|Mr. Impossible|the album by Black Dice|Mr. Impossible (album)}}
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Impossible
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 14 April 1976
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Dizzy]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Strong]]
}}
'''''Mr. Impossible''''' is the twenty-fifth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Nothing is impossible to Mr. Impossible. He can do anything. He has magic powers similar to Little Miss Magic and even uses his powers to motivate people. One day he goes to school with a boy named William. He proves he can do anything in some amazing ways! He is purple with a blue top hat.

Mr. Impossible appears under the titles Monsieur Incroyable (French), {{lang|es|Don Imposible}} (Spanish), Unser Herr Unmöglich (German), 불가능없어씨 (Korean), 萬事通先生 (Taiwan), Ο Κύριος Απίθανος (Greek), Meneer Onmogelijk (Dutch) and Senhor Impossível (Portuguese).
{{-}}

==J==
===Mr. Jelly===
{{Infobox book|
| name = Mr. Jelly
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Ladybird Books]]
| pub_date = 19 January 1976
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-7214-2233-6
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Forgetful]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Noisy]]
}}
'''''Mr. Jelly''''' is the fifteenth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series. Mr. Jelly is afraid of everything, such as the snapping of a twig. He often hides under the covers. One day, he finds a tramp sleeping in the woods, whom he is afraid of, until the vagabond teaches him to count to ten whenever he feels nervous. This makes Mr. Jelly a calm fellow and he rarely hides under the covers now.

In the 2008 TV series ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]'', Mr. Jelly (now renamed Mr. Nervous in both the US and UK broadcasts) has been given an egg-shaped body, purple skin, glasses, a sea green nose (also appears light blue), and black-and-white sneakers, and is depicted as a stereotypical nerd. His catchphrases: "Oh, no no no no no no!" and "This is the end!" In the episode "Food", he says radishes give him uncontrollable flatuence in the US but terrible tummyaches in the UK, he doesn't like beets, and that he likes sprouts as long as they have been firmly washed. Mr. Nervous often goes on wacky adventures when really he's doing something as wacky as he's imagining, (i.e. He imagines he's in a rocket ship, out of gas and about crash when it turns out he's just on a carousel). He lives in a lighthouse with a large searchlight and many locks on the door. In the US and UK Versions, he is voiced by [[Danny Katiana]] and [[Tim Whitnall]].

Mr. Jelly appears under the titles ''Monsieur Peureux'' (French), ''Monsieur Nerveux'' (French on the 2008 show), ''Don Miedica'' (Spanish), ''Unser Herr Angsthase'' (German), ''Ο Κύριος Φοβητσιάρης'' (Greek), ''겁쟁이씨'' (Korean), ''緊張先生'' (Taiwan), ''Meneer Doodsbenauwd'' (Dutch), Senhor Tremilique (Portuguese) and ''Senhor Nervoso'' (Portuguese on the 2008 show).
{{-}}

==L==
===Mr. Lazy===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Lazy
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 19 January 1976
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Noisy]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Funny]]
}}
'''''Mr. Lazy''''' is the seventeenth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Lazy is lazy, he lives in Sleepyland, where there are only four hours a day, as opposed to 24, and it takes two regular hours for water to boil and three regular hours for bread to toast. One day, Mr. Lazy sits down for a nap, and is awoken by Mr. Busy and Mr. Bustle. They overwork him, until Mr. Bustle blows a whistle, requiring Mr. Lazy to run as fast as he can. Mr. Lazy runs, but his legs don't get him anywhere because he is sitting on a chair in the garden. He wakes up to realize it was all a dream, and the whistle was the kettle boiling in the kitchen. He sits down to have breakfast, and he goes to sleep yet again.

In the 2008 TV series ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]'', he is more "lazy" rather than "sleepy" as he was in the books and hates work. His color is changed from pink to green, his shape changes into a more angular, slouched over shape and his hat changes into a red (also appears pink) [[newsboy cap|newsboy-style cap]] that covers his eyes. He also wears socks and flip flops. He lives in a camper-style trailer, with the garbage cans and mailbox overfilled with trash and mail, respectively. He has a monotone voice that sounds like Eeyore's from Winnie The Pooh. In the US and UK Versions, he is voiced by [[Phil Lollar]] and [[Tim Whitnall]] respectively.

Mr. Lazy appears under the titles Monsieur Endormi (French), Don Vago (Spanish), Unser Herr Faulpelz (German), Meneer Luilak (Dutch), 懶惰先生 (Taiwan), 게을러씨 (Korean), Ο Κύριος Τεμπέλης (Greek), Faetter Slov (Danish), Herra Latur (Icelandic) and ''Senhor Preguiçoso'' (Portuguese).
{{-}}

==M==
===Mr. Mean===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Mean
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Ladybird Books]]
| pub_date = 19 January 1976
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-7214-2235-0
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Funny]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Chatterbox]]
}}
'''''Mr. Mean''''' is the nineteenth book in the ''[[Mr. Men]]'' series by [[Roger Hargreaves]]. Mr. Mean is a [[miser]] who never spends a penny of his money. He is so mean he gives his brother a piece of coal for Christmas. One day a wizard starts disguising as people in need. Each time Mr. Mean rejects helping them, a spell is placed on a part of his body, such as his nose turning into a carrot, his ears turning into tomatoes. He gives help when he realizes his feet are about to fall under a spell. Then he spends his money, and now he gives his brother two pieces of coal for Christmas. ''Mr. Mean'' appears under the titles Mr. Stingy (USA), Monsieur Avare (French), Don Tacañete (Spanish), Unser Herr Geizig (German), 구두쇠씨 (Korean), Senhor Cruel (Portuguese), 吝嗇先生 (Taiwan), Ο Κύριος Τσιγκούνης (Greek), Meneer Gierig (Dutch). Mr Mean also appears in the grown up business title ''Mr Mean's Guide to Management''.
{{-}}

===Mr. Messy===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Messy
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Fabbri and Partners|Fabbri]]
| pub_date = 15 August 1972
| pages = 40 pp
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-85396-017-1
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Snow]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Topsy-Turvy]]
}}
'''''Mr. Messy''''' is the eighth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Messy is pink and really messy, but has a really nice smile. Mr. Messy lives in a messy house until Mr. Neat and Mr. Tidy come to clean his house and give him a bath (his first ever, as the bathroom had previously been the messiest of the house). He becomes neat and thinks he has to change his name. Mr. Messy then becomes clean.

In the 2008 TV series ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]'', Mr. Messy is not only messy but unclean and unhygienic also, notably more than he is messy. He was given blue and white sneakers (similar to [[Little Miss Chatterbox]]'s, only with patches of dirt on the toes, and both on occasion in the show and in his character image, one of them with untied laces), and his limbs are also made solid, instead of scribbled like they were originally. Also, his house is no longer by itself in a messy field. He lives right next door to Mr. Persnickety (U.S.) / Mr. Pernickety (UK) (originally named Mr. Fussy in the book series and also in the second series) in a duplex-styled house. His catchphrases: "Shazam!" and "That's what I'm talkin' about!" and in the official site, "Messy, not dressy". In the US and UK Versions, he is voiced by series art director [[Peter Rida Michail]] and [[Rob Rackstraw]].

''Mr. Messy'' appears under the titles ''Monsieur Sale'' (French), ''Don Lioso'' (Spanish), ''Meneer Knoeipot''/''Meneertje Sloddervos'' (Dutch), Ο Κύριος Τσαπατσούλης (Greek), * 邋遢先生 (Taiwan), 너절씨 (Korean), ''Mr. Anniben'' (Welsh), ''Unser Herr Schlampig'' (German), ''Bay Daðýnýk'' (Turkish), ''Fætter Sjusk'' (Danish), מר שלומפר (Hebrew), ''Herra Subbi'' (Icelandic) and ''Senhor Desmazelado'' (Portuguese).
{{-}}

===Mr. Mischief===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Mischief
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 18 March 1978
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Skinny]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Clever]]
}}
'''''Mr. Mischief''''' is the thirty-sixth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr Mischief plays tricks on everybody—breaks Mr. Happy's chair, gives Mr. Greedy a cake in which the chocolate is really mud, the cream inside is really cotton, and the icing is really toothpaste and puts jam in Mr. Funny's hat. One day Mr. Mischief tries to steal a wizard's wand, but the wizard stops him and teaches Mr. Mischief a lesson by [[turning the tables]] on Mr. Mischief. Mr. Mischief is good as gold... until he cuts Mr. Fussy's mustache in half! Mr. Mischief appears under the titles Monsieur Farceur (French), Ο Κύριος Σκανταλιάρης (Greek), 惡作劇先生 (Taiwan), 장난씨 (Korean), Unser Herr Schabernack (German) and Senhor Brincalhão (Portuguese).
{{-}}

===Mr. Miserable===
'''Mr. Miserable''' is part of the ''Mr. Men'' series of books, by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Miserable only appears in one story, that of [[Mr. Happy]]. He lives in a room deep underground which is accessed by a door in a tree. He is the spitting image of Mr. Happy, except that he is as miserable as Mr. Happy is happy. He wants to be happy but decides that he is just miserable by nature. Mr. Happy invites his new friend to stay at his cottage for a while and there Mr. Miserable learns to be happy and even falls about with laughter, with Mr. Happy and others joining in.
{{-}}

===Mr. Muddle===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Muddle
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 14 April 1976
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Bounce]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Dizzy]]
}}
'''''Mr. Muddle''''' is the twenty-third book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Muddle gets the simplest things messed up. He lives in a house by the sea in Seatown. He was supposed to live in the country, but he, who built the house himself, built it wrong and in the wrong spot. One day he goes fishing with a fisherman named George and does the wrong things and they don't catch any fish. George's technique is to ask Mr. Muddle to do the opposite of what George wants, and Mr. Muddle will get it right. George gets everybody to do this, and Mr. Muddle goes home and cooks himself a muddled-up meal to celebrate.

He is not to be confused with a human of the same name, who appears in the book [[Mr. Silly]].

Despite not appearing in [[The Mr. Men Show]], you can see his face at the beginning of the intro.

Mr. Muddle appears under the titles Monsieur Méli-Mélo (French), Don Confuso (Spanish), Unser Herr Durcheinander (German), Ο Κύριος Μπερδεμένος (Greek), 엉망씨 (Korean), 糊塗先生 (Taiwan), Meneer Stuntel (Dutch).
{{-}}

==N==
===Mr. Nervous===
See [[Mr. Jelly]].

===Mr. No===
'''Mr. No''' is a Mr. Men book only available in France. Mr. No always disagrees with everyone and everything. Mr. No is published under the title "Monsieur Non" in France.

===Mr. Nobody===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Nobody
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 1985 as a special (re-released March 2010 as book No. 47)
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Good]]
| followed_by = Nobody
}}
'''''Mr. Nobody''''' is the forty-seventh book in the Mr. Men series by Roger Hargreaves. [[Mr. Happy]] finds somebody who is nobody. Mr. Nobody is literally not much of a person.
{{-}}

===Mr. Noisy===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Noisy
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 19 January 1976
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Jelly]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Lazy]]
}}
'''''Mr. Noisy''''' is the sixteenth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Noisy is always loud. He lives on top of a hill and must go to Wobbletown at the bottom of the hill to do errands. He shouts to Mrs. Crumb, the baker, "I'D LIKE A LOAF OF BREAD!" and he shouts to Mr. Bacon, the butcher, "I'D LIKE A PIECE OF MEAT!" Having just about had it with Mr. Noisy's noisiness, Mrs. Crumb and Mr. Bacon come up with a plan. Next day, when Mr. Noisy goes shopping at both their shops again, Mrs. Crumb and Mr. Bacon just pretend not to hear him. Next day, when Mr. Noisy tries again at both shops, he realizes that he has to be quiet if he's to get what he wants. He also learns not to clump his shoes, not to open and shut doors loudly, and he also learns to whisper.

In the 2008 TV series ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]'', Mr. Noisy remains relatively the same in terms of appearance, though is given a megaphone-styled [[bullhorn]] to emphasize his character trait. His boots make loud stomping sounds when he walks. He lives next door to [[Mr. Quiet]] in a stereo-shaped house. His catchphrase: "SUPER!" Mr. Noisy is often paired with bad ones in order to remind them, such as Mr. Grumpy, Mr. Stubborn, Mr. Rude and Little Miss Naughty. In the US and UK Versions he is voiced by [[Richard Epcar]] and [[Rob Rackstraw]], respectively.

Mr. Noisy appears under the titles Monsieur Bruit (French), Don Ruidoso (Spanish), Unser Herr Laut (German), Ο Κύριος Φασαρίας (Greek), Fætter Bulder (Danish), 시끄럼씨 (Korean), 吵鬧先生 (Taiwan), Meneer Brulmans (Dutch), מר קולרם (Hebrew) and Senhor Barulhento (Portuguese).
{{-}}

===Mr. Nonsense===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Nonsense
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| cover_artist =
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Ladybird Books]]
| pub_date = 18 March 1978
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-7214-2253-4
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Worry]]
| followed_by = [[List_of_Mr._Men#Mr._Wrong|Mr. Wrong]]
}}
'''''Mr. Nonsense''''' is the thirty-third book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Nonsense lives in Nonsenseland, in a boat on top of a tree. When asked why he sleeps in a rowing boat, the answer is "I tried sleeping in a motorboat and it was somewhat uncomfortable." When asked why he eats porridge on toast, the answer is, "I tried porridge sandwiches and I didn't like them." Mr. Nonsense is best friends with Mr. Silly, and when it snows yellow snow, they go for a toboggan in Mr. Nonsense's rowing boat bed. They build square snowballs somehow. Mr. Nonsense appears under the titles of Monsieur Bizarre (French).
{{-}}

===Mr. Nosey===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Nosey
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Fabbri and Partners|Fabbri]]
| pub_date = 10 August 1971
| pages = 40 pp
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-85396-002-7
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Happy]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Sneeze]]
}}
'''''Mr. Nosey''''' is the fourth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. The character of Mr. Nosey lives up to his name, along with his big nose. He is always snooping around in other people's business, much to their annoyance. ''Mr. Nosey'' appears under the titles ''Monsieur Curieux'' (French), ''Don Entrometido'' (Spain), ''Don Metomeentodo'' (Mexico), ''Mr. Trwyn-Ym-Mhopeth'' (Welsh), ''Unser Herr Neugierig'' (German), ''Meneer Langneus/Meneertje Wijsneus'' (Dutch), ''Ο Κύριος Αδιάκριτος'' (Greek), ''好奇先生'' (Taiwan), ''참견씨'' (Korean), ''ﻞ‎ﻮ‎ﻀ‎ﻓ ﻯﺎﻘﺁ'' (Persian), ''Fætter Snus'' (Danish), ''Gubben Nyfiken'' (Swedish) and ''Senhor Narigudo'' (Portuguese).

On the 2008 TV series ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]'', Mr. Nosey (Mr. Nosy in the US broadcast) is light green, has a shape similar to that of [[Mr. Greedy]], his nose is an orange oval, has one curl of hair, and wears a black necktie. He is also often seen with his best friend [[Mr. Small]]. He may be stronger than Mr. Strong, and often when he jumps he breaks things, like in the Lake episode where he breaks the wooden platform. His catchphrase is "Just looking". He lives with Mr. Small in an observatory with a large telescope that comes out of the roof. In the US and UK versions, he is voiced by [[Danny Katiana]] and [[Steve Kynman]] respectively.
{{-}}

==P==
===Mr. Perfect===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Perfect
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 9 May 1990
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Grumble]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Cheerful]]
}}
'''''Mr. Perfect''''' is the forty-second book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Everything about Mr. Perfect is just perfect. He never has a bad day or anything. He gets in trouble by Mr. Uppity and Mr. Grumpy. Mr. Perfect appears under the titles 完美先生 (Mandarin), Monsieur Parfait (French), Ο Κύριος Τέλειος (Greek), Senhor Perfeito (Portuguese).
{{-}}

===Mr. Pernickety===
See [[Mr. Fussy]].

===Mr. Persnickety===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Persnickety
| author=None
| illustrator = [[The Mr. Men Show]]
| image =
| country = Canada and US
| language = English
| series = [[The Mr. Men Show]]
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 2008
| isbn =
| preceded_by = None
| followed_by = None
}}
See [[Mr. Fussy]].
{{-}}

==Q==
===Mr. Quiet===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Quiet
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Ladybird Books]]
| pub_date = 5 March 1978
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-7214-2261-9
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Clumsy]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Rush]]
}}
'''''Mr. Quiet''''' is the twenty-ninth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Quiet lives in Loudland, where everybody and everything is too loud for him. Loudland would be suitable for Mr. Noisy, but not for Mr. Quiet. Mr. Quiet is scared. Whenever he tries to go shopping, he can only whisper what he wants, which results in the grocer, the milkman, the baker, and the butcher to shout "CAN'T HEAR YOU! NEXT PLEASE!" One day Mr. Quiet gets a letter from Mr. Happy to stay in Happyland, where Mr. Quiet gets a job in a library, where the rule is to always be quiet. Mr. Quiet is so happy he laughs out loud.

In the 2008 TV series, The Mr. Men Show, Mr. Quiet is normal sized, instead of small like in the books, his colour has been changed from light brown to light blue, and two of his hairs are gone, He also lives next door to Mr. Noisy in a small shack-like house with a zen garden. His voice is barely audible, which can cause confusion with some of the other characters. In some situations where other characters he is with are debating, only he is aware of the dangers around them, even if he is subject to dangerous situations himself. He has a taste for Asian things, such as Chinese vases (seen in "Music") and a Zen garden (seen in "Gardens"), perhaps an allusion to the stereotype "quiet Asian". In the US and UK Versions, he is voiced by Aaron Albertus and Simon Greenall respectively.
Mr. Quiet appears under the titles Monsieur Silence (French), Don Silencioso (Spanish), Don Calladito (Mexico), 조용씨 (Korean), 安靜先生 (Taiwan), Ο Κύριος Ήσυχος (Greek), Unser Herr Leise (German) and Senhor Silêncio (Portuguese).
{{-}}

==R==
===Mr. Rude===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Rude
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Adam Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 3 April 2003
| pages = 38 pp
| isbn = 978-0-7498-5851-3
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Cool]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Good]]
| born = 23 October 1982
| age = 27
}}
'''''Mr. Rude''''' is the forty-fifth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves and the second one created by [[Adam Hargreaves]]. Mr. Rude has a French accent (alluding to the [[stereotype]] that the French are rude people) and, as his name suggests, is rude to everyone. He insults a man with a big nose and an overweight woman. To the overweight woman he says "Fatty!, you're supposed to eat the things in the fridge, not eat the fridge as well!" ''Mr. Rude'' is published as ''Monsieur Mal-Elevé'' in French and ''Senhor Rude'' in Portuguese.

In the 2008 TV series ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]'', Mr. Rude kept his red colour, dark red nose, French accent, and shape, but he doesn't wear a hat (only in some episodes, which is rare.), wears brown shoes and has three hairs on his head. His catchphrase is, "I'll give you..." followed by an episode of [[flatulence]] that can be heard anywhere in Dillydale; after this, a Mr. Man or a Little Miss will shout "Mr. Rude!" (among the most common Mr. Men and Little Misses that do this are Mr. Grumpy, Mr. Bump, Mr. Tickle, Mr. Small, Little Miss Scary, and Little Miss Helpful; as is the case of Series 1). In the episode "hotel.", Mr. Happy is in the crowd too. In both US and UK Versions, he is voiced by [[Joseph J. Terry]].
{{-}}

===Mr. Rush===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Rush
| author=[[Roger Hargreaves]]
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Ladybird Books]]
| pub_date = 5 March 1978
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-7214-2257-2
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Quiet]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Tall]]
}}
'''''Mr. Rush''''' is the thirtieth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Rush is always in a rush. He never does anything properly. He is in such a rush he has a terrible breakfast (toast not toasted, water cold), only brushes one tooth, and runs out of the house to go nowhere. He sees an ad for a vacation in a magazine but can't go away because he has no money, so he wants a job to make money. Being a bus driver isn't good, because he doesn't stop at any of the stops, being a waiter isn't good because he'd whisk away the food as soon as he brought it. The job he finds is as a postman delivering express letters, the best job for the fastest thing on two feet. He saves enough money and goes on vacation.

Mr. Rush appears under the titles Monsieur Pressé (French), Don Prisas (Spanish), Ο Κύριος Βιαστικός (Greek), 匆忙先生 (Taiwan), 서둘러씨 (Korean), Unser Herr Eilig (German).
{{-}}

==S==
===Mr. Scatterbrain===
{{Infobox character
| image =
| name = Mr. Scatterbrain
| portrayer = Joseph J. Terry (U.S. and UK)
}}
'''''Mr. Scatterbrain''''' is a new Mr. Man created for ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]''. A magenta Mr. Men character with a blue bowler hat and a wide collection of random items, though still the least intelligent. Unlike the other Mr. Men and Little Misses, his tongue is hot pink. He also has a lot of animal friends, ranging from penguins to iguanas. His catchphrases: "Why didn't you say so?" (evident that he has [[short term memory loss]]) and "Where's my head?" In both the U.S. and UK versions, his voice shifts around from high to low, very much like actor [[Ed Wynn]]. In the French version, he is called ''Monsieur Tête-en-L’air'' and, in the Portuguese version, he is called ''Senhor Distraído''. He has a New York accent in both versions starred by Joseph J. Terry.
{{-}}

===Mr. Silly===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Silly
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Fabbri and Partners|Fabbri]]
| pub_date = 15 August 1972
| pages = 40 pp
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-85396-019-5
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Topsy-Turvy]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Uppity]]
}}
'''''Mr. Silly''''' is the tenth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Silly lives in Nonsenseland, where the trees have red leaves and the grass is blue. Every year there is a contest for the silliest idea of the year, and Mr. Silly can't think of one. All the animals do human activity and say the wrong sounds. Mr. Silly wins the contest by painting all the leaves on the trees green. Mr. Silly appears under the titles Monsieur Étonnant (French), Don Tontainas (Spanish), Unser Herr Komisch (German), Ο Κύριος Ανόητος (Greek), 엉뚱씨 (Korean), Mr. Dwl (Welsh), Meneer Malloot (Dutch), 滑稽先生 (Taiwan), Fætter Fjolle (Danish) and Senhor Esquisito (Portuguese).
He appears in the books [[Little Miss Wise]] and [[Little Miss Dotty]].
{{-}}

===Mr. Skinny===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Skinny
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 18 March 1978
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Wrong]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Mischief]]
}}
'''''Mr. Skinny''''' is the thirty-fifth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Skinny lives in Fatland, where everything and everyone is big except for him. He has a small appetite, and sees Dr. Plump, who has him visit Mr. Greedy help increase Mr. Skinny's appetite for a month. Mr. Skinny gains a belly. Mr. Skinny appears under the titles Monsieur Maigre (French), 苗條先生 (Taiwan), 빼빼씨 (Korean), Ο Κύριος Κοκαλιάρης (Greek), Unser Herr Dünn (German), Fætter Pind (Danish).
{{-}}

===Mr. Slow===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Slow
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 1 October 1978
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Busy]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Brave]]
}}
'''''Mr. Slow''''' is the thirty-ninth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Slow takes so long to do everything. It took him until New Year to open his Christmas presents, and until Easter to write his thank-yous. He tries to get a job. When he tried to be a news reporter, it took him until midnight to read the news. When he tried to be a taxi driver, he delayed Mr. Uppity in getting to the train station. The job he gets is as a steamroller driver. Mr. Slow appears under the titles Monsieur Lent (French), Don Tranquilo (Spanish), 느려씨 (Korean), 慢吞吞先生 (Taiwan), Ο Κύριος Αργοκίνητος (Greek), Fætter Langsom (Danish) Unser Herr Langsam (German).
{{-}}

===Mr. Small===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Small
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Fabbri and Partners|Fabbri]]
| pub_date = 15 August 1972
| pages = 40 pp
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-85396-021-8
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Uppity]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Daydream]]
}}
'''''Mr. Small''''' is the twelfth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Small lives under a daisy in Mr. Robinson's garden. He eats very enormous meals, and talks to Walter the Worm about getting a job. He then meets Mr. Robinson, who tries to get him a job. They try putting mustard in mustard jars, and they try putting matches into matchboxes. Neither job goes well. It's decided the best job for somebody so small is writing children's books. Mr. Robinson introduces Mr. Small to a friend who writes children's books (referring to Roger Hargreaves), and writes a book all about himself. This Mr. Men book breaks the [[fourth wall]].

In the 2008 TV series ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]'', Mr. Small is considerably larger (about twice the size of a slice of bread) and is an orange color. He also wears a tall black [[top hat]] (similar to [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s) instead of a blue [[bowler hat|bowler]], is a somewhat egg shape and wears a pair of white sneakers. Like [[Mr. Grumpy]] and [[Mr. Bump]], his favorite food is [[liverwurst]] sandwiches. He also is able to speak in French and Spanish. He behaves in a rather cheerful, gentleman-like manner and his catchphrases are "Good tidings" and "Great McGillicuddy!" His best friend is [[Mr. Nosey]], and they live together in an observatory with a large telescope coming out from the roof. They also often pilot strange machinery that they themselves use. In the US and UK Versions, he is voiced by [[Phil Lollar]] and [[Keith Wickham]].

Mr. Small appears under the titles ''Monsieur Petit'' (French), ''Don Pequeno'' (Spanish), ''Unser Herr Winzig'' (German), ''Mr. Bach'' (Welsh), 小不點先生 (Taiwan), 작아씨 (Korean), ''Meneer Klein''/''Meneertje Mini'' (Dutch), Ο Κύριος Μικρούλης (Greek), ''Fætter Fnug'' (Danish) and ''Senhor Pequeno'' (Portuguese).
{{-}}

===Mr. Sneeze===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Sneeze
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Fabbri and Partners|Fabbri]]
| pub_date = 10 August 1971
| pages = 40 pp
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-85396-004-1
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Nosey]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Bump]]
}}
'''''Mr. Sneeze''''' is the fifth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves.
Mr. Sneeze lives in Shivertown, the capital of Coldland, where everybody has a red nose from all the sneezing. Mr. Sneeze doesn't like sneezing all the time, and makes a long journey to where there is no sneezing. He meets a wizard to which he explains the story. The wizard transports the two to Coldland, and the wizard uses his magic to warm the place up. Nobody has red noses anymore, not even Mr. Sneeze.

Mr. Sneeze appears under the titles Monsieur Atchoum (French), Unser Herr Hatschi (German), Senhor Espirro (Portuguese), 재채기씨 (Korean), Mr. Tisian (Welsh), Meneer Hatsjie (Dutch), 噴嚏先生 (Taiwan), Ο Κύριος Συναχούλης (Greek), Fætter Nys (Danish), מר אפצ'י (Hebrew).
{{-}}

===Mr. Snow===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Snow
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Fabbri and Partners|Fabbri]]
| pub_date = 3 January 1972
| pages = 36 pp
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-85396-008-9
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Bump]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Messy]]
}}
'''''Mr. Snow''''' is the seventh book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Snow was an ordinary snowman until he was brought to life to help [[Father Christmas]]. The ending requires that the reader build a snowman properly next time he or she builds one because Father Christmas might want that snowman's help. Mr. Snow appears under the titles Monsieur Neige (French), Ο Κύριος Χιονούλης (Greek), 눈사람씨 (Korean), Mr. Eira (Welsh), 雪人先生 (Taiwan), Unser Herr Frostig (German), Meneer Sneeuw (Dutch).
{{-}}

===Mr. Strong===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Strong
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 14 April 1976
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Impossible]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Grumpy]]
}}
'''''Mr. Strong''''' is the twenty-sixth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves.

Mr. Strong is so strong from eating many eggs, enough that he can break things, until he finds a farmer whose cornfield is on fire. Mr. Strong is so strong he picks up the farmer's barn and fills it with water, pours the water on the cornfield, extinguishing it. Mr. Strong is rewarded with eggs from the chickens on the farm.

In the 2008 TV series, The Mr. Men Show, Mr. Strong's shape changed from a square to a triangle, however he kept his red color. He also wears a weight belt with a yellow buckle instead of his hat. He often says, "Yo" at the beginning of his sentences and he says "Aw, [[Pickled cucumber|pickles]]!" when something goes wrong, which it often does due to his strength; and "Good thing I came along". Mr. Strong speaks with a New York accent. In the US and UK Versions, he is voiced by [[Phil Lollar]] and [[Simon Greenall]].

Mr. Strong appears under the titles Monsieur Costaud (French), Don Forzudo (Spanish), Unser Herr Stark (German), Meneertje Sterk (Dutch), Ο Κύριος Δυνατός (Greek), 強壯先生 (Taiwan), 힘세씨 (Korean), Fætter Stærk (Danish), Gubben Stark (Swedish) and Senhor Forte (Portuguese).
{{-}}

===Mr. Stubborn===
{{Infobox character
| image =
| name = Mr. Stubborn
| portrayer = Godfrey (U.S.) Lewis MacLeod (UK)
}}
'''''Mr. Stubborn''''' is a new Mr. Man created for ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]''. He is purple and resembles Mr. Grumble, with a triangular yellow nose, and two hairs. He often assumes others are wrong, even when it is obvious that he is wrong. If possible, he misuses items and after they break, he thinks that they are cheap ("This website is CHEAP!" or "That door is CHEAP!").
In the French version, he is called ''Monsieur Têtu '' and, in the Portuguese version, he is called ''Senhor Teimoso''. He is voiced by [[Godfrey (comedian)|Godfrey]] (US) and [[Lewis MacLeod (actor)|Lewis MacLeod]] (UK).

[[Little Miss Stubborn]] is his book counterpart.
{{-}}

==T==
===Mr. Tall===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Tall
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Egmont Publishing]] [[Fabbri and Partners|Fabbri]]
| pub_date = 1976
| isbn =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Mr. Tall''''' is the thirty-first book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves.
Mr. Tall hates his oversized legs as they have too much muscle. He then meets Mr. Small, and when Mr. Small goes for a swim, Mr. Tall can't as he splashes all the water away. However, three other Mr. Men teach him that over muscular body parts can be helpful. Mr. Tall decides his long legs are great for sprinting, and while Mr. Tall made it home quickly, Mr. Small took a year to get home.

He recently appeared in [[The Mr. Men Show]] Season 2 voiced by Keith Wickham (UK) and [[Godfrey (comedian)|Godfrey]] (US), but is silent except for "Travel" only. Aside from keeping his looks from the books, he has a hat that's crooked at the top. Mr. Tall speaks with a Texan accent which is deeper than [[Mr. Strong]]'s and a Polish accent.

Mr. Tall appears under the titles Monsieur Grand (French), Don Alto (Spanish), Unser Herr Riesig (German), Ο Κύριος Ψηλός (Greek), 長腿先生 (Taiwan), 키다리씨 (Korean), ShaFanMeiYou (Mandarin).
{{-}}

===Mr. Tickle===
{{Infobox book| [[File:Mr. Tickle book cover]]
| name = Mr. Tickle
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image = [[File:Mr. Tickle.jpg]]
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Egmont Publishing]] [[Fabbri and Partners|Fabbri]]
| pub_date = 10 August 1971
| pages = 40 pp
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-85396-003-4
| preceded_by = Nobody
| followed_by = [[Mr. Greedy]]
}}
'''''Mr. Tickle''''' is the first book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves.

Like all Mr. Men, Mr. Tickle has a simplistic look. He is orange with long arms and a small blue hat.

In 2001, for the 30th anniversary of the Mr. Men, Mr. Tickle's book was released as a collector's edition hardback. It included a foreword from [[Adam Hargreaves]].

Mr. Tickle's story begins with him in bed and making himself breakfast without getting up because of his "extraordinarily long arms". He then decides that it is a tickling sort of day and so goes around town tickling people – a teacher, a policeman, a [[greengrocer]], a station guard, a doctor, a [[butcher]] and a [[postman]]. The book ends with a warning that Mr. Tickle could be lurking around your doorway, waiting to tickle you.

Mr. Tickle appears under the titles Monsieur Chatouille (French), Don Cosquillas (Spanish), Mr. Goglais (Welsh), Unser Herr Killekille (German), Meneertje Kietel (Dutch), Ο Κύριος Γαργαλίτσας (Greek), 搔癢先生 (Taiwan), 간지럼씨 (Korean), Fætter Kilderik (Danish), Gubben Killekill (Swedish), מר דגדוג (Hebrew), Mr. Csiki (Hungarian) and Senhor Cócegas (Portuguese).

In the 2008 TV series ''[[The Mr. Men Show]]'', Mr. Tickle remains relatively the same in looks, though his hat has a stripe and his arms are normally sized, but can stretch out when needed. However, he tickles other Mr. Men and Little Misses (due to the obvious absence of humans in Dillydale). As far as character traits goes, he is still determined to tickle everyone he interacts with, but instead of doing it for mischief he does it to make people happy and will stop when nobody wants him to tickle them, save for when the opportunity knocks with [[Mr. Grumpy]], who appears to be his favourite target. He also gets his own catchphrase, "I think somebody needs a tickle!" In the US and UK Versions, he is voiced by [[Jeff Stewart (actor)|Jeff Stewart]] and [[Rob Rackstraw]].

Mr. Tickle also featured in some of the other books, such as [[Little Miss Magic]]. In her story, she reduces his arms to normal length so he can no longer be annoying and tickle anyone. She eventually gives him his arms back when he begs for forgiveness and promises to reduce his actions to one tickle a day. However, he gets his revenge as soon as he is out of the room with his long arms and uses his one tickle for the day on her.
{{-}}

===Mr. Topsy-Turvy===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Topsy-Turvy
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Fabbri and Partners|Fabbri]]
| pub_date = 15 August 1972
| pages = 40 pp
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-85396-017-1
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Messy]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Silly]]
}}
'''''Mr. Topsy-Turvy''''' is the ninth of the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Topsy-Turvy does everything the wrong way. One day he comes to the town where the reader lives. He rents a room in a hotel, speaking to the hotel manager the wrong way, "Afternoon good, I'd room a like." The next day, he confuses the taxi driver with his backwards speaking, causing an accident, buying a pair of socks and putting them on his hands, then he disappears, but everything is still topsy-turvy. Everybody still speaks topsy-turvy, and the reader is asked to say something topsy-turvy.

Mr. Topsy-Turvy originated from a competition run by Roger Hargreaves to find a new Mr Men character and was an idea by Marc Penfold who created Mr Upside Down and a story in which the character lived in a backwards world. The idea did not win the competition but Roger Hargreaves liked the idea so much he wrote to Marc Penfold saying he would use the idea and thus Mr. Topsy-Turvy was born.

Mr. Topsy-Turvy appears under the titles Monsieur A L'Envers (French), Don Alreves (Spanish), Unser Herr Kuddelmuddel (German), 顛倒先生 (Taiwan), 거꿀씨 (Korean), Mr. Popeth o chwith (Welsh), Meneer Opsekop/Meneertje Andersom (Dutch), Ο Κύριος Ανάποδος (Greek), Fætter Omvendt (Danish).
{{-}}

==U==
===Mr. Uppity===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Uppity
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Fabbri and Partners|Fabbri]]
| pub_date = 15 August 1972
| pages = 40 pp
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-85396-020-1
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Silly]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Small]]
}}
'''''Mr. Uppity''''' is the eleventh book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Uppity lives in Bigtown and he is very rich. He is rude to everybody (they call him Miserable old Uppity) until one day he meets a goblin. When he is rude to the goblin, the goblin shrinks Mr. Uppity so he can fit into a hole in a tree, and they enter the tree to meet the King of the Goblins. The goblin agrees to shrink Mr. Uppity if he is rude to somebody. This happens, until Mr. Uppity is nice. In the end, he's still rich, but now he's very popular. He most frequently uses the words, "Please" and "Thank you." Hargreaves says, "Thank you for reading this story, and if you're ever thinking about being rude to somebody, please keep a sharp lookout for goblins."

Mr. Uppity appears under the titles Monsieur Malpoli (French), Don Senorito (Spanish), Mr. Ffroenuchel (Welsh), Unser Herr Hochnase (German), 傲慢先生 (Taiwan), 거만씨 (Korean), Ο Κύριος Ακατάδεχτος (Greek), Meneer Onbeleefd (Dutch), Senhor Malcriado (Portuguese), Fætter Storsnude (Danish).
{{-}}

==W==
===Mr. Worry===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Worry
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| pub_date = 5 March 1978
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Tall]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Nonsense]]
}}
'''''Mr. Worry''''' is the thirty-second book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Worry worries about everything. If it rains, he worries that his roof will leak, if there is no rain, he worries that all of his plants will die. He worries about the other Mr. Men, and he meets a wizard who suggests he make a list of all his worries and the wizard will make sure none of them happen. When there is nothing to worry about, Mr. Worry is happy for a week, until he is worried about not having anything to worry about.

Mr. Worry appears under the titles Monsieur Inquiet (French), Don Preocupado (Spanish), Ο Κύριος Ανήσυχος (Greek), 걱정씨 (Korean), 煩惱先生 (Taiwan), Unser Herr Sorgenvoll (German).
{{-}}

===Mr. Wrong===
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Mr. Wrong
| author=Roger Hargreaves
| illustrator = Roger Hargreaves
| image =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = Mr. Men
| genre = Children's literature
| publisher=[[Ladybird Books]]
| pub_date = 18 March 1978
| isbn = ISBN 978-0-7214-2255-8
| preceded_by = [[Mr. Nonsense]]
| followed_by = [[Mr. Skinny]]
}}
'''''Mr. Wrong''''' is the thirty-fourth book in the ''Mr. Men'' series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Wrong does everything wrong. He tends to do everything in his life the wrong way. He even walks the wrong way. One day he meets Mr. Right, a person who looks like him but does everything right. Mr. Right tries to teach his new friend how to be right, but everything goes wrong. Mr. Wrong appears under the titles Monsieur Farfelu (French), 틀려씨 (Korean), 糟糕先生 (Taiwan), O Κύριος Λάθος (Greek), Unser Herr Falsch (German), Fætter Forkert (Danish).
{{-}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mrmen.com/ Official Mr. Men Show website]

{{Roger Hargreaves}}

[[Category:Mr. Men series|*]]
[[Category:Little Miss series|*]]
[[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1971]]

Cressida Cowell

2012-10-15T12:13:58Z

62.145.19.66: "movie" is slang English. "film" is universally understood

{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
'''Cressida Cowell''' (born 15 April 1966)<ref>{{cite web|title=F.A.Q.s - Cressida Cowell – Quick Facts|url=http://www.cressidacowell.co.uk/q-and-a.asp?#facts|work=Cressidda Cowell - Official Website|accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> is an English children's author who wrote the Hiccup series of books.

== Personal life ==
Cowell lives in London<ref>[http://www.davidhigham.co.uk/html/Clients/Cressida_Cowell DavidHigham.Co.UK] (dead link) [http://web.archive.org/web/19960101-re_/http://www.davidhigham.co.uk/html/Clients/Cressida_Cowell Archive.org link]</ref> with her husband Simon, a former director and interim CEO of the [[International Save the Children Alliance]]; daughters Maisie and Clementine; and son Alexander.<ref>[http://www.cressidacowell.co.uk/about-cressida-cowell.asp Official website – ''About me'']</ref> She is the daughter of [[Michael Hare, 2nd Viscount Blakenham]].<ref>"Film based on little island" (5 April 2010) ''Press and Journal''. Aberdeen.</ref>
One of her [[Children's literature|children's novels]], ''[[How to Train Your Dragon]]'', has been made into a [[How to Train Your Dragon (film)|film]] that was released on 26 March 2010 to considerable critical and financial success.
She was born on 15 April 1966 in London. As a child she enjoyed drawing and writing stories.
She went to Oxford where she studied English, and at St Martin's and Brighton University where she learned illustration.
Cressida also won the Nestle Children's book award.

==List of works==

===''How to Train Your Dragon'' books===
{{main|How to Train Your Dragon}}
* ''How to Train Your Dragon'' (2003)
* ''How to Be a Pirate'' (2004)
* ''How to Speak Dragonese'' (2005)
* ''How to Cheat a Dragon's Curse'' (2006)
* ''How to Twist a Dragon's Tale'' (2007)
* ''A Hero's Guide to Deadly Dragons'' (2008)
* ''How to Ride a Dragon's Storm'' (2008)
* ''How to Break a Dragon's Heart'' (2009)
* ''How to Steal a Dragon's Sword'' (2011)
* ''The Day of the Dreader'' (2012)
* ''How to Seize a Dragon's Jewel'' (2012)

===''Emily Brown'' books===
* ''That Rabbit Belongs to Emily Brown''
* ''Emily Brown and the Thing''
* ''Emily Brown and the Elephant Emergency''

===Other books===
* ''Little Bo Peep’s Troublesome Sheep''
* ''Don’t Do That Kitty Kilroy''
* ''What Shall We Do with the Boo-Hoo Baby''
* ''There's No Such Thing as a Ghostie!''
* ''Daddy on the moon''
* ''Hiccup the Seasick Viking''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cressidacowell.co.uk/ Cressida Cowell] (official site)

{{Authority control|VIAF=56779201}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Cowell, Cressida
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 April 1966
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cowell, Cressida}}
[[Category:English children's writers]]
[[Category:English writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Keble College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Daughters of viscounts]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

{{UK-child-writer-stub}}

[[de:Cressida Cowell]]
[[ko:크레시다 코웰]]
[[ja:クレシッダ・コーウェル]]
[[ru:Коуэлл, Крессида]]
[[fi:Cressida Cowell]]

DCF77

2012-09-21T17:37:41Z

62.145.19.66:

{{coord|50|0|56|N|9|00|39|E|type:landmark_region:DE-HE|display=title}}
[[Image:Dcf77.jpg|thumb|The [[low frequency]] [[T-aerial]] antennas of DCF77 in Mainflingen, Germany]]
[[Image:Low cost DCF77 receiver.jpg|thumb|Low cost DCF77 receiver]]
[[Image:Dcf weite.jpg|thumb|DCF77 range from Mainflingen]]

'''DCF77''' is a [[Mainflingen longwave transmitter|longwave]] [[time signal]] and standard-frequency radio station. Its primary and backup [[transmitter]] are located at {{coord|50|0|56|N|9|00|39|E}} in [[Mainflingen]], about 25 km south-east of [[Frankfurt am Main]], [[Germany]]. It is operated by ''Media Broadcast GmbH'' (previously a subsidiary of [[Deutsche Telekom AG]]), on behalf of the [[Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt]], Germany's national [[physics]] laboratory. DCF77 has been in service as a standard-frequency station since 1959; date and time information was added in 1973. The timestamp sent is either in [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+1 or [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+2 depending on [[daylight saving time]].<ref name="eecis_dcf77">{{cite web|title=Time and Standard Frequency Station DCF77 (Germany)|url=http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/ntp/dcf77.html}} 100503 eecis.udel.edu</ref>

The 77.5 kHz carrier signal is generated from local [[atomic clock]]s that are linked with the German master clocks in [[Braunschweig]]. With a relatively high power of {{nowrap|50 kW}}, the station can be received in large parts of Europe, as far as {{nowrap|2000 km}} from Frankfurt (and further away depending on signal [[radio propagation|propagation]] and local interference). As an example, reception with high-grade consumer clocks is possible in Portugal and Gibraltar (during night hours). Its signal carries an amplitude-modulated, pulse-width coded 1 bit/s data signal. The same data signal is also [[phase modulated]] onto the [[carrier wave|carrier]] using a 512-bit long [[pseudorandom sequence]] ([[direct-sequence spread spectrum]] modulation). The transmitted data repeats each minute.

* Current date and time;
* [[Leap second]] warning bit;
* [[European Summer Time|Summer time]] bit;
* Primary/backup transmitter identification bit;
* Several [[parity bit]]s.

Since 2003, 14 previously unused bits of the time code have been used for [[civil defence]] emergency signals. This is still an experimental service, aimed to one day replace the German network of [[civil defence siren]]s.

The [[call sign]] DCF77 stands for D=''Deutschland'' (Germany), C=long wave signal, F=Frankfurt, 77=frequency: 77.5 kHz.

[[Radio clock]]s and [[Watch#Movement|watch]]es have been very popular in Europe since the late 1980s and, in main-land Europe, most of them use the DCF77 signal to set their time automatically.

== Time code details ==
Like most [[longwave time transmitter]]s, DCF77 marks seconds by reducing carrier power for an interval beginning on the second. The duration of the reduction is varied to convey one bit of time code per second, repeating every minute. The carrier is synchronized so the rising zero-crossing occurs on the second. All modulation changes also occur at rising zero-crossings.

=== Amplitude modulation ===
[[File:DCF77 Impulse.png|thumb|Amplitude modulated signal of DCF77 as a function of time]]

The DCF77 signal uses [[amplitude-shift keying]] to transmit time signals. For this the signal is reduced to 15% power (−8¼ [[dBFS]]) for 0.1 or 0.2 seconds at the beginning of each second. A 0.1 second reduction (7750 cycles of the 77500 Hz carrier amplitude) denotes a binary 0; a 0.2 second reduction denotes a binary 1. As a special case, the last second of every minute is marked with no carrier power reduction.

There was also a [[morse code]] station identification, sent during minutes 19, 39 and 59 of each hour, however this was discontinued as the station is easily identifiable by the characteristic signal.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/pdf/dcf77.pdf |title=Zeit- und Normalfrequenzverbreitung mit DCF77 |page=6 |language=german |publisher=[[Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt]] |accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> A 250 Hz tone was generated by [[square wave]] modulating the carrier between 100% and 85% power, and that tone was used to send one letter per second, between the second marks. During seconds 20–32, the call sign "DCF77" was transmitted twice.

=== Phase modulation ===
In addition, for 793 ms beginning at 200 ms, each time code bit is transmitted using [[direct-sequence spread spectrum]]. The bit is mixed with a 512-bit pseudo-random [[chip (CDMA)|chip]] sequence and encoded on the carrier using ±13° [[phase-shift keying]].<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.ptb.de/cms/en/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-442/dissemination-of-legal-time/dcf77/dcf77-phase-modulation.html |title=DCF77 phase modulation |publisher=Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt}}</ref> The chip sequence contains equal amounts of each phase, so the average phase remains unchanged. Each chip spans 120 cycles of the carrier, so the exact duration is cycles 15500 through 76940 out of 77500. The last 560 cycles (7.22 ms) of each second are not phase-modulated.<ref name="phasemod">{{cite conference |url=https://www.ptb.de/cms/fileadmin/internet/fachabteilungen/abteilung_4/4.4_zeit_und_frequenz/pdf/5_1988_Hetzel_-_Proc_EFTF_88.pdf |title=Time dissemination via the LF transmitter DCF77 using a pseudo-random phase-shift keying of the carrier |first=P. |last=Hetzel |date=16 March 1988 |conference=2nd European Frequency and Time Forum |location=Neuchâtel |pages=351–364 |accessdate=11 October 2011}}</ref>

The chip sequence is generated by a 9-bit [[LFSR]], repeats every second, and begins with 00000100011000010011100101010110000….

A software implementation of a Galois LFSR can generate the full chip sequence:
<source lang="c">
unsigned int i, lfsr;

lfsr = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 512; i++) {

unsigned int chip;

chip = lfsr & 1;
output_chip(chip);

lfsr >>= 1;
if (chip || !lfsr)
lfsr ^= 0x110;
}
</source>

Each time code bit to be transmitted is [[exclusive-or]]ed with the LFSR output. The final chipped sequence is used to modulate the transmitter phase. During 0 chips the carrier is transmitted with a +13° phase advance, while during 1 chips it is transmitted with a −13° phase lag.

In lieu of the special minute marker used in the amplitude code, bit 59 is transmitted as an ordinary 0 bit, and the first 10 bits (seconds 0–9) are transmitted as binary 1.

When compared to amplitude modulation, phase modulation makes better use of the available frequency spectrum and results in a more precise low frequency time distribution with less sensitivity
to interferences. Phase modulation is however not used by many DCF77 receivers. The reason for this is the worldwide availability of the signals of the satellite navigation system [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS). Due to the GPS signal structure and the larger bandwidth available, the GPS reception would, in principle, achieve an uncertainty of the time transmission - GPS time is accurate to about ± 10 to 30 [[nanosecond]]s<ref>{{cite web|author=David W. Allan |url=http://www.allanstime.com/Publications/DWA/Science_Timekeeping/index.html |title=The Science of Timekeeping |publisher=Hewlett Packard |year=1997}}</ref> - which is lower by at least [[orders of magnitude (time)|one order of magnitude]] than the uncertainty which can be achieved with DCF77 receivers.

=== Time code interpretation ===
The time is represented in [[binary-coded decimal]]. It represents civil time, including summer time adjustments. The time transmitted is the time of the ''following'' minute; e.g. during December 31 23:59, the transmitted time encodes January 1 00:00.<ref name=timecode>{{Citation |url=http://www.ptb.de/en/org/4/44/442/dcf77_kode_e.htm |title=DCF77 time code |publisher=Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt |date=2007-05-09}}</ref>

The first 20 seconds are special flags. The minutes are encoded in seconds 21–28, hours during seconds 29–34, and the date during seconds 36–58.

Two flags warn of changes to occur at the end of the current hour: a change of time zones, and a leap second insertion. These flags are set during the hour up to the event. This includes the last minute before the event, during which the other time code bits (including the time zone indicator bits) encode the time of the first minute after the event.

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ DCF77 time code
!rowspan=2| Bit ||colspan=2| Weight ||rowspan=2| Meaning
|rowspan=22|
!rowspan=2| Bit ||colspan=2| Weight ||rowspan=2| Meaning
|rowspan=22|
!rowspan=2| Bit ||colspan=2| Weight ||rowspan=2| Meaning
|-
! PM || AM || PM || AM || PM || AM
|-
|bgcolor=#ffccff| :00 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 1 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| M ||bgcolor=#ffccff| Start of minute, always 0.
|bgcolor=#ffccff| :20 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffccff| S ||bgcolor=#ffccff| Start of encoded time, always 1.
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :40 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 10 ||rowspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc|Day of month (continued)
|-
| :01 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 1 ||colspan=2 rowspan=14| Civil warning bits,<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.ptb.de/en/org/4/44_alt/442/dcf77_bbk_e.htm |title=Warnings to the general public by means of CF77? |publisher=Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt |date=2007-05-09}}</ref> provided by the Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenwarnung (Federal Office of Civil protection and Disaster Relief). Also contains weather broadcasts.<ref name=timecode/><ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.piester.de/dp200701.pdf |title=Proc. 38th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Applications Meeting |contribution=PTB's Time and Frequency Activities in 2006 |first1=D. |last1=Piester |first2=A. |last2=Bauch |first3=J. |last3=Becker |first4=T. |last4=Polewka |first5=M. |last5=Rost |first6=D. |last6=Sibold |first7=E. |last7=Staliuniene |pages=37–47 |date=2006-12-05 |accessdate=2009-03-24}}</ref>
|bgcolor=#ffffcc| :21 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffffcc| 1 ||rowspan=7 bgcolor=#ffffcc| Minutes 00–59
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :41 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 20
|-
| :02 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 1
|bgcolor=#ffffcc| :22 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffffcc| 2
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :42 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 1 ||rowspan=3 bgcolor=#ccffcc| Day of week<br/1>Monday=1, Sunday=7
|-
| :03 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 1
|bgcolor=#ffffcc| :23 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffffcc| 4
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :43 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 2
|-
| :04 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 1
|bgcolor=#ffffcc| :24 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffffcc| 8
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :44 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 4
|-
| :05 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 1
|bgcolor=#ffffcc| :25 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffffcc| 10
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :45 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 1 ||rowspan=5 bgcolor=#ccffcc| Month number 01–12
|-
| :06 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 1
|bgcolor=#ffffcc| :26 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffffcc| 20
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :46 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 2
|-
| :07 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 1
|bgcolor=#ffffcc| :27 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffffcc| 40
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :47 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 4
|-
| :08 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 1
|bgcolor=#ffffcc| :28 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffffcc| P1 ||bgcolor=#ffffcc| [[Even parity]] over minute bits 21–28.
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :48 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 8
|-
| :09 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 1
|bgcolor=#ffcccc| :29 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc| 1 ||rowspan=6 bgcolor=#ffcccc| Hours 0–23
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :49 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 10
|-
| :10 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 0
|bgcolor=#ffcccc| :30 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc| 2
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :50 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 1 ||rowspan=8 bgcolor=#ccffcc| Year within century 00–99
|-
| :11 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 0
|bgcolor=#ffcccc| :31 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc| 4
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :51 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 2
|-
| :12 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 0
|bgcolor=#ffcccc| :32 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc| 8
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :52 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 4
|-
| :13 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 0
|bgcolor=#ffcccc| :33 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc| 10
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :53 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 8
|-
| :14 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 0
|bgcolor=#ffcccc| :34 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc| 20
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :54 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 10
|-
|bgcolor=#ccffff| :15 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffff| R ||bgcolor=#ccffff| Call bit: abnormal transmitter operation.<ref name=timecode/> Previously: backup antenna in use.
|bgcolor=#ffcccc| :35 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ffcccc| P2 ||bgcolor=#ffcccc| Even parity over hour bits 29–35.
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :55 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 20
|-
|bgcolor=#ccffff| :16 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffff| A1 ||bgcolor=#ccffff| [[Daylight saving time|Summer time]] announcement. Set during hour before change.
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :36 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 1 ||rowspan=4 bgcolor=#ccffcc| Day of month. 01–31
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :56 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 40
|-
|bgcolor=#ccffff| :17 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffff| Z1 ||bgcolor=#ccffff| Set to 1 when [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] is in effect.
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :37 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 2
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :57 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 80
|-
|bgcolor=#ccffff| :18 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffff| Z2 ||bgcolor=#ccffff| Set to 1 when [[Central European Time|CET]] is in effect.
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :38 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 4
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :58 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| P3 ||bgcolor=#ccffcc| Even parity over date bits 36–58.
|-
|bgcolor=#ccffff| :19 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffff| A2 ||bgcolor=#ccffff| [[Leap second]] announcement. Set during hour before leap second.
|bgcolor=#ccffcc| :39 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ccffcc| 8
|bgcolor=#ff88ff| :59 ||bgcolor=#ffccff| 0 ||colspan=2 bgcolor=#ff88ff| Minute mark: no amplitude modulation.
|}

In the event of an added leap second, a 0 bit is inserted during second 59, and the special missing bit is transmitted during the leap second itself, second 60.<ref name=timecode/>

Although the time code only includes two digits of year, it is possible to deduce two bits of century using the day of week. There is still a 400-year ambiguity, as the [[Gregorian calendar]] repeats weeks every 400 years, but this is sufficient to determine which years ending in 00 are leap years.<ref>The date XX00-02-28 must fall on a Monday, Sunday, Friday, or Wednesday. Only the first case is a leap year, followed by Tuesday the 29th. In the other three cases, the next day is March 1.</ref>

The time zone bits can be considered a binary-coded representation of the GMT offset. Z1 set indicates UTC+2, while
Z2 indicates UTC+1.

The phase modulation generally encodes the same data as the amplitude modulation, but differs for bits 59 through 14, inclusive. Bit 59 (no amplitude modulation) is phase-modulated as a 0 bit. Bits 0–9 are phase modulated as 1 bits, and bits 10–14 are phase modulated as 0 bits.<ref name="Engeler">{{Citation |title=Performance analysis and receiver architectures of DCF77 radio-controlled clocks |first=Daniel |last=Engeler |journal=IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control |volume=59 |issue=5 |year=2012 |month=May |pages=869–884 |doi=10.1109/TUFFC.2012.2272 |pmc=22622972 |url=http://sites.google.com/site/engeler/documents/Engeler_DCF77.pdf |accessdate=2012-06-22}}</ref> The civil warnings and weather information is not included in the phase-modulated data.

==Control==
[[File:Atomuhr-CS2.jpg|thumb|Atomic master clock CS2 in use at the [[Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt|PTB]] to check for deviations]]

The control signal is not transmitted by wire from the [[Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt|Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)]] in Braunschweig to the transmitting radio station in Mainflingen but is generated at the place of emission using a control unit developed by the PTB. This control unit, which is housed in a room of the transmitting station, is shielded against high-frequency interferences and controlled from Braunschweig. Via the public telephone network operational data of the control unit can be called up with the aid of a telecontrol system. Furthermore, the carrier phase time and the states of the second markers are compared in Braunschweig with the setpoints specified by the PTB's atomic clocks. Of these atomic clocks the CS2 atomic clock in Braunschweig provides the German national legal time standard, and can be used as a highly accurate frequency standard.<ref>[http://www.ptb.de/cms/en/themenrundgaenge/wegweiser/fragenzurzeit/fragenzurzeit12.html With what accuracy do PTB's atomic clocks work?]</ref>
If there are deviations, the necessary corrections will be made via the telecontrol system.<ref>[http://www.ptb.de/cms/en/themenrundgaenge/wegweiser/fragenzurzeit/fragenzurzeit10.html How is time transmitted?]</ref>

The DCF77 transmitted carrier frequency relative uncertainty is 2 x 10-12 over a 24-hour period and 2 x 10-13 over 100 days, with a deviation in phase with respect to UTC that never exceeds more than 5.5 ± 0.3 [[microsecond]]s.<ref>[http://www.ptb.de/cms/en/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-442/dissemination-of-legal-time/dcf77/dcf77-carrier-frequency.html DCF77 carrier frequency]</ref>
The four German caesium atomic clocks (CS1, CS2, CSF1 and CSF2) used by PTB in Braunschweig ensure significantly less long term [[clock drift]] than the atomic clocks used in the DCF77 facility in Mainflingen. With the aid of external corrections from Braunschweig the control unit of DCF77 in Mainflingen is expected to neither gain nor lose a second in approximately 300,000 years.

==Accuracy==
[[File:Inside radio clock.jpg|thumb|Consumer grade radio clock movement with the DCF77 receiver (right) in the clock. The small ferrite [[Loop antenna#AM broadcast receiver loop antennas|loopstick antenna]] used in this alarm clock can be seen at the left.]]

Due to the propagation process, phase and/or frequency shifts observed in received signals the practical obtainable accuracy is reduced than originally realized with the atomic clocks at the place of transmission.
As with any [[atomic_clock#Time_signal_radio_transmitters|time signal radio transmitter]] the precise establishment of time is affected by the distance to the transmitter, as the time signal propagates to a time signal receiver at the [[speed of light]]. For a DCF77 receiver located {{convert|1000|km|mi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} away from the DCF77 transmitter, due to transit delay the receiver will be set more than 3 [[millisecond]]s late. Such a small deviation will seldom be of interest and if desired instrument grade time receivers can be corrected for transit delay.
Further inaccuracies may be caused by the type of wave the receiver records. In case of just ground wave reception a constant is included in the calculation if the distance is permanent. In case of just space wave reception the reception side cannot influence the time fluctuations. Time fluctuations are influenced directly by the changing altitude of the reflecting and bending layer of the ionosphere. Similar problems arise where ground and space waves overlap. This field is not constant but changes in the course of the day between approximately {{convert|600|km|mi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1100|km|mi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} from the transmitter position.<ref>[http://www.ptb.de/cms/en/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-442/dissemination-of-legal-time/dcf77/reach-of-dcf77.html Reach of DCF77]</ref>

Corrected instrument grade DCF77 receivers using the amplitude-modulated time signals with accompanying antennas oriented tangential to the transmitter's antenna in Mainflingern to ensure the best possible interference-free time signal reception at fixed locations and can achieve a practical accuracy uncertainty better than ± 2 milliseconds.<ref>[http://www.hopf-time.com/en/dcf-info.htm How the DCF77-receiver works]</ref>

In addition to the amplitude-modulated time signal transmission this information is also transmitted since June 1983 by DCF77 via a [[phase modulation]] of the carrier wave with a [[pseudorandom noise]] sequence of 512 bits length. Using [[cross-correlation]] the reproduced signal at the receiving end can be used to determine the beginning of the second markers much more accurately. The drawback of using phase-modulated time signals lies in the complex instrument grade receiving hardware required for using this time signal reception method. Using this method the PTB in 1987 measured in Braunschweig situated {{convert|273|km|mi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} from the transmitter in Mainflingen inaccuracies, depending on the time in the day and season, of ± 2 to 22 microseconds.<ref name="phasemod"/>

Normal low cost consumer grade DCF77 receivers solely rely on the amplitude-modulated time signals and use narrow band receivers (with 10 Hz bandwidth) with small ferrite [[Loop antenna#AM broadcast receiver loop antennas|loopstick antennas]] and can therefore only be expected to determine the beginning of a second with a practical accuracy uncertainty of ± 0.1 second.

== See also ==
*[[Coordinated Universal Time]]
*[[Radio clock]]
*[[Time from NPL|Time from NPL (MSF)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|DCF77}}

* [http://www.ptb.de/cms/en/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-442/dissemination-of-legal-time/dcf77.html Official DCF77 web page at the PTB]
* {{de icon}} [http://www.dcf77.de/ The atomic clock in Frankfurt/Main Germany]
* [http://qrg.globaltuners.com/details.php?id=10730 DCF77] on the [http://qrg.globaltuners.com/ Global Frequency Database]
* [http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/ntp/dcf77.html Time code description]
* [http://inter-actief.cs.utwente.nl/~ptdeboer/ham/sdr/leapsecond.html Observation of DCF77 during a leap second]
* DCF77 Arduino implementation [http://thijs.elenbaas.net/2012/04/arduino-dcf77-radio-clock-receiver-hardware-2/ Hardware], [http://thijs.elenbaas.net/2012/04/arduino-dcf77-radio-clock-receiver-signal/ Signal], [http://thijs.elenbaas.net/2012/04/arduino-dcf77-radio-clock-receiver-library/ Code]
* [http://www.meteotime.com/Web/en/Home/Default.htm Meteotime]
* [http://www.ptb.de/cms/fileadmin/internet/fachabteilungen/abteilung_4/4.4_zeit_und_frequenz/pdf/PTBM_50a_DCF77_engl.pdf Time and frequency dissemination with DCF77: 1959–2009 and beyond" – a detailed description of the history of DCF77]

{{TimeSig}}
{{Time Topics}}
{{Time measurement and standards}}

[[ca:DCF77]]
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[[da:DCF77]]
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[[id:DCF77]]
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[[lt:DCF77]]
[[hu:DCF77]]
[[nl:DCF77]]
[[ja:DCF77]]
[[pl:DCF77]]
[[ru:DCF77]]
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[[sv:DCF77]]

Heston Blumenthal

2012-09-19T12:27:25Z

62.145.19.66:

{{Use British English|date=January 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox chef 
| name = Heston Blumenthal [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
| image = Hestonregentspark.jpg
| caption = Heston Blumenthal, London, June 2010
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|05|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = London, England, United Kingdom
| style http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2008/nov/28/heston-blumenthal-little-chef-menupoph= Molecular Gastronomy
| education = Self-taught
| Ratings = [[Michelin star]]s {{Rating|3|3}}
| restaurants = [[The Fat Duck]] {{Rating|3|3}} The Hind's Head [[Dinner by Heston Blumenthal]] {{Rating|1|3}} The Crown at Bray
| prevrests =
| television = Kitchen Chemistry In Search of Perfection Big Chef Takes on Little Chef Heston's Feasts How To Cook Like Heston
| awards =
| website = http://www.thefatduck.co.uk/
}}

'''Heston Marc Blumenthal''', [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]] ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|b|l|uː|m|ən|θ|ɔː|l}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1134897/|title=Heston Blumenthal's In Search of Perfection}}</ref> born 27 May 1966 in London, raised in [[Buckinghamshire]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bris.ac.uk/cms/go/hon-degree/feb2007/blumenthal.html |title=Bristol University – Mr Heston Blumenthal |publisher=Bris.ac.uk |date=20 February 2007 |accessdate=15 June 2009}}</ref> is an English [[chef]] and owner of [[The Fat Duck]], a three-[[Michelin Guide|Michelin-starred]] restaurant in [[Bray, Berkshire]] which has been voted Best Restaurant in the UK and received a perfect score of 10/10 every year since 2007 by [[The Good Food Guide]]. In the 2013 edition of [[The Good Food Guide]] two of Blumenthal's restaurants, [[The Fat Duck]] and [[Dinner by Heston Blumenthal]] were voted in the top 20 restaurants in the UK, with [[The Fat Duck]] ranked number 1 and [[Dinner by Heston Blumenthal]] ranked 19 <ref> Nicholls,Luke. [http://www.bighospitality.co.uk/Events-Awards/Simon-Rogan-Perfect-rating-in-2013-Good-Food-Guide-the-icing-on-the-cake “Simon Rogan: Perfect rating in 2013 Good Food Guide ‘the icing on the cake’], “[[Big Hospitality]]” 13 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</ref>. Additionally, [[The Fat Duck]] was voted [[best restaurant in the world]] in 2005 by ''[[Restaurant (magazine)|Restaurant]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpress.org/americas/2090.cfm|title=World’s Top 50 Restaurants 2005}}</ref> Since that date, it was awarded 2nd place in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009, 3rd in 2010, 5th in 2011 and 12th in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theworlds50best.com/awards/1-50-winners |title=The Top 50 Best Restaurants 1–50, The World’s 50 Best Restaurants |publisher=Theworlds50best.com |date= |accessdate=27 April 2011}}</ref>

==Biography==
Heston Blumenthal attended the [[Latymer Upper School]]<ref name="Latymer"/> in London for one year<ref name="The Inventory:Heston Blumenthal">Lacey, Hester. [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/ff3dbf2e-ad04-11e0-9623-00144feabdc0.html#axzz208tp6E8S” “The Inventory:Heston Blumenthal”], “[[Financial Times]]”, London, 15 July 2011. Retrieved on 9 July 2012.</ref> before transferring to Lacey Green Church of England School until 12.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} Blumenthal completed his studies at age 18{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} at [[John Hampden Grammar School]], High Wycombe.<ref name="FT"/>

Blumenthal is entirely self-taught. His first paid job as a chef was when he opened his own restaurant, The Fat Duck. Prior to this, his only experience in a professional kitchen was a one week long work experience at [[Marco Pierre White]]'s restaurant and 10 days' unpaid experience in [[Raymond Blanc]]'s kitchen.<ref>Rayner, Jay. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2004/feb/15/foodanddrink.restaurants “The man who mistook his kitchen as a lab”], “[[The Guardian]]”, London, 15 February 2004. Retrieved on 9 July 2012.</ref>

According to an interview with ''[[The Observer]]'' in 2004, he has been cooking "seriously" since the mid-1990s.{{full|date=May 2012}} In 1992, three years before opening The Fat Duck, he created his first ever dish, the now famous and often imitated, triple cooked chips. In 2002 he invested in the Riverside Brasserie with former [[Arsenal FC]] footballer [[Lee Dixon]] and [[Alfie Hitchcock]], but two years later he sold his shares in the business to his former head chef, [[Garrey Dawson]].{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}

In 2004, The Fat Duck was awarded its third Michelin star. Blumenthal is one of only three British chefs to receive 3 Michelin stars.

==Restaurants==

'''[[The Fat Duck]]'''

The Fat Duck is Blumenthal’s first restaurant which he opened in 1995 in [[Bray, Berkshire]]. It has won many awards and has consistently been rated as one of the top restaurants in the world. Blumenthal is a proponent of multi-sensory dining, which is evident in many of his dishes at The Fat Duck.

'''[[Dinner by Heston Blumenthal]]'''

Heston’s first restaurant outside of Bray, opened at the Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park in London in January 2011 to great accolades from critics and diners alike.
The Times food critic, Giles Coren, called it the “best restaurant in the whole wide world”. Blumenthal and his team worked with historians to develop the restaurant’s dishes which are inspired by historic British recipes.

'''Hinds Head'''

The Hinds Head is in Bray, a short distance from The Fat Duck. Blumenthal acquired the Hinds Head in 2004. It is located in a 15th century former tavern and serves traditional seasonal cuisine and historic British dishes. It has received many awards for its food. In 2011, it was named the Michelin Pub Guide’s “Pub of the Year”.

'''The Crown at Bray'''

The Crown at Bray is a Blumenthal’s version of a British village pub. Blumenthal acquired it in June 2010. It is located in a 16th century former inn and serves traditional pub food.

===Books===
Blumenthal has had numerous books published. His first book was ''Family Food: A new approach to cooking'' in 2000. His second book was ''Heston Blumenthal: In Search of Perfection'' in 2006 (in which he attempts to find the best way of preparing classic dishes, including [[fish and chips]] and [[Black Forest gateau]]). ''Heston Blumenthal: Further Adventures In Search of Perfection'' was published in 2007 and ''The Big Fat Duck Cook Book'' in 2008 published by [[Bloomsbury]]. "Heston Blumenthal at Home" was published in late 2011 and is currently in the top 10 in the food and drink category on Amazon's bestseller's list.

''The Big Fat Duck Cookbook'' is a 532 page cookbook written by Blumenthal and published in 2008 . The book is divided into 3 parts. The first part contains an essay by Blumenthal recounting his history and that of The Fat Duck. The story is interspersed with semi-abstract illustrations by artist [[Dave McKean]], relating to the story. The second part contains recipes, all of which were at one point on the menu at The Fat Duck, as well as a short story explaining the inspiration behind each dish. The third part is devoted to the science of cooking, with essays contributed by his collaborators.

===Writing===

Blumenthal has written columns for The Guardian, T2, The Times and GQ. Along with the scientists on the faculty of Reading University, he co-wrote an academic paper on the taste and flavour of tomatoes called “Differences in Glutamic Acid and 5'-Ribonucleotide Contents between Flesh and Pulp of Tomatoes and the Relationship with Umami Taste” <ref>http://www.umamiinfo.com/2011/03/the-umami-of-vegetables.php</ref>

===Television shows===
In 2005 he produced a series of six half-hour television programmes called ''Kitchen Chemistry with Heston Blumenthal'' which were transmitted on [[Discovery Science]] along with a book ''Kitchen Chemistry'', published by the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] and distributed to six thousand schools in the UK and Ireland. To date, it is the most successful book ever produced by the Society. He was ranked third chef by caterersearch.com in that year.<ref>[http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/2005/05/12/300485/heston-blumenthal.html Heston Blumenthal], caterersearch.com, 12 May 2005, Retrieved 27 December 2009</ref>

This was followed by two BBC series called ''Heston Blumenthal: In Search of Perfection'' and ''Heston Blumenthal: Further Adventures In Search of Perfection''. These series had higher production values, and followed Blumenthal's research and varied re-creation of classics of [[British cuisine]] and World Cuisine. The first series had seven episodes and included [[bangers and mash]], [[fish and chips]] and [[spaghetti Bolognese]]; the second ran to eight episodes, and featured [[chicken tikka masala]], [[hamburger]]s and [[Peking duck]].

In the "Chili Con Carne" episode of the series ''In Search of Perfection'' he said that he was unable to participate in the MRI study of chili's effect on the brain as he had a metal plate inserted in his back after hurting it falling off a roof at the age of ten.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/live/live.html?in_article_id=481790&in_page_id=1889|work=Daily Mail |title=Heston Blumenthal I injected my head chef with a dangerous dose of chilli oil | location=London | date=23 September 2007}}</ref>

In the Christmas special of the second series of In Search of Perfection, Blumenthal milked a reindeer in Siberia to make ice cream and harvested Frankincense in Oman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/tvandradioblog/2007/dec/20/lastnightstvhestonblumenth.html |title=Last nights TV:Heston Blumenthal}}</ref>

Blumenthal signed a two-year deal with [[Channel 4]] in March 2008, joining the channel's roster of celebrity chefs which already included [[Jamie Oliver]], [[Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall]] and [[Gordon Ramsay]]. In January 2009 a three-part series of television programmes on Channel 4 covered his efforts to revamp the menu at a [[Little Chef]] motorway restaurant on the [[A303 road]] at [[Popham]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2008/nov/28/heston-blumenthal-little-chef-menu|title=Heston Blumenthal's Little Chef: the menu|date=28 November 2008|work=The Guardian|accessdate=26 December 2008 | location=London | first=Susan | last=Smillie}}</ref> in the hope that his recipe ideas would be introduced in all 193 outlets.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/03/27/nchef127.xml| title= Heston Blumenthal to transform Little Chef| accessdate=27 March 2008 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | first=Lucy | last=Cockcroft | date=27 March 2008}}</ref> A follow-up programme was broadcast in October 2009. Following Blumenthal's revamp of the menu, the Popham Little Chef earned and entry in the Good Food Guide. The Little Chef group extended Blumenthal's menu to 12 branches and are now planning a major expansion across the sites.

In March 2009 Blumenthal began a short series of hour long programmes, called ''[[Heston's Feasts]]'', showing [[Victorian era|Victorian]] ([[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice in Wonderland]]-inspired), [[Middle Ages|Medieval]], [[Tudor period|Tudor]], Christmas (including [[dormouse]] and [[Venison#Food|venison]]) and [[Roman era|Roman]] themed dinner banquets with various celebrities as guests. A second series of this was commissioned and began a few days after Easter 2010. In this series he created, among others, a ''[[Charlie and The Chocolate Factory]]''-style feast,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tv.sky.com/hestons-chocolate-factory-feast-review |title=Heston's Willy Wonka Feast |publisher=Tv.sky.com |date= |accessdate=27 April 2011}}</ref> a Fairytale feast and an Edwardian style feast based on the last meal eaten on the [[Titanic]].

From 22 February 2011, Channel 4 began airing Heston's new show, titled ''Heston's Mission Impossible'', in which Heston targets lackluster food served in various industries and aims to update the food to things people enjoy to eat. So far broadcast are [[Alder Hey Children's Hospital]], [[Cineworld]], [[British Airways]] and [[The Royal Navy]] (aboard the [[HMS Turbulent (S87)|HMS ''Turbulent'']]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/4food/on-tv/hestons-mission-impossible-extras/about-hestons-mission-impossible |title=About Heston's Mission Impossible – Channel4 – 4Food |publisher=Channel4 |date=9 February 2011 |accessdate=27 April 2011}}</ref>

Blumenthal has appeared on two episodes of ''[[Masterchef Australia]]'', in series 2 and in series 3 called (Pressure Test 4)—Craig, Michael, Shannon and Rachel faced a Heston Blumenthal creation: a seemingly simple burger with chips and milkshake.

On 4 January 2012, Blumenthal's new television program, ''How To Cook Like Heston'', premiered on [[Channel 4]]. The programme is aimed at home cooks, and features some of the more approachable techniques employed by Blumenthal.

==Cooking methods==
Blumenthal is a proponent of modern cooking; he opened his own research and development kitchen in early 2004. It could be said that he is a [[molecular gastronomist]], though he dislikes the term, believing it makes the practice sound "complicated" and "elitist."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/futureoffood/story/0,,1969722,00.html|title='Molecular gastronomy is dead.' Heston speaks out | work=The Guardian | location=London | accessdate=4 May 2010}}</ref> He holds multiple honorary degrees in recognition of his scientific approach to cooking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/pace/graduation/honorary-degrees/hondeg07/blumenthal.html |title=Bristol University, Public and Ceremonial Events Office, Heston Marc Blumenthal |publisher=Bristol.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=27 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reading.ac.uk/about/newsandevents/releases/PR3868.aspx |title=World's best chef and Oscar-winning director receive honorary degrees |publisher=Reading.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=27 April 2011}}</ref>

One of his signature techniques is the use of a vacuum jar to increase expansion of bubbles during food preparation. This is used in such dishes as an aerated chocolate soufflé–like dessert. The reduction in air pressure inside the jar causes bubbles to grow to a larger size. He has experimented with [[Amplifier|amplification]] to enhance the sounds, such as the crunch, created while eating various foods.

Blumenthal is a proponent of [[Low temperature cooking|low temperature]], ultra–slow cooking, whereby a joint of meat is cooked for up to 24 hours so as to contain the fat content while preventing collagen molecules from re-forming within the meat. In his ''In Search of Perfection'' series, he cooks a [[Bresse (chicken)|Bresse chicken]] at 60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit). Ultra-slow cooking does not melt the fat or release many juices, making the creation of [[gravy]] impossible, but Blumenthal says that gravy is unnecessary as the meat itself is sufficiently moist.

Blumenthal is also a proponent of the [[sous-vide]] cooking technique. Sous-vide, which means ''under vacuum'' in French, is a technique that entails cooking something that has been vacuum sealed in a plastic bag. The sealed bag is placed in a thermostatically controlled water bath and held at a relatively low temperature for long periods of time. In the case of beef steak cooked using the sous-vide method, the steak is held at around {{convert|60|°C|°F}} for a minimum of thirty minutes. The steak is then removed from the bag and is then seared in a very hot pan. Searing the outside of the steak not only improves the flavour and texture of the meat, it also kills the harmful bacteria on the outside of the steak that survived the water bath.

===Multi-sensory cooking===

Heston’s cooking is famously a multi-sensory experience.<ref name="Guardian_2012-03-31">{{Cite news |last=McGrath |first=Nick |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2012/mar/31/heston-blumenthal-olympic-airline-meals |title=Heston Blumenthal: My food is really emotional |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=31 March 2012 |accessdate=12 July 2012}}</ref> He is at the forefront of the multi-sensory dining experience.<ref name="Guardian_2012-03-31"/> He first became interested in multi-sensory cooking when he was 16 and his parents took him to 2 Michelin starred L’Oustau in Provence.<ref name="Guardian_2012-03-31"/>

Of multi-sensory cooking, Blumenthal says, “Development is where my heart is focused because eating is the only thing that we do that involves all the senses. We eat with our eyes and our ears and our noses. You think about some of the most memorable meals you've ever had; the food will be good but it will often be about locating a mental memory and taste is inexorably linked to all the other senses and memory, so ultimately it is all about taste.”<ref name="Guardian_2012-03-31"/>

"It still surprises me that more people are not focusing on this area because it's so obvious - eating is a complete sensory experience. It's the only thing we do that engages all of our senses. What I try to do is play with this idea to extend and deepen one's interaction with food."<ref name="NZ Herald_2012-04-18">{{Cite news |last=Wickes |first=Nici |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10799503 |title=Heston Blumenthal: The Mad Chef |work=[[NZ Herald]] |location=Auckland |date=18 April 2012 |accessdate=12 July 2012}}</ref>

Blumenthal is working with Oxford University psychologist Charles Spence on studying the relationship between our enjoyment of food and our senses.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10801796 |title=Music influences our tastebuds |work=[[NZ Herald]] |location=Auckland, |date=27 April 2012 |accessdate=12 July 2012}}</ref> Prof Spence is currently working with Blumenthal's team to inspire a dish featuring bitter and sweet flavours, with a matching soundtrack.The research invites participants to match bitter and sweet flavours with musical instruments and different pitches. [[The Fat Duck]] has produced a dish based on the research, but it has not yet reached the table.<ref name="NZ Herald_2012-04-18"/>

===Signature Dishes===

Blumenthal's [[signature dish]]es include snail [[porridge]], bacon and egg ice cream and [[parsnip]] cereal, mock turtle soup (which combines a multi-sensory experience with historical references), Meat Fruit and his Sweet Shop [[petit four]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/4903519/Heston-Blumenthal-gets-welcome-boost-amid-Fat-Duck-food-poisoning-scare.html|title=Heston Blumenthal gets welcome boost amid Fat Duck food poisoning scare|last=Simpson|first=Aislinn|date=1 Mar 2009|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=26 April 2009 | location=London}}</ref>

He has pioneered the use of sound as part of the dining experience with his Sound of the Sea dish where diners listen to a recording of the seaside – crashing waves with occasional sounds of distant seagulls, children's laughter and the horn of a ship, while they eat a dish of king fish, konbu cured halibut, balloting of mackerel with 5 different seaweeds, sea jelly beans and monks beard served on "sand" made from tapioca starch, toasted Japanese breadcrumbs, miso paste and dried seaweeds.<ref>Anon. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-448840/Seafood-served-ipod-Heston-Blumenthals-latest-recipe.html" “Seafood served with an ipod:Heston’s latest recipe”], ''[[The Daily Mail]]'', London, 16 April 2007. Retrieved on 9 July 2012.</ref>

Blumenthal is also known for his use of scented dry ice.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Blumenthal and his restaurant "The Fat Duck" have been credited as instigators of the bacon dessert "craze". He was preparing sweet and savoury [[Bacon ice cream|bacon-and-egg ice cream]] as early as 2004, and news "about the intriguingly odd confection quickly spread through the food world."<ref>Susan Russo [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120994007 Bacon gets its just desserts] 1 December 2009 NPR</ref>

===Historic influences===
{{BLP unsourced section|date=May 2012}}
Blumenthal is known for using British history in his dishes, television work, and books. He first became interested in British culinary history in 2000 when he was writing his book “Family Food”. The first dish he created based on a historic recipe was Quaking Pudding, which is on the menu at the Hinds Head.

British culinary history formed the basis for Blumenthal’s Feast Series. One of Blumenthal’s signature dishes at his restaurant, Dinner by Heston Blumenthal, is Meat Fruit which he first developed for the Feast Medieval episode. Blumenthal said in the programme,” When I first started looking at historic recipes, particularly recipes from medieval times, there was one dish that really attracted my attention, just because it was completely mad: Meat fruit. Literally, you took some meat and literally turned it into fruit. People in the Middle Ages believed fruit and vegetable were considered to have diseases unless cooked. With a typically wicked sense of humour, medieval chefs played on this fear by forming and painting meat to make it look like raw fruit. The idea being to shock and delight their diners.”

Blumenthal has worked extensively with historian Ivan Day and then those at Hampton Court Palace to research British culinary history.

Blumenthal is writing and researching a book based entirely on historic recipes.

==Collaborations==
Blumenthal has collaborated with scientists, including:
* [[Peter Barham|Professor Peter Barham]], Professorial Teaching Fellow in Physics at [[Bristol University]] and author of the book ''The Science of Cooking''
* [[Charles Spence|Professor Charles Spence]], an experimental psychologist at the University of Oxford, with whom he collaborated in experiments with the use of headphones during eating
* Professor Andy Taylor at the [[University of Nottingham]] with whom Blumenthal has sponsored a PhD studentship
* Professors [[Don Mottram]] and Margot Gosney of the [[University of Reading]], which in 2006 awarded Blumenthal an honorary degree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reading.ac.uk/about/newsandevents/releases/PR3868.asp|title=World's best chef and Oscar-winning director receive honorary degrees}}</ref>

Heston is also a mentor for the British Airways Great Britons Programme,<ref>[http://www.ba.com/greatbritons British Airways Great Britons Programme]</ref> and will mentor an up and coming chef to produce a dish served on board flights in the run up to the [[London 2012 Games]].

He was selected to provide the picnic meal for participants in Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations. <ref>Daily Mirror http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/the-diamond-jubilee-picnic-menu-by-heston-854628</ref> In recognition, he was a guest in the Royal Box at the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee concert in June 2012. <ref>Daily Mail 5 June 2012 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2154875/Diamond-Jubilee-Concert-Who-sat-Queen-Royal-Box.html</ref>

==Honorary Degrees and Recognition==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=May 2012}}

Blumenthal holds multiple honorary degrees in recognition of his scientific approach to cooking.

In January 2006, he was awarded an OBE by Her Majesty The Queen in the New Years Honours List for his services to British Gastronomy.

In July 2006, Blumenthal was presented with an honorary Doctor of Science degree by Reading University in recognition of his unique scientific approach to food and long-standing relationship with the University’s School of Food Biosciences. Also in July 2006, Blumenthal was the first chef to be awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the Royal Society of Chemistry. Blumenthal received an honorary Master of Science from Bristol University in 2007.

Blumenthal is the first ever professional chef in the United Kingdom to be offered a Coat of Arms and is in the processing of designing it.<ref name="The Inventory:Heston Blumenthal"/>

==Awards==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=May 2012}}

===Personal awards===

*GQ Chef of the Year - GQ Man of the Year Awards 2010, 2011
*Trophy Gourmand - Austria 2010
*GQ Personality of the year - GQ Glenfiddich Awards 2007
*Chefs Chef - San Pellegrino Worlds 50 Best Restaurant Awards April 2007
*Honorary Royal Society of Chemistry Fellowship for “… distinguished person whose activities have been of significant development to the chemical community..” - July 2006
*Honorary Doctor of Science degree awarded by Reading University for recognition for his unique scientific approach to food and long-standing relationship with the University’s School of Food Biosciences.
*Summer graduation ceremony - July 2006
*Order of the British Empire by Her Majesty the Queen - January 2006 New Years Honours List
*GQ Magazine Chef of the Year - GQ Magazine Man of the Year awards 2004
*Chef of the Year - Good Food Guide, 2001
*Catey Awards Restaurateur of the year Award - Caterer & Hotelkeeper Magazine 2003
*Best Restaurant of the Year Award - Decanter Magazine, 1998
*Food & Wine Personality of the Year Award - GQ Magazine, Glenfiddich Awards 2004
*AA Guide chef’s chef of the year Award - AA Guide Publications 2002

===Television and book awards===

*BAFTA nomination in the Features category for "FEAST" - British Academy Television Awards 2010
*The Features and Lifestyle Award for Heston's Victorian Feast - The Royal Television Society Awards 2009
*Food Book of the Year for The Big Fat Duck Cookbook - Guild of Food Writers Awards 2009
*Winner of Design and Production Award for The Big Fat Duck Cookbook - British Book Industry Awards 2009
*Winner of Photography Award for The Big Fat Duck Cookbook - James Beard Foundation Awards 2009
*Winner of Design Award for The Big Fat Duck Cookbook - International Association of Culinary Professionals Awards 2009
*BAFTA nomination in the Features category for “Heston Blumenthal: In Search of Perfection”- British Academy Television Awards 2008
*Best Cookbook of the year Worldwide for Family Food “a new approach to cooking” - Gourmand World Cookbook Awards 2004
*Best Children Cookbook for Family Food “a new approach to cooking” - Gourmand World Cookbook Awards 2004
*Best Production “Heston Blumenthal – In Search of Perfection” BBC2 - GQ Glenfiddich Awards 2007

===Restaurant awards===

[[The Fat Duck]]
* Rated Best restaurant in the UK and scored 10/10 in Good Food Guide 2013
*Ranked 13 Best Restaurant in the World - San Pellegrino Worlds 50 Best Restaurant Awards 2012
*Fifth Best Restaurant in the World - San Pellegrino Worlds 50 Best Restaurant Awards 2011
*Third Best Restaurant in the World - San Pellegrino Worlds 50 Best Restaurant Awards 2010
*Second Best Restaurant in the World - San Pellegrino Worlds 50 Best Restaurant Awards 2009,2008,2007,2006
*Best Restaurant in the UK and 10/10 score - Good Food Guide 2008, 2009,2010,2011, 2012
*Conde Nast Traveller Innovation Award for “Chocolate Wine” 2008
*Best Overall Service - Restaurant Magazine Front of House Awards 2007
*Best Restaurant in the UK - Good Food Guide 2007
*Grand Prix de L’Art de la Cuisine - International Academy of Gastronomy 2007
*Gault Millau, 19/20 rating
*Gault Millau Guide January 2005
*3 Michelin Stars - Michelin Travel Publications 2004
*Square Meal/BMW Best out of Town Restaurant - Square Meal Magazine, BMW Awards 2004
*Tatler Magazine Best Out of Town Restaurant - Tatler Magazine Awards 2004
*Catey Awards Chef of the Year - Catering & Hotelkeeper Magazine 2004
*Second Best restaurant in the World Award - Restaurant Magazine Worlds 50 Best Restaurant awards 2004
*Restaurant Magazine Best European Restaurant Award - Worlds 50 Best Restaurants Awards 2004
*Restaurant Magazine highest New Entry Award - Worlds Best 50 Restaurants Awards 2004
*Best Restaurant Award - Observer Food Monthly Awards 2004
*Good Food Guide accreditation 9/10 - 2004
*2 Michelin Stars - Michelin Travel Publications 2001
*5 AA rosettes - AA Publications 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
*AA wine list of the year - AA Publications 2002
*AA Sherry List of the year - AA Sherry Publications 2002
*AA Restaurant of Year Award - AA Publications 2001
*Best of the year in Modern European category - Hotel and Restaurant Magazine, 2000
*1 Michelin Star - Michelin Travel Publications 1998

[[Dinner by Heston Blumenthal]]
* 1 Michelin Star - Michelin Guide 2012
* Highest New Entry (no. 9) - San Pellegrino Worlds 50 Best Restaurant Awards 2012
* BMW Square Meal Award for Best New Restaurant - Spring 2011
* Tatler Restaurant of the Year - Spring 2011

==Bibliography==
* ''Family Food: A New Approach to Cooking'' (2002)
* ''In Search of Perfection'' (2006)
* ''Further Adventures in Search of Perfection'' (2007)
* ''The Fat Duck Cookbook'' (2008)
* ''Total Perfection:In Search of Total Perfection'' (2009)
* ''Heston's Fantastical Feasts'' (2010)
* ''Heston Blumenthal At Home'' (2011)

==References==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name=FT>{{Citation | last = Lacey | first = Hester | title = The Inventory: Heston Blumenthal | work = [FT Magazine] | publisher = Finincial Times Ltd | date = 15 July 2011 | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/ff3dbf2e-ad04-11e0-9623-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1SFx71vnk | accessdate =16 July 2011
}}</ref>
<ref name=Latymer>{{Citation | last = Tibbetts | first = Graham | title = Harry Potter Star Alan Rickman Funds School Bursary | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | publisher = Telegraph Media Group | date = 24 October 2008 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/3255974/Harry-Potter-star-Alan-Rickman-funds-school-bursary.html | accessdate =15 July 2011
}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thefatduck.co.uk/intro.html Official website of the Fat Duck restaurant]
* [http://www.thefatduck.co.uk/Heston-Blumenthal/Biography/ Blumenthal's biography]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/heston_blumenthal/ Heston Blumenthal's column in The Times]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/search?keywords=Heston+Blumenthal&x=0&y=0 Heston Blumenthal recipes at www.bbc.co.uk]

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| PLACE OF BIRTH = London, United Kingdom
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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from High Wycombe]]
[[Category:People from Bray, Berkshire]]
[[Category:English chefs]]
[[Category:English food writers]]
[[Category:English Jews]]
[[Category:British Jews]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Michelin Guide starred chefs]]
[[Category:Molecular gastronomy]]
[[Category:People educated at Latymer Upper School]]
[[Category:English television chefs]]
[[Category:People educated at John Hampden Grammar School]]
[[Category:GQ Award winners]]

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Síle Seoige

2012-08-21T15:11:44Z

62.145.19.66: This is helpful for those not familiar with the IPA.

{{Infobox person
| name = Síle Seoige
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|4|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[An Spidéal]], [[County Galway]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| death_date =
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| residence =
| nationality = [[Irish people|Irish]]
| other_names =
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| employer = [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]] (RTÉ)
| occupation = Television presenter
| title =
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| height = {{convert|1.68|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| weight =
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| spouse = Glen Mulcahy, 2005–2009
| partner =
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| relatives = [[Gráinne Seoige]] (sister)
| signature =
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}}
'''Síle Seoige''' ({{IPA-ga|ˈʃiːlʲə ˈʃoːɟə}})(Shee-lah Show-ig-eh) (born in 1979) is an [[Irish people|Irish]] television presenter and [[Gaeilgeoir]]. She is fluent in both [[Irish language|Irish]] and [[English language|English]], and has worked for [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]] (RTÉ) and the Irish-language station [[TG4]]. Her sister [[Gráinne Seoige|Gráinne]] also works in television and the pair have presented ''[[Seoige]]'' together.

==Early life==
Seoige was born in [[An Spidéal]], [[County Galway]], the youngest of four children, to parents Mairtín and Philomena. She attended Scoil Mhuire at primary level and Coláiste Chroí Mhuire at secondary level. After completing her [[Irish Leaving Certificate|Leaving Certificate]] she landed the job of hosting a movie program on [[TG4]] called ''Hollywood Anocht''. There she was given the job of interviewing some of Hollywood's top talent such as [[Bruce Willis]] and [[Meryl Streep]]. When ''Hollywood Anocht'' ended Síle became [[TG4]]'s weather girl and continuity presenter, and after two years she moved on to host a children's programme called ''Cúla4''.

After two years of ''Cúla4'' Síle took a year out and spent that time travelling. She returned to Ireland to try radio presenting. She worked for Beat 101-102, a station based in the south-east before moving to national station [[Today FM]]. In the summer of 2004 Síle landed the job of covering Ireland's summer festivals for RTÉ's ''[[Nationwide (Irish TV series)|Nationwide]]''.

==Bilingual hosting==
Following this, Síle presented RTÉ's ''[[Up for the Match]]'' and became a regular host on the bilingual programme ''Seachtain''. This news and features format was very different for Síle, but she revelled in the opportunity to get out amongst the public and it gave her a firm footing in production, scripting and media law. Síle was also approached to be the face for ''Seachtain na Gaeilge'', a week where everything Irish is celebrated. She produced a four part series for RTÉ called ''Coiscéim'' and appeared with The Devilins on a compilation CD ''SnaG-05'' featuring bands from Ireland singing in Irish language.

In the summer of 2005, she took part in the first hugely successful ''[[You're a Star]]'' series, in which she raised over forty thousand euro for Galway based charity, Cope. The following month she co-presented season four of the hit entertainment series. She co-presented live coverage of the St. Patrick's Day Parade for three years. She then presented a bilingual English-Irish current affairs programme on [[RTÉ One]] called ''[[Pobal]]''.

She has appeared as a guest presenter on travel programme ''No Frontiers'' and co-presented season one of RTÉ's entertainment series ''[[Class Act (Irish TV series)|Class Act]]'' with [[Aidan Power]]. In 2007, she guest presented RTÉ's daytime programme ''[[The Afternoon Show]]'' with [[Bláthnaid Ní Chofaigh]]. She presented series five of TG4's flagship show ''[[Paisean Faisean]]'' with co-presenter Bláthnaid Ní Dhonnchadha. In October 2008, Síle joined her older sister [[Gráinne Seoige|Gráinne]] as co-presenter of ''[[Seoige]]'' on [[RTÉ One]]. After only one season together, RTÉ subsequently dropped the show leaving both sisters "very shocked".<ref>[http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/news-gossip/family-drama-for-shellshocked-seoiges-1716751.html "Family drama for shell-shocked Seoiges"] ''Independent'' (Ireland)</ref> In September 2009, she started as a co-presenter on RTÉ's ''The Afternoon Show''.

She has since disappeared off Irish screens and can be heard on [[Newstalk]] radio, which signed her up in an attempt to increase its appeal to listeners in the West of Ireland. She made headlines in January 2012 as [[Ryan Tubridy]] interviewed personalities [[Lorraine Keane]], [[Andrea Roche]] and [[Michael O'Leary (businessman)|Michael O'Leary]] on ''[[The Late Late Show]]'' when she tweeted: "Just wondering ... are the days of the likes of [[Peter Ustinov]], [[Spike Milligan]] and [[Germaine Greer]] gone forever?"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/around-town/sile-joins-protests-over-lacklustre-late-late-2996703.html|title=Sile joins protests over lacklustre Late Late|first=Claire|last=Murphy|work=Evening Herald|date=23 January 2012|accessdate=23 January 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Síle married [[Glen Mulcahy]] in a lavish ceremony in 2005. In January 2009, it was announced that the couple had separated and the marriage was over.<ref> [http://www.showbizireland.com/news/november05/07-cranberries05.shtml ShowBiz Ireland] </ref> In February 2012, she spoke about her battle with [[thyroid cancer]]. She was diagnosed the previous September and had a gland removed before being dosed with radioactive iodine.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/ten/2012/0226/seoiges.html|title=Síle Seoige talks of cancer battle|work=RTÉ Ten|date=26 February 2012|accessdate=26 February 2012}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb name|id=1782321|name=Síle Seoige}}

{{RTÉ Chat Shows}}
{{You're a Star}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Seoige, Síle
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Irish television presenter
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1979
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[An Spidéal]], [[County Galway]], [[Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Seoige, Sile}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cancer survivors]]
[[Category:Newstalk presenters]]
[[Category:People from County Galway]]
[[Category:TG4 presenters]]
[[Category:Today FM presenters]]
[[Category:RTÉ television presenters]]
[[Category:You're a Star contestants]]
[[Category:You're a Star hosts]]

[[ga:Síle Seoige]]

Huddersfield

2012-08-09T16:08:56Z

62.145.19.66: Undid revision 506419427 by Richard Harvey (talk) It is helpful to know how the name is pronounced locally, especially as it reflects northern English.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2011}}
{{About||the constituency of the same name|Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)}}
{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|latitude = 53.6450
|longitude = -1.7798
|official_name = Huddersfield
|population = 146,234
|population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|metropolitan_borough = [[Kirklees]]
|metropolitan_county = [[West Yorkshire]]
|region = Yorkshire and the Humber
|constituency_westminster = [[Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Huddersfield]]
|post_town = HUDDERSFIELD
|postcode_district = HD1-5, HD7-8
|postcode_area = HD
|dial_code = 01484
|os_grid_reference = SE145165
|static_image = [[File:HuddersfieldTown(RLH).jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption = A view of Huddersfield Town from [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]]
|london_distance=
}}

''' Huddersfield ''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-Huddersfield.ogg|ˈ|h|ʌ|d|ər|z|ˌ|f|iː|l|d}}) (|h|ʊ|d|ər|z|ˌ|f|iː|l|d locally and in northern England) is a large [[market town]] within the [[Kirklees|Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees]], in [[West Yorkshire]], [[England]], situated halfway between Leeds and Manchester. It lies {{convert|190|mi|km}} north of [[London]], and {{convert|10.3|mi|km}} south of [[Bradford]], the nearest city.

Huddersfield is near the confluence of the [[River Colne, West Yorkshire|River Colne]] and the [[River Holme]]. Located within the [[Historic counties of England|historic county boundaries]] of the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], according to the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] it was the 10th largest town in the UK and with a total resident population of [[List of urban areas in England by population|146,234]]. It is the largest urban area in the [[metropolitan borough]] of Kirklees and the [[administrative centre]] of the borough. The town is well known for its important role in the [[Industrial Revolution]], for being the birthplace of [[rugby league]] and for being the birthplace of the late British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]].

Huddersfield today is a town of higher education, the media and sports, being home to the rugby league team, [[Huddersfield Giants]], founded in 1895, who currently play in the [[Europe]]an [[Super League]] and [[Football League Championship]] [[Association football|football]] team [[Huddersfield Town F.C.]], founded in 1908. The town is home to the [[University of Huddersfield]] and the [[sixth form]] colleges [[Greenhead College]], [[Kirklees College]] and [[Huddersfield New College]]

Huddersfield is a town of [[Victorian architecture]]. [[Huddersfield railway station]] is a Grade I [[listed building]] and was described by [[John Betjeman]] as 'the most splendid station facade in England' second only to [[St Pancras railway station|St Pancras, London]]. The station stands in St George's Square; having been renovated at a cost of £1 million it subsequently won the [[Europa Nostra]] award for European architecture.

==History==
===Early history===
There has been a settlement in the vicinity for over 4,000 years.<ref>[http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/events/venuedetails.asp?vID=45 Kirklees Council Website Castle Hill]</ref> The remains of a [[castra|Roman fort]] were unearthed in the middle of the 18th century at Slack near [[Outlane]], just west of the town.<ref>[http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/tolson/roman_times/index.htm Huddersfield One - Tolson Museum Booklets]</ref> [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]], a major landmark of the town, was also the site of an [[Iron Age]] [[hill fort]]. Huddersfield itself was noted in the 1086 ''[[Domesday Book]]'' as a village known as ''Oderesfelt'' also as ''Odresfeld''.

[[File:Huddersfield1000px(RLH).jpg|thumb|center|800px|Huddersfield from [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]]]]

Huddersfield has been known as a [[market town]] since [[Saxons|Saxon]] times. The market cross is on Market Place.

===Industrial Revolution===
Huddersfield was a centre of civil unrest during the [[Industrial Revolution]]. In a period where Europe was experiencing frequent wars, where trade had slumped and the crops had failed, many local [[Weaver (occupation)|weavers]] faced losing their means of livelihood due to the introduction of new machinery, which would have condemned them to poverty or even starvation. The [[Luddite]]s began destroying mills and machinery in response; one of the most notorious attacks was on Cartwright — a Huddersfield mill-owner, who had a reputation for cruelty — and his Rawfords Mill. In his book ''Rebels Against the Future'', [[Kirkpatrick Sale]] describes how a large army platoon was stationed at Huddersfield to deal with Luddites; at its peak, there were around a thousand soldiers in Huddersfield and only ten thousand civilians. In response, the Luddites began to focus their attacks on nearby towns and villages, which were less well-protected; the largest act of damage that they ever did was the complete destruction of Foster's Mill at [[Horbury]] — a village which is about {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of Huddersfield.<ref>{{cite book
|title = Rebels Against the Future
|last = Sale|first = Kirkpatrick
|authorlink = Kirkpatrick Sale
|year =
|publisher =
|location =
|isbn = 0-201-62678-0
|pages =  120
|url= }}</ref> The government campaign that eventually crushed the movement was provoked by a murder that took place in Huddersfield. William Horsfall, a mill-owner and a passionate prosecutor of Luddites, was killed in 1812.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRluddites.htm
|title=The Luddites
|publisher=Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Although the movement faded out afterwards, Parliament began to increase welfare provision for those out of work, and to introduce regulations to improve conditions in the mills.

===Political history===
Huddersfield had a strong [[Liberalism|liberal]] tradition up to the 1950s and this is still reflected in the large number of liberal social clubs in the town. The current [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for the [[Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Huddersfield constituency]] is [[Barry Sheerman]], a [[Labour Co-operative]] member. Kirklees Council was the first in the UK to have a [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] councillor: Nicholas Harvey who lived in [[Taylor Hill]] and represented the [[Newsome|Newsome Ward]]. Harvey, a former employee at Huddersfield railway station, was instrumental in the creation of the protest train against the intended closure of the [[Settle]] to [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] rail line. He declined to stand for a second term and no longer lives in Huddersfield. He is now a resident of [[Filey]] where he operates his own 'green' railway train.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.greenexpressrailtours.co.uk/id1.html
|title=About Us
|publisher=Greenexpressrailtours.co.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>

The far left is well represented in Huddersfield (considering its size), with Revolution, the [[Socialist Workers Party (Britain)|Socialist Workers Party]] and the [[Socialist Party (England and Wales)|Socialist Party of England and Wales]] all having active groups which are involved in campaigns such as [[Stop the War Coalition|Stop the War]], [[Save Huddersfield NHS]], as well as individual members of [[Workers Power (UK)|Workers Power]] (involved in Revolution and their group in [[Leeds]]), [[Socialist Appeal]] and the [[Communist Party of Britain]]. The town also has substantial [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] and [[UKIP]] presences, with various other centre-right and rightist groups also represented.

Two [[Prime minister]]s have spent part of their childhood in Huddersfield: [[Harold Wilson]] and [[H. H. Asquith|Herbert Asquith]]. Wilson is commemorated by a statue in front of the railway station. There is no memorial to Asquith's briefer connection with the town.

==Governance==
===Civic history===
[[File:Huddersfield-coa.gif|thumb|left|[[Coat of arms of Huddersfield|Coat of arms of the former County Borough]]]]
Huddersfield was incorporated as a [[municipal borough]] within the ancient [[West Riding of Yorkshire]] in 1868. The borough comprised the [[parish]]es of Almondbury, Dalton, Huddersfield, Lindley-cum-Quarmby and Lockwood. When the West Riding County Council was formed in 1889, Huddersfield became a [[county borough]], exempt from county council control. Huddersfield expanded in 1937, including parts of the [[Golcar]], [[Linthwaite]], and [[South Crosland]] urban districts.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10166937&c_id=10001043
|title=Huddersfield MB/CB West Riding through time | Administrative history of Local
Government District: hierarchies, boundaries
|publisher=Visionofbritain.org.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> The county borough was abolished in 1974 and its former area was combined with that of other districts to form the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire.

Attempts by the local council to gain support for [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] were rejected by the town's population in an unofficial referendum held by the local newspaper, the ''[[Huddersfield Daily Examiner]]''. The council did not apply for that status in either the 2000 or 2002 competitions.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dca.gov.uk/constitution/city/cityhome.htm
|title=Department for Constitutional Affairs - Constitutional Policy - City Status
|publisher=Dca.gov.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> As city status has to be awarded to a district not a town, either the city status would have been awarded to Kirklees, or the borough could have been renamed to Kirklees and Huddersfield to give Huddersfield city status, similar to the current situation with [[Chester]].<ref>http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk</ref>

According to the [[United Kingdom Census 2001]] the population of the Huddersfield [[urban area|urban]] sub-area of the [[West Yorkshire Urban Area]] was 146,234, and the population of the former area of the county borough was 121,620. The wider South Kirklees area had a population of 216,011.
{{-}}

==Industry==
Huddersfield is still a [[manufacturing]] town, despite the university being the largest employer. Historically the town produced [[textile]]s. The number of people who work in textiles has declined greatly, but those companies which survive produce large quantities of [[Woolen|woollen]] products with little labour. The town is home to textile, chemical and engineering companies; including [[Cummins|Cummins Turbo Technologies]] (turbocharger manufacturers), Huddersfield Fine Worsteds (textiles), C & J Antich (textiles), Syngenta AG ([[Agrichemical|agro-chemicals]]), James Crowther (textiles), Sellers (Textile Machinery), Trojan Plastics Ltd. (bathroom products manufacturer), [[Pennine Radio Limited]] ([[electronics]] [[transformer]]s and sheet [[metalworking]]) as well as a large number of niche manufacturers. Huddersfield is home to Andrew Jones Pies a regional award winning pie-maker, where a worker was killed in a gas explosion on 10 April 2009.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/7993407.stm
|work=BBC News
|title=One dead in pie factory explosion
|date=10 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/7997976.stm
|work=BBC News
|title=Meeting over pie factory future
|date=14 April 2009}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Climate===
Huddersfield experiences a temperate [[oceanic climate]] which is relatively mild for its latitude, which comes without major temperature extremes due to the moderating influence of the [[Gulf Stream]]. According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], Huddersfield is certified as ''Cfb''.

{{Weather box
|location = Huddersfield
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 5
|Feb high C = 5
|Mar high C = 7
|Apr high C = 10
|May high C = 13
|Jun high C = 16
|Jul high C = 18
|Aug high C = 18
|Sep high C = 15
|Oct high C = 11
|Nov high C = 8
|Dec high C = 6
|year high C = 11
|Jan low C = 2
|Feb low C = 2
|Mar low C = 3
|Apr low C = 5
|May low C = 7
|Jun low C = 10
|Jul low C = 12
|Aug low C = 12
|Sep low C = 10
|Oct low C = 8
|Nov low C = 5
|Dec low C = 3
|year low C = 6.6
|source 1 = <ref>http://weather.msn.com/local.aspx?wealocations=wc:UKXX0070&q=Huddersfield%2c+GBR</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

===Divisions and suburbs===
After boundary changes in 2004, Huddersfield now covers eight of the twenty-three [[Ward (country subdivision)|electoral ward]]s for Kirklees Council. Neighbouring wards in the [[Colne Valley]], [[Holme Valley]], and [[Kirkburton]] are often considered to be part of Huddersfield though they are predominantly [[rural|semi-rural]]. Huddersfield town centre is located within the Newsome ward. The eight wards that make up Huddersfield proper, with their populations, areas and constituent [[suburb]]s (mid-year 2005 estimates) are:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ward
! Population
! Area (miles²)
! Population density (/mile²)
! Places covered
|-
| Almondbury<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Almondbury
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/almondbury.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 16,610
| 3.863
| 4,299
| [[Almondbury]], Fenay Bridge, Lascelles Hall, [[Lepton, West Yorkshire|Lepton]]
|-
| Ashbrow<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Ashbrow
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Ashbrow.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,470
| 4.366
| 4.001
| Ashbrow, [[Brackenhall]], [[Bradley, West Yorkshire|Bradley]], [[Deighton, West Yorkshire|Deighton]], [[Fixby]], Netheroyd Hill, [[Sheepridge, Huddersfield|Sheepridge]]
|-
| Crosland Moor & Netherton<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Crosland Moor & Netherton
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/CroslandMoor.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,400
| 2.856
| 6,092
| [[Beaumont Park]], [[Crosland Moor]], [[Lockwood, West Yorkshire|Lockwood]], [[Longroyd Bridge]], [[Netherton, Kirklees|Netherton]], [[South Crosland]], [[Thornton Lodge]]
|-
| Dalton<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Dalton
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Dalton.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,520
| 4.975
| 3.521
| Colne Bridge, [[Dalton, West Yorkshire|Dalton]], [[Kirkheaton]], Moldgreen, [[Rawthorpe]], Upper Heaton, [[Waterloo, Huddersfield|Waterloo]]
|-
| Golcar<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Golcar
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Golcar.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,370
| 2.375
| 7,313
| [[Cowlersley]], [[Golcar]], [[Longwood, West Yorkshire|Longwood]], [[Linthwaite]] (part of), [[Milnsbridge]], [[Salendine Nook]]
|-
| Greenhead<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Greenhead
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Greenhead.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,620
| 1.706
| 10,328
| [[Birkby, West Yorkshire|Birkby]], Edgerton, [[Fartown, Huddersfield|Fartown]], Hillhouse, [[Marsh, West Yorkshire|Marsh]], [[Paddock, Huddersfield|Paddock]]
|-
| Lindley<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Lindley
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Lindley.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,020
| 2.737
| 6,218
| [[Ainley Top]], Birchencliffe, [[Lindley, West Yorkshire|Lindley]], Mount, [[Oakes, Huddersfield|Oakes]]
|-
| Newsome<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Newsome
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Newsome.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,110
| 3.233
| 5,292
| [[Armitage Bridge]], [[Berry Brow]], [[Hall Bower]], [[Lowerhouses]], [[Newsome]], Primrose Hill, [[Springwood, Huddersfield|Springwood]], Taylor Hill
|}

==Demography==
===Ethnicity===
Like many former [[mill town]]s, Huddersfield has a higher than average number of residents from [[Minority group|ethnic minorities]]. The white population makes up 81% of the population comparing to 91.3% for England as a whole. The largest ethnic minority group are those who have described themselves as being [[Asian people|Asian]] or [[British Asian]] originating from the Indian sub-continent ([[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]]) with 10,837, or 8.9% (compared to 1.4% for England as a whole). An ethnicity summary of the town's 121,620 population is 98,454 (81.0%) white, 15,072 (12.4%) Asian or British Asian, 4,328 (3.6%) Black or [[Black British]], 328 (0.3%), 259 (0.2%) Other and 3,131 (2.6%) Mixed.<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = 2001 Census Profile, Former Huddersfield County Borough
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/census2001by-town/HudderCB.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>

===Religion===
Huddersfield is slightly above the English average for those who have no religion and also for the number of [[Muslim]]s. Conversely, it is below average for its number of [[Christian]]s.

There are a number of [[Church (building)|churches]], [[Gurdwara]]s, [[mosque]]s and [[temple]]s covering a wide spectrum of religions in the Huddersfield area. These include established [[Christian]] denominations, such as the [[Church of England]], the [[Baptist]] Church, [[Methodism]], [[Presbyterianism]] and the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Religions that are relatively new to Britain also have places of worship in the town: [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Mormonism]] and [[Sikhism]] all have congregational buildings.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Denomination
! Population
! Percentage
! Comparative percentage for England
|-
| Christian
| 77,843
| 64.0
| 71.7
|-
| Buddhist
| 133
| 0.1
| 0.3
|-
| Hindu
| 577
| 0.5
| 1.1
|-
| Jewish
| 70
| 0.1
| 0.5
|-
| Muslim
| 12,147
| 10.0
| 3.0
|-
| Sikh
| 2,250
| 1.9
| 0.6
|-
| Other religions
| 341
| 0.3
| 0.3
|-
| No religion
| 18,694
| 15.4
| 14.8
|-
| Religion not stated
| 9,604
| 7.9
| 7.7
|}

==Landmarks and architecture==
[[File:Victoria Tower Castle Hill(RLH).jpg|thumb|right|Victoria Tower at 'Castle Hill']]
Huddersfield is notable for its abundance of fine [[Victorian architecture]]. It has the third highest number of [[listed building]]s of any town or city in the UK.<ref>http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/visitors/wheretogo/huddersfield.shtml</ref> The most conspicuous landmark in the Huddersfield area is Victoria Tower on Castle Hill. Overlooking the town, the tower was constructed to mark [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria's]] 60th Jubilee Year. A picture of the Victoria Tower features on the [[New Zealand]] wine ''Castle Hill''.

The [[colonnade]]d [[Huddersfield railway station]] in St George's Square was once described as 'a [[stately home]] with trains in it', and by [[Nikolaus Pevsner|Sir Nikolaus Pevsner]] as 'one of the best early railway stations in England'.<ref name="pevsner">{{cite book
|author=Pevsner, Nikolaus; Radcliffe, Enid (Ed.)
|title=The Buildings of England: Yorkshire: The West Riding
|publisher=Yale University Press
|year=2002
|isbn=0-300-09662-3}}</ref> A bronze statue of Huddersfield-born Sir [[Harold Wilson]], Prime Minister 1964–1970 and 1974–1976 stands before the entrance in St George's Square.

The Huddersfield [[parish church]] (St. Peters Church) was constructed in 1838 and is adjacent to the town centre, on Byram Street, near the Pack Horse Centre.

The Pack Horse Centre is a covered [[pedestrianised]] shopping area constructed over the former [[cobblestone]]d street originally known as the Pack Horse Yard, now named Pack Horse Walk in memory of the beasts of burden, [[Pack horse]]s which ferried merchandise over the [[Pennines]] before the [[Standedge Tunnels]] were built. This pedestrian-only link passes from Kirkgate, across King Street and along Victoria Lane, by the Shambles, to the Piazza and the distinctive Market Hall at Queensgate, which was built to replace the old Shambles Market Hall in the early 1970s.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.riskybuildings.org.uk/docs/20queensgate/index.html
|title=Risky Buildings
|publisher=Riskybuildings.org.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Next to the Piazza is the Victorian Town Hall and the 1930s Public Library.

[[Beaumont Park]] situated about {{convert|2|mi|km}} to the south of the town centre was bequeathed to the people of Huddersfield in the 1880s, by the [http://www.kirkheatononlineparishclerk.com/kirkheaton/beaumont.htm Henry Ralph Beaumont ('Beaumont's of Whitley' estate)] and opened on 13 October 1883, by the [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany|Prince Leopold]], fourth son of [[Queen Victoria]], and his wife [[Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont]] (The Duke and Duchess of Albany). It is a fine example of a [[Victorian era]] public park with water cascades, bandstand and woodland.

==Transport==
===Road===
[[File:Huddersfieldmap 1954.png|thumb|right|A map of Huddersfield from 1954]]
Huddersfield is well connected to the national [[motorway]] network via the [[M1 motorway|M1]] and [[M62 motorway|M62]] motorways. The M1 passes near the eastern fringes of the town about {{convert|10|mi|km}} away. The M62 comes much nearer (about {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} away) and Huddersfield is served by three junctions: Mount ([[A640 road|A640]], J23 – limited access), Ainley Top ([[A629 road|A629]], J24) and between [[Brighouse]] and Cooper Bridge ([[A644 road|A644]], J25).

The Huddersfield Corporation built an inner [[ring road]] (part of the [[A62 road|A62]]) in the 1970s. The area within this ring road has come to define the [[central business district]] of the town. The ring road is effective in relieving traffic congestion in the town centre where many roads are now [[pedestrianised]].

Main routes into Huddersfield include the A62 Leeds Road, [[A641 road|A641]] Bradford Road, A629 Halifax Road, A640 New Hey Road and the A62 Manchester Road.

===Rail===
[[Huddersfield railway station]] enjoys a comprehensive local and regional rail service. However, there is no direct service to London, with passengers having to change at either [[Manchester Piccadilly station|Manchester Piccadilly]], [[Leeds railway station|Leeds]] or [[Wakefield Westgate railway station|Wakefield Westgate]]. Many services are subsidised by the local-government public transport coordinator, [[West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive|Metro]]. A frequent express service operates to the nearby principal cities of [[Leeds]] and [[Manchester]] and a regular service to [[Darlington]], [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Liverpool]], [[Manchester Airport]], [[Middlesbrough]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] and [[York]]. This is operated by [[First TransPennine Express]]. There are also local stopping services operated by [[Northern Rail]] which link Huddersfield with [[Barnsley]], Bradford, [[Brighouse]], [[Dewsbury]], [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]], Leeds, [[Sheffield]] and [[Wakefield]].

[[File:Huddersfield Railway Station (RLH).jpg|thumb|centre|800px|Huddersfield Railway Station in St. George's Square]]

===Bus===
[[File:Hudds-ftb.jpg|thumb|right|The Huddersfield Free Town Bus]]
[[Huddersfield bus station]] was opened by the Mayor, Councillor Mernagh on 26 March 1974, despite the fact that it had not actually been completed.<ref>[http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/huddsmemory.htm Huddersfield One - Huddersfield History since 1940]</ref> It is the busiest bus station in West Yorkshire with a daily footfall of almost 35,000. The majority of bus services pass through the bus station. Many services are subsidised by [[West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive|Metro]], the West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive.

Huddersfield's bus operators reflect the national situation; local subsidiaries of three dominant national operators provide most of the services in the area: [[First Calderdale & Huddersfield]] who provide most local services across Huddersfield with some services running outside the Kirklees area with destinations including Bradford, Brighouse, Halifax, Manchester and [[Oldham]]. [[Arriva Yorkshire]], who provide frequent services along Leeds Road to Dewsbury and Leeds, and [[Centrebus Holdings]] (Huddersfield Bus Company), through its recently acquired subsidiary, [[Yorkshire Traction]], who provide almost all services in the south east of the town. Other smaller operators include locally based operators [[Teamdeck]], trading under the name of K-Line and Stotts Coaches. Centrebus Holdings purchased Teamdeck in May 2008, along with Stagecoach Yorkshire's Huddersfield depot.<ref>[http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/express-and-chronicle/2008/05/03/stagecoach-operation-is-sold-but-not-to-arriva-86081-20874542/ Huddersfield Examiner report of bus take overs in May 2008]</ref>

In November 2006, a [[Zero-fare public transport|zero-fare]] town centre bus service, known as [[FreeCityBus|Free Town Bus]], was launched. Buses run every ten minutes from 7.30 a.m. (from the railway station) to 7.00 p.m. Monday to Friday and from 8.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. on Saturday. Stops on the route include the bus station, [[University of Huddersfield]], Kingsgate, and the indoor market. The service is run by K-Line in partnership with Kirklees Council and Metro.

===Canal===
The [[Huddersfield Broad Canal]], originally the Sir John Ramsden Canal, and the [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]] (both navigable by [[narrowboat]] and the former by wider craft also) wind around the south side of the town. To the rear of the [[YMCA]] in the [[Turnbridge]] section there is an electrically operated road bridge, which is still in use, to raise the road and allow boat traffic to pass. This bridge was originally opened by use of a [[windlass]] system.

==Sports==
[[File:Huddersfield 002.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Galpharm Stadium]]]]
[[Association football|Football]] and [[rugby league]] are the two main spectator sports in Huddersfield. The town has a professional football team [[Huddersfield Town F.C.]] who currently play in [[Football League Championship|the Championship]]. In 1926, they became the first English team to win three successive league titles, a feat which only three other clubs have been able to match.

The town was the birthplace of rugby league, and is home to the [[Huddersfield Giants]] who currently play in the [[Super League]], the top division in Europe. The town is also home to [[Huddersfield Underbank Rangers]] rugby league club, who currently play in the Rugby League Conference.

The town is also home to a number of other sports clubs including [[Huddersfield Rugby Union Football Club]] who play in the [[National Division Three North]] and [[Huddersfield Rams Aussie Rules]] club. The main sporting arena in the town is the [[Galpharm Stadium]] which is home to both the football team and rugby league side.

===Rugby Football===
====The split====
Rugby was first recorded in the town in 1848 and the Huddersfield Athletic Club, the direct progenitors of the current Huddersfield Giants, formed in 1864, playing their first rugby game in 1866. It was in Huddersfield on 29 August 1895 that 22 northern clubs held a meeting in the [[George Hotel, Huddersfield|George Hotel]] and voted to [[Secession|secede]] from the [[Rugby Football Union]] to set up their own 'Northern Rugby Football Union'. In 1922 this became the [[Rugby Football League]].

The [[Rugby League Heritage Centre]] is located in the basement of the George Hotel.

====Rugby league====
{{Main|Huddersfield Giants}}
Following the split of 1895 Huddersfield became a focus for rugby league and is currently represented by the Huddersfield Giants in the [[Super League]]. The Huddersfield Giants (under their original name of Huddersfield Rugby League Club) have won the [[Rugby Football League Championship]] seven times, most recently in 1961–62, and the [[Challenge Cup]] six times, the last success being in 1952–53.

====Rugby union====
{{Main|Huddersfield Rugby Union Football Club}}
After 1895 rugby in the Huddersfield area was played exclusively under the auspices of the Northern Rugby Football Union until 1909 when Huddersfield Old Boys were formed to play under [[rugby union]] rules, nomadically playing at five grounds until buying farmland at Waterloo in 1919 and, in 1946, retitling the club as Huddersfield RUFC.

In 1969 the club was at the forefront of a revolution in English rugby, when it became the first club in the country to organise mini and junior rugby teams. This innovation spread quickly and today, almost every club in the country has a thriving junior section providing a production-line of home grown talent. Junior players at Huddersfield number over 200.

In 1997 the Waterloo junior grounds were sold and a {{convert|26|acre|km2|sing=on}}, former [[Bass Brewery]] estate, at Lockwood Park was purchased for construction of a replacement. With the assistance of a matching £2 million grant from [[Sport England]], the club has transformed the site into a major sports complex, conference centre and business park.

===Association football===
{{Main|Huddersfield Town F.C.}}
Huddersfield Town FC is the town's senior [[association football]] team, founded in 1908, and currently playing in [[Football League One]].

In 1921–22 Huddersfield won the [[FA Cup]] and between 1923 and 1926 they became the first club to win the [[Football League First Division|League Championship]] three times in a row, an achievement matched only by three other teams. However, they have been less successful in modern times, having not played in the top division since the early 1970s.

The club left its ground at [[Leeds Road, Huddersfield|Leeds Road]] in 1994 and now shares the [[Galpharm Stadium]] with the Huddersfield Giants rugby league team.

Notable ex-players include [[Scotland|Scottish]] international [[Denis Law]], [[Ray Wilson (English footballer)|Ray Wilson]], a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] winner with [[England national football team|England]] in 1966 and [[Trevor Cherry]], England international. [[Herbert Chapman]], [[Bill Shankly]] and [[Neil Warnock]] are notable former Huddersfield Town managers.

===Australian Rules Football===
{{Main|Huddersfield Rams Aussie Rules}}
Huddersfield has an Australian rules football team, formed in 2008, who played their first season in 2009 and won the [[Aussie Rules UK]] National League - Central Division. They will be taking part in the North West Division in 2010.

===Hockey===
Huddersfield has a number of field [[hockey]] teams, many of which train at the Lockwood Park sports complex on the all weather pitch.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kirkleesgirlshockeyclub.co.uk/kghc-training-location.html
|title=Training Location
|publisher=Kirkleesgirlshockeyclub.co.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>

===Motorsport===


Notable local people include [[James Whitham]], former 'British [[Superbike racing|Superbike]] Champion'.

Lepton born [[Tom Sykes]] was a new addition to the Yamaha Motor Italia World team in the 2009 World Superbike season<ref>[http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/sport/sportresults/mcn/2008/September/8-14/sep1108-tom-sykes-signs-for-yamaha-world-superbikes/ Motorcycle News (11 September 2008)]</ref> after impressive spells in both British Supersports & [[British Superbike Championship|British Superbikes]], in which in the latter he finished 4th in the 2009 Season. He also managed to win his first race in [[Superbike World Championship|World Superbikes]] in one of two wildcard meetings.

[[Motorcycle speedway]] racing was staged in Huddersfield in the UK pioneer year of 1928. A venue in the town staged four or five meetings.

==Arts==
===Music===
[http://huddersfieldchoral.com/ Huddersfield Choral Society], founded in 1836, claims to
be the UK's leading [[choir|choral society]]. Its history was chronicled in the book'' 'And The Glory''',<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://huddersfieldchoral.com/page--about-huddersfield-choral.html
|title = About Us
|publisher = Huddersfield Choral Society
|accessdate = 2008-10-12
}}
</ref> written to commemorate the Society's 150th anniversary in 1986 — its title derived from a line in the [[The Hallelujah Chorus|Hallelujah Chorus]] featuring in [[George Frideric Handel|Handel's]] landmark choral arrangement ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]''. The author was a choir member for over 35 years.

More recently, the town's other main claim to international musical renown is the annual [[Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival]]. It is also home to the [[Huddersfield Philharmonic Orchestra]] and the [[Huddersfield Singers]].

On Christmas Day 1977, the [[Sex Pistols]] played their last two British shows, one of which was a matinee for the children of striking firefighters, at the then Ivanhoe's nightclub, before embarking on the ill-fated US tour which saw them collapse into acrimony. In the early-mid 1990s, Flex, the seminal underground Jungle/[[Drum and bass|Drum 'n' Bass]] record label, was founded in Huddersfield by the musician and future [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] DJ, L Double. In 2000 another independent record label [[Chocolate Fireguard Records]] was founded in Huddersfield by singer Pat Fulgoni who also developed the three stage community music event [[Timeless Festival]] held in the town's Ravensknowle Park, featuring a range of electronica, [[hip hop]] and [[rock music]].

There are a number of other annual local music festivals held within the town and surrounding area, examples being the [[Marsden, West Yorkshire|Marsden]] [[Jazz]] Festival,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.marsdenjazzfestival.com
|title=Marsden Jazz Festival Home Page
|publisher=Marsdenjazzfestival.com
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Mrs Sunderland,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mrs-sunderlandmusic.org.uk/
|title=Welcome to The Mrs Sunderland Music Festival
|publisher=Mrs-sunderlandmusic.org.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Janet Beaumont, the [[Holmfirth]] Festivals, and the Haydn Wood (Linthwaite). The Haydn Wood (for under 21s) and Mrs Sunderland festival focus on musical and oratorial performance. The Mrs Sunderland Music festival is the second oldest in the United Kingdom, started in 1889 and now lasting for nine days each year. Also, in recent years, free music concerts have been put on for the town, including bands such as the Ordinary Boys, the Script and Elliott Minor. There are however many other local choirs, both youth and adult, a noted example of the latter being the [[Honley]] Male Voice Choir.<ref>http://www.honleymvc.co.uk</ref>

Home-grown musical talent of all kinds is complemented by the student intake to the [[University of Huddersfield]]'s music department.

Further fame was added to the musical history of Huddersfield by the inclusion of the song "The Sheriff of Huddersfield" by the heavy metal band [[Iron Maiden]] on the B-side to their 1986 single "[[Wasted Years]]". Written about their co-manager [[Rod Smallwood]], leaving his home town of Huddersfield and struggling to settle into life in [[Los Angeles]].

Huddersfield is home to [[thrash metal]] band [[Evile]], dance rock outfit [[Kava Kava (band)|Kava Kava]], the birthplace of the synthpop musician [[Billy Currie]] of ([[Ultravox]] and [[Visage (band)|Visage]]) fame the hard rock bassist [[John McCoy (musician)|John McCoy]] who played with [[Neo (UK band)|Neo]] and [[Gillan]].

===Huddersfield Town Hall===
The building was designed by John H. Abbey and was built in two stages between 1875 and 1881. The first section of the building opened on 26 June 1878, comprising the Mayor's Parlour, Council Chamber, Reception Room and a variety of municipal offices including the Sanitary Inspector, Inspector of Weights and Measures, Medical Officer, Town Clerk, Borough Surveyor and the Rates Office. The second section of the building was opened in October 1881 and comprised the Magistrates' Court and Concert Hall, which seats up to 1,200 people and hosts various events ranging from classical to comedy and from choral to community events.

===Film and televisual arts===
Various long-running television series have been filmed in and around Huddersfield. These include ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'', which is usually associated with [[Holmfirth]], but which uses various locations in both the Holme and Colne valleys; ''[[Where the Heart Is (1997 TV series)|Where the Heart Is]]'', which was filmed in the Colne valley around [[Slaithwaite]] and finished filming in 2006; ''Wokenwell'', which was also shot on location in the Colne valley in and around [[Marsden, West Yorkshire|Marsden]]; and ''[[The League of Gentlemen]]'', which also made extensive use of locations around Marsden. The feature films ''[[Between Two Women]]'' and ''[[The Jealous God]]'' were both filmed extensively in and around Huddersfield.

===Visual arts===
Kirklees Council's ''Cultural Services'' also ensure that the art gallery, which occupies the top floor of the library on [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy|Princess Alexandra Walk]], offers a balanced schedule, all year round, which showcases local painters and photographers alongside commissioned artists' displays.

==Cultural events==
===Huddersfield Festival of Light===
This 'free festival' takes place annually in November, usually in the town centre adjacent to the railway station. Each year a performance is put on by a different theatre company. The event finale is a firework display. The 2007 show was performed by French company [http://www.plasticiensvolants.com/gb/compagnie.htm Plasticiens Volants], which saw large inflatable sea creatures paraded through the streets as they told their story of 'Pearl'. The 2005 and 2008 performances were both by the [[Valencia]]n artists [http://www.xarxateatre.com/eng/veinte/inicio.html Xarxa Teatre].
The 2010 festival featured Belgian company Company Tol and their suspension act - Corazon de Angeles (Angel Heart) and was ended on 5 December with fireworks in the newly updated St. George's Square.

===Huddersfield Caribbean Carnival===
The carnival, usually in mid July, begins with a procession from the Hudawi Cultural Centre in the suburb of Hillhouse, through the town centre to Greenhead Park where troupes display their costumes on stage. [[Caribbean|West Indian]] food, fairground rides and various stalls and attractions are available to try. A 'young blud' stage presents Hip Hop, UK garage, RnB and bassline.<ref>[http://www.huddersfieldcarnival.com/ Huddersfield Carnival Website]</ref>

===The Pink Picnic===
Each year since 1986 Huddersfield's gay, lesbian, bisexual and [[transgender]]ed community have embarked on a summer celebration and picnic. The event now attracts thousands from miles around and is held as a [[gay pride]] event, usually at [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]].

==Present day==
===Shopping and entertainment===
Huddersfield has a large and diverse retail shopping area — mostly enclosed within the town's ring road — compared with other towns of its size. There are three adjacent shopping schemes: Kingsgate, the Packhorse Precinct and the Piazza. The Piazza offers an outdoor shopping mall bordering the public library, with a partially grassed area, used for relaxation and various events held throughout the year such as entertainment, international markets and iceskating in winter. Through the adjacent Market Arcade there is a covered [http://www.riskybuildings.org.uk/docs/20queensgate/index.html market hall], which has listed building status, due in part to its distinctive roof formed by [[Hyperbola|hyperbolic]] [[paraboloid]]s. It is also adjacent to the town hall and public library (see [[Huddersfield#Landmarks and architecture|Historical landmarks]] above). An open market is located next to the [[Tesco]] store, on the opposite side of the town centre.
[http://www.virtualhuddersfield.com Virtual Huddersfield] features photographs of nearly 2,000 local shops as well as videos of local events, aerial views and live webcams.

The town centre is home to several national high street retailers and chain stores including [[Clinton Cards]], [[GAME (retailer)|GAME]], [[Gamestation]], [[HMV Group|HMV]], [[House of Fraser]], [[JD Sports]], [[JJB Sports]], [[W H Smith]]s and [[Wilkinson (retailer)|Wilkinsons]]; up until January 2008, it also had a [[Woolworths Group|Woolworths]]. Fast food outlets include [[Burger King]], [[KFC]], [[McDonald's]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] and [[Wimpy Bar|Wimpy]]. High street clothing and fashion retail outlets such as [[British Home Stores]], [[Marks & Spencer]], [[River Island]], [[Topman]] and [[Next (clothing)|Next]]. There are three major [[supermarket]] outlets, two [[Sainsbury's]] and one Tesco. Additional smaller supermarkets exist a few hundred yards outside of the town centre such as [[Aldi]], [[Asda]] (formerly a [[Netto (store)|Netto]])<ref>[http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/local-west-yorkshire-news/2011/07/30/asda-opens-aspley-store-86081-29144539/ Huddersfield Examiner - Asda opens Aspley store]</ref> and [[Lidl]]. There are also a wide variety of small specialist independent shops, many of them located in the three-storey Byram Arcade.

The [[Lawrence Batley Theatre]], opened in 1994, housed in what was once the largest [[Methodist Church of Great Britain|Wesleyan Chapel]] in the world,<ref>{{Google books|hjM9AAAAIAAJ|Medicine and society in Wakefield and Huddersfield, 1780-1870|page=30}}</ref> and now presents dance, drama, comedy, music and exhibitions. Among other things, it acts as the base for [http://www.fullbody.org.uk| Full Body & the Voice], a company focusing on the integration of disabled people into mainstream theatre.

The [[Galpharm Stadium]] (formerly the Alfred McAlpine Stadium), is a multi-use sports stadium and provides many sporting activities including a gym, swimming pool, spa and several types of sporting classes. The stadium is home to the local rugby league team Huddersfield Giants and Huddersfield Town football team. Adjacent to the stadium is an [[Odeon Cinemas|Odeon cinema]], Huddersfield's only major cinema.

===Nightlife===
Huddersfield has a large selection of pubs, restaurants and night clubs, one of which, named Tokyo, is located in the former Huddersfield [[County Court]], which is a 19th century [[Grade II listed building]]. The oldest pub in the town centre is the Parish (formerly the Fleece Inn), the pub has been trading since 1720.

===Education===
As well as a complete range of [[primary school|primary]] and [[secondary school]]s, which cover compulsory and [[sixth form]] education for the town's [[suburb]]s, Huddersfield is the home to two [[sixth form college]]s, [[Huddersfield New College]] located at [[Salendine Nook]] and [[Greenhead College]] located west of the town centre. [[Huddersfield Grammar School]] is the only [[independent school]] in Huddersfield to offer secondary education, though it does not offer sixth form education. The town centre has one general [[further education]] college, [[Kirklees College]] which was formed following the merger of Dewsbury College and Huddersfield Technical College. Huddersfield has one establishment of [[higher education]] in the [[University of Huddersfield]]. The current Chancellor of the university is the actor [[Patrick Stewart]] who comes from [[Mirfield]].

===Hospitals===
Huddersfield has one main hospital, the [[Huddersfield Royal Infirmary]] situated in [[Lindley, West Yorkshire|Lindley]]. Medical services are split between that hospital and the Calderdale Royal Hospital located at [[Salterhebble]], near [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]]. [[Kirkwood Hospice]] provides care for the [[terminal illness|terminally ill]], and is dependent on private donations and charitable gifts. Princess Royal Hospital originally provided Huddersfield with its [[maternity]] facilities until the risks of not being able to get an [[ambulance]] to [[Emergency department|A&E]] in the event of complications were judged to outweigh the benefits of specialist service provision. It now functions as a day clinic, [[family planning]] consultation centre and [[Sexual health clinic|GUM Clinic]].

A decision to move most of the maternity services provided by the [http://www.cht.nhs.uk/ Calderdale & Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust] to the [http://www.nhs.uk/ServiceDirectories/Pages/Hospital.aspx?id=RWY02 Calderdale Royal Hospital] changed those facilities in 2007, despite strong opposition from some of the local population. The campaign was led by [[Save Huddersfield NHS]] which elected a councillor, Dr Jackie Grunsell in the Crosland Moor ward.

The former [[St. Luke's Hospital, Huddersfield|St. Luke's Hospital]] was situated in the suburb of [[Crosland Moor]] and mostly provided [[geriatric]] and [[psychiatric]] care. The hospital closed in 2011 and the land was sold to a developer.

==List of civic honours and freedoms==
Thirty-four people and one military ([[infantry]]) regiment have been granted the Freedom of Huddersfield, between 1889 and 1973.<ref>[http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/you-kmc/mayor/mayormain.shtml] Source information supplied by Sally Greenwood at the Mayor's Office (mayors.office@kirklees.gov.uk)</ref>

* Wright Mellor JP DL – (25 September 1889)
* Henry Frederick Beaumont JP DL – (28 August 1894)
* Lt Col [[Albert Rollit|Sir Albert Kaye Rollit]] LLD DLC LittD JP DL – (28 August 1894)
* James Nield Sykes JP – (12 March 1895)
* [[Joseph Woodhead]] JP – (28 October 1898)
* Sir Joseph Crosland Knt JP DL – (28 October 1898)
* Major Charles Brook – (23 May 1901)
* Major Harold Wilson – (23 May 1901)
* Sir Thomas Brooke Bart JP DL – (25 July 1906)
* Rev Robert Bruce MA DD – (25 July 1906)
* William Brooke JP - (15 October 1913)
* John Sykes JP – (15 October 1913)
* William Henry Jessop JP – (18 September 1918)
* Earnest Woodhead MA JP – (18 September 1918)
* George Thomson JP – (18 September 1918)
* Benjamin Broadbent CBE MA JP – (18 September 1918)
* John Arthur Brooke MA JP – (18 September 1918)
* James Edward Willans JP – (18 September 1918)
* Admiral of the Fleet [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|Earl Beatty]] GCB OM GCVO DSO – (24 July 1920)
* The Rt Hon [[H. H. Asquith|Herbert Henry Asquith]] Earl of Oxford and Asquith, and Viscount Asquith – (6 November 1925)
* Sir William Pick Raynor Knt JP – (17 December 1926)
* Wilfrid Dawson JP – (25 July 1934)
* Rowland Mitchell JP – (25 July 1934)
* James Albert Woolven JP Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur – (25 July 1934)
* Sir [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Law Montgomery]] Field-Marshal GCB DSO – (26 October 1945)
* Joseph Barlow JP – (23 June 1949)
* [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment|Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)]] – (2 July 1952)
* Sidney Kaye LLB – (19 November 1957)
* Alderman Arthur Gardiner OBE JP – (11 October 1960)
* Alderman Harry Andrew Bennie Gray CBE JP – (11 October 1960)
* Sir [[Malcolm Sargent]] MusD(Dunelm) MusD(Oxon)(Hons) LLD(Liverpool) Hon RAM Hon FRCO FRCM FRSA – (13 October 1961)
* The Rt Hon [[Harold Wilson]] OBE MP [[Prime Minister]] and First Lord of the Treasury – (1 March 1968)
* Alderman Douglas Graham CBE – (5 March 1973)
* Alderman Reginald Harmley MBE JP – (5 March 1973)
* Alderman Clifford Stephenson – (5 March 1973)

[[File:Freedom Scroll DWR Huddersfield (RLH).JPG|thumb|right|upright|DWR Freedom Scroll]]
On 2 July 1952, in recognition of historic ties and links with the [[The Duke of Wellington's Regiment|Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)]], the Huddersfield County Borough had conferred on the regiment the Freedom of the Town. This gave the regiment the right to march through the town with 'flags flying, bands playing and bayonets fixed'. Many of the town and district's male residents had served in the regiment during its long history. This right to march was technically lost when the County Borough itself was merged with Dewsbury to form Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council though, unofficially, continued as on 25 March 1979, Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council gave the Freedom of Kirklees to the 3rd battalion of the Yorkshire Volunteers. The 3rd Battalion was the Duke of Wellington's [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] unit.

[[File:Yorkshire Regiment, Freedom of Huddersfield(RLH)2008-10-25.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Conferring the Freedom of Huddersfield on the [[Yorkshire Regiment]] 25 October 2008]]
When the 'Dukes' were amalgamated with the [[Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire]] and the [[The Green Howards|Green Howards]]' to form the [[Yorkshire Regiment]] on 6 June 2006. The right to march was finally ended as the award did not give the right, for the freedom to march, to be passed on to any heirs or successors. The majority of the Yorkshire Regiment is now composed of soldiers from the north and eastern areas of Yorkshire. The Yorkshire Regiment requested the right to march to be transferred to them. However, the County Borough no longer exists and so there was no authority to do so. The 'Freedom' given by Kirklees to the 3rd battalion of the Yorkshire Volunteers did not permit any transfer to heirs or successors and effectively that freedom also ceased when the battalion was amalgamated into the [[East and West Riding Regiment]]. The East and West Riding Regiment ceased to exist on 6 June 2006, having been merged into the Yorkshire Regiment as its 4th Battalion. Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council, as successors to the Huddersfield Borough Council, amended the original 'Freedom' and transferred the 'Freedom' to the Yorkshire Regiment, at a Freedom parade on 25 October 2008.

==Notable people==
A number of [[nation]]al and [[international]]ly famous people originate from Huddersfield. They cover a range of [[politician]]s, [[sport]]s personalities, [[Sportsperson|athletes]], [[entertainer]]s, business people, [[scientist]]s and [[writer]]s of various styles. Some people have also become known through their association with Huddersfield, though were not born there. These include the actor [[Patrick Stewart]], who was born in Mirfield and the inventor [[Wilf Lunn]], who was born in Brighouse.

The most widely notable of those born in Huddersfield include (in alphabetical order by surname):- [[Simon Armitage]] who is both a [[poet]] and an [[author]]. [[Lawrence Batley]] a British business [[entrepreneur]]. [[Andy Booth]] a footballer for the local [[football club]]:- [[Huddersfield Town F.C.|Huddersfield Town]] . [[David Borrow]] a [[Member of Parliament]] for South Ribble. [[David Brown (entrepreneur)|Sir David Brown OBE]] a businessman. [[Roy Castle|Roy Castle OBE]] who was a dancer and entertainer and later a TV presenter. [[James Hanson, Baron Hanson|Lord James Hanson]] was another British and international businessman mainly known for his association with the [[transport]] industry. [[Harold Percival Himsworth|Sir Harold Percival Himsworth]] was a scientist. [[George Herbert Hirst]] was an English test [[cricket]]er. [[Nina Hossain]] is a television broadcaster. [[Derek Ibbotson]] was an Olympic middle distance athlete in the track events. A tower block of social housing accommodation, close to the town's ring road, was named after him [[Gorden Kaye]] is mostly known for his comedy acting. [[Anita Lonsbrough]] was an Olympic swimmer and commentator. Like [[Derek Ibbotson]] a tower block of social housing accommodation was named after her. [[DJ Q]] who presents a show on [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]]. [[Zöe Lucker]] is an actress, known for playing [[Tanya Turner]] in the [[ITV1]] Drama ''[[Footballers' Wives]]''. Another Huddersfield born celebrity was the great actor of British and American films, [[James Mason]]. [[Wilfred Rhodes]] is another English test cricketer. [[Chris Balderstone]] played first class cricket and professional football, on one occasion both on the same day. [[John Whitaker (equestrian)|John Whitaker MBE]] has a local [[stable]]s and is an Olympic equestrian. Whilst probably the most famous of all is [[Harold Wilson|Harold Wilson KG OBE]] who was twice the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and again from 1974 to 1976.

Other well-known personalities can also be located in the [[:Category:People from Huddersfield]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Yorkshire}}
* [[Haddersfield, Jamaica]], locally referred to and named for Huddersfield<ref name="haddersfield">'During the periods 1822–1832 the 33rd Regiment of Foot, recruited from West Yorkshire was stationed in Jamaica. At the end of the tour 142 men chose to remain in Jamaica, having married and raised families, some of which may have originated from Huddersfield, thereby originating the name. Over 560 officers and men died and were buried in Jamaica during this period, from endemic diseases. On 18 June 1853 the regiment formally became known as "The 33rd (or The Duke of Wellington's) Regiment". The regiment's second battalion was again posted to Jamaica (Newcastle Camp) from 18 March 1891 to 10 April 1893. {{cite book
|author=Brereton, JM; Savory, ACS
|title=The History of the Duke of Wellingtons (West Riding) 1702 – 1992
|publisher=Halifax : The Duke of Wellington's Regiment
|year=1993
|isbn=0-9521552-0-6}}</ref>
* [[Hadersfild (film)|Hadersfild]], (Serbian phonetic spelling of Huddersfield), Serbian film from 2007.
* [[Huddersfield Ben]], dog from the area in the 1860s that was the progenitor of the [[Yorkshire Terrier]] breed of dog
* [[Kirklees Incinerator]]
* [[Trolleybuses in Huddersfield]]
* [[WikiTravel:Huddersfield|Wikitravel - Huddersfield]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
E.A. Hilary Haigh ed. (1992) ''Huddersfield: A Most Handsome Town - Aspects of the History and Culture of a West Yorkshire Town''. Kirklees MC, Huddersfield, pp. 704.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Huddersfield}}
* [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/townhalls/huddersfield.shtml Huddersfield Town Hall]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/recordings/group/leeds-huddersfield.shtml BBC Voices - Audio recording] Huddersfield residents who have roots in Jamaica talk about storytelling traditions and the generation language gap.
* [http://www.virtualhuddersfield.com/aerials2007.htm Aerial views of the town centre, April 2007]
* [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/visitorportal/wheretogo/huddersfield.asp About Huddersfield]
* [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/visitorportal/wheretogo/huddersfield-events.asp Huddersfield History]
* [http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=2862807 www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Huddersfield and surrounding area]

{{West Yorkshire}}


[[Category:Geography of Huddersfield]]
[[Category:Huddersfield]]
[[Category:Kirklees]]
[[Category:Market towns in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English)]]
[[Category:Towns in West Yorkshire]]

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Huddersfield

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Huddersfield

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2011}}
{{About||the constituency of the same name|Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)}}
{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|latitude = 53.6450
|longitude = -1.7798
|official_name = Huddersfield
|population = 146,234
|population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|metropolitan_borough = [[Kirklees]]
|metropolitan_county = [[West Yorkshire]]
|region = Yorkshire and the Humber
|constituency_westminster = [[Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Huddersfield]]
|post_town = HUDDERSFIELD
|postcode_district = HD1-5, HD7-8
|postcode_area = HD
|dial_code = 01484
|os_grid_reference = SE145165
|static_image = [[File:HuddersfieldTown(RLH).jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption = A view of Huddersfield Town from [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]]
|london_distance=
}}

''' Huddersfield ''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-Huddersfield.ogg|ˈ|h|ʌ|d|ər|z|ˌ|f|iː|l|d}}) (|h|ʊ|d|ər|z|ˌ|f|iː|l|d locally and in northern England) ʊ is a large [[market town]] within the [[Kirklees|Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees]], in [[West Yorkshire]], [[England]], situated halfway between Leeds and Manchester. It lies {{convert|190|mi|km}} north of [[London]], and {{convert|10.3|mi|km}} south of [[Bradford]], the nearest city.

Huddersfield is near the confluence of the [[River Colne, West Yorkshire|River Colne]] and the [[River Holme]]. Located within the [[Historic counties of England|historic county boundaries]] of the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], according to the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] it was the 10th largest town in the UK and with a total resident population of [[List of urban areas in England by population|146,234]]. It is the largest urban area in the [[metropolitan borough]] of Kirklees and the [[administrative centre]] of the borough. The town is well known for its important role in the [[Industrial Revolution]], for being the birthplace of [[rugby league]] and for being the birthplace of the late British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]].

Huddersfield today is a town of higher education, the media and sports, being home to the rugby league team, [[Huddersfield Giants]], founded in 1895, who currently play in the [[Europe]]an [[Super League]] and [[Football League Championship]] [[Association football|football]] team [[Huddersfield Town F.C.]], founded in 1908. The town is home to the [[University of Huddersfield]] and the [[sixth form]] colleges [[Greenhead College]], [[Kirklees College]] and [[Huddersfield New College]]

Huddersfield is a town of [[Victorian architecture]]. [[Huddersfield railway station]] is a Grade I [[listed building]] and was described by [[John Betjeman]] as 'the most splendid station facade in England' second only to [[St Pancras railway station|St Pancras, London]]. The station stands in St George's Square; having been renovated at a cost of £1 million it subsequently won the [[Europa Nostra]] award for European architecture.

==History==
===Early history===
There has been a settlement in the vicinity for over 4,000 years.<ref>[http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/events/venuedetails.asp?vID=45 Kirklees Council Website Castle Hill]</ref> The remains of a [[castra|Roman fort]] were unearthed in the middle of the 18th century at Slack near [[Outlane]], just west of the town.<ref>[http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/tolson/roman_times/index.htm Huddersfield One - Tolson Museum Booklets]</ref> [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]], a major landmark of the town, was also the site of an [[Iron Age]] [[hill fort]]. Huddersfield itself was noted in the 1086 ''[[Domesday Book]]'' as a village known as ''Oderesfelt'' also as ''Odresfeld''.

[[File:Huddersfield1000px(RLH).jpg|thumb|center|800px|Huddersfield from [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]]]]

Huddersfield has been known as a [[market town]] since [[Saxons|Saxon]] times. The market cross is on Market Place.

===Industrial Revolution===
Huddersfield was a centre of civil unrest during the [[Industrial Revolution]]. In a period where Europe was experiencing frequent wars, where trade had slumped and the crops had failed, many local [[Weaver (occupation)|weavers]] faced losing their means of livelihood due to the introduction of new machinery, which would have condemned them to poverty or even starvation. The [[Luddite]]s began destroying mills and machinery in response; one of the most notorious attacks was on Cartwright — a Huddersfield mill-owner, who had a reputation for cruelty — and his Rawfords Mill. In his book ''Rebels Against the Future'', [[Kirkpatrick Sale]] describes how a large army platoon was stationed at Huddersfield to deal with Luddites; at its peak, there were around a thousand soldiers in Huddersfield and only ten thousand civilians. In response, the Luddites began to focus their attacks on nearby towns and villages, which were less well-protected; the largest act of damage that they ever did was the complete destruction of Foster's Mill at [[Horbury]] — a village which is about {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of Huddersfield.<ref>{{cite book
|title = Rebels Against the Future
|last = Sale|first = Kirkpatrick
|authorlink = Kirkpatrick Sale
|year =
|publisher =
|location =
|isbn = 0-201-62678-0
|pages =  120
|url= }}</ref> The government campaign that eventually crushed the movement was provoked by a murder that took place in Huddersfield. William Horsfall, a mill-owner and a passionate prosecutor of Luddites, was killed in 1812.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRluddites.htm
|title=The Luddites
|publisher=Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Although the movement faded out afterwards, Parliament began to increase welfare provision for those out of work, and to introduce regulations to improve conditions in the mills.

===Political history===
Huddersfield had a strong [[Liberalism|liberal]] tradition up to the 1950s and this is still reflected in the large number of liberal social clubs in the town. The current [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for the [[Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Huddersfield constituency]] is [[Barry Sheerman]], a [[Labour Co-operative]] member. Kirklees Council was the first in the UK to have a [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] councillor: Nicholas Harvey who lived in [[Taylor Hill]] and represented the [[Newsome|Newsome Ward]]. Harvey, a former employee at Huddersfield railway station, was instrumental in the creation of the protest train against the intended closure of the [[Settle]] to [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] rail line. He declined to stand for a second term and no longer lives in Huddersfield. He is now a resident of [[Filey]] where he operates his own 'green' railway train.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.greenexpressrailtours.co.uk/id1.html
|title=About Us
|publisher=Greenexpressrailtours.co.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>

The far left is well represented in Huddersfield (considering its size), with Revolution, the [[Socialist Workers Party (Britain)|Socialist Workers Party]] and the [[Socialist Party (England and Wales)|Socialist Party of England and Wales]] all having active groups which are involved in campaigns such as [[Stop the War Coalition|Stop the War]], [[Save Huddersfield NHS]], as well as individual members of [[Workers Power (UK)|Workers Power]] (involved in Revolution and their group in [[Leeds]]), [[Socialist Appeal]] and the [[Communist Party of Britain]]. The town also has substantial [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] and [[UKIP]] presences, with various other centre-right and rightist groups also represented.

Two [[Prime minister]]s have spent part of their childhood in Huddersfield: [[Harold Wilson]] and [[H. H. Asquith|Herbert Asquith]]. Wilson is commemorated by a statue in front of the railway station. There is no memorial to Asquith's briefer connection with the town.

==Governance==
===Civic history===
[[File:Huddersfield-coa.gif|thumb|left|[[Coat of arms of Huddersfield|Coat of arms of the former County Borough]]]]
Huddersfield was incorporated as a [[municipal borough]] within the ancient [[West Riding of Yorkshire]] in 1868. The borough comprised the [[parish]]es of Almondbury, Dalton, Huddersfield, Lindley-cum-Quarmby and Lockwood. When the West Riding County Council was formed in 1889, Huddersfield became a [[county borough]], exempt from county council control. Huddersfield expanded in 1937, including parts of the [[Golcar]], [[Linthwaite]], and [[South Crosland]] urban districts.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10166937&c_id=10001043
|title=Huddersfield MB/CB West Riding through time | Administrative history of Local
Government District: hierarchies, boundaries
|publisher=Visionofbritain.org.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> The county borough was abolished in 1974 and its former area was combined with that of other districts to form the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire.

Attempts by the local council to gain support for [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] were rejected by the town's population in an unofficial referendum held by the local newspaper, the ''[[Huddersfield Daily Examiner]]''. The council did not apply for that status in either the 2000 or 2002 competitions.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dca.gov.uk/constitution/city/cityhome.htm
|title=Department for Constitutional Affairs - Constitutional Policy - City Status
|publisher=Dca.gov.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> As city status has to be awarded to a district not a town, either the city status would have been awarded to Kirklees, or the borough could have been renamed to Kirklees and Huddersfield to give Huddersfield city status, similar to the current situation with [[Chester]].<ref>http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk</ref>

According to the [[United Kingdom Census 2001]] the population of the Huddersfield [[urban area|urban]] sub-area of the [[West Yorkshire Urban Area]] was 146,234, and the population of the former area of the county borough was 121,620. The wider South Kirklees area had a population of 216,011.
{{-}}

==Industry==
Huddersfield is still a [[manufacturing]] town, despite the university being the largest employer. Historically the town produced [[textile]]s. The number of people who work in textiles has declined greatly, but those companies which survive produce large quantities of [[Woolen|woollen]] products with little labour. The town is home to textile, chemical and engineering companies; including [[Cummins|Cummins Turbo Technologies]] (turbocharger manufacturers), Huddersfield Fine Worsteds (textiles), C & J Antich (textiles), Syngenta AG ([[Agrichemical|agro-chemicals]]), James Crowther (textiles), Sellers (Textile Machinery), Trojan Plastics Ltd. (bathroom products manufacturer), [[Pennine Radio Limited]] ([[electronics]] [[transformer]]s and sheet [[metalworking]]) as well as a large number of niche manufacturers. Huddersfield is home to Andrew Jones Pies a regional award winning pie-maker, where a worker was killed in a gas explosion on 10 April 2009.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/7993407.stm
|work=BBC News
|title=One dead in pie factory explosion
|date=10 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/7997976.stm
|work=BBC News
|title=Meeting over pie factory future
|date=14 April 2009}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Climate===
Huddersfield experiences a temperate [[oceanic climate]] which is relatively mild for its latitude, which comes without major temperature extremes due to the moderating influence of the [[Gulf Stream]]. According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], Huddersfield is certified as ''Cfb''.

{{Weather box
|location = Huddersfield
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 5
|Feb high C = 5
|Mar high C = 7
|Apr high C = 10
|May high C = 13
|Jun high C = 16
|Jul high C = 18
|Aug high C = 18
|Sep high C = 15
|Oct high C = 11
|Nov high C = 8
|Dec high C = 6
|year high C = 11
|Jan low C = 2
|Feb low C = 2
|Mar low C = 3
|Apr low C = 5
|May low C = 7
|Jun low C = 10
|Jul low C = 12
|Aug low C = 12
|Sep low C = 10
|Oct low C = 8
|Nov low C = 5
|Dec low C = 3
|year low C = 6.6
|source 1 = <ref>http://weather.msn.com/local.aspx?wealocations=wc:UKXX0070&q=Huddersfield%2c+GBR</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

===Divisions and suburbs===
After boundary changes in 2004, Huddersfield now covers eight of the twenty-three [[Ward (country subdivision)|electoral ward]]s for Kirklees Council. Neighbouring wards in the [[Colne Valley]], [[Holme Valley]], and [[Kirkburton]] are often considered to be part of Huddersfield though they are predominantly [[rural|semi-rural]]. Huddersfield town centre is located within the Newsome ward. The eight wards that make up Huddersfield proper, with their populations, areas and constituent [[suburb]]s (mid-year 2005 estimates) are:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ward
! Population
! Area (miles²)
! Population density (/mile²)
! Places covered
|-
| Almondbury<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Almondbury
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/almondbury.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 16,610
| 3.863
| 4,299
| [[Almondbury]], Fenay Bridge, Lascelles Hall, [[Lepton, West Yorkshire|Lepton]]
|-
| Ashbrow<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Ashbrow
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Ashbrow.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,470
| 4.366
| 4.001
| Ashbrow, [[Brackenhall]], [[Bradley, West Yorkshire|Bradley]], [[Deighton, West Yorkshire|Deighton]], [[Fixby]], Netheroyd Hill, [[Sheepridge, Huddersfield|Sheepridge]]
|-
| Crosland Moor & Netherton<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Crosland Moor & Netherton
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/CroslandMoor.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,400
| 2.856
| 6,092
| [[Beaumont Park]], [[Crosland Moor]], [[Lockwood, West Yorkshire|Lockwood]], [[Longroyd Bridge]], [[Netherton, Kirklees|Netherton]], [[South Crosland]], [[Thornton Lodge]]
|-
| Dalton<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Dalton
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Dalton.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,520
| 4.975
| 3.521
| Colne Bridge, [[Dalton, West Yorkshire|Dalton]], [[Kirkheaton]], Moldgreen, [[Rawthorpe]], Upper Heaton, [[Waterloo, Huddersfield|Waterloo]]
|-
| Golcar<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Golcar
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Golcar.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,370
| 2.375
| 7,313
| [[Cowlersley]], [[Golcar]], [[Longwood, West Yorkshire|Longwood]], [[Linthwaite]] (part of), [[Milnsbridge]], [[Salendine Nook]]
|-
| Greenhead<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Greenhead
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Greenhead.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,620
| 1.706
| 10,328
| [[Birkby, West Yorkshire|Birkby]], Edgerton, [[Fartown, Huddersfield|Fartown]], Hillhouse, [[Marsh, West Yorkshire|Marsh]], [[Paddock, Huddersfield|Paddock]]
|-
| Lindley<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Lindley
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Lindley.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,020
| 2.737
| 6,218
| [[Ainley Top]], Birchencliffe, [[Lindley, West Yorkshire|Lindley]], Mount, [[Oakes, Huddersfield|Oakes]]
|-
| Newsome<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Newsome
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Newsome.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,110
| 3.233
| 5,292
| [[Armitage Bridge]], [[Berry Brow]], [[Hall Bower]], [[Lowerhouses]], [[Newsome]], Primrose Hill, [[Springwood, Huddersfield|Springwood]], Taylor Hill
|}

==Demography==
===Ethnicity===
Like many former [[mill town]]s, Huddersfield has a higher than average number of residents from [[Minority group|ethnic minorities]]. The white population makes up 81% of the population comparing to 91.3% for England as a whole. The largest ethnic minority group are those who have described themselves as being [[Asian people|Asian]] or [[British Asian]] originating from the Indian sub-continent ([[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]]) with 10,837, or 8.9% (compared to 1.4% for England as a whole). An ethnicity summary of the town's 121,620 population is 98,454 (81.0%) white, 15,072 (12.4%) Asian or British Asian, 4,328 (3.6%) Black or [[Black British]], 328 (0.3%), 259 (0.2%) Other and 3,131 (2.6%) Mixed.<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = 2001 Census Profile, Former Huddersfield County Borough
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/census2001by-town/HudderCB.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>

===Religion===
Huddersfield is slightly above the English average for those who have no religion and also for the number of [[Muslim]]s. Conversely, it is below average for its number of [[Christian]]s.

There are a number of [[Church (building)|churches]], [[Gurdwara]]s, [[mosque]]s and [[temple]]s covering a wide spectrum of religions in the Huddersfield area. These include established [[Christian]] denominations, such as the [[Church of England]], the [[Baptist]] Church, [[Methodism]], [[Presbyterianism]] and the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Religions that are relatively new to Britain also have places of worship in the town: [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Mormonism]] and [[Sikhism]] all have congregational buildings.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Denomination
! Population
! Percentage
! Comparative percentage for England
|-
| Christian
| 77,843
| 64.0
| 71.7
|-
| Buddhist
| 133
| 0.1
| 0.3
|-
| Hindu
| 577
| 0.5
| 1.1
|-
| Jewish
| 70
| 0.1
| 0.5
|-
| Muslim
| 12,147
| 10.0
| 3.0
|-
| Sikh
| 2,250
| 1.9
| 0.6
|-
| Other religions
| 341
| 0.3
| 0.3
|-
| No religion
| 18,694
| 15.4
| 14.8
|-
| Religion not stated
| 9,604
| 7.9
| 7.7
|}

==Landmarks and architecture==
[[File:Victoria Tower Castle Hill(RLH).jpg|thumb|right|Victoria Tower at 'Castle Hill']]
Huddersfield is notable for its abundance of fine [[Victorian architecture]]. It has the third highest number of [[listed building]]s of any town or city in the UK.<ref>http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/visitors/wheretogo/huddersfield.shtml</ref> The most conspicuous landmark in the Huddersfield area is Victoria Tower on Castle Hill. Overlooking the town, the tower was constructed to mark [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria's]] 60th Jubilee Year. A picture of the Victoria Tower features on the [[New Zealand]] wine ''Castle Hill''.

The [[colonnade]]d [[Huddersfield railway station]] in St George's Square was once described as 'a [[stately home]] with trains in it', and by [[Nikolaus Pevsner|Sir Nikolaus Pevsner]] as 'one of the best early railway stations in England'.<ref name="pevsner">{{cite book
|author=Pevsner, Nikolaus; Radcliffe, Enid (Ed.)
|title=The Buildings of England: Yorkshire: The West Riding
|publisher=Yale University Press
|year=2002
|isbn=0-300-09662-3}}</ref> A bronze statue of Huddersfield-born Sir [[Harold Wilson]], Prime Minister 1964–1970 and 1974–1976 stands before the entrance in St George's Square.

The Huddersfield [[parish church]] (St. Peters Church) was constructed in 1838 and is adjacent to the town centre, on Byram Street, near the Pack Horse Centre.

The Pack Horse Centre is a covered [[pedestrianised]] shopping area constructed over the former [[cobblestone]]d street originally known as the Pack Horse Yard, now named Pack Horse Walk in memory of the beasts of burden, [[Pack horse]]s which ferried merchandise over the [[Pennines]] before the [[Standedge Tunnels]] were built. This pedestrian-only link passes from Kirkgate, across King Street and along Victoria Lane, by the Shambles, to the Piazza and the distinctive Market Hall at Queensgate, which was built to replace the old Shambles Market Hall in the early 1970s.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.riskybuildings.org.uk/docs/20queensgate/index.html
|title=Risky Buildings
|publisher=Riskybuildings.org.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Next to the Piazza is the Victorian Town Hall and the 1930s Public Library.

[[Beaumont Park]] situated about {{convert|2|mi|km}} to the south of the town centre was bequeathed to the people of Huddersfield in the 1880s, by the [http://www.kirkheatononlineparishclerk.com/kirkheaton/beaumont.htm Henry Ralph Beaumont ('Beaumont's of Whitley' estate)] and opened on 13 October 1883, by the [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany|Prince Leopold]], fourth son of [[Queen Victoria]], and his wife [[Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont]] (The Duke and Duchess of Albany). It is a fine example of a [[Victorian era]] public park with water cascades, bandstand and woodland.

==Transport==
===Road===
[[File:Huddersfieldmap 1954.png|thumb|right|A map of Huddersfield from 1954]]
Huddersfield is well connected to the national [[motorway]] network via the [[M1 motorway|M1]] and [[M62 motorway|M62]] motorways. The M1 passes near the eastern fringes of the town about {{convert|10|mi|km}} away. The M62 comes much nearer (about {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} away) and Huddersfield is served by three junctions: Mount ([[A640 road|A640]], J23 – limited access), Ainley Top ([[A629 road|A629]], J24) and between [[Brighouse]] and Cooper Bridge ([[A644 road|A644]], J25).

The Huddersfield Corporation built an inner [[ring road]] (part of the [[A62 road|A62]]) in the 1970s. The area within this ring road has come to define the [[central business district]] of the town. The ring road is effective in relieving traffic congestion in the town centre where many roads are now [[pedestrianised]].

Main routes into Huddersfield include the A62 Leeds Road, [[A641 road|A641]] Bradford Road, A629 Halifax Road, A640 New Hey Road and the A62 Manchester Road.

===Rail===
[[Huddersfield railway station]] enjoys a comprehensive local and regional rail service. However, there is no direct service to London, with passengers having to change at either [[Manchester Piccadilly station|Manchester Piccadilly]], [[Leeds railway station|Leeds]] or [[Wakefield Westgate railway station|Wakefield Westgate]]. Many services are subsidised by the local-government public transport coordinator, [[West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive|Metro]]. A frequent express service operates to the nearby principal cities of [[Leeds]] and [[Manchester]] and a regular service to [[Darlington]], [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Liverpool]], [[Manchester Airport]], [[Middlesbrough]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] and [[York]]. This is operated by [[First TransPennine Express]]. There are also local stopping services operated by [[Northern Rail]] which link Huddersfield with [[Barnsley]], Bradford, [[Brighouse]], [[Dewsbury]], [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]], Leeds, [[Sheffield]] and [[Wakefield]].

[[File:Huddersfield Railway Station (RLH).jpg|thumb|centre|800px|Huddersfield Railway Station in St. George's Square]]

===Bus===
[[File:Hudds-ftb.jpg|thumb|right|The Huddersfield Free Town Bus]]
[[Huddersfield bus station]] was opened by the Mayor, Councillor Mernagh on 26 March 1974, despite the fact that it had not actually been completed.<ref>[http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/huddsmemory.htm Huddersfield One - Huddersfield History since 1940]</ref> It is the busiest bus station in West Yorkshire with a daily footfall of almost 35,000. The majority of bus services pass through the bus station. Many services are subsidised by [[West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive|Metro]], the West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive.

Huddersfield's bus operators reflect the national situation; local subsidiaries of three dominant national operators provide most of the services in the area: [[First Calderdale & Huddersfield]] who provide most local services across Huddersfield with some services running outside the Kirklees area with destinations including Bradford, Brighouse, Halifax, Manchester and [[Oldham]]. [[Arriva Yorkshire]], who provide frequent services along Leeds Road to Dewsbury and Leeds, and [[Centrebus Holdings]] (Huddersfield Bus Company), through its recently acquired subsidiary, [[Yorkshire Traction]], who provide almost all services in the south east of the town. Other smaller operators include locally based operators [[Teamdeck]], trading under the name of K-Line and Stotts Coaches. Centrebus Holdings purchased Teamdeck in May 2008, along with Stagecoach Yorkshire's Huddersfield depot.<ref>[http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/express-and-chronicle/2008/05/03/stagecoach-operation-is-sold-but-not-to-arriva-86081-20874542/ Huddersfield Examiner report of bus take overs in May 2008]</ref>

In November 2006, a [[Zero-fare public transport|zero-fare]] town centre bus service, known as [[FreeCityBus|Free Town Bus]], was launched. Buses run every ten minutes from 7.30 a.m. (from the railway station) to 7.00 p.m. Monday to Friday and from 8.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. on Saturday. Stops on the route include the bus station, [[University of Huddersfield]], Kingsgate, and the indoor market. The service is run by K-Line in partnership with Kirklees Council and Metro.

===Canal===
The [[Huddersfield Broad Canal]], originally the Sir John Ramsden Canal, and the [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]] (both navigable by [[narrowboat]] and the former by wider craft also) wind around the south side of the town. To the rear of the [[YMCA]] in the [[Turnbridge]] section there is an electrically operated road bridge, which is still in use, to raise the road and allow boat traffic to pass. This bridge was originally opened by use of a [[windlass]] system.

==Sports==
[[File:Huddersfield 002.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Galpharm Stadium]]]]
[[Association football|Football]] and [[rugby league]] are the two main spectator sports in Huddersfield. The town has a professional football team [[Huddersfield Town F.C.]] who currently play in [[Football League Championship|the Championship]]. In 1926, they became the first English team to win three successive league titles, a feat which only three other clubs have been able to match.

The town was the birthplace of rugby league, and is home to the [[Huddersfield Giants]] who currently play in the [[Super League]], the top division in Europe. The town is also home to [[Huddersfield Underbank Rangers]] rugby league club, who currently play in the Rugby League Conference.

The town is also home to a number of other sports clubs including [[Huddersfield Rugby Union Football Club]] who play in the [[National Division Three North]] and [[Huddersfield Rams Aussie Rules]] club. The main sporting arena in the town is the [[Galpharm Stadium]] which is home to both the football team and rugby league side.

===Rugby Football===
====The split====
Rugby was first recorded in the town in 1848 and the Huddersfield Athletic Club, the direct progenitors of the current Huddersfield Giants, formed in 1864, playing their first rugby game in 1866. It was in Huddersfield on 29 August 1895 that 22 northern clubs held a meeting in the [[George Hotel, Huddersfield|George Hotel]] and voted to [[Secession|secede]] from the [[Rugby Football Union]] to set up their own 'Northern Rugby Football Union'. In 1922 this became the [[Rugby Football League]].

The [[Rugby League Heritage Centre]] is located in the basement of the George Hotel.

====Rugby league====
{{Main|Huddersfield Giants}}
Following the split of 1895 Huddersfield became a focus for rugby league and is currently represented by the Huddersfield Giants in the [[Super League]]. The Huddersfield Giants (under their original name of Huddersfield Rugby League Club) have won the [[Rugby Football League Championship]] seven times, most recently in 1961–62, and the [[Challenge Cup]] six times, the last success being in 1952–53.

====Rugby union====
{{Main|Huddersfield Rugby Union Football Club}}
After 1895 rugby in the Huddersfield area was played exclusively under the auspices of the Northern Rugby Football Union until 1909 when Huddersfield Old Boys were formed to play under [[rugby union]] rules, nomadically playing at five grounds until buying farmland at Waterloo in 1919 and, in 1946, retitling the club as Huddersfield RUFC.

In 1969 the club was at the forefront of a revolution in English rugby, when it became the first club in the country to organise mini and junior rugby teams. This innovation spread quickly and today, almost every club in the country has a thriving junior section providing a production-line of home grown talent. Junior players at Huddersfield number over 200.

In 1997 the Waterloo junior grounds were sold and a {{convert|26|acre|km2|sing=on}}, former [[Bass Brewery]] estate, at Lockwood Park was purchased for construction of a replacement. With the assistance of a matching £2 million grant from [[Sport England]], the club has transformed the site into a major sports complex, conference centre and business park.

===Association football===
{{Main|Huddersfield Town F.C.}}
Huddersfield Town FC is the town's senior [[association football]] team, founded in 1908, and currently playing in [[Football League One]].

In 1921–22 Huddersfield won the [[FA Cup]] and between 1923 and 1926 they became the first club to win the [[Football League First Division|League Championship]] three times in a row, an achievement matched only by three other teams. However, they have been less successful in modern times, having not played in the top division since the early 1970s.

The club left its ground at [[Leeds Road, Huddersfield|Leeds Road]] in 1994 and now shares the [[Galpharm Stadium]] with the Huddersfield Giants rugby league team.

Notable ex-players include [[Scotland|Scottish]] international [[Denis Law]], [[Ray Wilson (English footballer)|Ray Wilson]], a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] winner with [[England national football team|England]] in 1966 and [[Trevor Cherry]], England international. [[Herbert Chapman]], [[Bill Shankly]] and [[Neil Warnock]] are notable former Huddersfield Town managers.

===Australian Rules Football===
{{Main|Huddersfield Rams Aussie Rules}}
Huddersfield has an Australian rules football team, formed in 2008, who played their first season in 2009 and won the [[Aussie Rules UK]] National League - Central Division. They will be taking part in the North West Division in 2010.

===Hockey===
Huddersfield has a number of field [[hockey]] teams, many of which train at the Lockwood Park sports complex on the all weather pitch.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kirkleesgirlshockeyclub.co.uk/kghc-training-location.html
|title=Training Location
|publisher=Kirkleesgirlshockeyclub.co.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>

===Motorsport===


Notable local people include [[James Whitham]], former 'British [[Superbike racing|Superbike]] Champion'.

Lepton born [[Tom Sykes]] was a new addition to the Yamaha Motor Italia World team in the 2009 World Superbike season<ref>[http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/sport/sportresults/mcn/2008/September/8-14/sep1108-tom-sykes-signs-for-yamaha-world-superbikes/ Motorcycle News (11 September 2008)]</ref> after impressive spells in both British Supersports & [[British Superbike Championship|British Superbikes]], in which in the latter he finished 4th in the 2009 Season. He also managed to win his first race in [[Superbike World Championship|World Superbikes]] in one of two wildcard meetings.

[[Motorcycle speedway]] racing was staged in Huddersfield in the UK pioneer year of 1928. A venue in the town staged four or five meetings.

==Arts==
===Music===
[http://huddersfieldchoral.com/ Huddersfield Choral Society], founded in 1836, claims to
be the UK's leading [[choir|choral society]]. Its history was chronicled in the book'' 'And The Glory''',<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://huddersfieldchoral.com/page--about-huddersfield-choral.html
|title = About Us
|publisher = Huddersfield Choral Society
|accessdate = 2008-10-12
}}
</ref> written to commemorate the Society's 150th anniversary in 1986 — its title derived from a line in the [[The Hallelujah Chorus|Hallelujah Chorus]] featuring in [[George Frideric Handel|Handel's]] landmark choral arrangement ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]''. The author was a choir member for over 35 years.

More recently, the town's other main claim to international musical renown is the annual [[Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival]]. It is also home to the [[Huddersfield Philharmonic Orchestra]] and the [[Huddersfield Singers]].

On Christmas Day 1977, the [[Sex Pistols]] played their last two British shows, one of which was a matinee for the children of striking firefighters, at the then Ivanhoe's nightclub, before embarking on the ill-fated US tour which saw them collapse into acrimony. In the early-mid 1990s, Flex, the seminal underground Jungle/[[Drum and bass|Drum 'n' Bass]] record label, was founded in Huddersfield by the musician and future [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] DJ, L Double. In 2000 another independent record label [[Chocolate Fireguard Records]] was founded in Huddersfield by singer Pat Fulgoni who also developed the three stage community music event [[Timeless Festival]] held in the town's Ravensknowle Park, featuring a range of electronica, [[hip hop]] and [[rock music]].

There are a number of other annual local music festivals held within the town and surrounding area, examples being the [[Marsden, West Yorkshire|Marsden]] [[Jazz]] Festival,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.marsdenjazzfestival.com
|title=Marsden Jazz Festival Home Page
|publisher=Marsdenjazzfestival.com
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Mrs Sunderland,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mrs-sunderlandmusic.org.uk/
|title=Welcome to The Mrs Sunderland Music Festival
|publisher=Mrs-sunderlandmusic.org.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Janet Beaumont, the [[Holmfirth]] Festivals, and the Haydn Wood (Linthwaite). The Haydn Wood (for under 21s) and Mrs Sunderland festival focus on musical and oratorial performance. The Mrs Sunderland Music festival is the second oldest in the United Kingdom, started in 1889 and now lasting for nine days each year. Also, in recent years, free music concerts have been put on for the town, including bands such as the Ordinary Boys, the Script and Elliott Minor. There are however many other local choirs, both youth and adult, a noted example of the latter being the [[Honley]] Male Voice Choir.<ref>http://www.honleymvc.co.uk</ref>

Home-grown musical talent of all kinds is complemented by the student intake to the [[University of Huddersfield]]'s music department.

Further fame was added to the musical history of Huddersfield by the inclusion of the song "The Sheriff of Huddersfield" by the heavy metal band [[Iron Maiden]] on the B-side to their 1986 single "[[Wasted Years]]". Written about their co-manager [[Rod Smallwood]], leaving his home town of Huddersfield and struggling to settle into life in [[Los Angeles]].

Huddersfield is home to [[thrash metal]] band [[Evile]], dance rock outfit [[Kava Kava (band)|Kava Kava]], the birthplace of the synthpop musician [[Billy Currie]] of ([[Ultravox]] and [[Visage (band)|Visage]]) fame the hard rock bassist [[John McCoy (musician)|John McCoy]] who played with [[Neo (UK band)|Neo]] and [[Gillan]].

===Huddersfield Town Hall===
The building was designed by John H. Abbey and was built in two stages between 1875 and 1881. The first section of the building opened on 26 June 1878, comprising the Mayor's Parlour, Council Chamber, Reception Room and a variety of municipal offices including the Sanitary Inspector, Inspector of Weights and Measures, Medical Officer, Town Clerk, Borough Surveyor and the Rates Office. The second section of the building was opened in October 1881 and comprised the Magistrates' Court and Concert Hall, which seats up to 1,200 people and hosts various events ranging from classical to comedy and from choral to community events.

===Film and televisual arts===
Various long-running television series have been filmed in and around Huddersfield. These include ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'', which is usually associated with [[Holmfirth]], but which uses various locations in both the Holme and Colne valleys; ''[[Where the Heart Is (1997 TV series)|Where the Heart Is]]'', which was filmed in the Colne valley around [[Slaithwaite]] and finished filming in 2006; ''Wokenwell'', which was also shot on location in the Colne valley in and around [[Marsden, West Yorkshire|Marsden]]; and ''[[The League of Gentlemen]]'', which also made extensive use of locations around Marsden. The feature films ''[[Between Two Women]]'' and ''[[The Jealous God]]'' were both filmed extensively in and around Huddersfield.

===Visual arts===
Kirklees Council's ''Cultural Services'' also ensure that the art gallery, which occupies the top floor of the library on [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy|Princess Alexandra Walk]], offers a balanced schedule, all year round, which showcases local painters and photographers alongside commissioned artists' displays.

==Cultural events==
===Huddersfield Festival of Light===
This 'free festival' takes place annually in November, usually in the town centre adjacent to the railway station. Each year a performance is put on by a different theatre company. The event finale is a firework display. The 2007 show was performed by French company [http://www.plasticiensvolants.com/gb/compagnie.htm Plasticiens Volants], which saw large inflatable sea creatures paraded through the streets as they told their story of 'Pearl'. The 2005 and 2008 performances were both by the [[Valencia]]n artists [http://www.xarxateatre.com/eng/veinte/inicio.html Xarxa Teatre].
The 2010 festival featured Belgian company Company Tol and their suspension act - Corazon de Angeles (Angel Heart) and was ended on 5 December with fireworks in the newly updated St. George's Square.

===Huddersfield Caribbean Carnival===
The carnival, usually in mid July, begins with a procession from the Hudawi Cultural Centre in the suburb of Hillhouse, through the town centre to Greenhead Park where troupes display their costumes on stage. [[Caribbean|West Indian]] food, fairground rides and various stalls and attractions are available to try. A 'young blud' stage presents Hip Hop, UK garage, RnB and bassline.<ref>[http://www.huddersfieldcarnival.com/ Huddersfield Carnival Website]</ref>

===The Pink Picnic===
Each year since 1986 Huddersfield's gay, lesbian, bisexual and [[transgender]]ed community have embarked on a summer celebration and picnic. The event now attracts thousands from miles around and is held as a [[gay pride]] event, usually at [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]].

==Present day==
===Shopping and entertainment===
Huddersfield has a large and diverse retail shopping area — mostly enclosed within the town's ring road — compared with other towns of its size. There are three adjacent shopping schemes: Kingsgate, the Packhorse Precinct and the Piazza. The Piazza offers an outdoor shopping mall bordering the public library, with a partially grassed area, used for relaxation and various events held throughout the year such as entertainment, international markets and iceskating in winter. Through the adjacent Market Arcade there is a covered [http://www.riskybuildings.org.uk/docs/20queensgate/index.html market hall], which has listed building status, due in part to its distinctive roof formed by [[Hyperbola|hyperbolic]] [[paraboloid]]s. It is also adjacent to the town hall and public library (see [[Huddersfield#Landmarks and architecture|Historical landmarks]] above). An open market is located next to the [[Tesco]] store, on the opposite side of the town centre.
[http://www.virtualhuddersfield.com Virtual Huddersfield] features photographs of nearly 2,000 local shops as well as videos of local events, aerial views and live webcams.

The town centre is home to several national high street retailers and chain stores including [[Clinton Cards]], [[GAME (retailer)|GAME]], [[Gamestation]], [[HMV Group|HMV]], [[House of Fraser]], [[JD Sports]], [[JJB Sports]], [[W H Smith]]s and [[Wilkinson (retailer)|Wilkinsons]]; up until January 2008, it also had a [[Woolworths Group|Woolworths]]. Fast food outlets include [[Burger King]], [[KFC]], [[McDonald's]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] and [[Wimpy Bar|Wimpy]]. High street clothing and fashion retail outlets such as [[British Home Stores]], [[Marks & Spencer]], [[River Island]], [[Topman]] and [[Next (clothing)|Next]]. There are three major [[supermarket]] outlets, two [[Sainsbury's]] and one Tesco. Additional smaller supermarkets exist a few hundred yards outside of the town centre such as [[Aldi]], [[Asda]] (formerly a [[Netto (store)|Netto]])<ref>[http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/local-west-yorkshire-news/2011/07/30/asda-opens-aspley-store-86081-29144539/ Huddersfield Examiner - Asda opens Aspley store]</ref> and [[Lidl]]. There are also a wide variety of small specialist independent shops, many of them located in the three-storey Byram Arcade.

The [[Lawrence Batley Theatre]], opened in 1994, housed in what was once the largest [[Methodist Church of Great Britain|Wesleyan Chapel]] in the world,<ref>{{Google books|hjM9AAAAIAAJ|Medicine and society in Wakefield and Huddersfield, 1780-1870|page=30}}</ref> and now presents dance, drama, comedy, music and exhibitions. Among other things, it acts as the base for [http://www.fullbody.org.uk| Full Body & the Voice], a company focusing on the integration of disabled people into mainstream theatre.

The [[Galpharm Stadium]] (formerly the Alfred McAlpine Stadium), is a multi-use sports stadium and provides many sporting activities including a gym, swimming pool, spa and several types of sporting classes. The stadium is home to the local rugby league team Huddersfield Giants and Huddersfield Town football team. Adjacent to the stadium is an [[Odeon Cinemas|Odeon cinema]], Huddersfield's only major cinema.

===Nightlife===
Huddersfield has a large selection of pubs, restaurants and night clubs, one of which, named Tokyo, is located in the former Huddersfield [[County Court]], which is a 19th century [[Grade II listed building]]. The oldest pub in the town centre is the Parish (formerly the Fleece Inn), the pub has been trading since 1720.

===Education===
As well as a complete range of [[primary school|primary]] and [[secondary school]]s, which cover compulsory and [[sixth form]] education for the town's [[suburb]]s, Huddersfield is the home to two [[sixth form college]]s, [[Huddersfield New College]] located at [[Salendine Nook]] and [[Greenhead College]] located west of the town centre. [[Huddersfield Grammar School]] is the only [[independent school]] in Huddersfield to offer secondary education, though it does not offer sixth form education. The town centre has one general [[further education]] college, [[Kirklees College]] which was formed following the merger of Dewsbury College and Huddersfield Technical College. Huddersfield has one establishment of [[higher education]] in the [[University of Huddersfield]]. The current Chancellor of the university is the actor [[Patrick Stewart]] who comes from [[Mirfield]].

===Hospitals===
Huddersfield has one main hospital, the [[Huddersfield Royal Infirmary]] situated in [[Lindley, West Yorkshire|Lindley]]. Medical services are split between that hospital and the Calderdale Royal Hospital located at [[Salterhebble]], near [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]]. [[Kirkwood Hospice]] provides care for the [[terminal illness|terminally ill]], and is dependent on private donations and charitable gifts. Princess Royal Hospital originally provided Huddersfield with its [[maternity]] facilities until the risks of not being able to get an [[ambulance]] to [[Emergency department|A&E]] in the event of complications were judged to outweigh the benefits of specialist service provision. It now functions as a day clinic, [[family planning]] consultation centre and [[Sexual health clinic|GUM Clinic]].

A decision to move most of the maternity services provided by the [http://www.cht.nhs.uk/ Calderdale & Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust] to the [http://www.nhs.uk/ServiceDirectories/Pages/Hospital.aspx?id=RWY02 Calderdale Royal Hospital] changed those facilities in 2007, despite strong opposition from some of the local population. The campaign was led by [[Save Huddersfield NHS]] which elected a councillor, Dr Jackie Grunsell in the Crosland Moor ward.

The former [[St. Luke's Hospital, Huddersfield|St. Luke's Hospital]] was situated in the suburb of [[Crosland Moor]] and mostly provided [[geriatric]] and [[psychiatric]] care. The hospital closed in 2011 and the land was sold to a developer.

==List of civic honours and freedoms==
Thirty-four people and one military ([[infantry]]) regiment have been granted the Freedom of Huddersfield, between 1889 and 1973.<ref>[http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/you-kmc/mayor/mayormain.shtml] Source information supplied by Sally Greenwood at the Mayor's Office (mayors.office@kirklees.gov.uk)</ref>

* Wright Mellor JP DL – (25 September 1889)
* Henry Frederick Beaumont JP DL – (28 August 1894)
* Lt Col [[Albert Rollit|Sir Albert Kaye Rollit]] LLD DLC LittD JP DL – (28 August 1894)
* James Nield Sykes JP – (12 March 1895)
* [[Joseph Woodhead]] JP – (28 October 1898)
* Sir Joseph Crosland Knt JP DL – (28 October 1898)
* Major Charles Brook – (23 May 1901)
* Major Harold Wilson – (23 May 1901)
* Sir Thomas Brooke Bart JP DL – (25 July 1906)
* Rev Robert Bruce MA DD – (25 July 1906)
* William Brooke JP - (15 October 1913)
* John Sykes JP – (15 October 1913)
* William Henry Jessop JP – (18 September 1918)
* Earnest Woodhead MA JP – (18 September 1918)
* George Thomson JP – (18 September 1918)
* Benjamin Broadbent CBE MA JP – (18 September 1918)
* John Arthur Brooke MA JP – (18 September 1918)
* James Edward Willans JP – (18 September 1918)
* Admiral of the Fleet [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|Earl Beatty]] GCB OM GCVO DSO – (24 July 1920)
* The Rt Hon [[H. H. Asquith|Herbert Henry Asquith]] Earl of Oxford and Asquith, and Viscount Asquith – (6 November 1925)
* Sir William Pick Raynor Knt JP – (17 December 1926)
* Wilfrid Dawson JP – (25 July 1934)
* Rowland Mitchell JP – (25 July 1934)
* James Albert Woolven JP Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur – (25 July 1934)
* Sir [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Law Montgomery]] Field-Marshal GCB DSO – (26 October 1945)
* Joseph Barlow JP – (23 June 1949)
* [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment|Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)]] – (2 July 1952)
* Sidney Kaye LLB – (19 November 1957)
* Alderman Arthur Gardiner OBE JP – (11 October 1960)
* Alderman Harry Andrew Bennie Gray CBE JP – (11 October 1960)
* Sir [[Malcolm Sargent]] MusD(Dunelm) MusD(Oxon)(Hons) LLD(Liverpool) Hon RAM Hon FRCO FRCM FRSA – (13 October 1961)
* The Rt Hon [[Harold Wilson]] OBE MP [[Prime Minister]] and First Lord of the Treasury – (1 March 1968)
* Alderman Douglas Graham CBE – (5 March 1973)
* Alderman Reginald Harmley MBE JP – (5 March 1973)
* Alderman Clifford Stephenson – (5 March 1973)

[[File:Freedom Scroll DWR Huddersfield (RLH).JPG|thumb|right|upright|DWR Freedom Scroll]]
On 2 July 1952, in recognition of historic ties and links with the [[The Duke of Wellington's Regiment|Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)]], the Huddersfield County Borough had conferred on the regiment the Freedom of the Town. This gave the regiment the right to march through the town with 'flags flying, bands playing and bayonets fixed'. Many of the town and district's male residents had served in the regiment during its long history. This right to march was technically lost when the County Borough itself was merged with Dewsbury to form Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council though, unofficially, continued as on 25 March 1979, Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council gave the Freedom of Kirklees to the 3rd battalion of the Yorkshire Volunteers. The 3rd Battalion was the Duke of Wellington's [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] unit.

[[File:Yorkshire Regiment, Freedom of Huddersfield(RLH)2008-10-25.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Conferring the Freedom of Huddersfield on the [[Yorkshire Regiment]] 25 October 2008]]
When the 'Dukes' were amalgamated with the [[Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire]] and the [[The Green Howards|Green Howards]]' to form the [[Yorkshire Regiment]] on 6 June 2006. The right to march was finally ended as the award did not give the right, for the freedom to march, to be passed on to any heirs or successors. The majority of the Yorkshire Regiment is now composed of soldiers from the north and eastern areas of Yorkshire. The Yorkshire Regiment requested the right to march to be transferred to them. However, the County Borough no longer exists and so there was no authority to do so. The 'Freedom' given by Kirklees to the 3rd battalion of the Yorkshire Volunteers did not permit any transfer to heirs or successors and effectively that freedom also ceased when the battalion was amalgamated into the [[East and West Riding Regiment]]. The East and West Riding Regiment ceased to exist on 6 June 2006, having been merged into the Yorkshire Regiment as its 4th Battalion. Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council, as successors to the Huddersfield Borough Council, amended the original 'Freedom' and transferred the 'Freedom' to the Yorkshire Regiment, at a Freedom parade on 25 October 2008.

==Notable people==
A number of [[nation]]al and [[international]]ly famous people originate from Huddersfield. They cover a range of [[politician]]s, [[sport]]s personalities, [[Sportsperson|athletes]], [[entertainer]]s, business people, [[scientist]]s and [[writer]]s of various styles. Some people have also become known through their association with Huddersfield, though were not born there. These include the actor [[Patrick Stewart]], who was born in Mirfield and the inventor [[Wilf Lunn]], who was born in Brighouse.

The most widely notable of those born in Huddersfield include (in alphabetical order by surname):- [[Simon Armitage]] who is both a [[poet]] and an [[author]]. [[Lawrence Batley]] a British business [[entrepreneur]]. [[Andy Booth]] a footballer for the local [[football club]]:- [[Huddersfield Town F.C.|Huddersfield Town]] . [[David Borrow]] a [[Member of Parliament]] for South Ribble. [[David Brown (entrepreneur)|Sir David Brown OBE]] a businessman. [[Roy Castle|Roy Castle OBE]] who was a dancer and entertainer and later a TV presenter. [[James Hanson, Baron Hanson|Lord James Hanson]] was another British and international businessman mainly known for his association with the [[transport]] industry. [[Harold Percival Himsworth|Sir Harold Percival Himsworth]] was a scientist. [[George Herbert Hirst]] was an English test [[cricket]]er. [[Nina Hossain]] is a television broadcaster. [[Derek Ibbotson]] was an Olympic middle distance athlete in the track events. A tower block of social housing accommodation, close to the town's ring road, was named after him [[Gorden Kaye]] is mostly known for his comedy acting. [[Anita Lonsbrough]] was an Olympic swimmer and commentator. Like [[Derek Ibbotson]] a tower block of social housing accommodation was named after her. [[DJ Q]] who presents a show on [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]]. [[Zöe Lucker]] is an actress, known for playing [[Tanya Turner]] in the [[ITV1]] Drama ''[[Footballers' Wives]]''. Another Huddersfield born celebrity was the great actor of British and American films, [[James Mason]]. [[Wilfred Rhodes]] is another English test cricketer. [[Chris Balderstone]] played first class cricket and professional football, on one occasion both on the same day. [[John Whitaker (equestrian)|John Whitaker MBE]] has a local [[stable]]s and is an Olympic equestrian. Whilst probably the most famous of all is [[Harold Wilson|Harold Wilson KG OBE]] who was twice the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and again from 1974 to 1976.

Other well-known personalities can also be located in the [[:Category:People from Huddersfield]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Yorkshire}}
* [[Haddersfield, Jamaica]], locally referred to and named for Huddersfield<ref name="haddersfield">'During the periods 1822–1832 the 33rd Regiment of Foot, recruited from West Yorkshire was stationed in Jamaica. At the end of the tour 142 men chose to remain in Jamaica, having married and raised families, some of which may have originated from Huddersfield, thereby originating the name. Over 560 officers and men died and were buried in Jamaica during this period, from endemic diseases. On 18 June 1853 the regiment formally became known as "The 33rd (or The Duke of Wellington's) Regiment". The regiment's second battalion was again posted to Jamaica (Newcastle Camp) from 18 March 1891 to 10 April 1893. {{cite book
|author=Brereton, JM; Savory, ACS
|title=The History of the Duke of Wellingtons (West Riding) 1702 – 1992
|publisher=Halifax : The Duke of Wellington's Regiment
|year=1993
|isbn=0-9521552-0-6}}</ref>
* [[Hadersfild (film)|Hadersfild]], (Serbian phonetic spelling of Huddersfield), Serbian film from 2007.
* [[Huddersfield Ben]], dog from the area in the 1860s that was the progenitor of the [[Yorkshire Terrier]] breed of dog
* [[Kirklees Incinerator]]
* [[Trolleybuses in Huddersfield]]
* [[WikiTravel:Huddersfield|Wikitravel - Huddersfield]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
E.A. Hilary Haigh ed. (1992) ''Huddersfield: A Most Handsome Town - Aspects of the History and Culture of a West Yorkshire Town''. Kirklees MC, Huddersfield, pp. 704.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Huddersfield}}
* [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/townhalls/huddersfield.shtml Huddersfield Town Hall]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/recordings/group/leeds-huddersfield.shtml BBC Voices - Audio recording] Huddersfield residents who have roots in Jamaica talk about storytelling traditions and the generation language gap.
* [http://www.virtualhuddersfield.com/aerials2007.htm Aerial views of the town centre, April 2007]
* [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/visitorportal/wheretogo/huddersfield.asp About Huddersfield]
* [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/visitorportal/wheretogo/huddersfield-events.asp Huddersfield History]
* [http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=2862807 www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Huddersfield and surrounding area]

{{West Yorkshire}}


[[Category:Geography of Huddersfield]]
[[Category:Huddersfield]]
[[Category:Kirklees]]
[[Category:Market towns in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English)]]
[[Category:Towns in West Yorkshire]]

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Huddersfield

2012-08-08T14:49:46Z

62.145.19.66:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2011}}
{{About||the constituency of the same name|Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)}}
{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|latitude = 53.6450
|longitude = -1.7798
|official_name = Huddersfield
|population = 146,234
|population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|metropolitan_borough = [[Kirklees]]
|metropolitan_county = [[West Yorkshire]]
|region = Yorkshire and the Humber
|constituency_westminster = [[Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Huddersfield]]
|post_town = HUDDERSFIELD
|postcode_district = HD1-5, HD7-8
|postcode_area = HD
|dial_code = 01484
|os_grid_reference = SE145165
|static_image = [[File:HuddersfieldTown(RLH).jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption = A view of Huddersfield Town from [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]]
|london_distance=
}}

''' Huddersfield ''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-Huddersfield.ogg|ˈ|h|ʌ|d|ər|z|ˌ|f|iː|l|d}}) |h|ʊ|d|ər|z|ˌ|f|iː|l|d locally and in northern England) ʊ is a large [[market town]] within the [[Kirklees|Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees]], in [[West Yorkshire]], [[England]], situated halfway between Leeds and Manchester. It lies {{convert|190|mi|km}} north of [[London]], and {{convert|10.3|mi|km}} south of [[Bradford]], the nearest city.

Huddersfield is near the confluence of the [[River Colne, West Yorkshire|River Colne]] and the [[River Holme]]. Located within the [[Historic counties of England|historic county boundaries]] of the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], according to the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] it was the 10th largest town in the UK and with a total resident population of [[List of urban areas in England by population|146,234]]. It is the largest urban area in the [[metropolitan borough]] of Kirklees and the [[administrative centre]] of the borough. The town is well known for its important role in the [[Industrial Revolution]], for being the birthplace of [[rugby league]] and for being the birthplace of the late British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]].

Huddersfield today is a town of higher education, the media and sports, being home to the rugby league team, [[Huddersfield Giants]], founded in 1895, who currently play in the [[Europe]]an [[Super League]] and [[Football League Championship]] [[Association football|football]] team [[Huddersfield Town F.C.]], founded in 1908. The town is home to the [[University of Huddersfield]] and the [[sixth form]] colleges [[Greenhead College]], [[Kirklees College]] and [[Huddersfield New College]]

Huddersfield is a town of [[Victorian architecture]]. [[Huddersfield railway station]] is a Grade I [[listed building]] and was described by [[John Betjeman]] as 'the most splendid station facade in England' second only to [[St Pancras railway station|St Pancras, London]]. The station stands in St George's Square; having been renovated at a cost of £1 million it subsequently won the [[Europa Nostra]] award for European architecture.

==History==
===Early history===
There has been a settlement in the vicinity for over 4,000 years.<ref>[http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/events/venuedetails.asp?vID=45 Kirklees Council Website Castle Hill]</ref> The remains of a [[castra|Roman fort]] were unearthed in the middle of the 18th century at Slack near [[Outlane]], just west of the town.<ref>[http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/tolson/roman_times/index.htm Huddersfield One - Tolson Museum Booklets]</ref> [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]], a major landmark of the town, was also the site of an [[Iron Age]] [[hill fort]]. Huddersfield itself was noted in the 1086 ''[[Domesday Book]]'' as a village known as ''Oderesfelt'' also as ''Odresfeld''.

[[File:Huddersfield1000px(RLH).jpg|thumb|center|800px|Huddersfield from [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]]]]

Huddersfield has been known as a [[market town]] since [[Saxons|Saxon]] times. The market cross is on Market Place.

===Industrial Revolution===
Huddersfield was a centre of civil unrest during the [[Industrial Revolution]]. In a period where Europe was experiencing frequent wars, where trade had slumped and the crops had failed, many local [[Weaver (occupation)|weavers]] faced losing their means of livelihood due to the introduction of new machinery, which would have condemned them to poverty or even starvation. The [[Luddite]]s began destroying mills and machinery in response; one of the most notorious attacks was on Cartwright — a Huddersfield mill-owner, who had a reputation for cruelty — and his Rawfords Mill. In his book ''Rebels Against the Future'', [[Kirkpatrick Sale]] describes how a large army platoon was stationed at Huddersfield to deal with Luddites; at its peak, there were around a thousand soldiers in Huddersfield and only ten thousand civilians. In response, the Luddites began to focus their attacks on nearby towns and villages, which were less well-protected; the largest act of damage that they ever did was the complete destruction of Foster's Mill at [[Horbury]] — a village which is about {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of Huddersfield.<ref>{{cite book
|title = Rebels Against the Future
|last = Sale|first = Kirkpatrick
|authorlink = Kirkpatrick Sale
|year =
|publisher =
|location =
|isbn = 0-201-62678-0
|pages =  120
|url= }}</ref> The government campaign that eventually crushed the movement was provoked by a murder that took place in Huddersfield. William Horsfall, a mill-owner and a passionate prosecutor of Luddites, was killed in 1812.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRluddites.htm
|title=The Luddites
|publisher=Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Although the movement faded out afterwards, Parliament began to increase welfare provision for those out of work, and to introduce regulations to improve conditions in the mills.

===Political history===
Huddersfield had a strong [[Liberalism|liberal]] tradition up to the 1950s and this is still reflected in the large number of liberal social clubs in the town. The current [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for the [[Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Huddersfield constituency]] is [[Barry Sheerman]], a [[Labour Co-operative]] member. Kirklees Council was the first in the UK to have a [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] councillor: Nicholas Harvey who lived in [[Taylor Hill]] and represented the [[Newsome|Newsome Ward]]. Harvey, a former employee at Huddersfield railway station, was instrumental in the creation of the protest train against the intended closure of the [[Settle]] to [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] rail line. He declined to stand for a second term and no longer lives in Huddersfield. He is now a resident of [[Filey]] where he operates his own 'green' railway train.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.greenexpressrailtours.co.uk/id1.html
|title=About Us
|publisher=Greenexpressrailtours.co.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>

The far left is well represented in Huddersfield (considering its size), with Revolution, the [[Socialist Workers Party (Britain)|Socialist Workers Party]] and the [[Socialist Party (England and Wales)|Socialist Party of England and Wales]] all having active groups which are involved in campaigns such as [[Stop the War Coalition|Stop the War]], [[Save Huddersfield NHS]], as well as individual members of [[Workers Power (UK)|Workers Power]] (involved in Revolution and their group in [[Leeds]]), [[Socialist Appeal]] and the [[Communist Party of Britain]]. The town also has substantial [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] and [[UKIP]] presences, with various other centre-right and rightist groups also represented.

Two [[Prime minister]]s have spent part of their childhood in Huddersfield: [[Harold Wilson]] and [[H. H. Asquith|Herbert Asquith]]. Wilson is commemorated by a statue in front of the railway station. There is no memorial to Asquith's briefer connection with the town.

==Governance==
===Civic history===
[[File:Huddersfield-coa.gif|thumb|left|[[Coat of arms of Huddersfield|Coat of arms of the former County Borough]]]]
Huddersfield was incorporated as a [[municipal borough]] within the ancient [[West Riding of Yorkshire]] in 1868. The borough comprised the [[parish]]es of Almondbury, Dalton, Huddersfield, Lindley-cum-Quarmby and Lockwood. When the West Riding County Council was formed in 1889, Huddersfield became a [[county borough]], exempt from county council control. Huddersfield expanded in 1937, including parts of the [[Golcar]], [[Linthwaite]], and [[South Crosland]] urban districts.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10166937&c_id=10001043
|title=Huddersfield MB/CB West Riding through time | Administrative history of Local
Government District: hierarchies, boundaries
|publisher=Visionofbritain.org.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> The county borough was abolished in 1974 and its former area was combined with that of other districts to form the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire.

Attempts by the local council to gain support for [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] were rejected by the town's population in an unofficial referendum held by the local newspaper, the ''[[Huddersfield Daily Examiner]]''. The council did not apply for that status in either the 2000 or 2002 competitions.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dca.gov.uk/constitution/city/cityhome.htm
|title=Department for Constitutional Affairs - Constitutional Policy - City Status
|publisher=Dca.gov.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> As city status has to be awarded to a district not a town, either the city status would have been awarded to Kirklees, or the borough could have been renamed to Kirklees and Huddersfield to give Huddersfield city status, similar to the current situation with [[Chester]].<ref>http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk</ref>

According to the [[United Kingdom Census 2001]] the population of the Huddersfield [[urban area|urban]] sub-area of the [[West Yorkshire Urban Area]] was 146,234, and the population of the former area of the county borough was 121,620. The wider South Kirklees area had a population of 216,011.
{{-}}

==Industry==
Huddersfield is still a [[manufacturing]] town, despite the university being the largest employer. Historically the town produced [[textile]]s. The number of people who work in textiles has declined greatly, but those companies which survive produce large quantities of [[Woolen|woollen]] products with little labour. The town is home to textile, chemical and engineering companies; including [[Cummins|Cummins Turbo Technologies]] (turbocharger manufacturers), Huddersfield Fine Worsteds (textiles), C & J Antich (textiles), Syngenta AG ([[Agrichemical|agro-chemicals]]), James Crowther (textiles), Sellers (Textile Machinery), Trojan Plastics Ltd. (bathroom products manufacturer), [[Pennine Radio Limited]] ([[electronics]] [[transformer]]s and sheet [[metalworking]]) as well as a large number of niche manufacturers. Huddersfield is home to Andrew Jones Pies a regional award winning pie-maker, where a worker was killed in a gas explosion on 10 April 2009.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/7993407.stm
|work=BBC News
|title=One dead in pie factory explosion
|date=10 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/7997976.stm
|work=BBC News
|title=Meeting over pie factory future
|date=14 April 2009}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Climate===
Huddersfield experiences a temperate [[oceanic climate]] which is relatively mild for its latitude, which comes without major temperature extremes due to the moderating influence of the [[Gulf Stream]]. According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], Huddersfield is certified as ''Cfb''.

{{Weather box
|location = Huddersfield
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 5
|Feb high C = 5
|Mar high C = 7
|Apr high C = 10
|May high C = 13
|Jun high C = 16
|Jul high C = 18
|Aug high C = 18
|Sep high C = 15
|Oct high C = 11
|Nov high C = 8
|Dec high C = 6
|year high C = 11
|Jan low C = 2
|Feb low C = 2
|Mar low C = 3
|Apr low C = 5
|May low C = 7
|Jun low C = 10
|Jul low C = 12
|Aug low C = 12
|Sep low C = 10
|Oct low C = 8
|Nov low C = 5
|Dec low C = 3
|year low C = 6.6
|source 1 = <ref>http://weather.msn.com/local.aspx?wealocations=wc:UKXX0070&q=Huddersfield%2c+GBR</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

===Divisions and suburbs===
After boundary changes in 2004, Huddersfield now covers eight of the twenty-three [[Ward (country subdivision)|electoral ward]]s for Kirklees Council. Neighbouring wards in the [[Colne Valley]], [[Holme Valley]], and [[Kirkburton]] are often considered to be part of Huddersfield though they are predominantly [[rural|semi-rural]]. Huddersfield town centre is located within the Newsome ward. The eight wards that make up Huddersfield proper, with their populations, areas and constituent [[suburb]]s (mid-year 2005 estimates) are:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ward
! Population
! Area (miles²)
! Population density (/mile²)
! Places covered
|-
| Almondbury<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Almondbury
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/almondbury.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 16,610
| 3.863
| 4,299
| [[Almondbury]], Fenay Bridge, Lascelles Hall, [[Lepton, West Yorkshire|Lepton]]
|-
| Ashbrow<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Ashbrow
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Ashbrow.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,470
| 4.366
| 4.001
| Ashbrow, [[Brackenhall]], [[Bradley, West Yorkshire|Bradley]], [[Deighton, West Yorkshire|Deighton]], [[Fixby]], Netheroyd Hill, [[Sheepridge, Huddersfield|Sheepridge]]
|-
| Crosland Moor & Netherton<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Crosland Moor & Netherton
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/CroslandMoor.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,400
| 2.856
| 6,092
| [[Beaumont Park]], [[Crosland Moor]], [[Lockwood, West Yorkshire|Lockwood]], [[Longroyd Bridge]], [[Netherton, Kirklees|Netherton]], [[South Crosland]], [[Thornton Lodge]]
|-
| Dalton<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Dalton
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Dalton.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,520
| 4.975
| 3.521
| Colne Bridge, [[Dalton, West Yorkshire|Dalton]], [[Kirkheaton]], Moldgreen, [[Rawthorpe]], Upper Heaton, [[Waterloo, Huddersfield|Waterloo]]
|-
| Golcar<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Golcar
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Golcar.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,370
| 2.375
| 7,313
| [[Cowlersley]], [[Golcar]], [[Longwood, West Yorkshire|Longwood]], [[Linthwaite]] (part of), [[Milnsbridge]], [[Salendine Nook]]
|-
| Greenhead<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Greenhead
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Greenhead.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,620
| 1.706
| 10,328
| [[Birkby, West Yorkshire|Birkby]], Edgerton, [[Fartown, Huddersfield|Fartown]], Hillhouse, [[Marsh, West Yorkshire|Marsh]], [[Paddock, Huddersfield|Paddock]]
|-
| Lindley<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Lindley
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Lindley.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,020
| 2.737
| 6,218
| [[Ainley Top]], Birchencliffe, [[Lindley, West Yorkshire|Lindley]], Mount, [[Oakes, Huddersfield|Oakes]]
|-
| Newsome<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Newsome
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Newsome.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,110
| 3.233
| 5,292
| [[Armitage Bridge]], [[Berry Brow]], [[Hall Bower]], [[Lowerhouses]], [[Newsome]], Primrose Hill, [[Springwood, Huddersfield|Springwood]], Taylor Hill
|}

==Demography==
===Ethnicity===
Like many former [[mill town]]s, Huddersfield has a higher than average number of residents from [[Minority group|ethnic minorities]]. The white population makes up 81% of the population comparing to 91.3% for England as a whole. The largest ethnic minority group are those who have described themselves as being [[Asian people|Asian]] or [[British Asian]] originating from the Indian sub-continent ([[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]]) with 10,837, or 8.9% (compared to 1.4% for England as a whole). An ethnicity summary of the town's 121,620 population is 98,454 (81.0%) white, 15,072 (12.4%) Asian or British Asian, 4,328 (3.6%) Black or [[Black British]], 328 (0.3%), 259 (0.2%) Other and 3,131 (2.6%) Mixed.<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = 2001 Census Profile, Former Huddersfield County Borough
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/census2001by-town/HudderCB.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>

===Religion===
Huddersfield is slightly above the English average for those who have no religion and also for the number of [[Muslim]]s. Conversely, it is below average for its number of [[Christian]]s.

There are a number of [[Church (building)|churches]], [[Gurdwara]]s, [[mosque]]s and [[temple]]s covering a wide spectrum of religions in the Huddersfield area. These include established [[Christian]] denominations, such as the [[Church of England]], the [[Baptist]] Church, [[Methodism]], [[Presbyterianism]] and the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Religions that are relatively new to Britain also have places of worship in the town: [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Mormonism]] and [[Sikhism]] all have congregational buildings.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Denomination
! Population
! Percentage
! Comparative percentage for England
|-
| Christian
| 77,843
| 64.0
| 71.7
|-
| Buddhist
| 133
| 0.1
| 0.3
|-
| Hindu
| 577
| 0.5
| 1.1
|-
| Jewish
| 70
| 0.1
| 0.5
|-
| Muslim
| 12,147
| 10.0
| 3.0
|-
| Sikh
| 2,250
| 1.9
| 0.6
|-
| Other religions
| 341
| 0.3
| 0.3
|-
| No religion
| 18,694
| 15.4
| 14.8
|-
| Religion not stated
| 9,604
| 7.9
| 7.7
|}

==Landmarks and architecture==
[[File:Victoria Tower Castle Hill(RLH).jpg|thumb|right|Victoria Tower at 'Castle Hill']]
Huddersfield is notable for its abundance of fine [[Victorian architecture]]. It has the third highest number of [[listed building]]s of any town or city in the UK.<ref>http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/visitors/wheretogo/huddersfield.shtml</ref> The most conspicuous landmark in the Huddersfield area is Victoria Tower on Castle Hill. Overlooking the town, the tower was constructed to mark [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria's]] 60th Jubilee Year. A picture of the Victoria Tower features on the [[New Zealand]] wine ''Castle Hill''.

The [[colonnade]]d [[Huddersfield railway station]] in St George's Square was once described as 'a [[stately home]] with trains in it', and by [[Nikolaus Pevsner|Sir Nikolaus Pevsner]] as 'one of the best early railway stations in England'.<ref name="pevsner">{{cite book
|author=Pevsner, Nikolaus; Radcliffe, Enid (Ed.)
|title=The Buildings of England: Yorkshire: The West Riding
|publisher=Yale University Press
|year=2002
|isbn=0-300-09662-3}}</ref> A bronze statue of Huddersfield-born Sir [[Harold Wilson]], Prime Minister 1964–1970 and 1974–1976 stands before the entrance in St George's Square.

The Huddersfield [[parish church]] (St. Peters Church) was constructed in 1838 and is adjacent to the town centre, on Byram Street, near the Pack Horse Centre.

The Pack Horse Centre is a covered [[pedestrianised]] shopping area constructed over the former [[cobblestone]]d street originally known as the Pack Horse Yard, now named Pack Horse Walk in memory of the beasts of burden, [[Pack horse]]s which ferried merchandise over the [[Pennines]] before the [[Standedge Tunnels]] were built. This pedestrian-only link passes from Kirkgate, across King Street and along Victoria Lane, by the Shambles, to the Piazza and the distinctive Market Hall at Queensgate, which was built to replace the old Shambles Market Hall in the early 1970s.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.riskybuildings.org.uk/docs/20queensgate/index.html
|title=Risky Buildings
|publisher=Riskybuildings.org.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Next to the Piazza is the Victorian Town Hall and the 1930s Public Library.

[[Beaumont Park]] situated about {{convert|2|mi|km}} to the south of the town centre was bequeathed to the people of Huddersfield in the 1880s, by the [http://www.kirkheatononlineparishclerk.com/kirkheaton/beaumont.htm Henry Ralph Beaumont ('Beaumont's of Whitley' estate)] and opened on 13 October 1883, by the [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany|Prince Leopold]], fourth son of [[Queen Victoria]], and his wife [[Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont]] (The Duke and Duchess of Albany). It is a fine example of a [[Victorian era]] public park with water cascades, bandstand and woodland.

==Transport==
===Road===
[[File:Huddersfieldmap 1954.png|thumb|right|A map of Huddersfield from 1954]]
Huddersfield is well connected to the national [[motorway]] network via the [[M1 motorway|M1]] and [[M62 motorway|M62]] motorways. The M1 passes near the eastern fringes of the town about {{convert|10|mi|km}} away. The M62 comes much nearer (about {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} away) and Huddersfield is served by three junctions: Mount ([[A640 road|A640]], J23 – limited access), Ainley Top ([[A629 road|A629]], J24) and between [[Brighouse]] and Cooper Bridge ([[A644 road|A644]], J25).

The Huddersfield Corporation built an inner [[ring road]] (part of the [[A62 road|A62]]) in the 1970s. The area within this ring road has come to define the [[central business district]] of the town. The ring road is effective in relieving traffic congestion in the town centre where many roads are now [[pedestrianised]].

Main routes into Huddersfield include the A62 Leeds Road, [[A641 road|A641]] Bradford Road, A629 Halifax Road, A640 New Hey Road and the A62 Manchester Road.

===Rail===
[[Huddersfield railway station]] enjoys a comprehensive local and regional rail service. However, there is no direct service to London, with passengers having to change at either [[Manchester Piccadilly station|Manchester Piccadilly]], [[Leeds railway station|Leeds]] or [[Wakefield Westgate railway station|Wakefield Westgate]]. Many services are subsidised by the local-government public transport coordinator, [[West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive|Metro]]. A frequent express service operates to the nearby principal cities of [[Leeds]] and [[Manchester]] and a regular service to [[Darlington]], [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Liverpool]], [[Manchester Airport]], [[Middlesbrough]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] and [[York]]. This is operated by [[First TransPennine Express]]. There are also local stopping services operated by [[Northern Rail]] which link Huddersfield with [[Barnsley]], Bradford, [[Brighouse]], [[Dewsbury]], [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]], Leeds, [[Sheffield]] and [[Wakefield]].

[[File:Huddersfield Railway Station (RLH).jpg|thumb|centre|800px|Huddersfield Railway Station in St. George's Square]]

===Bus===
[[File:Hudds-ftb.jpg|thumb|right|The Huddersfield Free Town Bus]]
[[Huddersfield bus station]] was opened by the Mayor, Councillor Mernagh on 26 March 1974, despite the fact that it had not actually been completed.<ref>[http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/huddsmemory.htm Huddersfield One - Huddersfield History since 1940]</ref> It is the busiest bus station in West Yorkshire with a daily footfall of almost 35,000. The majority of bus services pass through the bus station. Many services are subsidised by [[West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive|Metro]], the West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive.

Huddersfield's bus operators reflect the national situation; local subsidiaries of three dominant national operators provide most of the services in the area: [[First Calderdale & Huddersfield]] who provide most local services across Huddersfield with some services running outside the Kirklees area with destinations including Bradford, Brighouse, Halifax, Manchester and [[Oldham]]. [[Arriva Yorkshire]], who provide frequent services along Leeds Road to Dewsbury and Leeds, and [[Centrebus Holdings]] (Huddersfield Bus Company), through its recently acquired subsidiary, [[Yorkshire Traction]], who provide almost all services in the south east of the town. Other smaller operators include locally based operators [[Teamdeck]], trading under the name of K-Line and Stotts Coaches. Centrebus Holdings purchased Teamdeck in May 2008, along with Stagecoach Yorkshire's Huddersfield depot.<ref>[http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/express-and-chronicle/2008/05/03/stagecoach-operation-is-sold-but-not-to-arriva-86081-20874542/ Huddersfield Examiner report of bus take overs in May 2008]</ref>

In November 2006, a [[Zero-fare public transport|zero-fare]] town centre bus service, known as [[FreeCityBus|Free Town Bus]], was launched. Buses run every ten minutes from 7.30 a.m. (from the railway station) to 7.00 p.m. Monday to Friday and from 8.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. on Saturday. Stops on the route include the bus station, [[University of Huddersfield]], Kingsgate, and the indoor market. The service is run by K-Line in partnership with Kirklees Council and Metro.

===Canal===
The [[Huddersfield Broad Canal]], originally the Sir John Ramsden Canal, and the [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]] (both navigable by [[narrowboat]] and the former by wider craft also) wind around the south side of the town. To the rear of the [[YMCA]] in the [[Turnbridge]] section there is an electrically operated road bridge, which is still in use, to raise the road and allow boat traffic to pass. This bridge was originally opened by use of a [[windlass]] system.

==Sports==
[[File:Huddersfield 002.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Galpharm Stadium]]]]
[[Association football|Football]] and [[rugby league]] are the two main spectator sports in Huddersfield. The town has a professional football team [[Huddersfield Town F.C.]] who currently play in [[Football League Championship|the Championship]]. In 1926, they became the first English team to win three successive league titles, a feat which only three other clubs have been able to match.

The town was the birthplace of rugby league, and is home to the [[Huddersfield Giants]] who currently play in the [[Super League]], the top division in Europe. The town is also home to [[Huddersfield Underbank Rangers]] rugby league club, who currently play in the Rugby League Conference.

The town is also home to a number of other sports clubs including [[Huddersfield Rugby Union Football Club]] who play in the [[National Division Three North]] and [[Huddersfield Rams Aussie Rules]] club. The main sporting arena in the town is the [[Galpharm Stadium]] which is home to both the football team and rugby league side.

===Rugby Football===
====The split====
Rugby was first recorded in the town in 1848 and the Huddersfield Athletic Club, the direct progenitors of the current Huddersfield Giants, formed in 1864, playing their first rugby game in 1866. It was in Huddersfield on 29 August 1895 that 22 northern clubs held a meeting in the [[George Hotel, Huddersfield|George Hotel]] and voted to [[Secession|secede]] from the [[Rugby Football Union]] to set up their own 'Northern Rugby Football Union'. In 1922 this became the [[Rugby Football League]].

The [[Rugby League Heritage Centre]] is located in the basement of the George Hotel.

====Rugby league====
{{Main|Huddersfield Giants}}
Following the split of 1895 Huddersfield became a focus for rugby league and is currently represented by the Huddersfield Giants in the [[Super League]]. The Huddersfield Giants (under their original name of Huddersfield Rugby League Club) have won the [[Rugby Football League Championship]] seven times, most recently in 1961–62, and the [[Challenge Cup]] six times, the last success being in 1952–53.

====Rugby union====
{{Main|Huddersfield Rugby Union Football Club}}
After 1895 rugby in the Huddersfield area was played exclusively under the auspices of the Northern Rugby Football Union until 1909 when Huddersfield Old Boys were formed to play under [[rugby union]] rules, nomadically playing at five grounds until buying farmland at Waterloo in 1919 and, in 1946, retitling the club as Huddersfield RUFC.

In 1969 the club was at the forefront of a revolution in English rugby, when it became the first club in the country to organise mini and junior rugby teams. This innovation spread quickly and today, almost every club in the country has a thriving junior section providing a production-line of home grown talent. Junior players at Huddersfield number over 200.

In 1997 the Waterloo junior grounds were sold and a {{convert|26|acre|km2|sing=on}}, former [[Bass Brewery]] estate, at Lockwood Park was purchased for construction of a replacement. With the assistance of a matching £2 million grant from [[Sport England]], the club has transformed the site into a major sports complex, conference centre and business park.

===Association football===
{{Main|Huddersfield Town F.C.}}
Huddersfield Town FC is the town's senior [[association football]] team, founded in 1908, and currently playing in [[Football League One]].

In 1921–22 Huddersfield won the [[FA Cup]] and between 1923 and 1926 they became the first club to win the [[Football League First Division|League Championship]] three times in a row, an achievement matched only by three other teams. However, they have been less successful in modern times, having not played in the top division since the early 1970s.

The club left its ground at [[Leeds Road, Huddersfield|Leeds Road]] in 1994 and now shares the [[Galpharm Stadium]] with the Huddersfield Giants rugby league team.

Notable ex-players include [[Scotland|Scottish]] international [[Denis Law]], [[Ray Wilson (English footballer)|Ray Wilson]], a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] winner with [[England national football team|England]] in 1966 and [[Trevor Cherry]], England international. [[Herbert Chapman]], [[Bill Shankly]] and [[Neil Warnock]] are notable former Huddersfield Town managers.

===Australian Rules Football===
{{Main|Huddersfield Rams Aussie Rules}}
Huddersfield has an Australian rules football team, formed in 2008, who played their first season in 2009 and won the [[Aussie Rules UK]] National League - Central Division. They will be taking part in the North West Division in 2010.

===Hockey===
Huddersfield has a number of field [[hockey]] teams, many of which train at the Lockwood Park sports complex on the all weather pitch.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kirkleesgirlshockeyclub.co.uk/kghc-training-location.html
|title=Training Location
|publisher=Kirkleesgirlshockeyclub.co.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>

===Motorsport===


Notable local people include [[James Whitham]], former 'British [[Superbike racing|Superbike]] Champion'.

Lepton born [[Tom Sykes]] was a new addition to the Yamaha Motor Italia World team in the 2009 World Superbike season<ref>[http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/sport/sportresults/mcn/2008/September/8-14/sep1108-tom-sykes-signs-for-yamaha-world-superbikes/ Motorcycle News (11 September 2008)]</ref> after impressive spells in both British Supersports & [[British Superbike Championship|British Superbikes]], in which in the latter he finished 4th in the 2009 Season. He also managed to win his first race in [[Superbike World Championship|World Superbikes]] in one of two wildcard meetings.

[[Motorcycle speedway]] racing was staged in Huddersfield in the UK pioneer year of 1928. A venue in the town staged four or five meetings.

==Arts==
===Music===
[http://huddersfieldchoral.com/ Huddersfield Choral Society], founded in 1836, claims to
be the UK's leading [[choir|choral society]]. Its history was chronicled in the book'' 'And The Glory''',<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://huddersfieldchoral.com/page--about-huddersfield-choral.html
|title = About Us
|publisher = Huddersfield Choral Society
|accessdate = 2008-10-12
}}
</ref> written to commemorate the Society's 150th anniversary in 1986 — its title derived from a line in the [[The Hallelujah Chorus|Hallelujah Chorus]] featuring in [[George Frideric Handel|Handel's]] landmark choral arrangement ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]''. The author was a choir member for over 35 years.

More recently, the town's other main claim to international musical renown is the annual [[Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival]]. It is also home to the [[Huddersfield Philharmonic Orchestra]] and the [[Huddersfield Singers]].

On Christmas Day 1977, the [[Sex Pistols]] played their last two British shows, one of which was a matinee for the children of striking firefighters, at the then Ivanhoe's nightclub, before embarking on the ill-fated US tour which saw them collapse into acrimony. In the early-mid 1990s, Flex, the seminal underground Jungle/[[Drum and bass|Drum 'n' Bass]] record label, was founded in Huddersfield by the musician and future [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] DJ, L Double. In 2000 another independent record label [[Chocolate Fireguard Records]] was founded in Huddersfield by singer Pat Fulgoni who also developed the three stage community music event [[Timeless Festival]] held in the town's Ravensknowle Park, featuring a range of electronica, [[hip hop]] and [[rock music]].

There are a number of other annual local music festivals held within the town and surrounding area, examples being the [[Marsden, West Yorkshire|Marsden]] [[Jazz]] Festival,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.marsdenjazzfestival.com
|title=Marsden Jazz Festival Home Page
|publisher=Marsdenjazzfestival.com
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Mrs Sunderland,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mrs-sunderlandmusic.org.uk/
|title=Welcome to The Mrs Sunderland Music Festival
|publisher=Mrs-sunderlandmusic.org.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Janet Beaumont, the [[Holmfirth]] Festivals, and the Haydn Wood (Linthwaite). The Haydn Wood (for under 21s) and Mrs Sunderland festival focus on musical and oratorial performance. The Mrs Sunderland Music festival is the second oldest in the United Kingdom, started in 1889 and now lasting for nine days each year. Also, in recent years, free music concerts have been put on for the town, including bands such as the Ordinary Boys, the Script and Elliott Minor. There are however many other local choirs, both youth and adult, a noted example of the latter being the [[Honley]] Male Voice Choir.<ref>http://www.honleymvc.co.uk</ref>

Home-grown musical talent of all kinds is complemented by the student intake to the [[University of Huddersfield]]'s music department.

Further fame was added to the musical history of Huddersfield by the inclusion of the song "The Sheriff of Huddersfield" by the heavy metal band [[Iron Maiden]] on the B-side to their 1986 single "[[Wasted Years]]". Written about their co-manager [[Rod Smallwood]], leaving his home town of Huddersfield and struggling to settle into life in [[Los Angeles]].

Huddersfield is home to [[thrash metal]] band [[Evile]], dance rock outfit [[Kava Kava (band)|Kava Kava]], the birthplace of the synthpop musician [[Billy Currie]] of ([[Ultravox]] and [[Visage (band)|Visage]]) fame the hard rock bassist [[John McCoy (musician)|John McCoy]] who played with [[Neo (UK band)|Neo]] and [[Gillan]].

===Huddersfield Town Hall===
The building was designed by John H. Abbey and was built in two stages between 1875 and 1881. The first section of the building opened on 26 June 1878, comprising the Mayor's Parlour, Council Chamber, Reception Room and a variety of municipal offices including the Sanitary Inspector, Inspector of Weights and Measures, Medical Officer, Town Clerk, Borough Surveyor and the Rates Office. The second section of the building was opened in October 1881 and comprised the Magistrates' Court and Concert Hall, which seats up to 1,200 people and hosts various events ranging from classical to comedy and from choral to community events.

===Film and televisual arts===
Various long-running television series have been filmed in and around Huddersfield. These include ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'', which is usually associated with [[Holmfirth]], but which uses various locations in both the Holme and Colne valleys; ''[[Where the Heart Is (1997 TV series)|Where the Heart Is]]'', which was filmed in the Colne valley around [[Slaithwaite]] and finished filming in 2006; ''Wokenwell'', which was also shot on location in the Colne valley in and around [[Marsden, West Yorkshire|Marsden]]; and ''[[The League of Gentlemen]]'', which also made extensive use of locations around Marsden. The feature films ''[[Between Two Women]]'' and ''[[The Jealous God]]'' were both filmed extensively in and around Huddersfield.

===Visual arts===
Kirklees Council's ''Cultural Services'' also ensure that the art gallery, which occupies the top floor of the library on [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy|Princess Alexandra Walk]], offers a balanced schedule, all year round, which showcases local painters and photographers alongside commissioned artists' displays.

==Cultural events==
===Huddersfield Festival of Light===
This 'free festival' takes place annually in November, usually in the town centre adjacent to the railway station. Each year a performance is put on by a different theatre company. The event finale is a firework display. The 2007 show was performed by French company [http://www.plasticiensvolants.com/gb/compagnie.htm Plasticiens Volants], which saw large inflatable sea creatures paraded through the streets as they told their story of 'Pearl'. The 2005 and 2008 performances were both by the [[Valencia]]n artists [http://www.xarxateatre.com/eng/veinte/inicio.html Xarxa Teatre].
The 2010 festival featured Belgian company Company Tol and their suspension act - Corazon de Angeles (Angel Heart) and was ended on 5 December with fireworks in the newly updated St. George's Square.

===Huddersfield Caribbean Carnival===
The carnival, usually in mid July, begins with a procession from the Hudawi Cultural Centre in the suburb of Hillhouse, through the town centre to Greenhead Park where troupes display their costumes on stage. [[Caribbean|West Indian]] food, fairground rides and various stalls and attractions are available to try. A 'young blud' stage presents Hip Hop, UK garage, RnB and bassline.<ref>[http://www.huddersfieldcarnival.com/ Huddersfield Carnival Website]</ref>

===The Pink Picnic===
Each year since 1986 Huddersfield's gay, lesbian, bisexual and [[transgender]]ed community have embarked on a summer celebration and picnic. The event now attracts thousands from miles around and is held as a [[gay pride]] event, usually at [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]].

==Present day==
===Shopping and entertainment===
Huddersfield has a large and diverse retail shopping area — mostly enclosed within the town's ring road — compared with other towns of its size. There are three adjacent shopping schemes: Kingsgate, the Packhorse Precinct and the Piazza. The Piazza offers an outdoor shopping mall bordering the public library, with a partially grassed area, used for relaxation and various events held throughout the year such as entertainment, international markets and iceskating in winter. Through the adjacent Market Arcade there is a covered [http://www.riskybuildings.org.uk/docs/20queensgate/index.html market hall], which has listed building status, due in part to its distinctive roof formed by [[Hyperbola|hyperbolic]] [[paraboloid]]s. It is also adjacent to the town hall and public library (see [[Huddersfield#Landmarks and architecture|Historical landmarks]] above). An open market is located next to the [[Tesco]] store, on the opposite side of the town centre.
[http://www.virtualhuddersfield.com Virtual Huddersfield] features photographs of nearly 2,000 local shops as well as videos of local events, aerial views and live webcams.

The town centre is home to several national high street retailers and chain stores including [[Clinton Cards]], [[GAME (retailer)|GAME]], [[Gamestation]], [[HMV Group|HMV]], [[House of Fraser]], [[JD Sports]], [[JJB Sports]], [[W H Smith]]s and [[Wilkinson (retailer)|Wilkinsons]]; up until January 2008, it also had a [[Woolworths Group|Woolworths]]. Fast food outlets include [[Burger King]], [[KFC]], [[McDonald's]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] and [[Wimpy Bar|Wimpy]]. High street clothing and fashion retail outlets such as [[British Home Stores]], [[Marks & Spencer]], [[River Island]], [[Topman]] and [[Next (clothing)|Next]]. There are three major [[supermarket]] outlets, two [[Sainsbury's]] and one Tesco. Additional smaller supermarkets exist a few hundred yards outside of the town centre such as [[Aldi]], [[Asda]] (formerly a [[Netto (store)|Netto]])<ref>[http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/local-west-yorkshire-news/2011/07/30/asda-opens-aspley-store-86081-29144539/ Huddersfield Examiner - Asda opens Aspley store]</ref> and [[Lidl]]. There are also a wide variety of small specialist independent shops, many of them located in the three-storey Byram Arcade.

The [[Lawrence Batley Theatre]], opened in 1994, housed in what was once the largest [[Methodist Church of Great Britain|Wesleyan Chapel]] in the world,<ref>{{Google books|hjM9AAAAIAAJ|Medicine and society in Wakefield and Huddersfield, 1780-1870|page=30}}</ref> and now presents dance, drama, comedy, music and exhibitions. Among other things, it acts as the base for [http://www.fullbody.org.uk| Full Body & the Voice], a company focusing on the integration of disabled people into mainstream theatre.

The [[Galpharm Stadium]] (formerly the Alfred McAlpine Stadium), is a multi-use sports stadium and provides many sporting activities including a gym, swimming pool, spa and several types of sporting classes. The stadium is home to the local rugby league team Huddersfield Giants and Huddersfield Town football team. Adjacent to the stadium is an [[Odeon Cinemas|Odeon cinema]], Huddersfield's only major cinema.

===Nightlife===
Huddersfield has a large selection of pubs, restaurants and night clubs, one of which, named Tokyo, is located in the former Huddersfield [[County Court]], which is a 19th century [[Grade II listed building]]. The oldest pub in the town centre is the Parish (formerly the Fleece Inn), the pub has been trading since 1720.

===Education===
As well as a complete range of [[primary school|primary]] and [[secondary school]]s, which cover compulsory and [[sixth form]] education for the town's [[suburb]]s, Huddersfield is the home to two [[sixth form college]]s, [[Huddersfield New College]] located at [[Salendine Nook]] and [[Greenhead College]] located west of the town centre. [[Huddersfield Grammar School]] is the only [[independent school]] in Huddersfield to offer secondary education, though it does not offer sixth form education. The town centre has one general [[further education]] college, [[Kirklees College]] which was formed following the merger of Dewsbury College and Huddersfield Technical College. Huddersfield has one establishment of [[higher education]] in the [[University of Huddersfield]]. The current Chancellor of the university is the actor [[Patrick Stewart]] who comes from [[Mirfield]].

===Hospitals===
Huddersfield has one main hospital, the [[Huddersfield Royal Infirmary]] situated in [[Lindley, West Yorkshire|Lindley]]. Medical services are split between that hospital and the Calderdale Royal Hospital located at [[Salterhebble]], near [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]]. [[Kirkwood Hospice]] provides care for the [[terminal illness|terminally ill]], and is dependent on private donations and charitable gifts. Princess Royal Hospital originally provided Huddersfield with its [[maternity]] facilities until the risks of not being able to get an [[ambulance]] to [[Emergency department|A&E]] in the event of complications were judged to outweigh the benefits of specialist service provision. It now functions as a day clinic, [[family planning]] consultation centre and [[Sexual health clinic|GUM Clinic]].

A decision to move most of the maternity services provided by the [http://www.cht.nhs.uk/ Calderdale & Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust] to the [http://www.nhs.uk/ServiceDirectories/Pages/Hospital.aspx?id=RWY02 Calderdale Royal Hospital] changed those facilities in 2007, despite strong opposition from some of the local population. The campaign was led by [[Save Huddersfield NHS]] which elected a councillor, Dr Jackie Grunsell in the Crosland Moor ward.

The former [[St. Luke's Hospital, Huddersfield|St. Luke's Hospital]] was situated in the suburb of [[Crosland Moor]] and mostly provided [[geriatric]] and [[psychiatric]] care. The hospital closed in 2011 and the land was sold to a developer.

==List of civic honours and freedoms==
Thirty-four people and one military ([[infantry]]) regiment have been granted the Freedom of Huddersfield, between 1889 and 1973.<ref>[http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/you-kmc/mayor/mayormain.shtml] Source information supplied by Sally Greenwood at the Mayor's Office (mayors.office@kirklees.gov.uk)</ref>

* Wright Mellor JP DL – (25 September 1889)
* Henry Frederick Beaumont JP DL – (28 August 1894)
* Lt Col [[Albert Rollit|Sir Albert Kaye Rollit]] LLD DLC LittD JP DL – (28 August 1894)
* James Nield Sykes JP – (12 March 1895)
* [[Joseph Woodhead]] JP – (28 October 1898)
* Sir Joseph Crosland Knt JP DL – (28 October 1898)
* Major Charles Brook – (23 May 1901)
* Major Harold Wilson – (23 May 1901)
* Sir Thomas Brooke Bart JP DL – (25 July 1906)
* Rev Robert Bruce MA DD – (25 July 1906)
* William Brooke JP - (15 October 1913)
* John Sykes JP – (15 October 1913)
* William Henry Jessop JP – (18 September 1918)
* Earnest Woodhead MA JP – (18 September 1918)
* George Thomson JP – (18 September 1918)
* Benjamin Broadbent CBE MA JP – (18 September 1918)
* John Arthur Brooke MA JP – (18 September 1918)
* James Edward Willans JP – (18 September 1918)
* Admiral of the Fleet [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|Earl Beatty]] GCB OM GCVO DSO – (24 July 1920)
* The Rt Hon [[H. H. Asquith|Herbert Henry Asquith]] Earl of Oxford and Asquith, and Viscount Asquith – (6 November 1925)
* Sir William Pick Raynor Knt JP – (17 December 1926)
* Wilfrid Dawson JP – (25 July 1934)
* Rowland Mitchell JP – (25 July 1934)
* James Albert Woolven JP Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur – (25 July 1934)
* Sir [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Law Montgomery]] Field-Marshal GCB DSO – (26 October 1945)
* Joseph Barlow JP – (23 June 1949)
* [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment|Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)]] – (2 July 1952)
* Sidney Kaye LLB – (19 November 1957)
* Alderman Arthur Gardiner OBE JP – (11 October 1960)
* Alderman Harry Andrew Bennie Gray CBE JP – (11 October 1960)
* Sir [[Malcolm Sargent]] MusD(Dunelm) MusD(Oxon)(Hons) LLD(Liverpool) Hon RAM Hon FRCO FRCM FRSA – (13 October 1961)
* The Rt Hon [[Harold Wilson]] OBE MP [[Prime Minister]] and First Lord of the Treasury – (1 March 1968)
* Alderman Douglas Graham CBE – (5 March 1973)
* Alderman Reginald Harmley MBE JP – (5 March 1973)
* Alderman Clifford Stephenson – (5 March 1973)

[[File:Freedom Scroll DWR Huddersfield (RLH).JPG|thumb|right|upright|DWR Freedom Scroll]]
On 2 July 1952, in recognition of historic ties and links with the [[The Duke of Wellington's Regiment|Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)]], the Huddersfield County Borough had conferred on the regiment the Freedom of the Town. This gave the regiment the right to march through the town with 'flags flying, bands playing and bayonets fixed'. Many of the town and district's male residents had served in the regiment during its long history. This right to march was technically lost when the County Borough itself was merged with Dewsbury to form Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council though, unofficially, continued as on 25 March 1979, Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council gave the Freedom of Kirklees to the 3rd battalion of the Yorkshire Volunteers. The 3rd Battalion was the Duke of Wellington's [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] unit.

[[File:Yorkshire Regiment, Freedom of Huddersfield(RLH)2008-10-25.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Conferring the Freedom of Huddersfield on the [[Yorkshire Regiment]] 25 October 2008]]
When the 'Dukes' were amalgamated with the [[Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire]] and the [[The Green Howards|Green Howards]]' to form the [[Yorkshire Regiment]] on 6 June 2006. The right to march was finally ended as the award did not give the right, for the freedom to march, to be passed on to any heirs or successors. The majority of the Yorkshire Regiment is now composed of soldiers from the north and eastern areas of Yorkshire. The Yorkshire Regiment requested the right to march to be transferred to them. However, the County Borough no longer exists and so there was no authority to do so. The 'Freedom' given by Kirklees to the 3rd battalion of the Yorkshire Volunteers did not permit any transfer to heirs or successors and effectively that freedom also ceased when the battalion was amalgamated into the [[East and West Riding Regiment]]. The East and West Riding Regiment ceased to exist on 6 June 2006, having been merged into the Yorkshire Regiment as its 4th Battalion. Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council, as successors to the Huddersfield Borough Council, amended the original 'Freedom' and transferred the 'Freedom' to the Yorkshire Regiment, at a Freedom parade on 25 October 2008.

==Notable people==
A number of [[nation]]al and [[international]]ly famous people originate from Huddersfield. They cover a range of [[politician]]s, [[sport]]s personalities, [[Sportsperson|athletes]], [[entertainer]]s, business people, [[scientist]]s and [[writer]]s of various styles. Some people have also become known through their association with Huddersfield, though were not born there. These include the actor [[Patrick Stewart]], who was born in Mirfield and the inventor [[Wilf Lunn]], who was born in Brighouse.

The most widely notable of those born in Huddersfield include (in alphabetical order by surname):- [[Simon Armitage]] who is both a [[poet]] and an [[author]]. [[Lawrence Batley]] a British business [[entrepreneur]]. [[Andy Booth]] a footballer for the local [[football club]]:- [[Huddersfield Town F.C.|Huddersfield Town]] . [[David Borrow]] a [[Member of Parliament]] for South Ribble. [[David Brown (entrepreneur)|Sir David Brown OBE]] a businessman. [[Roy Castle|Roy Castle OBE]] who was a dancer and entertainer and later a TV presenter. [[James Hanson, Baron Hanson|Lord James Hanson]] was another British and international businessman mainly known for his association with the [[transport]] industry. [[Harold Percival Himsworth|Sir Harold Percival Himsworth]] was a scientist. [[George Herbert Hirst]] was an English test [[cricket]]er. [[Nina Hossain]] is a television broadcaster. [[Derek Ibbotson]] was an Olympic middle distance athlete in the track events. A tower block of social housing accommodation, close to the town's ring road, was named after him [[Gorden Kaye]] is mostly known for his comedy acting. [[Anita Lonsbrough]] was an Olympic swimmer and commentator. Like [[Derek Ibbotson]] a tower block of social housing accommodation was named after her. [[DJ Q]] who presents a show on [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]]. [[Zöe Lucker]] is an actress, known for playing [[Tanya Turner]] in the [[ITV1]] Drama ''[[Footballers' Wives]]''. Another Huddersfield born celebrity was the great actor of British and American films, [[James Mason]]. [[Wilfred Rhodes]] is another English test cricketer. [[Chris Balderstone]] played first class cricket and professional football, on one occasion both on the same day. [[John Whitaker (equestrian)|John Whitaker MBE]] has a local [[stable]]s and is an Olympic equestrian. Whilst probably the most famous of all is [[Harold Wilson|Harold Wilson KG OBE]] who was twice the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and again from 1974 to 1976.

Other well-known personalities can also be located in the [[:Category:People from Huddersfield]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Yorkshire}}
* [[Haddersfield, Jamaica]], locally referred to and named for Huddersfield<ref name="haddersfield">'During the periods 1822–1832 the 33rd Regiment of Foot, recruited from West Yorkshire was stationed in Jamaica. At the end of the tour 142 men chose to remain in Jamaica, having married and raised families, some of which may have originated from Huddersfield, thereby originating the name. Over 560 officers and men died and were buried in Jamaica during this period, from endemic diseases. On 18 June 1853 the regiment formally became known as "The 33rd (or The Duke of Wellington's) Regiment". The regiment's second battalion was again posted to Jamaica (Newcastle Camp) from 18 March 1891 to 10 April 1893. {{cite book
|author=Brereton, JM; Savory, ACS
|title=The History of the Duke of Wellingtons (West Riding) 1702 – 1992
|publisher=Halifax : The Duke of Wellington's Regiment
|year=1993
|isbn=0-9521552-0-6}}</ref>
* [[Hadersfild (film)|Hadersfild]], (Serbian phonetic spelling of Huddersfield), Serbian film from 2007.
* [[Huddersfield Ben]], dog from the area in the 1860s that was the progenitor of the [[Yorkshire Terrier]] breed of dog
* [[Kirklees Incinerator]]
* [[Trolleybuses in Huddersfield]]
* [[WikiTravel:Huddersfield|Wikitravel - Huddersfield]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
E.A. Hilary Haigh ed. (1992) ''Huddersfield: A Most Handsome Town - Aspects of the History and Culture of a West Yorkshire Town''. Kirklees MC, Huddersfield, pp. 704.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Huddersfield}}
* [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/townhalls/huddersfield.shtml Huddersfield Town Hall]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/recordings/group/leeds-huddersfield.shtml BBC Voices - Audio recording] Huddersfield residents who have roots in Jamaica talk about storytelling traditions and the generation language gap.
* [http://www.virtualhuddersfield.com/aerials2007.htm Aerial views of the town centre, April 2007]
* [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/visitorportal/wheretogo/huddersfield.asp About Huddersfield]
* [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/visitorportal/wheretogo/huddersfield-events.asp Huddersfield History]
* [http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=2862807 www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Huddersfield and surrounding area]

{{West Yorkshire}}


[[Category:Geography of Huddersfield]]
[[Category:Huddersfield]]
[[Category:Kirklees]]
[[Category:Market towns in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English)]]
[[Category:Towns in West Yorkshire]]

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Huddersfield

2012-08-08T14:48:39Z

62.145.19.66:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2011}}
{{About||the constituency of the same name|Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)}}
{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|latitude = 53.6450
|longitude = -1.7798
|official_name = Huddersfield
|population = 146,234
|population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|metropolitan_borough = [[Kirklees]]
|metropolitan_county = [[West Yorkshire]]
|region = Yorkshire and the Humber
|constituency_westminster = [[Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Huddersfield]]
|post_town = HUDDERSFIELD
|postcode_district = HD1-5, HD7-8
|postcode_area = HD
|dial_code = 01484
|os_grid_reference = SE145165
|static_image = [[File:HuddersfieldTown(RLH).jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption = A view of Huddersfield Town from [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]]
|london_distance=
}}

''' Huddersfield ''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-Huddersfield.ogg|ˈ|h|ʌ|d|ər|z|ˌ|f|iː|l|d}}) ({{IPAc-en ˈ|h|ʊ|d|ər|z|ˌ|f|iː|l|d}} locally and in northern England) ʊ is a large [[market town]] within the [[Kirklees|Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees]], in [[West Yorkshire]], [[England]], situated halfway between Leeds and Manchester. It lies {{convert|190|mi|km}} north of [[London]], and {{convert|10.3|mi|km}} south of [[Bradford]], the nearest city.

Huddersfield is near the confluence of the [[River Colne, West Yorkshire|River Colne]] and the [[River Holme]]. Located within the [[Historic counties of England|historic county boundaries]] of the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], according to the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] it was the 10th largest town in the UK and with a total resident population of [[List of urban areas in England by population|146,234]]. It is the largest urban area in the [[metropolitan borough]] of Kirklees and the [[administrative centre]] of the borough. The town is well known for its important role in the [[Industrial Revolution]], for being the birthplace of [[rugby league]] and for being the birthplace of the late British Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]].

Huddersfield today is a town of higher education, the media and sports, being home to the rugby league team, [[Huddersfield Giants]], founded in 1895, who currently play in the [[Europe]]an [[Super League]] and [[Football League Championship]] [[Association football|football]] team [[Huddersfield Town F.C.]], founded in 1908. The town is home to the [[University of Huddersfield]] and the [[sixth form]] colleges [[Greenhead College]], [[Kirklees College]] and [[Huddersfield New College]]

Huddersfield is a town of [[Victorian architecture]]. [[Huddersfield railway station]] is a Grade I [[listed building]] and was described by [[John Betjeman]] as 'the most splendid station facade in England' second only to [[St Pancras railway station|St Pancras, London]]. The station stands in St George's Square; having been renovated at a cost of £1 million it subsequently won the [[Europa Nostra]] award for European architecture.

==History==
===Early history===
There has been a settlement in the vicinity for over 4,000 years.<ref>[http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/events/venuedetails.asp?vID=45 Kirklees Council Website Castle Hill]</ref> The remains of a [[castra|Roman fort]] were unearthed in the middle of the 18th century at Slack near [[Outlane]], just west of the town.<ref>[http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/tolson/roman_times/index.htm Huddersfield One - Tolson Museum Booklets]</ref> [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]], a major landmark of the town, was also the site of an [[Iron Age]] [[hill fort]]. Huddersfield itself was noted in the 1086 ''[[Domesday Book]]'' as a village known as ''Oderesfelt'' also as ''Odresfeld''.

[[File:Huddersfield1000px(RLH).jpg|thumb|center|800px|Huddersfield from [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]]]]

Huddersfield has been known as a [[market town]] since [[Saxons|Saxon]] times. The market cross is on Market Place.

===Industrial Revolution===
Huddersfield was a centre of civil unrest during the [[Industrial Revolution]]. In a period where Europe was experiencing frequent wars, where trade had slumped and the crops had failed, many local [[Weaver (occupation)|weavers]] faced losing their means of livelihood due to the introduction of new machinery, which would have condemned them to poverty or even starvation. The [[Luddite]]s began destroying mills and machinery in response; one of the most notorious attacks was on Cartwright — a Huddersfield mill-owner, who had a reputation for cruelty — and his Rawfords Mill. In his book ''Rebels Against the Future'', [[Kirkpatrick Sale]] describes how a large army platoon was stationed at Huddersfield to deal with Luddites; at its peak, there were around a thousand soldiers in Huddersfield and only ten thousand civilians. In response, the Luddites began to focus their attacks on nearby towns and villages, which were less well-protected; the largest act of damage that they ever did was the complete destruction of Foster's Mill at [[Horbury]] — a village which is about {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of Huddersfield.<ref>{{cite book
|title = Rebels Against the Future
|last = Sale|first = Kirkpatrick
|authorlink = Kirkpatrick Sale
|year =
|publisher =
|location =
|isbn = 0-201-62678-0
|pages =  120
|url= }}</ref> The government campaign that eventually crushed the movement was provoked by a murder that took place in Huddersfield. William Horsfall, a mill-owner and a passionate prosecutor of Luddites, was killed in 1812.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRluddites.htm
|title=The Luddites
|publisher=Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Although the movement faded out afterwards, Parliament began to increase welfare provision for those out of work, and to introduce regulations to improve conditions in the mills.

===Political history===
Huddersfield had a strong [[Liberalism|liberal]] tradition up to the 1950s and this is still reflected in the large number of liberal social clubs in the town. The current [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for the [[Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)|Huddersfield constituency]] is [[Barry Sheerman]], a [[Labour Co-operative]] member. Kirklees Council was the first in the UK to have a [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] councillor: Nicholas Harvey who lived in [[Taylor Hill]] and represented the [[Newsome|Newsome Ward]]. Harvey, a former employee at Huddersfield railway station, was instrumental in the creation of the protest train against the intended closure of the [[Settle]] to [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] rail line. He declined to stand for a second term and no longer lives in Huddersfield. He is now a resident of [[Filey]] where he operates his own 'green' railway train.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.greenexpressrailtours.co.uk/id1.html
|title=About Us
|publisher=Greenexpressrailtours.co.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>

The far left is well represented in Huddersfield (considering its size), with Revolution, the [[Socialist Workers Party (Britain)|Socialist Workers Party]] and the [[Socialist Party (England and Wales)|Socialist Party of England and Wales]] all having active groups which are involved in campaigns such as [[Stop the War Coalition|Stop the War]], [[Save Huddersfield NHS]], as well as individual members of [[Workers Power (UK)|Workers Power]] (involved in Revolution and their group in [[Leeds]]), [[Socialist Appeal]] and the [[Communist Party of Britain]]. The town also has substantial [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] and [[UKIP]] presences, with various other centre-right and rightist groups also represented.

Two [[Prime minister]]s have spent part of their childhood in Huddersfield: [[Harold Wilson]] and [[H. H. Asquith|Herbert Asquith]]. Wilson is commemorated by a statue in front of the railway station. There is no memorial to Asquith's briefer connection with the town.

==Governance==
===Civic history===
[[File:Huddersfield-coa.gif|thumb|left|[[Coat of arms of Huddersfield|Coat of arms of the former County Borough]]]]
Huddersfield was incorporated as a [[municipal borough]] within the ancient [[West Riding of Yorkshire]] in 1868. The borough comprised the [[parish]]es of Almondbury, Dalton, Huddersfield, Lindley-cum-Quarmby and Lockwood. When the West Riding County Council was formed in 1889, Huddersfield became a [[county borough]], exempt from county council control. Huddersfield expanded in 1937, including parts of the [[Golcar]], [[Linthwaite]], and [[South Crosland]] urban districts.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10166937&c_id=10001043
|title=Huddersfield MB/CB West Riding through time | Administrative history of Local
Government District: hierarchies, boundaries
|publisher=Visionofbritain.org.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> The county borough was abolished in 1974 and its former area was combined with that of other districts to form the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire.

Attempts by the local council to gain support for [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] were rejected by the town's population in an unofficial referendum held by the local newspaper, the ''[[Huddersfield Daily Examiner]]''. The council did not apply for that status in either the 2000 or 2002 competitions.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dca.gov.uk/constitution/city/cityhome.htm
|title=Department for Constitutional Affairs - Constitutional Policy - City Status
|publisher=Dca.gov.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> As city status has to be awarded to a district not a town, either the city status would have been awarded to Kirklees, or the borough could have been renamed to Kirklees and Huddersfield to give Huddersfield city status, similar to the current situation with [[Chester]].<ref>http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk</ref>

According to the [[United Kingdom Census 2001]] the population of the Huddersfield [[urban area|urban]] sub-area of the [[West Yorkshire Urban Area]] was 146,234, and the population of the former area of the county borough was 121,620. The wider South Kirklees area had a population of 216,011.
{{-}}

==Industry==
Huddersfield is still a [[manufacturing]] town, despite the university being the largest employer. Historically the town produced [[textile]]s. The number of people who work in textiles has declined greatly, but those companies which survive produce large quantities of [[Woolen|woollen]] products with little labour. The town is home to textile, chemical and engineering companies; including [[Cummins|Cummins Turbo Technologies]] (turbocharger manufacturers), Huddersfield Fine Worsteds (textiles), C & J Antich (textiles), Syngenta AG ([[Agrichemical|agro-chemicals]]), James Crowther (textiles), Sellers (Textile Machinery), Trojan Plastics Ltd. (bathroom products manufacturer), [[Pennine Radio Limited]] ([[electronics]] [[transformer]]s and sheet [[metalworking]]) as well as a large number of niche manufacturers. Huddersfield is home to Andrew Jones Pies a regional award winning pie-maker, where a worker was killed in a gas explosion on 10 April 2009.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/7993407.stm
|work=BBC News
|title=One dead in pie factory explosion
|date=10 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/7997976.stm
|work=BBC News
|title=Meeting over pie factory future
|date=14 April 2009}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Climate===
Huddersfield experiences a temperate [[oceanic climate]] which is relatively mild for its latitude, which comes without major temperature extremes due to the moderating influence of the [[Gulf Stream]]. According to the [[Köppen climate classification]], Huddersfield is certified as ''Cfb''.

{{Weather box
|location = Huddersfield
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 5
|Feb high C = 5
|Mar high C = 7
|Apr high C = 10
|May high C = 13
|Jun high C = 16
|Jul high C = 18
|Aug high C = 18
|Sep high C = 15
|Oct high C = 11
|Nov high C = 8
|Dec high C = 6
|year high C = 11
|Jan low C = 2
|Feb low C = 2
|Mar low C = 3
|Apr low C = 5
|May low C = 7
|Jun low C = 10
|Jul low C = 12
|Aug low C = 12
|Sep low C = 10
|Oct low C = 8
|Nov low C = 5
|Dec low C = 3
|year low C = 6.6
|source 1 = <ref>http://weather.msn.com/local.aspx?wealocations=wc:UKXX0070&q=Huddersfield%2c+GBR</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

===Divisions and suburbs===
After boundary changes in 2004, Huddersfield now covers eight of the twenty-three [[Ward (country subdivision)|electoral ward]]s for Kirklees Council. Neighbouring wards in the [[Colne Valley]], [[Holme Valley]], and [[Kirkburton]] are often considered to be part of Huddersfield though they are predominantly [[rural|semi-rural]]. Huddersfield town centre is located within the Newsome ward. The eight wards that make up Huddersfield proper, with their populations, areas and constituent [[suburb]]s (mid-year 2005 estimates) are:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ward
! Population
! Area (miles²)
! Population density (/mile²)
! Places covered
|-
| Almondbury<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Almondbury
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/almondbury.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 16,610
| 3.863
| 4,299
| [[Almondbury]], Fenay Bridge, Lascelles Hall, [[Lepton, West Yorkshire|Lepton]]
|-
| Ashbrow<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Ashbrow
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Ashbrow.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,470
| 4.366
| 4.001
| Ashbrow, [[Brackenhall]], [[Bradley, West Yorkshire|Bradley]], [[Deighton, West Yorkshire|Deighton]], [[Fixby]], Netheroyd Hill, [[Sheepridge, Huddersfield|Sheepridge]]
|-
| Crosland Moor & Netherton<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Crosland Moor & Netherton
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/CroslandMoor.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,400
| 2.856
| 6,092
| [[Beaumont Park]], [[Crosland Moor]], [[Lockwood, West Yorkshire|Lockwood]], [[Longroyd Bridge]], [[Netherton, Kirklees|Netherton]], [[South Crosland]], [[Thornton Lodge]]
|-
| Dalton<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Dalton
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Dalton.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,520
| 4.975
| 3.521
| Colne Bridge, [[Dalton, West Yorkshire|Dalton]], [[Kirkheaton]], Moldgreen, [[Rawthorpe]], Upper Heaton, [[Waterloo, Huddersfield|Waterloo]]
|-
| Golcar<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Golcar
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Golcar.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,370
| 2.375
| 7,313
| [[Cowlersley]], [[Golcar]], [[Longwood, West Yorkshire|Longwood]], [[Linthwaite]] (part of), [[Milnsbridge]], [[Salendine Nook]]
|-
| Greenhead<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Greenhead
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Greenhead.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,620
| 1.706
| 10,328
| [[Birkby, West Yorkshire|Birkby]], Edgerton, [[Fartown, Huddersfield|Fartown]], Hillhouse, [[Marsh, West Yorkshire|Marsh]], [[Paddock, Huddersfield|Paddock]]
|-
| Lindley<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Lindley
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Lindley.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,020
| 2.737
| 6,218
| [[Ainley Top]], Birchencliffe, [[Lindley, West Yorkshire|Lindley]], Mount, [[Oakes, Huddersfield|Oakes]]
|-
| Newsome<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = Ward Profiles, Newsome
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/ward-profiles/wards2004/Newsome.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>
| 17,110
| 3.233
| 5,292
| [[Armitage Bridge]], [[Berry Brow]], [[Hall Bower]], [[Lowerhouses]], [[Newsome]], Primrose Hill, [[Springwood, Huddersfield|Springwood]], Taylor Hill
|}

==Demography==
===Ethnicity===
Like many former [[mill town]]s, Huddersfield has a higher than average number of residents from [[Minority group|ethnic minorities]]. The white population makes up 81% of the population comparing to 91.3% for England as a whole. The largest ethnic minority group are those who have described themselves as being [[Asian people|Asian]] or [[British Asian]] originating from the Indian sub-continent ([[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]]) with 10,837, or 8.9% (compared to 1.4% for England as a whole). An ethnicity summary of the town's 121,620 population is 98,454 (81.0%) white, 15,072 (12.4%) Asian or British Asian, 4,328 (3.6%) Black or [[Black British]], 328 (0.3%), 259 (0.2%) Other and 3,131 (2.6%) Mixed.<ref>{{cite web
| last =Shackleton
| first = Andy
| title = 2001 Census Profile, Former Huddersfield County Borough
| publisher = Kirklees Metropolitan Council
| month =May | year =2007
| url = http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/community/statistics/census2001by-town/HudderCB.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-07-11 }}</ref>

===Religion===
Huddersfield is slightly above the English average for those who have no religion and also for the number of [[Muslim]]s. Conversely, it is below average for its number of [[Christian]]s.

There are a number of [[Church (building)|churches]], [[Gurdwara]]s, [[mosque]]s and [[temple]]s covering a wide spectrum of religions in the Huddersfield area. These include established [[Christian]] denominations, such as the [[Church of England]], the [[Baptist]] Church, [[Methodism]], [[Presbyterianism]] and the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Religions that are relatively new to Britain also have places of worship in the town: [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Mormonism]] and [[Sikhism]] all have congregational buildings.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Denomination
! Population
! Percentage
! Comparative percentage for England
|-
| Christian
| 77,843
| 64.0
| 71.7
|-
| Buddhist
| 133
| 0.1
| 0.3
|-
| Hindu
| 577
| 0.5
| 1.1
|-
| Jewish
| 70
| 0.1
| 0.5
|-
| Muslim
| 12,147
| 10.0
| 3.0
|-
| Sikh
| 2,250
| 1.9
| 0.6
|-
| Other religions
| 341
| 0.3
| 0.3
|-
| No religion
| 18,694
| 15.4
| 14.8
|-
| Religion not stated
| 9,604
| 7.9
| 7.7
|}

==Landmarks and architecture==
[[File:Victoria Tower Castle Hill(RLH).jpg|thumb|right|Victoria Tower at 'Castle Hill']]
Huddersfield is notable for its abundance of fine [[Victorian architecture]]. It has the third highest number of [[listed building]]s of any town or city in the UK.<ref>http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/visitors/wheretogo/huddersfield.shtml</ref> The most conspicuous landmark in the Huddersfield area is Victoria Tower on Castle Hill. Overlooking the town, the tower was constructed to mark [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria's]] 60th Jubilee Year. A picture of the Victoria Tower features on the [[New Zealand]] wine ''Castle Hill''.

The [[colonnade]]d [[Huddersfield railway station]] in St George's Square was once described as 'a [[stately home]] with trains in it', and by [[Nikolaus Pevsner|Sir Nikolaus Pevsner]] as 'one of the best early railway stations in England'.<ref name="pevsner">{{cite book
|author=Pevsner, Nikolaus; Radcliffe, Enid (Ed.)
|title=The Buildings of England: Yorkshire: The West Riding
|publisher=Yale University Press
|year=2002
|isbn=0-300-09662-3}}</ref> A bronze statue of Huddersfield-born Sir [[Harold Wilson]], Prime Minister 1964–1970 and 1974–1976 stands before the entrance in St George's Square.

The Huddersfield [[parish church]] (St. Peters Church) was constructed in 1838 and is adjacent to the town centre, on Byram Street, near the Pack Horse Centre.

The Pack Horse Centre is a covered [[pedestrianised]] shopping area constructed over the former [[cobblestone]]d street originally known as the Pack Horse Yard, now named Pack Horse Walk in memory of the beasts of burden, [[Pack horse]]s which ferried merchandise over the [[Pennines]] before the [[Standedge Tunnels]] were built. This pedestrian-only link passes from Kirkgate, across King Street and along Victoria Lane, by the Shambles, to the Piazza and the distinctive Market Hall at Queensgate, which was built to replace the old Shambles Market Hall in the early 1970s.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.riskybuildings.org.uk/docs/20queensgate/index.html
|title=Risky Buildings
|publisher=Riskybuildings.org.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Next to the Piazza is the Victorian Town Hall and the 1930s Public Library.

[[Beaumont Park]] situated about {{convert|2|mi|km}} to the south of the town centre was bequeathed to the people of Huddersfield in the 1880s, by the [http://www.kirkheatononlineparishclerk.com/kirkheaton/beaumont.htm Henry Ralph Beaumont ('Beaumont's of Whitley' estate)] and opened on 13 October 1883, by the [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany|Prince Leopold]], fourth son of [[Queen Victoria]], and his wife [[Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont]] (The Duke and Duchess of Albany). It is a fine example of a [[Victorian era]] public park with water cascades, bandstand and woodland.

==Transport==
===Road===
[[File:Huddersfieldmap 1954.png|thumb|right|A map of Huddersfield from 1954]]
Huddersfield is well connected to the national [[motorway]] network via the [[M1 motorway|M1]] and [[M62 motorway|M62]] motorways. The M1 passes near the eastern fringes of the town about {{convert|10|mi|km}} away. The M62 comes much nearer (about {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} away) and Huddersfield is served by three junctions: Mount ([[A640 road|A640]], J23 – limited access), Ainley Top ([[A629 road|A629]], J24) and between [[Brighouse]] and Cooper Bridge ([[A644 road|A644]], J25).

The Huddersfield Corporation built an inner [[ring road]] (part of the [[A62 road|A62]]) in the 1970s. The area within this ring road has come to define the [[central business district]] of the town. The ring road is effective in relieving traffic congestion in the town centre where many roads are now [[pedestrianised]].

Main routes into Huddersfield include the A62 Leeds Road, [[A641 road|A641]] Bradford Road, A629 Halifax Road, A640 New Hey Road and the A62 Manchester Road.

===Rail===
[[Huddersfield railway station]] enjoys a comprehensive local and regional rail service. However, there is no direct service to London, with passengers having to change at either [[Manchester Piccadilly station|Manchester Piccadilly]], [[Leeds railway station|Leeds]] or [[Wakefield Westgate railway station|Wakefield Westgate]]. Many services are subsidised by the local-government public transport coordinator, [[West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive|Metro]]. A frequent express service operates to the nearby principal cities of [[Leeds]] and [[Manchester]] and a regular service to [[Darlington]], [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Liverpool]], [[Manchester Airport]], [[Middlesbrough]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] and [[York]]. This is operated by [[First TransPennine Express]]. There are also local stopping services operated by [[Northern Rail]] which link Huddersfield with [[Barnsley]], Bradford, [[Brighouse]], [[Dewsbury]], [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]], Leeds, [[Sheffield]] and [[Wakefield]].

[[File:Huddersfield Railway Station (RLH).jpg|thumb|centre|800px|Huddersfield Railway Station in St. George's Square]]

===Bus===
[[File:Hudds-ftb.jpg|thumb|right|The Huddersfield Free Town Bus]]
[[Huddersfield bus station]] was opened by the Mayor, Councillor Mernagh on 26 March 1974, despite the fact that it had not actually been completed.<ref>[http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/huddsmemory.htm Huddersfield One - Huddersfield History since 1940]</ref> It is the busiest bus station in West Yorkshire with a daily footfall of almost 35,000. The majority of bus services pass through the bus station. Many services are subsidised by [[West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive|Metro]], the West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive.

Huddersfield's bus operators reflect the national situation; local subsidiaries of three dominant national operators provide most of the services in the area: [[First Calderdale & Huddersfield]] who provide most local services across Huddersfield with some services running outside the Kirklees area with destinations including Bradford, Brighouse, Halifax, Manchester and [[Oldham]]. [[Arriva Yorkshire]], who provide frequent services along Leeds Road to Dewsbury and Leeds, and [[Centrebus Holdings]] (Huddersfield Bus Company), through its recently acquired subsidiary, [[Yorkshire Traction]], who provide almost all services in the south east of the town. Other smaller operators include locally based operators [[Teamdeck]], trading under the name of K-Line and Stotts Coaches. Centrebus Holdings purchased Teamdeck in May 2008, along with Stagecoach Yorkshire's Huddersfield depot.<ref>[http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/express-and-chronicle/2008/05/03/stagecoach-operation-is-sold-but-not-to-arriva-86081-20874542/ Huddersfield Examiner report of bus take overs in May 2008]</ref>

In November 2006, a [[Zero-fare public transport|zero-fare]] town centre bus service, known as [[FreeCityBus|Free Town Bus]], was launched. Buses run every ten minutes from 7.30 a.m. (from the railway station) to 7.00 p.m. Monday to Friday and from 8.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. on Saturday. Stops on the route include the bus station, [[University of Huddersfield]], Kingsgate, and the indoor market. The service is run by K-Line in partnership with Kirklees Council and Metro.

===Canal===
The [[Huddersfield Broad Canal]], originally the Sir John Ramsden Canal, and the [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]] (both navigable by [[narrowboat]] and the former by wider craft also) wind around the south side of the town. To the rear of the [[YMCA]] in the [[Turnbridge]] section there is an electrically operated road bridge, which is still in use, to raise the road and allow boat traffic to pass. This bridge was originally opened by use of a [[windlass]] system.

==Sports==
[[File:Huddersfield 002.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Galpharm Stadium]]]]
[[Association football|Football]] and [[rugby league]] are the two main spectator sports in Huddersfield. The town has a professional football team [[Huddersfield Town F.C.]] who currently play in [[Football League Championship|the Championship]]. In 1926, they became the first English team to win three successive league titles, a feat which only three other clubs have been able to match.

The town was the birthplace of rugby league, and is home to the [[Huddersfield Giants]] who currently play in the [[Super League]], the top division in Europe. The town is also home to [[Huddersfield Underbank Rangers]] rugby league club, who currently play in the Rugby League Conference.

The town is also home to a number of other sports clubs including [[Huddersfield Rugby Union Football Club]] who play in the [[National Division Three North]] and [[Huddersfield Rams Aussie Rules]] club. The main sporting arena in the town is the [[Galpharm Stadium]] which is home to both the football team and rugby league side.

===Rugby Football===
====The split====
Rugby was first recorded in the town in 1848 and the Huddersfield Athletic Club, the direct progenitors of the current Huddersfield Giants, formed in 1864, playing their first rugby game in 1866. It was in Huddersfield on 29 August 1895 that 22 northern clubs held a meeting in the [[George Hotel, Huddersfield|George Hotel]] and voted to [[Secession|secede]] from the [[Rugby Football Union]] to set up their own 'Northern Rugby Football Union'. In 1922 this became the [[Rugby Football League]].

The [[Rugby League Heritage Centre]] is located in the basement of the George Hotel.

====Rugby league====
{{Main|Huddersfield Giants}}
Following the split of 1895 Huddersfield became a focus for rugby league and is currently represented by the Huddersfield Giants in the [[Super League]]. The Huddersfield Giants (under their original name of Huddersfield Rugby League Club) have won the [[Rugby Football League Championship]] seven times, most recently in 1961–62, and the [[Challenge Cup]] six times, the last success being in 1952–53.

====Rugby union====
{{Main|Huddersfield Rugby Union Football Club}}
After 1895 rugby in the Huddersfield area was played exclusively under the auspices of the Northern Rugby Football Union until 1909 when Huddersfield Old Boys were formed to play under [[rugby union]] rules, nomadically playing at five grounds until buying farmland at Waterloo in 1919 and, in 1946, retitling the club as Huddersfield RUFC.

In 1969 the club was at the forefront of a revolution in English rugby, when it became the first club in the country to organise mini and junior rugby teams. This innovation spread quickly and today, almost every club in the country has a thriving junior section providing a production-line of home grown talent. Junior players at Huddersfield number over 200.

In 1997 the Waterloo junior grounds were sold and a {{convert|26|acre|km2|sing=on}}, former [[Bass Brewery]] estate, at Lockwood Park was purchased for construction of a replacement. With the assistance of a matching £2 million grant from [[Sport England]], the club has transformed the site into a major sports complex, conference centre and business park.

===Association football===
{{Main|Huddersfield Town F.C.}}
Huddersfield Town FC is the town's senior [[association football]] team, founded in 1908, and currently playing in [[Football League One]].

In 1921–22 Huddersfield won the [[FA Cup]] and between 1923 and 1926 they became the first club to win the [[Football League First Division|League Championship]] three times in a row, an achievement matched only by three other teams. However, they have been less successful in modern times, having not played in the top division since the early 1970s.

The club left its ground at [[Leeds Road, Huddersfield|Leeds Road]] in 1994 and now shares the [[Galpharm Stadium]] with the Huddersfield Giants rugby league team.

Notable ex-players include [[Scotland|Scottish]] international [[Denis Law]], [[Ray Wilson (English footballer)|Ray Wilson]], a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] winner with [[England national football team|England]] in 1966 and [[Trevor Cherry]], England international. [[Herbert Chapman]], [[Bill Shankly]] and [[Neil Warnock]] are notable former Huddersfield Town managers.

===Australian Rules Football===
{{Main|Huddersfield Rams Aussie Rules}}
Huddersfield has an Australian rules football team, formed in 2008, who played their first season in 2009 and won the [[Aussie Rules UK]] National League - Central Division. They will be taking part in the North West Division in 2010.

===Hockey===
Huddersfield has a number of field [[hockey]] teams, many of which train at the Lockwood Park sports complex on the all weather pitch.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kirkleesgirlshockeyclub.co.uk/kghc-training-location.html
|title=Training Location
|publisher=Kirkleesgirlshockeyclub.co.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>

===Motorsport===


Notable local people include [[James Whitham]], former 'British [[Superbike racing|Superbike]] Champion'.

Lepton born [[Tom Sykes]] was a new addition to the Yamaha Motor Italia World team in the 2009 World Superbike season<ref>[http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/sport/sportresults/mcn/2008/September/8-14/sep1108-tom-sykes-signs-for-yamaha-world-superbikes/ Motorcycle News (11 September 2008)]</ref> after impressive spells in both British Supersports & [[British Superbike Championship|British Superbikes]], in which in the latter he finished 4th in the 2009 Season. He also managed to win his first race in [[Superbike World Championship|World Superbikes]] in one of two wildcard meetings.

[[Motorcycle speedway]] racing was staged in Huddersfield in the UK pioneer year of 1928. A venue in the town staged four or five meetings.

==Arts==
===Music===
[http://huddersfieldchoral.com/ Huddersfield Choral Society], founded in 1836, claims to
be the UK's leading [[choir|choral society]]. Its history was chronicled in the book'' 'And The Glory''',<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://huddersfieldchoral.com/page--about-huddersfield-choral.html
|title = About Us
|publisher = Huddersfield Choral Society
|accessdate = 2008-10-12
}}
</ref> written to commemorate the Society's 150th anniversary in 1986 — its title derived from a line in the [[The Hallelujah Chorus|Hallelujah Chorus]] featuring in [[George Frideric Handel|Handel's]] landmark choral arrangement ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]''. The author was a choir member for over 35 years.

More recently, the town's other main claim to international musical renown is the annual [[Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival]]. It is also home to the [[Huddersfield Philharmonic Orchestra]] and the [[Huddersfield Singers]].

On Christmas Day 1977, the [[Sex Pistols]] played their last two British shows, one of which was a matinee for the children of striking firefighters, at the then Ivanhoe's nightclub, before embarking on the ill-fated US tour which saw them collapse into acrimony. In the early-mid 1990s, Flex, the seminal underground Jungle/[[Drum and bass|Drum 'n' Bass]] record label, was founded in Huddersfield by the musician and future [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] DJ, L Double. In 2000 another independent record label [[Chocolate Fireguard Records]] was founded in Huddersfield by singer Pat Fulgoni who also developed the three stage community music event [[Timeless Festival]] held in the town's Ravensknowle Park, featuring a range of electronica, [[hip hop]] and [[rock music]].

There are a number of other annual local music festivals held within the town and surrounding area, examples being the [[Marsden, West Yorkshire|Marsden]] [[Jazz]] Festival,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.marsdenjazzfestival.com
|title=Marsden Jazz Festival Home Page
|publisher=Marsdenjazzfestival.com
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Mrs Sunderland,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mrs-sunderlandmusic.org.uk/
|title=Welcome to The Mrs Sunderland Music Festival
|publisher=Mrs-sunderlandmusic.org.uk
|date=
|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> Janet Beaumont, the [[Holmfirth]] Festivals, and the Haydn Wood (Linthwaite). The Haydn Wood (for under 21s) and Mrs Sunderland festival focus on musical and oratorial performance. The Mrs Sunderland Music festival is the second oldest in the United Kingdom, started in 1889 and now lasting for nine days each year. Also, in recent years, free music concerts have been put on for the town, including bands such as the Ordinary Boys, the Script and Elliott Minor. There are however many other local choirs, both youth and adult, a noted example of the latter being the [[Honley]] Male Voice Choir.<ref>http://www.honleymvc.co.uk</ref>

Home-grown musical talent of all kinds is complemented by the student intake to the [[University of Huddersfield]]'s music department.

Further fame was added to the musical history of Huddersfield by the inclusion of the song "The Sheriff of Huddersfield" by the heavy metal band [[Iron Maiden]] on the B-side to their 1986 single "[[Wasted Years]]". Written about their co-manager [[Rod Smallwood]], leaving his home town of Huddersfield and struggling to settle into life in [[Los Angeles]].

Huddersfield is home to [[thrash metal]] band [[Evile]], dance rock outfit [[Kava Kava (band)|Kava Kava]], the birthplace of the synthpop musician [[Billy Currie]] of ([[Ultravox]] and [[Visage (band)|Visage]]) fame the hard rock bassist [[John McCoy (musician)|John McCoy]] who played with [[Neo (UK band)|Neo]] and [[Gillan]].

===Huddersfield Town Hall===
The building was designed by John H. Abbey and was built in two stages between 1875 and 1881. The first section of the building opened on 26 June 1878, comprising the Mayor's Parlour, Council Chamber, Reception Room and a variety of municipal offices including the Sanitary Inspector, Inspector of Weights and Measures, Medical Officer, Town Clerk, Borough Surveyor and the Rates Office. The second section of the building was opened in October 1881 and comprised the Magistrates' Court and Concert Hall, which seats up to 1,200 people and hosts various events ranging from classical to comedy and from choral to community events.

===Film and televisual arts===
Various long-running television series have been filmed in and around Huddersfield. These include ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'', which is usually associated with [[Holmfirth]], but which uses various locations in both the Holme and Colne valleys; ''[[Where the Heart Is (1997 TV series)|Where the Heart Is]]'', which was filmed in the Colne valley around [[Slaithwaite]] and finished filming in 2006; ''Wokenwell'', which was also shot on location in the Colne valley in and around [[Marsden, West Yorkshire|Marsden]]; and ''[[The League of Gentlemen]]'', which also made extensive use of locations around Marsden. The feature films ''[[Between Two Women]]'' and ''[[The Jealous God]]'' were both filmed extensively in and around Huddersfield.

===Visual arts===
Kirklees Council's ''Cultural Services'' also ensure that the art gallery, which occupies the top floor of the library on [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy|Princess Alexandra Walk]], offers a balanced schedule, all year round, which showcases local painters and photographers alongside commissioned artists' displays.

==Cultural events==
===Huddersfield Festival of Light===
This 'free festival' takes place annually in November, usually in the town centre adjacent to the railway station. Each year a performance is put on by a different theatre company. The event finale is a firework display. The 2007 show was performed by French company [http://www.plasticiensvolants.com/gb/compagnie.htm Plasticiens Volants], which saw large inflatable sea creatures paraded through the streets as they told their story of 'Pearl'. The 2005 and 2008 performances were both by the [[Valencia]]n artists [http://www.xarxateatre.com/eng/veinte/inicio.html Xarxa Teatre].
The 2010 festival featured Belgian company Company Tol and their suspension act - Corazon de Angeles (Angel Heart) and was ended on 5 December with fireworks in the newly updated St. George's Square.

===Huddersfield Caribbean Carnival===
The carnival, usually in mid July, begins with a procession from the Hudawi Cultural Centre in the suburb of Hillhouse, through the town centre to Greenhead Park where troupes display their costumes on stage. [[Caribbean|West Indian]] food, fairground rides and various stalls and attractions are available to try. A 'young blud' stage presents Hip Hop, UK garage, RnB and bassline.<ref>[http://www.huddersfieldcarnival.com/ Huddersfield Carnival Website]</ref>

===The Pink Picnic===
Each year since 1986 Huddersfield's gay, lesbian, bisexual and [[transgender]]ed community have embarked on a summer celebration and picnic. The event now attracts thousands from miles around and is held as a [[gay pride]] event, usually at [[Castle Hill, Huddersfield|Castle Hill]].

==Present day==
===Shopping and entertainment===
Huddersfield has a large and diverse retail shopping area — mostly enclosed within the town's ring road — compared with other towns of its size. There are three adjacent shopping schemes: Kingsgate, the Packhorse Precinct and the Piazza. The Piazza offers an outdoor shopping mall bordering the public library, with a partially grassed area, used for relaxation and various events held throughout the year such as entertainment, international markets and iceskating in winter. Through the adjacent Market Arcade there is a covered [http://www.riskybuildings.org.uk/docs/20queensgate/index.html market hall], which has listed building status, due in part to its distinctive roof formed by [[Hyperbola|hyperbolic]] [[paraboloid]]s. It is also adjacent to the town hall and public library (see [[Huddersfield#Landmarks and architecture|Historical landmarks]] above). An open market is located next to the [[Tesco]] store, on the opposite side of the town centre.
[http://www.virtualhuddersfield.com Virtual Huddersfield] features photographs of nearly 2,000 local shops as well as videos of local events, aerial views and live webcams.

The town centre is home to several national high street retailers and chain stores including [[Clinton Cards]], [[GAME (retailer)|GAME]], [[Gamestation]], [[HMV Group|HMV]], [[House of Fraser]], [[JD Sports]], [[JJB Sports]], [[W H Smith]]s and [[Wilkinson (retailer)|Wilkinsons]]; up until January 2008, it also had a [[Woolworths Group|Woolworths]]. Fast food outlets include [[Burger King]], [[KFC]], [[McDonald's]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] and [[Wimpy Bar|Wimpy]]. High street clothing and fashion retail outlets such as [[British Home Stores]], [[Marks & Spencer]], [[River Island]], [[Topman]] and [[Next (clothing)|Next]]. There are three major [[supermarket]] outlets, two [[Sainsbury's]] and one Tesco. Additional smaller supermarkets exist a few hundred yards outside of the town centre such as [[Aldi]], [[Asda]] (formerly a [[Netto (store)|Netto]])<ref>[http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/local-west-yorkshire-news/2011/07/30/asda-opens-aspley-store-86081-29144539/ Huddersfield Examiner - Asda opens Aspley store]</ref> and [[Lidl]]. There are also a wide variety of small specialist independent shops, many of them located in the three-storey Byram Arcade.

The [[Lawrence Batley Theatre]], opened in 1994, housed in what was once the largest [[Methodist Church of Great Britain|Wesleyan Chapel]] in the world,<ref>{{Google books|hjM9AAAAIAAJ|Medicine and society in Wakefield and Huddersfield, 1780-1870|page=30}}</ref> and now presents dance, drama, comedy, music and exhibitions. Among other things, it acts as the base for [http://www.fullbody.org.uk| Full Body & the Voice], a company focusing on the integration of disabled people into mainstream theatre.

The [[Galpharm Stadium]] (formerly the Alfred McAlpine Stadium), is a multi-use sports stadium and provides many sporting activities including a gym, swimming pool, spa and several types of sporting classes. The stadium is home to the local rugby league team Huddersfield Giants and Huddersfield Town football team. Adjacent to the stadium is an [[Odeon Cinemas|Odeon cinema]], Huddersfield's only major cinema.

===Nightlife===
Huddersfield has a large selection of pubs, restaurants and night clubs, one of which, named Tokyo, is located in the former Huddersfield [[County Court]], which is a 19th century [[Grade II listed building]]. The oldest pub in the town centre is the Parish (formerly the Fleece Inn), the pub has been trading since 1720.

===Education===
As well as a complete range of [[primary school|primary]] and [[secondary school]]s, which cover compulsory and [[sixth form]] education for the town's [[suburb]]s, Huddersfield is the home to two [[sixth form college]]s, [[Huddersfield New College]] located at [[Salendine Nook]] and [[Greenhead College]] located west of the town centre. [[Huddersfield Grammar School]] is the only [[independent school]] in Huddersfield to offer secondary education, though it does not offer sixth form education. The town centre has one general [[further education]] college, [[Kirklees College]] which was formed following the merger of Dewsbury College and Huddersfield Technical College. Huddersfield has one establishment of [[higher education]] in the [[University of Huddersfield]]. The current Chancellor of the university is the actor [[Patrick Stewart]] who comes from [[Mirfield]].

===Hospitals===
Huddersfield has one main hospital, the [[Huddersfield Royal Infirmary]] situated in [[Lindley, West Yorkshire|Lindley]]. Medical services are split between that hospital and the Calderdale Royal Hospital located at [[Salterhebble]], near [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]]. [[Kirkwood Hospice]] provides care for the [[terminal illness|terminally ill]], and is dependent on private donations and charitable gifts. Princess Royal Hospital originally provided Huddersfield with its [[maternity]] facilities until the risks of not being able to get an [[ambulance]] to [[Emergency department|A&E]] in the event of complications were judged to outweigh the benefits of specialist service provision. It now functions as a day clinic, [[family planning]] consultation centre and [[Sexual health clinic|GUM Clinic]].

A decision to move most of the maternity services provided by the [http://www.cht.nhs.uk/ Calderdale & Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust] to the [http://www.nhs.uk/ServiceDirectories/Pages/Hospital.aspx?id=RWY02 Calderdale Royal Hospital] changed those facilities in 2007, despite strong opposition from some of the local population. The campaign was led by [[Save Huddersfield NHS]] which elected a councillor, Dr Jackie Grunsell in the Crosland Moor ward.

The former [[St. Luke's Hospital, Huddersfield|St. Luke's Hospital]] was situated in the suburb of [[Crosland Moor]] and mostly provided [[geriatric]] and [[psychiatric]] care. The hospital closed in 2011 and the land was sold to a developer.

==List of civic honours and freedoms==
Thirty-four people and one military ([[infantry]]) regiment have been granted the Freedom of Huddersfield, between 1889 and 1973.<ref>[http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/you-kmc/mayor/mayormain.shtml] Source information supplied by Sally Greenwood at the Mayor's Office (mayors.office@kirklees.gov.uk)</ref>

* Wright Mellor JP DL – (25 September 1889)
* Henry Frederick Beaumont JP DL – (28 August 1894)
* Lt Col [[Albert Rollit|Sir Albert Kaye Rollit]] LLD DLC LittD JP DL – (28 August 1894)
* James Nield Sykes JP – (12 March 1895)
* [[Joseph Woodhead]] JP – (28 October 1898)
* Sir Joseph Crosland Knt JP DL – (28 October 1898)
* Major Charles Brook – (23 May 1901)
* Major Harold Wilson – (23 May 1901)
* Sir Thomas Brooke Bart JP DL – (25 July 1906)
* Rev Robert Bruce MA DD – (25 July 1906)
* William Brooke JP - (15 October 1913)
* John Sykes JP – (15 October 1913)
* William Henry Jessop JP – (18 September 1918)
* Earnest Woodhead MA JP – (18 September 1918)
* George Thomson JP – (18 September 1918)
* Benjamin Broadbent CBE MA JP – (18 September 1918)
* John Arthur Brooke MA JP – (18 September 1918)
* James Edward Willans JP – (18 September 1918)
* Admiral of the Fleet [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|Earl Beatty]] GCB OM GCVO DSO – (24 July 1920)
* The Rt Hon [[H. H. Asquith|Herbert Henry Asquith]] Earl of Oxford and Asquith, and Viscount Asquith – (6 November 1925)
* Sir William Pick Raynor Knt JP – (17 December 1926)
* Wilfrid Dawson JP – (25 July 1934)
* Rowland Mitchell JP – (25 July 1934)
* James Albert Woolven JP Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur – (25 July 1934)
* Sir [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Law Montgomery]] Field-Marshal GCB DSO – (26 October 1945)
* Joseph Barlow JP – (23 June 1949)
* [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment|Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)]] – (2 July 1952)
* Sidney Kaye LLB – (19 November 1957)
* Alderman Arthur Gardiner OBE JP – (11 October 1960)
* Alderman Harry Andrew Bennie Gray CBE JP – (11 October 1960)
* Sir [[Malcolm Sargent]] MusD(Dunelm) MusD(Oxon)(Hons) LLD(Liverpool) Hon RAM Hon FRCO FRCM FRSA – (13 October 1961)
* The Rt Hon [[Harold Wilson]] OBE MP [[Prime Minister]] and First Lord of the Treasury – (1 March 1968)
* Alderman Douglas Graham CBE – (5 March 1973)
* Alderman Reginald Harmley MBE JP – (5 March 1973)
* Alderman Clifford Stephenson – (5 March 1973)

[[File:Freedom Scroll DWR Huddersfield (RLH).JPG|thumb|right|upright|DWR Freedom Scroll]]
On 2 July 1952, in recognition of historic ties and links with the [[The Duke of Wellington's Regiment|Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)]], the Huddersfield County Borough had conferred on the regiment the Freedom of the Town. This gave the regiment the right to march through the town with 'flags flying, bands playing and bayonets fixed'. Many of the town and district's male residents had served in the regiment during its long history. This right to march was technically lost when the County Borough itself was merged with Dewsbury to form Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council though, unofficially, continued as on 25 March 1979, Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council gave the Freedom of Kirklees to the 3rd battalion of the Yorkshire Volunteers. The 3rd Battalion was the Duke of Wellington's [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] unit.

[[File:Yorkshire Regiment, Freedom of Huddersfield(RLH)2008-10-25.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Conferring the Freedom of Huddersfield on the [[Yorkshire Regiment]] 25 October 2008]]
When the 'Dukes' were amalgamated with the [[Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire]] and the [[The Green Howards|Green Howards]]' to form the [[Yorkshire Regiment]] on 6 June 2006. The right to march was finally ended as the award did not give the right, for the freedom to march, to be passed on to any heirs or successors. The majority of the Yorkshire Regiment is now composed of soldiers from the north and eastern areas of Yorkshire. The Yorkshire Regiment requested the right to march to be transferred to them. However, the County Borough no longer exists and so there was no authority to do so. The 'Freedom' given by Kirklees to the 3rd battalion of the Yorkshire Volunteers did not permit any transfer to heirs or successors and effectively that freedom also ceased when the battalion was amalgamated into the [[East and West Riding Regiment]]. The East and West Riding Regiment ceased to exist on 6 June 2006, having been merged into the Yorkshire Regiment as its 4th Battalion. Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council, as successors to the Huddersfield Borough Council, amended the original 'Freedom' and transferred the 'Freedom' to the Yorkshire Regiment, at a Freedom parade on 25 October 2008.

==Notable people==
A number of [[nation]]al and [[international]]ly famous people originate from Huddersfield. They cover a range of [[politician]]s, [[sport]]s personalities, [[Sportsperson|athletes]], [[entertainer]]s, business people, [[scientist]]s and [[writer]]s of various styles. Some people have also become known through their association with Huddersfield, though were not born there. These include the actor [[Patrick Stewart]], who was born in Mirfield and the inventor [[Wilf Lunn]], who was born in Brighouse.

The most widely notable of those born in Huddersfield include (in alphabetical order by surname):- [[Simon Armitage]] who is both a [[poet]] and an [[author]]. [[Lawrence Batley]] a British business [[entrepreneur]]. [[Andy Booth]] a footballer for the local [[football club]]:- [[Huddersfield Town F.C.|Huddersfield Town]] . [[David Borrow]] a [[Member of Parliament]] for South Ribble. [[David Brown (entrepreneur)|Sir David Brown OBE]] a businessman. [[Roy Castle|Roy Castle OBE]] who was a dancer and entertainer and later a TV presenter. [[James Hanson, Baron Hanson|Lord James Hanson]] was another British and international businessman mainly known for his association with the [[transport]] industry. [[Harold Percival Himsworth|Sir Harold Percival Himsworth]] was a scientist. [[George Herbert Hirst]] was an English test [[cricket]]er. [[Nina Hossain]] is a television broadcaster. [[Derek Ibbotson]] was an Olympic middle distance athlete in the track events. A tower block of social housing accommodation, close to the town's ring road, was named after him [[Gorden Kaye]] is mostly known for his comedy acting. [[Anita Lonsbrough]] was an Olympic swimmer and commentator. Like [[Derek Ibbotson]] a tower block of social housing accommodation was named after her. [[DJ Q]] who presents a show on [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]]. [[Zöe Lucker]] is an actress, known for playing [[Tanya Turner]] in the [[ITV1]] Drama ''[[Footballers' Wives]]''. Another Huddersfield born celebrity was the great actor of British and American films, [[James Mason]]. [[Wilfred Rhodes]] is another English test cricketer. [[Chris Balderstone]] played first class cricket and professional football, on one occasion both on the same day. [[John Whitaker (equestrian)|John Whitaker MBE]] has a local [[stable]]s and is an Olympic equestrian. Whilst probably the most famous of all is [[Harold Wilson|Harold Wilson KG OBE]] who was twice the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and again from 1974 to 1976.

Other well-known personalities can also be located in the [[:Category:People from Huddersfield]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Yorkshire}}
* [[Haddersfield, Jamaica]], locally referred to and named for Huddersfield<ref name="haddersfield">'During the periods 1822–1832 the 33rd Regiment of Foot, recruited from West Yorkshire was stationed in Jamaica. At the end of the tour 142 men chose to remain in Jamaica, having married and raised families, some of which may have originated from Huddersfield, thereby originating the name. Over 560 officers and men died and were buried in Jamaica during this period, from endemic diseases. On 18 June 1853 the regiment formally became known as "The 33rd (or The Duke of Wellington's) Regiment". The regiment's second battalion was again posted to Jamaica (Newcastle Camp) from 18 March 1891 to 10 April 1893. {{cite book
|author=Brereton, JM; Savory, ACS
|title=The History of the Duke of Wellingtons (West Riding) 1702 – 1992
|publisher=Halifax : The Duke of Wellington's Regiment
|year=1993
|isbn=0-9521552-0-6}}</ref>
* [[Hadersfild (film)|Hadersfild]], (Serbian phonetic spelling of Huddersfield), Serbian film from 2007.
* [[Huddersfield Ben]], dog from the area in the 1860s that was the progenitor of the [[Yorkshire Terrier]] breed of dog
* [[Kirklees Incinerator]]
* [[Trolleybuses in Huddersfield]]
* [[WikiTravel:Huddersfield|Wikitravel - Huddersfield]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
E.A. Hilary Haigh ed. (1992) ''Huddersfield: A Most Handsome Town - Aspects of the History and Culture of a West Yorkshire Town''. Kirklees MC, Huddersfield, pp. 704.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Huddersfield}}
* [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/townhalls/huddersfield.shtml Huddersfield Town Hall]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/recordings/group/leeds-huddersfield.shtml BBC Voices - Audio recording] Huddersfield residents who have roots in Jamaica talk about storytelling traditions and the generation language gap.
* [http://www.virtualhuddersfield.com/aerials2007.htm Aerial views of the town centre, April 2007]
* [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/visitorportal/wheretogo/huddersfield.asp About Huddersfield]
* [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/visitorportal/wheretogo/huddersfield-events.asp Huddersfield History]
* [http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=2862807 www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Huddersfield and surrounding area]

{{West Yorkshire}}


[[Category:Geography of Huddersfield]]
[[Category:Huddersfield]]
[[Category:Kirklees]]
[[Category:Market towns in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English)]]
[[Category:Towns in West Yorkshire]]

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Keycard lock

2012-07-25T16:28:24Z

62.145.19.66:

{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}
[[File:HK Chai Wan Open Day 青年廣場 Youth Square Y-Loft 旅舍 Hotel room card.JPG|thumb|200px|A hotel entry card and keycard lock]]
[[File:OhanaKeycard.jpg|thumb|200px|Illustrated instructions for use of mag stripe key card]]

A '''keycard lock''' is a [[lock (device)|lock]] operated by a '''keycard''', a flat, rectangular plastic card with identical dimensions to that of a [[credit card]] or American and EU [[driver's license]] which stores a physical or digital signature which the door mechanism accepts before disengaging the lock.

There are several popular type of keycards in use including the mechanical holecard, [[bar code]], [[magnetic stripe]], Wiegand wire embedded cards, [[smart card]] (embedded with a read/write electronic [[integrated circuit|microchip]]), and [[RFID]] proximity cards.

Keycards are frequently used in [[hotel]]s as an alternative to mechanical keys.

The first commercial use of key cards was at automated parking lots to raise and lower the gate where users paid a monthly fee.<ref> [http://books.google.com/books?id=AeADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA94&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CFMiT_23OIGvgwf68vjqCA&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=true "Key Card Inserted In Slot Opens Gate At Automated Parking Lot."] ''Popular Science'', August 1954, p. 94, mid page.</ref>

==Overview==

Keycard systems operate by physically moving detainers in the locking mechanism with the insertion of the card, by shining [[LED]]s through a pattern of holes in the card and detecting the result, by swiping or inserting a mag stripe card, or in the case of [[RFID]] cards, merely being brought into close proximity to a sensor. Keycards may also serve as [[Identity document|ID card]]s.

Many electronic access control locks use a [[Wiegand interface]] to connect the card swipe mechanism to the rest of the electronic entry system.

==Types==

Mechanical keycard locks employ detainers which must be arranged in pre-selected positions by the [[key (lock)|key]] before the [[Deadbolt|bolt]] will move. This principle was the base for the first known mechanical holecard operated lock, the VingCard, invented by [[Tor Sørnes]]. This was a mechanical type of lock operated by a plastic key card with a pattern of holes. There were 32 positions for possible hole locations, giving up to <math>2^{32} \approx 4.3 \times 10^9 </math> different keys. The key could easily be changed for each new guest by inserting a new key template in the lock that matched the new key.<ref>US patent 4,149,394</ref>

In the early 1980s the key card lock was electrified with [[LED]]s that detected the holes.

Magnetic strip (sometimes "stripe") based keycard locks function by running the magnetic strip over a sensor that reads the contents of the strip. The strip's contents are compared to those either stored locally in the lock or those of a central system. Some centralized systems operate using hardwired connections to central controllers while others use various frequencies of radio waves to communicate with the central controllers. Some have the feature of a mechanical (traditional key) bypass in case of loss of power.

Some models of card locks used in hotels use batteries and when the batteries fail the lock will fail safe meaning the lock stays open and therefore the door can be opened with out the keycard. It may be possible to set this to fail secure meaning when the power is out the lock stays locked.

==Privacy==

Computerized authentication systems, such as key cards, raise [[privacy]] concerns, since they enable computer [[surveillance]] of each entry. Currently RFID cards and key fobs are becoming more and more popular due to its ease of use. Many modern households have installed [[electronic lock|digital locks]] that make use of key cards, in combination with [[biometric]] [[fingerprint]] and keypad PIN options.

Bar code technology is not a secure form of a key, as the bar code can be copied in a photocopier and often read by the optical reader.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keycard Lock}}
[[Category:Locksmithing]]
[[Category:Locks]]
[[Category:Doors]]

Damian Lewis

2012-06-28T18:14:21Z

62.145.19.66:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Damian Lewis
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|2|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[St. John's Wood]], [[Westminster]], England
| other_names =
| occupation = actor, film producer
| years_active = 1993–present
| spouse = [[Helen McCrory]] (m. 2007–present)
| children = 2
| website =
}}
'''Damian Watcyn Lewis''' (born 11 February 1971) is an English actor and producer. His acting roles include Soames Forsyte in the ITV remake of ''[[The Forsyte Saga (TV miniseries)|The Forsyte Saga]]'', Detective Charlie Crews in the NBC drama ''[[Life (US TV series)|Life]]'' and Major [[Richard Winters]] in the [[HBO]] miniseries ''[[Band of Brothers (TV miniseries)|Band of Brothers]]''. He currently stars as Marine Sergeant Nicholas Brody in the award-winning [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] series ''[[Homeland (TV series)|Homeland]]''.<ref>[http://www.damian-lewis.com/ Damian-Lewis.com], fansite</ref>

==Early life==
{{Quote box
| quote = I went to English boarding schools and grew up around people very much like Soames and in a milieu very much like [[The Forsyte Saga (2002 miniseries)|the Forsytes's]].
| source = — Damian Lewis (2002)<ref name=PBS>{{cite news | year=2002 | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/forsyte/ei_lewis.html | title=An Interview with Damian Lewis | publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]] | accessdate=2010-02-12 }}</ref>
| width = 350px
| align = right
}}

Lewis was born in [[St John's Wood]], London, the son of Watcyn and Charlotte Lewis.<ref name=peerage>[http://www.thepeerage.com/p17574.htm Person Page – 17574]. ''thePeerage.com''. (accessed 2009-01-14)</ref><ref name=SE> [http://www.damian-lewis.com/press/interviews/20030525-sunday-express-interview/ Interview]. ''Sunday Express'', 25 May 2003. accessed 22 December 2008.</ref> His paternal grandparents were [[Wales|Welsh]], and Lewis says that his father "is Welsh", despite Watcyn being born in London.<ref name=marieclaire>Mottram, James. [http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/celebrity/interviews/184270/damian-lewis-interview.html Damian Lewis Interview]. ''Marie Claire'', 25 February 2008. accessed 14 January 2009.</ref> His maternal grandfather was Lord Mayor of London [[Ian Frank Bowater]] and his maternal grandmother's ancestors include [[Bertrand Dawson, 1st Viscount Dawson of Penn]] (a doctor to the royal family), author Kathryn Hoare and philanthropist [[Alfred Yarrow]].<ref name=peerage/><ref name=contactmusic>[http://www.contactmusic.com/photos.nsf/main/damian_lewis_1795984 Fascinating Fact 4144]. ''Contact Music''. 21 October 2007. accessed 14 January 2009.</ref>

Lewis made several visits to the United States to visit relatives during his summers as a child.<ref name=esq>Iannotti, Lauren. "Esquire Style". ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'', April 2003, '''139''' (4):120.</ref><ref>[http://www.damian-lewis.com/press/interviews/991100-new-woman-fighting-talk/ "Fighting Talk"]. ''New Woman'', November 1999. republished at Damian-Lewis.com. accessed 22 December 2008.</ref> He first decided to become an actor at age 16.<ref name=SE/> He was educated at the independent [[Ashdown House, East Sussex|Ashdown House School]] in the village of [[Forest Row]] in East Sussex and at [[Eton College]] and graduated from the [[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]] in 1993, after which he served as a stage actor for the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]]. During his time with the RSC, he played Borgheim in [[Adrian Noble]]'s production of [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s ''[[Little Eyolf]]'', as well as Posthumus in [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Cymbeline]]''. He has also starred in another of Ibsen's plays, ''Pillars of the Community''.

==Career==
Lewis once worked as a [[telemarketing|telemarketer]] selling car alarms, a job he detested.<ref>Prato, Alison. (October 2008), [http://www.damian-lewis.com/press/interviews/20081000-maxim-out-on-the-town-with-this-seasons-breakout-stars/ "Out on the Town with This Season’s Breakout Stars"]. ''Maxim''. republished at Damian-Lewis.com. accessed 2008-12-15.</ref>

Lewis appeared in the 1997 film ''[[Robinson Crusoe (1997 film)|Robinson Crusoe]]'', playing Patrick Conner. Lewis also appeared in [[Jonathan Kent (director)|Jonathan Kent]]'s production of ''[[Hamlet]]'', playing Laertes opposite [[Ralph Fiennes]]' Hamlet. This production was seen by [[Steven Spielberg]], who subsequently cast Lewis as [[Richard Winters]] in the [[Home Box Office|HBO]]/[[BBC]] World War II miniseries ''[[Band of Brothers (TV miniseries)|Band of Brothers]]'', his first role of several that required a credible American accent.<ref name=esq/>

Subsequently, Lewis has played Soames Forsyte in the [[ITV]] series ''[[The Forsyte Saga (2002 miniseries)|The Forsyte Saga]]'' (later shown as a ''[[Masterpiece Theatre]]'' miniseries), which earned him rave reviews and further exposed him to a US audience.<ref>Kelleher, Terry (2002-10-14), "The Forsyte Saga". ''People''. '''58''' (16):36</ref> He returned to the US to star in ''[[Dreamcatcher (film)|Dreamcatcher]]'', a [[Stephen King]] film about a man who becomes possessed by an evil alien. The character is American but when possessed he takes on a British accent.<ref name=esq/> On the heels of this role, he starred in ''[[Keane (film)|Keane]]'' as a Manhattanite with a fragile mental state who is searching for his missing daughter. Despite the film's poor box-office performance, the role won Lewis rave reviews.<ref>Rozen, Leah (2005-09-19), "Keane". ''People''. '''64''' (12):40</ref><ref>Kauffmann, Stanley (2005-09-19), "Heights and Depths". ''New Republic''. '''233''' (12):28–29</ref><ref>Travers, Peter (2005-10-06) "Keane". ''Rolling Stone''. (984):164</ref>

He played [[Jeffrey Archer]] in the satirical TV special ''Jeffrey Archer: The Truth''. Since 2004, he has appeared in a number of films, as well as the 2005 [[BBC TV]] adaptation of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] comedy ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'', as part of the ''[[ShakespeaRe-Told]]'' season. Lewis played the role of [[Yassen Gregorovich]] in the film ''[[Stormbreaker (film)|Stormbreaker]]''.

In 2006 he appeared in [[Stephen Poliakoff]]'s [[BBC]] drama ''[[Friends and Crocodiles]]''.

On 10 November 2006, 1 May 2009, 18 November 2010 and 27 April 2012, he was the guest host on BBC's ''[[Have I Got News For You]]''.

In 2008, Lewis starred as the main character Charlie Crews in the US television series ''[[Life (US TV series)|Life]]'' on [[NBC]]. The show premiered in the US on 26 September 2007 and was affected by the [[2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike]]. Only half of the first season's shows were produced. Regardless, the show won a [[American Film Institute Awards 2008|2008 AFI Award]] for best television series.<ref name="AFI Awards 2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/tvevents/afiawards|title=AFI Awards 2008|accessdate=2008-12-29|publisher=American Film Institute|year=2008}}</ref> Although the show received critical acclaim, when it returned the following television season, it was shuffled from night to night. With its high production costs, the show was cancelled by NBC to clear its time slot for the much less expensive daily program ''[[The Jay Leno Show]]''.

Lewis appeared, the following year, in the lead role in ''[[The Baker (film)|The Baker]]'', a film directed by his brother, [[Gareth Lewis (director)|Gareth Lewis]], and also took the supporting role of Rizza in ''[[The Escapist (2008 film)|The Escapist]]'', which he also helped produce.

Lewis led the cast in [[Martin Crimp]]'s version of [[Molière]]'s comedy, ''[[Le Misanthrope|The Misanthrope]]'', which opened in December 2009 at the Comedy Theatre, London.<ref>[http://www.themisanthropelondon.com The Misanthrope's London production]</ref> Other cast members included [[Tara FitzGerald]], [[Keira Knightley]] and [[Dominic Rowan]].

As of 2011, Lewis has a starring role as Sergeant Nicholas Brody in the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] [[psychological thriller]] series ''[[Homeland (TV series)|Homeland]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2010/12/damian-lewis-cast-as-the-male-lead-in-showtime-pilot-homeland/|title=Damian Lewis Cast As The Male Lead In Showtime's Pilot 'Homeland'|date=21 December 2010|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|work=Deadline|accessdate=20 August 2011}}</ref>

==Charity work==
In March 2010, he became a trade justice ambassador for [[Christian Aid]], a UK charity. In 2006, he was a player for England in ''[[Soccer Aid]]'' in late May, and golfed for Europe in the ''[[All*Star Cup]]'', in late August, both shown on [[ITV]].

Lewis is involved with a number of charities, including being one of three patrons of the London children's charity [[Scene & Heard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sceneandheard.org/about_whoweare.html |title=Scene & Heard – Who We Are |publisher=sceneandheard.org |year=2010 |accessdate=2010-06-19}}</ref> He participated in Soccer Aid 2010, which supported the charity [[UNICEF]]. During the first half he hit the crossbar after lobbing former [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[Germany National Football Team|German national]] [[goalkeeper]] [[Jens Lehmann]] with a shot from 25 yards. He also scored in the penalty shoot-out. Lewis himself is a devoted [[Liverpool F.C.]] fan, attending as many games as his schedule allows. He stars as Gareth, the father of an 11-year old Liverpool fan (Will), in a 2011 British sport drama titled "Will", and played a part in convincing the current Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish to get involved in the movie, after Dalglish had expressed doubts over his involvement in the movie due to his convictions about whether the movie was proper or not.<ref>{{cite web | title = Why we chose LFC and Istanbul | date = 2 November 2011 | url = http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/why-we-chose-lfc-and-istanbul}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 4 July 2007, Lewis married actress [[Helen McCrory]]; together they have a daughter, Manon (born 8 September 2006), and a son, Gulliver (born 2 November 2007).<ref>{{cite web|title=Actors Damian Lewis and Helen McCrory welcome a son|url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2007/11/09/actors-damian-l/|work=People}}</ref> They live in [[Tufnell Park]] and Los Angeles.

As well as being a passionate [[Liverpool F.C.]] supporter, Lewis has also shown interest in international [[rugby union]], where he supports the team of his paternal grandparents' nationality, [[Wales_national_rugby_union_team | Wales]], as opposed to the country of his birth.

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+Actor
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Robinson Crusoe (1997 film)|Robinson Crusoe]]'' || Patrick ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Dreamcatcher (film)|Dreamcatcher]]'' || Gary "Jonesy" Jones ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Keane (film)|Keane]]'' || William Keane || Nominated—[[Gotham Awards|Gotham Award for Breakthrough Performance]]
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Nyfes]]'' || Norman Harris ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Chromophobia (film)|Chromophobia]]'' || Marcus Aylesbury ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[An Unfinished Life]]'' || Gary Winston ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[The Situation (film)|The Situation]]'' || Dan Murphy ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Stormbreaker (film)|Stormbreaker]]'' || Yassen Gregorovich ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[The Baker (film)|The Baker]]'' || Milo ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[The Escapist (2008 film)|The Escapist]]'' || Rizza ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Your Highness]]'' || Boremont ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Will (2011 film)|Will]]'' || Gareth ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[The Sweeney (2012 film)|The Sweeney]]'' || ||
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+Producer
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[The Baker (film)|The Baker]]'' || Producer ||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+Actor
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''Micky Love'' || Clive ||
|-
| 1995 || "[[Hickory Dickory Dock (novel)|Hickory Dickory Dock]]" in ''[[Agatha Christie's Poirot|Agatha Christie : Poirot]]'' || Leonard Bateson ||
|-
| 1996 || "Deep Waters" in ''[[A Touch of Frost (TV series)|A Touch of Frost]]'' || Adam Weston ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Warriors (TV series)|Warriors]]'' || Lt. Neil Loughrey ||
|-
| 2000 || ''Life Force'' || Kurt Glemser ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Hearts and Bones (TV series)|Hearts and Bones]]'' || Mark Rose ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Band of Brothers (TV miniseries)|Band of Brothers]]'' || Maj. [[Richard D. Winters]] || Golden FIPA for Best Actor – Series and Serials Nominated—[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film]] Nominated—[[Satellite Award|Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film]]
|-
| 2002 || ''[[The Forsyte Saga (TV miniseries)|The Forsyte Saga]]'' || Soames Forsyte ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Jeffrey Archer: The Truth]]'' || [[Jeffrey Archer]] ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[The Forsyte Saga: To Let (2003 miniseries)|The Forsyte Saga: To Let]]'' || Soames Forsyte ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Colditz (film)|Colditz]]'' || Cpl/Lt. Nicholas McGrade ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Friends and Crocodiles]]'' || Paul ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[ShakespeaRe-Told#Much Ado About Nothing|Much Ado About Nothing]]'' || Benedick ||
|-
| 2007–2009 || ''[[Life (NBC TV series)|Life]]'' || Charlie Crews ||
|-
| 2007-present || ''[[Have I Got News for You]]'' || Himself (Guest host) || November 10, 2006 May 1, 2009 November 18, 2010 April 27, 2012
|-
| 2011 || ''Stolen'' || D.I. Anthony Carter ||
|-
| 2011-present || ''[[Homeland (TV series)|Homeland]]'' || Nicholas Brody || Nominated—[[Critics' Choice Television Awards|Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor – Drama Series]], 2011 Nominated—[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama]], 2011
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Damian Lewis}}
===[[Golden Globe Awards]]===
====Television awards====
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" cellpadding="5" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
! width="2.5%"|#
! width="5%"|Year
! width="25%"|Category
! width="25%"|Title
! width="5%"|Result
! width="30%"|Lost to
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| style="text-align:center;"| 2001 || [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film|Best Actor – Miniseries of Television Film]] || ''[[Band of Brothers (TV miniseries)|Band of Brothers]]'' || {{nom}} || [[James Franco]] (''[[James Dean (film)|James Dean]]'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| style="text-align:center;"|2011|| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Drama|Best Actor – Television Series Drama]] || ''[[Homeland (TV series)|Homeland]]'' ||{{Nominated}} || [[Kelsey Grammer]] (''[[Boss (TV series)|Boss]]'')
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|507073|Damian Lewis}}
*[http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/damianlewis Damian Lewis Yahoo Group]
*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article584939.ece "My philosophy: Damian Lewis" interview], ''Times Online'', November 2005

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Lewis, Damian
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =11 February 1971
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[St. John's Wood]], [[Westminster]], England
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lewis, Damian}}
[[Category:Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]
[[Category:English film actors]]
[[Category:English film producers]]
[[Category:English radio actors]]
[[Category:English stage actors]]
[[Category:English television actors]]
[[Category:English voice actors]]
[[Category:English people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People from St John's Wood]]
[[Category:Royal National Theatre Company members]]
[[Category:Royal Shakespeare Company members]]
[[Category:Shakespearean actors]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[ar:داميان لويس]]
[[bg:Деймиън Люис]]
[[de:Damian Lewis]]
[[es:Damian Lewis]]
[[fr:Damian Lewis]]
[[ko:데미안 루이스]]
[[it:Damian Lewis]]
[[he:דמיאן לואיס]]
[[hu:Damian Lewis]]
[[nl:Damian Lewis]]
[[ja:ダミアン・ルイス]]
[[no:Damian Lewis]]
[[pl:Damian Lewis]]
[[pt:Damian Lewis]]
[[ru:Льюис, Дэмиэн]]
[[fi:Damian Lewis]]
[[sv:Damian Lewis]]

Lisa Riley

2012-06-21T16:13:38Z

62.145.19.66:

{{Infobox person
| name = Lisa Riley
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|8|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Bury]], [[Lancashire]], [[England]]}}
| nationality = [[British nationality law|British]]
| television = ''[[Emmerdale]]'' ''[[You've Been Framed]]''
| occupation = Actress/Presenter
| yearsactive = 1995–
}}

'''Lisa Riley''' (born 5 August 1976) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Presenter|television presenter]] and [[actor|actress]] best known for playing the role of [[Mandy Dingle]] in the television soap opera ''[[Emmerdale]]'' and succeeding [[Jeremy Beadle]] on ''[[You've Been Framed]]''.

==Career==
Riley trained at the [[Oldham Theatre Workshop]] from the age of nine, and was signed by an agent three years later. After some early roles including extra work on [[Coronation Street]] and an appearance in ''Butterfly kiss'' which was directed by [[Michael Winterbottom]], her first breakthrough role in UK television was playing [[Mandy Dingle]] in ''[[Emmerdale]]'' over a period of six and a half years.

In 1996, Riley won the [[National Television Awards]] for ''Most popular newcomer'' for her work in Emmerdale.

Riley was noted for playing the role of Princess Jean in the CITV Awards 1997. Riley went on then to present ''[[You've Been Framed]]'' from 1998 to 2002, taking over from the former presenter, [[Jeremy Beadle]] and raising viewers figures to more than 13 million at its peak in the process. In 1999, Riley appeared opposite a young [[Jack P Shepherd]] in ''Put Out More Fags'' and had a cameo role in the music video for "When the Going Gets Tough" by [[Boyzone]]. In 2000, Riley appeared in [[ITV]]'s Christmas Pantomime ''[[Aladdin]]'' opposite stars such as [[Ed Byrne (comedian)|Ed Byrne]], [[Patsy Kensit]], [[Julian Clary]] and [[Paul Merton]] and in 2001, Riley appeared in a commercial for [[Heineken]].

Riley's other credits include roles in ''[[Fat Friends]]'', ''[[The Bill]]'', ''[[Waterloo Road (TV series)|Waterloo Road]]'', ''[[Holby City]]'', ''[[Doctors (2000 TV series)|Doctors]]'', the [[BBC]]'s ''Afternoon Play'' series, ''Having It off'' and the little seen film ''Secret Society''.

On stage, Riley has appeared in fourteen [[pantomime]]s (she starred in ''Aladdin'' at the Kings Theatre in Portsmouth in the 2009/2010 pantomime season) and in [[United Kingdom|UK]] tours of ''[[The Play What I Wrote]]'', ''[[The Vagina Monologues]]'' (opposite [[Sharon Osbourne]]), ''The Naked Truth'', ''Waiting for Gateaux'' and ''Calendar Girls''.

The 2006 album ''I Rock Eye Pop'' by [[Kings Have Long Arms]] includes a track titled "Lisa Riley".

In 2011 she played a small role in the UK produced children's show '[[Young Dracula]]'. In episode 2 "The Enemy" she played the role of Goody McEldrich.

Riley describes herself as a "dedicated vegetarian".<ref>{{cite web|author=Janet Tansley |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-life/food-drink/2007/12/20/my-last-supper-lisa-riley-100252-20271529/ |title=Lifestyles - Food & Drink Recipes - My Last Supper: Lisa Riley |publisher=Liverpool Echo |date=2007-12-20 |accessdate=2012-05-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{succession box|
before= [[Jeremy Beadle]]|
title=Host of ''[[You've Been Framed]]''|
years=1998–2002|
after= [[Jonathan Wilkes]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Riley, Lisa
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =Actress/Presenter
| DATE OF BIRTH =5 August 1976
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Bury]], [[Greater Manchester]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Riley, Lisa}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:English television presenters]]
[[Category:English actors]]
[[Category:English soap opera actors]]
[[Category:English television actors]]
[[Category:English stage actors]]
[[Category:English vegetarians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Subcompact car

2012-06-18T12:04:18Z

62.145.19.66:

[[File:Vega GT, Pinto Runabout and Gremlin X.JPG|thumb|1973 Vega GT, 1972 Pinto Runabout, and 1971 AMC Gremlin X]]

'''Subcompact car''' is a [[North America]]n term used to describe [[automobile]]s whose [[vehicle size class|class size]] is smaller than that of a [[compact car]], usually not exceeding {{convert|165|in|mm|0}} in length, but larger than a [[microcar]]. According to the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA), a passenger car is classified as subcompact if it has between {{convert|85|cuft|L|0}} and {{convert|99|cuft|L|0|abbr=on}} of interior volume.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/info.shtml#sizeclasses |title=FAQ - How are vehicle size classes defined? |publisher=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/ |accessdate=2012-01-05 }}</ref>

==History==
In North America, the term "subcompact" came into popular use in the early 1970s. Previously, cars in this size were variously categorized, including "small automobile" and "economy car."<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://www.hemmings.com/hcc/stories/2005/10/01/hmn_feature17.html |last=Foster |first=Patrick |title=Developing the Metropolitan |journal=Hemmings Classic Car |date=2005-10-01 |accessdate=2012-01-05 |quote=During WWII and immediately afterwards, Mason began to explore the idea of developing a truly small car, the size of what today we'd call a subcompact. }}</ref> This type of car has been around since the 1940s with the [[Crosley]], and in the 1950s with the captive import, the [[Nash Metropolitan]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=examiner.com |title=AMC Gremlin, king of the American subcompacts |first=Bart |last=Orlans |date=2009-10-16 }}</ref> A number of imported models, notably the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] and various small British cars, were also marketed at "economy" cars during this time.

[[File:1971 AMC Gremlin X.jpg|thumb|1971 [[AMC Gremlin]] X]]
[[File:1972 Ford Pinto Runabout.jpg|thumb|1972 [[Ford Pinto]] Runabout]]
[[File:1973 Vega GT- Millionth Vega Special Edition.jpg|thumb|1973 [[Chevrolet Vega]] GT Hatchback]]

===North America===
The subcompact market segment expanded in the 1970s with the introduction of new domestic-built models produced by North American automakers in response to the growing popularity of small imported cars from Europe and Japan.

The [[AMC Gremlin]] was described at its April 1970 introduction as "the first American-built import" and the first U.S. built subcompact car.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.arcticboy.com/Pages/arcticboysgremlin.html |last=Wilson |first=Bob |title=1971 AMC Gremlin advertisement |publisher=arcticboy |accessdate=2012-01-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1970-1978-amc-gremlin.htm |author=Auto Editors of ''Consumer Guide'' |title=1970-1978 AMC Gremlin |date=2007-10-17 |publisher=HowStuffWorks.com |accessdate=2012-01-05 }}</ref> The [[Chevrolet Vega]] and [[Ford Pinto]] subcompacts were introduced in September 1970 for the 1971 [[model year]].

The [[Pontiac Astre]], the Canadian-born [[badge engineering|re-badged]] Vega variant was released in the U.S. September 1974. The Vega-based [[Chevrolet Monza]] and the Pinto-based [[Ford Mustang II]] were upscale subcompacts also introduced for the 1975 model year as larger [[pony cars]] the [[Chevrolet Camaro (second generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] and [[Ford Mustang (first generation)#1971–1973|Ford Mustang]] sales had fallen. The Camaro was scheduled for cancellation, but sales stabilized with the end of the [[1970s energy crisis|gas crisis]]. The Monza with its GM variants Pontiac [[Pontiac Sunbird|Sunbird]], Buick [[Buick Skyhawk|Skyhawk]], and Oldsmobile [[Oldsmobile Starfire|Starfire]], and the Mustang II continued until the end of the decade. The [[Chevrolet Chevette]] was GM's new entry-level subcompact introduced as a 1976 model. It was an 'Americanized' design from [[Opel]], GM's German subsidiary. The [[front-wheel drive]] (FWD), U.S.-built [[Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] and [[Mercury Lynx]] subcompacts were introduced as 1981 models replacing the Ford Pinto and Mecury Bobcat.

[[Captive imports]] was the other response by U.S. car makers to the increase in popularity of imported subcompact cars in the 1970s and 1980s. These were cars bought from overseas subsidiaries or from companies in which they held a significant shareholding. GM, Ford, and Chrysler sold imports for the U.S. market. The [[Opel Manta|Buick Opel]], [[Ford Cortina]], [[Mercury Capri]], [[Ford Festiva]], and [[Dodge Colt]] are examples.

In 1978, Volkswagen began producing the "Rabbit" version of the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk1|Golf]] in [[New Stanton, Pennsylvania]], a modern FWD subcompact design, and in 1982, American Motors began manufacturing the U.S. [[Renault Alliance]], a version of the [[Renault 9]], in [[Kenosha, Wisconsin]], both models benefiting from European designs, development, and experience.<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=pheE0GplzroC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=American+Motors+subcompact+for+83 |title=Renault 9 - American Motors subcompact for 83 |first=Jan P. |last=Norbye |journal=Popular Science |month=January |year=1982 |volume=220 |issue=1 |page=22 |accessdate=2012-01-05 }}</ref>
Chevrolet marketed two captive front-wheel drive subcompact economy cars in the second half of the 1980s to replace the aging Chevette, the [[Chevrolet Sprint]], a three-cylinder Suzuki-built hatchback and the [[Chevrolet Spectrum]] built by [[Isuzu]]. During the 1990s GM offered the [[Geo (automobile)|Geo]] brand featuring the Suzuki-built [[Geo Metro|Metro]] subcompact.

Because of consumer demand for fuel-efficient cars during the late-2000s, sales of subcompact cars made it the fastest growing market category in the U.S.<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/29/american-fuel-efficient-forbeslife-cx_jm_0829cars.html |title=Most Fuel-Efficient American Cars |first=Jacqueline |last=Mitchell |date=2008-08-29 |journal=Forbes |accessdate=2012-01-05 }}</ref>

{{As of|2011}}, numerous models of subcompacts are sold in North America, including the [[Chevrolet Sonic]], [[Ford Fiesta]], [[Honda Fit]], [[Hyundai Accent]], [[Kia Rio]], [[Mazda 2]], [[Nissan Versa]], [[Scion xD]], [[Suzuki Swift]], and [[Toyota Yaris]].

===Europe ===
[[File:Fiat 127 1 v sst.jpg|thumb|A [[Fiat 127]] (1971), was just 3.59 metres long]]
[[File:Fiat Punto Evo Sport front 20100402.jpg|thumb| A [[Fiat Punto Evo]] (2009), 4.06 metres long]]

Many contemporary cars branded as "subcompact" fall into either the [[Supermini]] or the [[City car]] category (as defined by [[Euro NCAP]]) in [[Europe]].

In 1976, Ford of Europe launched their first FWD subcompact, the [[Ford Fiesta]] for to compete directly with [[Fiat 127]] and [[Vauxhall Chevette]]. In 1982 GM launched their first FWD subcompact in Europe, the [[Opel Corsa]]/Vauxhall Nova, the midrange mark two [[Vauxhall Cavalier]] GM [[GM J platform|J platform]] 'world car', having been introduced the previous year.

Current examples include the [[Fiat Punto Evo]], Ford Fiesta, Opel Corsa D, [[VW Polo]] V, and [[Peugeot 208]]. Overall in 2008, of the fifteen best selling types of car in Europe, seven were Superminis. The [[Fiat Grande Punto]] was the first car (in Europe) in this category exceeds 4 metres in length, which is why the [[Italy|Italian]] carmaker [[Fiat]] decided to call it "Grande"(in [[Italian languages|Italian]] "Big")

==See also==
* [[Car classification]]
* [[Mini SUV]]
* [[Economy Car]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/info.shtml#sizeclasses Official US government car size class definitions]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subcompact Car}}
[[Category:Subcompact cars| ]]

[[de:Kleinwagen]]
[[es:Segmento B]]
[[fa:خودرو کامپکت کوچک]]
[[it:Vettura subcompact]]
[[ko:슈퍼미니 자동차]]
[[lt:Subkompaktinis automobilis]]
[[ms:Kereta subpadat]]
[[ja:サブコンパクトカー]]
[[zh:次紧凑型车]]
[[cs:Malé automobily]]

Linda Kasabian

2012-06-06T13:51:26Z

62.145.19.66: United Kingodn is usually abbreviated to UK not U.K.

{{BLP sources|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox person
|birth_name = Linda Darlene Drouin
|image = Linda.JPG
|caption = Kasabian during Tate-LaBianca trial
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|06|21}}
|birth_place = [[Biddeford, Maine]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|other_names = Linda Darlene Drouin, Linda Christian, are known ones
|known_for = Association with the [[Manson Family]] and as a Tate-LaBianca trial witness
|occupation =
|nationality = [[United States|American]]}}

'''Linda Kasabian''' (born '''Linda Darlene Drouin'''; June 21, 1949) is a former member of [[Charles Manson]]'s "family". She was the [[witness|key witness]] in District Attorney [[Vincent Bugliosi]]'s prosecution of Manson and his followers for the [[Tate-LaBianca murders]], one of the highest-profile murder trials in history.

==Early life==
Born as '''Linda Darlene Drouin''' in [[Biddeford, Maine]], Kasabian was raised in the New England town of [[Milford, New Hampshire]]. She was the eldest child, and her mother Joyce Drouin has remarked that with so many younger children to care for she was not able to devote the necessary attention to her teenage daughter. "I didn't have time to listen to her problems. A lot of what has happened to Linda is my fault."<ref>"Linda's Mother Takes Big Share of Blame", UPI News Article, August 4, 1970</ref>

Kasabian was described by friends, neighbors, and teachers as intelligent, a good student, but a "starry-eyed romantic".<ref name="gilmore">[[#gilmore|Gimore.]]</ref> She was known as kind and shy but "forced to grow up too soon".<ref name="gilmore" /> Kasabian dropped out of [[high school]] and left home at the age of 16 due to increasing problems with her stepfather, who she claimed mistreated her and her mother. She headed to the western states, looking "for God". She married, divorced, remarried, and gave birth to a daughter in 1968. When her second marriage, to [[Armenian American]] Robert Kasabian, began to sour, Kasabian and her baby daughter, Tanya, returned to [[New Hampshire]] to live with Linda's mother. Later, Robert Kasabian contacted Linda and invited her to meet him in [[Los Angeles]]. He wanted her to join him and a friend, Charles "Blackbeard" Melton, on a sailing trip to [[South America]]. Kasabian, who has said that she was hoping for a reconciliation,<ref name="testimony">[[#testimony|Kasabian court testimony.]]</ref> returned to Los Angeles to live with Robert in the Los Angeles [[hippie]] hangouts of [[Topanga Canyon]].<ref name="gilmore" />

==Introduction to the Manson Family==
By the time she had become pregnant with her second child, Kasabian was feeling rejected by her husband, who had left her behind for the South American trip.<ref name="sanders">[[#sanders|Sanders.]]</ref> A friend of Melton's, [[Catherine "Gypsy" Share]], described an [[idyl]]lic ranch where a group of hippies was establishing a "hole in the earth" [[paradise]] to escape the anticipated social turmoil. The "hole" sounded like the [[Hopi]] legends that she had read about as a girl, and Kasabian was intrigued. In 1969, she decided against attending the July 4th [[Malibu Beach, California|Malibu]] "Love-In", and instead - daughter Tanya in tow - followed Share to the [[Spahn Ranch]] in the [[Chatsworth, Los Angeles, California|Chatsworth]] area of Los Angeles, where she met Manson.<ref name="sanders" />

==Involvement in the Tate-LaBianca murders==
Kasabian was welcomed by group members, who greeted her with professions of peace and love and assurances that she and her daughter would be cared for, provided she proved loyal. Kasabian became privy to various events and statements that would later prove to be important to the criminal case.<ref name="sanders" /> During her first night with the "family", she met and had sexual relations with the high-ranking Manson follower [[Charles "Tex" Watson]]. Both of them have described their initial encounter as very intense.<ref name="watson-13">{{cite book|last=Watson|first=Charles|others=as told to Ray Hoekstra|url=http://www.aboundinglove.org/sensational/sen-007.php|title=Will You Die for Me?|publisher=Cross Roads Publications|year=1978|chapter=You Were Only Waiting for This Moment|chapterurl=http://www.aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-013.php|isbn=0-8007-0912-8|oclc=3516589}}</ref> Watson persuaded Kasabian to steal a sum of money from her ex-husband's friend, Charles Melton.<ref name="watson-13"/>

Kasabian was then introduced to Manson, a dramatic event for her. She thought that he looked magnificent in his buckskin clothing, and that he seemed to be [[Christ]]-like.<ref name="sanders"/> Manson talked with her about why she had come to the ranch, and after feeling her legs, he accepted her. That night, Manson and Kasabian had sexual relations together in a Spahn Ranch cave. She thought that Manson could "see right through her" and that he was perceptive of her issues with her stepfather and her feelings of being "disposable" to the people in her life and to the world in general, as recorded in her trial testimony;

{{cquote|Q: "What conversation did you have with Mr. Manson while you were making love?"

A: "I don't recall the entire conversation but he told me I had a father hang-up."

Q: "Did this impress you when he said you had a father hang-up?"

A: "Very much so."

Q: "Why?"

A: "Because nobody ever said that to me, and I did have a father hang-up. I hated my stepfather."<ref name="testimony" />}}

Kasabian adopted the attitude toward Manson that the other ranch girls held: "We always wanted to do anything and everything for him."<ref name="testimony" />

Kasabian began joining "family" members on their "creepy crawls", quietly sneaking into random homes in Los Angeles to steal money while the occupants slept. These and other criminal activities were the means by which the members of the "family" supported themselves, and Kasabian was willing to participate. "Everything belongs to everyone," Manson would reiterate during his many philosophical campfire "raps", lectures rendered more powerful by the ingestion of psychedelic drugs.<ref name="watkins">{{cite book |title=My Life with Charles Manson |first1=Paul |last1=Watkins |first2=Guillermo |last2=Soledad |year=1979 |publisher=Bantam Books|isbn=0-553-12788-8 |authorlink1=Paul Watkins (Manson Family)}}</ref> When [[Mary Brunner]] was jailed for using a stolen credit card, Kasabian became the only member of the group to possess a valid driver's license.

On August 8, 1969, Manson announced, "now is the time for [[Helter Skelter (Manson scenario)|Helter Skelter]]", a term taken from a [[The Beatles|Beatles]] song that Manson believed (or convinced his associates that he believed) meant a [[revolution]] prophesied in the [[Book of Revelation]]. (The term "helter-skelter" means confusion or disorder, or something occurring haphazardly. In [[British English]], it also refers to a popular spiral slide for people at fairs and carnivals.) This sense of impending chaos, along with the desire to strike back at the society that had jailed several "family" members and possibly create copy-cat crimes that would exonerate the "family" associate [[Bobby Beausoleil]] (arrested in connection with the murder of [[Gary Hinman]]), seemed to propel the events of the next two nights. Kasabian was directed by Manson to gather a knife, a change of clothing and her driver's license, then to accompany three other members of the "family", [[Charles "Tex" Watson]], [[Susan Atkins]], and [[Patricia Krenwinkel]], to the residence of the film director [[Roman Polanski]] and his wife [[Sharon Tate]]. There, Kasabian saw Watson shoot and kill [[Steven Parent]], a teenager who had come to visit the caretaker. Watson then ordered Kasabian to remain outside the residence, and she stood by the car while Watson, Atkins, and Krenwinkel entered the house and killed [[Abigail Folger]], [[Wojciech Frykowski]], [[Jay Sebring]], and the eight-month pregnant [[Sharon Tate]].

Kasabian testified that at one point she heard the "horrible screams" of the victims and left the car. "I started to run toward the house, I wanted them to stop. I knew what they had done to that man [Parent], that they were killing these people. I wanted them to stop." <ref>"Tate Killings Described", The Stars And Stripes, Thursday, July 30, 1970</ref> Approaching the house from the driveway, Kasabian was met by Frykowski, who was running out the front door. Kasabian said in her testimony, "There was a man just coming out of the door and he had blood all over his face and he was standing by a post, and we looked into each other's eyes for a minute, and I said, 'Oh, God, I am so sorry. Please make it stop.' But then he just fell to the ground into the bushes." Then Watson repeatedly stabbed Frykowski and hit him in the head. Kasabian tried to stop the murderers by claiming that she heard "people coming" onto the Tate property, but the killers had insisted that it was "too late".<ref name="testimony" /> According to Watson and Atkins, Kasabian stood rooted to the front lawn, watching with a horrified expression as her companions committed murder.<ref name="watson-14">{{cite book|last=Watson|first=Charles|others=as told to Ray Hoekstra|url=http://www.aboundinglove.org/sensational/sen-007.php|title=Will You Die for Me?|publisher=Cross Roads Publications|year=1978|chapter=Helter Skelter I (August 8–9)|chapterurl=http://www.aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-014.php|isbn=0-8007-0912-8|oclc=3516589}}</ref> Kasabian testified that, while in a state of shock, she ran toward the car, started it up, and considered driving away to get help, but then became concerned for her daughter back at the [[Spahn Ranch]].

The next night, Manson once again ordered the quartet to gather a change of clothing and get into the car, this time joining them to "show them how to do it," because he felt the deed the night before had been performed sloppily. Joined by [[Leslie Van Houten]] and [[Clem Grogan|Steve Grogan]], the group set off into the city, eventually coming to the LaBianca residence in [[Los Feliz]]. Kasabian witnessed Manson and Watson walk towards the house and return to the car a few minutes later, whereupon Manson reported that the occupants of the house were tied up. Manson instructed Watson, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten to enter the house. At that point, Manson, Kasabian, [[Susan Atkins]], and Grogan drove off. Inside the residence, Watson, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten murdered [[Leno LaBianca|Leno and Rosemary LaBianca]]. When asked why she went out with the group again, knowing this time that murders would occur, Kasabian responded that when Manson asked her to go with them she was "afraid to say no".
<ref name="testimony" />

Later the same night, in the [[Venice Beach]] area of Los Angeles, Manson asked Kasabian to participate in the murder of an acquaintance, a Lebanese actor named Saladin Nader. Kasabian had met the actor a few days earlier with fellow "family" member [[Sandra Good]]. Atkins and Grogan waited a few feet away, with knife and gun in hand, prepared to kill, as Manson had told them to. Kasabian purposely knocked on the wrong apartment door in order to avoid causing any harm to Nader. When the occupant answered, Kasabian apologized and excused herself, thus preventing the crime. Two days after the LaBianca murders, she fled from the Manson "family", and she eventually returned to her mother's home in [[New Hampshire]].

==Witness for the prosecution==
Susan Atkins was arrested along with the rest of the remaining "family" members following a raid on the Spahn Ranch in October for car theft. The police had no idea that they were also rounding up the murderers in the Tate and LaBianca cases. The investigations of these were already in progress, along with the intensive news media coverage of the murders. Atkins gave the critical break in the search for the murderers when she told her fellow cellmates, including a woman named Ronnie Howard, about the crimes. Howard and others from Los Angeles County women's jail told the criminal authorities what they had learned from Atkins. In early December 1969, Manson, Watson, Krenwinkel, Atkins, Van Houten, and Kasabian were [[indictment|indicted]] by a grand jury for the Tate-LaBianca murders.

Originally, Atkins had been offered a reduced sentence ([[life imprisonment]] instead of the [[death penalty]]) for her testimony, since she was the first defendant to be arrested, and she had agreed to tell her story at the [[grand jury]] hearings. However, Atkins relinquished this chance when she resumed her allegiance to Manson and repudiated all her incriminating statements. Next, the prosecutors turned to Kasabian, who had voluntarily turned herself in to New Hampshire authorities and returned to California. Kasabian was offered [[immunity from prosecution]] in exchange for turning [[turn state's evidence|state's evidence]].

There have been reports that Kasabian wanted to tell her story to the prosecutors, with or without any kind of deal, to "get it out of my head", as chief prosecutor [[Vincent Bugliosi]] described it, but that her attorney, Gary Fleischman, insisted that she remain silent until the [[district attorney]] made an offer of immunity.<ref name="bugliosi">{{cite book|title=Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders|first1=Vincent|last1=Bugliosi|last2=Gentry |first2=Curt |location=New York|year=1974|publisher=W.W. Norton and Co.|isbn=0-553-57435-3|oclc=33074071 |authorlink2=Curt Gentry |authorlink1=Vincent Bugliosi}}</ref> Kasabian, who was then pregnant with her second child, agreed to the immunity offer.

The immunity agreement was seen at the time as a somewhat controversial option for the prosecution for a number of reasons. Some wanted her to be fully prosecuted for the crimes. However, though Kasabian had been an accomplice to the murders (their driver and lookout) and she had not prevented the crimes or contacted the police or the sheriff afterwards, she had not entered either residence and had not physically participated in any of the murders. She had been described as reluctant and extremely upset during the events of both nights,<ref name="watson-14" /> even challenging Manson ("I'm not you, Charlie. I can't kill anyone"<ref name="testimony" />), and she was the only member of the group to express remorse and sympathy for the victims. When brought back to the Tate residence to help reconstruct the crime there, Kasabian reportedly suffered an emotional breakdown.<ref name="gilmore" /> The prosecution was relieved to withdraw the deal from Atkins, whose behavior and statements reportedly seemed especially depraved.<ref name="bugliosi" />

Taking the witness stand, Kasabian was the chief witness for the prosecution, and she tearfully recounted the murders in vivid detail. She related to the trial jury all that she had seen and heard during her stay with the "family" and during the commission of the murders. Her testimony was considered to be the most dramatic segment of the very long trial, and it received an unprecedented amount of news media coverage. During the trial, the unjailed members of the Manson "family" led a campaign of intimidation against Kasabian in an effort to prevent her from testifying. The actual defendants in the crime constantly disrupted her testimony with a blizzard of dramatic courtroom theatrics. Manson would run a finger across his throat, glaring at Kasabian as she testified, an act he would repeat during the testimony of other prosecution witnesses.<ref name="bugliosi" />

Susan Atkins also repeatedly whispered to Linda across the courtroom "You're killing us!", to which Kasabian responded, "I am not killing you, you have killed yourselves".<ref name="wilkes">{{cite book |title=The Mammoth Book of Famous Trials: The 30 Greatest Trials of All Time |first=Roger |last=Wilkes |location=New York |year=2006 |publisher=Avalon |isbn=978-0-7867-1725-5}}</ref> Manson notoriously interrupted Kasabian's testimony by holding up a copy of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' newspaper to the jury with the headline "Manson Guilty, Nixon Declares" referring to President [[Richard Nixon]]'s statements to the press about the pre-verdict trial. He apparently hoped that this stunt would result in a [[mistrial (law)|mistrial]], which the defense argued for, but lost. Judge [[Charles Older|Charles H. Older]] refused to allow the defendants to legally benefit from the antics.<ref name="bugliosi" />

For the majority of her 18 days of testimony, the defense attorneys tried unsuccessfully to discredit Kasabian by bringing into account her extensive use of [[LSD]] and by attempting to perforate her story. Kasabian did not break under the intensive [[cross-examination]], and her testimony matched all of the physical [[evidence]] that had been presented, in addition to being supported by the subsequent prosecution witnesses.

During Kasabian's cross-examination, Manson's defense lawyer [[Irving Kanarek]] showed her large color crime-scene photographs of the Tate murders. Kasabian's emotional reaction was in stark contrast to the other "family" members.<ref name="bugliosi" /> Manson and Krenwinkel's defense attorney Paul Fitzgerald would later assert that Kanarek's tactic — meant to discredit Kasabian — was a grave error that completely backfired, and further it exonerated the state's primary witness.<ref>Paul Fitzgerald interview with the ''American Justice'' TV program in 1994</ref> Composing herself enough to look up from the color photo of the dead, bloodied Sharon Tate, Kasabian shot a look across the courtroom to the defendants. "How could you do that?", she stated. The female defendants laughed. Manson's defense attorney Kanarek asked Kasabian how she could be so certain, considering her LSD use, that she had not participated in the gruesome act. "Because I don't have that kind of thing in me, to do something so animalistic," she replied.<ref name="bugliosi"/>

Although the Charles Manson gang's murder trial lasted nine months, with testimony from numerous witnesses (including several other former "family" members), Kasabian's testimony, more than anything else, led to the convictions of Manson, Watson, Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten.<ref name="bugliosi" />

===Penalty phase===
On January 25, 1971, the defendants were found guilty on all counts by the jury, leading to the penalty phase of the trial, which would decide the punishments of the convicted. Various female witnesses, including the defendants and other loyal "family" members (all of whom carved bloody Xs into their foreheads as a sign of their allegiance to Manson), testified that Kasabian, rather than Manson, had masterminded the crimes. The trial jury completely rejected their testimony, however. More recently, these accusations have been publicly repudiated by many of the former "family" members who originally offered the tale, including Catherine Share,<ref>Catherine Share with Vincent Bugliosi, Hard Copy, 1997</ref> Susan Atkins,<ref name="childofsatan">[[#atkins|Atkins.]]</ref> and particularly Tex Watson, who has since described those allegations as “patently ridiculous".<ref>[http://www.aboundinglove.org/sensational/wydfm/wydfm-019.php Chapter 19 On Trial: Will You Die For Me?]</ref>

==Life after trial==
The heavy news media coverage of the Manson trial had made Linda Kasabian a well-known, if somewhat controversial, figure by the time the sentences had been handed down, with opinions about her ranging from sympathetic to hostile. Kasabian shortly returned to New Hampshire with her husband and her children, seeking to escape the glare of the media, and to raise her children quietly.<ref name="newsweek1975">''Newsweek'', "Leaves From a Family Album," September 22, 1975</ref> She lived on a hippie [[commune]] for a time and worked as a cook later. Kasabian was called back to Los Angeles County several times after the first trial: she was a witness against Tex Watson in his separate trial in 1971, and also against Leslie Van Houten in her two retrials in 1977. Linda Kasabian later divorced her husband Robert Kasabian, and eventually she remarried.

Kasabian was detained for numerous traffic violations, until an automobile accident left her partially disabled. During an Easter celebration in New Hampshire in 1978, she and some friends interfered with firemen who were attempting to extinguish a bonfire. Though she had severed all of her ties with the Manson "family", the [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] kept her under surveillance for a time after her former Manson associate [[Lynette Fromme|Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme]] attempted to assassinate President [[Gerald Ford]]. Kasabian was the target of scorn from the few remaining Manson "family" members.<ref name="newsweek1975"/>

Over the years, Kasabian has avoided and refused most news media attention. She appeared only once from 1969 to 2008, for an interview with the syndicated American television program ''[[A Current Affair (U.S. TV series)|A Current Affair]]'' in 1988.

Most recently, Cineflix, a production company in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Canada]], produced a [[docu-drama]] called ''Manson'', in which Kasabian appears, telling her story in complete detail for the first time.<ref name="guardian2009">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/aug/02/charles-manson-linda-kasabian-polanski |title=Charles Manson follower ends her silence 40 years after night of slaughter |newspaper=The Observer |location=London |date=August 2, 2009 |accessdate=August 2, 2009 |first=Robin |last=McKie |page=15}}</ref> This program was telecast in the UK on August 10, 2009, and also in the United States on Sept. 7, 2009, on the History Channel. In this taped interview, Kasabian recounts her four weeks spent with the Manson "family". Her image is slightly obscured to protect her identity.

In a September 2, 2009 live interview on [[CNN]]'s ''[[Larry King Live]]'', Kasabian recounted her memories of the murders at Sharon Tate's home. To help her maintain her now-quiet life, Kasabian wore a disguise provided by the program during her interview. She told King during the interview that after the trial she had been in need of, but had never obtained, "psychological counseling", and that during the previous 12 years, she had been "on a path of healing and rehabilitation." When asked about the degree of remorse she felt for her participation in the crimes, Kasabian said that she felt as though she took on all the guilt that "no one else [who was involved in the crimes] felt guilt for", apparently referring to the fact that, even during her own court testimony, the co-defendants in the case showed extreme nonchalance when faced with such gruesome murders.

==In popular culture==
* In ''[[The White Album (book)|The White Album]]'', [[Joan Didion]] wrote of her meetings with Kasabian during her stay in custody while testifying.
* Kasabian has been portrayed in various movies by the actresses [[Clea Duvall]], [[Marilyn Burns]], Michelle Briggs, and Tamara Hope.
* A British alt-rock band took on the name [[Kasabian]] in the early 2000's.
* The lead character in the 2011 film [[Martha Marcy May Marlene]], played by [[Elizabeth Olsen]], is somewhat modelled on Kasabian.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{Cite book |title=Child of Satan, Child of God |first1=Susan |last1=Atkins |first2=Bob |last2=Slosser |location=Plainfield, New Jersey |year=1977 |publisher=Logos International |isbn=0-88270-276-9 |authorlink1=Susan Atkins |oclc=3394770 |ref=atkins}}
*[[Joan Didion|Didion, Joan]]. ''The White Album''. Flamingo, New York, 1993. ISBN 978-0-00-654586-6
*{{Cite book|title=Manson: The Unholy Trail of Charlie and the Family|first=John|last=Gilmore|location=Los Angeles|year=2000|publisher=Amok Books|isbn=1-878923-13-7|oclc=49728589|coauthors=Kenna, Ron|ref=gilmore}}
*[[Greg King|King, Greg]]. ''Sharon Tate and The Manson Murders''. Barricade Books. Fort Lee NJ, 2000. ISBN 978-1-56980-157-4.
*{{Cite book|last=Sanders|first=Ed|title=The Family|publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=1-56025-396-7|oclc=49519230|ref=sanders}}
*[[Paul Watkins (Manson Family)|Paul Watkins]] with Guillermo Soledad. ''My Life with Charles Manson''. Bantam, 1979. ISBN 0-553-12788-8.
* Watson, Charles as told to Ray Hoekstra. [http://books.google.com/books?id=9qEqAQAACAAJ ''Will You Die for Me?''] Cross Roads Publications, 1978. Chapter 13. ISBN 0-8007-0912-8.
*{{Cite web|url=http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/manson/mansontestimony-k.html|title=Testimony of Linda Kasabian in the Charles Manson Trial|accessdate=2008-06-24|work=Famous Trials: The Trial of Charles Manson, 1970–71 |ref=testimony}}
* CNN, Larry King Live, September 2, 2009.

{{Manson Family}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Kasabian, Linda
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = June 21, 1949
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Biddeford, Maine]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasabian, Linda}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manson Family]]
[[Category:Crime witnesses]]
[[Category:People from Biddeford, Maine]]
[[Category:People from Hillsborough County, New Hampshire]]

[[ca:Linda Kasabian]]
[[de:Linda Kasabian]]
[[fr:Linda Kasabian]]
[[pl:Linda Kasabian]]
[[pt:Linda Kasabian]]
[[sv:Linda Kasabian]]

Chris Geddes

2012-06-01T15:54:41Z

62.145.19.66: Stroud is in England, not in Scotland, making him English not Scottish.

'''Chris Geddes''' (born 15 October 1975, [[Stroud]], [[England]]) is the [[keyboard (instrument)|keyboardist]] for and a founding member of the [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[indie pop]] band [[Belle & Sebastian]]. He is a [[Communist]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belleandsebastian.com/bandbios.php?MemberName=Chris |title=Official Website |publisher=Belle and Sebastian |date= |accessdate=2011-12-31}}</ref> and a [[vegetarian]],<ref>[http://www.peta2.com/outthere/o-sexyveg08_winners.asp The 2008 World's Sexiest Vegetarians Are… // Out There // peta2]</ref> the latter earning him the nickname of "Beans".<ref name="belleandsebastian1">[http://www.belleandsebastian.com/bandbios.php?MemberName=Chris Chris Geddes' biography] www.belleandsebastian.com</ref> He attended the [[University of Glasgow]] and regularly visits [[Tchai-Ovna]] Southside. He also likes going to the East End to see [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]].<ref name="belleandsebastian1"/> According to the band's website, Geddes has 'a numerology degree'. According to the liner notes of Belle & Sebastian's ''[[The Life Pursuit]]'', his last name is pronounced "Geddes."

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{-}}
{{Belle & Sebastian}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Geddes, Chris
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 October 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Dalry]], [[Scotland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Geddes, Chris}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Belle & Sebastian members]]
[[Category:Scottish keyboardists]]
[[Category:Scottish vegetarians]]
[[Category:British indie pop musicians]]

{{UK-keyboardist-stub}}

[[ca:Chris Geddes]]
[[no:Chris Geddes]]
[[pt:Chris Geddes]]

Berliner Zeitung

2012-05-11T10:43:58Z

62.145.19.66: Undid revision 472230575 by 82.9.43.45 (talk)

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Berliner Zeitung
| logo = [[File:Berliner Zeitung Logo.svg|220px]]
| image = [[File:Berliner Zeitung front page.jpg|180px]]
| caption = Sample front page of ''Berliner Zeitung''
| type = Daily (except Sunday)
| format =
| owners = [[M. DuMont Schauberg]]
| founder =
| publisher = Berliner Verlag
| editor =
| chiefeditor = Uwe Vorkötter
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = May 21, 1945
| political =
| language = German
| ceased publication =
| headquarters = [[Berlin]], Germany
| circulation = 148,000 (2010)
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0947-174X
| oclc =
| website = [http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/ berliner-zeitung.de]
}}

[[File:Berliner Zeitung Alexanderplatz Berlin.jpg|thumb|300px|Berliner Zeitung Headquarters]]

The '''''Berliner Zeitung''''', founded in 1945, is a German center-left daily newspaper based in [[Berlin]], published by [[Berliner Verlag]]. It is the only East German paper to achieve national prominence since [[German reunification|unification]]. In 2003, the ''Berliner'' was Berlin's largest subscription newspaper—the weekend edition sells approximately 207,800 copies, with a readership of 468,000. The current editor-in-chief is [[Uwe Vorkötter]].

After the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], the paper was bought by [[Gruner + Jahr]] and the [[United Kingdom|British]] publisher [[Robert Maxwell]]. Gruner + Jahr later became sole owners and relaunched it in 1997 with a completely new design. A stated goal was to turn the ''Berliner Zeitung'' into "Germany's ''[[Washington Post]]''". The daily says its journalists come "from east and west", and it styles itself as a "young, modern and dynamic" paper for the whole of [[Germany]].

Gruner + Jahr decided to leave the newspaper business and sold the ''Berliner Zeitung'' in 2002 to the publishing group Holtzbrinck. This sale was forbidden by the German authorities since Holtzbrinck already owned another major Berlin newspaper, ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]''. The ''Berliner Zeitung'' was then sold in the fall of 2005 for an estimated 150 – 180 million euros to the British company [[Mecom Group]] and the American company [[Veronis Suhler Stevenson]]. The employees criticized this sale vehemently, fearing that journalistic quality could suffer as a result of excessive profit expectations by Mecom boss [[David Montgomery (newspaper executive)|David Montgomery]].

The ''Berliner Zeitung'' is the first German newspaper to fall under the control of foreign investors.<ref>Brooks (2005)</ref> [[Andrew Marr]], former editor of ''[[The Independent]]'', which like the ''Berliner Zeitung'' was taken over by David Montgomery, said of the ''Berliner Zeitung'' that "[a]nyone who was working at ''The Independent'' in the mid to late Nineties will find all this wearisomely familiar. David's obsession at that time was removing as much traditional reporting as possible from the paper and turning it into a tabloid-style [[scandal sheet]] for [[yuppies]]."<ref>As quoted in a 2006 article in ''The Independent'' (Elkins and Burrell 2006).</ref>

On March 23, 2009, it was announced that the Berliner Verlag would be sold by Mecom to the publisher M. DuMont Schauberg (MDS) in Cologne. The price is about 152 million Euro. Mecom was forced to sell its publishing interests in Germany as well as Norway because of heavy debts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2009/0508/politik/0068/index.html|title=Die Kölner können kommen|publisher=Berliner Zeitung|date=2009-03-23|language=German|accessdate=2009-05-11}}</ref>

==List of editors-in-chief==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-15475-0013, Rudolf Herrnstadt (Zeichnung).jpg|thumb|150px|Portrait of Rudolf Herrnstadt (1952).]]
(incomplete)
*May – July 1945: [[Alexander Kirsanow]]
*July 1945 – 1949: [[Rudolf Herrnstadt]]
*1962–1965: [[Joachim Herrmann]]
*1972–1989: [[Dieter Kerschek]]
*1989–1996: [[Hans Eggert]]
*1996–1998: Michael Maier
*1999–2001: [[Martin E. Süskind]]
*2002–2006: [[Uwe Vorkötter]]
*2006-2009: Josef Depenbrock
*since 2009: Uwe Vorkötter
==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite news |author=Brook, Stephen |date=2005, October 25 |title=Montgomery concludes German publisher deal |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2005/oct/25/pressandpublishing.business |work=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]|accessdate=2008-08-19}}
* {{cite news |author=Elkins, Ruth |coauthors=and Ian Burrell |date=2006, June 5 |title=David Montgomery: They never saw him coming |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/david-montgomery-they-never-saw-him-coming-481099.html |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher=[[Independent News & Media]] |accessdate=2008-08-19}}

==External links==
*[http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung Berliner Zeitung online]
*[http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/0206/blickpunkt/0001/index.html-zeitung Berliner Zeitung online (text archive for related article)]

[[Category:Newspapers published in Germany]]
[[Category:German-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1945]]
[[Category:Media in Berlin]]

[[ca:Berliner Zeitung]]
[[cs:Berliner Zeitung]]
[[da:Berliner Zeitung]]
[[de:Berliner Zeitung]]
[[es:Berliner Zeitung]]
[[fr:Berliner Zeitung]]
[[it:Berliner Zeitung]]
[[hu:Berliner Zeitung]]
[[nl:Berliner Zeitung]]
[[no:Berliner Zeitung]]
[[pl:Berliner Zeitung]]
[[ro:Berliner Zeitung]]
[[ru:Berliner Zeitung]]
[[sv:Berliner Zeitung]]

Jónsi

2012-05-09T12:17:17Z

62.145.19.66:

{{For|another Icelandic musician of the same nickname|Jón Jósep Snæbjörnsson}}
{{icelandic name|Jón}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| background = solo_singer
| name = Jón Þór Birgisson
| image = Sigurrosjonsi.jpg
| caption = Jónsi playing live in 2008
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|4|23}}
| death_date =
| origin = [[Iceland]]
| instrument = [[Guitar]], [[bass guitar|bass]], [[singing|vocals]], [[synthesizer]], [[organ (music)|organ]], [[piano]], [[harmonium]], [[mellotron]], [[banjo]], [[ukelele]], [[harmonica]]
| notable_instruments = [[Gibson Les Paul]]
| genre = [[Post-rock]], [[ambient music|ambient]], [[baroque pop]], [[World fusion]]
| associated_acts = [[Sigur Rós]], [[Jónsi & Alex]], [[Klive]]
| label =
| years_active = 1992–present
| website = {{URL|http://jonsi.com}}
}}
'''Jón "Jónsi" Þór Birgisson''' ({{IPA-is|ˈjouːn ˈθouːr ˈpɪrkɪsɔn, ˈjounsɪ|pron|Jón Þór Birgisson, Jónsi.ogg}}) (born April 23, 1975) is the [[guitarist]] and [[singer|vocalist]] for the [[Iceland]]ic [[post-rock]] band [[Sigur Rós]]. He is known for his use of a [[cello]] [[bow (music)|bow]] on [[electric guitar|guitar]] and his [[falsetto]] voice. He is also blind in his right eye and is [[coming out|openly]] [[homosexuality|gay]].<ref name="economist">{{cite news |title=Icelandic rock |url=http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_GVVSVD&CFID=27802212&CFTOKEN=87558441 |date=June 14, 2001 |work=[[The Economist]] |archivedate=2001-06-15 |archiveurl=http://www.sigur-ros.co.uk/media/articles/econ0.php}}</ref><ref name="price">{{Cite news |title=At last! The populist person's thinking band |periodical=[[The Independent on Sunday]] |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20050717/ai_n14784029 |date=July 17, 2005 |first=Simon |last=Price |accessdate=2007-11-25 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080208093712/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20050717/ai_n14784029 |archivedate=2008-02-08}}</ref> Apart from Sigur Rós, Jónsi also performs together with his boyfriend [[Alex Somers]] as an art collaboration called [[Jónsi & Alex]]. They released their self-titled first book in November 2006, which was an embossed hardcover limited to 1000 copies,<ref name="alarmmag">{{cite web |title=Riceboy Sleeps Announces First U.S. Exhibition |url=http://www.alarmpress.com/647/art-news/riceboy-sleeps-announces-first-us-exhibition/ |date=July 5, 2007 |accessdate=2008-01-15 |work=[[ALARM Magazine]]}}</ref> along with their first album, ''[[Riceboy Sleeps]]'', in July 2009.
On December 1, 2009, Jónsi's official website, jonsi.com, was launched in anticipation of his debut solo album, ''[[Go (Jónsi album)|Go]]'', which was released the week of April 5, 2010. After the release of the album, Jónsi promptly started a worldwide tour across North America and Europe, featuring songs from the album plus a few other selections, planning to tour from March to September.

In late January 2010, Jónsi announced that Sigur Rós was on "an indefinite hiatus", as the band had scrapped plans for a new album previously announced to be released in 2010, saying that "they were just rumours". The band decided to take the year off, as several members of Sigur Rós recently had children, and as Jónsi developed his solo career.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sigur-ros.co.uk/news/?p=1496 |title=Sigur Rós Official Site News |accessdate=2010-02-05}}</ref> The band is now announced back together again and are planning to release an album the 28th of May 2012, with a following tour starting in August the same year.

==Musical history==
In 1995, Jónsi fronted a band called 'Bee Spiders', under the [[Stage name|alias]] 'Jonny B'. He wore [[sunglasses]] on stage throughout whole concerts. Bee Spiders received the 'most interesting band' award in 1995 in a contest for unknown bands called ''Músíktilraunir'' ({{lang-en|Music Experimentations}}). The band played long rock songs and was compared to [[The Smashing Pumpkins]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sigur-ros.co.uk/band/trivia.php |title=sigur rós – trivia |accessdate=2009-03-08 |work=sigur-ros.co.uk}}</ref> Jónsi also fronted a [[grunge]] band called Stoned around 1992–1993. He also uses the alias '''Frakkur''' to release his solo material, e.g. the contribution to ''[[Kitchen Motors Family Album/Fjölskyldualbúm Tilraunaeldhússins|Kitchen Motors Family Album]]'' which marks the first release under this name.

Since then, Jónsi has been the frontman for Sigur Rós since the band formed in 1994, and released their first album, [[Von]], in 1997. The group released 4 other studio albums over the next 11 years together, until 2010 when the group announced their "indefinite hiatus", for the band members to spend some time with their families and solo careers.

Aside from his many years with Sigur Rós, Jónsi collaborated with his boyfriend [[Alex Somers]]<ref name=sfchron>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-04-04/entertainment/20833823_1_sigur-r-s-band-s-music-stage |title=Sigur Rós singer prepares for U.S. solo tour |date=4 April 2010 |accessdate=14 April 2010 |periodical=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |first=Aidin |last=Vaziri |postscript=}}</ref> on their album, Riceboy Sleeps, under the [[moniker]] [[Jónsi and Alex]], which was released in 2009. In April 2010, Jónsi released his first solo album, Go, and began a worldwide tour to promote the album from March–September across North America and Europe.

Jónsi recorded "Sticks and Stones" for the score to the 2010 film ''[[How to Train Your Dragon (film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Richardson|first=Matthew|title=Jonsi Stars In New Documentary, Does Song For 'How To Train Your Dragon' (Video)|url=http://www.prefixmag.com/news/jonsi-stars-in-new-documentary-does-song-for-how-t/38194/|publisher=Prefixmag.com|accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref> for which [[DreamWorks Animation]] released a [[music video]] on December 17, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXV2fCimTsE|title = Jonsi's "Sticks and Stones" Music Video|author = DreamWorks Animation|publisher = [[YouTube]]|date = December 17, 2010}}</ref>

Jonsi's song "Around Us" was used to for the American promotional trailer for [[Studio Ghibli|Studio Ghibli's]] film, ''[[Arrietty|The Secret World of Arriety]]''.

His song "Tornado" was featured in the arena show adaptation of [[Dreamworks|Dreamworks']] ''[[How To Train Your Dragon (film)|How To Train Your Dragon]]''.

Jónsi wrote the score for Cameron Crowes's Movie [[We Bought A Zoo]] which had premiere in 2012.

==Studio albums==
===''Riceboy Sleeps'' (2009)===
Jónsi and his partner Alex Somers completed their first album together, entitled ''[[Riceboy Sleeps]]''. The instrumental album was recorded in Iceland and played solely on acoustic instruments and mixed in Hawaii. On the album there where also appearances by the Icelandic string quartet [[Amiina]] and the Kópavogsdætur choir.<ref>{{cite web |title=eighteen seconds before sunrise – sigur rós news |url=http://www.sigur-ros.co.uk/news/?m=20090417 |date=2009-04-17 |work=sigur-ros.co.uk |accessdate=2 August 2009}}</ref>

The 68 minute album has 9 tracks and was released July 20, 2009 on [[Parlophone Records]].<ref>{{cite web |title=sigur rós – press releases |url=http://www.sigur-ros.co.uk/media/press/riceboysleeps.php |work=sigur-ros.co.uk |accessdate=2 August 2009}}</ref>

===''Go'' (2010)===
[[File:Jónsi - Ferrara 22-07-2010.jpg|right|thumb|Jónsi live in Ferrara (22/07/2010)]]

A post that appeared on the official site on May 26, 2009, stated that Jónsi was working on a new solo album that will feature predominantly acoustic music and string arrangements from classical composer [[Nico Muhly]]. The album was set to be produced by [[Peter Katis]] ([[Interpol (band)|Interpol]], [[The National (band)|The National]], [[Tokyo Police Club]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sigur-ros.co.uk/news/?p=1307 |title=jónsi recording solo album |accessdate=2009-06-09}}</ref>

On December 4, 2009, a free MP3 of the track "Boy Lilikoi" was made available to mailing list subscribers through his website. The MP3 announced the title of the album to be ''[[Go (Jónsi album)|Go]]'' and gave a worldwide release date of 'the week of April 5, 2010' through [[Parlophone]] and [[XL Recordings]].

On April 5, 2010, as promised, the album was released in Iceland and the United Kingdom, with a worldwide release date of the following day. The album featured the tracks: "[[Go Do]]", "[[Animal Arithmetic]]", "Tornado", "Boy Lilikoi", "Sinking Friendships", "Kolniður", "Around Us", "Grow Till Tall" and "Hengilás".
The album was sung mainly in English, making a change from the majority of Jónsi's previous work, which was sung mainly in Icelandic and [[Vonlenska]]. The album charted at #20 on the UK album charts on 12 April 2010,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/albums/ |title=UK top 40 albums 12 APR 2010}}</ref> and reached #23 on the [[Billboard 200]].

The "Go" limited edition box set also included ''[[Go Quiet]]'', a 45 minute film, directed by [[Dean DeBlois]] (director of the Sigur Rós concert film ''[[Heima]]''), that features all nine songs from the album performed acoustically at home in Reykjavík, over New Year 2010.

Jónsi went on tour with his album ''[[Go (Jónsi album)|Go]]'' on the 6th of April 2010, and was until later in the summer. The tour does not include any venues within Jónsi's home country of Iceland. Jónsi touring band includes Alex Somers on guitar, soundeffects and keyboards, Thorvaldur Thór Thorvaldsson on drums, [[Stórsveit Nix Noltes|Ólafur Björn Ólafsson]] on keyboards and [[klive|Úlfur Hansson]] on bass and [[monome]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jonsi.com/news/tour-diary-2 |title=Tour Diary #2 |accessdate=2010-05-26}}</ref>

==Collaborations==
Jónsi makes a guest appearance under the alias 'Frakkur' on track 13, "Skyscraper Heart" on "Hi-Camp Meets Lo-Fi - Explosion Picture Score" by [http://www.discogs.com/Dip-Hi-Camp-Meets-Lo-Fi-Explosion-Picture-Score/release/1854017 DIP], 1999 
Jónsi provides vocal material on three collaborations with [[The Hafler Trio]]: 
[http://www.discogs.com/Hafler-Trio-Exactly-As-I-Say/release/428152?ev=rr ''Exactly As I Say''] (2004 CD, A separate limited edition of 111 copies also exists containing DVD and 5.1 surround sound) 
[http://www.discogs.com/Hafler-Trio-Exactly-As-I-Do/release/472939?ev=rr ''Exactly As I Am''] (2005 Double CD) 
[http://www.discogs.com/Hafler-Trio-Exactly-As-I-Am/release/652561?ev=rr ''Exactly As I Do''] (2005 Double CD) 
Jónsi makes a guest appearance on [[Tiësto]]'s title track "Kaleidoscope"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/36120-sigur-ross-jonsi-bloc-partys-kele-okereke-on-new-tiesto-album/ |title=Sigur Rós's Jónsi, Bloc Party's Kele Okereke on New Tiësto Album | News |publisher=Pitchfork |date=2009-08-04 |accessdate=2012-02-29}}</ref> on his [[Kaleidoscope (Tiësto album)|album of the same title]] which was released on October 6, 2009. 
Jónsi also appears on the album ''[[In a Safe Place]]'', released by [[The Album Leaf]], on the song "Over The Pond".

==Activism==
In 2003 he was escorted off the premises while protesting against [[Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Project]] in Iceland.<ref name="sigur-ros.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.sigur-ros.co.uk/news/?m=200301 |title=Sigur Rós Official Site |accessdate=2008-11-19}}</ref>

==Languages==
[[Image:Jonsi.jpg|thumb|Jónsi at [[UCLA]], playing to promote ''Heima'']]
Jónsi's first language is [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. He also speaks [[English language|English]], according to the official Sigur Rós web site:<ref name="interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.sigur-ros.co.uk/|title=Sigur Rós Official Site |accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref>
<blockquote>On the first three Sigur Rós albums (Von, Von Brigði, Ágætis Byrjun), Jónsi sang most songs in Icelandic but two of them ("Von" and "Olsen Olsen") were sung in '[[Vonlenska|Hopelandic]]'. All of the vocals on ( ) are in Hopelandic. Hopelandic (''Vonlenska'' in Icelandic) is the 'invented language' in which Jónsi sings before lyrics are written to the vocals. It is not an actual language by definition (no vocabulary, grammar, etc.), but rather a form of gibberish vocals that fit to the music and act as another instrument. Jónsi likens it to what singers sometimes do when they've decided on the melody, but haven't written the lyrics yet. Many languages were considered to be used on ( ), including English, but they decided on Hopelandic. Hopelandic (Vonlenska) got its name (from a journalist, not Jónsi himself) from the first song which Jónsi sang on, "Hope" (Von).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gorillavsbear.net/2007/10/sigur-ros-vs-npr.html |title=sigur ros vs. NPR |publisher=gorillavsbear.net |date=2007-10-12 |accessdate=2012-02-29}}</ref></blockquote>

==Instruments==
Like a few other players of [[bowed guitar]], Jónsi plays mainly variations of the [[Gibson Les Paul|Les Paul]].<ref name="soundonsound">{{cite web |url=http://www.sigur-ros.co.uk/board/viewthread.php?tid=16846#pid323341|title=Sound on Sound on Sigur Ros Official Site|accessdate=2008-03-25}}</ref> He also plays Ibanez Les Paul copies, model PF200. The first Ibanez used to be his main instrument during the ''Bee Spiders'' era all through ''Ágætis Byrjun''. It was largely refinished and decorated (as can be seen in ''Ágúst Jakobsson's'' documentary ''Popp í Reykjavík'' <ref name="Popp í Reykjavík">{{cite web |url=http://www.sigur-ros.co.uk/band/disco/poppimg.php|title=Popp í Reykjavík Stills on Sigur Ros Official Site|accessdate=2010-06-09}}</ref>). That particular instrument got stolen and broken but was on display in [[Reykjavík Art Museum]] in the summer of 2003.<ref name="Morgunbladid">{{cite web |url=http://www.mbl.is/mm/gagnasafn/grein.html?grein_id=736520|title=Óformleg klippimynd af Smekkleysu|accessdate=2010-06-09}}</ref> During the recordings of "''[[Takk...]]''" Jónsi bought another PF200 to replace the Les Paul. Since summer 2006 Jónsi has been using a guitar that was made on the road by his then guitar tech Dan Johnson. The guitar is usually referred to as "The Bird," after the band's bird designs seen on previous album designs/artwork that adorn the neck and frets of the guitar. "The Bird" is based on the body of Ibanez PF200. He also has been seen playing a variety of other instruments, like piano, harmonium, mellotron, baritone ukulele, and the banjo.

==Discography==
{{see also|Sigur Rós discography}}
===Albums===
====Studio albums====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:200px;"| Album details
! colspan="11"| Peak chart positions
! style="width:120px;" rowspan="2"| [[Music recording sales certification|Certifications]] ([[List of music recording sales certifications|sales thresholds]])
|-
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[Music of Iceland|ICL]] <ref name="ICL">{{cite web |url=http://www.tonlist.is/Music/Chartlist.aspx?ID=0&typeID=1&p=0 |title=Öll Íslensk tónlist á einum stað |accessdate=13 February 2009 |publisher=Tónlist.is |language=Icelandic }}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref name="AUS">{{cite web |url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Sigur+R%F3s |title=Discography Sigur Rós |accessdate=13 February 2009 |publisher=Australian-Charts.com }}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[Tracklisten|DEN]] <ref name="danishcharts.com">{{cite web|url=http://danishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Sigur+R%F3s|title=Discography Sigur Rós|publisher=danishcharts.com|accessdate=26 February 2009}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[YLE|FIN]] <ref name="FIN">{{cite web |url=http://finnishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Sigur+R%F3s |title=Discography Sigur Rós |accessdate=13 February 2009 |publisher=FinnishCharts.com }}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]] <ref name="FRA">{{cite web |url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Sigur+R%F3s |title=Discographie Sigur Rós |accessdate=26 February 2009 |publisher=LesCharts.com }}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[German Albums Chart|GER]] <ref name="GER">{{cite web |url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Sigur+Ros/?type=longplay |title=Discographie Sigur Rós |accessdate=26 February 2009 |publisher=Musicline.de }}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]] <ref name="irish-charts.com">{{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Sigur+R%F3s|title=Discography Sigur Rós|publisher=irish-charts.com|accessdate=31 July 2009}}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[Federation of the Italian Music Industry|ITA]] <ref name="ITA">{{cite web |url=http://www.italiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Sigur+R%F3s |title=Discography Sigur Rós |accessdate=13 February 2009 |publisher=ItalianCharts.com }}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]] <ref name="NOR">{{cite web |url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Sigur+R%F3s |title=Discography Sigur Rós |accessdate=13 February 2009 |publisher=NorwegianCharts.com }}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]] <ref name="UK">{{cite web |url=http://www.chartstats.com/artistinfo.php?id=748 |title=Chart Stats Sigur Rós |accessdate=13 February 2009 |publisher=ChartStats.com }}</ref><ref name="UK Chartlog">{{cite web |url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_S.HTM |title=Chartlog 'S' |accessdate=19 February 2009 |publisher=Zobbel.de }}</ref>
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]] <ref name="US">{{cite web |url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p403593|pure_url=yes}} |title=Sigur Rós > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums |publisher=[[Allmusic]] |accessdate=13 February 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| '''''[[Go (Jónsi album)|Go]]'''''
*Released: April 5, 2010
*Label: XL Recordings, Parlophone
*Formats: [[Compact Disc|CD]]
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 86
| style="text-align:center;"| 100
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 23
|
* N/A
|}

====Extended plays====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! style="width:200px;"| Album details
|-
| 2010
| '''''[[Go Do]]'''''
*Released: 20 July, 2009
*Formats: CD
|-
| 2011
| '''''[[Go Out]]'''''
*Remixes EP
*Released: 2011
*Formats: Vinyl
|}

====Other albums====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! style="width:200px;"| Album details
|-
| 2009
| '''''[[Riceboy Sleeps]]'''''
*[[Jónsi & Alex]] album
*Released: 20 July, 2009
*Formats: CD
|-
|rowspan=2| 2010
| '''''[[Go Quiet]]'''''
*Acoustic album
*Released: 2010
*Formats: DVD
|-
| '''''[[Go Live]]'''''
*Live album
*Released: 2010
*Formats: CD
|-
| 2011
| '''''[[We Bought a Zoo]]'''''
*Soundtrack
*Released: 2011
*Formats: CD
|}

===Singles===
*''[[Animal Arithmetic]]'' (2010)

===Other appearances===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Artist
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row" | "Over The Pond"
| [[The Album Leaf]]
| 2004
| ''[[In a Safe Place]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "Kaleidoscope"
| Tiësto
| 2009
| ''[[Kaleidoscope (Tiësto album)|Kaleidoscope]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://jonsi.com Official site]

{{Sigur_Rós}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Jon Thor Birgisson
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 23, 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jon Thor Birgisson}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:English-language singers]]
[[Category:LGBT musicians]]
[[Category:Icelandic male singers]]
[[Category:Icelandic vegans]]
[[Category:Lead guitarists]]
[[Category:LGBT people from Iceland]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Progressive rock guitarists]]
[[Category:Sigur Rós members]]
[[Category:Icelandic rock guitarists]]
[[Category:Gay musicians]]
[[Category:Raw vegans]]

[[da:Jón Þór Birgisson]]
[[de:Jón Þór Birgisson]]
[[el:Γιον Θορ Μπίργκισσον]]
[[es:Jón Þór Birgisson]]
[[fr:Jón Þór Birgisson]]
[[ko:욘 소르 비르기손]]
[[is:Jón Þór Birgisson]]
[[it:Jón Þór Birgisson]]
[[he:יונסי]]
[[ka:იოუნ სოურ ბირგისონი]]
[[nah:Jón Þór Birgisson]]
[[nl:Jón Þór Birgisson]]
[[no:Jón Þór Birgisson]]
[[pl:Jón Þór Birgisson]]
[[pt:Jón Þór Birgisson]]
[[ru:Йоун Тоур Биргиссон]]
[[sk:Jón Þór Birgisson]]
[[fi:Jón Þór Birgisson]]
[[sv:Jón Þór Birgisson]]
[[tr:Jónsi]]
[[uk:Йон Тор Бірґіссон]]

Gentleman (musician)

2012-05-08T15:42:27Z

62.145.19.66: /* Music */

{{Refimprove|date=November 2010}}

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Gentleman
| image = Gentleman chanteur.jpg
| caption = Tilmann Otto a.k.a. Gentleman
| image_size = 
| landscape = yes
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Tilmann Otto
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|04|19}}
|birth_place =[[Osnabrück]], [[Germany]]
| death_date =
| origin = [[Germany]]
| instrument =
| genre = [[Reggae]], [[Roots Reggae]], [[Dancehall]], [[Reggae fusion]]
| occupation =
| years_active = 1998–present
| label = [[Universal Music Group]]
| website = [http://www.journeytojah.com Official website]
}}
'''Tilmann Otto''' (born April 19, 1975 in [[Osnabrück]], [[Germany]]), better known by his stage name '''Gentleman''', is a [[Germany|German]] [[Reggae]] musician.

== Personal life ==
Gentleman lives in the Neubrück area of [[Cologne]], but sometimes names [[Jamaica]] as his home away from home. He is the son of a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] pastor. He is the father of two children, named Samuel and Tamica, and is married to Tamika, a [[background singer]] of the [[Far East Band]], which has been supporting him since his first concert tour of Germany in 2002.

[[File:Gentleman - Ilosaarirock 2011.jpg|230px|thumb|Gentleman at the 2011 [[Ilosaarirock]] festival.]]

== Music ==
Gentleman has been travelling to Jamaica regularly since he was 16 years old. {{Reference necessary|It has been suggested that he became hooked on his brother's Reggae records and thus wanted to get to know Jamaica first-hand|date=March 2012}}. His career began with the collaboration of the band [[Freundeskreis]] which produced the song "Tabula Rasa." After beginning his career as a [[Deejay]], he based his style to the classic form of the reggae genre like that of [[Bob Marley]]. He sings mainly in [[English language|English]] or [[Jamaican Patois]]. With songs like "Send A Prayer," Gentleman expresses his deep belief in [[God]], without referring to a particular religion. His album, ''[[Confidence (album)|Confidence]]'', climbed to number 1 on the German album charts in 2004. After ten years of making music under the label [[Four Music]] he moved to [[Universal Music Group|Universal]] in 2010.<ref name="de">http://www.wildstylemag.com/index.php/magazine/news/1-news/1898-kitty-kat-gentleman-wechseln-zu-universal.html</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Albums ===

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! width="25" rowspan="2" | Year
! width="280" rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="6" | Chart Positions
|- bgcolor="#dddddd"
! width="30" | [[Germany|GER]] <ref name=autogenerated1>http://charts-surfer.de/musiksearch.php</ref>
! width="30" | [[Austria|AUT]] <ref>[http://www.austriancharts.at/search.asp?cat=a&search=gentleman austriancharts.at - Austria Top 40 - Hitparade Österreich]</ref>
! width="30" | [[Switzerland|SWI]] <ref>[http://www.hitparade.ch/search.asp?cat=a&search=gentleman Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community]</ref>
! width="30" | [[Netherlands|NET]] <ref name=autogenerated2>[http://www.acharts.us/album/27629 Gentleman - Another Intensity - Music Charts]</ref>
! width="30" | [[France|FR]] <ref name=autogenerated2 />
! width="30" | [[Poland|PL]] <ref>[http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLIS - Official Retail Sales Chart]</ref>
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Trodin On]]''
| align="center" | 59
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2002
| ''[[Journey To Jah]]''
| align="center" | 14
| align="center" | 19
| align="center" | 21
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Gentleman & The Far East Band Live]]''
| align="center" | 15
| align="center" | 10
| align="center" | 34
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2004
| ''[[Confidence (album)|Confidence]]''
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 4
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Another Intensity]]''
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 5
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 72
| align="center" | 75
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Diversity (album)|Diversity]]''
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | 146
| align="center" | 37
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Diversity Live (album)|Diversity Live]]''
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|}

=== Singles ===

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! width="25" rowspan="2" | Year
! width="280" rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="3" | Chart Position
|- bgcolor="#dddddd"
! width="30" | [[Germany|DE]] <ref name="de" />
! width="30" | [[Austria|AT]] <ref>[http://www.austriancharts.at/search.asp?cat=s&search=gentleman austriancharts.at - Austria Top 40 - Hitparade Österreich]</ref>
! width="30" | [[Switzerland|CH]] <ref>[http://www.hitparade.ch/search.asp?cat=s&search=gentleman Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community]</ref>
|-
| 1998
| '''Tabula Rasa''' (feat. [[Freundeskreis]] & [[Mellowbag]])
| align="center" | 13
| align="center" | 18
| align="center" | 6
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 1998
| '''In The Heat Of The Night''' ''Trodin On''
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|-
| 1999
| '''Jah Jah Never Fail''' ''Trodin On''
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2002
| '''Leave Us Alone''' ''Journey To Jah''
| align="center" | 78
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2002
| '''Dem Gone''' ''Journey To Jah''
| align="center" | 81
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2003
| '''Runaway''' ''Journey To Jah''
| align="center" | 65
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2003
| '''Rainy Days''' (feat. [[Tamika]] & [[Martin Jondo]]) ''Gentleman & The Far East Band Live''
| align="center" | 88
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2003
| '''Widerstand''' (feat. [[Curse]])
| align="center" | 45
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2004
| '''Superior''' ''Confidence''
| align="center" | 20
| align="center" | 20
| align="center" | 76
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2005
| '''Isyankar''' (feat. [[Mustafa Sandal]])
| align="center" | 6
| align="center" | 11
| align="center" | 4
|-
| 2005
| '''Intoxication''' ''Confidence''
| align="center" | 33
| align="center" | 58
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2005
| '''Send A Prayer''' ''Confidence''
| align="center" | 75
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2006
| '''On We Go''' / '''Caan Hold Us Down''' ''Confidence'' & Soundtrack ''[[Hui Buh]]''
| align="center" | 58
| align="center" | 48
| align="center" | 76
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2007
| '''Different Places''' ''Another Intensity''
| align="center" | 42
| align="center" | 65
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2007
| '''Serenity''' ''Another Intensity''
| align="center" | 81
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | 88
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2007
| '''Zeit zu verstehen (This Can't Be Everything)''' (feat. [[Azad (Rapper)|Azad]])
| align="center" | 30
| align="center" | 72
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2008
| '''Soulfood / Lack of Love''' (feat. [[Sizzla]]) ''Another Intensity''
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2009
| '''Changes''' 
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|}

=== EPs ===

* 1999: ''Heat of the Night''
* 1999: ''Jah Jah Never Fail''
* 2002: ''Leave Us Alone''
* 2002: ''Dem Gone''
* 2003: ''Rainy Days''
* 2003: ''Runaway''
* 2004: ''Superior''
* 2005: ''Intoxication''
* 2005: ''Send a Prayer''
* 2006: ''On We Go / Caan Hold Us Down''
* 2007: ''Different Places''
* 2007: ''Serenity''
* 2008: ''Soulfood / Lack of Love''
* 2010: ''It No Pretty''
* 2010: ''To the Top''
* 2010: ''Lonely Days'

=== DVDs ===

* 2003: ''Gentleman & The Far East Band Live''
* 2011: ''Diversity Live''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Gentleman (singer)}}
*[http://www.journeytojah.com Official website]
*[http://www.reggaephotos.de/gentleman.html 2000 Gentleman Photos at ''www.reggaephotos.de'']
*[http://www.fourmusic.com/fourmusic/artists/gentleman/index.shtml Gentleman @ ''fourmusic.com'']

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Gentleman
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =Otto, Tilmann
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =German singer
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 19, 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Osnabrück
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gentleman}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Reggae fusion artists]]
[[Category:People from Osnabrück]]
[[Category:Participants in the Bundesvision Song Contest]]
[[Category:German reggae musicians]]

[[de:Gentleman (Musiker)]]
[[el:Gentleman (μουσικός)]]
[[es:Gentleman]]
[[fr:Gentleman (chanteur)]]
[[it:Gentleman (cantante)]]
[[hu:Gentleman (zenész)]]
[[nl:Gentleman (zanger)]]
[[ja:ジェントルマン (歌手)]]
[[pl:Gentleman (muzyk)]]
[[pt:Gentleman]]
[[sk:Gentleman (spevák)]]
[[sr:Džentlman]]
[[sv:Gentleman (musiker)]]

Gentleman (musician)

2012-05-08T15:41:07Z

62.145.19.66: /* Music */

{{Refimprove|date=November 2010}}

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Gentleman
| image = Gentleman chanteur.jpg
| caption = Tilmann Otto a.k.a. Gentleman
| image_size = 
| landscape = yes
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Tilmann Otto
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|04|19}}
|birth_place =[[Osnabrück]], [[Germany]]
| death_date =
| origin = [[Germany]]
| instrument =
| genre = [[Reggae]], [[Roots Reggae]], [[Dancehall]], [[Reggae fusion]]
| occupation =
| years_active = 1998–present
| label = [[Universal Music Group]]
| website = [http://www.journeytojah.com Official website]
}}
'''Tilmann Otto''' (born April 19, 1975 in [[Osnabrück]], [[Germany]]), better known by his stage name '''Gentleman''', is a [[Germany|German]] [[Reggae]] musician.

== Personal life ==
Gentleman lives in the Neubrück area of [[Cologne]], but sometimes names [[Jamaica]] as his home away from home. He is the son of a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] pastor. He is the father of two children, named Samuel and Tamica, and is married to Tamika, a [[background singer]] of the [[Far East Band]], which has been supporting him since his first concert tour of Germany in 2002.

[[File:Gentleman - Ilosaarirock 2011.jpg|230px|thumb|Gentleman at the 2011 [[Ilosaarirock]] festival.]]

== Music ==
Gentleman has been travelling to Jamaica regularly since he was 16 years old. {{Reference necessary|It has been suggested that he became hooked on his brother's Reggae records and thus wanted to get to know Jamaica first-hand|date=March 2012}}. His career began with the collaboration of the band [[Freundeskreis]] which produced the song "Tabula Rasa." After beginning his career as a [[Deejay]], he oriented his style to the classic form of the reggae genre like that of [[Bob Marley]]. He sings mainly in [[English language|English]] or [[Jamaican Patois]]. With songs like "Send A Prayer," Gentleman expresses his deep belief in [[God]], without referring to a particular religion. His album, ''[[Confidence (album)|Confidence]]'', climbed to number 1 on the German album charts in 2004. After ten years of making music under the label [[Four Music]] he moved to [[Universal Music Group|Universal]] in 2010.<ref name="de">http://www.wildstylemag.com/index.php/magazine/news/1-news/1898-kitty-kat-gentleman-wechseln-zu-universal.html</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Albums ===

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! width="25" rowspan="2" | Year
! width="280" rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="6" | Chart Positions
|- bgcolor="#dddddd"
! width="30" | [[Germany|GER]] <ref name=autogenerated1>http://charts-surfer.de/musiksearch.php</ref>
! width="30" | [[Austria|AUT]] <ref>[http://www.austriancharts.at/search.asp?cat=a&search=gentleman austriancharts.at - Austria Top 40 - Hitparade Österreich]</ref>
! width="30" | [[Switzerland|SWI]] <ref>[http://www.hitparade.ch/search.asp?cat=a&search=gentleman Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community]</ref>
! width="30" | [[Netherlands|NET]] <ref name=autogenerated2>[http://www.acharts.us/album/27629 Gentleman - Another Intensity - Music Charts]</ref>
! width="30" | [[France|FR]] <ref name=autogenerated2 />
! width="30" | [[Poland|PL]] <ref>[http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLIS - Official Retail Sales Chart]</ref>
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Trodin On]]''
| align="center" | 59
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2002
| ''[[Journey To Jah]]''
| align="center" | 14
| align="center" | 19
| align="center" | 21
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Gentleman & The Far East Band Live]]''
| align="center" | 15
| align="center" | 10
| align="center" | 34
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2004
| ''[[Confidence (album)|Confidence]]''
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 4
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Another Intensity]]''
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 5
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 72
| align="center" | 75
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Diversity (album)|Diversity]]''
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | 146
| align="center" | 37
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Diversity Live (album)|Diversity Live]]''
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|}

=== Singles ===

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! width="25" rowspan="2" | Year
! width="280" rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="3" | Chart Position
|- bgcolor="#dddddd"
! width="30" | [[Germany|DE]] <ref name="de" />
! width="30" | [[Austria|AT]] <ref>[http://www.austriancharts.at/search.asp?cat=s&search=gentleman austriancharts.at - Austria Top 40 - Hitparade Österreich]</ref>
! width="30" | [[Switzerland|CH]] <ref>[http://www.hitparade.ch/search.asp?cat=s&search=gentleman Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community]</ref>
|-
| 1998
| '''Tabula Rasa''' (feat. [[Freundeskreis]] & [[Mellowbag]])
| align="center" | 13
| align="center" | 18
| align="center" | 6
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 1998
| '''In The Heat Of The Night''' ''Trodin On''
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|-
| 1999
| '''Jah Jah Never Fail''' ''Trodin On''
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2002
| '''Leave Us Alone''' ''Journey To Jah''
| align="center" | 78
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2002
| '''Dem Gone''' ''Journey To Jah''
| align="center" | 81
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2003
| '''Runaway''' ''Journey To Jah''
| align="center" | 65
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2003
| '''Rainy Days''' (feat. [[Tamika]] & [[Martin Jondo]]) ''Gentleman & The Far East Band Live''
| align="center" | 88
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2003
| '''Widerstand''' (feat. [[Curse]])
| align="center" | 45
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2004
| '''Superior''' ''Confidence''
| align="center" | 20
| align="center" | 20
| align="center" | 76
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2005
| '''Isyankar''' (feat. [[Mustafa Sandal]])
| align="center" | 6
| align="center" | 11
| align="center" | 4
|-
| 2005
| '''Intoxication''' ''Confidence''
| align="center" | 33
| align="center" | 58
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2005
| '''Send A Prayer''' ''Confidence''
| align="center" | 75
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2006
| '''On We Go''' / '''Caan Hold Us Down''' ''Confidence'' & Soundtrack ''[[Hui Buh]]''
| align="center" | 58
| align="center" | 48
| align="center" | 76
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2007
| '''Different Places''' ''Another Intensity''
| align="center" | 42
| align="center" | 65
| align="center" | –
|-
| 2007
| '''Serenity''' ''Another Intensity''
| align="center" | 81
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | 88
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2007
| '''Zeit zu verstehen (This Can't Be Everything)''' (feat. [[Azad (Rapper)|Azad]])
| align="center" | 30
| align="center" | 72
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2008
| '''Soulfood / Lack of Love''' (feat. [[Sizzla]]) ''Another Intensity''
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2009
| '''Changes''' 
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
| align="center" | –
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|}

=== EPs ===

* 1999: ''Heat of the Night''
* 1999: ''Jah Jah Never Fail''
* 2002: ''Leave Us Alone''
* 2002: ''Dem Gone''
* 2003: ''Rainy Days''
* 2003: ''Runaway''
* 2004: ''Superior''
* 2005: ''Intoxication''
* 2005: ''Send a Prayer''
* 2006: ''On We Go / Caan Hold Us Down''
* 2007: ''Different Places''
* 2007: ''Serenity''
* 2008: ''Soulfood / Lack of Love''
* 2010: ''It No Pretty''
* 2010: ''To the Top''
* 2010: ''Lonely Days'

=== DVDs ===

* 2003: ''Gentleman & The Far East Band Live''
* 2011: ''Diversity Live''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Gentleman (singer)}}
*[http://www.journeytojah.com Official website]
*[http://www.reggaephotos.de/gentleman.html 2000 Gentleman Photos at ''www.reggaephotos.de'']
*[http://www.fourmusic.com/fourmusic/artists/gentleman/index.shtml Gentleman @ ''fourmusic.com'']

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Gentleman
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =Otto, Tilmann
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =German singer
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 19, 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Osnabrück
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gentleman}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Reggae fusion artists]]
[[Category:People from Osnabrück]]
[[Category:Participants in the Bundesvision Song Contest]]
[[Category:German reggae musicians]]

[[de:Gentleman (Musiker)]]
[[el:Gentleman (μουσικός)]]
[[es:Gentleman]]
[[fr:Gentleman (chanteur)]]
[[it:Gentleman (cantante)]]
[[hu:Gentleman (zenész)]]
[[nl:Gentleman (zanger)]]
[[ja:ジェントルマン (歌手)]]
[[pl:Gentleman (muzyk)]]
[[pt:Gentleman]]
[[sk:Gentleman (spevák)]]
[[sr:Džentlman]]
[[sv:Gentleman (musiker)]]

Sophie Monk

2012-05-07T17:43:49Z

62.145.19.66: /* Personal life */ Center changed to centre as it refers to the CAD at the Australian high school and not the CAD based in NY, USA.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sophie Monk
|image = SophieMonkApr2011.jpg
| caption = Monk in April 2011
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Sophie Charlene Akland Monk
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|12|14}}
|birth_place =[[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]
| origin = [[Gold Coast, Queensland]], [[Australia]]
| instrument =
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Dance music|dance]]
| occupation = Singer, songwriter, actress, model
| years_active = 1999–present
| label = [[Warner Music]] (2000–2004)
| associated_acts = [[Bardot (band)|Bardot]], [[Benji Madden]]
| url = [http://www.sophie-monk.net/ Official website]
}}

'''Sophie Charlene Akland Monk''' (born 14 December 1979) is a [[London]]-born [[Australia]]n [[Pop music|pop]] singer, actress and [[Model (person)|model]]. Monk was a member of female pop group [[Bardot (band)|Bardot]] and released a solo album, ''[[Calendar Girl (Sophie Monk album)|Calendar Girl]]''. She has appeared in films such as ''[[Date Movie]]'' and ''[[Click (2006 film)|Click]]''.

== Career ==
=== Bardot ===
{{Main|Bardot (band)}}

Monk's professional music career began in 1999 when she responded to an advertisement at the recommendation of her mother which requested girls with vocal and dance experience. The advertisement was for an Australian [[reality television]] series, ''[[Popstars]]'', a TV talent show which aimed to create a successful new [[girl group]]. In one audition, she performed a rendition of [[Marilyn Monroe]]'s famous "[[Happy Birthday, Mr. President]]", working on her previous experience as a Monroe impersonator at [[Warner Bros. Movie World]]. After numerous rounds of singing and dancing workshops, Monk was selected as a member of the group, which was named [[Bardot (band)|Bardot]].

Bardot became the first Australian act to debut at the #1 position with both its debut single, "[[Poison (Bardot song)|Poison]]", and [[Bardot (album)|self-titled debut album]]. Further singles "[[I Should've Never Let You Go]]" and "[[These Days (Bardot song)|These Days]]" followed and in August, the group embarked on its first national tour. Bardot performed at the 2000 [[ARIA Awards]] at which they were nominated in three categories.

In July 2001, the group released "[[ASAP (Bardot song)|ASAP]]", the first single from their second album. Bardot now had more control over their music and image. The single peaked Top 5, as did follow-up single, "[[I Need Somebody]]", their most successful single since "Poison". The second album, ''[[Play It Like That]]'' debuted at #16, achieving gold status. Monk co-wrote the album track "Feel Right" with bandmate [[Sally Polihronas]]. In 2002, final single, "[[Love Will Find A Way (Bardot song)|Love Will Find A Way]]" completed Bardot's string of consecutive Top 20 hits and the group embarked on its second national tour. In May, the group disbanded.

=== Acting career ===
[[File:Sophie Monk 2.jpg|thumb|right|Monk in an advertisement for PETA]]
Monk began appearing in films after Bardot disbanded. She appeared in a minor role as [[Marilyn Monroe]] for a high-budget telemovie ''The Mystery Of Natalie Wood'' (2004), and she was in the music video "[[Always (Blink-182 song)|Always]]" for [[Rock music|rock]] group [[blink-182]].

In 2005 Monk portrayed Andy in the spoof comedy ''[[Date Movie]]''. Filming took place in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] in late 2005 and the film was released on 17 February 2006. The film stars [[Alyson Hannigan]] and [[Jennifer Coolidge]]. Despite negative reviews, the film was a box office success earning worldwide $84,795,656. She also appeared in the [[Adam Sandler]] comedy ''[[Click (2006 film)|Click]]'' portraying Stacey, a flirtatious, bimbo secretary whom Monk described in an interview as ''"... kind of a floozy that kind of just works there because she gets around a bit. Another serious character"''.

In 2007 Monk made her American television debut in the [[HBO]] comedy series ''[[Entourage (TV series)|Entourage]]'' in the episode "[[The Day Fuckers]]". She also had a role portraying Cynthia Rose in ''[[Sex and Death 101]]''.

In 2006 she was cast to play the villain Mason Masters in [[Warner Premiere]]'s ''[[Spring Breakdown]]''. Monk describes her character as ''"... the head of the evil girls. I'm like the evil bitch that everyone wants to be like and they all end up hating her"''. The film suffered a long post-production period due to distribution problems. The film, originally set for a cinematic release, was released to DVD on 16 January 2009 to mixed reviews.

In September 2008 [[Dark Castle Entertainment]] announced Monk was to portray Alexa in ''[[The Hills Run Red (2009 film)|The Hills Run Red]]''. Filming took place towards the start of 2009 in Sofia, Bulgaria. The film premiered at UK Frightfest, a horror film festival. The film was released straight-to-DVD on 29 September 2009.

In 2009 Monk announced to MTV Australia she has signed on for the comedy film ''[[Spring Break '83]]'' portraying Brittney. Filming took place in March 2009 in Los Angeles. The film stars [[Jamie Kennedy]], [[Raviv Ullman]] and [[John Goodman]]. A preview premiered at the 2009 [[Sundance Film Festival]]. The film suffered salary issues and distribution problems and is not yet released.

In 2007 Monk signed on for the indie horror film ''[[Murder World]]'' portraying Brooke. The film stars [[Scout Taylor-Compton]]. The film has suffered in development with numerous pushbacks and distribution problems. The film was announced to be picked up by [[Lionsgate]] for a worldwide distribution deal. The film would be later retitled ''Life Blood''. The film was released straight-to-DVD on 27 April 2010.

Monk appeared alongside [[Cameron Richardson]] in the indie comedy ''Hard Breakers'' portraying Lindsay Greene. Filming took place in 2009 in Los Angeles. She also portrayed Princess Ellen in the [[National Lampoon, Incorporated|National Lampoon]] comedy ''The Legend of Awesomest Maximus''.

== Personal life ==
Monk was born in England, but her parents moved to Australia's [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]] in [[Queensland]]. She also spent time at [[A. B. Paterson College]] and [[MacGregor State High School]].<ref>Somerset Lifetimes, May 2003</ref> At [[MacGregor State High School]],she was a School Captain in her senior year (1997), and was enlisted in the school's CAD (Centre of Artistic Development) Program.<ref>Gregalach 1997</ref>

Monk started dating [[Benji Madden]] in 2006, but in January 2008, media outlets reported that the couple had split up. Monk had returned to Australia alone, almost a year to the day since Madden proposed.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/sophie-monk-and-benji-madden-split-up/story-e6frf0a0-1111115266439
| title = Sophie Monk and Benji Madden split up
| author =
| last =
| first =
| date = 7 January 2008
| publisher = DailyTelegraph.com.au
}}</ref>
On 12 February 2008, it was announced by Monk's Sydney agent, Yoon Kim, that "Sophie and Benji have officially split. The decision was mutual and they remain amicable."<ref>{{cite web|last=Sullivan |first=Mike |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23206355-5012974,00.html |title=Sophie Monk splits from Good Charlotte's Benji Madden |publisher=Herald Sun |work=news.com.au |date=13 February 2008 |accessdate=15 May 2010}}</ref>

In February 2010, Monk was photographed in a wheelchair following a car crash in Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/sophie-monk-in-wheelchair-after-car-crash/story-e6frewz0-1225832053339 |title=Sophie Monk in wheelchair after car collision in Los Angeles |publisher=''The Daily Telegraph'' |date=19 February 2010 |accessdate=15 May 2010}}</ref>

On 25 January 2011, Monk announced her engagement to boyfriend [[Jimmy Esebag]], chairman of America's Licensing Holding Group. She announced the news on radio during the [[The Kyle and Jackie O Show|Kyle and Jackie O]] show on 104.1 Today FM while temporarily filling in as host for Jackie O.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/people/sophie-monk-announces-her-engagement-20110125-1a3y5.html |title=Sophie Monk announces her engagement |publisher=The Age |date=25 January 2011 |accessdate=25 Jan 2011}}</ref> Sophie was placed 96th place for 2011 Maxim's hot 100.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maxim.com/amg/GIRLS/Articles/2011+Hot+100 |title=2011 Hot 100|publisher=[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]|author=Maxim Staff|date=3 May 2011|accessdate=9 July 2011}}</ref>

On 7 March 2011, Monk announced on ''[[Chelsea Lately]]'' that she had separated from fiancé, Jimmy Esebag and was single.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20471608,00.html |title=Sophie Monk Calls Off Engagement |date=7 March 2011}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
; Film
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2004
| ''The Mystery of Natalie Wood
| [[Marilyn Monroe]]
| TV movie
|-
| 2005
| ''Pool Guys''
| Janet
| TV movie
|-
| 2005
| ''[[London (2005 film)|London]]''
| Lauren
| Worldwide Gross: $20,361
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Date Movie]]''
| Andy
| Worldwide Gross: $84,795,656
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Click (2006 film)|Click]]''
| Stacey
| Worldwide Gross: $237,681,299
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Sex and Death 101]]''
| Cynthia Rose
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Spring Breakdown]]''
| Mason
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[The Hills Run Red (2009 film)|The Hills Run Red]]''
| Alexa
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Spring Break '83]]''
| Brittany
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Murder World]]''
| Brooke
|
|-
| 2010
| ''The Legend of Awesomest Maximus''
| Princess Ellen
|
|-
| 2010
| ''Hard Breakers''
| Lindsay Greene
|
|-
| 2011
| ''Dorfman''
| Vronka
|
|}

; Television
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Popstars]]''
| Herself / Contestant
| Series One Winner
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Entourage (TV series)|Entourage]]''
| Juliette
| 1 episode: ''[[The Day Fuckers]]''
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Getaway]]''
| Herself / Reporter
| 6 episodes
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Talkin' 'Bout Your Generation]]''
| Herself / Contestant
| 1 episode
|}

; Music video
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Music Video !! Artist !! Role
|-
| 2004
| "[[Always (Blink-182 song)|Always]]"
| [[Blink-182]]
| Love interest
|}

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==

{{commons category}}
* [http://www.sophiemonk.com.au/ sophiemonk.com.au]
* [http://sophie-monk.net/ sophie-monk.net]
* {{IMDb name|id=0598241|name=Sophie Monk}}
* [http://www.hardbreakersthemovie.com/ Hardbreakers official site]

{{Sophie Monk}}
{{Bardot}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Monk, Sophie
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 14 December 1979
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Monk, Sophie}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bardot members]]
[[Category:Australian female singers]]
[[Category:Australian film actors]]
[[Category:Australian pop singers]]
[[Category:Australian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Australian expatriate actors in the United States]]
[[Category:Australian expatriates in the United States]] 
[[Category:Australian vegetarians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Queensland]]
[[Category:People educated at MacGregor State High School]]

[[be:Сафі Монк]]
[[bg:Софи Монк]]
[[bs:Sophie Monk]]
[[cs:Sophie Monk]]
[[da:Sophie Monk]]
[[de:Sophie Monk]]
[[et:Sophie Monk]]
[[el:Σόφι Μονκ]]
[[es:Sophie Monk]]
[[fa:سوفی مانک]]
[[fr:Sophie Monk]]
[[ko:소피 몽크]]
[[hr:Sophie Monk]]
[[id:Sophie Monk]]
[[is:Sophie Monk]]
[[it:Sophie Monk]]
[[lv:Sofija Monka]]
[[hu:Sophie Monk]]
[[mk:Софи Монк]]
[[ms:Sophie Monk]]
[[nl:Sophie Monk]]
[[ja:ソフィー・モンク]]
[[no:Sophie Monk]]
[[nn:Sophie Monk]]
[[pl:Sophie Monk]]
[[pt:Sophie Monk]]
[[ro:Sophie Monk]]
[[ru:Монк, Софи]]
[[sk:Sophie Monková]]
[[sl:Sophie Monk]]
[[sr:Софи Манк]]
[[sh:Sophie Monk]]
[[fi:Sophie Monk]]
[[sv:Sophie Monk]]
[[th:โซฟี มังก์]]
[[uk:Софі Монк]]
[[vi:Sophie Monk]]

The Queen and I (novel)

2012-04-30T13:31:21Z

62.145.19.66:

{{For|the Gym Class Heroes song|The Queen and I (song)}}
{{Unreferenced|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Queen and I
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image =
| image_caption =
| author = [[Sue Townsend]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| genre = novel
| publisher =
| release_date = [[1992 in literature|1992]]
| english_release_date =
| media_type =
| pages =
| isbn =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''The Queen and I''''' is a [[1992 in literature|1992]] novel/play written by [[Sue Townsend]].

The setting is the [[UK]], after the [[United Kingdom general election, 1992|1992 General Election]], where the House of Windsor has just been deprived of its Royal status by the [[republicanism|People's Republican Party]] and its members are made to live like normal Britons.

After a People's Republican Party government is elected by the British people, who were influenced by [[subliminal messages]] sent through their TV sets by members of the television technicians union manipulated by Jack Barker, the [[British Royal Family|Royal Family]] has to leave [[Buckingham Palace]] and must move to a [[Council estate|council house estate]]. Barker, as the new Prime Minister, transforms Britain into a republic and dismantles the monarchy.

In Hellebore Close (aptly known as "Hell Close" to its longtime residents), the new home of the Royal Family, they learn to cope with the normal day of ordinary people.The Queen - now called Mrs Windsor - is not allowed to take all her beloved corgies to her new home in "hell Close", only Harris is with her and Charles has to learn that you can't keep horses in a council house garden. The Queen is visited by a social worker but refuses to let her in. The [[Queen Elizabeth II|Queen]] learns how to use a zip or buttons and that five hours of waiting to see a doctor in an ordinary hospital is not unusual. She gets to know that living with a small pensioner's income is hard and that you have to organize your budget. On the whole, the Queen quickly learns to cope with the situation and later does not want to go back to [[Buckingham Palace]] because of all the duties that would await her there.

On the other hand, her husband [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Philip]] cannot cope with the situation. He refuses to eat, is annoyed by sharing a bed with his wife and would like to be anywhere but in Hellebore Close.

[[Charles, Prince of Wales|Charles]], former [[Prince of Wales]], discovers his great love for gardening. While he and his wife [[Diana, Princess of Wales]], begin affairs with their neighbours, their children, [[Prince William of Wales|William]] and [[Prince Henry of Wales|Harry]], think the whole situation is an adventure. Later Charles is imprisoned and sentenced for attacking a police officer, a crime he did not actually commit. His sister [[Anne, Princess Royal]], takes up with a local handyman. [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]], is briefly mentioned to be serving aboard a submarine under the [[Arctic]] ice cap.
Their neighbours, who are at first sceptical, eventually include the ex-Royals in their society and help them as much as their own circumstances allow.

Although the [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|Queen Mum]] is the oldest, she learns very fast how to cope with the new situation, but even in the poor circumstances of Hellebore Close she cannot stop herself from betting on horses. Her death shakes the whole neighbourhood and everyone takes part in her cheap, but solemn funeral. A disgruntled fishmonger and his wife start a campaign to "Bring Our Monarch Back", under its acronym BOMB.

Jack Barker and his so called “Kitchen [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]]” make very expensive promises to the voters, e.g. raising pensions or renewing schools, and soon get into trouble with foreign creditors. After talks with the [[Emperor of Japan|Japanese Emperor]], Barker announces that Britain is to become part of the Japanese Empire, with himself as [[Governor General]]. In return, all repayments to Japan are suspended indefinitely. This agreement is sealed by the marriage of the Emperor's daughter [[Sayako Kuroda|Sayako]] to [[Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex|Edward]], the Queen’s youngest son.

It is then revealed that the whole story was the Queen's nightmare, waking to find that the Conservatives have won the Election instead - as indeed actually happened: [[John Major]] was returned as Prime Minister. However, in 2006 a sequel, ''[[Queen Camilla]]'', was published, in which the Royals still live in Hell Close and Jack Barker is still in power.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Queen and I, The}}
[[Category:Novels by Sue Townsend]]
[[Category:1992 novels]]
[[Category:Republicanism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Elizabeth II]]

[[pt:The Queen and I]]

Sue Townsend

2012-04-30T13:25:47Z

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{{Infobox writer 
|name = Sue Townsend
|image =
|caption =
|pseudonym =
|birth_name = Susan Lillian Townsend
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|4|2|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Leicester]], United Kingdom
|death_date =
|death_place =
|occupation = Novelist, playwright, screenwriter, columnist
|genre = Drama, [[Fiction]], [[Screenplay]]
|movement =
| language =English
| nationality = British
| notableworks = [[Adrian Mole]] books
|influences =
|influenced =
|website = http://www.adrianmole.com/Sue/biography
|signature =
|spouse = Colin Broadway
| children = Sean, Daniel, Victoria, Elizabeth
}}
'''Susan Lillian Townsend''' [[FRSL]] (born 2 April 1946) is an English novelist and playwright, best known as the author of the [[Adrian Mole]] books. Although her writing primarily combines comedy with social commentary, she has also written purely dramatic works.

==Biography==
Townsend was born in [[Leicester]] and went to [[Glen Hills Primary School]], where the school secretary was Mrs Claricotes, a name she used for the school secretary in the Adrian Mole books. Her father was a postman and she was the eldest of five sisters. After failing her [[eleven plus exam|11-plus exam]], Townsend then went to the secondary modern [[South Wigston]] High School.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/leicester/content/articles/2005/02/18/internationalwomensday_feature.shtml
|title=Leicester's leading ladies
|publisher=BBC
|date=18 February 2005
|accessdate=1 February 2008
|last=Collier
|first=Kate
}}
</ref> She left school at the age of 15 and worked in a variety of jobs including factory worker and shop assistant. She married a sheet-metal worker and had three children under five by the time she was 22. She joined a writers' group at the Phoenix Theatre, Leicester in her thirties.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://thebookshow.skyarts.co.uk/authors/5478/sue_townsend.html
|title=Sky Arts: The Book Show
|publisher=Skyarts.co.uk
|accessdate=1 February 2008
}}
</ref><ref name="thetimes">
{{cite news
|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2101-2399015,00.html
|title=Sue Townsend
|publisher=The Times
|accessdate=1 February 2008
|date=15 October 2006
|last=White
|first=Lesley
| location=London
}}
</ref> She has four children: Sean, Daniel, Victoria and Elizabeth.

At the time of writing the first Adrian Mole book, Townsend was living on the Saffron Lane Estate, a stone's-throw away from the house in which playwright [[Joe Orton]] was brought up. ''The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole'' was reputedly based on her children's experiences at [[Mary Linwood Comprehensive School]] in [[Leicester]]. Several of the teachers who appear in the book (such as Ms Fossington-Gore and Mr Dock) are based on actual staff who worked at the school in the early 1980s. When the book was televised, it was mostly filmed at a different school nearby. Mary Linwood Comprehensive was closed in 1997. the first two published stories appeared in a short-lived arts journal entitled simply ''magazine,'' the editing and production of which Townsend was involved, featuring the character then still called Nigel Mole.

The first two books in the series appealed to many readers as a realistic and humourous treatment of the inner life of an adolescent boy. They also captured something of the [[zeitgeist]] of Britain during the [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] period.

Townsend has suffered from diabetes for many years, as a result of which she was registered blind in 2001,<ref name="thetimes"/> and has woven this theme into her work.

On February 25, 2009, [[Leicester City Council]] announced that Townsend will be given the Honorary Freedom of Leicester (where she still lives) alongside singer [[Engelbert Humperdinck (singer)|Engelbert Humperdinck]] and former professional [[Footballer (soccer)|footballer]] [[Alan Birchenall]].<ref name="City honours three of its finest 'ambassadors'">{{cite news| title=City honours three of its finest 'ambassadors' |url=http://www.leicester.gov.uk/newssite/index01.asp?pgid=9104| publisher= Leicester City Council| date=25 February 2009| accessdate=26 February 2009}}</ref>

In September 2009, she received a kidney from her son Sean after a 2 year wait for a donor. Surgery was carried out at [[Leicester General Hospital]] and Townsend spoke to reporters about the work of the [[UK National Kidney Federation]]. Her son who fears Adrian Mole is partly based on him is said to be "very proprietorial about what he still calls his kidney".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/6894643/Adrian-Mole-writer-Sue-Townsend-gets-kidney-from-her-son.html|publisher=Daily Telegraph|title=Adrian Mole writer Sue Townsend gets kidney from her son|date=27 December 2009|accessdate=13 January 2010 | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Adams}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{{Simple timeline|event-title=Award
|1981|[[Thames Television]] Playwright Award for Womberang
|2003|Frink award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/2003_41_tue_03.shtml |title=Sue Townsend – Woman of the Year Award |publisher=BBC |date=14 October 2003 |accessdate=1 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.womenoftheyear.co.uk/woman-of-the-year.htm |title=Women of The Year Lunch and Assembly |publisher=womenoftheyear.co.uk |accessdate=1 February 2008}}</ref>
|2007|Two [[honorary doctorates]], one from the [[University of Leicester]] and one from [[Loughborough University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/service/publicity/degree_days/2007/Summer/Townsend.html |title=Summer 2007 Oration – Sue Townsend |date=20 July 2007 |publisher=Loughborough University |accessdate=1 February 2008}}</ref>
|2007|James Joyce Award of the [[Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin)|Literary and Historical Society]] of [[University College Dublin]]
}}

== Works ==
===Adrian Mole series===
* ''[[The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾]]'' (1982), her best selling book, and the best-selling new British fiction book of the 1980s.
* ''[[The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole]]'' (1984)
* ''[[The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Adrian Mole From Minor to Major]]'' (1991) is an omnibus of the first three, and includes as a bonus the specially written ''Adrian Mole and the Small Amphibians''.
* ''[[Adrian Mole: The Wilderness Years]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Adrian Mole|The Lost Diaries of Adrian Mole, 1999–2001]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Adrian Mole: The Prostrate Years]] (2009)

===Other novels===
* ''[[Rebuilding Coventry]]'' (1988)
* ''[[The Queen and I (novel)|The Queen and I]]'' (1992), a story about the [[British royal family]] living a "normal" life on an urban housing estate following a republican revolution.
* ''[[Ghost Children (novel)|Ghost Children]]'' (1997), a novel treating the issues of bereavement, child abuse and women's self-esteem in relation to body image.
* ''[[Number Ten (novel)|Number Ten]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Queen Camilla]]'' (2006)
* ''[[The Woman Who Went to Bed for a Year]]'' (2012)

===Plays===
* ''Womberang'' (Soho Poly – 1979)
* ''The Ghost of Daniel Lambert'' ([[Leicester Haymarket Theatre]] – 1981) Theatre closed in January 2007
* ''Dayroom'' (Croydon Warehouse Theatre – 1981)
* ''Captain Christmas and the Evil Adults'' (Phoenix Arts Theatre – 1982) now known as the [[Phoenix Arts Centre]]
* ''Bazaar and Rummage'' (Royal Court Theatre – 1982)
* ''Groping for Words'' (Croydon Warehouse – 1983)
* ''The Great Celestial Cow'' (Royal Court Theatre and tour – 1984)
* ''The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole aged 13{{frac|3|4}}-The Play'' (Leicester Phoenix – 1984) now known as [[Phoenix Arts Centre]]
* ''Disneyland it Ain't'' (Royal Court Theatre Upstairs – 1989)
* ''Ten Tiny Fingers, Nine Tiny Toes'' (Library Theatre, Manchester – 1989)
* ''[[The Queen and I]]'' (Vaudeville Theatre – 1994, toured Australia in the summer of 1996 and was entitled The Royals Down Under)

===Non-fiction===
* ''[[Mr Bevan's Dream]]: Why Britain Needs Its Welfare State'' (1989)
* ''[[The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman]]'' (2001)

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.penguin.co.uk/nf/Author/AuthorPage/0,,1000049987,00.html Penguin Site]
* [http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=authC2D9C28A18dac23605uLr31DC862 British Council Contemporary Writers Site]


{{Persondata
|NAME= Townsend, Sue
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Townsend, Susan Lillian
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= English Novelist,, Playwright,, Screenwriter,, Columnist
|DATE OF BIRTH= April 2, 1946
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Leicester]], England
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Townsend, Sue}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Blind people from England]]
[[Category:English atheists]]
[[Category:English children's writers]]
[[Category:English humorists]]
[[Category:English novelists]]
[[Category:English dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:British republicans]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:People associated with Loughborough University]]
[[Category:People associated with the University of Leicester]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]

[[cs:Sue Townsendová]]
[[de:Sue Townsend]]
[[fr:Sue Townsend]]
[[it:Sue Townsend]]
[[nl:Sue Townsend]]
[[pl:Sue Townsend]]
[[pt:Sue Townsend]]
[[ru:Таунсенд, Сью]]
[[sv:Sue Townsend]]
[[uk:Сью Таунсенд]]

Adrian Mole

2012-04-30T13:21:40Z

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{{For|the TV series|The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole (TV series)}}
{{distinguish|Adrian's mole}}

{{Infobox character
| colour = #DEDEE2
| colour text =
| name = Adrian Albert Mole
| series =
| image =
| caption =
| first = 1982
| last =
| cause =
| creator = [[Sue Townsend]]
| portrayer =
| episode =
| nickname = Moley
| alias = Nigel Mole
| species =
| gender = Male
| occupation = Writer, TV chef, bookshop employee
| title =
| family =
| spouse = JoJo Daisy Flowers
| significantother =
| children = Glenn Bott-Mole ''(by Sharon Bott)'' William (Wole) Mole ''(by JoJo)'' Gracie Mole ''(by Daisy)''
| relatives = George Albert Mole (father) Pauline Monica Mole (née Sugden) (mother) Rosie Germaine Mole (half-sister) Brett Slater (half-brother)
| religion = [[Church of England]]
| nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]
| website = http://www.adrianmole.com/index.html
}}
'''Adrian Albert Mole''' is the fictional [[protagonist]] in a series of books by [[English literature|English author]] [[Sue Townsend]]. The character first appeared (as ''Nigel'') in a [[BBC Radio 4]] play in 1982. The books are written in the form of a diary, with some additional content such as correspondence. The first two books appealed to many readers as a realistic and humourous treatment of the inner life of an adolescent boy. They also captured something of the [[zeitgeist]] of [[United Kingdom|Britain]] during the [[Premiership of Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher period]].

==Themes==
The series has many themes. The first books concentrate on Adrian's desires and ambitions in life (to marry his teenage sweetheart, publish his poetry and novels, obtain financial security) and his complete failure to achieve them. The series satirises human pretensions, and especially, in the first couple of volumes, teenage pretensions.

The second theme is depiction of the social and political situation in Britain, with particular reference to [[left-wing]] politics in the 1980s in the first three books. For example, Mr and Mrs Mole's divorce reflects rising divorce rates in the 1980s, and living together unmarried was becoming a norm. Adrian's mother becomes a staunch feminist and briefly joins the [[Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp|Greenham Common]] campaigners. Pandora, Adrian's love interest, and her parents are part of an intellectualised and left-wing [[middle class]] that attempted to embrace the [[working class]].

Humour arises from the outworking of larger social forces within a very ordinary household in a very ordinary part of [[Middle England]].

The three latest books move in slightly new directions, showing Adrian as an adult in different environments. They are more focused on [[political satire]], mainly examining [[New Labour]], and in [[Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction|''Weapons of Mass Destruction'']], the [[Iraq war]]. The intervening book, ''[[Adrian Mole: The Wilderness Years]]'', mixes these themes, with events such as the [[Gulf War]] seen from Adrian's naive and frustrated point of view, as well as depictions of his experiences of unemployment and public spending cutbacks, both major political issues at the time. In dealing with political events, a constant [[plot device]] is that Adrian makes confident predictions and statements that are known to be wrong by the reader, ranging from belief in the [[Hitler Diaries]] to an Iraqi victory in the [[Gulf War]] to Iraq's [[Weapons of Mass Destruction]].

==Biography==
Adrian Albert Mole was born in 1967 and grew up with his parents in the city of [[Leicester]] in England's [[East Midlands]]. Adrian's family are largely unskilled [[working class]]/[[lower middle class]]es. He is an [[only child]] until the age of 15, when his polar opposite sister Rosie is born. Adrian is an average boy in many ways, not especially popular or sporty, but he does well enough at school and has friends. Deep inside, however, he perceives himself as a thwarted 'Great Writer', and spends years working on his novel, ''Lo! The Flat Hills of My Homeland'', never to be published. Over several books, he developed a script for a [[White_van_man|white van]] comedy [[serial killer]] programme, which for some reason the [[BBC]] was reluctant to produce.

As a young man he moves to London and takes a job in a [[Soho]] restaurant catering to media types. London is going through a food-enthusiasm renaissance and [[offal]] is all the rage. Adrian is persuaded to feature in a television cookery programme called ''Offally Good!'', supposedly to be a [[celebrity chef]]; although he is told the programme is a comedy, he typically fails to realise he is being set up as the stooge, the comic [[wiktionary:Straight man|straight man]].

Adrian ends up working in an [[antiquarian]] [[Independent bookstores|bookshop]]. Having lived in [[relative poverty]] for much of his life, and for some time in London in actual squalor, he overextends himself financially, lured by the banks' promises of easy credit, and buys a converted [[loft apartment]].

===Family===
The [[dysfunctional family|family is dysfunctional]] in a manner classic to comic settings. Adrian's parents '''[[Pauline Mole|Pauline]]''' and '''George Mole''' are [[working class]] characters with limited scope who drink and smoke a lot. They are both often [[unemployed]], and have separated, divorced and remarried more than once, often resulting from extramarital affairs. In a reversal of a typical teenager-mother relationship, Pauline berates Adrian for keeping his room "like a bloody shrine". They move from [[Leicester]] to [[Ashby-de-la-Zouch]] with their dog (only ever referred to as "the dog", who is eventually replaced by "the new dog"). Adrian's paternal grandmother Edna May Mole is also prominent in the early diaries.

Adrian's sister, '''[[Rosie Mole|Rosie Germaine Mole]]''' (after feminist [[Germaine Greer]]), grows up to be rebellious and "street", in total contrast to Adrian. Despite opposing personalities, the siblings enjoy a close relationship, and Adrian often feels that she is the only family member who truly understands him. She also relies on him on occasion, and when she fell pregnant as a teenager Adrian supported her when she decided to have an abortion.

Pauline first leaves George for their neighbour Mr Lucas, an insurance man; George fathers a second son, named '''Brett''', by a lover called Doreen Slater (a.k.a. "Stick Insect"); both are soon forgotten, although Brett makes a reappearance in the later books as a successful yet unpleasant businessman who loses his fortune during the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2010|Credit Crunch]]. Pauline temporarily marries her much younger lodger '''Martin Muffet''', who eventually leaves her for Adrian's girlfriend Bianca Dartington, giving Adrian and his mother a shared heartbreak. Later, George and Pauline effect a partner swap with Ivan and Tania Braithwaite (parents to Pandora), only to reunite after Ivan's untimely death.

Although there was some uncertainty over if George or Mr Lucas fathered Rosie, the plot point was forgotten until ''The Prostrate Years'' when Lucas (who is now rich) gets back in touch in Rosie demanding a DNA test on ''[[The Jeremy Kyle Show]]''. Although Adrian desperately tries to talk his mother and Rosie out of informing George or appearing on the show, they do and it is proven that Lucas is indeed Rosie's father. As Rosie's relationship with her parents started to break down before appearing on the show, she immediately moves in with him, starts calling him 'Dad' and referring to herself as 'Rosie Lucas'. As well as the truth of Rosie's paternity being revealed the show also casts some doubt on Adrian's when Pauline states that there is a 'seventy per-cent' chance that George is Adrian's father. Adrian notes that his mother told him about a [[maggot]] farmer she dated before she married George who wrote poetry. However Adrian decides not to pursue the issue, and thanks his father when he learns that George raised him single-handedly throughout the first year of his life while Pauline suffered [[Postpartum depression|postnatal depression]].

Adrian fathers three children.
*'''Glenn Bott-Mole''', son of '''Sharon Bott''', whom Adrian fancied at school and had an affair with as a young man. Sharon represents the [[underclass]] end of British society.
*'''William Mole''', the son of his first wife JoJo, a Nigerian princess. She divorces Adrian and moves back home, and eventually William joins her. He changes his Christian name from William to Wole to make it sound more African. (When he tells Adrian about this, he concludes his son is going to tire soon of his new name, '''Wole Mole'''. This is purely a visual joke, as Wole and Mole do not rhyme; Wole is pronounced ''wol-eh''.)
*'''Gracie Mole''', the daughter of his second wife '''Daisy''' (née '''Flowers'''), a smart, good-looking woman with whom he enjoyed great mutual attraction until their marriage broke down and she ran off with her rich employer.

===Friends===
*'''[[Pandora Braithwaite]]''' is the love of Adrian's life. She is beautiful and intelligent, and as teenagers they are happy together. In the later books she shuns Adrian in favour of, by turns, physically and intellectually powerful men, though he remains attached to her. Adrian tends to devote a lot of his diary space to her, describing her current paramour and his flaws, and pining for their lost love. The smart, polyglot and extremely attractive Pandora becomes a rising star in [[New Labour]] under [[Tony Blair]], i.e. one of [[Blair's Babes]], until she opposes the Iraq War, as did some real-life Labour MPs.
*'''Bert Baxter''', an [[OAP|old-age pensioner]] Adrian cares for. Despite the fact that Baxter is filthy, rude, a [[communist]], and has a vicious [[German Shepherd Dog|Alsatian]], Adrian becomes very fond of him. Bert died in 1997 aged 105, by falling down the stairs, despite having vowed not to die until he had seen the fall of [[capitalism]].
*'''Nigel Hetherington''' is Adrian's on-and-off best chum who has a somewhat [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] lifestyle. He moves to London and [[coming out|comes out]] as a gay man. In the last novel he is forced to move to his parents' [[granny flat]], having become [[Blindness|blind]], as Townsend herself did. In the original TV series and in ''Adrian Mole and the Small Amphibians'', his name is given as ''Nigel Partridge''.
*'''Barry "Baz" Kent''' is a [[skinhead]] who initially bullied Adrian and later became a "bad influence" upon him in his teen years. At the age of 16 he renounced racism and became a rabid [[anti-racist]]. At some point, Adrian discovered that Barry had a natural gift for poetry, which he encouraged him to develop. However, he bitterly regretted this when Barry became not only a successful poet, but author of a hit novel ''Dork's Diary'' which revolved around a loser called Aiden Vole (a [[tongue-in-cheek]] reference to the ''Adrian Mole'' books themselves). A lot of humour comes from the fact that Barry Kent, although seemingly ill-educated and rough-natured, succeeds on natural talent, which Adrian Mole clearly lacks. Adrian tries to turn his defeat into victory by creating a fictional character, the 'failed writer' Kent Barry, in a novel that is never published.
*'''Hamish Mancini''' is Adrian's American friend and penpal. They first met on Adrian's holiday to [[Loch Lomond]], Scotland. In the second book, Hamish runs away from his home to come live with Adrian briefly. In ''The True Confessions of Adrian Mole'', he asks Adrian to explain the [[British English]] terms in his diary, which means that Hamish somehow got hold of them. However, he sends them back. He reappears in ''The Lost Years''.
*'''Sharon Bott'''['''s'''] is Adrian's second girlfriend and the mother of his first child. She is introduced in ''Growing Pains'' as the girl who “will show everything for 50p and a pound of grapes”, but Adrian is disappointed after being set up on a date with her by Nigel. In ''True Confessions'', Adrian has lost his virginity with Sharon, but it is obvious that neither of them has any other interest in the other beyond sex. By this time Sharon has started putting on weight, and she is referred to as overweight in the later books. After it is proven that Adrian fathered Glenn in ''Cappuccino Years'', Sharon re-enters Adrian’s life; they maintain a good relationship as parents of Glenn.
*'''Bernard Hopkins''' is a strange, eccentric and frequently drunk man who Adrian calls in (in ''The Prostate Years'') to look after the bookshop due to both Mr Carlton-Hayes and his own frequent absences due to illness. Adrian notes that Bernard is an expert with antique books but isn't very pleasant to customers, to the point where he has been blacklisted from working at any [[Waterstones]] or [[Borders]]. He invites himself to Christmas dinner at Adrian's home and refuses to leave until Adrian has recovered from his prostate cancer, taking up permanent residence. Adrian and Bernard become close friends during Bernard's stay at The Piggeries, helping Adrian with household chores and a friendly ear.

==The False Ending and Future==
Townsend announced at the time of publication that ''Adrian Mole - The Weapons of Mass Destruction'' would be the last book of the series due to her poor health. The series is resolved in the following ways:

*Adrian suffers an emotional crisis after the death of Robert Stainforth, his son Glenn's best friend in the Iraq War; he realises that the war, which he had supported passionately, was fought for bogus reasons; and he faces financial ruin, he has only ever had poorly paid employment, such as working as an offal cook in a fashionable London restaurant. He comes to recognise that he has lived in a dream world and is forced to confront reality.
*Adrian's job in the antiquarian bookstore allows him some stability. His employer, the gentle and unbullying Mr. Carlton-Hayes, hints that he wants him to run the shop after he has retired.
*Adrian's financial nadir passes in an unspecified way, and he is able to get on with his life. (It is left to the reader to decide if he declared [[bankruptcy]] or came to a long-term arrangement with his creditors or was rescued by the equity in his Rat Wharf flat; however, it is revealed that he no longer has his car, which was presumably sold to cover some of the debts.)
*Adrian begins a serious relationship (eventually leading to marriage, although the actual wedding is not chronicled) with Daisy Flowers, his secret love of most of the book, and fathers a daughter called Gracie. They enjoy a happy, fulfilling relationship.
*His father, who has become wheelchair-bound, his mother and Animal (his real name), who has assisted them in converting two pigsties into living quarters (one of which Adrian, Daisy and Gracie live in at the end of the book) live together in a consensual ''[[ménage à trois]]''.
*Pandora continues as an MP (albeit a blackballed one), and says that despite their insurmountable differences, she still likes Adrian very much. After all these years, he is the only person she can talk to freely. In her autobiography ''Out of the Box'', she describes him as her first romantic interest and gives an unflattering, but honest, account of his shortcomings.
*In the last entry, Adrian concludes that keeping a diary is only for unhappy people. Daisy then asks why he is starting one again. Adrian says he wants to start an autobiography but she says that other people will find him uninteresting.

As the diary ends, the whole decades-spanning Mole Saga seems to come to a ragged but hopeful conclusion.

In an interview on Leicester hospital station Radio Fox on 5 June 2008, Townsend said that she was in fact writing a new Mole book entitled ''The Prostrate Years.'' Townsend said that the book was likely to be published in Spring 2009. [[Penguin]] listed a 'new Adrian Mole' among their highlights for books to be released in 2009. The book retailer [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] has since listed the book and audio CD of 'The Prostrate Years' as available for purchase, with a release date of November 5, 2009. In October 2009 the ''[[Leicester Mercury]]'' featured an interview with Townsend where she discussed the new Mole book and her (prospective) plans for future works.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/news/Adrian-Mole-battle-cancer/article-1451389-detail/article.html |title=Author Sue Townsend's new Adrian Mole book goes on sale |publisher=Thisisleicestershire.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-08-23| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100910234823/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/news/Adrian-Mole-battle-cancer/article-1451389-detail/article.html| archivedate= 10 September 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

==List of books featuring Adrian Mole==
*''[[The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾]]'' (1982)
*''[[The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole]]'' (1985)
*''[[The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole]]'' (1989)
*''[[Adrian Mole: The Wilderness Years]]'' (1993)
*''[[Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years]]'' (1999)
*''[[Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction]]'' (2004)
*''[[The Lost Diaries of Adrian Mole, 1999-2001]]'' (2008)
*''[[Adrian Mole: The Prostrate Years]]'' (2009)

Two overlapping compilations exist. The first two books are repackaged in one volume, and ''[[Adrian Mole: The Lost Years]]'' includes ''The True Confessions'' and ''The Wilderness Years'', as well as a bonus not available separately, "Adrian Mole and the Small Amphibians". ''[[Adrian Mole From Minor to Major]]'' (i.e. from being a child to the years of the [[John Major]] government) is a compilation of the first three books and "Adrian Mole and the Small Amphibians".

The table below details the title of each novel and the time period covered by Mole's entries:

===Timeline===
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Period = from:1980.252 till:2011.415
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width:25 fontsize:M textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4) color:bars

barset:Groupmembers

from:1981 till:1982.255 text:"[[The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾|Aged 13¾]]"
from:1982.255 till:1983.419 text:"[[The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole|Growing Pains]]"
from:1984.98 till:1989.54 text:"[[The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole|True Confessions]]"
from:1989.54 till:1991 text:"Small Amphibians"
from:1991 till:1992.29 text:"[[Adrian Mole: The Wilderness Years|Wilderness Years]]"
from:1994.900 till:1994.990 text:"Mole Cooks His Goose (Radio Times)"
from:1997.329 till:1998.334 text:"[[Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years|Cappuccino Years]]"
from:1999.904 till:2001.899 text:"The Lost Diaries"
from:2002.762 till:2004.639 text:"[[Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction|Weapons of Mass Destruction]]"
from:2007.419 till:2008.342 text:"[[Adrian Mole: The Prostrate Years|Prostrate Years]]"
from:2011.412 till:2011.415 text:"[[Adrian Mole's Royal Wedding]]"
</timeline>

==Other media==

*The character originated in a ''Thirty-Minute Theatre'' play on [[BBC Radio 4]] called "The Diary of Nigel Mole, Aged 13¼", broadcast on 2 January 1982, with [[Nicholas Barnes]] as Nigel.<ref>{{cite news | last = Wade | first = David | title = Radio | work = [[The Times]] | page = 8 | date = 1981-12-31}}</ref> The first name was changed to [[Adrian]] in the subsequent book as the original was thought to be too close to that of the satirical character in [[children's literature]] [[Nigel Molesworth]] (whom Sue Townsend said she had previously not heard of). The phrase "Adrian's mole" is found in the poem "The Bells of Shandon" by [[Francis Sylvester Mahony]] ("Father Prout"), and refers to the Roman emperor Hadrian's tomb ([[Castel Sant'Angelo]]).
*The books spawned three TV series. The first, ''[[The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole (TV series)|The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾]]'', was made by [[Thames Television]] for the [[ITV]] network and broadcast between 16 September and 21 October 1985. It starred [[Gian Sammarco]] as Adrian Mole with [[Julie Walters]] playing his mother. The sequel, ''[[The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole (TV Series)|The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole]]'' was broadcast between 5 January and 9 February 1987 with [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]] replacing Julie Walters as Adrian's mother. ''[[Adrian Mole: the Cappuccino Years (TV series)|Adrian Mole: the Cappuccino Years]]'' was broadcast on [[BBC One]] between 2 February and 9 March 2001, starring [[Stephen Mangan]] as Adrian Mole, [[Alison Steadman]] as Pauline Mole and [[Helen Baxendale]] as [[Pandora Braithwaite]].
*The character also featured in several radio series, such as ''[[Pirate Radio Four]]'' in 1985.
*A [[stage musical]] was written by Sue Townsend in 1984 of the first book - ''The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾: The Play'' with music and lyrics by [[Ken Howard (composer)|Ken Howard]] and Alan Blaikley. It starred [[Simon Schatzberger]] as Adrian Mole and [[Sheila Steafel]] as Pauline Mole. It was first performed at [[Phoenix Arts]], [[Leicester]] and went to [[Wyndham's Theatre]], [[London]] in December 1984.
*The first two books were adapted into [[interactive fiction|computer adventure games]] by [[Level 9 Computing]] in the 1980s.
*It has become a regular play among the world, e.g., the Roo Theatre in [[Australia]]
*A less well-known chapter of Adrian's life was chronicled in a weekly column called ''Diary of a Provincial Man'', which ran in ''[[The Guardian]]'' from December 1999 <ref>{{cite news|author=Sue Townsend |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/adrianmole/article/0,,124422,00.html |title=Adrian Mole is now aged 32 | Books | The Guardian |publisher=Books.guardian.co.uk |date= 27 January 2000|accessdate=2010-07-07 | location=London}}</ref> to November 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/adrianmole/0,,124404,00.html |title=Adrian Mole | Books | guardian.co.uk |publisher=Books.guardian.co.uk |date= 22 July 2008|accessdate=2010-07-07 | location=London}}</ref> This material was published as ''[[The Lost Diaries of Adrian Mole, 1999-2001]]''. Set contemporaneously, as all the diaries are, it fills in two of the gap years between ''[[Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years]]'' and ''[[Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction]]''. Adrian spends this period living on a crime-ridden [[council estate]] with his sons, has an on-off romance with a woman named Pamela Pigg, and temporarily works in a lay-by trailer cafe. He befriends yet another pensioner who subsequently dies, and has a brief infatuation with his male therapist (which he insists is wholly spiritual, not homosexual). The series includes comment on the [[UK fuel protests#September 2000 protests|petrol crisis of 2000]], the [[9/11|9/11 attacks]] and the [[War on Terrorism]]. Adrian's illegitimate half-brother Brett Mole, born on 5 August 1982, is reintroduced as a 19 year-old; he is an athletic, popular, confident, promiscuous, super-intelligent Oxford undergraduate, already a published poet and TV documentarian - in short, the person Adrian always wanted to be. Brett's mediocre older sibling soon comes to regard him with envious loathing. In what was apparently supposed to be a retrospectively-written preface to the re-published Diaries, Mole notes their re-publication in novel-form and suggests that Townsend is impersonating him and profiting from his writings. He also claims that his life is still not as happy as he would like, but 'that is another story' - suggesting that there is another diary to come.
*To mark the royal wedding between Prince William and Catherine Middleton, Sue Townsend wrote an exclusive Adrian Mole story for the Observer in 2011.

Although the period on a [[sink estate|sink council estate]] is referred to briefly in ''The Cappuccino Years'', the events of ''Diary of a Provincial Man'' are perhaps not strictly [[Canon (fiction)|canonical]]. For example, Adrian later states that he can count the women he has had carnal knowledge of "on the fingers of one hand". Those women would be: Sharon Bott, Bianca Dartington, JoJo Mole, Marigold and Daisy Flowers. Inserting Pamela Pigg into this list makes six - more than the fingers of one hand, unless Adrian is [[Polydactyly|polydactyl]]. The third wedding of Adrian's parents is described; however, Ivan Braithwaite does not drown whilst on honeymoon with Pauline Mole as detailed in "The Weapons of Mass Destruction" - instead he ultimately returns to his first wife, prompting George and Pauline to reunite (in "The Weapons of Mass Destruction", Pandora states that Pauline lured George away from Tania in the wake of Ivan's death). Also, Adrian's ex-wife JoJo e-mails him from Nigeria and names her new husband as one Colonel Ephat Mapfumo. In ''The Cappuccino Years'', her husband's name is Wole.
* An even less well-known chapter of Adrian's life appeared in the Christmas 1994 edition of the Radio Times. Titled "Mole Cooks his Goose" it covered a stay by Adrian and Jojo at his mother's house over Christmas. It has never been republished.

== Continuity errors ==
* Adrian's birth year is usually given as 1967 (as in ''[[The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾|Aged 13¾]], [[The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole|Growing Pains]], [[Adrian Mole: The Wilderness Years|Wilderness Years]], [[Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years|Cappuccino Years]]'') but sometimes as 1968 (''[[The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole|True Confessions]], [[Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction|Weapons of Mass Destruction]]''). In ''Prostrate Years'', Adrian's surprise 40th birthday party is celebrated on April 2, 2008.
*According to the final chapter of ''From Minor to Major'', Sharon Bott was three months pregnant in July 1989, meaning that Glenn Bott-Mole was born around January 1990. On Christmas Eve 1990 Adrian meets Glenn for the first time, describing him as "a strange-looking moon-headed toddler." But in ''[[Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years|Cappuccino Years]]'', set in 1997, Glenn is twelve years old, when consistency would require him to be only seven. Also, Glenn's thirteenth birthday falls in April 1998, not January. This makes Adrian seventeen at the time of Glenn's conception in July 1984, and Sharon, who was in Adrian's year at school, so was born between 1 September 1966 and 31 August 1967, was either seventeen or close to her 17th birthday. The final word comes from ''[[Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction|Weapons of Mass Destruction]]'', where Glenn is seventeen and joins the Army in 2002. This agrees with his age in the previous book. So Glenn's birthdate changes from January 1990 to April 1985.
*In ''[[Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years|Cappuccino Years]]'' William is cited as turning 3 years old in 1997, yet in ''[[The Lost Diaries of Adrian Mole 1999-2001]]'' at the start of the book Adrian says he is 7 years old. Which doesn't fall in with the info given in the previous book.
*In ''[[The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole|Growing Pains]]'', Rosie is born on 11 November 1982. However, by the start of the ''[[Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years|Cappuccino Years]]'' (May 1997), it is implied that she is fifteen years old and about to take her [[GCSE]]s and leave school, when she should be fourteen years old and have two years to go before her GCSEs. Later in ''Cappuccino Years'', in October 1997, Adrian mentions that Rosie is still at school (as she should be, going by her birthdate in the ''Growing Pains'').
*In ''[[The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole|Growing Pains]]'' the tyrannical headmaster of Adrian's school, "Pop-Eye" Scruton, retires on the grounds of ill health. But in ''[[The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole|True Confessions]]'', he is still Adrian's headmaster.
*Bert Baxter celebrates his 90th birthday on 29 May 1983, meaning that he was born on 29 May 1893. In ''The Cappucino Years'', in 1997, it is said that he died a day before his 106th birthday; however, in 1997 he would celebrate his 104th birthday. In the same chapter, 9 May is referred as his birthday. However, Bert does state in ''Growing Pains'' that he is uncertain whether it is in fact his 90th birthday or not.
*In ''Prostrate Years'' Adrian states “I only got a C grade in GCSE biology”. GCSE's are typically take the summer after a student's 16th birthday, but GCSE's did not replace [[O Level]]s and [[CSE]]'s until June 1987, when Adrian would have been too old to take them.
*At the end of ''[[Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction|Weapons of Mass Destruction]]'' Adrian's father must use a wheelchair after contracting a virus while in hospital for a back operation, but at the start of ''Prostrate Years'' the reason for his disability is given as a stroke brought on by years of poor dietary habits and inactivity.
*Several characters' names change:
**In ''[[The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole|Growing Pains]]'', Barry Kent's mother's name is Ida, but in ''[[Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years|Cappuccino Years]]'' she is called Edna.
**Sharon Bott was called Sharon Botts in the early books.
**Nigel's surname is given as Partridge in ''[[The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole|True Confessions]]'' but in the later books it is Hetherington.
**Adrian's paternal grandfather's name alternates between Albert and Arnold.
**Pauline Mole's middle name is given as Monica; later, in ''The Prostrate Years'', it's given as Hilda.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/find/rarebooksandarchives/specialcollections/sue_townsend_archive The Sue Townsend Archive held at the University of Leicester Library]
*[http://www.adrianmole.com Official website]
*[http://www.ethesis.net/townsend/townsend_inhoud.htm A comprehensive study of the non-dramatic work of Sue Townsend]
*{{imdb title|id=0088604|title=The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole Aged 13 ¾}}
*{{imdb title|id=0271275|title=Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years}}
*{{imdb title|id=0780604|title=The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole}} (In Development)

[[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1982|Mole, Adrian]]
[[Category:Characters in British novels of the 20th century]]
[[Category:Series of books|Mole, Adrian]]
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[[Category:Fictional English people]]
[[Category:Fictional diarists]]

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The Cardigans

2012-04-24T17:16:09Z

62.145.19.66: /* Renewed activity: 2003–2006 */

{{For|other uses of the word Cardigan|Cardigan (disambiguation){{!}}Cardigan}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = The Cardigans
| image = TheCardigans.jpg
| caption = The Cardigans performing in [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Brazil]] in 2006
| image_size =
| landscape = Yes
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Jönköping]], [[Sweden]]
| genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[Industrial rock]]
| years_active = 1992–present(hiatuses: 2000–2002 and 2007–2011)
| label = [[Music Corporation of America|MCA]], [[Mercury Records|Mercury]], [[Minty Fresh]], [[Stockholm Records|Stockholm]], [[Universal Music|Universal]]
| associated_acts = [[A Camp]], [[Righteous Boy]], [[Paus (band)|Paus]], [[Brothers of End]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.cardigans.com}}
| current_members = [[Lars-Olof Johansson]] [[Peter Svensson]] [[Bengt Lagerberg]] [[Nina Persson]] [[Magnus Sveningsson]]
}}

'''The Cardigans''' are a [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[alternative rock]] band formed in the town of [[Jönköping]] in October 1992.<ref name="The Great Rock Discography">{{Cite book|first= Martin C.|last= Strong|year= 2000|title= The Great Rock Discography|edition= 5th|publisher= Mojo Books|location= Edinburgh|pages= 152–153|isbn= 1-84195-017-3}}</ref>

Their debut album ''[[Emmerdale (album)|Emmerdale]]'' (1994) gave them a solid base in their home country and enjoyed some success abroad, especially in Japan. It was not until their second album ''[[Life (Cardigans album)|Life]]'' (1995) that an international reputation was secured. Their popularity rose when their single "[[Lovefool]]", from the album ''[[First Band on the Moon]]'' (1996), was included in the soundtrack of [[Baz Luhrmann]]'s 1996 film ''[[Romeo + Juliet|William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet]]''.<ref name="The Great Rock Discography"/> Other [[hit single]]s include "[[Erase/Rewind]]" and "[[My Favourite Game]]" from the album ''[[Gran Turismo (album)|Gran Turismo]]'' (1998).

==History==
===First years: 1992–1995===
[[Peter Svensson]] and [[Magnus Sveningsson]], both heavy metal musicians, formed the group on 31 October 1992<ref>{{cite web
| last = Sveningsson
| first = Magnus
| title = The Cardigans official website: Ask the Band
| url=http://www.cardigans.com/?sid=qa&id=13
| accessdate = 2007-11-01 }}</ref> in [[Jönköping]], [[Sweden]], with drummer [[Bengt Lagerberg]], keyboardist [[Lars-Olof Johansson]] and lead singer [[Nina Persson]]. Living together in a small apartment, The Cardigans recorded a [[demo tape]] with Persson providing lead vocals on only one of the songs towards the end of the tracklist. [[A&R]] man Ola Hermanson heard the demo and signed the band to his Trampolene imprint. In 1994, they released their debut album ''[[Emmerdale (album)|Emmerdale]]'' in Sweden and Japan; it was re-released internationally in 1997. The album included the Swedish radio hit "Rise & Shine", which was later voted the best of 1994 in a poll in ''[[Slitz]]'' magazine.

The remainder of 1994 was spent touring Europe and recording ''[[Life (Cardigans album)|Life]]'', which was released worldwide in 1995. ''Life'' became an international success, selling more than a million copies and achieving [[Platinum album|platinum status]] in Japan. In 1996, ''Life'' was released under the label [[Minty Fresh]] in the [[United States|US]], but this release was essentially a compilation of tracks from ''Emmerdale'' and ''Life''.

===Commercial success: 1996–1999===
After their success with ''Life'', The Cardigans signed to [[Mercury Records]], under which they released ''[[First Band on the Moon]]'' worldwide in 1996. "[[Lovefool]]" was a hit worldwide, particularly in the US and Japan, where the album reached platinum status in three weeks. The album also achieved [[music recording sales certification|gold sales status]] in the US. "Lovefool" was shown on [[MTV]] in the late 1990s as a [[music video]] with clips from the 1996 hit film ''[[Romeo + Juliet]]'' starring [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Claire Danes]]. It also featured in the film ''[[Cruel Intentions]]'' (1999).

In 1997, the band played themselves on the graduation episode of ''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]''.

1998's ''[[Gran Turismo (album)|Gran Turismo]]'' was followed by a long hiatus during which the band members pursued solo side projects. The same year they also released a [[compilation album]] of rare [[A-side and B-side|B-side]]s, ''[[The Other Side of the Moon (album)|The Other Side of the Moon]]'' as a Japan-only release. The video of the song "My Favourite Game" was censored by MTV for showing reckless driving. Despite this, it went on to become their second global hit song. "My Favourite Game" was featured on the [[soundtrack]] of the [[PlayStation]] video game ''[[Gran Turismo (series)|Gran Turismo 2]]'' in the intro movie on CD1. That year also saw their song "Deuce" appearing on ''[[The X-Files: The Album]]''.
[[Image:The Cardigans.jpg|thumb|The Cardigans performing in June 2004.]]

In 1999 the Cardigans recorded a duet cover of [[Talking Heads]]' "Burning Down the House" with [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]] for his album ''[[Reload (Tom Jones album)|Reload]]''.<ref name="The Great Rock Discography"/>

===On a break: 2000-2002===
After working non stop for 6 years the band decided to take a break. During this break [[Nina Persson]] released an album as [[A Camp]], and Peter Svensson and Bengt Lagerberg worked on the project Paus with help from Joakim Berg from [[Kent (band)|Kent]], and Magnus Sveningsson recorded as [[Righteous Boy]]. A Camp's eponymous titled debut album, was originally recorded with [[Niclas Frisk]] of [[Atomic Swing]], before Persson teamed up with [[Mark Linkous]] of [[Sparklehorse]] to re-record it. In doing so he also contributed some new songs to the album.

Nina had been a long-time fan of Sparklehorse and has referred to them as "the best I've ever heard". After a gig in [[Lund]], Sweden, Persson gave Linkous a cassette of all the [[demo (music)|demo]] A Camp songs. When they met again during the recording of his most recent album, Persson mustered the courage to invite him to produce her project. Linkous listened, liked the songs, and agreed.

The debut album released the singles "I Can Buy You" and "Song for the Leftovers". These country-inspired selections later seemed to have inspired The Cardigans' following album, ''[[Long Gone Before Daylight]]'', which was released in the UK summer 2003, and the USA in May 2004. In 2004, "Charlie Charlie" (the "I Can Buy You" single [[B-side]]) was covered (with new lyrics in [[Poland|Polish]]) by the Polish singer [[Ania (singer)|Ania]] and released as a single from her debut album ''Samotność po zmierzchu''.

===Renewed activity: 2003–2006===
The Cardigans returned in 2003 with ''[[Long Gone Before Daylight]]'', a collection of songs mainly written by Persson and Svensson. ''Long Gone Before Daylight'' became one of the best selling albums in Sweden in 2003. After a long hiatus from their last album in 1998 (with members of the band experimenting with other projects), it was finally released in Japan on March 19, 2003 and in Europe on March 24, 2003. Later it was also released in Canada (April 22, 2003) and the United States (May 25, 2004).

The album differs from the band's earlier works. Their familiar "happy" pop sound takes on a change to pop songs with more of an American [[country music]] influence. It is relatively a much darker album than their previous works, and more quiet than the noisier ''[[Gran Turismo (album)|Gran Turismo]]''. Indeed, even lead singer [[Nina Persson]] dyed her once light blonde hair to jet black, reflecting the band's change of mood.<ref>Amelia McDonell-Parry. [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/5204789/review/6085656 "Long Gone Before Daylight : The Cardigans : Review"], ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', 2004-07-24</ref>

Criticism was generally mixed to positive. Some found the change of direction welcome, and felt the band had matured, making songs that were even better than other experienced country-pop styled artists. Others missed the old pop sound, and accused the band of possibly being ashamed of their former "happy" pop sound. The first single of the album, "[[For What It's Worth (The Cardigans song)|For What It's Worth]]" was released on February 17, 2003. The second single was "[[You're the Storm]]" released on June 2, 2003. The third and final single was "[[Live and Learn (The Cardigans song)|Live and Learn]]" released on December 3, 2003. In the summer of 2004, The Cardigans toured with [[Liz Phair]], [[Katy Rose]] and [[Charlotte Martin]] on the [[Chicks With Attitude]] tour.

On 28 April 2005 the band's ''iTunes Originals'' album was released through iTunes. On 19 October 2005 the band released their sixth album ''[[Super Extra Gravity]]'' to generally favourable reviews.<ref>[http://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/cardigans/superextragravity?q=cardigans The Cardigans: Super Extra Gravity (2006): Reviews]</ref> ''Super Extra Gravity'' went straight to the #1 spot on the Swedish album chart and was certified gold (sales over 40,000).

===Another break: 2007-2011===
After their last album, the band had another break from recording and touring.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Sveningsson
| first = Magnus
| title = The Cardigans official website: Ask the Band
| url=http://www.cardigans.com/?sid=qa&id=13&search=&page=21&bfs=1
| accessdate = 2008-04-15 }}</ref> A ''[[Best of (The Cardigans album)|Best of]]'' compilation album was released in January 2008.

In the band's break of 2007, Persson recorded the second A Camp album ''[[Colonia (A Camp album)|Colonia]]'',<ref>[http://www.cardigans.com/?sid=article&pid=read&id=7011 The Cardigans – Nina Persson breathes new life into A Camp]</ref> which was released in early 2009. When the band ceased all promotional activities following a South American festival tour in September 2006, Persson decided to revisit the A Camp project with the view of releasing a new studio album by 2008. The initial demo sessions were met with frustration, however, when Persson struggled to find the right framework to produce a new A Camp record. "(The first A Camp album) was like my perfect country record. I didn't want the new album to sound anything like it, because that would have cheapened it. And I didn't want it to sound like a Cardigans album. So it took a long time to figure out what songs should be suitable."<ref name="Planet Sound">{{cite web|url=http://www.cardigans.com/?sid=forum&pid=thread&id=118155|title=Planet Sound - Persson sets up Camp again}}</ref> A Camp supported the US release of ''Colonia'' with a tour, which began in [[New York]] on 26 May and completed on 15 June in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/a-camp/43458 A Camp announce very first US tour] NME. 13 March 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.blackbookmag.com/article/nina-persson-queen-of-the-camp/6776 Nina Persson: Queen of Camp] BlackBook magazine. 17 March 2009</ref>

===Reunion and tour: 2012-present===
In 2012 The Cardigans announced that they will participate in [[Summer Sonic Rock Festival]] in Tokyo and Osaka on 18 and 19 August 2012. They also announced that they will play on July 11 on [[Moscow Stadium]]. The band spoke positively about their first rehearsals since their reformation. <ref>http://www.cardigans.com/?sid=default&bfs=1</ref>

==Solo projects==
In 2006, Sveningsson restarted their old label ''Trampolene'' and became an [[A&R]] for it. The first signing was the Swedish popband ''The Animal Five'', which was a minor success in Sweden and Germany.

In November 2006 Persson featured on ''[[The Cake Sale]]'', an album set up by [[Oxfam|Oxfam Ireland]]. It contained nine tracks from some of Ireland's leading artists. Proceeds from the album went to the [[fair trade]] campaign.

Persson also appeared on the [[Manic Street Preachers]]' album ''[[Send Away the Tigers]]'' (May 2007), providing guest vocals on the UK Chart #2 single "Your Love Alone Is Not Enough".<ref>[http://www.hmv.co.uk/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?ctx=280;-1;-1;-1&sku=608370 HMV.com: albums: Send Away The Tigers (2007)]</ref> She shared vocals with Manics frontman [[James Dean Bradfield]], who also appeared on stage with the band at the [[Glastonbury Festival]] 2007, and who has rated Peter Svensson as his second favourite guitarist.<ref>[http://www.manics.co.uk/04/lists/james.php Manics.co.uk]</ref>

Most recently Persson appeared on Danger Mouse & Sparklehorse's collaboration (Dark Night of the Soul) singing "Daddy's Gone" (with [[Mark Linkous]]).{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
[[Image:Nina Persson 2.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Nina Persson]] in concert]]

==Discography==
{{main|The Cardigans discography}}

* ''[[Emmerdale (album)|Emmerdale]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Life (The Cardigans album)|Life]]'' (1995)
* ''[[First Band on the Moon]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Gran Turismo (album)|Gran Turismo]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Long Gone Before Daylight]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Super Extra Gravity]]'' (2005)

==See also==
* [[Swedish music abroad]]
* [[List of HFStival acts]]
* [[Swedish Indie Pop]]
* [[Swedish rock]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cardigans.com/ Official website]
{{The Cardigans}}

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B-flat (jazz club)

2012-04-24T16:32:43Z

62.145.19.66:

{{Onesource|date=May 2011}}
[[File:B-flat at dusk.jpg|right|160px|]]
'''b-flat''' (full name: b-flat Acoustic Music & Jazzclub) is a jazz club in Berlin, Germany.

The b-flat was launched in 1995 by musician brothers [[Jannis Zotos]] and Thanassis Zotos and the actor André Hennecke. From 1997 on Joerg Zieprig has been responsible for booking. The club is located near Hackescher Markt at Rosenthaler Strasse 13. It is open every night and has become an inherent part of the Berlin jazz scene<ref>[http://www.partyearth.com/venues/b-flat Review on partyearth.com]</ref>. Local as well as internationally renowned musicians play jazz music of all different styles. On wednesday nights there is a regular weekly jam session<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/blackboxberlin#p/c/C1BDE621479A1E03/2/oqHuRabGVmQ Video documentation by blackboxBerlin TV]</ref> hosted by bass player Robin Draganic who is joined by varying guests.

Many well known musicians have played the b-flat over the years: [[Joe Sample]], [[Harry_Connick,_Jr.|Harry Connick Jr.]], [[Don Braden]], [[Aki Takase]], [[Alexander von Schlippenbach]], [[Kurt Rosenwinkel]], [[Judy Niemack]], [[Mal Waldron]], or [[Mikis Theodorakis]].

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.b-flat-berlin.de/ Ofiicial Website]

{{Music venues in Germany}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:B-Flat (Jazz Club)}}
[[Category:Jazz clubs in Germany]]

A-Trane

2012-04-24T16:30:30Z

62.145.19.66:

[[File:A-Trane Berlin logo.JPG|right|]]

The '''A-Trane''' is a jazz club in Berlin, Germany.

The A-Trane was opened in late 1992. It is located in Berlin-Charlottenburg at Bleibtreutrasse 1 where its doors open every night at 9 pm. Uncounted locally and internationally renowned musicians have played the club, including [[Wynton Marsalis]], [[Herbie Hancock]], [[Lee Konitz]], [[Brad Mehldau]], [[Larry Coryell]], [[Diana Krall]], [[Esbjörn Svensson]] and [[Till Brönner]]. It is of the venues of the annual [[JazzFest Berlin]]. Numerous live jazz albums have been recorded at the A-Trane. On Saturday nights after the regular show there is "Jazz after Midnight", the weekly jam session. The club accommodates no more than 100 people that gather around the 12 square meter bandstand.

Since 1997 the club's owner and manager is the former designer/illustrator and professional basketball player Sedal Sardan, who regularly acts as MC. The club was named after [[John Coltrane]] (nicknamed "Trane") with a reminiscence to the [[Duke Ellington]] standard "[[Take the A-Train]]".

The A-Trane is widely considered one of Europe's most important jazz clubs and has hence been honoured with the Live Entertainment Award (LEA) in the category "Best German Jazzclub" in April 2011.<ref>[http://www.jazz-online.com/vsc_1289_220_1_vid_69912/LEA2011_Kategorie_Jazzclub_Deutschland_Gewinner_A_Trane_Berlin.html A-Trane honored with Live Entertainment Award (LEA)]</ref>

==External links==
* [http://www.a-trane.de/ Ofiicial Website]

==References==
<references />

{{Music venues in Germany}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:A-Trane}}
[[Category:Jazz clubs in Germany]]

Bolkestein directive

2012-04-17T13:11:46Z

62.145.19.66: /* Opponents of liberalisation */

{{Infobox EU legislation
|type=Directive
|title= Directive on services in the internal market
|number= 2006/123/EC
|madeby=[[European Parliament]] & [[European Council|Council]]
|madeunder= Articles 47(2) and 55
|OJref= L376, 27 December 2006, pp. 36-68
|OJrefurl= http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:376:0036:0068:EN:PDF
|made=12 December 2006
|commenced=28 December 2006
|implementation= 28 December 2009
|CommProp=
|ESCOpin=
|ParlOpin=
|Reports=
|replaces=
|amends=
|amendedby=
|replacedby=
|status=Current
}}The '''Directive on services in the internal market''' (commonly referred to as the '''Bolkestein Directive''') is an [[EU law]] aiming at establishing a [[single market]] for [[Service (economics)|services]] within the [[European Union]] (EU). Drafted under the leadership of the former [[European Commissioner|European Commissioner for the Internal Market]] [[Frits Bolkestein]], it has been popularly referred to by his name. It was seen as an important kick-start to the [[Lisbon Agenda]] which, launched in 2000, was an agreed strategy to make the EU "the world's most dynamic and competitive economy" by 2010.

The Bolkestein Directive was harshly criticised by left-wing European politicians, who stated that it would lead to competition between workers in different parts of Europe — hence the expression "[[Polish plumber]]" — resulting in [[social dumping]]. The proposal, after the 2004 original draft had been substantially amended, was approved on 12 December 2006 by the European Parliament and Council, and adopted as the Directive 2006/123/EC.

==History==
===2004 original proposal: the three pillars===
Devised by the [[European Commission]] in 2004, the first draft of the Services Directive propounded several important changes in the EU services market.

====Country of origin====
However, this would have not applied to the professional rules (where according to the Directive on the Recognition of Diplomas, the rules of the country where the services are provided apply), nor - contrary to popular belief (fearing for example that a [[Polish Plumber]] could work in France under Polish [[labour law]]) - to Social Legislation and to Health and Safety at Work (HSW).

In these social fields the [[Posted Workers Directive|Posting-of-Workers Directive]] takes over and determines that short-term social protection such as minimum wages and HSW, are governed by the rules of the country where the services are provided (the host country), while long-term benefits, such as pension and unemployment contributions remain with the country of origin (to which the posted workers returns after the service).

===Pros and cons===
====Arguments in favour of the primal version====
Legally, the Directive did not bring anything into EU law that had not already been existing in the [[EC Treaty]] as interpreted by the Court of Justice. The "Country of Origin" principle has been gradually introduced into EU law of the freedom of movement of goods in ''Cassis de Dijon'' case of 1979 and into other areas (services, establishment) soon after.

Secondary legislation, in principle, cannot introduce rights and obligations that do not already have a basis in the Treaty. In this respect, the original draft of the Services Directive was not a novelty but a clarification of the case law of the European Court of Justice and the continuation of the Country of Origin principle that had already been introduced in the TV Without Frontiers Directive, the Second Banking Directive, the Third Insurance Directive, the E-Commerce Directive and others.

====Criticisms on the early draft====
[[Image:Bolkestein.gif|thumb|Protest against [[Frits Bolkestein]] in Brussels on March 19, 2005]]
[[Image:CgtSyndicatBrussels.jpg|thumb|French and Belgian trade unions protesting against the directive in Brussels on March 19, 2005]]

The first proposal of the Bolkestein Directive provoked intense debate and mass protests in various EU countries, including [[France]], [[Belgium]], [[Sweden]], and [[Denmark]]. On 21 March 2005 nearly one hundred thousand marched in [[Brussels]] to protest the Directive. The crowd consisted primarily of working people and trade unionists from Belgium, France, [[Germany]], [[Italy]], and the [[Netherlands]] according to a contributor to ''[[Spectrezine]]'' weblog.

Critics argued that the so-devised Directive would erode many of the Member State regulations governing industry and the environment, and would lead to competition between workers in different parts of Europe, resulting in a downward spiral in income levels. The expression "[[Polish Plumber]]" became famous during the French debate about the directive, meaning that under this legislation, a Polish plumber would able to work in France under Polish [[labour law]]s. Critics also charged that the Directive was a sign that "Anglo-Saxon" style economics was running rampant over the EU, and they warned that the directive led inevitably to "[[social dumping]]" -- companies and jobs relocating to the low-cost and less regulated economies of eastern Europe.

The process of "accelerated liberalisation" would have shifted the burden from the liberalisers to regulators, they argued. Assuming every piece of regulation to be burdensome by default, the Directive required member states to justify all existing legislation on the grounds that it was non-discriminatory, necessary and proportional.

Writing in ''[[The Guardian]]'' of 20 January, David Rowland argued that the Directive posed a threat to the [[United Kingdom|British]] health care system:

:The directive is controversial because it applies the same rules to healthcare and social services as it does to estate agents, fairground providers, advertising companies and private security firms. The commission no longer sees the services provided by doctors to patients as a special public good to be enjoyed by all citizens, but as an "economic activity", a commodity to be traded across the EU much like any other.

He also pointed out the implications for the building trade and environmental protection:

:The trade union movement is worried that construction companies will no longer have to abide by UK health and safety laws on building sites, and environmental campaigners fear that local planning rules, which govern where supermarkets can open, will be judged to be an illegal barrier to market entry. Attempts to stem the growth in the number of bars and nightclubs in city centres will also be thwarted by a number of clauses.

Another critic of the Directive, Graham Copp, commented in ''[[Red Pepper (magazine)|Red Pepper]]'':

:any company in any services industry (be it health, building, advertising or whatever) that was set up in one of the EU’s less regulated economies -– perhaps in one of the new eastern European member states -– could also set up in the UK; and the laws that would govern wages, standards, contracts, etc, for that business in Britain would be those of the eastern European country, for example, not the UK.

The European Trade Union Council argued that the Directive
:could speed up deregulation, seriously erode workers’ rights and protection, and damage the supply of essential services to European citizens.

[[Derek Simpson (trade unionist)|Derek Simpson]], general secretary of [[Amicus]], said:
:UK health and safety standards are hard won, and this directive threatens to dilute those high standards and compromise British workers and public safety without any redress to UK law or regulatory bodies.

===2005 developments===
On 22 March 2005, EU leaders, led by France, agreed on a "far reaching" revision of the Services Directive to preserve the European social model. French President [[Jacques Chirac]] told an EU summit in Brussels that the changes planned by the Directive were "unacceptable". However, modifications to the Directive were introduced within the normal course of the EU legislative process, at a later stage. The Directive did not disappear from the pipeline because the leaders agreed on the need to "open up" the EU services sector.

"If France wishes to eliminate the risk of social dumping, this will be addressed in the framework of the legislative procedure and of co-decision, which has been initiated," declared Jean-Claude Juncker of Luxembourg.

On 1 July 2005 the UK, which was considered pro-liberalisation and thus in favour of the Services Directive, took up the chair of the [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|EU Presidency]]. Among other things, under the UK Presidency the Services Directive looked likely to raise temperatures in the EU, particularly among those in favour of a more [[social Europe]], such as France, Belgium, and Germany. In [[Tony Blair]]'s speech to the European Parliament on 23 June, he committed the UK Presidency to try to "resolve some of the hard dossiers", of which the Services Directive was one. However, the UK was unable to retain the key liberalising aspects of the Directive and agreement in Council was not achieved during its Presidency.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4698524.stm | work=BBC News | title=Q&A: Services Directive | date=15 November 2006}}</ref>

===Parliamentary amendments on the primal version===
[[Image:Strasbourg, protest against Bolkestein IMG 2870.jpg|thumb|Protests against the directive in Strasbourg on February 12, 2006]]

On February 14-16, 2006, a plenary session of the [[European parliament]] carried out its [[first reading]] of the Directive in [[Strasbourg]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stopbolkestein.org/index.cfm?Content_ID=1484657 |title=? |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nantes.indymedia.org/article.php3?id_article=7473 |title=? |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=}}</ref>

On February 16, 2006, [[Member of the European Parliament|MEPs]] (Members of European Parliament) voted 391-213 in favour of a proposed revision to the Directive, although it has been 'watered down' from the original directive read to the European Parliament on February 14, so much so that [[Party of European Socialists|Socialist]] MEP [[Evelyne Gebhardt]] said the directive had been 'turned upside-down', a claim contested by labour organisations.

Meanwhile, about 50 000 people demonstrated against the "country of origin principle" in Strasbourg, according to the left wing ''[[L'Humanité]]'' newspaper.

The majority of members of the two largest groupings in the parliament, the conservative [[European People's Party]] (EPP) and the centre left [[Party of European Socialists]] (PES) voted in favour of the revised bill.

The [[Party of the European Left]], the [[European Green Party]] as well as the [[French Socialist Party]] voted against the new revision.

====Suggested inclusions====
The proposed directive would have covered:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/innovation/services-internal-market/article-132241 |title=? |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*Services of "[[general public interest]]" (aka [[public services]] in ordinary language), including, but not limited to, [[water]], [[sewage]] and [[waste]] management.
*Services provided to businesses such as management consultancy, certification and testing, facilities management and advertising,
*Services provided both to businesses and to consumers, such as real estate agencies, construction services, architects, distribution services, car rental and travel agencies.
*Consumer leisure services such as tourism, sports centres and amusement parks.

====Suggested exclusions====
The following however would have been excluded:
*[[Broadcasting]],
*[[Gambling]]
*[[Employment agency|Temporary employment agencies]],
*[[Legal]] and [[social]] services,
*[[Postal]] and [[Audiovisual services]],
*[[Publicly-funded health care|Public healthcare]] (but not [[Private Healthcare|private]]),
*[[Public transport]]

The controversial "[[country of origin]] principle" was explicitly left over, but there was no "country of destination principle" to replace it either. The [[European Court of Justice]] would therefore be charged of deciding, through [[jurisprudence]], which country's [[labour law]]s apply themselves in each case.

===Comments on the amended draft===
====Proponents of liberalisation====
Business groups stated that the new directive would limit the benefits that the early version of the Directive would have provided.

The European Commission estimated that this proposed version of the Directive would have created an additional 600,000 jobs in the EU, would have boosted economic growth and would have increased quality and choice for consumers.

The Wall Street Journal estimated that the revised directive would have failed in its objective: the liberalisation of services at the heart of the EU.

D. Godefridi (Hayek Institute) wrote in ''[[le Figaro]]'' : "Services represent 70% of the European economy. In not liberalising these the EU remains below the objective of the founding treaties of 1957: there is no common European market. For ten years European economic project has moved backwards. On 30 May 2006, the European political elite buried the very essence of the European project".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/debats/20060531.FIG000000250_directive_services_liberalisation_zero.html |title= ?|author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate= }}</ref>

====Opponents of liberalisation====
Left-wing and labour organisations underlined that the new version were not as favourable to workers as it pretends to be, and that the "country of origin principle" would have probably been applied by the European Court of Justice, as a record of its preceding decisions led believe. They especially pointed out that member states were prohibited from demanding any type of administrative authorisation to companies, thus making control of labour laws close to impossible.

[[Greens (France)|Green MP]] [[Gérard Onesta]] declared: "the Bolkestein directive had become a monster... It is now a monster missing a few teeth, but it is still a monster".

MEP [[Francis Wurtz]] ([[European United Left - Nordic Green Left]]) declared to ''[[L'Humanité]]'' that, as [[European Commissioner]] [[Charlie McCreevy]] (who had succeeded Bolkestein) had pointed out, the European Court of Justice jurisprudence systematically favoured the "country of origin principle".

Conservative MEP [[Philippe de Villiers]] also declared to ''[[Le Figaro]]'': "The new Bolkestein directive is a lie"; "In its original form, the directive threatened social dumping for 5,000 professions, the current version still targets 4,000". Henceforth, in the absence of a defined "country of destination principle", the "country of origin principle" would have still applied itself.

===Final revision===
On 5 April 2006 the [[European Commission]] presented a new version of the directive to the [[Council of the European Union|Council of Ministers]] including most of the modifications voted by the MEPs, in accordance to the [[codecision procedure]].

On 29 May 2006 the Council approved the revised text, which subsequently was resubmitted to the parliament for its second and final reading.

==Approval and implementation==
The Directive, after being substantially amended from the original proposal, was adopted on 12 December 2006 by the [[Council of the European Union|Council]] and the [[European Parliament]], and published on the [[Official Journal of the European Union]] on 27 December 2006 as the Directive 2006/123/EC. Therefore the Directive on services in the internal market should have been completely implemented by the Member States within the 28th December 2009.<ref>http://www.edilportale.com/news/2007/01/lavoro/servizi-nella-ue-pubblicata-la-direttiva_9145_33.html</ref><ref>http://www.edilportale.com/normativa/direttiva-cee/2006/2006-123-ce/direttiva-del-parlamento-europeo-e-del-consiglio-relativa-ai-servizi-nel-mercato-interno-%28ex-bolkestein%29_9956.html</ref><ref>http://www.euractiv.com/fr/europe-sociale/cedag-confusion-rgne-directive-services/article-184963</ref>

Although the final version did not include the "country of origin principle", the Directive instead reminded Member States of the principle of free movement, while accepting inroads when free movement collides with other public interests. However, before making such inroads, authorities have to verify and recognize any protection already provided in the country of origin - under the mutual recognition principle, they need to take into account what takes place in other countries before proceeding.<ref>http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=2bc515ee-b254-42ef-94e9-143a4931249a</ref>

===Implementation===
The Services Directive, which came into force on the 28th December 2009, requires all EU Member States to establish web portals so anyone who provides a service will have a "point of single contact" where they can find out what legal requirements they would need to meet to operate in the country in question. Service providers can also use the web portals to apply for any licence or permit they would need.

The Directive should make it easier for EU service providers to operate in any other EU Member State. The UK's [[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]] (Services Directive implementation team), working with marketing consultants, created the EUGO brand for use on point-of-single-contact portals across Europe.<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/eu-go/</ref>

==See also==
*[[Four Freedoms (European Union)]]
*[[Lisbon Strategy]]
*[[Labour law]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://ec.europa.eu/prelex/detail_dossier_real.cfm?CL=en&DosId=188810 The steps of the EU legislation procedure adopting Directive 2006/123/EC] on PreLex
* [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006L0123:EN:NOT Final text of Directive 2006/123/EC of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market]
* [http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/europe/services-directive/page9583.html UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills - Services Directive Introduction]
* [http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file53100.pdf Guidance for Business on the Provision of Services Regulations]
=== By country ===
* [http://www.eugo.es/ Eugo Spain]
===News===
*{{cite news | title=Huge protest against Bolkestein Directive | date=2005-03-21 | publisher=SpectreZine | url=http://www.spectrezine.org/weblog/index.php?p=61#more-61)}} (retrieved 27 March 2005)
*{{cite news | title=Bolkestein blasts French protest against his services directive | date=2005-03-20 | publisher=EUbusiness| url=http://www.eubusiness.com/afp/050320141245.tyze6vyu/view}} (retrieved 27 March 2005)
*{{cite news | title=Briefing: Commission Framework Directive on Services | date=November 2004 | publisher=Centre for a Social Europe | url=http://www.social-europe.org.uk/briefings/directiveservices.htm}} (retrieved 27 March 2005)
*{{cite news | surname=Rowland | given=David | title=In the health trade | date=2005-01-20 | publisher=The Guardian | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/analysis/story/0,,1394117,00.html | location=London}} (retrieved 27 March 2005)
*{{cite news | surname=Copp | given=Graham | title= The Bluffer’s Guide to the Bolkestein directive on services | date=April 2005 | publisher=Red Pepper | url=http://www.redpepper.org.uk/europe/x-apr2005-bolkestein.htm}} (retrieved 27 March 2005)
*{{cite news | title= EU agrees to reform services plan | publisher=BBC | date=2005-03-23 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4374007.stm}} (retrieved 27 March 2005)
*{{cite news | title='Bolkestein directive' to stay, but will be watered down| date=2005-11-21 | publisher=EurActiv | url=http://www.euractiv.com/Article?tcmuri=tcm:29-137160-16&type=News}} (retrieved 27 March 2005)
*{{cite news |title=Prime Minister's speech to the European Parliament on 23 June 2005 |author= |newspaper= |date= |url=http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page7714.asp |accessdate=}}
*{{cite news |title=? |author= |newspaper= |date= |url=http://www.monbiot.com/archives/2005/03/08/the-real-straight-banana/ |accessdate=}} A ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' article by [[George Monbiot]], an attempted 'coup against social Europe'? (8 March 2005)
*{{fr icon}} {{cite news | title=Ce que contient vraiment le compromis annoncé | publisher=L'Humanité | date=2006-02-15 | url=http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2006-02-15/2006-02-15-824056}} (accessible in English on [http://www.humaniteinenglish.com/ www.humaniteinenglish.com])
*{{fr icon}} {{cite news | title=Les eurodéputés renvoient à Bruxelles une directive Bolkestein adoucie | publisher=Agence France Presse | date=2006-02-16 (14h54) | url=http://www.afp.com/francais/news/stories/060216145433.t8um9shj.html}}
*{{cite news | title=EU service law approved by MEPs | publisher=BBC | date=2006-02-16 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4717978.stm}}
*{{cite news | title=Q&A: Services Directive | publisher=BBC | date= 2006-02-16 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4698524.stm}}
*{{fr icon}} {{cite news | title=Villiers: "la nouvelle directive Bolkestein est un mensonge" (Villiers: 'the new Bolkestein directive is a lie' | publisher=Le Figaro | date=2006-02-16 | url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/france/20060216.FIG000000011_villiers_la_nouvelle_directive_bolkestein_est_un_mensonge.html}}
*{{fr icon}} {{cite news | title=« La règle absolue demeure la mise en concurrence » | publisher=L'Humanité | date=2006-02-18 | url=http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2006-02-18/2006-02-18-824316}} (English transl. availables on [http://www.humaniteinenglish.com/ Humaniteinenglish.com]).
*{{cite news |title= Services Directive: Services Directive | publisher=EU Services Directive - BIS | date= 2010-01-16 | url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/europe/services-directive/page9583.html}}

[[Category:European Union directives|Services in the internal market]]
[[Category:International trade]]
[[Category:2006 in law]]
[[Category:2006 in the European Union]]

[[da:Servicedirektivet]]
[[de:Richtlinie 2006/123/EG über Dienstleistungen im Binnenmarkt]]
[[es:Directiva Bolkestein]]
[[fr:Directive Services]]
[[it:Direttiva Bolkestein]]
[[nl:EU-Dienstenrichtlijn]]
[[no:Tjenestedirektivet]]
[[pl:Dyrektywa usługowa]]
[[sv:Tjänstedirektivet]]
[[tr:Bolkestein Direktifi]]

Bolkestein directive

2012-04-17T13:10:35Z

62.145.19.66: /* Opponents of liberalisation */

{{Infobox EU legislation
|type=Directive
|title= Directive on services in the internal market
|number= 2006/123/EC
|madeby=[[European Parliament]] & [[European Council|Council]]
|madeunder= Articles 47(2) and 55
|OJref= L376, 27 December 2006, pp. 36-68
|OJrefurl= http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:376:0036:0068:EN:PDF
|made=12 December 2006
|commenced=28 December 2006
|implementation= 28 December 2009
|CommProp=
|ESCOpin=
|ParlOpin=
|Reports=
|replaces=
|amends=
|amendedby=
|replacedby=
|status=Current
}}The '''Directive on services in the internal market''' (commonly referred to as the '''Bolkestein Directive''') is an [[EU law]] aiming at establishing a [[single market]] for [[Service (economics)|services]] within the [[European Union]] (EU). Drafted under the leadership of the former [[European Commissioner|European Commissioner for the Internal Market]] [[Frits Bolkestein]], it has been popularly referred to by his name. It was seen as an important kick-start to the [[Lisbon Agenda]] which, launched in 2000, was an agreed strategy to make the EU "the world's most dynamic and competitive economy" by 2010.

The Bolkestein Directive was harshly criticised by left-wing European politicians, who stated that it would lead to competition between workers in different parts of Europe — hence the expression "[[Polish plumber]]" — resulting in [[social dumping]]. The proposal, after the 2004 original draft had been substantially amended, was approved on 12 December 2006 by the European Parliament and Council, and adopted as the Directive 2006/123/EC.

==History==
===2004 original proposal: the three pillars===
Devised by the [[European Commission]] in 2004, the first draft of the Services Directive propounded several important changes in the EU services market.

====Country of origin====
However, this would have not applied to the professional rules (where according to the Directive on the Recognition of Diplomas, the rules of the country where the services are provided apply), nor - contrary to popular belief (fearing for example that a [[Polish Plumber]] could work in France under Polish [[labour law]]) - to Social Legislation and to Health and Safety at Work (HSW).

In these social fields the [[Posted Workers Directive|Posting-of-Workers Directive]] takes over and determines that short-term social protection such as minimum wages and HSW, are governed by the rules of the country where the services are provided (the host country), while long-term benefits, such as pension and unemployment contributions remain with the country of origin (to which the posted workers returns after the service).

===Pros and cons===
====Arguments in favour of the primal version====
Legally, the Directive did not bring anything into EU law that had not already been existing in the [[EC Treaty]] as interpreted by the Court of Justice. The "Country of Origin" principle has been gradually introduced into EU law of the freedom of movement of goods in ''Cassis de Dijon'' case of 1979 and into other areas (services, establishment) soon after.

Secondary legislation, in principle, cannot introduce rights and obligations that do not already have a basis in the Treaty. In this respect, the original draft of the Services Directive was not a novelty but a clarification of the case law of the European Court of Justice and the continuation of the Country of Origin principle that had already been introduced in the TV Without Frontiers Directive, the Second Banking Directive, the Third Insurance Directive, the E-Commerce Directive and others.

====Criticisms on the early draft====
[[Image:Bolkestein.gif|thumb|Protest against [[Frits Bolkestein]] in Brussels on March 19, 2005]]
[[Image:CgtSyndicatBrussels.jpg|thumb|French and Belgian trade unions protesting against the directive in Brussels on March 19, 2005]]

The first proposal of the Bolkestein Directive provoked intense debate and mass protests in various EU countries, including [[France]], [[Belgium]], [[Sweden]], and [[Denmark]]. On 21 March 2005 nearly one hundred thousand marched in [[Brussels]] to protest the Directive. The crowd consisted primarily of working people and trade unionists from Belgium, France, [[Germany]], [[Italy]], and the [[Netherlands]] according to a contributor to ''[[Spectrezine]]'' weblog.

Critics argued that the so-devised Directive would erode many of the Member State regulations governing industry and the environment, and would lead to competition between workers in different parts of Europe, resulting in a downward spiral in income levels. The expression "[[Polish Plumber]]" became famous during the French debate about the directive, meaning that under this legislation, a Polish plumber would able to work in France under Polish [[labour law]]s. Critics also charged that the Directive was a sign that "Anglo-Saxon" style economics was running rampant over the EU, and they warned that the directive led inevitably to "[[social dumping]]" -- companies and jobs relocating to the low-cost and less regulated economies of eastern Europe.

The process of "accelerated liberalisation" would have shifted the burden from the liberalisers to regulators, they argued. Assuming every piece of regulation to be burdensome by default, the Directive required member states to justify all existing legislation on the grounds that it was non-discriminatory, necessary and proportional.

Writing in ''[[The Guardian]]'' of 20 January, David Rowland argued that the Directive posed a threat to the [[United Kingdom|British]] health care system:

:The directive is controversial because it applies the same rules to healthcare and social services as it does to estate agents, fairground providers, advertising companies and private security firms. The commission no longer sees the services provided by doctors to patients as a special public good to be enjoyed by all citizens, but as an "economic activity", a commodity to be traded across the EU much like any other.

He also pointed out the implications for the building trade and environmental protection:

:The trade union movement is worried that construction companies will no longer have to abide by UK health and safety laws on building sites, and environmental campaigners fear that local planning rules, which govern where supermarkets can open, will be judged to be an illegal barrier to market entry. Attempts to stem the growth in the number of bars and nightclubs in city centres will also be thwarted by a number of clauses.

Another critic of the Directive, Graham Copp, commented in ''[[Red Pepper (magazine)|Red Pepper]]'':

:any company in any services industry (be it health, building, advertising or whatever) that was set up in one of the EU’s less regulated economies -– perhaps in one of the new eastern European member states -– could also set up in the UK; and the laws that would govern wages, standards, contracts, etc, for that business in Britain would be those of the eastern European country, for example, not the UK.

The European Trade Union Council argued that the Directive
:could speed up deregulation, seriously erode workers’ rights and protection, and damage the supply of essential services to European citizens.

[[Derek Simpson (trade unionist)|Derek Simpson]], general secretary of [[Amicus]], said:
:UK health and safety standards are hard won, and this directive threatens to dilute those high standards and compromise British workers and public safety without any redress to UK law or regulatory bodies.

===2005 developments===
On 22 March 2005, EU leaders, led by France, agreed on a "far reaching" revision of the Services Directive to preserve the European social model. French President [[Jacques Chirac]] told an EU summit in Brussels that the changes planned by the Directive were "unacceptable". However, modifications to the Directive were introduced within the normal course of the EU legislative process, at a later stage. The Directive did not disappear from the pipeline because the leaders agreed on the need to "open up" the EU services sector.

"If France wishes to eliminate the risk of social dumping, this will be addressed in the framework of the legislative procedure and of co-decision, which has been initiated," declared Jean-Claude Juncker of Luxembourg.

On 1 July 2005 the UK, which was considered pro-liberalisation and thus in favour of the Services Directive, took up the chair of the [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|EU Presidency]]. Among other things, under the UK Presidency the Services Directive looked likely to raise temperatures in the EU, particularly among those in favour of a more [[social Europe]], such as France, Belgium, and Germany. In [[Tony Blair]]'s speech to the European Parliament on 23 June, he committed the UK Presidency to try to "resolve some of the hard dossiers", of which the Services Directive was one. However, the UK was unable to retain the key liberalising aspects of the Directive and agreement in Council was not achieved during its Presidency.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4698524.stm | work=BBC News | title=Q&A: Services Directive | date=15 November 2006}}</ref>

===Parliamentary amendments on the primal version===
[[Image:Strasbourg, protest against Bolkestein IMG 2870.jpg|thumb|Protests against the directive in Strasbourg on February 12, 2006]]

On February 14-16, 2006, a plenary session of the [[European parliament]] carried out its [[first reading]] of the Directive in [[Strasbourg]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stopbolkestein.org/index.cfm?Content_ID=1484657 |title=? |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nantes.indymedia.org/article.php3?id_article=7473 |title=? |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=}}</ref>

On February 16, 2006, [[Member of the European Parliament|MEPs]] (Members of European Parliament) voted 391-213 in favour of a proposed revision to the Directive, although it has been 'watered down' from the original directive read to the European Parliament on February 14, so much so that [[Party of European Socialists|Socialist]] MEP [[Evelyne Gebhardt]] said the directive had been 'turned upside-down', a claim contested by labour organisations.

Meanwhile, about 50 000 people demonstrated against the "country of origin principle" in Strasbourg, according to the left wing ''[[L'Humanité]]'' newspaper.

The majority of members of the two largest groupings in the parliament, the conservative [[European People's Party]] (EPP) and the centre left [[Party of European Socialists]] (PES) voted in favour of the revised bill.

The [[Party of the European Left]], the [[European Green Party]] as well as the [[French Socialist Party]] voted against the new revision.

====Suggested inclusions====
The proposed directive would have covered:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/innovation/services-internal-market/article-132241 |title=? |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*Services of "[[general public interest]]" (aka [[public services]] in ordinary language), including, but not limited to, [[water]], [[sewage]] and [[waste]] management.
*Services provided to businesses such as management consultancy, certification and testing, facilities management and advertising,
*Services provided both to businesses and to consumers, such as real estate agencies, construction services, architects, distribution services, car rental and travel agencies.
*Consumer leisure services such as tourism, sports centres and amusement parks.

====Suggested exclusions====
The following however would have been excluded:
*[[Broadcasting]],
*[[Gambling]]
*[[Employment agency|Temporary employment agencies]],
*[[Legal]] and [[social]] services,
*[[Postal]] and [[Audiovisual services]],
*[[Publicly-funded health care|Public healthcare]] (but not [[Private Healthcare|private]]),
*[[Public transport]]

The controversial "[[country of origin]] principle" was explicitly left over, but there was no "country of destination principle" to replace it either. The [[European Court of Justice]] would therefore be charged of deciding, through [[jurisprudence]], which country's [[labour law]]s apply themselves in each case.

===Comments on the amended draft===
====Proponents of liberalisation====
Business groups stated that the new directive would limit the benefits that the early version of the Directive would have provided.

The European Commission estimated that this proposed version of the Directive would have created an additional 600,000 jobs in the EU, would have boosted economic growth and would have increased quality and choice for consumers.

The Wall Street Journal estimated that the revised directive would have failed in its objective: the liberalisation of services at the heart of the EU.

D. Godefridi (Hayek Institute) wrote in ''[[le Figaro]]'' : "Services represent 70% of the European economy. In not liberalising these the EU remains below the objective of the founding treaties of 1957: there is no common European market. For ten years European economic project has moved backwards. On 30 May 2006, the European political elite buried the very essence of the European project".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/debats/20060531.FIG000000250_directive_services_liberalisation_zero.html |title= ?|author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate= }}</ref>

====Opponents of liberalisation====
Left-wing and labour organisations underlined that the new version were not as favourable to workers as it pretends to be, and that the "country of origin principle" would have probably been applied by the European Court of Justice, as a record of its preceding decisions led believe. They especially pointed out that member states were prohibited from demanding any type of administrative authorisation to companies, thus making control of labour laws close to impossible.

[[Greens (France)|Green MP]] [[Gérard Onesta]] declared: "the Bolkestein directive had become a monster... It is now a monster missing a few teeth, but it is still a monster".

MEP [[Francis Wurtz]] ([[European United Left - Nordic Green Left]]) declared to ''[[L'Humanité]]'' that, as [[European Commissioner]] [[Charlie McCreevy]] (who had succeeded Bolkestein) had pointed out, the European Court of Justice jurisprudence systematically favorised the "country of origin principle".

Conservative MEP [[Philippe de Villiers]] also declared to ''[[Le Figaro]]'': "The new Bolkestein directive is a lie"; "In its original form, the directive threatened social dumping for 5,000 professions, the current version still targets 4,000". Henceforth, in the absence of a defined "country of destination principle", the "country of origin principle" would have still applied itself.

===Final revision===
On 5 April 2006 the [[European Commission]] presented a new version of the directive to the [[Council of the European Union|Council of Ministers]] including most of the modifications voted by the MEPs, in accordance to the [[codecision procedure]].

On 29 May 2006 the Council approved the revised text, which subsequently was resubmitted to the parliament for its second and final reading.

==Approval and implementation==
The Directive, after being substantially amended from the original proposal, was adopted on 12 December 2006 by the [[Council of the European Union|Council]] and the [[European Parliament]], and published on the [[Official Journal of the European Union]] on 27 December 2006 as the Directive 2006/123/EC. Therefore the Directive on services in the internal market should have been completely implemented by the Member States within the 28th December 2009.<ref>http://www.edilportale.com/news/2007/01/lavoro/servizi-nella-ue-pubblicata-la-direttiva_9145_33.html</ref><ref>http://www.edilportale.com/normativa/direttiva-cee/2006/2006-123-ce/direttiva-del-parlamento-europeo-e-del-consiglio-relativa-ai-servizi-nel-mercato-interno-%28ex-bolkestein%29_9956.html</ref><ref>http://www.euractiv.com/fr/europe-sociale/cedag-confusion-rgne-directive-services/article-184963</ref>

Although the final version did not include the "country of origin principle", the Directive instead reminded Member States of the principle of free movement, while accepting inroads when free movement collides with other public interests. However, before making such inroads, authorities have to verify and recognize any protection already provided in the country of origin - under the mutual recognition principle, they need to take into account what takes place in other countries before proceeding.<ref>http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=2bc515ee-b254-42ef-94e9-143a4931249a</ref>

===Implementation===
The Services Directive, which came into force on the 28th December 2009, requires all EU Member States to establish web portals so anyone who provides a service will have a "point of single contact" where they can find out what legal requirements they would need to meet to operate in the country in question. Service providers can also use the web portals to apply for any licence or permit they would need.

The Directive should make it easier for EU service providers to operate in any other EU Member State. The UK's [[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]] (Services Directive implementation team), working with marketing consultants, created the EUGO brand for use on point-of-single-contact portals across Europe.<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/eu-go/</ref>

==See also==
*[[Four Freedoms (European Union)]]
*[[Lisbon Strategy]]
*[[Labour law]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://ec.europa.eu/prelex/detail_dossier_real.cfm?CL=en&DosId=188810 The steps of the EU legislation procedure adopting Directive 2006/123/EC] on PreLex
* [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006L0123:EN:NOT Final text of Directive 2006/123/EC of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market]
* [http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/europe/services-directive/page9583.html UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills - Services Directive Introduction]
* [http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file53100.pdf Guidance for Business on the Provision of Services Regulations]
=== By country ===
* [http://www.eugo.es/ Eugo Spain]
===News===
*{{cite news | title=Huge protest against Bolkestein Directive | date=2005-03-21 | publisher=SpectreZine | url=http://www.spectrezine.org/weblog/index.php?p=61#more-61)}} (retrieved 27 March 2005)
*{{cite news | title=Bolkestein blasts French protest against his services directive | date=2005-03-20 | publisher=EUbusiness| url=http://www.eubusiness.com/afp/050320141245.tyze6vyu/view}} (retrieved 27 March 2005)
*{{cite news | title=Briefing: Commission Framework Directive on Services | date=November 2004 | publisher=Centre for a Social Europe | url=http://www.social-europe.org.uk/briefings/directiveservices.htm}} (retrieved 27 March 2005)
*{{cite news | surname=Rowland | given=David | title=In the health trade | date=2005-01-20 | publisher=The Guardian | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/analysis/story/0,,1394117,00.html | location=London}} (retrieved 27 March 2005)
*{{cite news | surname=Copp | given=Graham | title= The Bluffer’s Guide to the Bolkestein directive on services | date=April 2005 | publisher=Red Pepper | url=http://www.redpepper.org.uk/europe/x-apr2005-bolkestein.htm}} (retrieved 27 March 2005)
*{{cite news | title= EU agrees to reform services plan | publisher=BBC | date=2005-03-23 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4374007.stm}} (retrieved 27 March 2005)
*{{cite news | title='Bolkestein directive' to stay, but will be watered down| date=2005-11-21 | publisher=EurActiv | url=http://www.euractiv.com/Article?tcmuri=tcm:29-137160-16&type=News}} (retrieved 27 March 2005)
*{{cite news |title=Prime Minister's speech to the European Parliament on 23 June 2005 |author= |newspaper= |date= |url=http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page7714.asp |accessdate=}}
*{{cite news |title=? |author= |newspaper= |date= |url=http://www.monbiot.com/archives/2005/03/08/the-real-straight-banana/ |accessdate=}} A ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' article by [[George Monbiot]], an attempted 'coup against social Europe'? (8 March 2005)
*{{fr icon}} {{cite news | title=Ce que contient vraiment le compromis annoncé | publisher=L'Humanité | date=2006-02-15 | url=http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2006-02-15/2006-02-15-824056}} (accessible in English on [http://www.humaniteinenglish.com/ www.humaniteinenglish.com])
*{{fr icon}} {{cite news | title=Les eurodéputés renvoient à Bruxelles une directive Bolkestein adoucie | publisher=Agence France Presse | date=2006-02-16 (14h54) | url=http://www.afp.com/francais/news/stories/060216145433.t8um9shj.html}}
*{{cite news | title=EU service law approved by MEPs | publisher=BBC | date=2006-02-16 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4717978.stm}}
*{{cite news | title=Q&A: Services Directive | publisher=BBC | date= 2006-02-16 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4698524.stm}}
*{{fr icon}} {{cite news | title=Villiers: "la nouvelle directive Bolkestein est un mensonge" (Villiers: 'the new Bolkestein directive is a lie' | publisher=Le Figaro | date=2006-02-16 | url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/france/20060216.FIG000000011_villiers_la_nouvelle_directive_bolkestein_est_un_mensonge.html}}
*{{fr icon}} {{cite news | title=« La règle absolue demeure la mise en concurrence » | publisher=L'Humanité | date=2006-02-18 | url=http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2006-02-18/2006-02-18-824316}} (English transl. availables on [http://www.humaniteinenglish.com/ Humaniteinenglish.com]).
*{{cite news |title= Services Directive: Services Directive | publisher=EU Services Directive - BIS | date= 2010-01-16 | url=http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/europe/services-directive/page9583.html}}

[[Category:European Union directives|Services in the internal market]]
[[Category:International trade]]
[[Category:2006 in law]]
[[Category:2006 in the European Union]]

[[da:Servicedirektivet]]
[[de:Richtlinie 2006/123/EG über Dienstleistungen im Binnenmarkt]]
[[es:Directiva Bolkestein]]
[[fr:Directive Services]]
[[it:Direttiva Bolkestein]]
[[nl:EU-Dienstenrichtlijn]]
[[no:Tjenestedirektivet]]
[[pl:Dyrektywa usługowa]]
[[sv:Tjänstedirektivet]]
[[tr:Bolkestein Direktifi]]

Erika Mustermann

2012-03-22T12:30:06Z

62.145.19.66:

<ref></ref>[[File:DE licence front.jpg|thumb|250px|Driving license of Anne Mustermann]]
[[File:Mustermann nPA.jpg|thumb|Identity card of Erika Mustermann (Version 2010)]]

{{Merge|Placeholder names in different languages#German|date=May 2009}}

'''Erika Mustermann''' is used as a [[placeholder name]] in [[Germany]] like [[John Doe]] in the USA and [[A. N. Other]] in the UK. ''Mustermann'' translates to "example man". '''Max Mustermann''' is a common male placeholder name.
In [[Switzerland]], Felix Muster (male) and Maria Bernasconi (female, implying [[Ticinese]] background) are common.

== See also ==
*[[Placeholder names in different languages]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.personalausweisportal.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/992054/publicationFile/63834/PersonalausweisbroschuereA6.pdf Official brochure on the new ID card]
* [http://akziv.de/haupt/erika/erika.html Erika Mustermann since 1981 until today]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070403085739/http://www.bundesdruckerei.de/de/presse/pressearchiv/2001/p12_11_2001.html Erkia Mustermann in the course of the time]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mustermann, Erika}}
[[Category:Placeholder names]]
[[Category:Fictional German people]]

{{name-stub}}

[[de:Erika Mustermann]]
[[fr:Erika Mustermann]]

Erika Mustermann

2012-03-22T12:25:44Z

62.145.19.66:

[[File:DE licence front.jpg|thumb|250px|Driving license of Anne Mustermann]]
[[File:Mustermann nPA.jpg|thumb|Identity card of Erika Mustermann (Version 2010)]]

{{Merge|Placeholder names in different languages#German|date=May 2009}}

'''Erika Mustermann''' is used as a [[placeholder name]] in [[Germany]] like [[John Doe]] in the USA and A. N. Other in the UK. ''Mustermann'' translates to "example man". '''Max Mustermann''' is a common male placeholder name.
In [[Switzerland]], Felix Muster (male) and Maria Bernasconi (female, implying [[Ticinese]] background) are common.

== See also ==
*[[Placeholder names in different languages]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.personalausweisportal.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/992054/publicationFile/63834/PersonalausweisbroschuereA6.pdf Official brochure on the new ID card]
* [http://akziv.de/haupt/erika/erika.html Erika Mustermann since 1981 until today]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070403085739/http://www.bundesdruckerei.de/de/presse/pressearchiv/2001/p12_11_2001.html Erkia Mustermann in the course of the time]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mustermann, Erika}}
[[Category:Placeholder names]]
[[Category:Fictional German people]]

{{name-stub}}

[[de:Erika Mustermann]]
[[fr:Erika Mustermann]]

Jimmy Nail

2012-03-19T13:10:04Z

62.145.19.66: /* Career */

{{BLP sources|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Jimmy Nail
| image = Sticknjimmy1.jpg
| caption = Jimmy Nail, ''left'', with [[Sammy Johnson]], ''right'', in ''[[Spender]]''.‎{{pufc|Sticknjimmy1.jpg|date=13 March 2012}}
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = {{nowrap|James Michael Aloysius Bradford}}
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|03|16}} {{nowrap|[[Benton, Newcastle upon Tyne|Benton]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[England]]}}
| death_date =
| label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]], [[London Records|London]], [[Warner Music Group|Warner Music UK Ltd]]
| genre = [[Soul music|Soul]], [[pop rock]], [[rock and roll]], [[country music|country]]
| occupation = {{nowrap|[[Musician]], [[singer-songwriter]], [[actor]]}}
| instrument = [[Singing|Vocals]], [[guitar]]
| years_active = 1983–2009
| associated_acts = [[Gary Holton]], [[Mark Knopfler]]
{{Extra musicsample
| Type = single
| filename = Jimmy Nail - Ain't No Doubt excerpt.ogg
| format = [[Ogg]]
| title = "Ain't No Doubt"}}
}}
'''James Bradford "Jimmy" Nail''' (born 16 March 1954) is an [[English people|English]] [[singer-songwriter]], [[actor]], [[musician]], [[film producer]], [[film score composer]] and [[television writer]].

He has starred in numerous roles on [[television]] since 1983. He is 6 foot 3 inches tall and a [[Newcastle United F.C.]] [[fan (person)|supporter]]. He is most famous for his role as Leonard "Oz" Osborne in the hit television show ''[[Auf Wiedersehen, Pet]]'', his title role in ''[[Spender]]'', and his 1992 number one single "[[Ain't No Doubt]]".

==Biography==
===Personal life===
{{BLP unsourced section|date=January 2012}}
Nail was born '''James Bradford''' in [[Benton, Newcastle upon Tyne]], the son of Laura ([[married and maiden names|née]] Johnson) and James Bradford. He had two sisters: Shelagh (who died in June 1967) and [[Val McLane]], who starred with him in the second series of ''[[Auf Wiedersehen Pet]]'' playing Dennis Patterson's sister Norma.

===Career===
Nail rose to fame playing Leonard Jeffrey 'Oz' Osborne in ''[[Auf Wiedersehen, Pet]]'' in 1983, despite having no acting experience whatsoever (he had appeared as an extra in the film ''[[Get Carter]]''). Nail has also starred in a number of films and had a long musical career, having been a singer before he was picked out at an audition to play Oz.

In 1985, he made a cameo appearance in the mini-series ''[[Master of the Game]]'', based on [[Sidney Sheldon]]'s novel, as the scheming errand boy Schmidt. In 1989, he appeared as head gamekeeper Rabbetts in the [[Danny, the Champion of the World (film)|film adaptation]] of the [[Roald Dahl]] book ''[[Danny, the Champion of the World]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/drama/faces/jimmy_nail.shtml|title=Jimmy Nail|month=March |year= 2005|work=Drama Faces|publisher=BBC|accessdate=1 October 2010}}</ref>

After the first two series of ''Auf Wiedersehen, Pet'', Nail found himself typecast before creating the detective series ''[[Spender]]'', which he co-wrote with [[Ian La Frenais]]. The show ran for three series from 1990 to 1993 and also produced a tele-film and a novel. This was followed in 1994 by ''[[Crocodile Shoes]]'', which he also created and starred as musician Jed Shepherd. After working with Madonna and Antonio Banderas in Alan Parker's ''[[Evita (film)|Evita]]'' (1996), he co-starred in Clement & La Frenais' [[Sony]] movie 'Still Crazy' (1998). A song from the movie, ''The Flame Still Burns'', sung by Nail, was nominated for a [[Golden Globe]]. In 1999 he began work on reviving the ''Auf Wiedersehen, Pet'' series, this time for the [[BBC]]. It was filmed in 2001 and aired in 2002, garnering audience figures of over 12 million. Another series saw the brickies holed up in Cuba, and the final two-hour instalment, set in [[Thailand]], aired over Christmas 2004 attracting over 7 million viewers.

He has released a number of albums of his own compositions, the first being ''Take It Or Leave It'' in 1986, 1991's ''[[Growing Up in Public (Jimmy Nail album)|Growing Up in Public]]'' (featuring among others [[Gary Moore]], [[David Gilmour]] and [[George Harrison]]) and the last being ''Tadpoles In A Jar'' in 1999. His ''Crocodile Shoes'' album of 1994 sold over a million copies. [[Mark Knopfler]] plays guitar on some tracks, a compliment that was repaid with an important plot reference to Oz's being a fan of [[Dire Straits]] in the third (revived) series of ''Auf Wiedersehen, Pet'' (2002).

In 2001 Nail released an album of [[cover version|cover]] songs, ''Ten Great Songs and an OK Voice''. The album contained different versions of songs such as "[[Walking on the Moon]]" ([[The Police (band)|The Police]]), "Something" ([[George Harrison]]) and "Overjoyed" ([[Stevie Wonder]]).

His work has resulted in five [[Bafta]] nominations (three in total for ''A.W.P.'', one for ''Spender'', one for ''Crocodile Shoes''), a [[Golden Globe]] nomination (Best Original Song - "[[Still Crazy]]"), an [[Ivor Novello]] nomination (for "Ain't No Doubt") and numerous other awards and nominations.

In 2004, Nail successfully sued the ''[[News of the World]]'' for defamation (''Nail v News Group Newspapers Limited'', 20 December 2004) and subsequently received damages of £30,000.

In 2005, his autobiography, ''A Northern Soul'', was published in the UK by [[Penguin Books]].

In 2008 Nail created and starred as Phil Parker in ''Parents of the Band'', a 6 x 30 mins series on BBC1, broadcast between November 2008 and January 2009. The series revolves around a group of teenagers who form a band just for their own enjoyment, and their parents, who fully expect them to be nothing less than the next [[Led Zeppelin]]. Ratings were disappointing, around the three million mark, and there are presently no plans for a second series.

Nail is currently{{when|date=February 2012}} said to be developing projects with the BBC.

Nail was actively involved in the Sammy Johnson Memorial Fund, established to help young talent in North East England. To aid this, he participated in the ''[[Sunday for Sammy]]'' benefit concerts, until workload forced him to resign from the board.

==Filmography==
Television Shows in which he has appeared include:
*''[[Minder (TV series)|Minder]]'' - (1984)... as Nathan Loveridge in the episode "The Car Lot Baggers"
*''[[Auf Wiedersehen Pet]]'' - (1983–2004)... as [[Leonard "Oz" Osborne|Leonard Jeffrey "Oz" Ozborne]]
*''Spyship'' - (1983) ... as Metcalfe
*''[[Blott on the Landscape]]'' (1985)... as Edwards
*''[[Master Of The Game]]'' (1985)... as Schmidt
*''[[Wallenberg: A Hero's Story|Raoul Wallenberg]]'' (1986)... as Vilmos Langfelder
*''Nicking Kids'' (1986)...as Criminal 1
*''Lenny Henry Tonite'' (1986) as Guest Star
*''Shoot For The Sun'' (1986)... as Geordie
*''[[Spender]]'' (1991–93)... as Freddie Spender
*''[[Crocodile Shoes]]'' (1994, 1996)... as Jed Shepperd
*'' [[Parents of the Band]]'' (2008) ... as Phil Parker

Films in which he has appeared include:
*''[[Get Carter]]'' (1971)... (uncredited extra)
*''[[Morons from Outer Space]]'' (1985)... as Desmond
*''[[Howling II: Stirba - Werewolf Bitch]]'' (1985)...as "Punk"
*''[[Dream Demon]]'' (1987)... as Paul
*''[[Just Ask for Diamond]]'' (1988)... as Boyle
*''[[Crusoe (1989 film)|Crusoe]]'' (1989)... as Tarik
*''[[Danny, the Champion of the World#TV Movie|Danny, the Champion of the World]]'' (1990)... as Rabbets
*''[[Evita (film)|Evita]]'' (1996)... as [[Agustín Magaldi]]
*''[[Still Crazy]]'' (1998)... as Les Wickes
*''[[The 10th Kingdom]]'' (2000)... as Clayface the Goblin

==Own projects==
*''[[Spender]]'' (1991–93)... Actor, writer, producer, creator.
*''[[Crocodile Shoes]]'' (1994)... Actor, writer, executive producer, creator.
*''[[Crocodile Shoes II]]'' (1996)... Actor, writer, executive producer, title music composer, creator
*''[[Parents of the Band]]'' (2008–9)... Actor, creator, executive producer, title music composer.

==Discography==
* {{Main|Jimmy Nail discography}}

==References==
* Larkin, Colin. ''The Encyclopedia of Popular Music'', 3rd edition, Macmillan, 1998.
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb name|0619700}}
* [http://www.kiwiherald.com/JimmyNail.html Jimmy Nail In New Zealand]

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Nail, Jimmy
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 16 March 1954
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nail, Jimmy}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:English film actors]]
[[Category:English male singers]]
[[Category:English television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Newcastle upon Tyne]]
[[Category:Music in Newcastle upon Tyne]]
[[Category:English country musicians]]
[[Category:English pop musicians]]
[[Category:English soul musicians]]
[[Category:English composers]]

[[de:Jimmy Nail]]
[[fr:Jimmy Nail]]
[[it:Jimmy Nail]]
[[fi:Jimmy Nail]]
[[sv:Jimmy Nail]]

Samantha Siddall

2012-01-09T18:49:45Z

62.145.19.66:

{{BLP sources|date=January 2010}}
{{Infobox person
|birth_date={{Birth-date and age|1982}}
|birth_place=[[Reddish]], [[Stockport]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Alex |last=Scapens |title=Star's cancer campaign |url= |work=Stockport Times East |publisher= |pages= |page=7 |date=15 March 2007 |quote=Reddish-born actress Samantha Siddall is fighting to raise awareness of ovarian cancer. }}</ref> [[England]]
|occupation=[[Actress]]
|yearsactive=2004–present
}}

'''Samantha Siddall''' (born 23 January 1982) is an English actress, best known for playing [[Mandy Maguire]] in ''[[Shameless]]'' from 2004–2009, a role she briefly reprised for an episode in 2011. She has previously appeared in ''[[Holby City]]'', ''[[Bodies (TV series)|Bodies]]'', ''[[Doctors (BBC soap opera)|Doctors]]'', ''[[Cutting It]]'' and ''Jane Eyre''.

She was a member of the Pantonic Allstars Steel Band.

Samantha lives in the Dane Bank area of [[Denton, Greater Manchester]]. She attended [[Egerton Park Arts College]] in the same town. She graduated from the [[University of Salford]] with a BA in [[Performing Arts]] in 2003.

She is currently{{When|date=January 2010}} teaching acting at [[Mid Cheshire College|Mid-Cheshire College]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDB name|1551931}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Siddall, Samantha
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1982
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Reddish]], [[Stockport]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddall, Samantha}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Salford]]
[[Category:English actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Manchester]]
[[Category:People from Denton, Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:People from Reddish]]

Alfred Molina

2012-01-06T19:22:55Z

62.145.19.66:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox person
| image = AlfredMolinaByJustinHoch2009.jpg
| caption = Alfred Molina, December 2009
| birth_name = Alfredo Molina
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|5|24}}
| birth_place = [[Paddington]], London, United Kingdom
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1978–present
| nationality = [[United States|American]] (naturalized, 2004)
| spouse = [[Jill Gascoine]] (1986–present)
| website =
}}

'''Alfred Molina''' (born 24 May 1953) is a [[United Kingdom|British]]-[[United States|American]] actor. He first came to public attention in the UK for his supporting role in the 1987 film ''[[Prick Up Your Ears]]''. He is well known for his roles in ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', ''[[The Man Who Knew Too Little]]'', ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'', ''[[Maverick (film)|Maverick]]'', ''[[Species (film)|Species]]'', ''[[Not Without My Daughter]]'', ''[[Chocolat (2000 film)|Chocolat]]'', ''[[Frida]]'', ''[[Steamboy]]'', ''[[The Hoax]]'', ''[[Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (film)|''Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time'']]'', ''[[The Da Vinci Code (film)|''The Da Vinci Code'']]'', ''[[A Panther in the Basement|Little Traitor]]'', ''[[An Education]]'' and ''[[The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010 film)|The Sorcerer's Apprentice]]''. He has recently starred as Detective [[Ricardo Morales (Law & Order: LA)|Ricardo Morales]] on the [[NBC]] police/courtroom drama ''[[Law & Order: LA]]'' and as Roger opposite [[Dawn French]] in the [[BBC]] television sitcom ''[[Roger & Val Have Just Got In]]''.

== Early life ==

Molina was born '''Alfredo Molina''' in [[Paddington]], London. His mother, Giovanna (née Bonelli), was an [[Italy|Italian]] house-keeper who cleaned rooms in a hotel and worked as a cook. His father, Esteban Molina, was a [[Spain|Spanish]] immigrant from [[Madrid]] who worked as a waiter and chauffeur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadway.com/gen/Buzz_Story.aspx?ci=544358&pn=2 |title=Alfred Molina, Q&A Interview: Broadway.com Buzz |publisher=Broadway.com |date= |accessdate=3 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1261494,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=I give good foreign | first=Simon | last=Hattenstone | date=15 July 2004 | accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="bookref1">{{cite book|last=|first=|authorlink=|coauthors=|title=Current biography yearbook, Volume 65|publisher=H. W. Wilson Co.|year=2004|location=|page=381|month=|url=|id=}}</ref> Molina grew up in a working class district in [[Notting Hill]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/03/03/theater.alfred.molina.ap/ }} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> that was inhabited by many other immigrant families.<ref>[http://www.hispaniconline.com/magazine/2004/jul_aug/CoverStory/index.html Hispanic Magazine.com – July/August 2004 – Alfred Molina – Cover Story]{{dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref> He decided to become an actor after seeing ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]'' at the age of nine, and attended the [[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800018903/bio |title=Alfred Molina Biography — Yahoo! Movies |publisher=Movies.yahoo.com |date=24 May 1953 |accessdate=3 August 2010}}</ref>

== Career ==

In 1978, Molina starred with [[Leonard Rossiter]] in the sitcom ''[[The Losers (TV series)|The Losers]]''.<ref name="RT">{{cite book|last=Lewishohn|first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Lewisohn|coauthors=|title=Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy|year=2003|publisher=''[[BBC Worldwide]]''|location=London|isbn=0-563-48755-0}}</ref> Molina made his film debut with a minor role in the 1981 film ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' as [[Indiana Jones]]' ill-fated guide, [[Sapito]], during its iconic opening sequence. However, his big break came with ''[[Letter to Brezhnev]]'' in 1985, which he followed up with a starring role in ''[[Prick Up Your Ears]]'' in 1987, playing [[Joe Orton]]'s lover (and eventual murderer) [[Kenneth Halliwell]]. He was originally cast as [[Arnold Rimmer]] in the TV sitcom ''[[Red Dwarf]]'', but he was replaced by [[Chris Barrie]].

Molina was a ubiquitous presence on British television in the early 1990s, with his most high profile role being the lead in the first two series of ''[[El C.I.D.]]'' Subsequent film roles included ''[[Species (film)|Species]]'', ''[[Dudley Do-Right]]'', ''[[Chocolat (2000 film)|Chocolat]]'', ''[[Not Without My Daughter]]'', and ''[[Enchanted April]]''. With a flawless mid-western American accent, Molina starred alongside [[Betty White]] in the US television series ''[[Ladies Man (1999 TV series)|Ladies Man]]'', which ran from 1999–2001.

He has worked twice with [[Paul Thomas Anderson]], first in ''[[Boogie Nights]]'' and then ''[[Magnolia (film)|Magnolia]]''. In 2002, Molina gained wide recognition for his portrayal of [[Diego Rivera]] alongside [[Salma Hayek]] in the biopic ''[[Frida]]'', a role which garnered him [[BAFTA]] and [[Screen Actors Guild|SAG]] award nominations. In 2003, he played himself alongside [[Steve Coogan]] in ''[[Coffee and Cigarettes]]''. In 2004, Molina gained further commercial recognition when he was cast as the villain [[Doctor Octopus]] in ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'', which went on to become one of the highest-grossing films of that year. He later reprised his role of Doctor Octopus in the video game adaption of ''Spider-Man 2'' and archive footage of Molina as Doctor Octopus is seen in the opening of ''[[Spider-Man 3]]''. In 2006, Molina portrayed [[Touchstone (As You Like It)|Touchstone]] in [[Kenneth Branagh]]'s film version of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[As You Like It]]'' and appeared in [[Ron Howard|Ron Howard's]] [[The Da Vinci Code (film)|adaptation]] of ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]''. Molina provided the voice of the villain [[Ares (DC Comics)|Ares]] in the 2009 animated film ''[[Wonder Woman (film)|Wonder Woman]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comicscontinuum.com/stories/0806/26/index.htm |title=Comics Continuum cast list |publisher=Comicscontinuum.com |date=26 June 2008 |accessdate=3 August 2010}}</ref>

Molina's stage work has included two major [[Royal National Theatre]] productions, [[Tennessee Williams]]' ''[[The Night of the Iguana]]'' (as Shannon) and [[David Mamet]]'s ''[[Speed-the-Plow]]'' (as Fox). In his Broadway debut, Molina performed in [[Yasmina Reza]]'s [[Tony Award for Best Play|Tony Award]]-winning play ''[['Art' (play)|'Art']]'', for which he received a Tony nomination in 1998. In 2004, Molina returned to the stage, starring as Tevye in the Broadway production of ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]''. For his performance he once again received a Tony Award nomination, this time for Best Actor in a Musical. Molina received his third Tony Award nomination for ''[[Red (play)|Red]]'' in 2010, for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play.

In 2007, Molina narrated a 17-part original audiobook for [[Audible.com]] called ''The Chopin Manuscript''. This serialized novel was written by a team of 15 best-selling thriller writers, including [[Jeffery Deaver]], [[Lee Child]], [[Joseph Finder]] and [[Lisa Scottoline]].

On 1 April 2010, he opened at Broadway's [[John Golden Theatre]] in the role of artist [[Mark Rothko]] in [[John Logan (writer)|John Logan]]'s drama ''[[Red (play)|Red]]'' opposite [[Eddie Redmayne]] for a limited engagement through 27 June.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lalayn Baluch |url=http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/24136/west-to-appear-in-donmars-life-is-a-dream |title=The Stage / News / West to appear in Donmar's Life is a Dream |publisher=Thestage.co.uk |date=17 April 2009 |accessdate=3 August 2010}}</ref> He had played the role to much critical success at the [[Donmar Warehouse]] in London in December 2009.

In 2010 he starred opposite [[Dawn French]] in the six-part BBC sitcom ''[[Roger & Val Have Just Got In]]''.<ref>Molina stars opposite Dawn French http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8256871.stm</ref>

He is the only actor to have three [[Lego]] Minifigures modelled after him, with them being [[Doctor Octopus]] from ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'', Satipo from ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' and Sheik Amar from ''[[Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (film)|Prince of Persia]]''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

In July 2010, it was announced that Molina had joined the cast of ''[[Law & Order: LA]]'' as Deputy District Attorney Morales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Molina-Law-Order-1020925.aspx|title=Alfred Molina Signs on to Law & Order: Los Angeles|publisher=TVGuide.com}}</ref> He previously guest-starred in a two-part crossover in 2005 in two other ''Law & Order'' franchise shows, ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'' and ''[[Law & Order: Trial by Jury]]''.

Molina is a Patron of the performing arts group [[Theatretrain]].

== Personal life ==

Molina resides in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], and announced in 2004 that he had become a U.S. citizen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/M/Molina_Alfred/2004/06/27/760319.html |title=CANOE — JAM! Movies — Artists — Molina, Alfred: Alfred Molina set for big-time recognition |publisher=Jam.canoe.ca |date=27 June 2004 |accessdate=3 August 2010}}</ref> He is fluent in [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].

He married actress [[Jill Gascoine]] in 1986 in [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]], London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findmypast.com/BirthsMarriagesDeaths.jsp |title=Marriages England and Wales 1984–2005 |publisher=Findmypast.com |date= |accessdate=3 August 2010}}</ref> He has a daughter, Rachel (born 1980), from a previous relationship, and two stepsons (Adam and Sean), from Gascoine's first marriage. He is also a grandfather to Alfie (born November 2003) and Layla (born May 2006).

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''
| [[List of Indiana Jones characters#Satipo|Satipo/"Sapito"]]
|
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Anyone for Denis? (TV version)|Anyone for Denis?]]''
| Eric
| TV version of a stage play
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Meantime (film)|Meantime]]''
| John
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1985
| ''[[Letter to Brezhnev]]''
| Sergei
|
|-
| ''[[Ladyhawke]]''
| Cezar
|
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Prick Up Your Ears]]''
| Kenneth Halliwell
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1989
| ''Virtuoso''
| John Ogdon
| TV role
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Accountant|The Accountant (1989 film)}}''
| Lionel Ellerman
| TV role [[Royal Television Society Award|Royal Television Society Award for Best Actor – Male]] Nominated—[[BAFTA TV Award|BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|1991
| ''[[Tony Hancock#Film biographies|Hancock]]''
| [[Tony Hancock]]
| TV role

Robin Hood Prince of Thieves (1991)
|-
| ''[[Not Without My Daughter]]''
| Moody
|
|-
| ''[[American Friends]]''
| Oliver Syme
|
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Enchanted April]]''
| Mellersh Wilkins
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1993
| ''{{sortname|A|Year in Provence}}''
| Tony Havers
|
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Trial|The Trial (1993 film)}}''
| Titorelli
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|1994
| ''Requiem Apache''
| Hamish – Getaway Driver
| TV film
|-
| ''[[Maverick (film)|Maverick]]''
| Angel
|
|-
| ''[[White Fang 2: Myth of the White Wolf]]''
| Reverend Leland Drury
|
|-
|''[[Cabin Boy]]''
|Nathaniel's History Teacher
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|1995
| ''[[Species (film)|Species]]''
| Dr. Stephen Arden
|
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Perez Family|The Perez Family (film)}}''
| Juan Raúl Perez
|
|-
| ''[[Dead Man]]''
| Trading Post Missionary
|
|-
| ''[[Hideaway (film)|Hideaway]]''
| Dr. Jonas Nyebern
|
|-
| ''Nervous Energy''
| Ira Moss
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Before and After (film)|Before and After]]''
| Panos Demeris
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1997
| ''[[Anna Karenina (1997 film)|Anna Karenina]]''
| Levin
|
|-
| ''[[Boogie Nights]]''
| Rahad Jackson
| [[Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cast]] Nominated—[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]]
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Man Who Knew Too Little}}''
| Boris 'The Butcher' Blavasky
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1998
| ''{{sortname|The|Impostors}}''
| Sir Jeremy Burtom
|
|-
| ''[[Rescuers: Stories of Courage: Two Couples]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1999
| ''[[Dudley Do-Right (film)|Dudley Do-Right]]''
| Snidely K. 'Whip' Whiplash
|
|-
| ''[[Magnolia (film)|Magnolia]]''
| Solomon Solomon
| [[Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cast]] Nominated—[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]]
|-
| ''[[Ladies Man (1999 TV series)|Ladies Man]]''
| Jimmy Stiles
| CBS television role 1999 to 2001, nominated three times for Best Young Artist Award/Young Star Award
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Chocolat (2000 film)|Chocolat]]''
| Comte De Reynaud
| Nominated—[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001
| ''[[Murder on the Orient Express (2001 film)|Murder on the Orient Express]]''
| [[Hercule Poirot]]
|
|-
| ''[[Texas Rangers (film)|Texas Rangers]]''
| [[King Fisher]]
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Frida]]''
| [[Diego Rivera]]
| [[Imagen Award|Imagen Award for Best Actor – Film]] Nominated—[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role]] Nominated—[[Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor]] Nominated— [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor]] Nominated—[[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture|Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor]] Nominated—[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role - Motion Picture]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|2003
| ''[[My Life Without Me]]''
| Ann's Father
|
|-
| ''[[Identity (film)|Identity]]''
| Dr. Malick
|
|-
| ''[[Coffee and Cigarettes]]''
| Himself
| Nominated—[[Chlotrudis Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
| ''[[Luther (2003 film)|Luther]]''
| [[Johann Tetzel]]
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2004
| ''[[Crónicas]]''
| Victor Hugo Puente
|
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man 2]]''
| [[Doctor Octopus|Doctor Otto Octavius/Doc Ock]]
| [[Visual Effects Society Award|Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actor or Actress in a Visual Effects Film]] Nominated—[[London Film Critics' Circle|London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Supporting Actor of the Year]] Nominated—[[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture|Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor]] Nominated—[[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor]] Nominated—[[Teen Choice Award|Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Bad Guy]]
|-
| ''[[Steamboy]]''
| James Edward Steam
|
|-
| ''[[Undertaking Betty]]''
| Boris Plots
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005
| ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]''
| Gabriel Duvall
|
|-
| ''[[Law & Order: Trial By Jury]]''
| Gabriel Duvall
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
| ''{{sortname|The|Da Vinci Code|The Da Vinci Code (film)}}''
| [[Bishop Manuel Aringarosa]]
|
|-
| ''[[As You Like It (2006 film)|As You Like It]]''
| [[Touchstone (As You Like It)|Touchstone]]
|
|-
|rowspan="7"|2007
| ''{{sortname|The|Hoax}}''
| [[Richard Suskind|Dick Suskind]]
| Nominated—[[London Film Critics' Circle|London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Supporting Actor of the Year]]
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Company|The Company (TV miniseries)}}''
| Harvey 'The Sorcerer' Torriti
| TV miniseries
|-
| ''[[Silk (2007 film)|Silk]]''
| Baldabiou
|
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Ten Commandments|The Ten Commandments (2007 film)}}''
| [[Ramesses II|Ramesses]], the Pharaoh (voice)
|
|-
| ''[[The Moon and the Stars]]''
| Davide Rieti
|
|-
| ''[[A Panther in the Basement|The Little Traitor]]''
| Sergeant Dunlop
|
|-
| ''[[Chill Out, Scooby-Doo!]]''
| Professor Jeffries
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Nothing Like the Holidays]]''
| Edy Rodriguez
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2009
| ''[[An Education]]''
| Jack Mellor
| Nominated—[[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]] Nominated—[[British Independent Film Award|British Independent Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] Nominated—[[Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor]] Nominated—[[Chlotrudis Award for Best Supporting Actor]] Nominated—[[London Film Critics' Circle|London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Supporting Actor of the Year]] Nominated—[[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture]] Nominated—[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]] Nominated—[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association|Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Pink Panther 2}}''
| Chief Inspector Randall Pepperidge
| Nominated—[[ALMA Award|ALMA Award for Best Actor in Film]]
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Lodger|The Lodger (2009 film)}}''
| Chandler Manning
|
|-
| ''[[Wonder Woman (film)|Wonder Woman]]''
| [[Ares (DC Comics)|Ares]] (voice)
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2010
| ''{{sortname|The|Tempest|The Tempest (2010 film)}}''
| Stefano
|
|-
| ''[[Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (film)|Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time]]''
| Sheik Amar
|
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Sorcerer's Apprentice|The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010 film)}}''
| Maxim Horvath
|
|-
| ''[[Law & Order: LA]]''
| [[Ricardo Morales (Law & Order: LA)|Ricardo Morales]]
|-
| ''[[Roger & Val Have Just Got In]]''
| Roger
| BBC sitcom
|-
|rowspan="4"|2011
| ''[[Abduction (2011 film)|Abduction]]''
| Frank Burton
|
|-
| ''[[Vivaldi (film)|Vivaldi]]''
| Tartini
| filming
|-
| ''[[Rango (2011 film)|Rango]]''
| Roadkill
|-
| ''[[Harry's Law]]''
| Eric Sanders
| Special Guest Star, Season 2, 3 episodes
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist
| colwidth = 30em
| refs =

}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|547}}
* {{ibdb name|53379}}
* {{iobdb|Alfred|Molina}}
* [http://www.americantheatrewing.org/downstagecenter/detail/alfred_molina/ Alfred Molina interviewed on Downstage Center XM Radio] at [[American Theatre Wing]], November 2004
* [http://www.americantheatrewing.org/seminars/detail/performance_04_98 Working in the Theatre: Performance] video seminar at [[American Theatre Wing]], April 1998
* [http://www.broadway.com/gen/Buzz_Story.aspx?ci=544358&pn=1 Q&A: Alfred Molina]

{{DramaDesk PlayOutstandingFeaturedActor 1975-1999}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Molina, Alfred
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1953-05-24
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Paddington]], London, England, UK
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Molina, Alfred}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American stage actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Hispanic and Latino American people]]
[[category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:English emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Audio book narrators]]
[[Category:English film actors]]
[[Category:English people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:English people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:English stage actors]]
[[Category:English voice actors]]
[[Category:English television actors]]
[[Category:People from Paddington]]
[[Category:Royal National Theatre Company members]]
[[Category:Royal Shakespeare Company members]]
[[Category:Shakespearean actors]]
[[Category:English musical theatre actors]]
[[Category:Drama Desk Award winners]]

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[[fr:Alfred Molina]]
[[id:Alfred Molina]]
[[it:Alfred Molina]]
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[[hu:Alfred Molina]]
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[[no:Alfred Molina]]
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[[sv:Alfred Molina]]
[[tr:Alfred Molina]]

Tina Malone

2012-01-06T19:10:58Z

62.145.19.66:

{{Infobox person
| name = Tina Malone
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|1|30|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.researcha.com/iccquery/detail/?did=2514975&c=uk |title=Researcha |publisher=Web.researcha.com |date= |accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Toxteth]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tinamaloneproductions.co.uk/biog.html |title=Tina's Biography |publisher=Tina Malone Productions |date= |accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Janet Tansley |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2009/01/06/tina-malone-on-celebrity-big-brother-daughter-s-shock-100252-22616644/ |title=News - Liverpool Local News - Tina Malone on Celebrity Big Brother: Daughter's shock! |publisher=Liverpool Echo |date= |accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref> [[Liverpool]], [[England]]
| occupation = {{nowrap|Actress, writer, director, producer}}
| residence = [[Manchester]], England
| nationality = [[British nationality law|British]]
| education = [[Liverpool Institute High School for Girls|Liverpool Institute High School]]
| alma_mater = [[Childwall Sports College|Childwall College]], Liverpool
| television = ''[[Shameless]]'' ''[[Brookside]]''
| employer = [[Channel 4]]
| years_active= 1988<ref>Malone revealed during a ''[[Loose Women]]'' Interview broadcast on 10/01/2011, that she had been in "The Business" for 23 years.</ref>–present
| children = 1 daughter
| spouse = {{marriage|Paul Chase|29 August 2010}}<ref name="dailymail1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1307803/Shameless-Tina-Malone-lost-7st-gastric-band--married-toyboy.html?ITO=1490 |title=Shameless' Tina Malone on how she lost 7st with a gastric band... and married a toyboy | Mail Online |publisher=Dailymail.co.uk |date=2010-01-09 |accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref>
| website = [http://www.tinamaloneproductions.co.uk/ Official site]
}}

'''Tina Malone''' (born 30 January 1963) is an [[English people|English]] actress, writer, director and producer, who is probably best known for playing the brash, belligerent, foul-mouthed [[Mimi Maguire]] on ''[[Shameless (UK TV series)|Shameless]]''. She also played the role of [[Mo McGee]] on ''[[Brookside]]'' and a nurse called Bobbie on [[Victoria Wood]]'s ''[[dinnerladies]]''. She made a reality appearance in [[Celebrity Big Brother]] in January 2009.

==Early life==
Born to parents Olwyn and Frank on January 30, 1963 in Toxteth, Liverpool, she attended [[Liverpool Institute High School for Girls]] and [[Childwall Sports College|Childwall College]].

==Personal life==
She runs her own acting school in Manchester. The school produces plays in local Liverpool theatres such as the [[Everyman Theatre]]. The drama school is known as '''To Be Frank Productions''' (named after her late father, Frank Malone). She also used to run a similar agency with [[Dean Sullivan]] called DSTM. Malone was diagnosed with [[Obsessive Compulsive Disorder]] and [[Bipolar Disorder]] in 1998.<ref>
{{Cite news
| last = Tansley
| first = Janet
| title = Shameless star Tina Malone drops weight - and her man
| newspaper = [[Liverpool Echo]]
| date = 2008-11-19
| url =http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-life/real-life-stories/2008/11/19/shameless-star-tina-malone-drops-weight-and-her-man-100252-22290598/
| accessdate=2009-01-03
| postscript = {{inconsistent citations}}}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite news
| last = Mangan
| first = Lucy
| author-link = Lucy Mangan
| title = We've got it all - except Davina's gleeful frenzy
| newspaper = [[The Guardian]]
| date = 2009-01-03
| url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/jan/03/celebrity-big-brother-davina-review
| accessdate = 2009-01-03
| location=London
| postscript = {{inconsistent citations}}}}
</ref>
In August 2009, Malone appeared on a [[BBC Three]] programme called ''Britain's Most Embarrassing Parents'', with her daughter Dannielle (born 1982){{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}. from September 8–11, 2009, She directed and starred in Kerry Williams's play "MeeT ThE DeAN's" at the [[Unity Theatre, Liverpool|Unity Theatre]], Liverpool,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eleganceproductions.co.uk/Meet%20the%20Deans.html |title=MeeT ThE DeAN's |publisher=Eleganceproductions.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref> She currently resides in [[Manchester]] with her husband Paul Chase, whom she married on August 29, 2010, Malone appeared on [[Four Weddings|Celebrity Four Weddings]] in December 2010, along with TV personality [[Debbie McGee]], [[Big Brother 2002 (UK)|Big Brother 3 contestant]] [[Big Brother 2 (UK)#Spencer|Spencer Smith]] and glamour model Lindsey Dawn McKenzie, Malone later went on to win ''Four Weddings'',<ref name="dailymail1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-interviews/2011/01/09/actress-tina-malone-86908-22836993/ |title=Actress Tina Malone on wanting to become a mum again aged 47 |publisher=The Daily Record |date=2011-01-09 |accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref> She also appeared in ''''Scousers in St Helens'''' on 26 October 2010 alongside [[Margi Clarke]], [[Billy Butler (DJ)|Billy Murray]] and Various others.

==Celebrity Big Brother 2009 (UK)==
On 2 January 2009 she entered the [[Celebrity Big Brother 2009 (UK)|Celebrity Big Brother]] house. She was the 7th person to enter and was immediately picked up on her loudness. On 16 January, Malone was the second person to be evicted from the Celebrity Big Brother House.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7834070.stm | work=BBC News | title=Singer quits Celebrity BB house | date=2009-01-17 | accessdate=2010-05-25}}</ref> When she dressed up as [[Juliet Capulet|Juliet]] for a [[Romeo and Juliet]] play [[Michelle Heaton]] told her she looked like [[Princess Fiona|the princess]] out of [[Shrek]], afterwards claiming to have been referring to the style of dress. [[Coolio]] realising that she had meant that Tina looked like an ogress, laughed and tried to get Michelle in trouble. Tina had not seen the film, so didn't know what the princess looked like, and was unfazed when the incident was explained to her. She later told [[Davina McCall]] during her eviction interview that she thought Michelle was saying she looked like [[Cameron Diaz]] who was the voice of the character.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{imdb|0540516}}
{{CBBUKHMS}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Malone, Tina
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1963-01-30
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Liverpool]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malone, Tina}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English soap opera actors]]
[[Category:English television actors]]
[[Category:Celebrity Big Brother UK contestants]]
[[Category:Actors from Liverpool]]
[[Category:People from Manchester]]
[[Category:People educated at Liverpool Institute High School for Girls]]

Federal Police (Germany)

2011-12-06T11:22:19Z

62.145.19.66:

{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Federal Police
| nativename = Bundespolizei
| commonname = Federal Police
| abbreviation = BPOL
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo =
| logocaption =
| badge = Bundespolizei-Logos.svg
| badgecaption = Logo of the BPOL (since 2005)
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formed = 2005, July 1
| preceding1 = [[Bundesgrenzschutz]] (BGS) (Federal Border Guard)
| employees = 40,000
| volunteers =
| budget =
| nongovernment =
| country = Germany
| federal = Yes
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody =
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| police = Yes
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = BPOL-Präsidium, [[Potsdam]]
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype = Police Officer
| sworn = 30,000
| unsworntype = Civilian
| unsworn = 10,000
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo = [[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)|Federal Ministry of the Interior]] (Bundesministerium des Innern)
| chief1name =
| chief1position =
| parentagency =
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype = BPOL-Direktion
| officename = {{collapsible list |title=9 |[[Bad Bramstedt]] covering [[Schleswig-Holstein]] and [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] |[[Hanover]] covering [[Bremen]], [[Hamburg]] and [[Lower Saxony]] |[[Sankt Augustin]] covering [[Northrhine-Westfalia]] |[[Koblenz]] covering [[Saarland]], [[Rheinland-Pfalz]] and [[Hesse]] |[[Stuttgart]] covering [[Baden-Württemberg]] |[[Munich]] covering [[Bavaria]] |[[Pirna]] covering [[Saxony]], [[Saxony-Anhalt]] and [[Thuringia]] |[[Potsdam]] covering [[Berlin]] and [[Brandenburg]] |[[Frankfurt International Airport]] }}
| stationtype =
| stations = 67
| lockuptype =
| lockups =
| vehicle1type =
| vehicles1 =
| boat1type =
| boats1 =
| aircraft1type = Helicopter
| aircraft1 = 132
| animal1type =
| animals1 =
| person1name =
| person1reason =
| person1type =
| programme1 =
| activity1name =
| activitytype =
| anniversary1 =
| award1 =
| website = http://www.bundespolizei.de/ ([[German language|German]])
| footnotes =
}}
The '''''Bundespolizei''''' ('''BPOL''') is a (primarily) uniformed [[Federal police|federal police force]] in [[Germany]]. It is subordinate to the [[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)|Federal Ministry of the Interior]] (''Bundesministerium des Innern (BMI)'').<ref>OSCE Entry on BPOL http://polis.osce.org/countries/details.php?item_id=17#Country_Profile_Section_211</ref> Ordinary police forces (which are much more sizable in combined numbers) fall under the administration of the individual German states (''[[States of Germany|Bundesländer]]'') and are known as the ''[[Landespolizei]]''.

The ''Bundespolizei'' was previously known as the ''[[Bundesgrenzschutz]]'' (BGS) ("Federal Border Guard") and had a more restricted role until July 1, 2005 when the law renaming the BGS as the BPOL was enacted. Prior to 1994 BPOL members also had military combatant status due to their historical foundation and border guard role.

==Missions==
The BPOL has the following missions:
* border security, (''Grenzpolizei'' or [[Grepo]]) to include passport control and the provision of [[German Federal Coast Guard|coast guard]] services along Germany's 700 km coasts.
* protection of [[federal government|federal]] buildings and foreign [[embassies]] in the Federal capital, [[Berlin]], and the [[Federal City]], [[Bonn]]; they also protect the two highest German courts, both in [[Karlsruhe]]:
** the [[Federal Constitutional Court of Germany]] (''Bundesverfassungsgericht'') and
** the [[Federal Court of Justice of Germany]] (''Bundesgerichtshof'')
* providing the federal government's [[Bereitschaftspolizei|mobile response force]] for internal security events,
* providing transportation security at [[international airport]]s and on the German [[railway]]s
* provides counter-[[terrorism]] forces ([[GSG 9]]).
* provides [[Air Marshal (civil aviation)|air (or sky) marshals]].
* supports international police missions for the [[UN]] and EU in [[Kosovo]], [[Sudan]], [[Liberia]], [[Afghanistan]], The [[Gaza Strip]], [[Moldova]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
* document adviser for [[airline]]s around the world
* provides in-house security for German embassies in several countries
* It is one of several civil organisations providing rescue [[helicopter]] service.

The ''Bundespolizei'' can also be used to reinforce [[landespolizei|state police]] if requested to do so by a state ''(Land)'' government. The BPOL maintains these reserve forces to deal with major demonstrations, disturbances or emergencies to supplement the capabilities of the [[Bereitschaftspolizei|State Operational Support Units]]. Several highly trained detachments are available for crisis situations requiring [[Armored car (military)|armored car]]s, [[water cannon]] or other special equipment.

The BPOL has investigators who conducts criminal investigations only within its jurisdiction; otherwise the cases are referred to the appropriate state police force or to the federal criminal investigative agency, the [[Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany)|Federal Criminal Police]] (''Bundeskriminalamt'', BKA).

In addition, the ''Bundespolizei'' cooperates closely with German state executive authorities such as the Prosecutor's Offices called ''[[Staatsanwaltschaft]]'' in pursuing criminal investigations.

==Strength==
The ''Bundespolizei'' consists of around 40,000 personnel,
*30,000 are fully trained police officers.
**21,000 provide border, railway and aviation security,
**6,000 serve in the [[Bereitschaftspolizei|Alert Police]]
**3,000 serve in the following special units:
*** the Central Office for Communications and Information,
*** [[GSG 9]] and
*** the Aviation Wing,
*10,000 salaried civilian (unarmed) support personnel,
**6,800 [[civil service|civil servants]] who perform administrative and support services
**2,000 [[Immigration to Germany|Immigration]] inspectors (called the Individual Service) who perform operational duty handling border protection and immigration matters and flight passenger checks.

== Organization ==
[[Image:Bundesadler.bgs.JPG|thumb|120px|''Bundesgrenzschutz'' patch (1952 to 1976)]]

The BPOL national headquarters (BPOL-''Präsidium'') is in [[Potsdam]] performing all central control functions. Eight regional headquarters (BPOL-''Direktion'') control the BPOL stations conducting rail police and border protection missions. These areas of responsibility conform to the federal state boundaries which they did not do prior to 1 March 2008.

The regional headquarters are as follows:
* [[Bad Bramstedt]] covering [[Schleswig-Holstein]] and [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]],
* [[Hanover]] covering [[Bremen]], [[Hamburg]] and [[Lower Saxony]],
* [[Sankt Augustin]] covering [[Northrhine-Westfalia]],
* [[Koblenz]] covering [[Saarland]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] and [[Hesse]],
* [[Stuttgart]] covering [[Baden-Württemberg]],
* [[Munich]] covering [[Bavaria]],
* [[Pirna]] covering [[Saxony]], [[Saxony-Anhalt]] and [[Thuringia]], and
* [[Berlin]] covering [[Berlin]] and [[Brandenburg]].

These regional headquarters each have an investigation department and a mobile inspection and observation unit. Moreover, they control the 67 BPOL stations (BPOL-''Inspektion'') which in turn control the ''Bundespolizeireviere'' or precincts located in places that require a 24-hour presence by BPOL officers.

A special ''Direktion'' is responsible for [[Frankfurt International Airport]].

The central school for advanced and vocational training is in Lübeck and controls the five basic training schools in [[Swisttal]], [[Neustrelitz]], [[Oerlenbach]], [[Walsrode]] and [[Eschwege]]. It is also in charge of the Federal Police Sport School in [[Bad Endorf]] and a competitive sport project in [[Cottbus]]. The sport school specialises in winter sport events and has trained many of Germany's top skiers and skaters such as [[Claudia Pechstein]].

The ''Zentrale Direktion Bundesbereitschaftspolizei'' controls the mobile support and rapid reaction battalions located in [[Bayreuth]], [[Deggendorf]], Blumberg (near Berlin), [[Hünfeld]], [[Uelzen]], [[Duderstadt]], [[Sankt Augustin]], [[Bad Bergzabern]], [[Bad Düben]] and [[Ratzeburg]]. The number of ''[[Bereitschaftspolizei]]'' companies increased in March 2008 from 28 to 29 comprising approx. 25 percent of Germany’s police support units.<ref>[http://www.bundespolizei.de/cln_049/nn_249932/DE/Home/__Startseite/Neuorganisation/070426__konzept__neuorganisation,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/070426_konzept_neuorganisation.pdf Official BPOL news release on reorganisation (in German)]</ref>

===BPOL Special Units===
The following special units also exist:

[[Image:Coast guard MS Bredstedt.jpg|right|thumb| German Federal Police cutter BP21 ''Bredstedt'']]

* The BPOL Aviation Group is directly subordinate to the BPOL HQ in Potsdam. It controls the five aviation squadrons around the country that operate the force's helicopters. These are located in [[Fuhlendorf, Schleswig-Holstein|Fuhlendorf]] (north, with satellite airfield in [[Gifhorn]]), Blumberg (east), Fuldatal (centre), [[Oberschleissheim]] (south) and Sankt Augustin (west). Its duties include; border surveillance, monitoring installations belonging to German Rail, helping in serious accidents and disasters in Germany and abroad, searching for missing persons, searching for criminals on the run, supporting the [[Landespolizei|police forces of the federal states]], providing transportation for persons whose security is endangered, providing transportation for guests of the Federal government, supporting federal and state authorities, and providing air search and rescue services in coordination with the 12 air rescue centers throughout Germany.

* The [[GSG 9]] [[counter-terrorism]] group is directly subordinate to the BPOL HQ.

* The BPOL Information and Communications Center is now a department of the BPOL HQ in Potsdam.

* The [[Water police]] stations with 40 patrol craft and helicopters are part of the [[German Federal Coast Guard]] and assigned to coastal BPOL stations.

== History ==
[[Image:BGS-Feldflasche.jpg|thumb|BGS canteen made in 1957]]
[[Image:Deutsche Feldmütze.jpg|thumb|BGS Cap, in use until 1976]]

In 1951 the German government established a Federal Border Protection Force (''Bundesgrenzschutz'' or BGS) composed of 10,000 men under the Federal Interior Ministry’s jurisdiction. The force replaced allied military organisations such as the [[U.S. Constabulary]] then patrolling Germany’s international borders. The BGS was described as a mobile, lightly armed police force for border and internal security despite fears that it would be the nucleus of a new [[Bundeswehr|West German army]]. When West Germany did raise an army, BGS personnel were given the choice of staying in the BGS or joining the army. Most decided to join the army.

In 1953, the BGS took control of the German Passport Control Service. In 1976, the state police grades replaced the military rank structure and BGS training was modified to closely match that of the state police forces (''[[Landespolizei]]''). The West German Railway Police (''[[Bahnpolizei]]''), formerly an independent force, and the East German ''[[Transportpolizei]]'' were restructured under the BGS in 1990. In July 2005, the BGS was renamed the ''Bundespolizei'' or BPOL (Federal Police) to reflect its transition to a multi-faceted federal police agency. The change also involved the shift to blue uniforms and livery for vehicles and helicopters. The German Interior Ministry reviewed the structure of the BPOL in 2007 and in March 2008 made the structure leaner to get more officers out of offices and onto patrol.

== Vehicles ==
[[Image:BPOL-BMW-blau-silber.JPG|thumb|right|BMW standard patrol car]]
[[Image:BG34-71.JPG|right|thumb|A ''Bundespolizei'' van with the new colour scheme and old number plates]]

''Bundespolizei'' vehicles have number plates that are based on the BP XX-YYY system. BP stands for ''Bundespolizei.'' Older vehicles may still have the BGS "BG" plates.

XX is a number from 10 to 55 indicating the type of vehicle:

*10 to 12: Motorcycle

*15 to 19: Car

*20 to 24: Four wheel drive car

*25 to 29: Car

*30 to 39: Medium four wheel drive vehicle

*40 to 49: Trucks and buses

*50 to 54: Armoured cars.

*55: Trailers

YYY is a combination of up to three numbers.

The ''Bundespolizei'' have favoured, and in some cases still favour (where the model is still in production), the following types of car:

* [[BMW]] [[BMW 5-series|5-series sedans and station wagons]]
* [[Volkswagen Passat]] sedans and Variant station wagons
* [[Volkswagen Golf]]
* [[Volkswagen Transporter]] vans

== Aircraft inventory ==
[[File:EC135Bundespolizei.jpg|thumb|A [[Eurocopter EC-135]] of the ''Bundespolizei'' in the new livery]]
[[File:Tannkosh 2010-d.JPG|thumb|A [[Eurocopter Super Puma]] of the ''Bundespolizei'']]
[[Image:Eurocopter EC 155 B r.jpg|thumb|A [[Eurocopter Dauphin|Eurocopter EC-155]] of the ''Bundespolizei'' (note: all ''Bundespolizei'' helicopters are to be repainted blue in the near future)]]

{{Standard table|0}}
! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Aircraft
! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Origin
! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Type
! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Versions
! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|In service
! style="text-align: left; background: #aacccc;"|Notes
|-----
| [[Aérospatiale Alouette II]] || {{FRA}} || training and utility helicopter || SA 318C || - || last Allouette left the fleet in 2007
|-----
| [[Aérospatiale Puma]] || {{FRA}} || transport helicopter || SA 330 || - || last Puma left the fleet in 2008, replaced by Super Pumas
|-----
| [[Eurocopter EC-120]] || {{EUR}} || training helicopter || EC 120|| 6 || replaced Allouette II in training role
|-----
| [[Bell 212]] || {{USA}} || rescue- / transport helicopter || Bell 212 || 5 || to be replaced by 5 EC-155 in 2010-2012
|-----
| [[MBB Bo 105]] || {{GER}} || rescue helicopter || Bo 105CBS || - || replaced by [[Eurocopter EC-135]]T2i
|-----
| [[Eurocopter Super Puma]] || {{EUR}} || transport helicopter || AS 332 L1 || 20 || last Super Puma to arrive in 2010
|-----
| [[Eurocopter EC 135]] || {{EUR}} || utility helicopter || EC 135 || 42 || replaced Allouette II, Bell UH-1D in liaison and MEDEVAC role
|-----
| [[Eurocopter EC 155]] || {{EUR}} || transport helicopter || EC 155 B || 15 || 5 further EC-155 ordered to replace remaining Bell 212
{{Close table}}

==Canine Support==
Approx. 500 working dogs are used in the Federal Police at present. Most of the dogs are German shepherds. Other dog races are also used such as malinois, Dutch shepherd, German wirehaired pointer, giant schnauzer and rottweiler. They accompany their handlers on daily missions in railway facilities, at airports, at the border or in physical security. Most working dogs live with the families of their handlers. Basic and advanced training is performed under the supervision of the Federal Police Academy at the Federal Police canine schools in Bleckede (Lower Saxony) and Neuendettelsau (Bavaria) where dogs and handlers go through patrol dog and explosive detection courses.

==Criticism==
===Pro Asyl===
German [[human rights]] organizations such as "[[Pro Asyl]]" have repeatedly criticized the ''Bundespolizei'' for its alleged heavy-handed approach in the deportation of asylum seekers which, in the case of Sudanese refugee [[Amir Ageeb]], resulted in his death onboard a [[Lufthansa]] aircraft. {{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} For more information see [[Human rights in Germany]].

===Amnesty International===

Moreover, the German police have been accused of ill treating scores of mainly foreign citizens and using disproportionate violence against those they detained in a report published by the human rights organization Amnesty International. The 77-page report, entitled "Back in the spotlight - allegations of police ill-treatment and excessive use of force in Germany", highlighted 20 cases of police brutality investigated by the organization over the past two years.

The report cited at least 12 cases of detainees being punched, kicked and racially abused by police, one incident in which a man died in hospital as a result of a beating sustained in custody, and several cases of unarmed individuals being shot dead by police.

Barbara Lochbihler, the general secretary of Amnesty's German branch, said: "The 20 cases were those specifically investigated, but there were many other incidents drawn to our attention. A significant proportion of allegations have continued to come from foreign nationals and members of ethnic minorities in Germany."

Amnesty singled out Germany for failing to set up an independent complaints body to monitor cases of police violence. It criticized the country's legal authorities for habitually investigating such incidents in a "reluctant and at times partisan" fashion, and noted that the standard reaction of police to complaints against them was to bring legal action against the complainant.

"The seriousness of certain reports combined with the severity of the injuries sustained indicate that the German authorities must redouble their efforts in this area and undertake all possible steps to prevent and penalize such occurrences," the report said.

The most serious incidents of police brutality contained in the document included the case of a 30-year-old Sudanese asylum-seeker who suffocated on an aircraft during an attempt to expel him from Germany. The man is thought have died as a result of restraints placed on him, including "adhesive tape, a helmet and a five-meter long rope". The report cited a statement by border police which warned that tough measures used to restrain African asylum-seekers could prove ineffective "because African citizens display a marked insensitivity to pain".

In another case, police shot dead a 30-year-old German in the back with "man-stopping" ammunition after he bent down to pick up a cobblestone which he apparently intended to throw at an officer.

Amnesty noted that in all but one of the 20 incidents contained in its report, none of the police officers concerned had been sentenced by the courts for their actions. Ms Lochbihler said: "We do not know the full extent of police brutality, because the German authorities do not keep a full record of the statistics. We consider this to be a scandal."

==See also==
*[[Landespolizei]] - German State Police
*[[Volkspolizei]] - Former East German Police

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons|Federal Police of Germany|German Federal Police}}
*[http://www.bundespolizei.de/cln_029/DE/Home/home__node.html__nnn=true Bundespolizei home page (in German)]
*Historic Uniforms of the BGS, [http://www.kamouflage.net/camouflage/en_00158.php first camouflage], [http://www.kamouflage.net/camouflage/en_00159.php second camouflage] und [http://www.kamouflage.net/camouflage/en_00077.php third camouflage] pattern
*[http://www.bundespolizei.de/DE/Home/06__Presse/Infobroschuere__down,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/Infobroschuere_down.pdf Information brochure about the ''Bundespolizei'' (in German and English) last updated August 2005]
*[http://www.bgs-erinnerung.de/ (in German) - You can see the old Bundesgrenzschutz in historic pictures and films and you can listen songs of the Bundesgrenzschutz]

{{Law enforcement in Germany}}
{{Border guards}}

[[Category:Federal law enforcement agencies of Germany]]
[[cs:Spolková policie (Německo)]]
[[de:Bundespolizei (Deutschland)]]
[[es:Policía Federal Alemana]]
[[eu:Polizia Federala (Alemania)]]
[[fr:Police fédérale (Allemagne)]]
[[he:המשטרה הפדרלית של גרמניה]]
[[ja:連邦警察局 (ドイツ)]]
[[no:Bundespolizei]]
[[pl:Bundespolizei]]
[[pt:Polícia Federal (Alemanha)]]
[[sv:Bundespolizei]]
[[zh:德國聯邦警察]]

George Michael

2011-11-29T11:32:22Z

62.145.19.66: /* Health troubles */

{{About|the English pop singer and producer|the Arrested Development character|George Michael Bluth|the US sports presenter|George Michael (sportscaster)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = George Michael
| image = George Michael at Antwerp (BRAVO).jpg
| caption = George Michael in concert in Belgium, on 14 November 2006
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|6|25|df=y}}
| birth_place= [[East Finchley]], [[North London]], [[England]]
| instrument = Vocals, [[multi-instrumentalist|multiple instruments]]
| genre = [[Pop rock]], [[New Wave music|New Wave]], [[blue-eyed soul]]
| occupation = Musician, singer-songwriter, record producer
| years_active = 1980–present
| label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]]
| associated_acts = [[Wham!]], [[Band Aid (band)|Band Aid]], [[Elton John]], [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Mary J. Blige]], [[Mutya Buena]], [[Whitney Houston]]
| influences = [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Elton John]], [[Paul McCartney]], [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Paul Young (singer and guitarist)|Paul Young]], [[The Temptations]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[Marvin Gaye]]
| website = {{Official website|http://georgemichael.com}}
| notable_instruments='''Piano''' ''John Lennon'' model "Z" Steinway<ref name=steinway/>
}}
'''George Michael''' (born '''Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou'''; 25 June 1963) is a British musician, singer, songwriter and record producer who rose to fame in the 1980s when he formed the pop duo [[Wham!]] with his school friend, [[Andrew Ridgeley]]. His first solo single, "[[Careless Whisper]]", was released when he was still in the duo and sold about six million copies worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=3051 |title=Careless Whisper by Wham! |publisher=Songfacts |accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref>

As one of the [[List of best-selling music artists|world's best-selling music artists]], Michael has sold over 100 million records worldwide as of 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7449964.stm |title=Michael seeking 'a quieter life'|publisher=[[BBC News Online]]|date= 12 June 2008|accessdate=2011-10-05}}</ref> His 1987 debut solo album, ''[[Faith (George Michael album)|Faith]]'', has sold over 25 million copies worldwide and made several records and achievements in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/Faith-George-Michael/dp/B0000026CH |title=Faith: George Michael|publisher=Amazon.com |accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref> Michael has garnered seven [[List of number-one singles (UK)|number one]] singles in the UK and eight [[List of number-one hits (United States)|number one hits]] on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] in the US. In 2008, ''Billboard'' magazine ranked Michael the 40th most successful artist on the "[[Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists|The Billboard Hot 100 Top All-Time Artists]]".<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/specials/hot100/charts/top100-artists-40.shtml The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists (40-21)] ''Billboard''; Retrieved 18 February 2011</ref>

Michael has [[List of awards and nominations received by George Michael|won numerous music awards]] throughout his 30 year career, including three [[Brit Award]]s—winning Best British Male twice, four [[MTV Video Music Award]]s, four [[Ivor Novello Awards]], three [[American Music Awards]], and two [[Grammy Award]]s from eight nominations.<ref>[http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-m/georgemichael_main.htm George Michael] Rock On The Net; Retrieved 18 February 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=18 February 2011|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2006/apr/21/popandrock1|title=He is the last transcendent world pop star, and it's a shame his problems have restrained his musical output |work=The Guardian|date=21 April 2006|author=Brown, Mark }}</ref>

In 2004, the [[Radio Academy]] named Michael as the most played artist on British radio between the period of 1984–2004.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3666541.stm George Michael dominates airwaves] ''BBC News'', 28 April 2004</ref> The documentary ''A Different Story'' was released in 2005; it covered his personal life and professional career.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4271843.stm|work=BBC News |title=Michael film signals 'retirement'|date=16 February 2005|accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> In 2006, George Michael announced his first tour in 15 years. The [[25 Live]] tour was a massive, worldwide undertaking by Michael, spanning three individual tours over the course of three years (2006, 2007 and 2008).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://popdirt.com/george-michael-25-live-tour-hits-paris/62065/ |title=George Michael '25 LIVE' Tour Hits Paris |publisher=Popdirt.com |date=26 June 2007 |accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref>

==Early life==
Michael was born '''Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou''' in [[East Finchley]], [[North London]].<ref>Biography ''George Michael: The Making Of A Superstar'' Bruce Dessau, Sidgwick & Jackson, London 1989</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.georgemichael.com/index.php?module=history|title=George Michael-The history|publisher=Twentyfive Live LLP. & Signatures Network|accessdate=5 February 2010}}</ref> His father, Kyriacos Panayiotou, a [[Greek Cypriots|Greek Cypriot]] restaurateur, moved to England in the 1950s and changed his name to Jack Panos.<ref name=FemSnapshot>{{cite web|url=http://www.femail.com.au/snapshotgeorgemichael.htm |title=George Michael – Star Snapshot|publisher=Femail.com.au|date=27 April 2009|accessdate=27 April 2009}}</ref> Michael's mother, Lesley Angold (née Harrison, 1937–1997),<ref name="Index">">{{cite web|url=http://www.findmypast.co.uk/BirthsMarriagesDeaths.jsp |title=Life events (birth, marriage and death) records |publisher=Find my Past|accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref> was an English dancer who died from cancer in [[Fulham]].<ref name="Index"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1311935/George-Michael-sent-prison-smashing-car-high-cannabis.html|title=George Michael sobs as he is branded a drug addict and sent to prison for smashing car while high on cannabis|first=Tom|last=Kelly|date=15 September 2010|work=Mail Online|accessdate=17 April 2011}}</ref> Michael spent the majority of his childhood in North London, in the home his parents bought soon after his birth. While in his early teens, the family moved to [[Radlett]]. There Michael attended the [[Bushey Meads School]], where he met [[Andrew Ridgeley]]. The two had the same career ambition of being musicians.<ref>''A Different Story''; George Michael Biographical DVD</ref>

His involvement in the music business began with his working as a DJ, playing at clubs and local schools around Bushey, Stanmore and Watford. This was followed by the formation of a short-lived ska band called The Executive with Ridgeley, Ridgeley's brother Paul, Andrew Leaver, and David Mortimer (aka [[David Austin (singer)|David Austin]]).<ref>George Michael, Nigel Goodall (1999) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tsE5ub7r4_MC&pg=PA7 George Michael: in his own words]'' Omnibus Press, 1999 (Google Books)</ref>

==Musical career==
===1981–1986: Wham!===
{{Main|Wham!}}
Michael first found success after forming the duo Wham! with [[Andrew Ridgeley]] in 1981. The band's first album ''Fantastic'' reached no. 1 in the UK and produced a series of top 10 singles including "[[Young Guns (Go For It!)]]", "[[Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do)]]" and "[[Club Tropicana]]". Their second album, ''[[Make It Big]]'', was the breakthrough that made the duo international superstars, reaching No. 1 on the charts in the US Singles from that album included "[[Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go]]", "[[Freedom (Wham! song)|Freedom]]", "[[Everything She Wants]]", and "[[Careless Whisper]]", the latter of which was Michael's first solo effort as a single.

Michael sang on the original [[Band Aid (band)|Band Aid]] recording of "[[Do They Know It's Christmas?]]" and donated the profits from "[[Last Christmas]]/Everything She Wants" to [[charitable trust|charity]]. In addition, he contributed background vocals to [[David Cassidy]]'s 1985 hit "The Last Kiss", as well as Elton John's 1985 successes "[[Nikita (song)|Nikita]]" and "[[Wrap Her Up]]".

Wham!'s tour of China in April 1985, the first visit to China by a Western popular music act, generated enormous worldwide media coverage, much of it centred on Michael. The tour was documented by celebrated film director [[Lindsay Anderson]] and producer [[Martin Lewis (humorist)|Martin Lewis]] in their film ''Foreign Skies: Wham! In China'' and contributed to Michael's ever-increasing fame.<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/wham_in_china_foreign_skies/ Wham! in China – Foreign Skies Movie Reviews] Rotten Tomatoes; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

With the success of Michael's solo singles, "[[Careless Whisper]]" (1984) and "[[A Different Corner]]" (1986), rumours of an impending break up of Wham! intensified. The duo officially separated during the summer of 1986, after releasing a farewell single, "[[The Edge of Heaven]]" and a singles compilation, ''[[The Final (album)|The Final]]'', plus a sell-out concert at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] that included the world premiere of the China film. The Wham! partnership ended officially with the commercially successful single "The Edge of Heaven", which reached no.1 on the UK chart in June 1986.<ref>[http://www.number-ones.co.uk/singles/Wham!-number-ones.html Wham! Number Ones] Number-ones.co.uk; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

===Solo career===
The beginning of his solo career, during early 1987, was a duet with soul music icon [[Aretha Franklin]]. "[[I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)]]" was a one-off project that helped Michael achieve an ambition by singing with one of his favourite artists, and it scored number one on both the [[UK Singles Chart]] and the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] upon its release.<ref>Mark Bego ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ErKigdCXUwoC&pg=PA249 Aretha Franklin: the queen of soul]'' Da Capo Press, 2001 (Google Books)</ref><ref>Lucy Ellis, Bryony Sutherland (1998) ''The complete guide to the music of George Michael & Wham!'' p. 37. Music Sales Group, 1998</ref>

For Michael, it became his third consecutive solo number one in the UK from three releases, after 1984's "[[Careless Whisper]]" (though the single was actually from the Wham! album ''[[Make It Big]]'') and 1986's "[[A Different Corner]]". The single was also the first Michael had recorded as a solo artist which he had not written himself. The co-writer, [[Simon Climie]], was unknown at the time, although he would have success as a performer with the band [[Climie Fisher]] in 1988.
Michael and Aretha Franklin won a [[Grammy Award]] in 1988 for Best R&B Performance – Duo or Group with Vocal for the song.<ref>[http://rockhall.com/story-of-rock/timelines/aretha-franklin/basic/ Aretha Franklin Timeline] The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, 2010; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

====1987–1989: Faith====
{{Main|Faith (George Michael album)}}
During the autumn of 1987, Michael released his first solo album, ''[[Faith (George Michael album)|Faith]]''. In addition to playing a large number of instruments on the album, he wrote and produced every track on the recording, except for one, which he co-wrote.<ref>[http://www.nottinghillmusic.com/davidaustin.html David Austin] Notting Hill Music Group; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

The first single released from the album was "[[I Want Your Sex]]," during the summer of 1987. The song was banned by many radio stations in the UK and US, due to its sexually suggestive lyrics.<ref name="MTV banned">[http://www.virginmedia.com/music/features/banned-songs.php?page=15 George Michael: I Want Your Sex – Banned Songs – Music] Virgin Media, 27 January 2010; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> MTV would broadcast the video, featuring celebrity make-up artist Kathy Jeung in a [[Torsolette|basque]] and suspenders, only during the late night hours.<ref name="MTV banned"/> Michael argued that the act was beautiful if the sex was monogamous. Michael even recorded a brief prologue for the video in which he said: "This song is not about casual sex."<ref name="monogamy">[http://gravlee.org/sexuality/2008/08/26/sexy-song-of-the-week-i-want-your-sex/ Sexy Song of the Week: "I Want Your Sex"] ANT 2301: Human Sexuality & Culture, Gravlee.org; University of Florida; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> One of the racier scenes involved Michael writing the words "explore monogamy" on his partner's back in lipstick.<ref>[http://george.michael.szm.com/Special/Video/Vtrudi.html Video Review] George Michael - The Box of Fame, 15 January 2005; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> Some radio stations played a toned-down version of the song, "I Want Your Love," which was mainly the word "love" replacing "sex."<ref name="sex/love">[http://www.total80sremix.com/80s-people/80s-singers/80s-singers-george-michael 80s Singers: George Michael] Total 80s Remix, 22 February 1999; Retrieved 21 April 2011.</ref> When the tune reached the US charts, ''[[American Top 40]]'' host [[Casey Kasem]] refused to say the song's title, referring to it only as "the new single by George Michael."<ref name="sex/love"/> In the US, the song was also sometimes listed as ''"I Want Your Sex (from'' 'Beverly Hills Cop II''')''," since the song was featured on the soundtrack of the movie.<ref name="Gayicon">[http://www.astabgay.com/Gay_Icons/george.htm George Michael – Gay Icons] AstaBGay.com; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

Despite censorship and radio play problems, "I Want Your Sex" reached No.2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart<ref>[http://music.lovetoknow.com/George_Michael_Biography George Michael Biography] LoveToKnow Music; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> and at No.3 in Britain.<ref name="UKCharts">[http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/george%20michael/ George Michael] The Official Charts Company; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

The second single, "[[Faith (George Michael song)|Faith]]", was released during October 1987, just a few weeks before the album. "Faith" would become one of his most popular songs. The song hit No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US and maintained that position for four consecutive weeks.<ref name="USCharts">[http://www.billboard.com/artist/george-michael/chart-history/5202#/artist/george-michael/chart-history/5202 George Michael Album & Song Chart History] Billboard.com; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> It also reached no.2 in the UK singles chart.<ref name="UKCharts"/> The famous video provided some definitive images of the 1980s music industry in the process—Michael in shades, leather jacket, cowboy boots, and [[Levi Strauss & Co.|Levi's]] jeans, playing a guitar near a classic-design jukebox.<ref name="telegarpth">McCormick, Neil [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/8004149/George-Michaels-image-will-outlast-the-scandal.html George Michael's image will outlast the scandal] The Telegraph, 15 September 2010; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> On 30 October, Faith was released in the UK and in several markets worldwide.<ref name="Gayicon"/> In the United States, the album had 51 non-consecutive weeks in the Top 10 of [[Billboard 200]], including 12 weeks at no.1. "Faith" had many successes, four of which ("Faith," "[[Father Figure (song)|Father Figure]]", "[[One More Try (George Michael song)|One More Try]]", and "[[Monkey (song)|Monkey]]") reached no. 1.<ref>[http://www.total80sremix.com/80s-people/80s-singers/80s-singers-george-michael George Michael|80s Singers]. Total 80s Remix, 22 February 1999; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> Eventually, "Faith" received Diamond certification by the [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]] for sales of 10 million copies in the US.<ref>[http://www18.ocn.ne.jp/~hbr/us10mal.htm RIAA Certified Diamond Albums] HBR Production; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> To date, global sales of ''Faith'' are more than 25 million units.<ref name="Upcoming yahoo">{{cite web|url=http://upcoming.yahoo.com/event/462423/ |title=George Michael at HP Pavilion at San Jose|date=24 March 2008|publisher=Yahoo!|accessdate=3 May 2008}}</ref>

In 1988, Michael embarked on a world tour.<ref>[http://www.antimusic.com/reviews/11/George_Michael_-_Faith_Remaster.shtml George Michael – Faith Remaster] antiMusic.com, 12 April 2011; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> The nightly set list included from the Wham! era "[[Everything She Wants]]" and "[[I'm Your Man (Wham! song)|I'm Your Man]]", as well as covers of "[[Lady Marmalade]]" or "[[Play That Funky Music]]". In Los Angeles, California, Michael was joined on stage by [[Aretha Franklin]] for "[[I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)]]". It was the second highest grossing event of 1988, earning $17.7 million.<ref>[http://www.vanhalenencyclopedia.com/entries/monsters-of-rock-ou812-tour.html Entries – Monsters of Rock / OU812 Tour] The Van Halen Encyclopedia; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> According to Michael in his film, ''A Different Story'', success did not make him happy and he started to think there was something wrong in being an idol for millions of teenage girls. The whole ''Faith'' process (promotion, videos, tour, awards) left him exhausted, lonely and frustrated, and far from his friends and family.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/george-michael-talk-without-prejudice-519207.html George Michael: Talk without prejudice] The Independent, 9 December 2005; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> In 1990, he told his record company Sony that, for his second album, he did not want to do promotions like the one for Faith.<ref name="Gayicon">[http://www.newmagic949.com/lsp/a556/ George Michael] NewMagic949.com; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

====1990–1992: Listen Without Prejudice====
{{Main|Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1}}
''[[Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1]]'' was released in September 1990. For this album, Michael tried to create a new reputation as a serious-minded artist; the title is an indication of his desire to be taken more seriously as a songwriter.<ref name="listenpre">[http://teenink.com/reviews/music_reviews/article/7424/Listen-Without-Prejudice/ Listen Without Prejudice] Teen Ink; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> Michael refused to make any kind of promotion for this album, including no music videos for the singles released.<ref name="Gayicon"/> The first single, "[[Praying for Time]]", was released in August 1990. It concerned social ills and injustice; the song was an instant success, reaching No. 6 in the UK and No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100, despite the absence of a video.<ref name="USCharts"/> A video was released shortly thereafter, consisting of the lyrics on a dark background. Michael did not appear in this video or any subsequent videos for the album.<ref name="listenpre"/>

The second single "[[Waiting for That Day]]" was an acoustic-heavy single, released as an immediate follow-up to "Praying For Time". It reached No. 27 in the US<ref name="USCharts"/> and No. 23 in the UK<ref name="UKCharts"/> in October 1990. The album was released in Europe on 3 September 1990 (and one week later in the United States). It reached No. 1 in the UK Albums Chart<ref name="UKCharts"/> and peaked at No. 2 on the U.S Billboard 200.<ref name="USCharts"/> It spent a total of 88 weeks on the UK album charts and was certified 4 times Platinum by the BPI.<ref name=uk>{{cite web|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/george%20michael/|title=UK Charts > George Michael|publisher=The Official Charts Company|accessdate=5 March 2011}}</ref> The album produced 5 UK singles, which were released quickly, within an at eight-month period: "Praying For Time", "Waiting For That Day", "[[Freedom! '90]]", "[[Heal the Pain]]", and "[[Cowboys and Angels]]" (the latter being his only single not to chart in the UK top 40).<ref name="UKCharts"/>

"Freedom '90" was the second of only two of its singles to be supported by a music video (the other being the Michael-less "Praying for Time").<ref name="Freedom"/> The song alludes to his struggles with his artistic identity, and prophesied his efforts shortly thereafter to end his recording contract with Sony Music. As if to prove the song's sentiment, Michael refused to appear in the video (directed by [[David Fincher]]), and instead recruited supermodels [[Naomi Campbell]], [[Linda Evangelista]], [[Christy Turlington]], [[Tatjana Patitz]], and [[Cindy Crawford]] to appear in and [[lip sync]] in his stead.<ref name="Freedom">[http://soulbounce.com/soul/2010/11/soulbounces_class_of_1990_george_michael_listen_without_prejudice_vol_i.php SoulBounce's Class Of 1990: George Michael 'Listen Without Prejudice Vol. I'] Soulbounce.com, 29 November 2010; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> It also featured the reduction of his sex symbol status.<ref>[http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,318173,00.html Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1] EW.com, 14 September 1990; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> It had contrasting fortunes on each side of the Atlantic—a No.8 success on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US,<ref name="USCharts"/> but only No.28 on the UK singles chart.<ref name="UKCharts"/> "Mother's Pride" gained significant radio play in the United States during the first [[Persian Gulf War]] during 1991, often with radio stations mixing in callers' tributes to soldiers with the music.<ref name="GayHist">[http://www.circa-club.com/gallery/gay_history_icons_george_michael.php Gay History, Gay Celebrities, Gay Icons – George Michael] Circa-club.com; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> It reached No.46 on Billboard Hot 100 with only airplay.<ref name="USCharts"/> In the end, ''Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1'' sold approximately 8 million copies.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11302224 George Michael: A colourful life] BBC News, 14 September 2010; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

In 1991, George Michael embarked on the "[[Cover to Cover tour|Cover to Cover Tour]]" in Japan, England, the US, and Brazil, where he performed at the "[[Rock in Rio]]" event.<ref name="NYcover">[http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/28/news/reviews-pop-george-michael-s-tour-from-motown-to-disco.html Reviews/Pop; George Michael's Tour, From Motown to Disco] New York Times, 28 October 1991; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> In the audience in Rio, he saw and later met Anselmo Feleppa, the man who would become his partner.<ref name="GayHist"/> The tour was not a proper promotion for ''Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1''. Rather, it was more about Michael singing his favourite cover songs.<ref name="NYcover"/> Among his favourites was "[[Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me]]," a 1974 song by [[Elton John]]; Michael and John had performed the song together at the [[Live Aid]] concert in 1985, and again for Michael's concert at London's [[Wembley Arena]] on 25 March 1991, where the duet was recorded. The single was released at the end of 1991 and became a success on both sides of the Atlantic.<ref>Lucy Ellis, Bryony Sutherland ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SzV53dUOF1wC&pg=PA106 The complete guide to the music of George Michael & Wham!]'' Music Sales Group, 1998</ref>

In the meantime, the expected follow-up album, ''Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 2'', was scrapped due to Michael's [[George Michael Vs Sony|lawsuit]] with [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony]].<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/inside-story-sony-faces-a-test-of-faith-george-michael-who-has-cast-off-the-leather-look-for-a-suit-and-hornrimmed-glasses-went-to-court-last-week-for-a-divorce-from-his-japanese-bosses-norio-ohga-below-left-and-akio-morita-no-matter-who-wins-writes-nigel-cope-the-case-will-put-a-different-spin-on-the-record-business-1512870.html Inside Story: Sony faces a test of faith: George Michael, who has cast off the leather look for a suit and horn-rimmed glasses, went to court last week for a divorce from his Japanese bosses, Norio Ohga, below left, and Akio Morita. No matter who wins, writes Nigel Cope, the case will put a different spin on the record business] The Independent, 24 October 1993; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> Among Michael's complaints was that Sony had not completely supported the release of his second album, resulting in its poor performance in the US as compared to ''[[Faith (George Michael album)|Faith]]''. Sony responded that Michael's refusal to appear in promotional videos had caused the bad response.<ref>[http://www.georgemichael-tribute.com/USMagazine.html The Long GOODBYE] {{Dead link|date=September 2011}} (article for a US magazine explore Michael)</ref> Michael ended the idea for ''Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 2'' and donated three songs to the charity project ''[[Red Hot + Dance]]'', for the [[Red Hot Organization]] which raised money for AIDS awareness,<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Red-Hot-Dance-Various-Artists/dp/B0000028Q2 Red Hot & Dance: Various Artists: Music] Amazon.com; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> while a fourth track "Crazyman Dance" was the B-side of 1992's "[[Too Funky]]". Michael donated the royalties from "Too Funky" to the same cause.<ref>[http://gaylife.about.com/od/gaycelebrityprofiles/p/georgemichael.htm George Michael] Gay Life, About.com; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>
The song did not appear on any George Michael studio album, although later it was included on his solo collections ''[[Ladies & Gentlemen: The Best of George Michael]]'' in 1998 and ''[[Twenty Five (album)|Twenty Five]]'' in 2006. The video featured Michael (sporadically) as a director filming supermodels [[Linda Evangelista]], [[Beverly Peele]], Estelle Lefébure and [[Nadja Auermann]] at a fashion show.<ref>[http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=9844 Too Funky by George Michael] Songfacts; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> "[[Too Funky]]" was a success, reaching number 4 in the UK singles chart<ref name="UKCharts"/> and number 10 in the US Billboard Hot 100.<ref name="USCharts"/>

====1993: Five Live====
{{Main|Five Live (EP)}}
George Michael performed at [[The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert]] on 20 April 1992 at London's [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]].<ref>[http://www.mygnr.com/bootleg/Tribute/Freddie_Mercury/freddie_mercury_tribute.html Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert for AIDS Awareness] MyGnR.com; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> The concert was a tribute to the life of the late [[Queen (band)|Queen]] frontman, [[Freddie Mercury]], with some proceeds going to AIDS research.<ref>[http://www.cineman.ws/films/7333/The-Freddie-Mercury-Tribute-Concert-for-AIDS-Awareness.html The Freddie Mercury Tribute: Concert for AIDS Awareness] Cineman, Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> Michael performed "[['39]]" and "[[Somebody to Love (Queen song)|Somebody to Love]]". The performance of the latter was released on the "Five Live" EP.

''Five Live'', released in 1993 for [[Parlophone]] in the UK and [[Hollywood Records]] in the US, features five—and in some countries, six—tracks performed by George Michael, Queen, and [[Lisa Stansfield]]."[[Somebody to Love (Queen song)|Somebody to Love]]" and "[[These Are the Days of Our Lives]]" were recorded at the [[Freddie Mercury]] Tribute Concert. "[[Killer (Adamski song)|Killer]]", "[[Papa Was a Rollin' Stone]]", and "[[Calling You]]" were all live performances recorded during his "Cover to Cover Tour" from 1991. Michael's performances of "Somebody to Love" was hailed as "one of best performances of the tribute concert".<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A3818793 Queen's Greatest Hits 3] h2g2, BBC Online, 22 March 2005; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.albumlinernotes.com/Queen_Greatest_Vol_3.html Queen Greatest Vol 3] AlbumLinerNotes.com, 17 January 1997; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> The idea of having George Michael take over as full-time lead singer of Queen was even given serious consideration.<ref>[http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/Queen Queen] Television Tropes & Idioms, 1 January 2010; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

All proceeds from the sale of the EP benefited the Mercury Phoenix Trust.<ref>[http://www.shanemcdonald.org/queen/album-detail.php?id=23 5 Live / Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert] Shanes Queen Site; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> Sales of the EP were very strong through Europe, where it debuted at number 1 in the UK and several European countries.<ref name="UKCharts"/> Chart success in the United States was less spectacular, where it peaked at number 40 on the Billboard 200 ("Somebody to Love" reached No.30 on the US [[Billboard Hot 100]]).<ref name="USCharts"/>

====1994–1997: Older====
{{Main|Older (album)}}
During November 1994, after a long period of seclusion, George Michael appeared at the first [[MTV Europe Music Awards]] show, where he gave a touching performance of a brand-new song, "[[Jesus to a Child]]".<ref>{{cite book|author=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|title=Billboard|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZQgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18|accessdate=21 April 2011|date=10 December 1994|pages=18–|id={{ISSN|00062510}}}}</ref> The song was a melancholy tribute to his lover, Anselmo Feleppa, who had died in March 1993.<ref name="Jesus">[http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=5073/ Jesus To A Child by George Michael] Songfacts; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

The song was Michael's first self-penned success in his homeland in almost four years; it entered the UK singles chart at No. 1<ref name="UKCharts"/> and No. 7 on Billboard in the same month of release.<ref name="USCharts"/> It was also Michael's longest UK Top 40 single, at almost seven minutes long. The exact identity of the song's subject—and the nature of Michael's relationship with Feleppa—was shrouded in [[innuendo]] and speculation, as Michael had not confirmed he was homosexual and did not do so until 1998. The video for "[[Jesus to a Child]]" was a picture of images recalling loss, pain and suffering. Michael consistently dedicates the song to Feleppa before performing it live.<ref>[http://members.fortunecity.com/cheznobby/partone.htm Part one] Chez Nobby, Fortunecity; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

The second single, released in April 1996, was "[[Fastlove]]", an energetic tune about wanting gratification and fulfilment without commitment. The song was somewhat unusual for a popular song, in that it did not have a defined chorus and that the single version was nearly five minutes long. "Fastlove" was supported by a futuristic virtual reality-related video. It scored No. 1 in the UK singles chart, spending three weeks at the top spot.<ref name="UKCharts"/> In the US, "Fastlove" peaked at No. 8, his most recent single to reach the top 10 on the US charts.<ref name="USCharts"/> Following "Fastlove", Michael finally released ''[[Older (album)|Older]]'', his first studio album in six years and only the third in his ten year solo career. The album's US and Canada release was particularly notable as it was the first album released by David Geffen's (now-defunct) [[DreamWorks Records]].<ref>[http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/businesses/A-F/DreamWorks-SKG.html DreamWorks SKG – Building theDream Team, Bad Dream?, First Successes] Reference for Business, 12 October 1994; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> Older was particularly notable for the release of its six singles. Each of them reached the UK Top 3, a record for the most singles in the British Top 3 released from a single album.<ref>[http://www.georgemichael.com/about/ About George Michael] GeorgeMichael.com; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> At the time of release of the album's fifth single, "[[Star People '97]]", chart specialist [[James Masterton]] noted George Michael's success on the singles charts, writing: "George Michael nonetheless makes an impressive Top 3 entry with this single. The Older album has now proved itself to be far and away his most commercially successful recording ever. Five singles now lifted and every single one has been a Top 3 hit. Compare this with the two Top 3 hits produced by ''Faith'' and ''Listen Without Prejudice's'' scant total of one Top Tenner and one single which missed the Top 40 altogether. This sustained single success has, of course, been achieved with a little help from marketing tricks such as remixes – or in this case a new recording of the album track which gives it a much-needed transformation into a deserved commercial smash."<ref>[http://www.masterton.co.uk/page/17/ Officially all the artistic sensibility of a salted slug] James Masterton; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

In 1996, Michael was voted 'Best British Male', at the [[MTV Europe Music Awards]]<ref>[http://www.metrolyrics.com/1996-mtv-europe-awards.html 1996 MTV Europe Awards] MetroLyrics.com, 14 November 1996; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> and the [[Brit Awards]];<ref>[http://www.everyhit.com/awardbrit.html The Brit Awards] everyHit.com; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> and at The [[Ivor Novello Awards]], he was awarded the prestigious title of 'Songwriter of The Year' for the third time.<ref name=FemSnapshot/> Michael performed a concert at Three Mills Studios, London, for ''[[MTV Unplugged]]''.<ref>[http://www.tv.com/george-michael/person/130286/summary.html George Michael on] TV.com, 20 December 2008; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> It was his first long performance in years, and in the audience was Michael's mother. The next year, she died of cancer.<ref>[http://popdirt.com/george-michaels-suicidal-thoughts-after-mothers-death/32657/ George Michael's Suicidal Thoughts After Mother's Death] popdirt.com, 10 September 2004; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

====1998: Ladies & Gentlemen: The Best of George Michael====
{{Main|Ladies & Gentlemen: The Best of George Michael}}
''Ladies & Gentlemen: The Best of George Michael'' was Michael's first solo greatest hits collection released in 1998. The collection of 28 songs (29 songs are included on the European and Australian release) are separated into two halves, with each containing a particular theme and mood. The first CD, titled "For the Heart," predominantly contains Michael's successful ballads, while the second CD, "For the Feet", consists mainly of his popular dance tunes.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Ladies-Gentlemen-Best-George-Michael/dp/B00000DHRX Ladies & Gentlemen: The Best of George Michael] Amazon.com; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> It was released through Sony Music Entertainment as a condition of severing contractual ties with the label.<ref name=BBCNews1>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3278909.stm George Michael goes back to Sony] BBC News, 17 November 2003; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

The album is notable for containing a large number of compilation tracks and duets that had not previously appeared on his albums, including his duet with [[Aretha Franklin]], "I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)"; "Desafinado", a duet in Portuguese with Brazilian legendary singer [[Astrud Gilberto]]; and the [[Elton John]] duet "[[Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me#1991 version|Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me]]".

''Ladies & Gentlemen'' was an instant success, peaking at number one on the UK Album Chart for 8 weeks.<ref name="UKCharts"/> It has spent over 200 weeks in the UK Charts, and it is the 38 best-selling album of all time in the UK.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/assets/files/top%2040%20albums.pdf| title=BPI Highest Retail Sales| publisher=British Phonographic Industry| accessdate=17 January 2011}}</ref> It is certified 7 times platinum in the United Kingdom and Multi-Platinum in the United States, and it's George Michael's most commercially successful album in his homeland having sold more than 2.8 million copies.<ref name="uk"/> To date, the album has reached worldwide sales of approximately 15 million copies.<ref>[http://www.hiponline.com/artist/music/m/michael_george/index.html Artist: George Michael] {{Dead link|date=September 2011}} Hip Online</ref>

The first single of the album, "[[Outside (George Michael song)|Outside]]" was a humorous song about his arrest for soliciting a policeman in a public restroom. "[[As (song)|As]]", his duet with [[Mary J. Blige]], was released as the second single in many territories around the world. Both singles reached the top 5 in the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref name="UKCharts"/>

====1999: Songs from the Last Century====
{{Main|Songs from the Last Century}}
''Songs from the Last Century'' is a studio album of cover tracks. It was released in 1999 and was the final George Michael album to be released through [[Virgin Records]]. To date, the album has peaked the lowest of his solo effort. The album debuted at number 157 on the American Billboard Charts, which was also the album's peak positions.<ref name="USCharts"/> It was also his lowest charting album in the UK, becoming his only solo effort not to reach number 1. It peaked at number 2 in the UK Album Chart.<ref name="UKCharts"/> It consists of old standards, plus new interpretations of more recent popular songs such as "[[Roxanne (song)]]","[[The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face]]"; and the [[Frank Sinatra]] classic "[[Where or When]]". Each of the 11 tracks was co-produced by [[Phil Ramone]] and George Michael.<ref>[http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/store/artist/album/0,,930013,00.html Songs from the Last Century by George Michael] Artist Direct; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

====2000–2005: Patience====
{{Main|Patience (George Michael album)}}
Michael began working on what would be his fifth studio album, spending two years in the recording studio. His first single "[[Freeek!]]", taken from the new album, was successful in Europe going to number one in Italy, Portugal, Spain and Denmark in 2002 and reaching the top 10 in the UK and ther top 5 in Australia.<ref>[http://top40-charts.com/song.php?sid=3580&sort=chartid George Michael Freeek!] Top40-charts.com; Retrieved 21 April 2011.</ref> It made 22 charts around the world. However, his next single "[[Shoot the Dog]]" proved to be highly controversial when released in July 2002. It was highly critical of [[George W. Bush]] and [[Tony Blair]] in the leadup to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7444297.stm George Michael's highs and lows] BBC News, 21 September 2008; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> It reached number one in Denmark and made the top 5 in most European charts.<ref>[http://top40-charts.com/song.php?sid=4692&sort=chartid George Michael Shoot The Dog] Top40-charts.com; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> However, in Britain it peaked at only number 12 in the UK Singles Chart.<ref name="UKCharts"/>

On 17 November 2003, George Michael re-signed with [[Sony Music]] after a legal battle with the company led to his contract being sold to rival record companies [[Virgin Records]] and [[DreamWorks Records]].<ref name=BBCNews1/> When Michael's fifth studio album, ''Patience'', was released in 2004, it went straight to number 1 on the [[UK Albums Chart]],<ref name="UKCharts"/> and became one of the fastest selling albums in the UK, selling over 200,000 copies in the first week alone.<ref>[http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=10894 Analysis: UK albums and singles market] Music Week, 29 November 2004; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> In Australia it reached number 2 on 22 March.<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2004.htm ARIA Charts – End of Year Charts – Top 100 Albums 2004] Australian Recording Industry Association; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> It reached the Top 5 on most European charts, and peaked at number 12 in the United States, selling over 500,000 copies to earn a [[Gold certification]] from the [[RIAA]].<ref name="USCharts"/> Critically acclaimed, it is considered the album of George Michael's comeback to the spotlight in the new millennium, selling around 7 million copies worldwide and spawning four (of six) new hit singles.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Patience-George-Michael/dp/B00020SHH6 Patience: George Michael] Amazon.com; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

"[[Amazing (George Michael song)|Amazing]]", the first single off the album, became a number one hit in Europe.<ref>[http://top40-charts.com/song.php?sid=9508&sort=chartid&string=George/ George Michael Amazing] Top40-charts.com; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> When Michael appeared on the ''[[Oprah Winfrey Show]]'' on 26 May 2004, to promote the album, he performed "Amazing", along with his classic songs "[[Father Figure (song)|Father Figure]]" and "[[Faith (George Michael song)|Faith]]".<ref>[http://www.superiorpics.com/celeb_gallery/George_Michael_-_Sold_Out/George_Michael_001_042406.html George Michael – Sold Out Pictures] SuperiorPics.com, May 2004; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> On the show Michael spoke of his arrest, revealing his homosexuality, and his resumption of public performances. He allowed Oprah's crew inside his home outside of London.<ref>[http://www.oprah.com/home/George-Michaels-House Inside George Michael's Home] Oprah.com, 1 January 2006; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> The second single taken off the album was "[[Flawless (Go to the City)]]", It was a dance hit in Europe as well as North America, reaching no.1 on the ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]] and became Michael's last number one single on the United States Dance chart.<ref name="UKCharts"/> In November, Sony released another single – "[[Round Here]]". It was the least successful single taken from ''Patience'' when it stalled the UK charts at no. 32.<ref name="UKCharts"/> In 2005, "[[John and Elvis Are Dead]]" was released as the final single from the album; it was released as a [[download single]] and was therefore unable to chart in the United Kingdom.<ref>[http://vibevej.dk/gmsingles.html George Michael Single collection] My collection of George Michael & WHAM! records (Vibevej.dk); Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

George Michael announced that ''Patience'' will be the last record on sale to the public.<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040320/asp/calcutta/story_3027331.asp Distant beat of rhythm divine] The Telegraph India, 20 March 2004; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> He told [[BBC Radio 1]] on 10 March 2004 that future music that he puts out will be available for download, with fans encouraged to make a donation to charity.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3499534.stm George Michael shuns music industry] BBC News, 11 March 2004; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

====2005–2008: Twenty Five and concert tours====
{{Main|Twenty Five (album)}}
''Twenty Five'' was George Michael's second greatest hits album, celebrating the 25th anniversary of his music career.<ref>[http://www.cduniverse.com/productinfo.asp?pid=7315902 George Michael – Twentyfive CD Album] CD Universe, 28 November 2006; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> Released in November 2006 by [[Sony BMG]], it debuted at no.1 in the UK.<ref>[http://www.everyhit.com/numberalb6.html Number 1 albums of the 2000s] everyHit.com, 16 March 2000; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

The album contains songs chiefly from George Michael's solo career but also from his earlier days in Wham! It comes in two formats: two CDs or a limited edition three-CD set. The 2-CD set contained 26 tracks, including four recorded with [[Wham!]] and three new songs: "[[An Easier Affair]]"; "[[This Is Not Real Love]]" (a duet with Mutya Buena, formerly of [[Sugababes]], which peaked at No.15 in the UK Charts); and a new version of "[[Heal the Pain]]" recorded with [[Paul McCartney]]. The limited edition three-CD version contains an additional 14 lesser known tracks, including one from Wham! and another completely new song, "Understand".<ref>[http://www.tower.com/twenty-five-george-michael-cd/wapi/105920849 Music: Twenty Five (Dlx) (CD) by George Michael (Artist)] Tower Records, 6 November 2006; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

''Twenty Five'' was released in North America on 1 April 2008 as a 29-song, two-CD set featuring several new songs (including duets with Paul McCartney and Mary J. Blige and a song from the short-lived TV series [[Eli Stone]])<ref>[http://tvshowmusic.com/shows/elistone/season01.html Eli Stone Music Season 01] TV Show Music; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> in addition to many of Michael's successful songs from both his solo and Wham! career. To commemorate the ''Twenty Five'' album, George Michael toured North America for the first time in 17 years, playing large venues in major cities including New York, Los Angeles, St. Paul/Minneapolis, Chicago and Dallas.<ref>[http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/george-michael-twenty-five/1339 George Michael: Twenty Five] Slant Magazine, 10 April 2008; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

The DVD version of ''Twenty Five'' contains 40 videos on two discs, including seven with Wham!.<ref>[http://www.sonymusic.co.uk/releases/371/ George Michael – Twenty Five DVD] Sony Music UK, 13 November 2006; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref>

During the 2005 [[Live 8]] concert, Michael joined [[Paul McCartney]] on stage, harmonising on [[The Beatles]] classic "[[Drive My Car]]". Michael was one of several remixers commissioned in 1990 to work on dance mixes for [[Bananarama]]'s "Tripping on Your Love". Bananarama covered "Careless Whisper" for their ''Exotica'' album in 2001, and the track was also released as a single in France.

[[File:George Michael 02.jpg|250px|left|thumb|George Michael during a concert in Munich in 2006]]

In 2006, Michael started his first tour in 15 years, [[25 Live]]. The tour began in [[Barcelona]], Spain, on 23 September and finished in December at [[Wembley Arena]] in England. According to his website, the 80-show tour was seen by 1.3 million fans. On 12 May 2007 in [[Coimbra]], Portugal, he began the European "25 Live Stadium Tour 2007", including London and Athens, and ending on 4 August 2007 in [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland. There were 29 tour dates (as of 21 April 2007) across Europe. On 9 June 2007 Michael became the first artist to perform live at the newly renovated [[Wembley Stadium]] in London, where he was later fined £130,000 for overrunning the programme for 13 minutes.

On 25 March 2008 a third part of the 25 Live Tour was announced for North America. This part included 21 dates in the United States and Canada. This was Michael's first tour of North America in 17 years. Following news of Michael's North American tour, ''Twenty Five'' was released in North America on 1 April 2008 as a 29-song, 2-CD set featuring several new songs (including duets with [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Mary J. Blige]] and a song from the short-lived TV series, ''[[Eli Stone]]'') in addition to many of Michael's successful songs from both his solo and Wham! career. In addition, a companion 2-disc DVD of 40 videos was also made available.

Michael made his American acting debut by playing a guardian angel to [[Jonny Lee Miller]]'s character on [[Eli Stone]], a TV series that was broadcast in the United States. In addition to performing on the show as himself and as "visions", each episode of the show's first season was named after a song of his. Michael appeared on the 2008 finale show of ''[[American Idol]]'' on 21 May singing "Praying for Time". When asked what he thought Simon will say of his performance, he replied "I think he'll probably tell me I shouldn't have done a George Michael song. He's told plenty of people that in the past, so I think that'd be quite funny."<ref>{{Cite news|title=George Michael Regains His Faith |url=http://music.aol.ca/article/George-Michael-interview/554/|work=AOL Music Canada|year=2008|accessdate=13 June 2008}}{{Dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.channel24.co.za/Music/Features/24-Facts-George-Michael-20091127-4 24 Facts: George Michael] Channel 24, 14 October 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.spinner.com/2008/05/22/george-michael-reflects-on-his-own-american-idolatry/ George Michael Reflects on His Own American Idolatry] Spinner, 22 May 2008</ref>

On 1 December, Michael played a last concert in [[Abu Dhabi]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]], as part of the 37th [[National Day]] Celebrations.

====2008–present: Latest projects====
[[File:George Michael Symphonica (8).jpg|thumb|120px|George Michael during a concert in [[Nice]] in 2011.]]
On 25 December 2008, Michael released a new track "[[December Song (I Dreamed of Christmas)|December Song]]" on his website for free. It was hoped that fans who download the song would donate money to charity. Though the song is not available any more on his website, it remains available on file sharing networks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://torrentfreak.com/new-george-michael-track-survives-on-the-pirate-bay-081227/ |title=New George Michael Track Survives on The Pirate Bay |publisher=TorrentFreak |date=27 December 2008 |accessdate=27 April 2009}}</ref> and on 29 October 2009 the BBC said that George Michael was to join the race for the UK Christmas number one as a remastered version of "December Song" would go on sale on 13 December. The popularity of the single was boosted by a promotional appearance that Michael made on ''[[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]'', where he performed the song with David Austin playing piano.

At the end of 2009, Michael announced, after months of speculation, that he would be performing shows in the Australian cities of Melbourne, Perth and Sydney, his first concerts in Australia since 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.georgemichael.com/index.php?module=news&news_item_id=215 |title=2010 Australian Tour Announcement |publisher=GeorgeMichael.com |date=24 November 2009 |accessdate=24 November 2009}}</ref> On 20 February 2010, Michael performed his first show in [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] at the [[Burswood Entertainment Complex|Burswood dome]] to an audience of 15,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/george-michael-on-australian-stage/story-e6frf96f-1225832582934|title=George Michael on Australian stage |publisher=The Herald Sun|date=21 February 2010|accessdate=22 February 2010}}</ref>

On 5 March 2010, Michael confirmed that he would be a guest performer at the [[Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras]] After Party, where he performed at 1 am, followed by [[Kelly Rowland]] at 3 am.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idiomag.com/peek/106661/george_michael|title=George Michael To Perform At Mardi Gras After Party|accessdate=5 March 2010|publisher=Idio|date=5 March 2010}}</ref>

On 2 March 2011 Michael announced the release of his cover version of [[New Order]]'s 1987 hit "[[True Faith (song)|True Faith]]" in aid of the charity [[Comic Relief]].<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/george-michael/55243 George Michael covers New Order's 'True Faith' for Comic Relief] NME.com, 2 March 2011; Retrieved 21 April 2011</ref> Michael released a cover of [[Stevie Wonder]]'s 1972 song, "[[You and I (We Can Conquer the World)|You and I]]" on 15 April 2011, as an MP3 gift to [[Prince William, Duke of Cambridge|Prince William]] and [[Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge|Catherine Middleton]] on the occasion of [[Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton|their wedding on 29 April 2011]].

Although the MP3 was released for free download,<ref name="gift">[http://www.georgemichael.com/news/news_items.aspx?PostId=323130 George Covers Stevie Wonder for Will & Kate] GeorgeMichael.com, 15 April 2011</ref> Michael appealed that those who do download the special track that make a contribution to "The Prince William & Miss Catherine Middleton Charitable Gift Fund".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalweddingcharityfund.org/ |title=Prince William and Miss Catherine Middleton Charitable Gift Fund |publisher=The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry |accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref>

On 11 May 2011, the [[Symphonica Tour]] was announced. Only European dates were released. The first show on the tour was performed at the [[Prague State Opera|Prague State Opera House]] on 22 August.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/first-night-george-michael--symphonica-tour-state-opera-house-prague-2342293.html|title=First Night: George Michael - Symphonica Tour, State Opera House, Prague|publisher=The Independent|date=23 August 2011|accessdate=23 August 2011}}</ref>
In November, he had to cancel the remainder of the tour though, as he became severely ill in Vienna, Austria. <ref>http://viennatimes.at/news/General_News/2011-11-25/27779/George_Michael%27s_condition_worsened_overnight_say_doctors</ref>

In October 2011, Michael was announced as one of the final nominees for the [[Songwriter's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://songhall.org/news/entry/1281|title=Songwriters Hall Of Fame 2012 Nominees For Induction Announced|date=18 October 2011|accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref>

==Personal life==
===Sexuality===
In a 2007 interview, Michael admitted that he had hidden the fact he was gay because of worries over what effect it might have on his mother.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Andrew Johnson |title=George Michael: Why I had to keep my homosexuality secret |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/george-michael-why-i-had-to-keep-my-homosexuality-secret-403989.html |work=The Independent |date=30 September 2007 |accessdate=15 February 2008}}</ref>

====Relationships====
Michael established a relationship with Anselmo Feleppa, whom he had met at the 1991 concert [[Rock in Rio]]. Feleppa died of a [[Cerebral haemorrhage|brain haemorrhage]] in 1993.<ref name="Hello"/> Michael's single "[[Jesus to a Child]]" is a tribute to Feleppa (he consistently dedicates it to him before performing it live), as is his 1996 album ''[[Older (album)|Older]]''.<ref name="Hello">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/georgemichael/ |title=Latest news and profile of George Michael|publisher=Hello!| work=Hellomagazine.com|accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref>

In 1996, Michael entered into a long-term relationship with businessman, Kenny Goss. Goss opened the Goss Gallery in May 2005 in Dallas, which shows contemporary art and works from their private collection, which includes many artworks by [[Young British Artists|YBAs]] such as [[Sarah Lucas]]. They had homes in London and Dallas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=146309 |title=Goss Gallery to Open in Dallas Featuring International Contemporary Art |publisher=PR News Wire |accessdate=27 April 2009}}</ref> In late November 2005, it was reported that Michael and Goss would register their relationship as a [[civil partnership]] in the UK,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4483552.stm |title=George Michael to 'marry' partner |publisher=BBC News |date=29 November 2005 |accessdate=27 April 2009}}</ref> but because of negative publicity and his upcoming tour, they postponed it to a later date.<ref name=BBC20060726>{{Cite news|title=Michael issues 'marriage' denial |date=26 July 2006 |newspaper=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5216598.stm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article88053.ece |title=Club Stroppycana |publisher=News International|work=The Sun |date=6 May 2004 |accessdate=27 April 2009}}</ref> On 22 August 2011, the opening night of his [[Symphonica Tour|Symphonica world tour]], Michael announced that he and his long time partner, Kenny, had split two years before.<ref>>{{cite web|last=Ward |first=Kate |url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2011/08/23/george-michael-kenny-goss-break-up/ |title=George Michael announces break-up with Kenny Goss during emotional performance |publisher=Entertainment Weekly|work=EW.com |date=23 August 2011|accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref> Goss was present at Michael's British sentencing for driving under the influence of marijuana on 14 September 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/george-michael/news/george-michael-gets-8-weeks-jail-for-drug-driving--61992822|title=George Michael gets 8 weeks jail for drug driving|publisher=Associated Press|work =Yahoo! Music|date=14 September 2010|accessdate=15 September 2010}}</ref>

====Anonymous sex====
Questions of Michael's [[sexual orientation]] persisted in public until 7 April 1998, when he was arrested for "[[Cottaging|engaging in a lewd act]]" in a public toilet in a park in [[Beverly Hills, California|Beverly Hills]], California. He was arrested by an [[undercover]] policeman named Marcelo Rodríguez, in a [[sting operation]] using so-called "pretty police."

In an MTV interview, Michael stated: "I got followed into the restroom and then this cop—I didn't know it was a cop, obviously—he started playing this game, which I think is called, 'I'll show you mine, you show me yours, and then when you show me yours, I'm going to [[arrest|nick]] you!"<ref>Rex Wockner [http://gaytoday.badpuppy.com/garchive/people/110998pe.htm George Michael's Tearoom Tale] Gay Today, 9 November 1998</ref>

After pleading "[[Nolo contendere|no contest]]" to the charge, Michael was fined US$810 and sentenced to 80 hours of [[community service]]. Soon afterwards, Michael made a video for his single "[[Outside (George Michael song)|Outside]]" which was obviously based on the public toilet incident and which featured men dressed as policemen kissing. Rodríguez claimed that this video "mocked" him, and that Michael had [[Defamation|slander]]ed him in interviews. In 1999, he brought a US$10 million court case in California against the singer. The court dismissed the case, but an [[Appellate court]] reinstated the case on 3 December 2002.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=A. Wallace Tashima |title=Marcelo Rodriguez v Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou |format=PDF |publisher=United States Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit |url=http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/ca9/newopinions.nsf/6BEA0A1BA36F0D2A88256C84000643EA/$file/0056923.pdf?openelement |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051222154503/http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/ca9/newopinions.nsf/6BEA0A1BA36F0D2A88256C84000643EA/$file/0056923.pdf?openelement |archivedate=22 December 2005 |date=3 December 2002 |accessdate=15 February 2008 |authorlink=A. Wallace Tashima}}</ref> The court then ruled Rodríguez, as a public official, could not legally recover damages for emotional distress.<ref>"George Bust 'Bad Karma' Says US Cop", ''Sunday Star'', 5 March 2006</ref>

After the incident, Michael became explicit about his [[sexual orientation|sexuality]] and his relationship with Kenny Goss, a former cheerleader coach<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unt.edu/northtexan/archives/f03/cheerextrafb.htm |title=Cheerleader feedback |publisher=University of North Texas |date= Fall 2003 |accessdate=27 April 2009}}</ref> and [[sportswear]] executive from Dallas,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.home.no/cheznobby/id50.htm |title=Kenny |work=Chez Nobby |accessdate=27 April 2009}}</ref> and his partner beginning in June 1996.

On 23 July 2006. Michael was again accused of engaging in anonymous public sex, this time at London's [[Hampstead Heath]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5222652.stm Star to sue over 'cruising' claim] BBC News, 28 July 2006; Retrieved 28 October 2009</ref> The anonymous partner was later discovered to be 58-year-old Norman Kirtland,<ref>[http://www.advocate.com/article.aspx?id=36832 George Michael speaks on BBC News] The Advocate, 29 July 2006; Retrieved 28 October 2009</ref> an unemployed van driver.<ref>[http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/michael-blasts-tabloid-cruising-claims_1003257 George Michael - Michael Blasts Tabloid 'Cruising' Claims] Contact Music, 23 July 2006; Retrieved 28 October 2009</ref> Despite stating that he intended to sue both the ''[[News of the World]]'' tabloid who photographed the incident and Norman Kirtland for [[slander]], Michael stated that he [[cruising for sex|cruises]] for anonymous sex<ref>[http://www.gaylesbiantimes.com/?id=7912 Quote UnQuote] Gay and Lesbian Times, 10 August 2006; Retrieved 28 October 2009</ref> and that this was not an issue in his relationship with partner Kenny Goss.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/entertainment/2006-07/31/content_653739.htm George Michael not ashamed after sex sting] China Daily, 31 July 2006; Retrieved 28 October 2009</ref>

===Drugs===
On 26 February 2006, Michael was arrested for possession of [[Class C drugs]], an incident that he described as "my own stupid fault, as usual." He was cautioned by the police and released.<ref name=PinkBenjamin2006 >{{Cite news|title=George Michael: "arrest my own stupid fault" |last=Cohen |first=Benjamin |date=27 February 2006 |newspaper=Pink News |accessdate=20 November 2009 |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-626.html}}</ref>

Michael was arrested in Cricklewood, North-West London, after motorists reported a car obstructing the road at traffic lights. He pleaded guilty on 8 May 2007 to driving while unfit through drugs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/20080641264521 |title=Pop Star Pleads Guilty To Drug-Drive Charge|publisher=Sky News |accessdate=27 April 2009|date=8 May 2007}}</ref> He was banned from driving for two years, and sentenced to community service.

During September 2007, on ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', he said that his [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] use was a problem; he wished he could smoke less of it and was constantly trying to do so.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7018682.stm |title=Drug is a problem, Michael admits |publisher=BBC News |date=30 September 2007 |accessdate=27 April 2009}}</ref>

On 19 September 2008, Michael was arrested in a public toilet in the [[Hampstead Heath]] area of London for possession of Class A and C drugs. He was taken to the police station and cautioned for controlled substance possession.<ref>{{Cite news|title=George Michael arrest over drugs|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7627636.stm|date=20 September 2008|accessdate=20 September 2008|publisher=BBC News }}</ref>

On 5 December 2009, in an interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'', Michael explains he had cut back on [[cannabis]] and now smokes only 'seven or eight' [[Joint (cannabis)|spliff]]s per day instead of the 25 he used to smoke.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/dec/05/george-michael-interview-music-sex-drugs|title=George Michael: 'I'm surprised I've survived my own dysfunction'|work=The Guardian |date=5 December 2009|accessdate=15 January 2010|first=Simon|last=Hattenstone}}</ref>

In the early hours of Sunday 4 July 2010 Michael was returning from the [[Gay Pride]] parade. The singer was spotted on CCTV driving into the front of a [[Snappy Snaps]] store in Hampstead, North London and was arrested on suspicion of being unfit to drive after reports that a car had crashed into a building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyliving.sky.com/celebrity/george-michael-arrested|title=George Michael Arrested|publisher=Sky Living HD|accessdate=6 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Andre Paine |url=http://www.billboard.com/news/george-michael-arrested-after-london-car-1004102234.story#/news/george-michael-arrested-after-london-car-1004102234.story |title=George Michael Arrested After London Car Crash |work=Billboard |date=6 July 2010 |accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref> On 12 August, London's [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan Police]] said he was "charged with possession of cannabis and with driving while unfit through drink or drugs".<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/news/george-michael-charged-with-drug-driving-1004108975.story#/news/george-michael-charged-with-drug-driving-1004108975.story George Michael Charged With Drug, Driving Offenses] ''Billboard'', 12 August 2010</ref> Michael had also been taking the prescription medication [[Amitriptyline]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23877664-george-michael-faces-jail-over-drug-driving-crash.do|title=George Michael gets eight weeks in jail for drug driving crash|author=Paul Cheston|date=14 September 2010|work=Evening Standard |location=UK |accessdate=10 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/3138060/George-Michael-jailed-for-cannabis-crash.html|title=Michael jailed for cannabis crash|date=14 September 2010|work=The Sun |location=UK|accessdate=10 October 2010}}</ref>

On 24 August 2010 the singer pleaded guilty at Highbury Corner Magistrates' Court in London after admitting driving under the influence of drugs<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11070361 |title=George Michael pleads guilty to driving under the influence of drugs |publisher=BBC News |date=24 August 2010 |accessdate=12 September 2011}}</ref> and on 14 September 2010 at the same court, was sentenced to eight weeks in prison, a fine, and a five year ban from driving.<ref name="BBC Jailed">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11299938|title=George Michael jailed for eight weeks for drug driving|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=14 September 2010|date=14 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/8002310/George-Michael-jailed-for-eight-weeks.html|title=George Michael jailed for eight weeks|work=The Telegraph |location=UK |date=14 September 2010|accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref> Michael was released from Highpoint Prison in Suffolk on 11 October 2010, after serving four weeks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/8055522/George-Michael-released-from-prison.html|work=The Telegraph |location=UK |date=11 October 2010|accessdate=11 October 2010|title=George Michael released from prison}}</ref>

It was reported that Michael had also been taking the prescription medication, [[Amitriptyline]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/3138060/George-Michael-jailed-for-cannabis-crash.html|title=George Michael jailed for cannabis crash|publisher=The Sun|date=14 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23877664-george-michael-faces-jail-over-drug-driving-crash.do|title=George Michael gets eight weeks in jail for drug driving crash|work=London Evening Standard |location=UK |date=14 September 2010}}</ref> some of the side effects of which are listed on [[MEDLINE|Medline]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682388.html#side-effects|title=Side effects of Amitriptyline|work=MedlinePlus|publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref> include tiredness, drowsiness, blurred vision, fainting, dizziness and hallucinating.

===Politics===
Michael wrote "[[Shoot the Dog]]", a song critical about the friendly relationship between the American and British governments and their involvement in the Iraq War.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

During 2000, Michael joined [[Melissa Etheridge]], [[Garth Brooks]], [[Queen Latifah]], the [[Pet Shop Boys]], and [[k.d. lang]], to perform in Washington, D.C. as part of 'Equality Rocks' – a concert to benefit the [[Human Rights Campaign]].<ref>{{cite news | title = George Michael, Queen Latifah To Rock For "Equality" | first = David | last = Basham | url = http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1432143/george-michael-queen-latifah-rock-equality.jhtml |work=MTV.com | publisher=MTV Networks| date = 28 February 2000 | accessdate =12 June 2011 }}</ref>

During 2007, he sent the £1.45 million piano that [[John Lennon]] used to write "[[Imagine (song)|Imagine]]" around the United States on a "peace tour," having it on display at places where violence had taken place, such as [[Dallas]]' [[Dealey Plaza]], where US President [[John F. Kennedy|John. F. Kennedy]] was shot.<ref name=steinway>{{Cite news|title=Most Expensive Musical Instruments |url=http://www.forbes.com/2006/04/10/cx_mr_0411featslide_print.html |work=Forbes |date=10 April 2006 |accessdate=15 February 2008}}</ref>

He devoted his concert in [[Sofia|Sofia, Bulgaria]] from his "Twenty Five Tour" to the Bulgarian nurses prosecuted in the [[HIV trial in Libya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=81212 |title=Bulgaria: George Michael: Free Bulgaria's Nurses in Libya! |publisher=Novinite.com |date=29 May 2007 |accessdate=27 April 2009}}</ref>

On 17 June 2008, Michael said he was thrilled by [[Same-sex marriage in California|California's legalisation of same-sex marriage]], calling the move "way overdue."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2008-06-18-georgemichael_N.htm|title=George Michael sounds off on gay marriage |work=USAToday.com|date=18 June 2008 |accessdate=12 September 2011|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

===Charity===
During 1984, he sang as part of [[Band Aid (band)|Band Aid]] on the charity song "[[Do They Know It's Christmas?]]" for famine relief in [[Ethiopia]]. This single scored No.1 on the UK music charts over Christmas 1984, holding Michael's own song, "[[Last Christmas]]" by Wham!, at #2. Michael donated the royalties from "Last Christmas" to Band Aid and subsequently sang with Elton John at Live Aid (the Band Aid charity concert) in 1985.

In 2003 he paired up with [[Ronan Keating]] on the [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)|''Who Wants to be a Millionaire?'']] and won £32,000, after having their original £64,000 winnings halved after missing the £125,000 question.

The proceeds from the single "[[Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me#1991 version|Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me]]" were divided among 10 different charities for children, AIDS and education.

Michael is supporting a campaign to help raise US$32 million (GBP15 million) for [[Terminal illness|terminally ill]] children.

===Assets===
According to reports, between the years 2006 and 2008, Michael earned £48.5 million ($97 million)<ref name=monstersandcritics.com>[http://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/news/article_1465396.php/George_Michaels_tour_fortune George Michael's tour fortune] Monsters and Critics, 18 March 2009</ref> from the 25 Live tour alone, as well as earning millions more for private concerts that he periodically does, such as for Billionaire [[Vladimir Potanin]] and super rich fashion shop owner [[Sir Philip Green]].<ref name=monstersandcritics.com/> According to the [[Sunday Times Rich List]] [[Sunday Times Rich List 2011|2011]], George Michael is worth £90 million in currency alone.<ref>"[http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/article-1722112/The-50-richest-people-music.html The top 50 richest people in music: Sunday Times Rich List] This is Money, 4 May 2011</ref>

===Memoirs===
In 1991 Michael released an autobiography titled "Bare" through [[Penguin Books]], which he co-wrote with writer [[Tony Parsons (British journalist)|Tony Parsons]]. The over 200 page book covers various aspects of his life, including details of his relationship with a former girlfriend.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/014013235X Bare: George Michael, His Own Story] Amazon.com</ref> On 16 January 2008, Michael signed a contract with [[HarperCollins]] for an autobiography which he is to write "entirely himself".<ref>"[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1575732/George-Michael-to-reveal-all-in-autobiography.html George Michael to reveal all in autobiography], ''The Telegraph'', 16 January 2008</ref>

===Health troubles===
On 26 October 2011, Michael had to cancel a performance at [[London]]'s [[Royal Albert Hall]] due to [[viral infection]]. On 21 November 2011, Michael was admitted to hospital in [[Vienna]] after complaining of chest pains at a hotel two hours prior to him performing at a venue there for his [[Symphonica Tour]]. Michael was later confirmed to have suffered from [[pneumonia]] and is currently in an [[intensive-care unit]]. While Michael appeared to be "in good spirits" and was responding well to treatment following his admittance, hospital officials said on 25 November, that Michael's condition had "worsened overnight". This development led to Michael's remaining 2011 dates, most of them in the [[United Kingdom]], to be cancelled and postponed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/george-michael/60622 |title=George Michael shelves all 2011 tour dates due to illness | News |publisher=Nme.Com |date=2011-09-15 |accessdate=2011-11-25}}</ref> Michael's friend, celebrity hairstylist Fadi Fawaz, told press that Michael's health was improving "by the hour".

==Discography==
{{Main|George Michael discography}}
{{See also|Wham! discography}}

===Studio albums===
* 1987: ''[[Faith (George Michael album)|Faith]]''
* 1990: ''[[Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1]]''
* 1996: ''[[Older (album)|Older]]''
* 1999: ''[[Songs from the Last Century]]''
* 2004: ''[[Patience (George Michael album)|Patience]]''

==Awards==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by George Michael}}

==Tours==

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Faith World Tour]] (1988–1989)
* [[Cover to Cover tour|Cover to Cover]] (1991)
* [[25 Live]] (2006–2008)
* [[George Michael Live in Australia]] (2010)
* [[Symphonica Tour]] (2011)
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Wikipedia books|George Michael}}
* [[List of artists by total number of UK number-one singles]]
* [[List of best-selling music artists]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|George Michael}}
*{{Official website|http://www.georgemichael.com/}}
*[http://www.george-michael.com/ George Michael Blog]
*{{dmoz|Arts/Music/Bands_and_Artists/M/Michael,_George}}
{{George Michael}}
{{Grammy Award for Album of the Year 1980s}}
{{Billboard Year-End number one singles 1980–1999}}
{{Billboard Year-End number one albums 1970–1989}}
{{Wham!}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}

{{Persondata
|NAME = Michael, George
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Panayiotou, Georgios Kyriakos
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = English singer-songwriter, musician, producer
|DATE OF BIRTH = 25 June 1963
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Bushey, Hertfordshire, England, UK
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Michael, George}}
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[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Ivor Novello Award winners]]
[[Category:LGBT musicians from the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:LGBT people from England]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from London]]
[[Category:People convicted of drug offenses]]
[[Category:People from Bushey]]
[[Category:People from Finchley]]
[[Category:Pop singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Singers from London]]
[[Category:Wham! members]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians]]
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LGBTQ people and military service

2011-10-10T18:57:39Z

62.145.19.66: /* Belgium */

[[File:LGBT military laws.png|thumb|300px|{{legend|#6699FF|Homosexuals and bisexuals allowed to serve in the military}} {{legend|red|Homosexuals and bisexuals banned from serving (or same-gender sexual relationships illegal)}} {{legend|grey|Data not available}}]]
{{LGBT rights}}
The [[military|military forces]] of the world have differing approaches to the enlistment of [[homosexual]] (gay and lesbian) and [[bisexual]] individuals. The armed forces of most developed countries have now removed policies excluding non-heterosexual individuals (with strict policies on [[sexual harassment]]). Of the five permanent members of the [[United Nations Security Council]], [[France]], [[Russia]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] permit gay people to serve openly.

Nations that permit gay people to serve openly in the military include the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan), [[Australia]], [[Israel]], [[Argentina]], and all [[NATO]] members excluding [[Turkey]].<ref>Singer, Peter. [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0607_dont_ask_dont_tell_singer.aspx "What Our Military Allies Can Tell Us About The End of Don't Ask, Don't Tell"], [http://www.brookings.edu/ The Brookings Institution], 7 June 2010.</ref>

==Countries that allow gay people to serve==
===Albania===
Gays and lesbians have been allowed to serve in the [[Military of Albania]] since 2008.

===Argentina===
As of 2009, the Argentine government has officially ended the ban on gays in the [[Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic|Argentine Armed Forces]].<ref name=vanasco /> A new military justice system was put into effect which decriminalizes homosexuality among uniformed members, and moves crimes committed exclusively within the military to the public justice sphere [previously there had been a separate military court system].

Under the old system, gays were not permitted to have access to a military career, at the same time as this sexual orientation was penalized. And, while there are no publicly known former sanctions against gays under the old policy, this does not mean that men and women with that sexual orientation have not been disciplined, and perhaps separated from the armed forces under a mantle of silence. In fact, with this new system, gay men or lesbian women who wish to train in the forces should encounter no impediment, nor any military retaliation areas.

===Australia===
[[Australia]] allows homosexuals to serve openly (since 1992, see [[LGBT rights in Australia]]). The [[Commonwealth of Australia]] policies are to permit gay men and lesbians to serve openly.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5D81139F937A15752C1A964958260 "Australia Ends a Prohibition On Homosexuals in Military"], ''New York Times'', November 24, 1992</ref> Since 1 January 2009 same-sex couples have had the same access to military retirement pensions and superannuation as opposite-sex couples. Prior studies, eighteen in-depth interviews with informed military and non-military observers and other data have found that the lifting of the ban on gay service has not led to any identifiable negative effects on troop morale, combat effectiveness, recruitment and retention or other measures of military performance. Furthermore, available evidence suggests that policy changes associated with the lifting of the ban may have contributed to improvements in productivity and working environments for service members. Key findings include:

* Senior officials, commanders, and military scholars within the [[Australian Defence Force]] (ADF) consistently appraise the lifting of the ban as a successful policy change that has contributed to greater equity and effective working relationships within the ranks. Prior to the lifting of the ban, [[Australian Defence Force|ADF]] service chief argued that allowing homosexuals to serve openly would jeopardize recruitment, troop cohesion and combat effectiveness while also spreading [[AIDS]] and encouraging predatory behaviour.

* While the lifting of the ban was not immediately followed by large numbers of personnel declaring their sexual-orientation, by the late 1990s significant numbers of officers and enlisted personnel had successfully and largely uneventfully come out to their peers. Recruitment and retention rates have not suffered as a result of the policy change. As Commodore R. W. Gates of the [[Royal Australian Navy]] states in the report, “There was no great peak...where people walked out, and there was no great dip in recruiting. It really was a non-event.”

* Self-identified gay soldiers, officers, and commanders describe good working relationships in an environment that emphasizes capable and competent job performance under uniform rules of conduct for all personnel. Gay soldiers and commanders have successfully served in recent active deployments in East Timor. Complaints regarding sexual orientation issues comprise less than 5% of the total complaints received by the ADF of incidents of sexual harassment, bullying, and other forms of sexual misconduct. Of 1,400 calls received by an anonymous “Advice Line” maintained by the ADF to help personnel and commanders manage potential misconduct issues since this service was initiated in August 1998, 17 (1.21 percent) have related to sexual orientation issues.

* Current debates in Australia related to the policy change are now focused on extending equal benefits to the partners of gay servicemembers, rather than on the policy itself. To the degree that harassment issues continue to exist in the Australian Forces, most observers believe that problems faced by women soldiers are more serious than those faced by gay personnel.

The [http://www.defglis.com.au/ DEFGLIS] (Defence Force Gay and Lesbian Information Service) is an unofficial organisation of Regular, Reserve and Civilian members of the Australian Defence Organisation (ADO) who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, intersex and transgender (GLBIT) and allies.

===Austria===
Austria permits homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter">{{cite web|authorlink=Palm Center|title = Countries that Allow Military Service by Openly Gay People|publisher = PalmCenter|date = June 2009|url = http://www.palmcenter.org/files/active/0/CountriesWithoutBan.pdf|format = PDF|accessdate = 4 December 2009}}</ref>

===Bahamas===
The [[Royal Bahamas Defence Force]] does not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation. The government made the announcement in 1998.<ref>[http://www.gaytoday.com/garchive/world/050898wo.htm No Ban on Gays in The Bahamas Military] GayToday - May 1998</ref><ref>[http://www.palmcenter.org/research/nations%20allowing%20service%20by%20openly%20gay%20people Bahamas Military Allows Gays] ILGA - June 2009</ref>

===Belgium===
Belgium permits homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" /> In Belgium, the military accepts gay men and lesbians into service. However, if the behaviour of an individual who is gay or lesbian causes problems, that individual is subject to discipline or discharge. In some cases, homosexual personnel have been transferred from their unit if they have been too open with their sexuality. The Belgian military also continues to reserve the right to deny gay and lesbian personnel high-level security clearances, for fear they may be susceptible to blackmail.<ref name="Military Culture: Europe">[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/military_culture_eur.html Military Culture: Europe] glbtq: An encyclopaedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender & queer culture.</ref>

===Bermuda===
The [[Military of Bermuda]] does not discriminate on grounds of sexual orientation, as it is formed by random lottery-style [[conscription]]. Officially, members of the [[Bermuda Regiment]] are prohibited from discriminating against or harassing gay soldiers;<ref>Bermuda Regiment [http://www.bermudaregiment.bm/Standards_Of_Conduct.html Standards of Conduct]</ref> such activities, however, are tolerated by officers, to the extent that one conscript described the Regiment as "the most homophobic environment that exists".<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d65d8e30030003&sectionId=60|title=Bill's supporters stunned by defeat|last=Strangeways|first=Sam|date=May 26, 2006|publisher=[[The Royal Gazette]]|accessdate=May 8, 2009}}</ref>

===Canada===
{{Main|LGBT policy in the Canadian military}}
As of 1992, lesbians, gays and bisexuals are allowed to openly serve in the military. A study of gays and lesbians in the Canadian military has found that after Canada’s 1992 decision to allow homosexuals to serve openly in its armed forces, military performance did not decline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palmcenter.org/publications/dadt/effects_of_the_1992_lifting_of_restrictions_on_gay_and_lesbian_service_in_the_canadian_forces_appraising_the_e|title=Effects of the 1992 Lifting of Restrictions on Gay and Lesbian Service in the Canadian Forces: Appraising the Evidence|work=Palm Center|accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref>

The study is the most comprehensive academic study by US researchers of homosexuality in a foreign military ever compiled and reflects an exhaustive inventory of relevant data and research. Its title is "Effects of the 1992 Lifting of Restrictions on Gay and Lesbian Service in the Canadian Forces; Appraising the Evidence".

* Lifting of restrictions on gay and lesbian service in the Canadian Forces has not led to any change in military performance, [[unit cohesion]], or discipline.
* Self-identified gay, lesbian, and transsexual members of the Canadian Forces contacted for the study describe good working relationships with peers.
* The percent of military women who experienced sexual harassment dropped 46% after the ban was lifted. While there were several reasons why harassment declined, one factor was that after the ban was lifted women were free to report assaults without fear that they would be accused of being a lesbian.
* Before Canada lifted its gay ban, a 1985 survey of 6,500 male soldiers found that 62% said that they would refuse to share showers, undress or sleep in the same room as a gay soldier. After the ban was lifted, follow-up studies found no increase in disciplinary, performance, recruitment, sexual misconduct, or resignation problems.
* None of the 905 assault cases in the Canadian Forces from November, 1992 (when the ban was lifted) until August, 1995 involved gay bashing or could be attributed to the sexual orientation of one of the parties.

A news article by Canadian journalist, Jon Tattrie, reported on the changed attitude towards the presence of homosexual members of the Canadian Forces in his article "Being Gay in the Military" (''[[Metro International|Metro Ottawa]]''), quoting Canadian Forces spokesperson Rana Sioufi as saying: “Members who are same-sex partners are entitled to the same respect and dignity as heterosexual married couples or common-law partners.”<ref name=metroottawa>Tattrie, Jon (20 August 2010). [http://www.metronews.ca/ottawa/local/article/607763--being-gay-in-the-military "Being Gay in the Military"]. ''[[Metro International|Metro Ottawa]]''.</ref>
{{Quote box
|quote = In the past 20 years, the Canadian Forces has gone from being a homophobic organization that actively hounded out gay and lesbian members to one of the world’s leading advocates of open integration.
|source = —Jon Tattrie, "Being Gay in the Military", ''[[Metro International|Metro Ottawa]]'', August 20, 2010<ref name=metroottawa />
|width = 50%
|align = center
}}

===Republic of China===
The [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan) repealed their ban on conscripting gay people into the military in 2002.<ref name="taiwan">{{cite web|authorlink=Palm Center|title = Asia's Silence on Gays in Military Broken by Taiwan|publisher = PalmCenter|date = May 15, 2002|url = http://www.palmcenter.org/press/dadt/releases/asias_silence_on_gays_in_military_broken_by_taiwan|accessdate = 2 June 2010}}</ref> Following an announcement by the [[Republic of China Armed Forces]] that it would end a policy banning gays from guarding high level officials and government installations, scholars and military officials said the decision signaled a bold step for an Asian military force. The policy change was announced after a local newspaper revealed the discriminatory practice, prompting protest demonstrations in Taipei, the nation's capital.

Col. Liu of the ROC Naval Attach said that ending the ban on gays in the military police was "a good thing for a democratic society like ours. I don't think this is really a big deal," he said. "It just means Taiwanese society is more open and there are different choices now. If you're gay and you can do the job, that's fine."{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

===Colombia===
In 1999, the Colombian Constitutional Court ruled that the prohibition of homosexuals from serving in the armed forces is unconstitutional.<ref>[http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-918685 Sí A Homosexuales, Con Discreción]</ref>

===Croatia===
[[Croatia]] does not have any rules applying to homosexuals serving in the military.

===Czech Republic===
The Czech Republic allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" />

===Denmark===
Denmark allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" /> In fact, homosexuals have never been banned from serving in the Danish armed forces.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

In 1981, discrimination against and harassment of gays in the Danish military were outlawed and are grounds for expulsion. As a result, there are prominent openly gay military leaders in the Danish armed forces and there are no reported cases of threats to gays, morale, or national security.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n11_v24/ai_12856481/ |title=Gays in arms: can gays in the military work? In countries around the world, they already do |first=Eric|last=Konigsberg |work=[[The Washington Monthly]] |date=November, 1992 |accessdate=July 5, 2011}}</ref>

A study of the conditions for gay men indicates that gay men in the Danish Armed Forces show strength and are respected. The thesis is presented in Hans Henrik Hansen's Master of Public Health-study at the Nordic School of Public Health (NHV). Despite the prevalence of discrimination based on sexual orientation, conditions are generally perceived as unproblematic.<ref>[http://www.nhv.se/customer/templates/NewsPage.aspx?epslanguage=EN&id=2041 Sexual Orientation Discrimination in Denmark. – a study of the experiences and perceptions of six homosexual men in the Danish Armed Forces] Associated professor Ina Borup, NHV — Nordic School of Public Health, Jan 2010.</ref>

===Estonia===
Estonia allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" />

===Finland===
Finland allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" /> However, conscripts that request so can be moved to service class B on basis of homosexuality, often shortening service time due to disqualification from leadership training ([[Non-commissioned officer|NCO]] and officer training).

===France===
France allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" /> France, like many European countries, legalises homosexual partnerships in a civil partnership, similar to [[Great Britain]]. Thus a ban on homosexuality in the Forces does not appear to be logical nor legal, and, in fact, is not in place. However, the wording is quite peculiar. On 5 May 2000 The Independent stated:

* France's Armed forces will accept homosexuals into its ranks provided they do not attempt to “convert” others. A defence ministry spokesman was quoted: “We have no intention of introducing recruiting criteria that would take into account the personal practices of individuals.”

In France, indifference characterizes the official attitude towards homosexuals in the military. Although homosexuals were not banned from French military service (before military service was suspended in 1998), it is recognized that they may face greater challenges than their heterosexual counterparts. Thus, they were allowed to opt out of military service if they wish by declaring themselves unfit because of their sexual orientation. Commanders and psychiatrists can also discharge gay and lesbian personnel if they feel they are disrupting their units and cannot fit in.<ref name="Military Culture: Europe"/>

===Germany===
The German [[Bundeswehr]] ruled that it is forbidden to discriminate based on sexual orientation. The "Working Committee of Homosexual Employees in the Military Forces"<ref>[http://www.ahsab.de/ A.H.s.A.B. – Arbeitskreis homosexueller Angehöriger der Bundeswehr] (Site is only in German)</ref> is the organization that represents the interests of gay men and lesbians in the armed forces. Heterosexuals and homosexuals alike are allowed to engage in sexual activity while in the military service as long as it does not interfere with the performance of their duties. Lesbian and gay soldiers are also entitled to enter civil unions as defined by Germany's domestic "partnership" law.<ref name=queer>[http://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=10083 Queer:Argentinien und die Philippinen beenden Homo-Verbot im Militär (German)]</ref>

The [[Bundeswehr]] maintained a "[[glass ceiling]]" policy that effectively banned homosexuals from becoming officers until 2000. First Lieutenant Winfried Stecher, an army officer demoted for his homosexuality, filed a lawsuit against former Defense Minister [[Rudolf Scharping]]. Scharping vowed to fight the claim in court, claiming that homosexuality "raises serious doubts about suitability and excludes employment in all functions pertaining to leadership." However, before the case went to trial, the Defense Ministry reversed the discriminatory policy. While the German government declined to issue an official explanation for the reversal, it is widely believed that Scharping was overruled by then Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]] and then Vice-Chancellor [[Joschka Fischer]].

Nowadays, according to general military orders given in the year 2000, tolerance towards all sexual orientations is considered to be part of the duty of military personnel. Sexual relationships and acts amongst soldiers outside service times, regardless of the sexual orientation, are defined to be "irrelevant", regardless of the rank and function of the soldier(s) involved, while harassment or the abuse of functions is considered a transgression, as well as the performance of sexual acts in active service.<ref>Cf. two orders of 2000: {{cite web |url=http://www.ahsab.de/recherche.php?aktion=show_one&show=Recherche&id=16&download=Anlage%20B%20173.pdf |title=Anlage B 173 zu ZDv 14/3 |accessdate=24 December 2008 |author=German Military Forces (Bundeswehr) |year=2000 |publisher=Working Group 'Homosexuals in the Bundeswehr' |language=German}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}; and {{cite web |url=http://www.ahsab.de/recherche.php?aktion=show_one&show=Recherche&id=16&download=sexualitaet.pdf |title=Führungshilfe für Vorgesetzte – Sexualität |accessdate=24 December 2008 |author=Inspector General of the German Military Forces (Bundeswehr) |year=2000 |publisher=Working Group 'Homosexuals in the Bundeswehr' |language=German}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

===Greece===
While the Presidential Decree 133 (of 2002)<ref>http://www.omhroi.gr/images/sections/SI.pdf</ref> allowed people to avoid the draft for deep psycho-sexual problems, it did not ban homosexuals from the army. The newer 2005 law 3421<ref>http://www.dsanet.gr/Epikairothta/Nomothesia/n3421_05.htm</ref> has removed even the wording that could be misconstrued as offensive to homosexuals. In recent years, the Greek army has been shortening the length of conscription and hiring more and more professional soldiers and there hasn't been any incident of someone being fired for homosexuality.

{{see also|Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece}}

===Republic of Ireland===

Gay people serve openly in the [[Irish Defence Forces]].<ref name="palmcenter" /><ref>[http://www.military.ie/dfhq/pubrel/publications/EqualityPolicyDec07.pdf Irish Defence Forces - Equality and Diversity Policy]</ref> Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is illegal.<ref>Cathal Kelly, International Secretary of the National Lesbian and Gay Foundation, which implements recent equality legislation in Ireland, says that the Employment Equality Act of 1998 applies to the Irish military.</ref>

There has been no preclusion since 1993 when male homosexuality was decriminalised in the [[Republic of Ireland]]. Since 1993 there has been significant change to make sure that there was no discrimination in terms of public policy. At the same time as an equal age of consent was introduced for heterosexual and homosexual persons, the Irish Defence Forces announced that they would be treating heterosexual and homosexual members equally. Relationships between senior and junior ranks would continue to be forbidden, as is common in most militaries. There would also be no harassment of gay officers and no questioning of members about their sexuality. The ''[[Irish Independent]]'' wrote that

{{quote|In a related development, the Chief of Staff of the Irish Defence Forces, Lieutenant General Noel Bergin, told the ''Irish Independent'' on Tuesday that a report on the introduction of a code of conduct governing interpersonal relationships is being prepared. The decision to prepare a report follows a recent announcement by the Minister for Defence, [[David Andrews (Irish politician)|Mr. David Andrews]], that military regulations would be modified to take account of any reform in the civil law on homosexuality. Mr Andrews is seen as a member of the liberal wing of the [[Fianna Fáil]] party. Lt. Gen Bergin pointed out that the Army does not ask potential recruits about their sexual orientation, and that they had few problems in the past in this area.<ref>The ''Irish Independent'', May 1993</ref>}}

The then Minister for Defence David Andrews stated in the [[Oireachtas]] (parliament) that "While the question of homosexuality is not specifically covered in Defence Force Regulations the provisions of section 169 of the Defence Act, 1954, provide that acts which are in breach of the criminal law of the State are also deemed to be offences against military law."

Information regarding sexual orientation is not sought from personnel wishing to enlist in the Defence Forces and it is not proposed to change this policy. The Defence forces have a code on interpersonal relationships and guidelines in relation to discrimination.

===Israel===
{{See also|Israel Defense Forces#LGBT people}}

[[Israel Defense Forces]] policies allow gay men and lesbians to serve openly and without discrimination or harassment due to actual or perceived sexual orientation.<ref name="NYT">[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/02/opinion/02shalikashvili.html?_r=1 Second Thoughts on Gays in the Military], By JOHN M. SHALIKASHVILI, January 2, 2007.</ref> This was put into effect in 1993 after an IDF reserves officer testified before the [[Knesset]] claiming that his rank had been revoked, and that he had been barred from researching sensitive topics in military intelligence, solely because of his sexual identity.

Homosexuals serve openly in the military, including special units, without any discrimination.<ref name=eichner>{{Cite news| last = Eichner| first = Itamar| title = Follow Israel's example on gays in the military, US study says| work = Ynetnews| accessdate = 2008-09-30| date = 2007-02-08| url = http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3362505,00.html}}</ref><ref>The chief of staff's policy states that it is strictly forbidden to harm or hurt anyone's dignity or feeling based on their gender or sexual orientation in any way, including signs, slogans, pictures, poems, lectures, any means of guidance, propaganda, publishing, voicing, and utterance.</ref> Moreover, gays in the IDF have additional rights, such as the right to take a shower alone if they want to. According to a [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] study,<ref>[http://www.filmforum.org/films/yossi/israelstudyafs.pdf Homosexuality and the Israel Defense Forces: Did Lifting the Gay Ban Undermine Military Performance?]</ref> a brigadier general stated that Israelis show a "great tolerance" for gay soldiers. Consul [[David Saranga]] at the Israeli Consulate in [[New York City|New York]], who was interviewed by the ''St. Petersburg Times'', said, “It's a non-issue. You can be a very good officer, a creative one, a brave one, and be gay at the same time.”<ref name=eichner />

Uncloseted gays in the Jewish state are treated no differently than straights. Mandatory service draws every 18-year-old man and woman into the national service, with the exception of certain Ultra-Orthodox Jewish sects.

In a comprehensive review of interviews with all known experts on homosexuality in the IDF in 2004,<ref>[http://www.palmcenter.org/node/554 Did Lifting the Gay Ban Undermine Military Performance?] Palm Centre, Jun 04.</ref> researchers were not able to find any data suggesting that Israel’s decision to lift its gay ban undermined operational effectiveness, combat readiness, unit cohesion or morale. In this security-conscious country where the military is considered to be essential to the continued existence of the nation, the decision to include sexual minorities has not harmed IDF effectiveness. In addition, while no official statistics are available for harassment rates of sexual minorities in the IDF, scholars, military officials and representatives of gay organizations alike assert that vicious harassment is rare.

Israel takes the position that gays in the closet (those who, for example, may have informed their superiors of their sexual orientation, but on a confidential basis) cannot get security-sensitive jobs while those who are out can work anywhere.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n11_v24/ai_12856481/pg_2/?tag=content;col1 Gays in arms: can gays in the military work? In countries around the world, they already do]. Washington Monthly, Nov 1992.</ref>

===Italy===
The [[Military of Italy|Armed Forces of Italy]] cannot deny men or women of homosexual orientation to serve within their ranks, as this would be a [[Constitution of Italy|violation of Constitutional rights]]. However, much prejudice about homosexuals still exists within the Italian armed forces, so that they generally decide to hide their sexual orientation.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} In the past, homosexual conduct was grounds for being discharged from the Italian armed forces for reason of insanity, and feigning homosexuality was a very popular way to obtain medical rejection and skip [[Conscription|draft]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}

===Japan===
[[Japan]] does not have any rules applying to homosexuals serving in the military.<ref>Palm Center, Asia's Silence on gays in Military Broken by Taiwan, May 15, 2002 press release, http://www.palmcenter.org/press/dadt/releases/asias_silence_on_gays_in_military_broken_by_taiwan</ref>

===Lithuania===
Lithuania allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" />

===Luxembourg===
Luxembourg allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" />

===Malta===
Malta allows gay and lesbian people to serve openly in the armed forces. According to the Armed Forces of Malta, a number of openly gay people serve in the AFM, and the official attitude is one of "live and let live", where "a person’s postings and duties depend on their qualifications, not their sexual orientation".<ref>[http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=101384 AFM denies discrimination on basis of sexual orientation], The Malta Independent</ref>

===The Netherlands===
{{main|LGBT policy in the Military of the Netherlands}}
In 1974, the [[Netherlands]] was the first country to ban discrimination against gays in the military.<ref>Shilts, p. 572</ref> An estimated 12,000 soldiers, 10% of the total force, are gay. The Dutch government considered homosexuality grounds for dismissal until 1974, when the Association of Dutch Homosexuals convinced the minister of defence that gays posed no threat to national security. Nevertheless, gays could still legally be passed over for promotion simply because of their sexual orientation.

In 1986, Rene Holtel, then a major, was told by his commander that though he was an excellent officer, "he wouldn't want me to rise in rank because I was gay." Holtel went to his superiors and fought the camouflage ceiling, which was abolished in 1987, leading to the birth of the Foundation for Homosexuality in the Military, which Holtel, now elevated to lieutenant colonel, chairs.

The Dutch success stems from its effort to educate soldiers. Already required of officers and noncommissioned officers in the air force, and soon to be mandatory in the army and navy, is a four-day course known as Een Kwestie van Kijken, which roughly translates to "It's in the eye of the beholder." The seminar is designed to teach sensitivity toward minorities in the military, in particular women, blacks, and gays. Apparently it works. Rob Segaar, a 29-year-old veteran of the navy, summed up the Dutch attitude this way: "Suppose you're on the beach in a skimpy bathing suit. The guy next to you might be gay. Does that harm your morale? Is that dangerous?" Army doctors, priests, and psychiatrists will soon be required to complete coursework that will enable them to offer guidance to soldiers struggling with the decision to "come out." The Dutch department of defence recently published a booklet on homosexuality containing pictures of a lesbian couple embracing near a ship and a young man greeting his boyfriend in Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport after a stint in Lebanon.

The Netherlands is the most tolerant of homosexuality of the European militaries. It has integrated gays and lesbians more fully than any other country. Yet Dutch scholars and activists continue to call for even greater efforts to remedy the subtle problems that remain. Since the cultural revolutions of the 1960s, the Netherlands has been known for its general cultural tolerance of homosexuality, which has in turn influenced the military's policy on gays and lesbians. Marion Anderson-Boers and Jan van der Meulen report that since the 1980s the Dutch people have largely come to a consensus on the issue of homosexuality. They note that polls have repeatedly shown that more than 90 percent of the public agree with the statement, "Homosexuals should have as much freedom as possible to lead their own lives."<ref name="Military Culture: Europe"/>

In the 1970s the Dutch military ceased to consider homosexuality a reason to prevent individuals from entering the military. This policy change coincided with larger legal changes in the Netherlands, which included changing age of consent laws for same-sex contact to 16, the same as for heterosexual contact, and incorporating an anti-discrimination clause addressing sexual orientation in the Dutch constitution. Yet officially allowing homosexuals to serve was only the first step in creating a more tolerant military culture. The Dutch military formed a working group called Homosexuality and Armed Forces to improve the climate for sexual minorities. In the 1980s, this group became the Homosexuality and Armed Forces Foundation, a trade union that continues to represent gay and lesbian personnel to the ministry of defence.<ref name="Military Culture: Europe"/>

Although homosexuals in the Dutch military rarely experience any explicitly aggressive acts against them, they are troubled by subtle signs of homophobia and cultural insensitivity on the part of their heterosexual colleagues. Gay and lesbian military personnel are highly sensitive to these attitudes and typically respond by not expecting a high level of acceptance from their heterosexual colleagues, at least in terms of their sexual orientation. Even so, a high level of loyalty characterizes homosexual personnel in the Dutch military. Indeed, research suggests that, given the difficulties they face, "only the most highly motivated, loyal homosexuals will choose a career in the armed services and persist in it." In spite of the difficulties in fully integrating sexual minorities, the Dutch military continues to work to promote their inclusion. The Dutch military sees its duty as creating "the conditions under which all individuals can function fully." This acceptance of all types of people distinguishes the Dutch military from many other European militaries.<ref name="Military Culture: Europe"/>

===New Zealand===
In [[New Zealand]] it has been legal for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender persons to serve in the military since New Zealand's Human Rights Act 1993 ended most forms of employment discrimination against lesbians, gay men and bisexuals. New Zealand military leaders did not oppose the end of military service discrimination <ref>[http://www.thegaymilitarytimes.com/0812Steinman.html Gays in the military]</ref><ref>Estrada, Armando. Attitudes of Military Personnel Toward Homosexuals. Journal Of Homosexuality, 37(4), 83</ref>

After the passing of the Human Rights Act, which prevents discrimination on grounds such as ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation. As the act came into law, so came the removal of a passage in the NZDF manual of law that referred to homosexuality as an "unnatural offence". Before 1993, even though the Homosexual Law Reform Act had been passed in 1986, officer training included the actions they ought to take upon the discovery of personnel caught in such "unnatural" acts. The [http://www.defglis.com.au/ DEFGLIS NZ] (Defence Force Gay and Lesbian Information Service) is being formed and will be set up by Christmas 2010. Officers involved hope the support network will act as a sounding board, advice group and social network for regular, reserve and civilian members of the troops. Part of the group's role will be to advise on using inclusive words such as partner instead of wife, or letting people know that a saying such as "that's gay" has made it into common parlance while the term "homo" is offensive.

As chief instructor of the joint services health school, Wood turns new recruits from army, navy and air force into "operationally deployable medics". "My staff relate to me as their major, their boss. I'm not their gay major, or their gay boss," he says. In his 30-year career with the army, Wood has attended conferences with officers from American services. The notable difference is that Wood can stand alongside his partner of seven years, Gerald Johnstone, and introduce him as such. "The reaction is quite interesting," Wood says. "It just feels so right to include your partner and I'm proud to come from a country that enables us to be who we are. Wood says he had "absolutely no issue" being an openly gay man in the army, which he puts down to the combination of having a strong personality, being articulate and the fact that he works in a specialist area. Being openly gay, Wood says he is sometimes approached by commanding officers wanting advice on how to react when a subordinate comes out or by newly enlisted people wondering about the best way to break their news to colleagues.<ref>[http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/wellbeing/4289463/Out-and-proud Out and Proud]. The Press, 30 Oct 2010.</ref>

===Norway===
Norway has allowed homosexuals to serve openly in the armed forces since 1979.<ref name="palmcenter" /><ref>http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/bld/aktuelt/taler_artikler/ministeren/taler-og-artikler-av-barne--likestilling/2010/60-ars-homokamp-Sta-oppreist-og-samlet.html?id=609168</ref> [[Norway]], like most of [[Scandinavia]], is very [[Liberalism|liberal]] in regards to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights and it also became the first country in the world to enact an anti-discrimination law protecting homosexuals in certain areas.

The Norwegian government states that "Anyone who in written or verbal form is threatening, scorning, persecuting, or spiteful toward a gay or lesbian person will be punished with fines or prison of up to two years."<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n11_v24/ai_12856481/ Gays in arms: can gays in the military work? In countries around the world, they already do] Washington Monthly, Nov 1992.</ref>

===Peru===
Until December 2009, Peru had a ban on openly gay people in the armed forces. However, in December 2009, the [[Supreme Court of Peru]] held that sexual orientation cannot be a requirement for entry into the police force or the military. The Government accepted the decision.<ref>[http://peruanista.blogspot.com/2009/12/perus-constitutional-tribunal-ordered.html Peru's Constitutional Court ordered Police School to accept expelled Gay Student]</ref> The ruling said "sexual preference of an individual cannot be a requirement or condition to determine his/her capacity or professional competence, including the police and military career. To state this is not only anachronistic, but it violates the principle of human dignity"

===Philippines===
The Philippine government has officially ended, as of 2010, the ban on gays in the military.<ref name=vanasco>[http://www.365gay.com/news/philippines-ends-ban-on-gays-in-military/ 365gay: Philippines ends ban on gays in military]</ref>

===Poland===
Poland allows gays to serve openly in the military.<ref>[Homosexuals are allowed to serve openly in the Romanian army.]</ref>

===Romania===
Homosexuals are allowed to serve openly in the [[Romanian army]]. According to the Ministry of Defence's recruitment policy, "it is the right of every Romanian citizen to take part in the military structures of our country, regardless of their sexual orientation."<ref>[http://stiri.zoot.ro/Dilema-Armatei-romane-cu-sau-fara-homosexuali,182428.html]</ref>

===Russia===
{{See also|LGBT rights in Russia}}
Before 1993, homosexual acts between consenting males were against the law in Russia,<ref name=RUS33940>{{cite web|title=Russia: Update to RUS13194 of 16 February 1993 on the treatment of homosexuals|publisher=[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher/IRBC.html Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada]|date={{date|2000-02-29}}|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6ad788c.html}}</ref> and homosexuality was considered a mental disorder until adoption of [[ICD-10]] in 1999,<ref name=ILGA_RFDHO>{{cite web|last=Warner|first=Nigel|title=The Russian Federation has dropped “homosexual orientation” from its new classification of mental and behaviour disorders|work=[http://france.qrd.org/assocs/ilga/euroletter/75.html ILGA Euroletter 75]|publisher=[http://france.qrd.org France QRD]|date=November 1999|url=http://france.qrd.org/assocs/ilga/euroletter/75.html}}</ref> but even after that military medical expertise statute was in force to continue considering homosexuality a mental disorder which was a reason to deny homosexuals to serve in the military. In 2003, a new military medical expertise statute was adopted; it said people “who have problems with their identity and sexual preferences” can only be drafted during war times.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian army to ban gays|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC |date={{date|2003-03-13}}|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2848467.stm}}</ref> However, this clause contradicted another clause of the same statute which stated that different sexual orientation should not be considered a deviation. This ambiguity was resolved by the Major-General of the Medical Service who clearly stated that new medical statute “does not forbid people of non-standard sexual orientation from serving in the military.”<ref name=PravdaOL>{{cite news|title=Gays are not Willingly Accepted in the Russian Army|work=[http://english.pravda.ru Pravda Online]|date={{date|2003-12-01}}|url=http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/90/362/11406_GayArmy.html}}</ref> Thereby, {{as of|2003|7|1|df=US|lc=on}}, homosexual people in Russia can serve in the military.

===Serbia===
In May 2010, the head of the Serbian military ([[Vojska Srbije]]) announced that the Serbian Army would accept homosexuals to join. However, this news was not widely covered by media.<ref>Vesti.rs Serbian news and information website, http://www.vesti.rs/Vesti/Homoseksualci-mogu-u-profesionalnu-vojsku.html</ref>

===Slovenia===
Slovenia allows homosexuals to serve openly without discrimination or harassment due to actual or perceived sexual orientation. <ref>http://legalminds.lp.findlaw.com/list/queerlaw-edit/msg02568.html</ref>

===South Africa===
LGBT people are allowed to serve openly in the [[South African National Defence Force]] (SANDF).<ref name="palmcenter" /> The [[Interim Constitution of South Africa|Interim Constitution]], adopted in 1994, and the [[Constitution of South Africa|final Constitution]] that replaced it in 1997, both prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. In 1996 the government adopted the ''White Paper on National Defence'', which included the statement that, "[i]n accordance with the Constitution, the SANDF shall not discriminate against any of its members on the grounds of sexual orientation."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.za/whitepapers/1996/defencwp.htm |title=White Paper on National Defence for the Republic of South Africa: Defence in a Democracy |publisher=Government of South Africa |date=8 May 1996 |accessdate=16 July 2011}}</ref> In 1998 the [[Department of Defence (South Africa)|Department of Defence]] adopted a ''Policy on Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action'', under which recruits may not be questioned about their sexual orientation and the Defence Force officially takes no interest in the lawful sexual behaviour of its members.<ref name="canaday">{{cite journal |last1=Belkin |first1=Aaron |last2=Canaday |first2=Margot |year=2010 |title=Assessing the integration of gays and lesbians into the South African National Defence Force |journal=Scientia Militaria |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=1–21 |publisher=Stellenbosch University |doi= |url=http://www0.sun.ac.za/sdorm/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=152&Itemid=26 |accessdate=16 July 2011 }}</ref> In 2002 the SANDF extended spousal medical and pension benefits to "partners in a permanent life-partnership".<ref name="canaday" />

===Spain===
Homosexuals are allowed to serve openly in the Spanish Army. As of 2009, after the case of Aitor G.R, the courts also ruled that transgender individuals are also permitted to serve in the military.<ref>Transexuales en el Ejército Español, Miguel Ruiz, Feb. 10, 2009</ref>

===Sweden===
Sweden allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" /> Homosexuals are not banned from military service. The [[Swedish Armed Forces]] actively work for an environment where LGBT persons do not feel it to be necessary to hide their orientation.<ref>http://www.mil.se/upload/dokumentfiler/J%C3%A4mlikhet/styrdokument-for-jamlikhet-2009-2011.pdf</ref>

===Switzerland===
Switzerland's military policies also allow for gay men and lesbians to serve openly without discrimination or harassment due to actual or perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=queer />

===Thailand===
In 2005, the Thai armed forces lifted its ban on [[LGBT rights in Thailand|LGBT]] serving in the military. Prior to this reform, LGBT people were exempted as suffering from a "mental disorder" law of 1954.

===United Kingdom===
{{See also|LGBT rights in the United Kingdom}}

====Lifting the Ban====
Until 2000, the British [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] (MOD) policy was to continue the long standing ban on [[homosexuals]] joining any of the [[British Armed Forces|Armed Forces]], most recently being based on a 1996 report by the Homosexuality Policy Assessment Team, which asserted that to allow gays in the military would be bad for morale, and leave them vulnerable to blackmail from foreign intelligence agencies. As a consequence, around 60 people were dismissed annually from the services for being gay.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} A legal challenge to this stance was taken up by four people who had been investigated and dismissed for being gay — a female nurse and male administrator dismissed from the [[Royal Air Force]], and a [[Lieutenant Commander]] and [[naval rating]], both males, dismissed from the [[Royal Navy]]. Their legal challenge was supported by the pressure groups [[Liberty (pressure group)|Liberty]] and [[Stonewall (UK)|Stonewall]]. After losing the case at the [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales#Civil Division|Court of Appeal]] in London, they appealed to the [[European Court of Human Rights]] in Strasbourg. In September 1999, this court ruled that investigations by military authorities into a service person's sexuality breaches their right to privacy ([[Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights]]). In light of the ruling (which as an ECHR ruling applies to the militaries of all member states of the [[European Union|EU]] and of the [[Council of Europe]]), the MOD subsequently lifted the ban, and began allowing gay people into the services from 2000 onwards. According to an opinion poll organised by Stonewall a week before the ruling, the ban had been opposed by 70% of Britons.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/620178.stm UK Gays win military legal battle] BBC News, 27 September 1999</ref>

====Today's Policy====
The MOD's policy is now to allow homosexual men, lesbians and [[transgender]] personnel to serve openly, and discrimination on a sexual orientation basis is forbidden.<ref name=queer /> It is also forbidden for someone to pressure LGBT people to [[Coming out|come out]]. All personnel are subject to the same rules against [[sexual harassment]], regardless of gender or sexual orientation. Since the military began allowing homosexuals to serve, none of its fears about harassment, discord, blackmail, bullying or an erosion of unit cohesion or military effectiveness have come to pass, according to the MOD, current and former members of the services and academics specializing in the military. The biggest news about the policy, they say, is that there is no news. It has for the most part become a non-issue. The MOD deliberately does not compile figures on how many gay men and lesbians are openly serving, as it is not an issue, but does believe that the number of people who have come out publicly in the past seven years is still relatively low compared to the national norm. It is however clearly proud of how smoothly homosexuals have been integrated and is trying to make life easier for them.

The British military actively recruits gay men and lesbians, all three services have deployed recruiting teams to [[gay pride]] events, and punishes any instance of intolerance or bullying. The Royal Navy advertises for recruits in gay magazines and has allowed gay sailors to hold civil partnership ceremonies on board ships and, since 2006, to march in full naval uniform at a gay pride marches. [[British Army]] and Royal Air Force personnel could march but had to wear civilian clothes until 2008, now all military personnel are permitted to attend [http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article1388850.ece Gay Pride marches] in uniform.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article4133763.ece | work=The Times | location=London | title=Soldiers can wear their uniforms with pride at gay parade says MoD | first1=Damian | last1=Barr | first2=Lucy | last2=Bannerman | date=June 14, 2008 | accessdate=May 23, 2010}}</ref>

Speaking at a conference sponsored by the gay advocacy group Stonewall in 2006, [[Adrian Johns|Vice Admiral Adrian Johns]], the [[Second Sea Lord]], said that homosexuals had always served in the military but in the past had to do it secretly. “That’s an unhealthy way to be, to try and keep a secret life in the armed services,” said Vice Admiral Johns, who as the Royal Navy’s principal personnel officer was responsible for about 39,000 sailors. His speech was titled “Reaping the Rewards of a Gay-Friendly Workplace.”

The current policy was accepted at the lower ranks first, with many senior officers worrying for their troops without a modern acceptance of homosexuality that their personnel had grown up with, one [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/620178.stm Brigadier resigned] but with little impact. Since the change support at the senior level has grown. General Sir [[Richard Dannatt, Baron Dannatt|Richard Dannatt]], the [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the General Staff]] (head of the Army), told members of the Army-sponsored [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/onthefrontline/3179261/Armys-top-general-makes-history-by-addressing-conference-on-homosexuality.html Fourth Joint Conference on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transexual Matters] that homosexuals were welcome to serve in the Army. In a speech to the conference in 2008, the first of its kind by any Army chief, General Sir Richard said that respect for gays, lesbian, bi-sexual and transsexual officers and soldiers was now "a command responsibility" and was vital for "operational effectiveness".

====Equality and diversity====
The Royal Navy were the leaders in all aspects of early LGBT policy. The Royal Navy considers people as the heart of the Naval Service capability,<ref name="royalnavy.mod.uk">http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/training-and-people/rn-life/equality-diversity-and-inclusion/index.htm Royal Navy Diversity Web Page</ref> the most important factor in delivering operational effectiveness. The Naval Service welcomes and appreciates differences in sex, race, religion or belief, sexual orientation and gender reassignment.<ref name="royalnavy.mod.uk"/> The Naval Service’s commitment to Equality and Diversity extends beyond its legal responsibility to prevent unlawful discrimination.<ref name="royalnavy.mod.uk"/>

The British Army requires all soldiers to undergo [http://www.army.mod.uk/join/20225.aspx Equality and Diversity] training as part of their Military Annual Training Tests and stress tolerance, specifically citing homosexual examples in training videos, in line with the [http://www.army.mod.uk/join/20217.aspx British Army Core Values and Standards], including 'Respect for Others' and 'Appropriate Behaviour'. It considers its Core Values and standards as central to being a professional soldier.

The British Military immediately recognised [[Civil partnership in the United Kingdom|civil partnerships]] and granted gay couples exactly the same rights to allowances and housing as straight couples. The MoD stated "We're pleased personnel registered in a same sex relationship now have equal rights to married couples."<ref>[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article36511.ece And the brides wore combats</ref> The Royal Navy has conducted civil partnership ceremonies on ships and the British Army has held same-sex marriage celebrations in barracks.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/a-very-modern-military-partnership-1928748.html A very modern military partnership]</ref>

====Ten Years On====
In 2009, the tenth anniversary of the change of law that permitted homosexuality in the Armed Forces, it was generally accepted by all that the lifting of the ban had no perceivable impact on the operational effectiveness on a military that still considers itself world class. The anniversary was widely celebrated, including in the Army's in house publication [http://www.soldiermagazine.co.uk/index.htm Soldier Magazine], with a series of articles including the [http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-13439.html July 2009 Cover Story] and articles in all the many [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1234993/Gay-trooper-says-coming-best-decision.html national newspapers].

In 2010, following defeat of repeal of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' by the [[United States Senate]], the [[British Army officer rank insignia|Colonel]] Mark Abraham, head of [http://www.army.mod.uk/join/20225.aspx diversity] for the British Army, told People Management magazine the lifting of the ban on gays serving in the military in 2000 had "no notable change at all... We got to the point where the policy was incompatible with military service and there was a lack of logic and evidence to support it... We knew a lot of gay and lesbian people were serving quite successfully, and it was clear that sexual orientation wasn’t an indication of how good a soldier or officer you could be... The reality was that those serving in the army were the same people the day after we lifted the ban, so there was no notable change at all. Everybody carried on with their duties and had the same working relationships as they previously had while the ban was in place" Colonel Abraham argues that the lifting of the ban actually made the armed forces more productive: "A lot of gay and lesbian soldiers who were in the army before the ban was lifted, reported that a percentage of their efforts was spent looking over their shoulder and ensuring they weren’t going to be caught. That percentage of time can now be devoted to work and their home life, so actually they are more effective than they were before."<ref>[http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2010/09/29/british-army-claims-having-openly-gay-soliders-hasincreased-productivity British Army believe lifting ban improved performance]</ref>

[http://www.proud2serve.net/index.htm Proud2Serve] is a support group that provides advice and support to serving and prospective members of the British Armed Forces.

===United States===
{{main|Sexual orientation and the United States military}}
Homosexuals are allowed to serve openly in the [[United States]] military. Military policy and legislation previously prohibited openly gay individuals from applying, but this policy was ended in September 2011 after the U.S. Congress voted to repeal the policy.

Homosexuals were officially prohibited from serving in the [[United States]] throughout its history. The first time "homosexual" people were differentiated from "normal" people in the military literature was in revised army mobilization regulations in 1942. Additional policy revisions in 1944 and 1947 further codified the ban. Throughout the next few decades, homosexuals were routinely discharged, regardless of whether they had engaged in sexual conduct while serving. In response to the [[LGBT movements in the United States|gay rights movements]] of the 1970s and 1980s, the Department of Defense issued a 1982 policy (DOD Directive 1332.14) stating that homosexuality was clearly incompatible with military service. Controversy over this policy created political pressure: [[liberalism in the United States|socially liberal]] efforts to repeal the ban and [[conservatism in the United States|socially conservative]] efforts to enshrine it into law.

A legislative policy was enacted in a 1993 bill signed by President [[Bill Clinton]], under which homosexuals were prohibited from serving in the military and their discharge was required. However, investigation into a member's sexuality without suspicion was also prohibited. This policy, known as "[[Don't ask, don't tell]]," was seen as a compromise between the two political efforts. Pressure to overturn the ban continued to build throughout the 1990s and 2000s, as public opposition to gay rights waned. President [[Barack Obama]] promised at the start of his administration to overturn the policy and remove all military restrictions on sexual orientation. He signed a bill into law in December 2010 which creates a future pathway to allow homosexuals to serve in the military,<ref>[http://advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/12/20/Repeal_To_Be_Signed_Wednesday/ Repeal to be Signed Wednesday]</ref> and announced in his 2011 [[State of the Union]] address that he expects it to be complete by the end of the year. Under the terms of the bill, the "Don't ask, don't tell" policy remains in place until the [[President of the United States|President]], the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], and the [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Chairman of the Joint Chiefs]] certify that repeal will not harm military readiness, followed by a 60 days waiting period.<ref name="us-wapo-201106">{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/federal-eye/post/gates-open-to-ending-dont-ask-dont-tell-before-he-goes/2011/06/13/AGwtRMUH_blog.html |title=Gates open to ending ‘don’t ask, don’t tell’ before leaving |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 13, 2011}}</ref><ref name="chsc-2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2011/0404/Pentagon-Don-t-ask-don-t-tell-could-be-gone-by-September Pentagon: 'Don't ask, don't tell' could be gone by September |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |author=Anna Mulrine |date=April 4, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Obama_Signed">{{cite news|author=Sheryl Gay Stolberg|title=With Obama's Signature, 'Don't Ask' Is Repealed|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 22, 2010|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/us/politics/23military.html|accessdate=December 22, 2010}}</ref> In early 2011 military leaders began issuing training plans for the expected repeal.<ref name="chsc-2011" /><ref name="us-wapo-2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/13/AR2011021302780.html |title=Ending 'don't ask, don't tell' doesn't end problems facing gay service members |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 13, 2011}}</ref><ref name="us-yahoo-2011">{{cite news |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/us_gays_in_military |title=Navy set training for don't ask, don't tell repeal |work=[[Yahoo! News]] |date=February 8, 2011}}</ref> A court order on July 6, 2011, required [[United States Department of Defense|the Pentagon]] to immediately suspend the policy, which the government complied with. The legislative repeal of the ban took effect on September 20, 2011.<ref>http://www.stripes.com/news/repeal-ends-decades-long-fight-against-dadt-1.155670</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903554904576460463874043414.html |title=Military Gay Ban to End in 60 Days |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |author=Barnes, Julian E. |date=July 22, 2011}}</ref>

===Uruguay===
Gays were prohibited from serving in the Uruguayan armed forces under the 1973–1985 military dictatorship, however this prohibition was lifted in 2009 when a new decree was signed by Defence Minister Jose Bayardi which provided that sexual orientation would no longer be considered a reason to prevent people from entering the armed forces.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/13/uruguay-to-lift-ban-on-ga_n_203004.html] Huffington Post: Uruguay To Lift Ban On Gays In The Military, 14 May 2009,</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2009-05-18|accessdate=2009-10-10|work=[[Pink News]]|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-12486.html|title=Uruguay lifts military gay ban}}</ref>

==Countries that disallow homosexuals from serving in the military==
{{Ref improve section|date=April 2008}}
{{Div col|3}}
* [[Antigua and Barbuda]]<ref name="Segal">{{cite book|last=Wechsler Segal|first=Mady|editorn-last2=Kernic|title=Armed forces and international security: global trends and issues|url=http://books.google.com/?id=tvnCKuSdOEwC&pg=PA218#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2003|publisher = Transaction|isbn=3-8258-7227-0|page=218|editor3-last=Callaghan|editor3-first =Jean|editor2-first=Franz}}</ref>
* [[LGBT rights in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Barbados|Barbados]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Belarus|Belarus]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Belize|Belize]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Botswana|Botswana]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Brunei|Brunei]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Cameroon|Cameroon]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Cuba|Cuba]]
* [[LGBT rights in Cyprus|Cyprus]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Dominica|Dominica]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Egypt|Egypt]]
* [[LGBT rights in Fiji|Fiji]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Ghana|Ghana]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Grenada|Grenada]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Guyana|Guyana]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Iran|Iran]]
* [[LGBT rights in Kenya|Kenya]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Kiribati|Kiribati]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Jamaica|Jamaica]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Lesotho|Lesotho]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Malawi|Malawi]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Malaysia|Malaysia]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Maldives|Maldives]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Mozambique|Mozambique]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Namibia|Namibia]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Nauru|Nauru]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Nigeria|Nigeria]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in North Korea|North Korea]]
* [[LGBT rights in Pakistan|Pakistan]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]]
* [[LGBT rights in Seychelles|Seychelles]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Singapore|Singapore]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in South Korea|South Korea]]<ref>[http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9594.html South Korea asks court to retain ban on gays in the military]</ref>
* [[LGBT rights in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Saint Kitts and Nevis|St. Kitts and Nevis]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Saint Lucia|St. Lucia]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|St. Vincent and the Grenadines]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Swaziland|Swaziland]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Syria|Syria]]
* [[LGBT rights in Tanzania|Tanzania]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Tonga|Tonga]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Turkey|Turkey]]<ref name="Segal" /><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7416369.stm Facing hate crime in Turkey – BBC]</ref> (see [[Sexual orientation and military service#Turkey|note]])
* [[LGBT rights in Tuvalu|Tuvalu]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Uganda|Uganda]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Vanuatu|Vanuatu]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Venezuela|Venezuela]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Yemen|Yemen]]
* [[LGBT rights in Zambia|Zambia]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]<ref name="Segal" />
{{Div end}}

==Countries with ambiguous policies==

===Mexico===
The [[Mexican Armed Forces]]' policy on sexual orientation is ambiguous, leaving gay soldiers in a "legal limbo". Officially, there is no law or policy preventing homosexuals from serving, and applicants are not questioned on the subject. In practice, however, outed gay soldiers are subject to severe harassment and are often discharged. One directive, issued in 2003, described actions "''en contra de la moral o de las buenas costumbres dentro y fuera del servicio'' [sic]" ("contrary to morality or good manners on- and off-duty") as serious misconduct warranting disciplinary action. Other references to morality are found throughout military documents, leaving room for interpretation with regards to sexual orientation. Although there is no clear position from current military leadership, several retired generals have agreed that gay soldiers were usually removed from service either through an encouraged withdrawal or dishonorable discharge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.msemanal.com/node/3117 |title=Homosexualidad y Ejército |trans_title=Homosexuality and the Military |language=Spanish |date=October 17, 2010 |work=M Semanal |publisher=''[[Milenio]]'' |author=Medellín, Jorge Alejandro}}</ref>

===Turkey===
Officially, homosexuals are banned from military service in [[Turkey]]. However, it is not regularly applied in practice. Only military hospitals decide whether the person is homosexual by giving "Physico-sexual disorder" diagnosis. A person must prove his sexual orientation with explicit evidence showing he is involving in a sex act.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2010/12/the-company-america-keeps.html |title=How To Prove A Turk Is Gay |author=Piotr Zalewski |date= |work= |publisher=[[The Atlantic]] |accessdate=19 December 2010}}</ref>

==Palm Center Research on Gay Military Service==

The [[Palm Center]], a think tank at the University of California, Santa Barbara, produces scholarship designed to improve the quality of public dialogue about critical and controversial public policy issues.<ref>[http://www.palmcenter.org/ About the Center]. Palm Center, University of California.</ref> Since 1998, the Center has commissioned and disseminated research in the areas of gender, sexuality, and the military. The Centre's research has shown that transitions to policies of equal treatment without regard to sexual orientation have been successful and have had no negative impact on morale, recruitment, retention, readiness or overall combat effectiveness.<ref>http://www.palmcenter.org/publications/dadt/what_does_empirical_research_say_about_impact_openly_gay_service_military</ref>

Two main factors contributed to the success of transitions to openly gay service:{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}
*Clear signals of leadership support and a focus on a uniform code of behavior without regard to sexual orientation.
*Simple training guidelines that communicate the support of leadership, that explain the uniform standards for conduct, and that avoid “sensitivity” training, which can backfire by causing resentment in the ranks.

==See also==
*[[Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece]]

==Source==
*Shilts, Randy (1994/1997/2005). ''[[Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the US Military]]''. ISBN 5-551-97352-2 / ISBN 0-312-34264-0.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.palmcenter.org/ The Palm Center, University of California, Santa Barbara.]
* [http://www.cmrlink.org Center for Military Readiness, Livonia, MI, Non-profit educational organization focusing on traditionalist military personnel policy]: see [[Center for Military Readiness]]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/military_culture_eur.html Military Culture: European]
* [http://www.gaymilitary.ucsb.edu Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military of the University of California, Santa Barbara]
* [http://www.proud2serve.net/index.htm Proud2Serve.net: Information and Resources on the UK Armed Forces approach to homosexuality]
* [http://www.stonewall.org.uk/at_work/workplace_discrimination/4742.asp Stonewall UK: Armed Forces]
* [http://www.defglis.com.au/ Defence Gay and Lesbian Information Service - Australia]
* [http://outserve.org/ OutServe, US Site for serving soldiers]
* [http://www.knightsout.org/ West Point LGBT Alumni]
* [http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/usa0103/index.htm Human Rights Watch report: Uniform Discrimination The Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy of the U.S. Military]
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/rcip//sbh.html Survivor bashing – bias motivated hate crimes]
* [http://www.blue-alliance.org/ Blue Alliance – LGBT Alumni of the US Air Force Academy]
* [http://www.clga.ca/Material/Records/docs/details/caf.htm History of gay and lesbian discrimination in Canadian Military]
* [http://thomasson.info Thomasson v. Perry – The 1st "As Applied" challenge of Don't Ask, Don't Tell to reach the U.S. Supreme Court]
* [http://www.defglis.com.au/index.php DEFGLIS] is an organisation of Regular, Reserve and Civilian members of the Australian Defence Organisation who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, intersex and transgender (GLBIT) and allies.
* ''Watch'' [http://www.nfb.ca/film/open_secrets/ ''Open Secrets''], a [[National Film Board of Canada]] documentary on homosexuals in the military during World War II

{{LGBT|rights=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sexual Orientation And Military Service}}
[[Category:LGBT rights|Military service]]
[[Category:Military life|Sexual orientation]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society|Military service]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and military service| ]]
[[Category:LGBT rights by issue]]

[[cy:Cyfeiriadedd rhywiol a gwasanaeth milwrol]]
[[es:LGBT y servicio militar]]
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[[tr:Cinsel yönelimler ve askerlik hizmeti]]
[[vi:Thiên hướng tình dục trong quân đội]]
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LGBTQ people and military service

2011-10-10T18:52:13Z

62.145.19.66: /* The Netherlands */

[[File:LGBT military laws.png|thumb|300px|{{legend|#6699FF|Homosexuals and bisexuals allowed to serve in the military}} {{legend|red|Homosexuals and bisexuals banned from serving (or same-gender sexual relationships illegal)}} {{legend|grey|Data not available}}]]
{{LGBT rights}}
The [[military|military forces]] of the world have differing approaches to the enlistment of [[homosexual]] (gay and lesbian) and [[bisexual]] individuals. The armed forces of most developed countries have now removed policies excluding non-heterosexual individuals (with strict policies on [[sexual harassment]]). Of the five permanent members of the [[United Nations Security Council]], [[France]], [[Russia]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] permit gay people to serve openly.

Nations that permit gay people to serve openly in the military include the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan), [[Australia]], [[Israel]], [[Argentina]], and all [[NATO]] members excluding [[Turkey]].<ref>Singer, Peter. [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0607_dont_ask_dont_tell_singer.aspx "What Our Military Allies Can Tell Us About The End of Don't Ask, Don't Tell"], [http://www.brookings.edu/ The Brookings Institution], 7 June 2010.</ref>

==Countries that allow gay people to serve==
===Albania===
Gays and lesbians have been allowed to serve in the [[Military of Albania]] since 2008.

===Argentina===
As of 2009, the Argentine government has officially ended the ban on gays in the [[Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic|Argentine Armed Forces]].<ref name=vanasco /> A new military justice system was put into effect which decriminalizes homosexuality among uniformed members, and moves crimes committed exclusively within the military to the public justice sphere [previously there had been a separate military court system].

Under the old system, gays were not permitted to have access to a military career, at the same time as this sexual orientation was penalized. And, while there are no publicly known former sanctions against gays under the old policy, this does not mean that men and women with that sexual orientation have not been disciplined, and perhaps separated from the armed forces under a mantle of silence. In fact, with this new system, gay men or lesbian women who wish to train in the forces should encounter no impediment, nor any military retaliation areas.

===Australia===
[[Australia]] allows homosexuals to serve openly (since 1992, see [[LGBT rights in Australia]]). The [[Commonwealth of Australia]] policies are to permit gay men and lesbians to serve openly.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5D81139F937A15752C1A964958260 "Australia Ends a Prohibition On Homosexuals in Military"], ''New York Times'', November 24, 1992</ref> Since 1 January 2009 same-sex couples have had the same access to military retirement pensions and superannuation as opposite-sex couples. Prior studies, eighteen in-depth interviews with informed military and non-military observers and other data have found that the lifting of the ban on gay service has not led to any identifiable negative effects on troop morale, combat effectiveness, recruitment and retention or other measures of military performance. Furthermore, available evidence suggests that policy changes associated with the lifting of the ban may have contributed to improvements in productivity and working environments for service members. Key findings include:

* Senior officials, commanders, and military scholars within the [[Australian Defence Force]] (ADF) consistently appraise the lifting of the ban as a successful policy change that has contributed to greater equity and effective working relationships within the ranks. Prior to the lifting of the ban, [[Australian Defence Force|ADF]] service chief argued that allowing homosexuals to serve openly would jeopardize recruitment, troop cohesion and combat effectiveness while also spreading [[AIDS]] and encouraging predatory behaviour.

* While the lifting of the ban was not immediately followed by large numbers of personnel declaring their sexual-orientation, by the late 1990s significant numbers of officers and enlisted personnel had successfully and largely uneventfully come out to their peers. Recruitment and retention rates have not suffered as a result of the policy change. As Commodore R. W. Gates of the [[Royal Australian Navy]] states in the report, “There was no great peak...where people walked out, and there was no great dip in recruiting. It really was a non-event.”

* Self-identified gay soldiers, officers, and commanders describe good working relationships in an environment that emphasizes capable and competent job performance under uniform rules of conduct for all personnel. Gay soldiers and commanders have successfully served in recent active deployments in East Timor. Complaints regarding sexual orientation issues comprise less than 5% of the total complaints received by the ADF of incidents of sexual harassment, bullying, and other forms of sexual misconduct. Of 1,400 calls received by an anonymous “Advice Line” maintained by the ADF to help personnel and commanders manage potential misconduct issues since this service was initiated in August 1998, 17 (1.21 percent) have related to sexual orientation issues.

* Current debates in Australia related to the policy change are now focused on extending equal benefits to the partners of gay servicemembers, rather than on the policy itself. To the degree that harassment issues continue to exist in the Australian Forces, most observers believe that problems faced by women soldiers are more serious than those faced by gay personnel.

The [http://www.defglis.com.au/ DEFGLIS] (Defence Force Gay and Lesbian Information Service) is an unofficial organisation of Regular, Reserve and Civilian members of the Australian Defence Organisation (ADO) who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, intersex and transgender (GLBIT) and allies.

===Austria===
Austria permits homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter">{{cite web|authorlink=Palm Center|title = Countries that Allow Military Service by Openly Gay People|publisher = PalmCenter|date = June 2009|url = http://www.palmcenter.org/files/active/0/CountriesWithoutBan.pdf|format = PDF|accessdate = 4 December 2009}}</ref>

===Bahamas===
The [[Royal Bahamas Defence Force]] does not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation. The government made the announcement in 1998.<ref>[http://www.gaytoday.com/garchive/world/050898wo.htm No Ban on Gays in The Bahamas Military] GayToday - May 1998</ref><ref>[http://www.palmcenter.org/research/nations%20allowing%20service%20by%20openly%20gay%20people Bahamas Military Allows Gays] ILGA - June 2009</ref>

===Belgium===
Belgium permits homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" /> In Belgium, the military accepts gay men and lesbians into service. However, if the behavior of an individual who is gay or lesbian causes problems, that individual is subject to discipline or discharge. In some cases, homosexual personnel have been transferred from their unit if they have been too open with their sexuality. The Belgian military also continues to reserve the right to deny gay and lesbian personnel high-level security clearances, for fear they may be susceptible to blackmail.<ref name="Military Culture: Europe">[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/military_culture_eur.html Military Culture: Europe] glbtq: An encyclopaedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender & queer culture.</ref>

===Bermuda===
The [[Military of Bermuda]] does not discriminate on grounds of sexual orientation, as it is formed by random lottery-style [[conscription]]. Officially, members of the [[Bermuda Regiment]] are prohibited from discriminating against or harassing gay soldiers;<ref>Bermuda Regiment [http://www.bermudaregiment.bm/Standards_Of_Conduct.html Standards of Conduct]</ref> such activities, however, are tolerated by officers, to the extent that one conscript described the Regiment as "the most homophobic environment that exists".<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d65d8e30030003&sectionId=60|title=Bill's supporters stunned by defeat|last=Strangeways|first=Sam|date=May 26, 2006|publisher=[[The Royal Gazette]]|accessdate=May 8, 2009}}</ref>

===Canada===
{{Main|LGBT policy in the Canadian military}}
As of 1992, lesbians, gays and bisexuals are allowed to openly serve in the military. A study of gays and lesbians in the Canadian military has found that after Canada’s 1992 decision to allow homosexuals to serve openly in its armed forces, military performance did not decline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palmcenter.org/publications/dadt/effects_of_the_1992_lifting_of_restrictions_on_gay_and_lesbian_service_in_the_canadian_forces_appraising_the_e|title=Effects of the 1992 Lifting of Restrictions on Gay and Lesbian Service in the Canadian Forces: Appraising the Evidence|work=Palm Center|accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref>

The study is the most comprehensive academic study by US researchers of homosexuality in a foreign military ever compiled and reflects an exhaustive inventory of relevant data and research. Its title is "Effects of the 1992 Lifting of Restrictions on Gay and Lesbian Service in the Canadian Forces; Appraising the Evidence".

* Lifting of restrictions on gay and lesbian service in the Canadian Forces has not led to any change in military performance, [[unit cohesion]], or discipline.
* Self-identified gay, lesbian, and transsexual members of the Canadian Forces contacted for the study describe good working relationships with peers.
* The percent of military women who experienced sexual harassment dropped 46% after the ban was lifted. While there were several reasons why harassment declined, one factor was that after the ban was lifted women were free to report assaults without fear that they would be accused of being a lesbian.
* Before Canada lifted its gay ban, a 1985 survey of 6,500 male soldiers found that 62% said that they would refuse to share showers, undress or sleep in the same room as a gay soldier. After the ban was lifted, follow-up studies found no increase in disciplinary, performance, recruitment, sexual misconduct, or resignation problems.
* None of the 905 assault cases in the Canadian Forces from November, 1992 (when the ban was lifted) until August, 1995 involved gay bashing or could be attributed to the sexual orientation of one of the parties.

A news article by Canadian journalist, Jon Tattrie, reported on the changed attitude towards the presence of homosexual members of the Canadian Forces in his article "Being Gay in the Military" (''[[Metro International|Metro Ottawa]]''), quoting Canadian Forces spokesperson Rana Sioufi as saying: “Members who are same-sex partners are entitled to the same respect and dignity as heterosexual married couples or common-law partners.”<ref name=metroottawa>Tattrie, Jon (20 August 2010). [http://www.metronews.ca/ottawa/local/article/607763--being-gay-in-the-military "Being Gay in the Military"]. ''[[Metro International|Metro Ottawa]]''.</ref>
{{Quote box
|quote = In the past 20 years, the Canadian Forces has gone from being a homophobic organization that actively hounded out gay and lesbian members to one of the world’s leading advocates of open integration.
|source = —Jon Tattrie, "Being Gay in the Military", ''[[Metro International|Metro Ottawa]]'', August 20, 2010<ref name=metroottawa />
|width = 50%
|align = center
}}

===Republic of China===
The [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan) repealed their ban on conscripting gay people into the military in 2002.<ref name="taiwan">{{cite web|authorlink=Palm Center|title = Asia's Silence on Gays in Military Broken by Taiwan|publisher = PalmCenter|date = May 15, 2002|url = http://www.palmcenter.org/press/dadt/releases/asias_silence_on_gays_in_military_broken_by_taiwan|accessdate = 2 June 2010}}</ref> Following an announcement by the [[Republic of China Armed Forces]] that it would end a policy banning gays from guarding high level officials and government installations, scholars and military officials said the decision signaled a bold step for an Asian military force. The policy change was announced after a local newspaper revealed the discriminatory practice, prompting protest demonstrations in Taipei, the nation's capital.

Col. Liu of the ROC Naval Attach said that ending the ban on gays in the military police was "a good thing for a democratic society like ours. I don't think this is really a big deal," he said. "It just means Taiwanese society is more open and there are different choices now. If you're gay and you can do the job, that's fine."{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

===Colombia===
In 1999, the Colombian Constitutional Court ruled that the prohibition of homosexuals from serving in the armed forces is unconstitutional.<ref>[http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-918685 Sí A Homosexuales, Con Discreción]</ref>

===Croatia===
[[Croatia]] does not have any rules applying to homosexuals serving in the military.

===Czech Republic===
The Czech Republic allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" />

===Denmark===
Denmark allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" /> In fact, homosexuals have never been banned from serving in the Danish armed forces.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

In 1981, discrimination against and harassment of gays in the Danish military were outlawed and are grounds for expulsion. As a result, there are prominent openly gay military leaders in the Danish armed forces and there are no reported cases of threats to gays, morale, or national security.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n11_v24/ai_12856481/ |title=Gays in arms: can gays in the military work? In countries around the world, they already do |first=Eric|last=Konigsberg |work=[[The Washington Monthly]] |date=November, 1992 |accessdate=July 5, 2011}}</ref>

A study of the conditions for gay men indicates that gay men in the Danish Armed Forces show strength and are respected. The thesis is presented in Hans Henrik Hansen's Master of Public Health-study at the Nordic School of Public Health (NHV). Despite the prevalence of discrimination based on sexual orientation, conditions are generally perceived as unproblematic.<ref>[http://www.nhv.se/customer/templates/NewsPage.aspx?epslanguage=EN&id=2041 Sexual Orientation Discrimination in Denmark. – a study of the experiences and perceptions of six homosexual men in the Danish Armed Forces] Associated professor Ina Borup, NHV — Nordic School of Public Health, Jan 2010.</ref>

===Estonia===
Estonia allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" />

===Finland===
Finland allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" /> However, conscripts that request so can be moved to service class B on basis of homosexuality, often shortening service time due to disqualification from leadership training ([[Non-commissioned officer|NCO]] and officer training).

===France===
France allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" /> France, like many European countries, legalises homosexual partnerships in a civil partnership, similar to [[Great Britain]]. Thus a ban on homosexuality in the Forces does not appear to be logical nor legal, and, in fact, is not in place. However, the wording is quite peculiar. On 5 May 2000 The Independent stated:

* France's Armed forces will accept homosexuals into its ranks provided they do not attempt to “convert” others. A defence ministry spokesman was quoted: “We have no intention of introducing recruiting criteria that would take into account the personal practices of individuals.”

In France, indifference characterizes the official attitude towards homosexuals in the military. Although homosexuals were not banned from French military service (before military service was suspended in 1998), it is recognized that they may face greater challenges than their heterosexual counterparts. Thus, they were allowed to opt out of military service if they wish by declaring themselves unfit because of their sexual orientation. Commanders and psychiatrists can also discharge gay and lesbian personnel if they feel they are disrupting their units and cannot fit in.<ref name="Military Culture: Europe"/>

===Germany===
The German [[Bundeswehr]] ruled that it is forbidden to discriminate based on sexual orientation. The "Working Committee of Homosexual Employees in the Military Forces"<ref>[http://www.ahsab.de/ A.H.s.A.B. – Arbeitskreis homosexueller Angehöriger der Bundeswehr] (Site is only in German)</ref> is the organization that represents the interests of gay men and lesbians in the armed forces. Heterosexuals and homosexuals alike are allowed to engage in sexual activity while in the military service as long as it does not interfere with the performance of their duties. Lesbian and gay soldiers are also entitled to enter civil unions as defined by Germany's domestic "partnership" law.<ref name=queer>[http://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=10083 Queer:Argentinien und die Philippinen beenden Homo-Verbot im Militär (German)]</ref>

The [[Bundeswehr]] maintained a "[[glass ceiling]]" policy that effectively banned homosexuals from becoming officers until 2000. First Lieutenant Winfried Stecher, an army officer demoted for his homosexuality, filed a lawsuit against former Defense Minister [[Rudolf Scharping]]. Scharping vowed to fight the claim in court, claiming that homosexuality "raises serious doubts about suitability and excludes employment in all functions pertaining to leadership." However, before the case went to trial, the Defense Ministry reversed the discriminatory policy. While the German government declined to issue an official explanation for the reversal, it is widely believed that Scharping was overruled by then Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]] and then Vice-Chancellor [[Joschka Fischer]].

Nowadays, according to general military orders given in the year 2000, tolerance towards all sexual orientations is considered to be part of the duty of military personnel. Sexual relationships and acts amongst soldiers outside service times, regardless of the sexual orientation, are defined to be "irrelevant", regardless of the rank and function of the soldier(s) involved, while harassment or the abuse of functions is considered a transgression, as well as the performance of sexual acts in active service.<ref>Cf. two orders of 2000: {{cite web |url=http://www.ahsab.de/recherche.php?aktion=show_one&show=Recherche&id=16&download=Anlage%20B%20173.pdf |title=Anlage B 173 zu ZDv 14/3 |accessdate=24 December 2008 |author=German Military Forces (Bundeswehr) |year=2000 |publisher=Working Group 'Homosexuals in the Bundeswehr' |language=German}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}; and {{cite web |url=http://www.ahsab.de/recherche.php?aktion=show_one&show=Recherche&id=16&download=sexualitaet.pdf |title=Führungshilfe für Vorgesetzte – Sexualität |accessdate=24 December 2008 |author=Inspector General of the German Military Forces (Bundeswehr) |year=2000 |publisher=Working Group 'Homosexuals in the Bundeswehr' |language=German}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

===Greece===
While the Presidential Decree 133 (of 2002)<ref>http://www.omhroi.gr/images/sections/SI.pdf</ref> allowed people to avoid the draft for deep psycho-sexual problems, it did not ban homosexuals from the army. The newer 2005 law 3421<ref>http://www.dsanet.gr/Epikairothta/Nomothesia/n3421_05.htm</ref> has removed even the wording that could be misconstrued as offensive to homosexuals. In recent years, the Greek army has been shortening the length of conscription and hiring more and more professional soldiers and there hasn't been any incident of someone being fired for homosexuality.

{{see also|Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece}}

===Republic of Ireland===

Gay people serve openly in the [[Irish Defence Forces]].<ref name="palmcenter" /><ref>[http://www.military.ie/dfhq/pubrel/publications/EqualityPolicyDec07.pdf Irish Defence Forces - Equality and Diversity Policy]</ref> Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is illegal.<ref>Cathal Kelly, International Secretary of the National Lesbian and Gay Foundation, which implements recent equality legislation in Ireland, says that the Employment Equality Act of 1998 applies to the Irish military.</ref>

There has been no preclusion since 1993 when male homosexuality was decriminalised in the [[Republic of Ireland]]. Since 1993 there has been significant change to make sure that there was no discrimination in terms of public policy. At the same time as an equal age of consent was introduced for heterosexual and homosexual persons, the Irish Defence Forces announced that they would be treating heterosexual and homosexual members equally. Relationships between senior and junior ranks would continue to be forbidden, as is common in most militaries. There would also be no harassment of gay officers and no questioning of members about their sexuality. The ''[[Irish Independent]]'' wrote that

{{quote|In a related development, the Chief of Staff of the Irish Defence Forces, Lieutenant General Noel Bergin, told the ''Irish Independent'' on Tuesday that a report on the introduction of a code of conduct governing interpersonal relationships is being prepared. The decision to prepare a report follows a recent announcement by the Minister for Defence, [[David Andrews (Irish politician)|Mr. David Andrews]], that military regulations would be modified to take account of any reform in the civil law on homosexuality. Mr Andrews is seen as a member of the liberal wing of the [[Fianna Fáil]] party. Lt. Gen Bergin pointed out that the Army does not ask potential recruits about their sexual orientation, and that they had few problems in the past in this area.<ref>The ''Irish Independent'', May 1993</ref>}}

The then Minister for Defence David Andrews stated in the [[Oireachtas]] (parliament) that "While the question of homosexuality is not specifically covered in Defence Force Regulations the provisions of section 169 of the Defence Act, 1954, provide that acts which are in breach of the criminal law of the State are also deemed to be offences against military law."

Information regarding sexual orientation is not sought from personnel wishing to enlist in the Defence Forces and it is not proposed to change this policy. The Defence forces have a code on interpersonal relationships and guidelines in relation to discrimination.

===Israel===
{{See also|Israel Defense Forces#LGBT people}}

[[Israel Defense Forces]] policies allow gay men and lesbians to serve openly and without discrimination or harassment due to actual or perceived sexual orientation.<ref name="NYT">[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/02/opinion/02shalikashvili.html?_r=1 Second Thoughts on Gays in the Military], By JOHN M. SHALIKASHVILI, January 2, 2007.</ref> This was put into effect in 1993 after an IDF reserves officer testified before the [[Knesset]] claiming that his rank had been revoked, and that he had been barred from researching sensitive topics in military intelligence, solely because of his sexual identity.

Homosexuals serve openly in the military, including special units, without any discrimination.<ref name=eichner>{{Cite news| last = Eichner| first = Itamar| title = Follow Israel's example on gays in the military, US study says| work = Ynetnews| accessdate = 2008-09-30| date = 2007-02-08| url = http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3362505,00.html}}</ref><ref>The chief of staff's policy states that it is strictly forbidden to harm or hurt anyone's dignity or feeling based on their gender or sexual orientation in any way, including signs, slogans, pictures, poems, lectures, any means of guidance, propaganda, publishing, voicing, and utterance.</ref> Moreover, gays in the IDF have additional rights, such as the right to take a shower alone if they want to. According to a [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] study,<ref>[http://www.filmforum.org/films/yossi/israelstudyafs.pdf Homosexuality and the Israel Defense Forces: Did Lifting the Gay Ban Undermine Military Performance?]</ref> a brigadier general stated that Israelis show a "great tolerance" for gay soldiers. Consul [[David Saranga]] at the Israeli Consulate in [[New York City|New York]], who was interviewed by the ''St. Petersburg Times'', said, “It's a non-issue. You can be a very good officer, a creative one, a brave one, and be gay at the same time.”<ref name=eichner />

Uncloseted gays in the Jewish state are treated no differently than straights. Mandatory service draws every 18-year-old man and woman into the national service, with the exception of certain Ultra-Orthodox Jewish sects.

In a comprehensive review of interviews with all known experts on homosexuality in the IDF in 2004,<ref>[http://www.palmcenter.org/node/554 Did Lifting the Gay Ban Undermine Military Performance?] Palm Centre, Jun 04.</ref> researchers were not able to find any data suggesting that Israel’s decision to lift its gay ban undermined operational effectiveness, combat readiness, unit cohesion or morale. In this security-conscious country where the military is considered to be essential to the continued existence of the nation, the decision to include sexual minorities has not harmed IDF effectiveness. In addition, while no official statistics are available for harassment rates of sexual minorities in the IDF, scholars, military officials and representatives of gay organizations alike assert that vicious harassment is rare.

Israel takes the position that gays in the closet (those who, for example, may have informed their superiors of their sexual orientation, but on a confidential basis) cannot get security-sensitive jobs while those who are out can work anywhere.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n11_v24/ai_12856481/pg_2/?tag=content;col1 Gays in arms: can gays in the military work? In countries around the world, they already do]. Washington Monthly, Nov 1992.</ref>

===Italy===
The [[Military of Italy|Armed Forces of Italy]] cannot deny men or women of homosexual orientation to serve within their ranks, as this would be a [[Constitution of Italy|violation of Constitutional rights]]. However, much prejudice about homosexuals still exists within the Italian armed forces, so that they generally decide to hide their sexual orientation.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} In the past, homosexual conduct was grounds for being discharged from the Italian armed forces for reason of insanity, and feigning homosexuality was a very popular way to obtain medical rejection and skip [[Conscription|draft]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}

===Japan===
[[Japan]] does not have any rules applying to homosexuals serving in the military.<ref>Palm Center, Asia's Silence on gays in Military Broken by Taiwan, May 15, 2002 press release, http://www.palmcenter.org/press/dadt/releases/asias_silence_on_gays_in_military_broken_by_taiwan</ref>

===Lithuania===
Lithuania allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" />

===Luxembourg===
Luxembourg allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" />

===Malta===
Malta allows gay and lesbian people to serve openly in the armed forces. According to the Armed Forces of Malta, a number of openly gay people serve in the AFM, and the official attitude is one of "live and let live", where "a person’s postings and duties depend on their qualifications, not their sexual orientation".<ref>[http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp?newsitemid=101384 AFM denies discrimination on basis of sexual orientation], The Malta Independent</ref>

===The Netherlands===
{{main|LGBT policy in the Military of the Netherlands}}
In 1974, the [[Netherlands]] was the first country to ban discrimination against gays in the military.<ref>Shilts, p. 572</ref> An estimated 12,000 soldiers, 10% of the total force, are gay. The Dutch government considered homosexuality grounds for dismissal until 1974, when the Association of Dutch Homosexuals convinced the minister of defence that gays posed no threat to national security. Nevertheless, gays could still legally be passed over for promotion simply because of their sexual orientation.

In 1986, Rene Holtel, then a major, was told by his commander that though he was an excellent officer, "he wouldn't want me to rise in rank because I was gay." Holtel went to his superiors and fought the camouflage ceiling, which was abolished in 1987, leading to the birth of the Foundation for Homosexuality in the Military, which Holtel, now elevated to lieutenant colonel, chairs.

The Dutch success stems from its effort to educate soldiers. Already required of officers and noncommissioned officers in the air force, and soon to be mandatory in the army and navy, is a four-day course known as Een Kwestie van Kijken, which roughly translates to "It's in the eye of the beholder." The seminar is designed to teach sensitivity toward minorities in the military, in particular women, blacks, and gays. Apparently it works. Rob Segaar, a 29-year-old veteran of the navy, summed up the Dutch attitude this way: "Suppose you're on the beach in a skimpy bathing suit. The guy next to you might be gay. Does that harm your morale? Is that dangerous?" Army doctors, priests, and psychiatrists will soon be required to complete coursework that will enable them to offer guidance to soldiers struggling with the decision to "come out." The Dutch department of defence recently published a booklet on homosexuality containing pictures of a lesbian couple embracing near a ship and a young man greeting his boyfriend in Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport after a stint in Lebanon.

The Netherlands is the most tolerant of homosexuality of the European militaries. It has integrated gays and lesbians more fully than any other country. Yet Dutch scholars and activists continue to call for even greater efforts to remedy the subtle problems that remain. Since the cultural revolutions of the 1960s, the Netherlands has been known for its general cultural tolerance of homosexuality, which has in turn influenced the military's policy on gays and lesbians. Marion Anderson-Boers and Jan van der Meulen report that since the 1980s the Dutch people have largely come to a consensus on the issue of homosexuality. They note that polls have repeatedly shown that more than 90 percent of the public agree with the statement, "Homosexuals should have as much freedom as possible to lead their own lives."<ref name="Military Culture: Europe"/>

In the 1970s the Dutch military ceased to consider homosexuality a reason to prevent individuals from entering the military. This policy change coincided with larger legal changes in the Netherlands, which included changing age of consent laws for same-sex contact to 16, the same as for heterosexual contact, and incorporating an anti-discrimination clause addressing sexual orientation in the Dutch constitution. Yet officially allowing homosexuals to serve was only the first step in creating a more tolerant military culture. The Dutch military formed a working group called Homosexuality and Armed Forces to improve the climate for sexual minorities. In the 1980s, this group became the Homosexuality and Armed Forces Foundation, a trade union that continues to represent gay and lesbian personnel to the ministry of defence.<ref name="Military Culture: Europe"/>

Although homosexuals in the Dutch military rarely experience any explicitly aggressive acts against them, they are troubled by subtle signs of homophobia and cultural insensitivity on the part of their heterosexual colleagues. Gay and lesbian military personnel are highly sensitive to these attitudes and typically respond by not expecting a high level of acceptance from their heterosexual colleagues, at least in terms of their sexual orientation. Even so, a high level of loyalty characterizes homosexual personnel in the Dutch military. Indeed, research suggests that, given the difficulties they face, "only the most highly motivated, loyal homosexuals will choose a career in the armed services and persist in it." In spite of the difficulties in fully integrating sexual minorities, the Dutch military continues to work to promote their inclusion. The Dutch military sees its duty as creating "the conditions under which all individuals can function fully." This acceptance of all types of people distinguishes the Dutch military from many other European militaries.<ref name="Military Culture: Europe"/>

===New Zealand===
In [[New Zealand]] it has been legal for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender persons to serve in the military since New Zealand's Human Rights Act 1993 ended most forms of employment discrimination against lesbians, gay men and bisexuals. New Zealand military leaders did not oppose the end of military service discrimination <ref>[http://www.thegaymilitarytimes.com/0812Steinman.html Gays in the military]</ref><ref>Estrada, Armando. Attitudes of Military Personnel Toward Homosexuals. Journal Of Homosexuality, 37(4), 83</ref>

After the passing of the Human Rights Act, which prevents discrimination on grounds such as ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation. As the act came into law, so came the removal of a passage in the NZDF manual of law that referred to homosexuality as an "unnatural offence". Before 1993, even though the Homosexual Law Reform Act had been passed in 1986, officer training included the actions they ought to take upon the discovery of personnel caught in such "unnatural" acts. The [http://www.defglis.com.au/ DEFGLIS NZ] (Defence Force Gay and Lesbian Information Service) is being formed and will be set up by Christmas 2010. Officers involved hope the support network will act as a sounding board, advice group and social network for regular, reserve and civilian members of the troops. Part of the group's role will be to advise on using inclusive words such as partner instead of wife, or letting people know that a saying such as "that's gay" has made it into common parlance while the term "homo" is offensive.

As chief instructor of the joint services health school, Wood turns new recruits from army, navy and air force into "operationally deployable medics". "My staff relate to me as their major, their boss. I'm not their gay major, or their gay boss," he says. In his 30-year career with the army, Wood has attended conferences with officers from American services. The notable difference is that Wood can stand alongside his partner of seven years, Gerald Johnstone, and introduce him as such. "The reaction is quite interesting," Wood says. "It just feels so right to include your partner and I'm proud to come from a country that enables us to be who we are. Wood says he had "absolutely no issue" being an openly gay man in the army, which he puts down to the combination of having a strong personality, being articulate and the fact that he works in a specialist area. Being openly gay, Wood says he is sometimes approached by commanding officers wanting advice on how to react when a subordinate comes out or by newly enlisted people wondering about the best way to break their news to colleagues.<ref>[http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/wellbeing/4289463/Out-and-proud Out and Proud]. The Press, 30 Oct 2010.</ref>

===Norway===
Norway has allowed homosexuals to serve openly in the armed forces since 1979.<ref name="palmcenter" /><ref>http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/bld/aktuelt/taler_artikler/ministeren/taler-og-artikler-av-barne--likestilling/2010/60-ars-homokamp-Sta-oppreist-og-samlet.html?id=609168</ref> [[Norway]], like most of [[Scandinavia]], is very [[Liberalism|liberal]] in regards to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights and it also became the first country in the world to enact an anti-discrimination law protecting homosexuals in certain areas.

The Norwegian government states that "Anyone who in written or verbal form is threatening, scorning, persecuting, or spiteful toward a gay or lesbian person will be punished with fines or prison of up to two years."<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n11_v24/ai_12856481/ Gays in arms: can gays in the military work? In countries around the world, they already do] Washington Monthly, Nov 1992.</ref>

===Peru===
Until December 2009, Peru had a ban on openly gay people in the armed forces. However, in December 2009, the [[Supreme Court of Peru]] held that sexual orientation cannot be a requirement for entry into the police force or the military. The Government accepted the decision.<ref>[http://peruanista.blogspot.com/2009/12/perus-constitutional-tribunal-ordered.html Peru's Constitutional Court ordered Police School to accept expelled Gay Student]</ref> The ruling said "sexual preference of an individual cannot be a requirement or condition to determine his/her capacity or professional competence, including the police and military career. To state this is not only anachronistic, but it violates the principle of human dignity"

===Philippines===
The Philippine government has officially ended, as of 2010, the ban on gays in the military.<ref name=vanasco>[http://www.365gay.com/news/philippines-ends-ban-on-gays-in-military/ 365gay: Philippines ends ban on gays in military]</ref>

===Poland===
Poland allows gays to serve openly in the military.<ref>[Homosexuals are allowed to serve openly in the Romanian army.]</ref>

===Romania===
Homosexuals are allowed to serve openly in the [[Romanian army]]. According to the Ministry of Defence's recruitment policy, "it is the right of every Romanian citizen to take part in the military structures of our country, regardless of their sexual orientation."<ref>[http://stiri.zoot.ro/Dilema-Armatei-romane-cu-sau-fara-homosexuali,182428.html]</ref>

===Russia===
{{See also|LGBT rights in Russia}}
Before 1993, homosexual acts between consenting males were against the law in Russia,<ref name=RUS33940>{{cite web|title=Russia: Update to RUS13194 of 16 February 1993 on the treatment of homosexuals|publisher=[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher/IRBC.html Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada]|date={{date|2000-02-29}}|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6ad788c.html}}</ref> and homosexuality was considered a mental disorder until adoption of [[ICD-10]] in 1999,<ref name=ILGA_RFDHO>{{cite web|last=Warner|first=Nigel|title=The Russian Federation has dropped “homosexual orientation” from its new classification of mental and behaviour disorders|work=[http://france.qrd.org/assocs/ilga/euroletter/75.html ILGA Euroletter 75]|publisher=[http://france.qrd.org France QRD]|date=November 1999|url=http://france.qrd.org/assocs/ilga/euroletter/75.html}}</ref> but even after that military medical expertise statute was in force to continue considering homosexuality a mental disorder which was a reason to deny homosexuals to serve in the military. In 2003, a new military medical expertise statute was adopted; it said people “who have problems with their identity and sexual preferences” can only be drafted during war times.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian army to ban gays|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC |date={{date|2003-03-13}}|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2848467.stm}}</ref> However, this clause contradicted another clause of the same statute which stated that different sexual orientation should not be considered a deviation. This ambiguity was resolved by the Major-General of the Medical Service who clearly stated that new medical statute “does not forbid people of non-standard sexual orientation from serving in the military.”<ref name=PravdaOL>{{cite news|title=Gays are not Willingly Accepted in the Russian Army|work=[http://english.pravda.ru Pravda Online]|date={{date|2003-12-01}}|url=http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/90/362/11406_GayArmy.html}}</ref> Thereby, {{as of|2003|7|1|df=US|lc=on}}, homosexual people in Russia can serve in the military.

===Serbia===
In May 2010, the head of the Serbian military ([[Vojska Srbije]]) announced that the Serbian Army would accept homosexuals to join. However, this news was not widely covered by media.<ref>Vesti.rs Serbian news and information website, http://www.vesti.rs/Vesti/Homoseksualci-mogu-u-profesionalnu-vojsku.html</ref>

===Slovenia===
Slovenia allows homosexuals to serve openly without discrimination or harassment due to actual or perceived sexual orientation. <ref>http://legalminds.lp.findlaw.com/list/queerlaw-edit/msg02568.html</ref>

===South Africa===
LGBT people are allowed to serve openly in the [[South African National Defence Force]] (SANDF).<ref name="palmcenter" /> The [[Interim Constitution of South Africa|Interim Constitution]], adopted in 1994, and the [[Constitution of South Africa|final Constitution]] that replaced it in 1997, both prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. In 1996 the government adopted the ''White Paper on National Defence'', which included the statement that, "[i]n accordance with the Constitution, the SANDF shall not discriminate against any of its members on the grounds of sexual orientation."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.za/whitepapers/1996/defencwp.htm |title=White Paper on National Defence for the Republic of South Africa: Defence in a Democracy |publisher=Government of South Africa |date=8 May 1996 |accessdate=16 July 2011}}</ref> In 1998 the [[Department of Defence (South Africa)|Department of Defence]] adopted a ''Policy on Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action'', under which recruits may not be questioned about their sexual orientation and the Defence Force officially takes no interest in the lawful sexual behaviour of its members.<ref name="canaday">{{cite journal |last1=Belkin |first1=Aaron |last2=Canaday |first2=Margot |year=2010 |title=Assessing the integration of gays and lesbians into the South African National Defence Force |journal=Scientia Militaria |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=1–21 |publisher=Stellenbosch University |doi= |url=http://www0.sun.ac.za/sdorm/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=152&Itemid=26 |accessdate=16 July 2011 }}</ref> In 2002 the SANDF extended spousal medical and pension benefits to "partners in a permanent life-partnership".<ref name="canaday" />

===Spain===
Homosexuals are allowed to serve openly in the Spanish Army. As of 2009, after the case of Aitor G.R, the courts also ruled that transgender individuals are also permitted to serve in the military.<ref>Transexuales en el Ejército Español, Miguel Ruiz, Feb. 10, 2009</ref>

===Sweden===
Sweden allows homosexuals to serve openly.<ref name="palmcenter" /> Homosexuals are not banned from military service. The [[Swedish Armed Forces]] actively work for an environment where LGBT persons do not feel it to be necessary to hide their orientation.<ref>http://www.mil.se/upload/dokumentfiler/J%C3%A4mlikhet/styrdokument-for-jamlikhet-2009-2011.pdf</ref>

===Switzerland===
Switzerland's military policies also allow for gay men and lesbians to serve openly without discrimination or harassment due to actual or perceived sexual orientation.<ref name=queer />

===Thailand===
In 2005, the Thai armed forces lifted its ban on [[LGBT rights in Thailand|LGBT]] serving in the military. Prior to this reform, LGBT people were exempted as suffering from a "mental disorder" law of 1954.

===United Kingdom===
{{See also|LGBT rights in the United Kingdom}}

====Lifting the Ban====
Until 2000, the British [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] (MOD) policy was to continue the long standing ban on [[homosexuals]] joining any of the [[British Armed Forces|Armed Forces]], most recently being based on a 1996 report by the Homosexuality Policy Assessment Team, which asserted that to allow gays in the military would be bad for morale, and leave them vulnerable to blackmail from foreign intelligence agencies. As a consequence, around 60 people were dismissed annually from the services for being gay.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} A legal challenge to this stance was taken up by four people who had been investigated and dismissed for being gay — a female nurse and male administrator dismissed from the [[Royal Air Force]], and a [[Lieutenant Commander]] and [[naval rating]], both males, dismissed from the [[Royal Navy]]. Their legal challenge was supported by the pressure groups [[Liberty (pressure group)|Liberty]] and [[Stonewall (UK)|Stonewall]]. After losing the case at the [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales#Civil Division|Court of Appeal]] in London, they appealed to the [[European Court of Human Rights]] in Strasbourg. In September 1999, this court ruled that investigations by military authorities into a service person's sexuality breaches their right to privacy ([[Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights]]). In light of the ruling (which as an ECHR ruling applies to the militaries of all member states of the [[European Union|EU]] and of the [[Council of Europe]]), the MOD subsequently lifted the ban, and began allowing gay people into the services from 2000 onwards. According to an opinion poll organised by Stonewall a week before the ruling, the ban had been opposed by 70% of Britons.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/620178.stm UK Gays win military legal battle] BBC News, 27 September 1999</ref>

====Today's Policy====
The MOD's policy is now to allow homosexual men, lesbians and [[transgender]] personnel to serve openly, and discrimination on a sexual orientation basis is forbidden.<ref name=queer /> It is also forbidden for someone to pressure LGBT people to [[Coming out|come out]]. All personnel are subject to the same rules against [[sexual harassment]], regardless of gender or sexual orientation. Since the military began allowing homosexuals to serve, none of its fears about harassment, discord, blackmail, bullying or an erosion of unit cohesion or military effectiveness have come to pass, according to the MOD, current and former members of the services and academics specializing in the military. The biggest news about the policy, they say, is that there is no news. It has for the most part become a non-issue. The MOD deliberately does not compile figures on how many gay men and lesbians are openly serving, as it is not an issue, but does believe that the number of people who have come out publicly in the past seven years is still relatively low compared to the national norm. It is however clearly proud of how smoothly homosexuals have been integrated and is trying to make life easier for them.

The British military actively recruits gay men and lesbians, all three services have deployed recruiting teams to [[gay pride]] events, and punishes any instance of intolerance or bullying. The Royal Navy advertises for recruits in gay magazines and has allowed gay sailors to hold civil partnership ceremonies on board ships and, since 2006, to march in full naval uniform at a gay pride marches. [[British Army]] and Royal Air Force personnel could march but had to wear civilian clothes until 2008, now all military personnel are permitted to attend [http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article1388850.ece Gay Pride marches] in uniform.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article4133763.ece | work=The Times | location=London | title=Soldiers can wear their uniforms with pride at gay parade says MoD | first1=Damian | last1=Barr | first2=Lucy | last2=Bannerman | date=June 14, 2008 | accessdate=May 23, 2010}}</ref>

Speaking at a conference sponsored by the gay advocacy group Stonewall in 2006, [[Adrian Johns|Vice Admiral Adrian Johns]], the [[Second Sea Lord]], said that homosexuals had always served in the military but in the past had to do it secretly. “That’s an unhealthy way to be, to try and keep a secret life in the armed services,” said Vice Admiral Johns, who as the Royal Navy’s principal personnel officer was responsible for about 39,000 sailors. His speech was titled “Reaping the Rewards of a Gay-Friendly Workplace.”

The current policy was accepted at the lower ranks first, with many senior officers worrying for their troops without a modern acceptance of homosexuality that their personnel had grown up with, one [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/620178.stm Brigadier resigned] but with little impact. Since the change support at the senior level has grown. General Sir [[Richard Dannatt, Baron Dannatt|Richard Dannatt]], the [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the General Staff]] (head of the Army), told members of the Army-sponsored [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/onthefrontline/3179261/Armys-top-general-makes-history-by-addressing-conference-on-homosexuality.html Fourth Joint Conference on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transexual Matters] that homosexuals were welcome to serve in the Army. In a speech to the conference in 2008, the first of its kind by any Army chief, General Sir Richard said that respect for gays, lesbian, bi-sexual and transsexual officers and soldiers was now "a command responsibility" and was vital for "operational effectiveness".

====Equality and diversity====
The Royal Navy were the leaders in all aspects of early LGBT policy. The Royal Navy considers people as the heart of the Naval Service capability,<ref name="royalnavy.mod.uk">http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/training-and-people/rn-life/equality-diversity-and-inclusion/index.htm Royal Navy Diversity Web Page</ref> the most important factor in delivering operational effectiveness. The Naval Service welcomes and appreciates differences in sex, race, religion or belief, sexual orientation and gender reassignment.<ref name="royalnavy.mod.uk"/> The Naval Service’s commitment to Equality and Diversity extends beyond its legal responsibility to prevent unlawful discrimination.<ref name="royalnavy.mod.uk"/>

The British Army requires all soldiers to undergo [http://www.army.mod.uk/join/20225.aspx Equality and Diversity] training as part of their Military Annual Training Tests and stress tolerance, specifically citing homosexual examples in training videos, in line with the [http://www.army.mod.uk/join/20217.aspx British Army Core Values and Standards], including 'Respect for Others' and 'Appropriate Behaviour'. It considers its Core Values and standards as central to being a professional soldier.

The British Military immediately recognised [[Civil partnership in the United Kingdom|civil partnerships]] and granted gay couples exactly the same rights to allowances and housing as straight couples. The MoD stated "We're pleased personnel registered in a same sex relationship now have equal rights to married couples."<ref>[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article36511.ece And the brides wore combats</ref> The Royal Navy has conducted civil partnership ceremonies on ships and the British Army has held same-sex marriage celebrations in barracks.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/a-very-modern-military-partnership-1928748.html A very modern military partnership]</ref>

====Ten Years On====
In 2009, the tenth anniversary of the change of law that permitted homosexuality in the Armed Forces, it was generally accepted by all that the lifting of the ban had no perceivable impact on the operational effectiveness on a military that still considers itself world class. The anniversary was widely celebrated, including in the Army's in house publication [http://www.soldiermagazine.co.uk/index.htm Soldier Magazine], with a series of articles including the [http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-13439.html July 2009 Cover Story] and articles in all the many [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1234993/Gay-trooper-says-coming-best-decision.html national newspapers].

In 2010, following defeat of repeal of 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' by the [[United States Senate]], the [[British Army officer rank insignia|Colonel]] Mark Abraham, head of [http://www.army.mod.uk/join/20225.aspx diversity] for the British Army, told People Management magazine the lifting of the ban on gays serving in the military in 2000 had "no notable change at all... We got to the point where the policy was incompatible with military service and there was a lack of logic and evidence to support it... We knew a lot of gay and lesbian people were serving quite successfully, and it was clear that sexual orientation wasn’t an indication of how good a soldier or officer you could be... The reality was that those serving in the army were the same people the day after we lifted the ban, so there was no notable change at all. Everybody carried on with their duties and had the same working relationships as they previously had while the ban was in place" Colonel Abraham argues that the lifting of the ban actually made the armed forces more productive: "A lot of gay and lesbian soldiers who were in the army before the ban was lifted, reported that a percentage of their efforts was spent looking over their shoulder and ensuring they weren’t going to be caught. That percentage of time can now be devoted to work and their home life, so actually they are more effective than they were before."<ref>[http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2010/09/29/british-army-claims-having-openly-gay-soliders-hasincreased-productivity British Army believe lifting ban improved performance]</ref>

[http://www.proud2serve.net/index.htm Proud2Serve] is a support group that provides advice and support to serving and prospective members of the British Armed Forces.

===United States===
{{main|Sexual orientation and the United States military}}
Homosexuals are allowed to serve openly in the [[United States]] military. Military policy and legislation previously prohibited openly gay individuals from applying, but this policy was ended in September 2011 after the U.S. Congress voted to repeal the policy.

Homosexuals were officially prohibited from serving in the [[United States]] throughout its history. The first time "homosexual" people were differentiated from "normal" people in the military literature was in revised army mobilization regulations in 1942. Additional policy revisions in 1944 and 1947 further codified the ban. Throughout the next few decades, homosexuals were routinely discharged, regardless of whether they had engaged in sexual conduct while serving. In response to the [[LGBT movements in the United States|gay rights movements]] of the 1970s and 1980s, the Department of Defense issued a 1982 policy (DOD Directive 1332.14) stating that homosexuality was clearly incompatible with military service. Controversy over this policy created political pressure: [[liberalism in the United States|socially liberal]] efforts to repeal the ban and [[conservatism in the United States|socially conservative]] efforts to enshrine it into law.

A legislative policy was enacted in a 1993 bill signed by President [[Bill Clinton]], under which homosexuals were prohibited from serving in the military and their discharge was required. However, investigation into a member's sexuality without suspicion was also prohibited. This policy, known as "[[Don't ask, don't tell]]," was seen as a compromise between the two political efforts. Pressure to overturn the ban continued to build throughout the 1990s and 2000s, as public opposition to gay rights waned. President [[Barack Obama]] promised at the start of his administration to overturn the policy and remove all military restrictions on sexual orientation. He signed a bill into law in December 2010 which creates a future pathway to allow homosexuals to serve in the military,<ref>[http://advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/12/20/Repeal_To_Be_Signed_Wednesday/ Repeal to be Signed Wednesday]</ref> and announced in his 2011 [[State of the Union]] address that he expects it to be complete by the end of the year. Under the terms of the bill, the "Don't ask, don't tell" policy remains in place until the [[President of the United States|President]], the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], and the [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Chairman of the Joint Chiefs]] certify that repeal will not harm military readiness, followed by a 60 days waiting period.<ref name="us-wapo-201106">{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/federal-eye/post/gates-open-to-ending-dont-ask-dont-tell-before-he-goes/2011/06/13/AGwtRMUH_blog.html |title=Gates open to ending ‘don’t ask, don’t tell’ before leaving |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 13, 2011}}</ref><ref name="chsc-2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2011/0404/Pentagon-Don-t-ask-don-t-tell-could-be-gone-by-September Pentagon: 'Don't ask, don't tell' could be gone by September |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |author=Anna Mulrine |date=April 4, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Obama_Signed">{{cite news|author=Sheryl Gay Stolberg|title=With Obama's Signature, 'Don't Ask' Is Repealed|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 22, 2010|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/us/politics/23military.html|accessdate=December 22, 2010}}</ref> In early 2011 military leaders began issuing training plans for the expected repeal.<ref name="chsc-2011" /><ref name="us-wapo-2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/13/AR2011021302780.html |title=Ending 'don't ask, don't tell' doesn't end problems facing gay service members |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 13, 2011}}</ref><ref name="us-yahoo-2011">{{cite news |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/us_gays_in_military |title=Navy set training for don't ask, don't tell repeal |work=[[Yahoo! News]] |date=February 8, 2011}}</ref> A court order on July 6, 2011, required [[United States Department of Defense|the Pentagon]] to immediately suspend the policy, which the government complied with. The legislative repeal of the ban took effect on September 20, 2011.<ref>http://www.stripes.com/news/repeal-ends-decades-long-fight-against-dadt-1.155670</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903554904576460463874043414.html |title=Military Gay Ban to End in 60 Days |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |author=Barnes, Julian E. |date=July 22, 2011}}</ref>

===Uruguay===
Gays were prohibited from serving in the Uruguayan armed forces under the 1973–1985 military dictatorship, however this prohibition was lifted in 2009 when a new decree was signed by Defence Minister Jose Bayardi which provided that sexual orientation would no longer be considered a reason to prevent people from entering the armed forces.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/13/uruguay-to-lift-ban-on-ga_n_203004.html] Huffington Post: Uruguay To Lift Ban On Gays In The Military, 14 May 2009,</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2009-05-18|accessdate=2009-10-10|work=[[Pink News]]|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-12486.html|title=Uruguay lifts military gay ban}}</ref>

==Countries that disallow homosexuals from serving in the military==
{{Ref improve section|date=April 2008}}
{{Div col|3}}
* [[Antigua and Barbuda]]<ref name="Segal">{{cite book|last=Wechsler Segal|first=Mady|editorn-last2=Kernic|title=Armed forces and international security: global trends and issues|url=http://books.google.com/?id=tvnCKuSdOEwC&pg=PA218#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2003|publisher = Transaction|isbn=3-8258-7227-0|page=218|editor3-last=Callaghan|editor3-first =Jean|editor2-first=Franz}}</ref>
* [[LGBT rights in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Barbados|Barbados]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Belarus|Belarus]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Belize|Belize]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Botswana|Botswana]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Brunei|Brunei]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Cameroon|Cameroon]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Cuba|Cuba]]
* [[LGBT rights in Cyprus|Cyprus]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Dominica|Dominica]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Egypt|Egypt]]
* [[LGBT rights in Fiji|Fiji]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Ghana|Ghana]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Grenada|Grenada]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Guyana|Guyana]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Iran|Iran]]
* [[LGBT rights in Kenya|Kenya]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Kiribati|Kiribati]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Jamaica|Jamaica]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Lesotho|Lesotho]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Malawi|Malawi]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Malaysia|Malaysia]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Maldives|Maldives]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Mozambique|Mozambique]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Namibia|Namibia]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Nauru|Nauru]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Nigeria|Nigeria]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in North Korea|North Korea]]
* [[LGBT rights in Pakistan|Pakistan]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]]
* [[LGBT rights in Seychelles|Seychelles]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Singapore|Singapore]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in South Korea|South Korea]]<ref>[http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-9594.html South Korea asks court to retain ban on gays in the military]</ref>
* [[LGBT rights in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Saint Kitts and Nevis|St. Kitts and Nevis]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Saint Lucia|St. Lucia]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|St. Vincent and the Grenadines]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Swaziland|Swaziland]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Syria|Syria]]
* [[LGBT rights in Tanzania|Tanzania]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Tonga|Tonga]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Turkey|Turkey]]<ref name="Segal" /><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7416369.stm Facing hate crime in Turkey – BBC]</ref> (see [[Sexual orientation and military service#Turkey|note]])
* [[LGBT rights in Tuvalu|Tuvalu]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Uganda|Uganda]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Vanuatu|Vanuatu]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Venezuela|Venezuela]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Yemen|Yemen]]
* [[LGBT rights in Zambia|Zambia]]<ref name="Segal" />
* [[LGBT rights in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]<ref name="Segal" />
{{Div end}}

==Countries with ambiguous policies==

===Mexico===
The [[Mexican Armed Forces]]' policy on sexual orientation is ambiguous, leaving gay soldiers in a "legal limbo". Officially, there is no law or policy preventing homosexuals from serving, and applicants are not questioned on the subject. In practice, however, outed gay soldiers are subject to severe harassment and are often discharged. One directive, issued in 2003, described actions "''en contra de la moral o de las buenas costumbres dentro y fuera del servicio'' [sic]" ("contrary to morality or good manners on- and off-duty") as serious misconduct warranting disciplinary action. Other references to morality are found throughout military documents, leaving room for interpretation with regards to sexual orientation. Although there is no clear position from current military leadership, several retired generals have agreed that gay soldiers were usually removed from service either through an encouraged withdrawal or dishonorable discharge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.msemanal.com/node/3117 |title=Homosexualidad y Ejército |trans_title=Homosexuality and the Military |language=Spanish |date=October 17, 2010 |work=M Semanal |publisher=''[[Milenio]]'' |author=Medellín, Jorge Alejandro}}</ref>

===Turkey===
Officially, homosexuals are banned from military service in [[Turkey]]. However, it is not regularly applied in practice. Only military hospitals decide whether the person is homosexual by giving "Physico-sexual disorder" diagnosis. A person must prove his sexual orientation with explicit evidence showing he is involving in a sex act.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2010/12/the-company-america-keeps.html |title=How To Prove A Turk Is Gay |author=Piotr Zalewski |date= |work= |publisher=[[The Atlantic]] |accessdate=19 December 2010}}</ref>

==Palm Center Research on Gay Military Service==

The [[Palm Center]], a think tank at the University of California, Santa Barbara, produces scholarship designed to improve the quality of public dialogue about critical and controversial public policy issues.<ref>[http://www.palmcenter.org/ About the Center]. Palm Center, University of California.</ref> Since 1998, the Center has commissioned and disseminated research in the areas of gender, sexuality, and the military. The Centre's research has shown that transitions to policies of equal treatment without regard to sexual orientation have been successful and have had no negative impact on morale, recruitment, retention, readiness or overall combat effectiveness.<ref>http://www.palmcenter.org/publications/dadt/what_does_empirical_research_say_about_impact_openly_gay_service_military</ref>

Two main factors contributed to the success of transitions to openly gay service:{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}
*Clear signals of leadership support and a focus on a uniform code of behavior without regard to sexual orientation.
*Simple training guidelines that communicate the support of leadership, that explain the uniform standards for conduct, and that avoid “sensitivity” training, which can backfire by causing resentment in the ranks.

==See also==
*[[Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece]]

==Source==
*Shilts, Randy (1994/1997/2005). ''[[Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the US Military]]''. ISBN 5-551-97352-2 / ISBN 0-312-34264-0.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.palmcenter.org/ The Palm Center, University of California, Santa Barbara.]
* [http://www.cmrlink.org Center for Military Readiness, Livonia, MI, Non-profit educational organization focusing on traditionalist military personnel policy]: see [[Center for Military Readiness]]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/military_culture_eur.html Military Culture: European]
* [http://www.gaymilitary.ucsb.edu Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military of the University of California, Santa Barbara]
* [http://www.proud2serve.net/index.htm Proud2Serve.net: Information and Resources on the UK Armed Forces approach to homosexuality]
* [http://www.stonewall.org.uk/at_work/workplace_discrimination/4742.asp Stonewall UK: Armed Forces]
* [http://www.defglis.com.au/ Defence Gay and Lesbian Information Service - Australia]
* [http://outserve.org/ OutServe, US Site for serving soldiers]
* [http://www.knightsout.org/ West Point LGBT Alumni]
* [http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/usa0103/index.htm Human Rights Watch report: Uniform Discrimination The Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy of the U.S. Military]
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/rcip//sbh.html Survivor bashing – bias motivated hate crimes]
* [http://www.blue-alliance.org/ Blue Alliance – LGBT Alumni of the US Air Force Academy]
* [http://www.clga.ca/Material/Records/docs/details/caf.htm History of gay and lesbian discrimination in Canadian Military]
* [http://thomasson.info Thomasson v. Perry – The 1st "As Applied" challenge of Don't Ask, Don't Tell to reach the U.S. Supreme Court]
* [http://www.defglis.com.au/index.php DEFGLIS] is an organisation of Regular, Reserve and Civilian members of the Australian Defence Organisation who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, intersex and transgender (GLBIT) and allies.
* ''Watch'' [http://www.nfb.ca/film/open_secrets/ ''Open Secrets''], a [[National Film Board of Canada]] documentary on homosexuals in the military during World War II

{{LGBT|rights=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sexual Orientation And Military Service}}
[[Category:LGBT rights|Military service]]
[[Category:Military life|Sexual orientation]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society|Military service]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and military service| ]]
[[Category:LGBT rights by issue]]

[[cy:Cyfeiriadedd rhywiol a gwasanaeth milwrol]]
[[es:LGBT y servicio militar]]
[[pl:Orientacja seksualna a służba wojskowa]]
[[tr:Cinsel yönelimler ve askerlik hizmeti]]
[[vi:Thiên hướng tình dục trong quân đội]]
[[zh:性傾向和兵役]]

Berni Inn

2011-10-10T15:09:11Z

62.145.19.66:

{{sources|date=September 2009}}

Founded in 1955, '''Berni Inn''' was the name of a chain of British restaurants established by brothers Frank and Aldo Berni. The first Berni Inn was at the ''The Rummer'', a historic [[public house]] in central [[Bristol]].<ref>http://www.therummer.net/</ref>

The restaurants introduced the post-war British public to its own home-grown restaurant chain, which came with its own pre-stylised restaurants with Tudor-looking false oak beams and white wall. A typical menu was of the form:<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2007/sep/30/foodanddrink.shopping</ref>
*Starters: melon boat with [[maraschino cherry]], or [[Prawn Cocktail|prawn cocktail]]
*Main course: [[steak]], Gammon Steak or [[plaice]] with chips, and peas
*Dessert: [[Black Forest gateau]], plus [[Irish coffee]] and [[After Eight]] mints

The chain quickly expanded, first throughout Bristol and then the rest of the country. Unlike other restaurants, they did not do their own butchery but brought in steaks already chopped. The chain was sold to [[Grand Metropolitan]] for £14.5m in 1970 and then sold to [[Whitbread]] in 1995<ref>http://www.goforanenglish.com/meals/berni_inn_meal.html</ref>. Aldo Berni died in 1997 at the age of 88, Frank died 10 July 2000.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

British tastes had changed due to foreign travel, and by the late 1990s the chain started losing money. Whitbread announced the closure of the chain, by converting many of the former premises into other Whitbread owned brands, including the steak-orientated [[Beefeater (restaurant)|Beefeater]] or more generalised pub-oriented [[Brewers Fayre]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{UK Food}}
{{Whitbread}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}
[[Category:Companies based in Bristol]]
[[Category:Restaurants in the United Kingdom]]

Berni Inn

2011-10-10T15:08:01Z

62.145.19.66:

{{sources|date=September 2009}}

Founded in 1955, '''Berni Inn''' was the name of a chain of British restaurants established by brothers Frank and Aldo Berni. The first Berni Inn was at the ''The Rummer'', a historic [[public house]] in central [[Bristol]].<ref>http://www.therummer.net/</ref>

The restaurants introduced the post-war British public to its own home-grown restaurant chain, which came with its own pre-stylised restaurants with Tudor-looking false oak beams and white wall. A typical menu was of the form:<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2007/sep/30/foodanddrink.shopping</ref>
*Starters: melon boat with [[maraschino cherry]], or [[Prawn Cocktail|prawn cocktail]]
*Main course: [[steak]], Gammon Steak or [[plaice]] with chips, and peas
*Dessert: [[Black Forest gateau]], plus [[Irish coffee]] and [[After Eight]] mints

The chain quickly expanded, first throughout Bristol and then the rest of the country. Unlike other restaurants, they did not do their own butchery but brought in steaks already chopped. The chain was sold to [[Grand Metropolitan]] for £14.5m in 1970 and then sold to [[Whitbread]] in 1995<ref>http://www.goforanenglish.com/meals/berni_inn_meal.html</ref>. Aldo Berni died in 1997 at the age of 88, Frank died 10 July 2000.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

By the late 1990s, British tastes had changed due to foreign travel, and the chain started losing money. Whitbread announced the closure of the chain, by converting many of the former premises into other Whitbread owned brands, including the steak-orientated [[Beefeater (restaurant)|Beefeater]] or more generalised pub-oriented [[Brewers Fayre]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{UK Food}}
{{Whitbread}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}
[[Category:Companies based in Bristol]]
[[Category:Restaurants in the United Kingdom]]

Missing trader fraud

2011-10-04T14:13:29Z

62.145.19.66: /* Cost of the fraud */

'''Missing trader fraud''' (also called '''Missing Trader Intra-Community''', '''MTIC''', or '''carousel fraud''') is the theft of [[Value Added Tax]] (VAT) from a government by organised crime gangs who exploit the way VAT is treated within multi-jurisdictional trading where the movement of goods between jurisdictions is VAT-free. This allows the fraudster (person who commits fraud) to charge VAT on the sale of goods, and then instead of paying this over to the government's collection authority, simply absconds, taking the VAT with him. The term "missing trader" refers to the fact that the trader goes missing with the VAT. "Carousel" refers to a more complex type of fraud in which VAT and goods are passed around between companies and jurisdictions, similar to how a carousel goes round and round. In the UK the fraud is investigated by [[HM Revenue & Customs]] and prosecuted by the [[Crown Prosecution Service]] and the [[Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service]].

==European Union==
In [[European Union| European Union (EU)]] the [[European Union Value Added Tax]] ("EU VAT") allows merchants to charge VAT on the sale of goods when they sell goods to another member state.

Figures from Eurocanet, a European Commission sponsored project, released in September 2006, appear to show that the [[United Kingdom]] is the main victim of this fraud, having lost an estimated [[Euro|€]]12.6 billion during 2005-6, followed by Spain and Italy which each lost over €2 billion during this period.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5369776.stm | work=BBC News | first=James | last=Oliver | title=VAT scams hit UK taxpayers hard | date=2006-09-22}}</ref> From 1 June 2007, the UK is introducing changes to the way that VAT is charged on mobile phones and computer chips to help combat fraud.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5355426.stm | work=BBC News | title=Clampdown on VAT fraud | date=2006-09-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6467453.stm | work=BBC News | title=New anti-fraud VAT rules come in | date=2007-03-19}}</ref> UK plans to introduce changes to the way VAT is charged on a wide range of goods from December 2006 were aborted because of failure to reach an agreement with other EU member states.

== Operation of the VAT system ==

In brief, however, a business that buys and sells goods charges VAT to those to whom it sells ('output tax'), and is charged VAT by those from whom it purchases ('input tax'). It can reclaim (subject to various rules) the VAT it pays, and so passes to the Government the net VAT it collects (being output tax less input tax). In this way, a business acts as a tax collector on behalf of the Government.

Within the EU VAT, member states charge VAT at differing rates on goods as a form of [[indirect taxation]]. All exports of goods however are tax free. This leads to the situation where an exporter will be able to reclaim VAT from the Government, as it will have been charged VAT by the business from which it purchased the goods, however will owe the Government nothing because it has sold the goods tax free.

== Operation of the fraud ==
The fraud exploits this reclamation of tax. It lends itself to small, high value items, such as [[Integrated circuit|microchips]] and [[mobile telephones]].

===Missing trader fraud===
The simplest missing trader fraud is where a fraudster imports some goods, and then sells them. When he sells them, he charges the price of the goods, plus VAT. He then absconds with the VAT instead of paying it to the Government. This situation, where the goods are made available for consumers in the importer's home market is often known as 'acquisition fraud'.

Within the EU VAT system, the fraudster imports the goods from an exporter in another member state. This allows the exporter to zero-rate, which means that the exporter does not have to pay VAT. Meanwhile the fraudster reverse charges the VAT and when the fraudster sells the goods to the vendor the vendor pays the price of the goods and the VAT that the fraudster reverse charged. Typically the fraudster/importer must pay over the reverse charged VAT to his or her government, but not immediately depending on the day of the month the transaction occurred. Therefore, the fraudster must sell the goods before the fraudster must turn in the reverse charged VAT.

===Carousel fraud===
A more complex example is for several businesses to act in concert. In this situation, the goods are sold to a series of companies, before being exported again. The goods therefore go round in a 'carousel'. This is best explained by way of an example:

Consider a trader based in the UK. He buys from France a consignment of mobile telephones for £1,000,000. He pays the French telephone manufacturer for the goods. The goods are then shipped to a dock in the UK. No VAT is charged on that shipment.

The trader now sells those telephones to a conspirator, for £1,100,000. He charges 17.5% VAT (at 4th January 2011 the current standard VAT rate in the UK is 20%) and the conspirator sends £1,292,500 (being the price of the goods plus the tax) to the trader.

This conspirator then sells the goods to a third conspirator for £1,200,000, charging VAT on that sale. The third conspirator pays £1,410,000 to the second. This may continue for many conspirators; however, three will suffice for an example.
The third trader now sells the telephones to a German company, which may well be innocent. No VAT is charged, and the sales price of £1,500,000 paid by the German company without VAT.
So far the conspirators have made a profit of £500,000 perfectly legitimately on buying and selling mobile telephones.
In an honest operation, the first trader would pay £192,500 to [[HM Revenue and Customs]] (the UK's VAT collection agency).
The second trade has collected £210,000 in VAT but paid £192,500 in VAT and therefore has to pay only the difference (£17,500) to HM Revenue and Customs.
The third trader has charged no tax on its sale but has paid £210,000 in VAT and can therefore reclaim £210,000 from HM Revenue and Customs.
In the fraud, the first business vanishes without paying the VAT to HM Revenue and Customs. When the last business in the chain collects £210,000 on the export, all of the businesses can vanish, £192,500 better off at the expense of HM Revenue and Customs. As this business is removed from the vanishing party, it is hard for HM Revenue and Customs to show the links in the chain and thereby refuse to refund the VAT on the export.

In terminology, each business described above is called a "buffer". In a real case there can be many buffers, all helping to blur the link between the final reclaim and the original importer, which will vanish.

This entire series of transactions can occur without the goods ever leaving the dock in the UK before being re-exported. Furthermore the same telephones can be used again and again going through the various buffers, each pass around the 'carousel' bringing reclaimed VAT to the fraudsters.

===Contra-trading===
Contra-trading fraud is the further evolution of carousel fraud, and evades government detection by using two carousels of traded goods where one carousel is legitimate and the other is not thereby allowing an accounting scheme where the input and output VATs neutralize each other thereby concealing the fraud.<ref>Olympia Technologies Ltd. VAT Tribunal #20570 (2-15-08)</ref>
Jaswant Ray Kanda, of [[Sutton Coldfield]], West Midlands and his Gang were key players in this type of Carousel Fraud<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.birminghammail.net/news/worcestershire-news/tm_headline=-54-million-vat-fraud-gang-is-jailed&method=full&objectid=18421584&siteid=50002-name_page.html|title=£54 million VAT fraud gang is jailed|date=2007-01-08|work=Birmingham Mail|accessdate=2008-11-21}}</ref>. Customs Officials who were investigating these criminals called their operation Maypole as they had clear evidence that Kanda and his gang sent the same lot of goods round and round again.

=="Innocent parties" - the 'Bond House' decision==

Although the example above referred to all the links being co-conspirators in the fraud, according to a decision in the European Court of Justice it is possible that innocent parties also become involved by simply buying and selling on goods. If it is the first party in the chain who is the absconding fraudster, the goods can continue to be sold-on by innocent parties (though the practicalities of this assessment can lead to difficulties in explaining why an organiser would want to risk the fraud being stopped in its tracks by an innocent trader selling to another person not involved in the fraud; and so unable to complete the circle which enables a huge VAT repayment claim by the exporting broker).

In the UK, the position until 2006 was that HM Customs and Excise withheld VAT repayments to others later on in the chain, on the basis that the transactions were lacking in economic substance and so should be outside the scope of the VAT regime.

Bond House Systems Limited was one such "innocent trader", who was owed £13,200,000 in VAT repayments by HM Customs and Excise. It challenged the UK Government's stance, taking the case eventually to the [[European Court of Justice]]. In January 2006 the ECJ found in favor of Bond House and ordered that the VAT owed to Bond House be repaid by HM Revenue & Customs. It is estimated the decision will cost the UK government hundreds of millions of pounds as other companies make their claims.

== Cost of the fraud ==
According to the case ''Federation of Technological Industries v Customs and Excise Commissioners'' ([2004] EWCA Civ 1020) in 2002-3 the estimated cumulative cost of such frauds to the UK alone was between [[Pound (currency)|£]]1.65 and £2.64 billion ([[US$]]2.9 to $4.62).

According to the BBC, "So-called 'missing trader' or 'carousel' fraud is estimated to cost European taxpayers up to £170bn a year - twice the European Union's annual budget."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7650883.stm|title=Fraudster's 'pop star' lifestyle|date=2008-10-04|author=Phil Kemp|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>


The fraud has mutated and now can incorporate all high value goods such as designer goods, health products, jewellery etc.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* ''Federation of Technological Industries v Customs and Excise Commissioners'' ([2004] EWCA Civ 1020)
* ''European Court of Justice decision EUECJ/2006/C35403'' [http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/EUECJ/2006/C35403.html]
* HM Revenue & Customs PN03 2006 Budget Release
* Successful Prosecutions in £138m "Carousel" Frauds – 21 Convicted, Sentences of 202 Years [http://www.rcpo.gov.uk/rcpo/pressoffice/news/20080929_1.shtml]
* [http://www.dilloninvestigates.com/index_files/Page390.htm ''The Fraudsters - How Con Artists Steal Your Money] Chapter 7 - The Cash Carousel (ISBN 978-1-903582-82-4) by Eamon Dillon, published September 2008 by Merlin Publishing

== External links ==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,3604,1566862,00.html Experts stumped by leap in trade gap], Guardian, September 10, 2005, discusses "missing trader fraud" and "carousel fraud".
*[http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,2089860,00.html EU clampdown spawns new carousel fraud], Guardian, May 29, 2007, discusses "contra trading" in the EU and "flipping" in Canada.

[[Category:Fraud]]
[[Category:Value added taxes]]
[[Category:Tax evasion]]

[[de:Karussellgeschäft]]
[[fr:Fraude à la TVA]]
[[nl:Carrouselfraude]]

Tyramine

2011-09-14T16:39:55Z

62.145.19.66:

{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 415653517
| ImageFile = Tyramine.svg
| ImageSize = 200px
| ImageFile1 = Tyramine-3d-CPK.png
| ImageSize1 = 200px
|IUPACName=4-(2-aminoethyl)phenol
|OtherNames=
|Section1= {{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 5408
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = X8ZC7V0OX3
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = C00483
| InChI = 1/C8H11NO/c9-6-5-7-1-3-8(10)4-2-7/h1-4,10H,5-6,9H2
| InChIKey = DZGWFCGJZKJUFP-UHFFFAOYAB
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C8H11NO/c9-6-5-7-1-3-8(10)4-2-7/h1-4,10H,5-6,9H2
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = DZGWFCGJZKJUFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo=51-67-2
| PubChem=5610
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 11608
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 15760
| SMILES = Oc1ccc(cc1)CCN
| MeSHName=Tyramine
}}
|Section2= {{Chembox Properties
| Formula=C8H11NO
| MolarMass=137.179 g/mol<ref name="pubchem">[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=5610 PubChem]</ref>
| Appearance=
| Density=
| MeltingPt=
| BoilingPt=
| Solubility=
}}
|Section3= {{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards=
| FlashPt=
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}}
}}

'''Tyramine''' ('''4-Hydroxyphenethylamine'''; '''para-tyramine''', '''Mydrial''' or '''Uteramin''') is a [[natural resource|naturally occurring]] [[monoamine]] [[chemical compound|compound]] and [[trace amine]] derived from the [[amino acid]] [[tyrosine]].<ref name="pubchem"/> Tyramine acts as a [[catecholamine]] ([[dopamine]], [[norepinephrine]] (noradrenaline), [[epinephrine]] (adrenaline)) [[releasing agent]]. Notably, however, it is unable to cross the [[blood-brain-barrier]] (BBB), resulting in only non[[psychoactive]] [[peripheral]] [[sympathomimetic]] effects. When tyramine-rich foods are ingested in conjunction with a [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]] (MAOI), tyramine is responsible for the so-called "cheese effect" sometimes seen with their use.

== Occurrence ==

Tyramine occurs widely in [[plants]] and [[animal]]s, and is metabolized by the [[enzyme]] [[monoamine oxidase]]. In foods, it is often produced by the [[decarboxylation]] of [[tyrosine]] during [[fermentation (food)|fermentation]] or [[Decomposition|decay]]. Foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include meats that are potentially spoiled or pickled, aged, smoked, fermented, or marinated (some [[Fish (food)|fish]], [[poultry]], and [[beef]]); most [[pork]] (except [[Curing (food preservation)|cured]] [[ham]]); [[chocolate]]; [[alcoholic beverage]]s; and fermented foods, such as most [[cheese]]s (except [[ricotta]], [[cottage cheese]], [[cream cheese]] and [[neufchatel cheese]]), [[sour cream]], [[yogurt]], [[shrimp paste]], [[soy sauce]], [[soy bean]] condiments, [[teriyaki sauce]], [[tofu]], [[tempeh]], [[miso soup]], [[sauerkraut]], [[Vicia faba|broad (fava) beans]], [[Green beans|green bean pods]], Italian flat (Romano) [[bean]]s, [[snow pea]]s, [[avocado]]s, [[banana]]s, [[pineapple]], [[eggplant]]s, [[ficus|fig]]s, red [[plum]]s, [[Raspberry|raspberries]], [[peanut]]s, [[Brazil nut]]s, [[coconut]]s, [[processed meat]], [[yeast]], and an array of [[cacti]].

== Physical effects and pharmacology ==
Tyramine is physiologically metabolized by MAOA. In [[human]]s, if monoamine metabolism is compromised by the use of [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s (MAOIs) and foods high in tyramine are ingested, a [[Hypertensive emergency|hypertensive crisis]] can result, as tyramine can cause the release of stored monoamines, such as [[dopamine]], [[norepinephrine]] and [[epinephrine]]. The first signs of this were discovered by a [[neurologist]] who noticed his wife, who at the time was on MAOI medication, had severe headaches when eating cheese. For this reason, the crisis is still called the "cheese effect", though other foods can cause the same problem.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}. Most processed cheeses do not contain high enough tyramine to cause hypertensive effects, although some aged cheeses (such as [[Stilton cheese]]) do. <ref name=>{{cite journal | author=Stahl SM, Felker A | title=Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: a modern guide to an unrequited class of antidepressants | journal=CNS SPECTRUMS | volume=13 | issue=10 | year=2008 | pages=855–870 | url = http://www.cnsspectrums.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=1791 | id= | pmid=18955941}}</ref>

A large dietary intake of tyramine (or a dietary intake of tyramine while taking MAO inhibitors) can cause the tyramine pressor response, which is defined as an increase in [[systolic blood pressure]] of 30 [[mmHg]] or more. The displacement of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from neuronal storage vesicles by acute tyramine ingestion is thought to cause the [[vasoconstriction]] and increased heart rate and blood pressure of the pressor response. In severe cases, [[adrenergic crisis]] can occur.

However, if one has had repeated exposure to tyramine, there is a decreased pressor response; tyramine is degraded to [[octopamine]], which is subsequently packaged in synaptic vesicles with norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Therefore, after repeated tyramine exposure, these vesicles contain an increased amount of octopamine and a relatively reduced amount of norepinephrine. When these vesicles are secreted upon tyramine ingestion, there is a decreased pressor response, as less norepinephrine is secreted into the [[synapse]], and octopamine does not activate alpha or beta [[adrenergic receptors]].

When using a MAO inhibitor (MAOI), the intake of approximately 10 to 25 mg of tyramine is required for a severe reaction compared to 6 to 10 mg for a mild reaction.

The possibility that tyramine acts directly as a [[neurotransmitter]] was revealed by the discovery of a [[G protein]]-coupled receptor with high affinity for tyramine, called [[Trace amine-associated receptor|TA1]]. The TA1 receptor is found in the [[brain]] as well as peripheral tissues, including the [[kidney]]. The existence of a receptor with high affinity for tyramine supports the hypothesis that tyramine may also act directly to affect blood pressure regulation.

Dietary tyramine intake has also been associated with [[migraine]] in select populations, leading many sufferers to restrict foods high in tyramine.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Millichap
| first = J. Gordon
| journal = Noha News
| volume = XXVII
| pages = 3–6
| date = Summer 2002
| url = http://www.nutrition4health.org/nohanews/NNS02DietMigraineHeadaches.htm
| year = 2002
}} {{dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref>
Reports on the tyramine-migraine link have been both affirmed and denied. A 2007 review published in Neurological Sciences<ref>{{Citation
| last = D'Andrea
| journal = Neurological Sciences
| volume = 28, Supplement 2
| pages = S94–S96
| date = May 2007
| url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/p745300778x24553/
| year = 2007
| doi = 10.1007/s10072-007-0758-4
| title = Biochemistry of neuromodulation in primary headaches: focus on anomalies of tyrosine metabolism
| pmid = 17508188
| first1 = G
| last2 = Nordera
| first2 = GP
| last3 = Perini
| first3 = F
| last4 = Allais
| first4 = G
| last5 = Granella
| first5 = F }}</ref>
presented data showing migraine and cluster headaches are characterised by an increase
of circulating neurotransmitters and neuromodulators (including tyramine, octopamine and synephrine) in the hypothalamus, amygdala and dopaminergic system.

==Chemistry==
Tyramine, 4-(2-aminoethyl)phenol (11.2.1), can be synthesized in various ways, in particular by the decarboxylation of tyrosine. (It is also isolated from the tissues of livestock.)
[[File:Tyramine synthesis.png|500px|center]]
*G. Barger, J. Chem. Soc., 95, 1123 (1909).
*{{Cite doi|10.1002/hlca.192500801106}}
*{{Cite doi|10.1021/ja01335a058}}

== See also ==
* [[Octopamine]]
* [[Phenethylamine]]

== References ==
{{Refimprove|date=December 2007}}
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Stimulants}}
{{Adrenergics}}
{{Dopaminergics}}
{{Phenethylamines}}
{{Neurotransmitters}}

[[Category:Migraine]]
[[Category:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Monoamine releasing agents]]
[[Category:Phenethylamines]]

[[ca:Tiramina]]
[[de:Tyramin]]
[[es:Tiramina]]
[[fr:Tyramine]]
[[it:Tiramina]]
[[ja:チラミン]]
[[pl:Tyramina]]
[[pt:Tiramina]]
[[ru:Тирамин]]
[[fi:Tyramiini]]
[[zh:酪胺]]