Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Return to Peyton Place (film)

2023-09-10T22:37:28Z

68.231.42.248: /* Shooting */

{{Short description|1961 film by José Ferrer}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Return to Peyton Place
| image = ReturnToPeytonPlaceFilm.JPG
| image_size =
| caption = Theatrical release [[Film poster|half-sheet display poster]]
| director = [[José Ferrer]]
| producer = [[Jerry Wald]]
| writer = Ronald Alexander
| based_on = ''[[Return to Peyton Place]]'' by [[Grace Metalious]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Carol Lynley]] [[Tuesday Weld]] [[Jeff Chandler (actor)|Jeff Chandler]] [[Eleanor Parker]] [[Mary Astor]] [[Robert Sterling]]
| music = [[Franz Waxman]]
| cinematography = [[Charles G. Clarke]]
| editing = [[David Bretherton]]
| distributor = [[20th Century Fox]]
| released = {{Film date|1961|5|5}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $1,785,000<ref>Solomon, Aubrey. ''Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series)''. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-4244-1}}. p253</ref>
| gross = $9,996,178 or $4.5 million<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/variety-1962-01/page/n76/mode/1up?q=%22back+street%22+%22ross+hunter%22|magazine=Variety|title=1961 Rentals and Potential|date=10 Jan 1961|page=13}}</ref>
}}

'''''Return to Peyton Place''''' is a 1961 American [[drama film]] in color by [[Deluxe Entertainment Services Group, Inc.|De Luxe]] and [[CinemaScope]], produced by [[Jerry Wald]], directed by [[José Ferrer]], and starring [[Carol Lynley]], [[Tuesday Weld]], [[Jeff Chandler (actor)|Jeff Chandler]], [[Eleanor Parker]], [[Mary Astor]], and [[Robert Sterling]]. The screenplay by Ronald Alexander is based on the 1959 novel ''[[Return to Peyton Place]]'' by [[Grace Metalious]]. The film was distributed by [[20th Century Fox]] and is a [[sequel]] to their earlier film ''[[Peyton Place (film)|Peyton Place]]'' (1957).

The film's storyline centers on the life and loves of bestselling author Allison MacKenzie. She has followed in the footsteps of her mother Constance by having an affair with a married man, her publisher Lewis Jackman (Chandler). She goes on to publish a tell-all novel that fictionalizes the [[scandal]], [[homicide]], [[suicide]], [[incest]], and [[Morality|moral]] [[hypocrisy]] that belies the tranquil façade of her hometown. She is quickly criticized by friends, family, and neighbors as a result.

==Plot==
'''''The film takes place some eight to ten years after the events of the [[Peyton Place (film)|original film]].'''''

Allison MacKenzie receives a phone call from publisher Lewis Jackman, who shows interest in publishing her book, promising to turn her into a household name whose books are exclusively bestsellers. Allison is ecstatic after hearing the news. Her best friend Selena Cross, however, continues to receive a lot of criticism from the townspeople for her "shameful" past.

Among these criticizing her is Mrs. Roberta Carter, an old-fashioned, domineering woman who is unhappy that her son Ted has a close bond with Selena. Later that day, Mrs. Carter is visited by her son, who is in town while visiting from Boston. He surprises her with the shocking news of his having impulsively married a former Italian fashion model, Raffaella. Mrs. Carter looks down on the foreigner and contacts Selena with the couple's news, with the hope that Selena will drive the couple apart. Selena sees through Mrs. Carter's scheme and refuses, angrily leaving and getting herself involved in a car accident. At the accident scene, young ski instructor Nils Larsen helps Selena, and although she initially treats him coldly, she feels attracted to him.

Meanwhile, Constance reluctantly allows her daughter to visit New York for a meeting with her publisher, Lewis. Allison is unhappy when she finds out that he wants to make changes to her book, but she finally agrees to cooperate. Constance calls the next morning and discovers that Allison and Lewis have been working together all night, so she immediately suspects the worst.

Back in Peyton Place, Raffaella threatens to ban Ted's mother from their life, if she continues to treat her horribly. Raffaella and Ted go skiing later that day, and Ted is surprised to see Selena with Nils. Selena finally agreed to date him after bumping into him several more times following the accident.

During the following weeks, Allison spends her time promoting her book, doing TV talk shows and radio show interviews. She is slowly turned into a celebrity, and she is continually with Lewis. She is angry after their time together to discover that he is married, but after she receives the first copy of her book, she kisses him. The book soon becomes a commercial success due to its scandalous contents.

In Peyton Place the book is heavily criticized by its townspeople. Constance is soon disappointed with Allison for allowing so many changes to be made during the book's editing process. Selena is disgusted by the way she is portrayed in the book. She loses her mind, as a result, and strikes Nils with a fireplace poker, having flashed back to her past trauma and confusing him with Lucas, her abuser.

Meanwhile, Mike Rossi, principal of the local high school, husband of Constance and the only defender of Allison's book, risks being discharged by the head of the school board, Mrs. Carter, for refusing to remove Allison's book from the school library. At the Carter home, Ted confronts Raffaella about her quarrel with his mother. Realizing that Ted will never stand up to his mother, Raffaella reveals she is pregnant, before angrily leaving him. Determined, now, to terminate her pregnancy, she purposely causes a skiing accident to end it.

When Allison finds out Mike has been fired, she decides to face the wrath of Peyton Place's residents. They are still incensed by their barely disguised fictional counterparts and her book's revelations of the town's many secrets. She is immediately confronted by her mother for having sold her decency and self-respect for success and money. Despite the quarrel with her mother, Allison decides to support Mike, who has taken his case of being fired directly to Peyton Place's town hall.

Among the people defending Mike are Lewis, Nils, and Ted. Nils points out that the bigoted townspeople have now driven away Selena, who is nowhere to be found, revealing his hope to marry her if she ever returns to Peyton Place. Selena returns and blames the small-minded townspeople for making her feel ashamed, while thanking Allison for having written the truth about their hypocrisy. In the end Roberta is denounced and Mike is given back his job after Constance publicly points out that the older, bigoted townspeople have been manipulating the lives of their children for far too long.

Afterwards, Allison, having emotionally matured and become an adult, breaks off her affair with Lewis, explaining that she does not want to ruin his marriage. She decides to leave Peyton Place to start a new life elsewhere.

==Cast==
*[[Carol Lynley]] as [[Allison MacKenzie]], a stubborn young writer who agrees to turn her book into a controversial, tell-all novel in order to become famous and successful.
*[[Jeff Chandler (actor)|Jeff Chandler]] as Lewis Jackman, a married editor and publisher, who helps Allison become a celebrity, while they have a romantic affair.
*[[Eleanor Parker]] as [[Constance MacKenzie|Constance Rossi]], Allison's overprotective mother and wife of Mike, who is upset about her daughter's novel. She changes her mind, however, and later defends her daughter.
*[[Mary Astor]] as Mrs. Roberta Carter, a snobbish, domineering woman who is reluctant to allow her son to lead his own life and is among the people boycotting Allison's novel.
*[[Robert Sterling]] as [[Michael Rossi (fictional character)|Mike Rossi]], the high school principal and husband of Constance, and one of the few locals supporting Allison's novel.
*[[Luciana Paluzzi]] as Raffaella Carter, a former Italian fashion model and the current pregnant wife of Ted, who deals with the constant judgment and criticism of her mother-in-law.
*[[Brett Halsey]] as Theodore "Ted" Carter, the son of Roberta, who is afraid to stand up to his mother's dominant behavior.
*Gunnar Hellström as Nils Larsen, a ski instructor who constantly bumps into Selena, resulting in a romantic relationship.
*[[Tuesday Weld]] as Selena Cross, Allison's best friend, a former rape victim by her stepfather, who is still looked down upon by various judgemental townspeople because of her past.

==Production==
===Development===
The [[Peyton Place (film)|1957 screen adaptation]] of Metalious' first novel had been a critical and commercial success, ranking second at the box office and garnering nine [[Academy Award]] nominations. Film rights to the sequel were sold to Fox for $500,000 before a word of the novel had been written. This amount also meant Fox owned the film rights to Metalious' second novel, ''The Tight White Collar''.<ref>'Peyton Place' Sequel Nets $500,000
Chicago Daily Tribune 10 Oct 1958: d2.</ref> This was part of a long range plan: [[Buddy Adler]], head of production at Fox, was paying authors in advance to write novels that he could turn into films.<ref>HOLLYWOOD PLAN: Authors Asked to Write Novels Based On Twentieth Century-Fox Ideas
By THOMAS M. PRYOR HOLLYWOOD. New York Times 23 Nov 1958: X9.</ref>

===Casting===
Fox wanted [[Diane Varsi]] to reprise her role of [[Allison MacKenzie]]. However, in March 1959, Varsi announced she was walking out on Hollywood, despite being only two years into a seven-year contract with the studio. "Acting is destructive to me", she said. "I don't see any reason to be made miserable just because other people say I should go on with my career".<ref>HECTIC EXIT: Diane Varsi Flies Away, Ends Career
Ames, Walter. Los Angeles Times 20 Mar 1959: B1</ref>

In June 1959 [[Hedda Hopper]] announced that [[Margaret Leighton]] would play a woman who tries to kill her daughter-in-law. Producer [[Jerry Wald]] was hopeful that Varsi would play Allison but said [[Diane Baker]] was a possible back up. [[Lana Turner]] had already passed the role of [[Constance MacKenzie]], which was then offered to [[Joan Crawford]].<ref>TV's Carl Reiner Gets a Role in 'Gazebo'
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 27 June 1959: s_a12.</ref>

In August 1959, Wald announced Varsi was not reprising her role, and that he was planning on replacing her with [[Anna Maria Alberghetti]], with production slated to begin in November 1959.<ref name="anna">"Borgnine Still Looks Ahead", ''[[The Herald Bulletin|Anderson Daily Bulletin]]'', August 24, 1959, p. 12</ref> By that time, producer [[Buddy Adler]] had already cast [[Robert Evans (producer)|Robert Evans]] as Nils Larsen.<ref name="anna" /> Both Alberghetti and Evans were eventually replaced.

While shooting ''[[Hound-Dog Man]]'' in the fall of 1959, Wald met [[Carol Lynley]]. With no announcement of Baker's withdrawal, Wald announced in September 1959 that Lynley was set to star as Allison MacKenzie.<ref>"Hedda Hopper's Hollywood" by Hedda Hopper, ''[[The Lima News]]'', September 2, 1959, p. 9</ref> Despite rumors that Varsi changed her mind and was signed on after all, Lynley eventually was cast. When Wald was later asked about a possible return of Varsi, he responded: "Ridiculous. She hasn't been back to Hollywood since she left here, and I doubt that she'll ever make another movie again".<ref>"'Ben Hur' Of Westerns Set With Cost Of $7,000,000" by Louella O. Parsons, ''[[The Herald Bulletin|Anderson Daily Bulletin]]'', June 24, 1960, p. 9</ref>

In October 1959, Wald announced [[Hope Lange]] would return as Selena.<ref>Entertainment Films Stage Music: Remake of 'Heaven' to Star Hope Lange
Los Angeles Times 16 Oct 1959: A7.</ref> By November she had pulled out.<ref>Looking at Hollywood: Yul's Roles: Ancient Greece to Gangster
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 24 Nov 1959: b6.</ref>

In June 1959, [[Brett Halsey]] was revealed to be among the co-stars of the film.<ref>"Tony Curtis Gets Top Role In Film Of 'Great Imposter'" by [[Louella O. Parsons]], ''[[The Herald Bulletin|Anderson Daily Bulletin]]'', September 8, 1959, p. 7</ref> It is doubted if he was cast as Ted, the role he eventually played, because a February 1960 news article reported [[Dean Stockwell]] was cast in that role.<ref>"Swamped With Offers" by Hedda Hopper, ''Rocky Mount Evening Telegram'', February 11, 1960, p. 40</ref> Later that month, it was reported he was in talks for playing the ski instructor.

In February 1960, it was reported that [[Trevor Howard]] would play a doctor who marries young bride "Stephanie", played by [[Suzy Parker]].<ref>"Hedda Hopper" by Hedda Hopper, ''[[Altoona Mirror]]'', January 27, 1960, p. 28</ref><ref>Howard to Star With Suzy Parker: Will Play Country Doctor; Latin Vacation for Claudette
Hopper, Hedda. Los Angeles Times 10 Feb 1960: 24.</ref> By June Parker's role had been cut from the script; Wald announced that none of the original cast were returning.<ref>Looking at Hollywood: 'Return to Peyton Place' to Feature New Cast
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 30 June 1960: c12.</ref>

In January 1960, Wald said [[Stephen Boyd]] would play Lewis.<ref>Stephen Boyd Will Star in 'Peyton': Joan Crawford Also Probable; Los Angeles Times 14 Jan 1960: C11.</ref> That month [[Joan Crawford]] was set to play Roberta and he was hoping for [[Norma Shearer]] as Constance, with Carol Lynley as Crawford's daughter in law and [[Diane Baker]] as Alison.<ref>Looking at Hollywood: Cast Set for Second 'Peyton Place' Movie
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune 22 Jan 1960: a2.</ref>

The production was stalled in early 1960 through the following summer because of a Hollywood writer's strike.<ref name="eddie">"Eddie Fisher Is Signed To Produce Two Movies A Year" by Louella O. Parsons, ''[[The Herald Bulletin|Anderson Daily Bulletin]]'', June 2, 1960, p. 15</ref> It allowed Wald in June 1960 to travel to the East in order to offer a role in the film to [[Mary Ure]], a stage actress.<ref name="eddie" /><ref>Patrick and Stark Pool Properties: Mary Ure for 'Peytoni Place'; Lom Late 'Spartacus' Recruit
Scheuer, Philip K. Los Angeles Times19 Jan 1960: C7.</ref> He announced he was planning to delay production until September 1960 "to avoid the influx of tourists".<ref>"Hollywood" by Vernon Scott, ''The Daily News'', July 23, 1960, p. 7</ref>

When Norma Shearer declined the role of Constance, [[Bette Davis]] was offered the part in October 1960, but she had to turn it down due to previous Broadway commitments.<ref>"Tuesday Weld Is In Spot To Start Being Herself" by Louella O. Parsons, ''[[The Herald Bulletin|Anderson Daily Bulletin]]'', October 10, 1960, p. 15</ref> At one point in late 1960, [[Gene Tierney]] and [[Lee Remick]] were cast in the starring roles, but it was reported in November 1960 that both withdrew due to pregnancy.<ref>"Gene Tierney Expecting, Film Delayed", ''[[Los Angeles Newspaper Group|Redlands Daily Facts]]'', November 8, 1960, p. 6</ref><ref>A Thin Veil: ... is all that's between you and mental illness, says the actress who's been there and back
By GENE TIERNEY AS TOLD TO WILLIAM A. COLEMAN. The Washington Post and Times-Herald 18 Dec 1960: AW4.</ref>

Eventually in November 1960, [[Eleanor Parker]] was cast as Constance. Parker said she would "probably do it differently" than Turner.<ref>Rag Bag Filled With Gold for Eleanor
Hopper, Hedda. Los Angeles Times 22 Jan 1961: c9.</ref> Lynley was cast as her daughter.<ref>Eleanor Parker Lands 'Return to Peyton Place'
Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune1 Dec 1960: d6.</ref> In December 1960 Mary Astor was cast as Roberta.<ref>Mary Astor Gets Lead in 'Peyton' Los Angeles Times 15 Dec 1960: C10.</ref>

Joan Crawford pulled out of the film, saying she did not want to work over the Christmas holiday and be away from her family.<ref>A series for Joan Crawford?
Lowry, Cynthia. Los Angeles Times 22 Jan 1961: e46.</ref>

[[Tuesday Weld]] replaced [[Lois Smith]] as Selena Cross at the last minute in December 1960, while [[Luciana Paluzzi]] took over [[Barbara Steele]]'s role as Ted's wife.<ref name="barbara">"Ohioan On Broadway" by Earl Wilson, ''[[The Lima News]]'', December 8, 1960, p. 12</ref> By this time, Crawford also pulled out as Mrs. Roberta Carter, and Davis was unsuccessfully approached as her replacement.<ref name="barbara" /> [[Mary Astor]] was eventually cast in the role.

===Script===
In August 1959, Irene Kamp was reportedly working on the script.<ref>McIntire Assigned to 'Elmer Gantry': 'Story on Page One' Up Next on Wald's $35 Million Slate
Scheuer, Philip K. Los Angeles Times 21 Aug 1959: 23.</ref> In September, [[Walter Reisch]] was working on it.<ref>McDowall Paged for 'Inherit'
Los Angeles Times 11 Sep 1959: B8.</ref>

The novel came out in November 1959. The ''New York Times'' called it "so labored, so repetitious of its predecessor (both literally and in terms of more of the same) that it can scarcely reward even the thrill seeker".<ref>Best Seller Revisited: RETURN TO PEYTON PLACE. By Grace Metalious. 256 pp. New York: Julian Messner. $3.95.
By EDMUND FULLER. New York Times 29 Nov 1959: BR62.</ref>

===Shooting===
The film was shot in CinemaScope on location in [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts]]. Shooting began in the Winter of 1960. However, some of Astor’s scenes were cut before the final release. After failing to have Michael Rossi discharged, she goes home and burns her house down in order to kill Ted and his wife. In the trailer for the film we see the fire, but not in the film itself. There is even a reference to a fire, exactly as one character refers to it.

''Return to Peyton Place'' was the last Fox film to shoot on what was known as "the permanent garden set". This had been built in 1935 and was sold off in 1961 for real estate development.<ref>FOX STUDIO SETS ARE BEING RAZED: Bulldozers Clearing Outdoor Areas for Century City
By MURRAY SCHUMACH Special to The New York Times. 24 Apr 1961: 36.</ref>

===Music===
The film's theme, "The Wonderful Season of Love," was written by [[Paul Francis Webster]] and [[Franz Waxman]] and performed by Ferrer's then-wife [[Rosemary Clooney]]. The soundtrack was later released on [[compact disc|CD]] by [[Varèse Sarabande]],<ref>[http://www.varesesarabande.com/details.asp?pid=VCL-0306-1048 ''Return to Peyton Place'' at Varèse Sarabande]</ref> and the film is available on [[DVD]].

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' described the film as "a high-class soap opera" and added, "José Ferrer's direction of this material is deliberate, but restrained and perceptive... The lovely Lynley does a thoroughly capable job, although a shade more animation would have been desirable. But it is the veteran Astor who walks off with the picture".<ref>[https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117794435.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0 ''Variety'' review]</ref> [[Bosley Crowther]] of ''The New York Times'' praised Mary Astor, but wrote, "... the script of Ronald Alexander is simply shallow and diffuse, and the direction of José Ferrer does very little to improve on those qualities".<ref>{{cite news |last=Crowther |first=Bosley |author-link=Bosley Crowther|date=May 6, 1961 |title=Screen: A Selfish Mother |url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A07E2DE103DE733A25755C0A9639C946091D6CF |newspaper=The New York Times|url-access=subscription |access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref>

''[[TV Guide]]'' said, "the story and its themes tend to evolve to a predictable ending. Astor is marvelous in her role as the overbearing mother... and Weld, virtually unknown at the time, starred in a role that displayed her natural sex appeal".<ref>[https://www.tvguide.com/movies/return-peyton-place/review/115842 ''TV Guide'' review]</ref>

Robert Firsching of ''[[AllMovie]]'' said the film was "sillier than the original, adding to its problems by completely recasting all the roles, combining several of them into existing characters". Calling it "overwrought and overblown", he said "the film is still a treat for fans of campy 'suburban sin' melodramas".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071017020840/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/41134/Return-to-Peyton-Place/overview ''New York Times'' overview]</ref>

===Box office===
The film grossed $9,996,178 in the US, far less than the $25,600,000 earned by its predecessor, but still a profit-earner for Fox.<ref>[https://the-numbers.com/movies/1961/0RTPY.php ''Peyton Place'' at TheNumbers.com]</ref> It was the 15th highest grossing movie of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sixtiescinema.com/2020/03/28/carol-lynley-1961-1962/|author=Lisanti, Tom|title=CAROL LYNLEY, 1961-1962|website=SixtiesCinema.com|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of American films of 1961]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0055370|Return to Peyton Place}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|return_to_peyton_place|Return to Peyton Place}}
* {{tcmdb title|88100|Return to Peyton Place}}
*[https://letterboxd.com/film/return-to-peyton-place/ Return to Peyton Place] at Letterbox DVD
*[https://variety.com/1960/film/reviews/return-to-peyton-place-1200419915/ Review of film] at Variety
*[https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b43dcce Return to Peyton Place] at BFI
{{Peyton Place}}
{{Jose Ferrer}}

[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:1961 drama films]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:American sequel films]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by José Ferrer]]
[[Category:Films scored by Franz Waxman]]
[[Category:Films shot in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:CinemaScope films]]
[[Category:1960s English-language films]]
[[Category:1960s American films]]

Carla Lalli Music

2023-09-07T17:34:15Z

68.231.42.248: /* Personal life */

{{short description|American chef and YouTube personality}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Carla Lalli Music
| image = Carla Lalli Music preparing banana bread.jpg
| caption = Music in the ''Bon Appetit'' test kitchen in 2019
| spouse = Fernando Music
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Lorenzo Music]] (father-in-law)
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| module =
| occupation = Chef, cookbook author, Youtube personality
{{Infobox chef | child=yes
| education = [[Brown University]] [[International Culinary Center|French Culinary Institute]]
| style =
| television = ''Back-to-Back Chef'' ''Making Perfect'' ''Carla’s Cooking Show'' ''You Got Snack'd''
}}
}}

'''Carla Lalli Music''' is an American chef, cookbook author, and [[YouTuber|YouTube personality]]. She was a food editor at large of ''[[Bon Appétit]]'' and was known for her appearances in videos produced for [[Bon Appétit#YouTube channel|the magazine's YouTube channel]], most notably as the host of ''Back-to-Back Chef''. Music left the magazine in 2020 in response to allegations that ''Bon Appétit'' and [[Condé Nast Entertainment]] had engaged in racial discrimination.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=lallimusic |number=1293566520476471296 |title=I am leaving Bon Appétit video. I will miss doing something I loved with people I still love. Sharing is caring—see below. |date=August 12, 2020 |author=carla lalli music |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200812153400/https://twitter.com/lallimusic/status/1293566520476471296 |archive-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref>

==Biography==
Music was born to an [[Italian-American]] family, where her mother worked as a food critic at ''New West'' and as a cookbook editor at [[Simon & Schuster]].<ref name="CHERRY"/><ref name="bonberi"/> Music studied at [[Brown University]], where she graduated with a degree in Modern Culture and Media in 1994,<ref name="BROWN"/> and later attended the [[International Culinary Center|French Culinary Institute]].<ref name="CHERRY"/> She worked in [[food service]] for over a decade, notably as a line chef and later kitchen manager for [[Rocco DiSpirito]],<ref name="CHERRY"/> as the first general manager of [[Shake Shack]],<ref name="BA1"/> and as an instructor in culinary management at the [[Institute for Culinary Education]].<ref name="BROWN"/> She transitioned to [[food writing]] in 2009,<ref name="BROWN"/> and served as an editor for ''[[Everyday Food]]'' until 2011.<ref name="CHERRY"/> Music was hired as a features editor for ''[[Bon Appétit]]'' that same year, and was later promoted to be the magazine's food director.<ref name="BA1"/> In January 2020, she moved her role to food editor at large to focus on her 2nd cookbook.<ref name="EditorAtLarge">{{cite web |last1=Lalli Music |first1=Carla |title=News you can use: After 8 years in a full-time role, I am now food editor at large for @bonappetit. All love! I'm working on my 2nd cookbook (Clarkson Potter Fall 2021) and decided not to write this one on nights and weekends, which is how It was for Where Cooking Begins... |url=https://twitter.com/lallimusic/status/1214572185672650754 |website=@lallimusic |accessdate=7 January 2020 |language=en |date=7 January 2020}}</ref>

Music first appeared in videos on the [[Bon Appétit#YouTube channel|''Bon Appétit'' YouTube channel]] in 2015, and would make regular appearances in recipe preparation videos in the subsequent years.<ref name="BA2"/> In 2018, Music became the host of ''Back-to-Back Chef'', a [[web series]] in which she instructs a celebrity in preparing a dish while facing away from each other and using only verbal instructions.<ref name="TheCut"/> Notable guests on the series have included [[Natalie Portman]],<ref name="B1"/> [[Michael Shannon]],<ref name="B2"/> and [[Elizabeth Olsen]].<ref name="B3"/> The series has been praised for its comedic timing and Music's hosting, with ''[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]'' calling the ''Back-to-Back Chef'' "simple, elegant, and absolutely genius."<ref name="VULTURE"/> Music was also featured in the series ''Test Kitchen Talks'', ''From the Test Kitchen'', and ''Making Perfect''.<ref name="BAVideoSeries">{{cite web |title=Bon Appétit Video Series |url=https://video.bonappetit.com/series |website=video.bonappetit.com |accessdate=October 21, 2019}}</ref> In August 2020, two months after the resignation of editor-in-chief [[Adam Rapoport]] and the subsequent fallout regarding inequitable pay for staff and contributors [[people of color|of color]], several members of the Test Kitchen, including Music, announced they would no longer film videos for the ''Bon Appétit'' YouTube channel due to a continued lack of progress in resolving issues at [[Condé Nast Entertainment]].<ref name="TheWrapSticking">{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=J. Clara |title=Bon Appétit Is Sticking to New Standardized Video Pay After 5 Stars Leave Test Kitchen |url=https://www.thewrap.com/bon-appetit-standardized-pay-rate-video-test-kitchen/ |accessdate=10 August 2020 |work=TheWrap |date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Haasch|first=Palmer|date=August 12, 2020|title=Bon Appétit personalities Carla Lalli Music and Gaby Melian announced that they're leaving the brand's videos|url=https://www.insider.com/carla-gaby-bon-appetit-conde-video-melian-lalli-music-leaving-2020-8|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Insider}}</ref>

A [[cookbook]] by Music, ''Where Cooking Begins: Uncomplicated Recipes to Make You a Great Cook'', was published by [[Penguin Random House]] on March 19, 2019. In May 2020, the cookbook earned the 2020 [[James Beard Foundation Award|James Beard Foundation Book Award]] in the category "General".<ref name="2020JamesBeard">{{cite web |last1=Burton |first1=Monica |title=Here Is the Full List of 2020 James Beard Foundation Media Award Winners |url=https://www.eater.com/2020/5/27/21271815/james-beard-foundation-awards-2020-media-winners-cookbooks-journalism |website=Eater |accessdate=27 May 2020 |language=en |date=27 May 2020}}</ref> Music announced she was working on a second cookbook in October 2019.<ref name="PENGUIN"/>

In November 2020, Music launched her own video series called ''Carla’s Cooking Show'' which is limited to her [[Patreon]] subscribers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=March 9, 2021|title=Why Your Favorite Cooking Stars Are Launching Paid Subscriptions|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7av8m/can-small-scale-subscriptions-like-patreon-substack-change-food-media-for-the-better|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Vice|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309190944/https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7av8m/can-small-scale-subscriptions-like-patreon-substack-change-food-media-for-the-better |archive-date=March 9, 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=February 5, 2021|title=Up your snack game with shrimp cocktail and charred broccoli|url=https://www.today.com/food/your-snack-game-shrimp-cocktail-charred-broccoli-t208051|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-30|website=TODAY.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205142327/https://www.today.com/food/your-snack-game-shrimp-cocktail-charred-broccoli-t208051 |archive-date=February 5, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 17, 2020|title=Carla's Cooking Show Trailer|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ja7Ifh9XbY0|url-status=live|website=YouTube|publisher=Carla Lalli Music|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118070401/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ja7Ifh9XbY0&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=November 18, 2020 }}</ref> In December 2020, Music launched a new collaborative [[Instagram Live]] series with ''Bon Appétit'' alumna [[Molly Baz]] called ''You Got Snack'd''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Stenberg|first=Mark|date=December 31, 2020|title=How former Bon Appétit star Molly Baz manages a hectic day running her business, including a new Patreon that accrued thousands of subscribers in its first month|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/molly-baz-day-in-the-life-former-bon-apptit-star-2020-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231165644/https://www.businessinsider.com/molly-baz-day-in-the-life-former-bon-apptit-star-2020-12?r=US&IR=T|archive-date=December 31, 2020|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Music's second cookbook, ''That Sounds So Good: 100 Real-Life Recipes for Every Day of the Week'', was released in October 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-09-07|title=The 17 Best Cookbooks of Fall 2021|url=https://www.eater.com/22654270/best-cookbooks-fall-2021-pati-jinich-dorie-greenspan-zoe-adjonyoh|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Eater|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907182649/https://www.eater.com/22654270/best-cookbooks-fall-2021-pati-jinich-dorie-greenspan-zoe-adjonyoh |archive-date=September 7, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Carey|first=Emma|date=November 22, 2021|title=How To Host A Holiday Party Like Carla Lalli Music|url=https://www.bustle.com/life/carla-lalli-music-holiday-party-host|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Bustle|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124014124/https://www.bustle.com/life/carla-lalli-music-holiday-party-host |archive-date=November 24, 2021 }}</ref> along with a new corresponding weekly YouTube series. Each weekly episode features Music cooking a recipe from the book.<ref name=":3" />

==Personal life==
Music resides in [[Fort Greene]], [[Brooklyn]] with her husband Fernando Music and two children.<ref name="thekitchn"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brodeur |first1=Aimee |title=Down the Aisle: Carla Lalli Music |url=http://www.feedbackny.com/down_the_aisle/carla-lalli-music/ |website=Feedback NY |accessdate=October 19, 2019 |archive-date=October 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018235643/http://www.feedbackny.com/down_the_aisle/carla-lalli-music/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is the daughter-in-law of actor [[Lorenzo Music]], who was the original voice of [[Jim Davis (cartoonist)|Jim Davis]]' comic strip character ''[[Garfield (character)|Garfield]]''.

== Works ==

=== Books ===

* {{cite book | last=Music | first=Carla Lalli | title=Where cooking begins : uncomplicated recipes to make you a great cook | publication-place=New York | date=2019 | isbn=978-0-525-57334-0 | oclc=1042103656}}
* {{cite book | last=Music | first=Carla Lalli | last2=Gentl | first2=Andrea | last3=Hyers | first3=Martin | title=That sounds so good : 100 real-life recipes for every day of the week | publication-place=New York | date=2021 | isbn=978-0-593-13825-0 | oclc=1221016314}}

=== Web shows and series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of appearances in web shows and series
|-
! width="25%"|Year
! width="25%"|Title
! width="20%"|Role
! width="20%"|Notes
|-
| August 2017 – December 2019
| ''Back-to-Back Chef''
| Former Food Director, Food Editor at Large
| 1 season<ref>{{Cite web|title=Back to Back Chef|url=https://www.bonappetit.com/video/series/back-to-back-chef|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Bon Appétit Videos|language=en}}</ref><ref name="VULTURE" />
|-
| June 2019 – June 2020
| ''Test Kitchen Talks''
| Former Food Director, Food Editor at Large
| 2 seasons<ref>{{Cite web|title=Test Kitchen Talks|url=https://www.bonappetit.com/video/series/test-kitchen-talks|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Bon Appétit Videos|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| December 2019 – November 2020 (as contributor)
| ''Making Perfect''
| Former Food Director, Food Editor at Large
| 2 seasons<ref>{{Cite web|title=Making Perfect|url=https://www.bonappetit.com/video/series/making-perfect|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Bon Appétit Videos|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| November 2020 – present
| ''Carla’s Cooking Show''
| Herself
| Ongoing Patreon series<ref name=":1" />
|-
| December 2020 – present
| ''You Got Snack'd''
| Herself
| Ongoing Instagram Live series<ref name=":2" />
|-
| October 2021 – present
| ''That Sounds So Good''
| Herself
| Ongoing YouTube series<ref name=":3">{{cite AV media |people=Carla Lalli Music |date= November 20, 2021 |title=THAT SOUNDS SO GOOD |type= [[YouTube]] playlist |url= https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7dILUMBZZFV_j2Jgo5uwvZl5AfOoXje1 |access-date= November 30, 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=BROWN>{{cite web
|url= https://www.brown.edu/academics/modern-culture-and-media/alumni
|title= Alumni, Modern Culture and Media
|work= [[Brown University]]
|access-date= October 18, 2019
}}</ref>

<ref name=PENGUIN>{{cite web
|url= https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/566656/where-cooking-begins-by-carla-lalli-music/
|title= Where Cooking Begins: Uncomplicated Recipes to Make You a Great Cook
|work= [[Penguin Random House]]
|access-date= October 18, 2019
}}</ref>

<ref name=BA1>{{cite web
|url= https://www.bonappetit.com/people/our-team/article/carla-lalli-music-weekly-staffer
|title= Get to Know Food Director Carla Lalli Music
|work= [[Bon Appétit]]
|date=May 20, 2016
|access-date= October 18, 2019
}}</ref>

<ref name=BA2>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HS5oW_LNbA8 |date=May 19, 2015 |title=Carla Uses a Searzall Torch to Sear Steak |last=Music |first=Carla Lalli |medium=Series |work=Bon Appetit Video |accessdate=October 18, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name=B1>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whCRFH7J4g4 |date=June 27, 2018 |title=Natalie Portman Tries to Keep Up With a Professional Chef |last=Music |first=Carla Lalli |medium=Series |work=Back-to-Back Chef |accessdate=October 18, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name=B2>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkapMPeubQo |date=July 26, 2019 |title=Michael Shannon Tries to Keep Up With a Professional Chef |last=Music |first=Carla Lalli |medium=Series |work=Back-to-Back Chef |accessdate=October 18, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name=B3>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Om2oM-TDErQ& |date=September 19, 2018 |title=Elizabeth Olsen Tries to Keep Up With a Professional Chef |last=Music |first=Carla Lalli |medium=Series |work=Back-to-Back Chef |accessdate=October 18, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name=CHERRY>{{cite web
|url= https://cherrybombe.com/carla-lalli-music-transcript
|title= 'Can't Get Enough Carla Lalli Music' Transcript
|last1=Fields
|first1=Kelly
|last2=Diamond
|first2=Kerry
|work= Cherry Bombe
|date=October 4, 2019
|access-date= October 18, 2019
}}</ref>

<ref name=TheCut>{{cite web
|url=https://www.thecut.com/2019/03/higid-bon-apptit-food-director-carla-lalli-music.html
|title=How I Get It Done: Bon Appétit's Food Director Gets Super Competitive at the Gym
|last1= Aggeler
|first1= Madeleine
|work= The Cut
|date=March 29, 2019
|access-date= October 18, 2019
}}</ref>

<ref name=VULTURE>{{cite web
|url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/01/back-to-back-chef-youtube-bon-apetit-celebrity.html#_ga=2.196235308.1817848286.1553261063-1624542708.1540421344
|title=I'm Obsessed With This Show Where Celebrities Nervously Cook Elaborate Dishes
|last1= Handler
|first1= Rachel
|work= Vulture
|date=January 10, 2019
|access-date= October 18, 2019
}}</ref>

<ref name=thekitchn>{{cite web
|url= https://www.thekitchn.com/bon-appetit-carla-lalli-music-weeknight-recipes-22932624
|title=A Week of Dinners from Bon Appétit's Food Director, Carla Lalli Music
|last1=Masur
|first1=Lauren
|work= [[The Kitchn]]
|date=August 29, 2019
|access-date= October 18, 2019
}}</ref>

<ref name=bonberi>{{cite web
|url= http://www.bonberi.com/2017/10/16/chef-spotlight-carla-music/
|title=IN THE KITCHEN: CARLA LALLI MUSIC
|last1=Okin
|first1=Ariel
|work=Bonberi
|date=October 16, 2017
|access-date= October 18, 2019
}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
* [https://www.patreon.com/carlalallimusic Carla Lalli Music] at ''[[Patreon]]''
* [https://www.bonappetit.com/search?contributor=carla%20lalli%20music Carla Lalli Music] at ''[[Bon Appétit]]''
* [https://video.bonappetit.com/series/back-to-back-chef ''Back-to-Back Chef''] at ''[[Bon Appétit]]''

{{Bon Appetit Personalities}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Music, Carla Lalli}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:American YouTubers]]
[[Category:Bon Appétit people]]
[[Category:Brown University alumni]]
[[Category:International Culinary Center alumni]]
[[Category:James Beard Foundation Award winners]]
[[Category:Women chefs]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Stephen Elliott (actor)

2023-09-02T02:16:23Z

68.231.42.248: /* Personal life */

{{short description|American actor(1918–2005)}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Stephen Elliott
|image =Stephen Elliott.png
|caption=Stephen Elliott appearing in ''[[Columbo]]'', 1975
|image_size =
|birth_name = Elliott Pershing Stitzel
|birth_date = {{birth date|1918|11|27}}
|birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
|death_date = {{death date and age|2005|5|21|1918|11|27}}
|death_place = [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles|Woodland Hills]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
|other_names = Stephen Elliot Steve Elliott
|spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{Marriage|Nancy Chase|1947|1960|end=divorced}}
* {{Marriage|[[Alice Hirson]]|1980}}
}}
|occupation = Actor
|years_active = 1946–1999
|children = 2
}}
{{about|the American actor|others|Stephen Elliott (disambiguation)}}
'''Elliott Pershing Stitzel''' (November 27, 1918 – May 21, 2005), better known by his stage name '''Stephen Elliott''', was an American actor. His best known roles were that of the prospective father-in-law, Burt Johnson, in the hit 1981 film ''[[Arthur (1981 film)|Arthur]]'' and as Chief Hubbard in the 1984 blockbuster ''[[Beverly Hills Cop]]''.

==Career==

===Theatre===
From 1940 to 1942, Elliott studied acting with [[Sanford Meisner]] at New York's [[Neighborhood Playhouse]].<ref name="LA Times obit">[http://articles.latimes.com/2005/may/24/local/me-elliott24 "Stephen Elliott, 86; Veteran Stage, Film and TV Actor Known for Role in 'Arthur'"]. ''The Los Angeles Times''. May 24, 2005.</ref> After serving in [[World War II]] with the [[United States Merchant Marine]], he started a successful career on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] with his debut in [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[The Tempest]]''; two years later, Elliott was selected by [[Robert Lewis (actor)|Robert Lewis]] to be one of [[Actors Studio|The Actors Studio]]'s founding members.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Also [in Lewis' class were] Henry Barnard, Jay Barney, John Becher, Philip Bourneuf, Joan Chandler, Peter Cookson, Stephen Elliott, Robert Emhardt, Joy Geffen, William Hansen, Will Hare, Jane Hoffman, George Keane, Don Keefer, George Matthews, Peggy Meredith, Ty Perry, Margaret Phillips, David Pressman, William Prince, Elliot Reid, Frances Reid, Kurt Richards, Elizabeth Ross, Thelma Schnee, Joshua Shelley, Fed Stewart, John Straub, Michael Strong, John Sylvester, Julie Warren, Mary Welch, Lois Wheeler and William Woodson.|first=David |last=Garfield|title=A Player's Place: The Story of The Actors Studio|url=https://archive.org/details/playersplacestor00garf|url-access=registration|year=1980|publisher=MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc.|location=New York|isbn=0-02-542650-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/playersplacestor00garf/page/52 52]|chapter=Birth of The Actors Studio: 1947-1950}}</ref>

In 1967, Elliott was nominated for the [[Tony Award]] for Best Featured Actor in a Play for ''[[Marat/Sade]]''. Two years later, he won the [[Drama Desk Award]] for ''A Whistle in the Dark''. Additional Broadway credits include ''[[King Lear (play)|King Lear]]'', ''[[The Miser]]'', ''[[Georgy (musical)|Georgy]]'', ''[[The Crucible]]'', and ''[[The Creation of the World and Other Business]]''.

===Television===
Elliott's television credits include the role of [[Jane Wyman]]'s first husband, newspaper publisher Douglas Channing, in ''[[Falcon Crest]]'', General Padget in ''[[Columbo]]'', Harold W. Smith in the 1988 television adaptation of ''[[Remo Williams: The Prophecy|Remo Williams]]'', [[Texas|Texan]] [[millionaire]] [[Lawyer|attorney]] Scotty Demarest in ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'', and Judge Harold Aldrich in ''[[Chicago Hope]]''. He also appeared in the "Murder! Murder!" episode of ''[[The Eddie Capra Mysteries]]''. In 1981 he had a small role as the newspaper magnate [[William Randolph Hearst]] in the TV serial ''Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years''. Highway To Heaven "Thoroughbreds" Episodes 1 and 2 with Helen Hunt and Micheal Landon 1985. He was a member of the regular cast of the short-lived 1988 [[situation comedy]] ''[[Trial and Error (TV series)|Trial and Error]]''.

===Radio===
In 1981, Elliott played the role of [[Bail Organa]], father of [[Princess Leia]], in the [[Star Wars (radio)|radio drama adaptation of ''Star Wars'']].

==Personal life==
Elliott was born Elliott Pershing Stitzel in New York City. His marriage to Barbara Blaise was terminated by divorce in February 1947, according to The Kingston Daily Freeman (Kingston, NY), 4 October 1947, page 3. He married stage actress Nancy Chase on 9 October 1947 (Billboard, 18 October 1947, p. 47) and divorced in 1960. They had two children, Jency and Jon.

He married his third wife, actress [[Alice Hirson]], in 1980; they met on Broadway in 1964. Hirson appeared for several seasons in a recurring role as Mavis Anderson, close friend of Ellie Ewing Farlow, on the television series ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'', although her character never interacted with Elliot’s Scotty Demerest.

Elliott died in 2005 in [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles|Woodland Hills]], [[California]] as result of congestive heart failure. He was survived Hirson, daughter Jency, son Jon and stepson, Christopher Hirson.

==Partial filmography==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Monodrama Theater]]'' ([[DuMont Television Network|DuMont]] TV series, 1953)
* ''[[Three Hours to Kill]]'' (1954) - Sheriff Ben East
* ''[[Canyon Crossroads]]'' (1955) - Larson
* ''[[The Proud and Profane]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Street of Sinners]]'' (1957) - Bit part
* ''[[The Hospital]]'' (1971) - Dr. Sundstrom
* ''[[Death Wish (1974 film)|Death Wish]]'' (1974) - Police Commissioner
* ''The Gun'' (1974) - Art Hilliard
* ''[[Report to the Commissioner]]'' (1975) - Police Commissioner
* ''[[The Hindenburg (1975 film)|The Hindenburg]]'' (1975) - Captain Fellows
* ''[[List of Columbo episodes#Season 4|Columbo: A Deadly State of Mind]]'' (1975, TV Series) - Carl Donner
* ''[[Young Joe, the Forgotten Kennedy]]'' (1977) - Joseph Kennedy Sr.
* ''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)|Hawaii Five-O]]'' (1978, Episode: "Deadly Courier") - Enslow
* ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'' (1980-1987, TV Series) - Attorney Scotty Demarest
* ''[[Cutter's Way]]'' (1981) - J. J. Cord
* ''[[Arthur (1981 film)|Arthur]]'' (1981) - Burt Johnson
* ''[[My Body, My Child]]'' (1982) - Edgar
* ''[[Prototype (TV film)|Prototype]]'' (1983, TV Movie) - Dr. Arthur Jarrett
* ''[[Benson (TV series)|Benson]] (1984) - Whitey Endicott
* ''[[Beverly Hills Cop]]'' (1984) - Chief Hubbard
* ''[[Roadhouse 66]]'' (1985) - Sam
* ''[[Murder, She Wrote (season 1)#Episode|Murder, She Wrote: Armed Response]]'' (1985) - Dr. Sam
* ''[[Assassination (1987 film)|Assassination]]'' (1987) - Fitzroy
* ''[[Perry Mason (TV film series)|Perry Mason Movie: The Case of the Lost Love]]'' (1987, TV Series) - Elliot Moore
* ''[[Walk Like a Man (1987 film)|Walk Like a Man]]'' (1987) - Walter Welmont
* ''Vultures'' (1987) - Theater Attendant
* ''[[Trial and Error (TV series)|Trial and Error]]'' (1988, TV series) - Edmund Kittie
* ''[[Arthur 2: On the Rocks]]'' (1988) - Burt Johnson
* ''[[Remo Williams: The Prophecy]]'' (1988) - Dr. Harold W. Smith
* ''[[When He's Not a Stranger]]'' (1989, TV Movie) - Attorney Foster
* ''[[Columbo (season 8)#Episodes|Columbo: Grand Deceptions]]'' (1989, TV Series) - General Padget
* ''[[Taking Care of Business (film)|Taking Care of Business]]'' (1990) - Walter
* ''[[The Big One: The Great Los Angeles Earthquake]]'' (1990, TV Movie) - Owen
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{IMDb name|0254634|Stephen Elliott}}
*[http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&keyword=name&first=Stephen&last=Elliott&middle= Stephen Elliott] at [[Internet Off-Broadway Database]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elliott, Stephen}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from New York City]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:United States Merchant Mariners of World War II]]

Stephen Elliott (actor)

2023-09-02T02:10:15Z

68.231.42.248: /* Personal life */

{{short description|American actor(1918–2005)}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Stephen Elliott
|image =Stephen Elliott.png
|caption=Stephen Elliott appearing in ''[[Columbo]]'', 1975
|image_size =
|birth_name = Elliott Pershing Stitzel
|birth_date = {{birth date|1918|11|27}}
|birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
|death_date = {{death date and age|2005|5|21|1918|11|27}}
|death_place = [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles|Woodland Hills]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
|other_names = Stephen Elliot Steve Elliott
|spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{Marriage|Nancy Chase|1947|1960|end=divorced}}
* {{Marriage|[[Alice Hirson]]|1980}}
}}
|occupation = Actor
|years_active = 1946–1999
|children = 2
}}
{{about|the American actor|others|Stephen Elliott (disambiguation)}}
'''Elliott Pershing Stitzel''' (November 27, 1918 – May 21, 2005), better known by his stage name '''Stephen Elliott''', was an American actor. His best known roles were that of the prospective father-in-law, Burt Johnson, in the hit 1981 film ''[[Arthur (1981 film)|Arthur]]'' and as Chief Hubbard in the 1984 blockbuster ''[[Beverly Hills Cop]]''.

==Career==

===Theatre===
From 1940 to 1942, Elliott studied acting with [[Sanford Meisner]] at New York's [[Neighborhood Playhouse]].<ref name="LA Times obit">[http://articles.latimes.com/2005/may/24/local/me-elliott24 "Stephen Elliott, 86; Veteran Stage, Film and TV Actor Known for Role in 'Arthur'"]. ''The Los Angeles Times''. May 24, 2005.</ref> After serving in [[World War II]] with the [[United States Merchant Marine]], he started a successful career on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] with his debut in [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[The Tempest]]''; two years later, Elliott was selected by [[Robert Lewis (actor)|Robert Lewis]] to be one of [[Actors Studio|The Actors Studio]]'s founding members.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Also [in Lewis' class were] Henry Barnard, Jay Barney, John Becher, Philip Bourneuf, Joan Chandler, Peter Cookson, Stephen Elliott, Robert Emhardt, Joy Geffen, William Hansen, Will Hare, Jane Hoffman, George Keane, Don Keefer, George Matthews, Peggy Meredith, Ty Perry, Margaret Phillips, David Pressman, William Prince, Elliot Reid, Frances Reid, Kurt Richards, Elizabeth Ross, Thelma Schnee, Joshua Shelley, Fed Stewart, John Straub, Michael Strong, John Sylvester, Julie Warren, Mary Welch, Lois Wheeler and William Woodson.|first=David |last=Garfield|title=A Player's Place: The Story of The Actors Studio|url=https://archive.org/details/playersplacestor00garf|url-access=registration|year=1980|publisher=MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc.|location=New York|isbn=0-02-542650-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/playersplacestor00garf/page/52 52]|chapter=Birth of The Actors Studio: 1947-1950}}</ref>

In 1967, Elliott was nominated for the [[Tony Award]] for Best Featured Actor in a Play for ''[[Marat/Sade]]''. Two years later, he won the [[Drama Desk Award]] for ''A Whistle in the Dark''. Additional Broadway credits include ''[[King Lear (play)|King Lear]]'', ''[[The Miser]]'', ''[[Georgy (musical)|Georgy]]'', ''[[The Crucible]]'', and ''[[The Creation of the World and Other Business]]''.

===Television===
Elliott's television credits include the role of [[Jane Wyman]]'s first husband, newspaper publisher Douglas Channing, in ''[[Falcon Crest]]'', General Padget in ''[[Columbo]]'', Harold W. Smith in the 1988 television adaptation of ''[[Remo Williams: The Prophecy|Remo Williams]]'', [[Texas|Texan]] [[millionaire]] [[Lawyer|attorney]] Scotty Demarest in ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'', and Judge Harold Aldrich in ''[[Chicago Hope]]''. He also appeared in the "Murder! Murder!" episode of ''[[The Eddie Capra Mysteries]]''. In 1981 he had a small role as the newspaper magnate [[William Randolph Hearst]] in the TV serial ''Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years''. Highway To Heaven "Thoroughbreds" Episodes 1 and 2 with Helen Hunt and Micheal Landon 1985. He was a member of the regular cast of the short-lived 1988 [[situation comedy]] ''[[Trial and Error (TV series)|Trial and Error]]''.

===Radio===
In 1981, Elliott played the role of [[Bail Organa]], father of [[Princess Leia]], in the [[Star Wars (radio)|radio drama adaptation of ''Star Wars'']].

==Personal life==
Elliott was born Elliott Pershing Stitzel in New York City. His marriage to Barbara Blaise was terminated by divorce in February 1947, according to The Kingston Daily Freeman (Kingston, NY), 4 October 1947, page 3. He married stage actress Nancy Chase on 9 October 1947 (Billboard, 18 October 1947, p. 47) and divorced in 1960. They had two children, Jency and Jon.

He married his third wife, actress [[Alice Hirson]], in 1980; they met on Broadway in 1964. Hirson appeared for several seasons in a recurring role as Mavis Anderson, close friend of Ellie Ewing Farlow, on the television series ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'', although her character never interacted with Elliot’s Scotty Demerest.

Elliott died in 2005 in [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles|Woodland Hills]], [[California]] as result of congestive heart failure.

==Partial filmography==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Monodrama Theater]]'' ([[DuMont Television Network|DuMont]] TV series, 1953)
* ''[[Three Hours to Kill]]'' (1954) - Sheriff Ben East
* ''[[Canyon Crossroads]]'' (1955) - Larson
* ''[[The Proud and Profane]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Street of Sinners]]'' (1957) - Bit part
* ''[[The Hospital]]'' (1971) - Dr. Sundstrom
* ''[[Death Wish (1974 film)|Death Wish]]'' (1974) - Police Commissioner
* ''The Gun'' (1974) - Art Hilliard
* ''[[Report to the Commissioner]]'' (1975) - Police Commissioner
* ''[[The Hindenburg (1975 film)|The Hindenburg]]'' (1975) - Captain Fellows
* ''[[List of Columbo episodes#Season 4|Columbo: A Deadly State of Mind]]'' (1975, TV Series) - Carl Donner
* ''[[Young Joe, the Forgotten Kennedy]]'' (1977) - Joseph Kennedy Sr.
* ''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)|Hawaii Five-O]]'' (1978, Episode: "Deadly Courier") - Enslow
* ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'' (1980-1987, TV Series) - Attorney Scotty Demarest
* ''[[Cutter's Way]]'' (1981) - J. J. Cord
* ''[[Arthur (1981 film)|Arthur]]'' (1981) - Burt Johnson
* ''[[My Body, My Child]]'' (1982) - Edgar
* ''[[Prototype (TV film)|Prototype]]'' (1983, TV Movie) - Dr. Arthur Jarrett
* ''[[Benson (TV series)|Benson]] (1984) - Whitey Endicott
* ''[[Beverly Hills Cop]]'' (1984) - Chief Hubbard
* ''[[Roadhouse 66]]'' (1985) - Sam
* ''[[Murder, She Wrote (season 1)#Episode|Murder, She Wrote: Armed Response]]'' (1985) - Dr. Sam
* ''[[Assassination (1987 film)|Assassination]]'' (1987) - Fitzroy
* ''[[Perry Mason (TV film series)|Perry Mason Movie: The Case of the Lost Love]]'' (1987, TV Series) - Elliot Moore
* ''[[Walk Like a Man (1987 film)|Walk Like a Man]]'' (1987) - Walter Welmont
* ''Vultures'' (1987) - Theater Attendant
* ''[[Trial and Error (TV series)|Trial and Error]]'' (1988, TV series) - Edmund Kittie
* ''[[Arthur 2: On the Rocks]]'' (1988) - Burt Johnson
* ''[[Remo Williams: The Prophecy]]'' (1988) - Dr. Harold W. Smith
* ''[[When He's Not a Stranger]]'' (1989, TV Movie) - Attorney Foster
* ''[[Columbo (season 8)#Episodes|Columbo: Grand Deceptions]]'' (1989, TV Series) - General Padget
* ''[[Taking Care of Business (film)|Taking Care of Business]]'' (1990) - Walter
* ''[[The Big One: The Great Los Angeles Earthquake]]'' (1990, TV Movie) - Owen
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{IMDb name|0254634|Stephen Elliott}}
*[http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&keyword=name&first=Stephen&last=Elliott&middle= Stephen Elliott] at [[Internet Off-Broadway Database]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elliott, Stephen}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from New York City]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:United States Merchant Mariners of World War II]]

Stephen Elliott (actor)

2023-09-02T01:56:50Z

68.231.42.248: /* Television */

{{short description|American actor(1918–2005)}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Stephen Elliott
|image =Stephen Elliott.png
|caption=Stephen Elliott appearing in ''[[Columbo]]'', 1975
|image_size =
|birth_name = Elliott Pershing Stitzel
|birth_date = {{birth date|1918|11|27}}
|birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
|death_date = {{death date and age|2005|5|21|1918|11|27}}
|death_place = [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles|Woodland Hills]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
|other_names = Stephen Elliot Steve Elliott
|spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{Marriage|Nancy Chase|1947|1960|end=divorced}}
* {{Marriage|[[Alice Hirson]]|1980}}
}}
|occupation = Actor
|years_active = 1946–1999
|children = 2
}}
{{about|the American actor|others|Stephen Elliott (disambiguation)}}
'''Elliott Pershing Stitzel''' (November 27, 1918 – May 21, 2005), better known by his stage name '''Stephen Elliott''', was an American actor. His best known roles were that of the prospective father-in-law, Burt Johnson, in the hit 1981 film ''[[Arthur (1981 film)|Arthur]]'' and as Chief Hubbard in the 1984 blockbuster ''[[Beverly Hills Cop]]''.

==Career==

===Theatre===
From 1940 to 1942, Elliott studied acting with [[Sanford Meisner]] at New York's [[Neighborhood Playhouse]].<ref name="LA Times obit">[http://articles.latimes.com/2005/may/24/local/me-elliott24 "Stephen Elliott, 86; Veteran Stage, Film and TV Actor Known for Role in 'Arthur'"]. ''The Los Angeles Times''. May 24, 2005.</ref> After serving in [[World War II]] with the [[United States Merchant Marine]], he started a successful career on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] with his debut in [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[The Tempest]]''; two years later, Elliott was selected by [[Robert Lewis (actor)|Robert Lewis]] to be one of [[Actors Studio|The Actors Studio]]'s founding members.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Also [in Lewis' class were] Henry Barnard, Jay Barney, John Becher, Philip Bourneuf, Joan Chandler, Peter Cookson, Stephen Elliott, Robert Emhardt, Joy Geffen, William Hansen, Will Hare, Jane Hoffman, George Keane, Don Keefer, George Matthews, Peggy Meredith, Ty Perry, Margaret Phillips, David Pressman, William Prince, Elliot Reid, Frances Reid, Kurt Richards, Elizabeth Ross, Thelma Schnee, Joshua Shelley, Fed Stewart, John Straub, Michael Strong, John Sylvester, Julie Warren, Mary Welch, Lois Wheeler and William Woodson.|first=David |last=Garfield|title=A Player's Place: The Story of The Actors Studio|url=https://archive.org/details/playersplacestor00garf|url-access=registration|year=1980|publisher=MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc.|location=New York|isbn=0-02-542650-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/playersplacestor00garf/page/52 52]|chapter=Birth of The Actors Studio: 1947-1950}}</ref>

In 1967, Elliott was nominated for the [[Tony Award]] for Best Featured Actor in a Play for ''[[Marat/Sade]]''. Two years later, he won the [[Drama Desk Award]] for ''A Whistle in the Dark''. Additional Broadway credits include ''[[King Lear (play)|King Lear]]'', ''[[The Miser]]'', ''[[Georgy (musical)|Georgy]]'', ''[[The Crucible]]'', and ''[[The Creation of the World and Other Business]]''.

===Television===
Elliott's television credits include the role of [[Jane Wyman]]'s first husband, newspaper publisher Douglas Channing, in ''[[Falcon Crest]]'', General Padget in ''[[Columbo]]'', Harold W. Smith in the 1988 television adaptation of ''[[Remo Williams: The Prophecy|Remo Williams]]'', [[Texas|Texan]] [[millionaire]] [[Lawyer|attorney]] Scotty Demarest in ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'', and Judge Harold Aldrich in ''[[Chicago Hope]]''. He also appeared in the "Murder! Murder!" episode of ''[[The Eddie Capra Mysteries]]''. In 1981 he had a small role as the newspaper magnate [[William Randolph Hearst]] in the TV serial ''Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years''. Highway To Heaven "Thoroughbreds" Episodes 1 and 2 with Helen Hunt and Micheal Landon 1985. He was a member of the regular cast of the short-lived 1988 [[situation comedy]] ''[[Trial and Error (TV series)|Trial and Error]]''.

===Radio===
In 1981, Elliott played the role of [[Bail Organa]], father of [[Princess Leia]], in the [[Star Wars (radio)|radio drama adaptation of ''Star Wars'']].

==Personal life==
Elliott was born Elliott Pershing Stitzel in New York City. His marriage to Barbara Blaise was terminated by divorce in February 1947, according to The Kingston Daily Freeman (Kingston, NY), 4 October 1947, page 3. He married stage actress Nancy Chase on 9 October 1947 (Billboard, 18 October 1947, p. 47) and divorced in 1960. They had two children, Jency and Jon.

He married his third wife, actress [[Alice Hirson]], whom he met on Broadway in 1964; they were not married until 1980. He died in 2005 in [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles|Woodland Hills]], [[California]] as result of congestive heart failure. Both Elliott and Hirson appeared in recurring roles on the television series ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]''.

==Partial filmography==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Monodrama Theater]]'' ([[DuMont Television Network|DuMont]] TV series, 1953)
* ''[[Three Hours to Kill]]'' (1954) - Sheriff Ben East
* ''[[Canyon Crossroads]]'' (1955) - Larson
* ''[[The Proud and Profane]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Street of Sinners]]'' (1957) - Bit part
* ''[[The Hospital]]'' (1971) - Dr. Sundstrom
* ''[[Death Wish (1974 film)|Death Wish]]'' (1974) - Police Commissioner
* ''The Gun'' (1974) - Art Hilliard
* ''[[Report to the Commissioner]]'' (1975) - Police Commissioner
* ''[[The Hindenburg (1975 film)|The Hindenburg]]'' (1975) - Captain Fellows
* ''[[List of Columbo episodes#Season 4|Columbo: A Deadly State of Mind]]'' (1975, TV Series) - Carl Donner
* ''[[Young Joe, the Forgotten Kennedy]]'' (1977) - Joseph Kennedy Sr.
* ''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)|Hawaii Five-O]]'' (1978, Episode: "Deadly Courier") - Enslow
* ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]'' (1980-1987, TV Series) - Attorney Scotty Demarest
* ''[[Cutter's Way]]'' (1981) - J. J. Cord
* ''[[Arthur (1981 film)|Arthur]]'' (1981) - Burt Johnson
* ''[[My Body, My Child]]'' (1982) - Edgar
* ''[[Prototype (TV film)|Prototype]]'' (1983, TV Movie) - Dr. Arthur Jarrett
* ''[[Benson (TV series)|Benson]] (1984) - Whitey Endicott
* ''[[Beverly Hills Cop]]'' (1984) - Chief Hubbard
* ''[[Roadhouse 66]]'' (1985) - Sam
* ''[[Murder, She Wrote (season 1)#Episode|Murder, She Wrote: Armed Response]]'' (1985) - Dr. Sam
* ''[[Assassination (1987 film)|Assassination]]'' (1987) - Fitzroy
* ''[[Perry Mason (TV film series)|Perry Mason Movie: The Case of the Lost Love]]'' (1987, TV Series) - Elliot Moore
* ''[[Walk Like a Man (1987 film)|Walk Like a Man]]'' (1987) - Walter Welmont
* ''Vultures'' (1987) - Theater Attendant
* ''[[Trial and Error (TV series)|Trial and Error]]'' (1988, TV series) - Edmund Kittie
* ''[[Arthur 2: On the Rocks]]'' (1988) - Burt Johnson
* ''[[Remo Williams: The Prophecy]]'' (1988) - Dr. Harold W. Smith
* ''[[When He's Not a Stranger]]'' (1989, TV Movie) - Attorney Foster
* ''[[Columbo (season 8)#Episodes|Columbo: Grand Deceptions]]'' (1989, TV Series) - General Padget
* ''[[Taking Care of Business (film)|Taking Care of Business]]'' (1990) - Walter
* ''[[The Big One: The Great Los Angeles Earthquake]]'' (1990, TV Movie) - Owen
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{IMDb name|0254634|Stephen Elliott}}
*[http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&keyword=name&first=Stephen&last=Elliott&middle= Stephen Elliott] at [[Internet Off-Broadway Database]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elliott, Stephen}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from New York City]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:United States Merchant Mariners of World War II]]

Marjorie Lord

2023-07-09T04:52:19Z

68.231.42.248: /* Personal life */

{{short description|American actress (1918–2015)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| image = The Middleton Family at the New York World's Fair - Marjorie Lord.jpg
| caption = Lord in ''[[The Middleton Family at the New York World's Fair]]''
| name = Marjorie Lord
| birthname = Marjorie Wollenberg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1918|7|26}}
| birth_place = [[San Francisco, California]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|11|28|1918|7|26}}
| death_place = [[Beverly Hills, California]], U.S.
| death_cause =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1935–2008
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[John Archer (actor)|John Archer]]|1941|1955|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Randolph Hale|1958|1974|end=died}}
* {{marriage|[[Harry Volk]]|1976|2000|end=died}}
}}
| children = 2, including [[Anne Archer]]
| relatives = [[Tommy Davis (Scientology)|Tommy Davis]] (grandson)
| occupation = Actress
| homepage =
}}

'''Marjorie Lord''' (née '''Wollenberg'''; July 26, 1918 – November 28, 2015) was an American television and film actress. She played Kathy "Clancy" O'Hara Williams, opposite [[Danny Thomas]]'s character on ''[[The Danny Thomas Show]]'' (''Make Room for Daddy)''.

==Early years==
Lord was born in [[San Francisco, California]], the daughter of Lillian Rosalie (née Edgar) and George Charles Wollenberg.<ref>(via: Google Books){{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58BkAAAAMAAJ&q=LILLIAN+EDGAR+WOLLENBERG|title=Who's who in Entertainment, Volume 1|year=1989|isbn=9780837918501|access-date=December 12, 2015}}</ref> During her early childhood, she was a ballet dancer.<ref name="LATimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-1212-marjorie-lord-20151212-story.html|title=Marjorie Lord dies at 97; actress, L.A. philanthropi|first=Jill|last=Leovy|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 11, 2015|access-date=December 12, 2015}}</ref> Her father was a cosmetics executive.<ref name="THR"/> Her paternal grandparents were German,{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} as were two of her maternal great-grandparents. Her family moved to New York City when she was 15.

==Career==

===Stage===
In 1935, at the age of 16, Lord made her [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut in ''[[The Old Maid (play)|The Old Maid]]'' with [[Judith Anderson]]. Her other Broadway appearances came in ''Signature'' (1945), ''Little Brown Jug'' (1946), and ''The Girl in the Freudian Slip'' (1967).<ref name="Stage">{{cite web|title=Marjorie Lord|url=http://www.playbillvault.com/Person/Detail/65402/Marjorie-Lord|website=Playbill Vault|access-date=September 26, 2015}}</ref>

Although most of Lord's success came in television, she said in 1963: "I am primarily a stage actress. That's what I was trained to do and that's my first love."<ref>{{cite news|title=No More Wife Roles For Marjorie Lord|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3296334/standardspeaker/|work=Standard-Speaker|date=November 19, 1963|page=19|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=September 25, 2015}} {{Open access}}</ref>

In the 1970s, Lord was active in dinner theater productions, spending 34 weeks in such presentations in 1973 alone.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mikal|first1=Deron|title=Marjorie Lord And Mark Miller Delight Country Dinner Playhouse Audiences|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3297285/the_times_recorder/|work=The Times Recorder|date=June 16, 1974|page=8|via = [[Newspapers.com]]|access-date=September 25, 2015}} {{Open access}}</ref>

===Film===
One film reference book summarized Lord's movie career by saying, "For two decades, she played leading roles in mostly routine films ..."<ref name=whoswho>Aylesworth, Thomas G. and Bowman, John S. (1987). ''The World Almanac Who's Who of Film''. World Almanac. {{ISBN|0-88687-308-8}}. P. 268.</ref>

Lord was signed by [[RKO Radio Pictures]] in 1935. While appearing in ''Springtime for Henry'' with [[Edward Everett Horton]], director [[Henry Koster]] approached her and signed her to a contract with [[Universal Studios]]. She appeared in six feature films and a [[film serial]] ''[[The Adventures of Smilin' Jack (serial)|The Adventures of Smilin' Jack]]'' for Universal. Her film work includes a number of wartime pictures, including the 1943 mystery ''[[Sherlock Holmes in Washington]]'', starring [[Basil Rathbone]] in the title role. She also appeared in the Western films ''[[Masked Raiders]]'', ''[[Mexican Manhunt]]'', and ''[[Down Laredo Way]]''. In 1966, she played Mrs. Martha Meade, the wife of [[Bob Hope]]'s character, in the screwball comedy ''[[Boy, Did I Get a Wrong Number!]]''.

[[File:Danny Thomas Marjorie Lord 1957.JPG|thumb|Marjorie Lord with Danny Thomas, 1957]]

===Television===
Lord appeared in a 1950 episode of ''[[The Lone Ranger (TV series)|The Lone Ranger]]'' titled "Bullets for Ballots", also featuring [[Craig Stevens (actor)|Craig Stevens]], and a 1955 episode entitled "The Law Lady". She appeared on the 1951 episode "The Return of Trigger Dawson" of [[Bill Williams (actor)|Bill Williams]]'s [[Television syndication|syndicated]] [[Western (genre)|western]] television series ''[[The Adventures of Kit Carson]]'' and the 1954 production of "Shadow of Truth" on ''[[Ford Theatre]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vernon|first1=Terry|title=Tele-Vues|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3297219/long_beach_independent/|work=Long Beach Independent|date=October 14, 1954|page=31|via = [[Newspapers.com]]|access-date = September 25, 2015}} {{Open access}}</ref>

In 1956, while she was appearing in ''Anniversary Waltz'', Lord caught the attention of [[Danny Thomas]], who asked her to replace [[Jean Hagen]] as his television wife on ''Make Room for Daddy''. Hagen had played Thomas' wife since the series' inception, but she was written out of the script in 1956. Lord accepted the role and joined the cast of the show, now called ''The Danny Thomas Show''. She played the role until the show was cancelled in 1964. In 1970, Lord and Thomas, along with several other original supporting actors, returned to television with ''[[Make Room for Granddaddy]]''. The show lasted just one season.

===Later years===
Lord remained active beyond her 90th birthday. On May 8, 2008, she participated in a "Salute to Television Moms" panel discussion organized by the [[Academy of Television Arts and Sciences]].{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

==Recognition==
Lord has a star in the television section of the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]], at 6317 Hollywood Boulevard. The star was dedicated on February 8, 1960.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marjorie Lord profile|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/marjorie-lord|website=Hollywood Walk of Fame|access-date=September 26, 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Lord was married three times. She wed actor [[John Archer (actor)|John Archer]] on December 30, 1941,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Marriages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwwEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Marjorie+Lord%22&pg=PT28|access-date=26 September 2015|magazine=Billboard|date=January 17, 1942|page=29}}</ref> and they had two children, including actress [[Anne Archer]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/nyregion/marjorie-lord-actress-on-emmy-winning-sitcom-dies-at-97.html |title=Marjorie Lord, Actress on 'The Danny Thomas Show,' Dies at 97 |first=Daniel E.|last=Slotnik |work=[[New York Times]]|date=2015-12-12 |access-date=2020-03-16 |url-access=registration}}</ref> They were married from 1941 until their divorce in 1955. Her second husband was producer Randolph Hale,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lowry|first1=Cynthia|title=Professional Bigamy|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3296243/the_corpus_christi_callertimes|work=The Corpus Christi Caller-Times|date=November 17, 1963|page=69|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|access-date=September 25, 2015}} {{Open access}}</ref> to whom she was married from 1958 until his death in 1974. Her third husband was [[Harry Volk]], the former CEO of [[Union Bank of California|Union Bank]] and a Los Angeles philanthropist, to whom she was married from 1976 until his death in 2000.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/18/business/harry-j-volk-94-a-bank-executive-known-for-innovations.html |title=Harry J. Volk, 94, a Bank Executive Known for Innovations |first=Claudia|last=Deutsch|work=[[New York Times]]|date=18 May 2000 |access-date=2020-08-20 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Her memoir is entitled ''A Dance and a Hug''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marjorielord.com/autobiography.htm|title=A Dance and a Hug|access-date=December 21, 2015|work=marjorielord.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125705/http://www.marjorielord.com/autobiography.htm|archive-date=March 4, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Lord is grandmother of [[Tommy Davis (Scientology)|Tommy Davis]], son of her daughter Anne, both of whom are noted members of the cult [[Church of Scientology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tonyortega.org/2016/09/26/scientologys-20-biggest-celebrities-in-order-of-those-most-like-to-defect/ |title=SCIENTOLOGY'S TOP 20 CELEBRITIES — in order of those most likely to defect |date=September 26, 2016 |publisher=The Underground Bunker |access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref>

===Death===
Lord died on November 28, 2015, aged 97, at her home in [[Beverly Hills, California]] of natural causes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/scene/news/marjorie-lord-dead-97-actress-make-room-for-daddy-1201659840|title=Marjorie Lord, 'Danny Thomas Show' Star and L.A. Philanthropist, Dies at 97|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=December 11, 2015|access-date=December 12, 2015}}</ref> She is survived by her daughter Anne Archer,<ref name="THR">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/marjorie-lord-dead-danny-thomas-783371|title=Marjorie Lord, Sitcom Wife of Danny Thomas, Dies at 97|author=Mike Barnes|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 11, 2015|access-date=December 12, 2015}}</ref> her son, Gregg Archer, grandchildren [[Tommy Davis (Scientology)|Tommy Davis]], Jeffrey Jastrow, Tracey McCarter, Adelle Archer, and Nathan Archer, and three great-grandchildren.<ref name="LATimes"/> Upon her death, she was [[cremated]] and her ashes given to her son, Gregg Archer.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&q=Marjorie+Lord&pg=PA306 |title = Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed|isbn = 9781476625997|last1 = Wilson|first1 = Scott|date = August 19, 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1937
| ''[[High Flyers (film)|High Flyers]]''
| Arlene Arlington
| [[musical film|Musical comedy film]] [[film director|directed]] by [[Edward F. Cline]]
|
|-
| ''[[On Again-Off Again]]''
| Florence Cole
| Musical comedy film directed by [[Edward F. Cline]]
|
|-
| ''[[Forty Naughty Girls]]''
| June Preston
| American comedy directed by [[Edward F. Cline]]
|
|-
| ''[[Hideaway (1937 film)|Hideaway]]''
| Joan Peterson
| Comedy film directed by [[Richard Rosson]]
|
|-
| ''Border Café''
| Janet Barry
| Western film directed by [[Lew Landers]]
|
|-
| 1939
| ''[[The Middleton Family at the New York World's Fair]]''
| Babs
| Directed by Robert R. Snody
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1942
| ''[[Escape from Hong Kong]]''
| Valerie Hale and Fraulein K
| American comedy film directed by [[William Nigh]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Escape From Hong Kong|url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=27213|website=AFI Catalog of Feature Films|publisher=AFI|access-date=December 16, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Moonlight in Havana]]''
| Patsy Clark
| American [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Anthony Mann]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1943
| ''[[Johnny Come Lately]]''
| Jane
| Drama film directed by [[William K. Howard]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sherlock Holmes in Washington]]''
| Nancy Partridge
| {{Plain list |
* The fifth film in the [[Sherlock Holmes (1939 film series)|Basil Rathbone/Nigel Bruce]] series of [[Sherlock Holmes]] films.
* Directed by [[Roy William Neill]]
}}
|
|-
| ''[[Shantytown (film)|Shantytown]]''
| Virginia Allen
| Crime film directed by [[Joseph Santley]]
|
|-
| ''[[Hi, Buddy]]''
| Mary Parker
|
|
|-
| ''[[The Adventures of Smilin' Jack (serial)|The Adventures of Smilin' Jack]]''
| Janet Thompson
| Serial based on comic strip directed by [[Lewis D. Collins]] and [[Ray Taylor (director)|Ray Taylor]]
|
|-
| 1947
| ''[[New Orleans (1947 film)|New Orleans]]''
| Grace Volcella
| Musical romance film directed by [[Arthur Lubin]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1948
| ''The Strange Mrs. Crane''
| Gina Crane, alias of Jennie Hadley
| Crime film-noir film directed by [[Sam Newfield]]
|
|-
| ''[[The Argyle Secrets]]''
| Marta
| Mystery romance directed by [[Cy Endfield]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1949
| ''[[Masked Raiders]]''
| Gale Trevett aka Diablo Kid
| Western directed by [[Lesley Selander]]
|
|-
| ''Air Hostess''
| Jennifer White
| Action drama directed by [[Lew Landers]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1950
| ''[[Chain Gang (1950 film)|Chain Gang]]''
| Rita McKelvey
| American [[drama (genre)|drama film]] directed by [[Lew Landers]] and [[screenplay|written]] by Howard J. Green.
| <ref>{{cite book|title=American Cinematographer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGo7AAAAMAAJ|year=1949|publisher=ASC Holding Corporation}}</ref><ref name="Bowker1989">{{cite book|author=Bowker|title=Variety's Film Reviews: 1949–1953|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2lZAAAAMAAJ|date=May 1, 1989|publisher=Bowker|isbn=978-0-8352-2786-5}}</ref><ref name="Parish1991">{{cite book|author=James Robert Parish|title=Prison Pictures from Hollywood: Plots, Critiques, Casts and Credits for 293 Theatrical and Made-For-Television Releases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3c8dAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-89950-563-3}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Lost Volcano''
| Ruth Gordon
| Adventure film directed by [[Ford Beebe]]
|
|-
| ''[[Riding High (1950 film)|Riding High]]''
| Mary Winslow
| Musical film directed by [[Frank Capra]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1951
| ''[[Stop That Cab]]''
| Mary Thomas
| Comedy, crime film directed by [[Eugenio de Liguoro]]
|
|-
| ''[[Venture of Faith]]''
|
| Drama directed by [[Frank R. Strayer]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1953
| ''[[Mexican Manhunt]]''
| Sheila Barton
| American [[crime film]] directed by Rex Bailey
|
|-
| ''[[Down Laredo Way]]''
| Valerie
| American [[western film]] directed by [[William Witney]]
|
|-
| 1954
| ''Port of Hell''
| Kay Walker
| Drama directed by [[Harold D. Schuster]]
|
|-
| 1966
| ''[[Boy, Did I Get a Wrong Number!]]''
| Mrs. Martha Meade
| American [[comedy film]] directed by [[George Marshall (director)|George Marshall]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=MOVIE CALL SHEET: Train Wreck Derails Film|author=Martin, Betty|date=Aug 11, 1965|work=Los Angeles Times|page=d12}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| 1949
| ''[[Your Show Time]]''
|
| Episode: "The Real Thing" (S 1:Ep 8)
|
|-
| 1950
| ''[[The Lone Ranger (TV series)|The Lone Ranger]]''
| Kitty McQueen
| Episode: "Bullets for Ballots" (S 1:Ep 35)
|
|-
| 1951
| ''[[Hollywood Opening Night]]''
|
| Episode: "Hand on My Shoulder" (S 1:Ep 9)
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1952
| rowspan="2" |''[[Fireside Theatre]]''
| Sue Brown
| Episode: "Brown of Calaveras" (S 4:Ep 33)
|
|-
| Gwen
| Episode: "Mirage" (S 4:Ep 41)
|
|-
| ''[[China Smith]]''
| Ruth Cotton
| Episode: "Devil-In-The-Godown" (S 1:Ep 6)
|
|-
| ''Fireside Theatre''
| Catherine
| Episode: "Visit from a Stranger" (S 5:Ep 5)
|
|-
| ''[[Ford Theatre|Ford Theatre: All Star Theatre]]''
|
| Episode: "Edge of the Law" (S 1:Ep 6)
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1953
| ''Fireside Theatre''
|
| Episode: "The Return" (S 5: 19)
|
|-
| ''[[Schlitz Playhouse of Stars]]''
|
| Episodew: "The Devil's Other Name" (S 2:Ep 25)
|
|-
| ''Ford Theatre: All Star Theatre''
|
| Episode: "The Jewel" (S 1:Ep 35)
|
|-
| ''[[Hallmark Hall of Fame]]''
| Sarah McCoy
| Episode: "[[List of Hallmark Hall of Fame episodes#Season 3 (1953–1954)|McCoy of Abilene]]" (S 3:Ep 4)
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Ramar of the Jungle]]''
| rowspan="2" | Lylia Webley
| Episode: "Call to Danger" (S 2:Ep 6)
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1954
| Episode: "Blind Peril" (S 2:Ep 12)
|
|-
| ''[[Four Star Playhouse]]''
| Bessie
| Episode: "Operation In Money" (S 2:Ep 25)
|
|-
| ''[[General Electric Theater]]''
| Millie
| Episode: "That Other Sunlight" (S 2:Ep 17)
|
|-
| ''Schlitz Playhouse of Stars''
|
| Episode: "Her Kind of Honor" (S 3:Ep 29)
|
|-
| ''[[Hopalong Cassidy#Television and radio|Hopalong Cassidy]]''
| Adele Keller
| Episode: "Tricky Fingers" (S 2:Ep 26)
|
|-
| ''Fireside Theatre''
|
| Episode: "Trial Period" (S 6:Ep 35)
|
|-
| ''[[Cavalcade of America]]''
| Mrs. Field
| Episode: "The Great Gamble" (S 3:Ep 2)
|
|-
| ''[[Lone Wolf (character)#TV|The Lone Wolf]]''
| Lori Race
| Episode: "The Malibu Story (a.k.a. Malibu-Laguna)" (S 1:Ep 9)
|
|-
| ''Ford Theatre: All Star Theatre''
| Liz
| Episode: "Shadow of Truth" (S 3:Ep 3)
|
|-
| ''[[Climax!]]''
|
| Episode: "Epitaph For a Spy" (S 1:Ep 8)
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1955
| rowspan="2" | ''Cavalcade of America''
| Lee Powell Coleman
| Episode: "Take Off Zero" (S 3:Ep 14)
|
|-
|
| Episode: "Decision For Justice" (S 3:Ep 15)
|
|-
| ''The Lone Ranger''
| Clare Lee
| Episode: "The Law Lady" (S 4:Ep 25)
|
|-
| ''[[The Star and the Story|Henry Fonda Presents the Star and the Story]]''
| Joan
| Episode: "Newspaper Man" (S 1:Ep 19)
|
|-
| ''[[Letter to Loretta|Loretta Young Show]]''
| Miss Cook
| Episode: "A Shadow Between" (S 3:Ep 16)
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1956
| ''[[TV Reader's Digest]]''
|
| Epispde: "Lost, Strayed, and Lonely" (S 2:Ep 21)
|
|-
| ''[[Wire Service]]''
| Phyllis Holley
| Episode: "Hideout" (S 1:Ep 3)
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1957
| ''[[Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre|Zane Grey Theater]]''
| Amy Marr
| {{Plain list |
* Episode: "Decision At Wilson's Creek" (S 1:Ep 28)
* [[Rerun]] as ''[[Frontier Justice (TV series)|Frontier Justice]]'' (S 1:Ep 6) in 1958 with the same episode title
}}
|
|-
| ''[[Wagon Train]]''
| Mary Palmer
| Episode: "The Willy Moran Story ([[television pilot|Pilot]])" (S 1:Ep 1)
|
|-
| 1957–64
| ''[[The Danny Thomas Show]]''
| Kathy 'Clancey' O'Hara Williams
| Main cast
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1958
| ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]''
| Kathy Williams
| Episode: "September 21, 1958: CBS's Stars of the 1958–59 TV season" (S 11:Ep 2)
|
|-
| ''[[Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse]]''
| Kathy Williams
| {{Plain list |
* Episode: "Lucy Makes Room for Danny" (S 1:Ep 9)
* Also listed under ''[[The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour]]'' with the same episode title (S 2:Ep 2)
}}
|
|-
| 1961
| ''[[The Joey Bishop Show (sitcom)|The Joey Bishop Show]]''
| Kathy Williams
| {{Plain list |
* Episode: "This Is Your Life" (S 1:Ep 4)
* A [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] of ''[[Make Room for Daddy|The Danny Thomas Show]]''
}}
|
|-
| 1967
| ''[[The Danny Thomas Hour]]''
| Kathy Williams
| Episode: "Make More Room for Daddy" (S 1:Ep 9)
|
|-
| 1969
| ''[[Love, American Style]]''
|
| Episode: "Love and the Single Couple" (S 1:Ep 13)
|
|-
| 1970–71
| ''[[The Danny Thomas Show#Sequel|Make Room for Granddaddy]]''
| Kathy Williams
| {{Plain list |
* Main cast
* [[Sequel]] to ''[[The Danny Thomas Show|Make Room for Daddy]]'' (1953–1956)
* ''Make Room for Daddy'' changed its name to ''[[The Danny Thomas Show]]'' (1956–1964)
}}
|
|-
| 1975
| ''The Missing Are Deadly''
| Mrs. Robertson
| Television movie [[film director|directed]] by [[Don McDougall (director)|Don McDougall]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1978
| ''[[Fantasy Island#Original series|Fantasy Island]]''
| Beth Shane
| Episode: "Family Reunion / Voodoo" (S 1:Ep 4)
|
|-
| ''[[The Pirate (1978 film)|The Pirate]]''
| Mrs. Mason
| {{Plain list |
* [[television film|Made-for-television film]] [[film director|directed]] by [[Ken Annakin]]
* Based on the [[The Pirate (novel)|novel with the same name]] written by [[Harold Robbins]]
}}
| <ref>(via Google news) {{cite news|last=Howard Pearson|title=Franco Nero In Pirate Mini-series|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gSVVAAAAIBAJ&pg=5236,5620322&dq=the-pirate+franco-nero&hl=en|access-date=December 16, 2015|newspaper=Deseret News|date=September 21, 1978}}</ref><ref>{via pqarchiver} {{cite news|title=Confessions of a Blue-Eyed Arab|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/657701442.html?dids=657701442:657701442&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+10%2C+1978&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Confessions+of+a+Blue-Eyed+Arab&pqatl=google|access-date=December 16, 2015|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=August 10, 1978}}</ref>
|-
| 1980
| ''[[The Love Boat]]''
| Martha Rogers
| Episode: "April's Love/Happy Ending/We Three" (S 3:Ep 17)
|
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Sweet Surrender (TV series)|Sweet Surrender]]''
| Joyce Holden
| {{Plain list |
* Main cast
* Short-lived American [[sitcom]]
}}
|
|-
| 1988
| ''Side by Side''
| Mrs. Hammerstein
| Television movie [[film director|directed]] by [[Jack Bender]]
|
|-
|}

===Stage===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Theatre
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| 1935
| ''[[The Old Maid (play)|The Old Maid]]''
| Tina
| rowspan="4" | [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]
| Replacement performer
| <ref name="Stage"/>
|-
| 1945
| ''Signature''
| Nora Davisson
| rowspan="3" | Original performer
| <ref name="Stage"/>
|-
| 1946
| ''Little Brown Jug''
| Carol Barlow
| <ref name="Stage"/>

|-
| 1967
| ''The Girl in the Freudian Slip''
| Paula Maugham
| <ref name="Stage"/>
|-
|}

==Bibliography==
*[https://www.amazon.com/A-Dance-Hug-Marjorie-Lord/dp/0975910302 ''A Dance and a Hug'', by Marjorie Lord (2004)]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Portal|Biography|California|Film|Television}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Marjorie Lord}}
* {{Official}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{AllMovie name}}
* {{TCMDb name|116277}}
* {{IBDB name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord, Marjorie}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:Actresses from San Francisco]]
[[Category:Actresses from New York City]]
[[Category:American women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

Gina Lollobrigida

2023-07-08T23:49:42Z

68.231.42.248: /* Television */

{{short description|Italian actress (1927–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gina Lollobrigida
| honorific_suffix = [[OMRI]]
| image = Gina Lollobrigida 1980 (Cropped).jpg
| caption = Lollobrigida in 1980
| birth_name = Luigia Lollobrigida
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1927|07|4}}
| birth_place = [[Subiaco, Lazio|Subiaco]], [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2023|1|16|1927|07|4}}
| death_place = [[Rome]], Italy
| resting_place = [[Subiaco, Lazio|Subiaco]], Italy
| years_active = 1946–1997
| spouse = {{marriage|Milko Škofič|1949|1971|reason=divorced}}
| partner = Javier Rigau y Rafols (1984–2006)<ref name="Kington">Tom Kington. [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lollobrigida-loses-court-case-against-toyboy-lover-swtwpsvt7 "Lollobrigida loses court case against toyboy lover."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203015026/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lollobrigida-loses-court-case-against-toyboy-lover-swtwpsvt7 |date=3 February 2023 }} ''The Times''. 25 March 2107. Retrieved 1 February 2023.</ref><ref name="Pirro">Deirdre Pirro. ''Italian Sketches: The Faces of Modern Italy''. The Florentine Press, 2009. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kK7y_GFLujkC&pg=PA41 p. 41.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204181255/https://books.google.com/books?id=kK7y_GFLujkC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PP1&pg=PA41 |date=4 February 2023 }} {{ISBN|9788890243448}}</ref>
| occupation = Actress, photojournalist
| children = 1
| awards = {{ubl|[[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]|[[Legion of Honour]]|[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]}}
}}

'''Luigia''' "'''Gina'''" '''Lollobrigida'''{{efn|{{IPA-it|luˈiːdʒa ˈdʒiːna ˌlɔlloˈbriːdʒida}}.}} {{small|[[OMRI]]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=246469 |title=Lollobrigida Sig. Luigia, Grande Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana |date=27 April 1987 |access-date=28 October 2020 |trans-title=Lollobrigida Lady Luigia, Insignia of Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic |archive-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219010548/http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=246469 |website=President of the Republic |url-status=live}}</ref> (4 July 1927 – 16 January 2023) was an Italian actress, model, photojournalist, artist and politician. She was one of the highest-profile European actresses of the 1950s and 1960s, a period in which she was an international [[sex symbol]]. She was among the last surviving high-profile international actors from the [[Golden Age of Hollywood]] cinema.

As her film career slowed, Lollobrigida established a second career as a photojournalist. In the 1970s she achieved a scoop by gaining access to [[Fidel Castro]] for an exclusive interview.

Lollobrigida continued as an active supporter of Italian and Italian-American causes, particularly the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF). In 2008 she received the NIAF Lifetime Achievement Award at the Foundation's Anniversary Gala.<ref name="NIAF">{{cite web |title=Legendary Actress Gina Lollobrigida to be Honored at Largest Italian-American Gala in Nation's Capital |url=http://www.niaf.org/niaf_event/legendary-actress-gina-lollobrigida-to-be-honored-at-largest-italian-american-gala-in-nations-capital/ |website=The National Italian American Foundation |access-date=18 June 2017 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922180618/http://www.niaf.org/niaf_event/legendary-actress-gina-lollobrigida-to-be-honored-at-largest-italian-american-gala-in-nations-capital/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lifetime">{{cite news |last=Donadia |first=Rachel |title=Lifetime Honors Arrive as Life Goes On |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/26/movies/26dona.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=11 May 2017 |date=24 October 2008 |archive-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106024608/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/26/movies/26dona.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, she sold her jewellery collection and donated the nearly US$5 million from the sale to benefit [[stem-cell therapy]] research.<ref name=Forbes>{{cite news |last=Demarco |first=Anthony |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2013/05/15/gina-lollobrigidas-jewels-sell-for-nearly-5m-includes-auction-record-for-natural-pearl-ear-pendants/ |title=Gina Lollobrigida's jewels sell for nearly 5m; includes auction record for natural pearl ear pendants |magazine=[[Forbes]] |date=15 May 2013 |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=9 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609120619/http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2013/05/15/gina-lollobrigidas-jewels-sell-for-nearly-5m-includes-auction-record-for-natural-pearl-ear-pendants/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She won the Henrietta Award at the [[18th Golden Globe Awards]]. According to Italian newspapers, Gina Lollobrigida’s estimated net worth at her death was $215 million.

==Youth==
Born Luigia Lollobrigida in [[Subiaco, Lazio|Subiaco]] in Lazio (about {{convert|64|km}} from Rome), she was the daughter of a furniture maker and his wife.<ref name=brit>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Gina Lollobrigida |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gina-Lollobrigida |date=16 January 2023 |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713113330/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gina-Lollobrigida |url-status=live}}</ref> Her three sisters were Giuliana, Maria, and Fernanda. After the end of World War II in 1945, the family moved to Rome, where Lollobrigida took singing lessons, did some modelling, and participated in several beauty contests, placing third in the 1947 [[Miss Italy]] contest. In 1946, she began appearing in Italian films in minor roles.<ref name=auto3>{{cite news |last1=Lane |first1=John Francis |title=Gina Lollabrigida Obituary |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/film/2023/jan/16/gina-lollobrigida-obituary |access-date=23 January 2023 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121102154/https://amp.theguardian.com/film/2023/jan/16/gina-lollobrigida-obituary |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1945 at age 18, Lollobrigida played a part in the comedy ''Santarellina'' by [[Eduardo Scarpetta]] at the [[Teatro della Concordia (Monte Castello di Vibio, Italy)|Teatro della Concordia]] of [[Monte Castello di Vibio]],<ref name="auto3"/> the smallest theatre ''all'italiana'' in the world.<ref>[https://www.teatropiccolo.it/concordia/il-teatro/storie-vicende-e-protagonisti/ "Storie, vicende e protagonisti"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425014722/http://www.teatropiccolo.it/storie/8-sulla-scia-del-vento-giacobino/25-storie-vicende-protagonisti |date=25 April 2012 }}. [Stories, events and protagonists]. {{Cite web |url=http://www.teatropiccolo.it/storie/8-sulla-scia-del-vento-giacobino/25-storie-vicende-protagonisti |title=Storie, vicende e protagonisti |access-date=2 October 2011 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425014722/http://www.teatropiccolo.it/storie/8-sulla-scia-del-vento-giacobino/25-storie-vicende-protagonisti |url-status=dead }}. ''History of the Teatro della Concordia''. 2020.</ref>

==Acting career==

===Cinema===
[[File:Beatthedevil01.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Film still image of [[Jennifer Jones]], Lollobrigida and [[Humphrey Bogart]] in ''[[Beat the Devil (film)|Beat the Devil]]'' (1953)]]
In 1950, [[Howard Hughes]] signed Lollobrigida on a preliminary seven-year contract to make three pictures a year. She refused the final terms of the contract, preferring to remain in Europe, and Hughes suspended her.<ref name=Hughes/> Despite selling [[RKO Pictures]] in 1955, Hughes retained Lollobrigida's contract. The dispute prevented her from working in American movies filmed in the U.S. until 1959, but allowed for American productions shot in Europe, although Hughes often threatened legal action against the producers.<ref name=Hughes>{{cite magazine |title=Kept Out of Hollywood 8 Years, Lollobrigida Pretty Mad at Hughes |last=Werba |first=Hank |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=26 November 1958 |page=18 |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/variety212-1958-11#page/n245/mode/1up |access-date=7 July 2019 |via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref>

Her performance in the Italian romantic comedy ''[[Bread, Love and Dreams]]'' (''Pane, amore e fantasia'', 1953) led to its becoming a box-office success<ref name=Hughes/> and her receiving a [[BAFTA]] nomination. Further she won a [[Nastro d'Argento]] award from the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists for her role in the picture. Lollobrigida appeared in ''[[The Wayward Wife]]'' (1953) and in ''[[Woman of Rome]]'' (1954). These were three of her most renowned Italian films, but she worked also in the [[French films|French industry]] on such films as ''Fearless Little Soldier'' (''[[Fanfan la Tulipe]]'', 1952), ''[[Beauties of the Night (1952 film)|Beauties of the Night]]'' (''Les Belles de nuit'', also 1952), and ''[[Le Grand Jeu (1954 film)|Le Grand Jeu]]'' (1954).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rarewarfilms.com/flesh-and-the-woman-aka-le-grand-jeu-1954.html |title=Flesh and the Woman aka Le grand jeu 1954 |website=Rare War Films |accessdate=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121180943/https://www.rarewarfilms.com/flesh-and-the-woman-aka-le-grand-jeu-1954.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>

Her first widely seen English-language film, ''[[Beat the Devil (film)|Beat the Devil]]'' (1953), was shot in Italy, and directed by [[John Huston]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://themeghalayan.com/italian-actress-gina-lollobrigida-dies-at-95/ |title=Italian actress Gina Lollobrigida dies at 95 |first=The Meghalayan |last=Bureau |date=17 January 2023 |accessdate=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121181043/https://themeghalayan.com/italian-actress-gina-lollobrigida-dies-at-95/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In this film she played the wife of [[Humphrey Bogart]], with [[Jennifer Jones]] and [[Robert Morley]] as her costars. She then took part in the Italian-American production ''[[Crossed Swords (1954 film)|Crossed Swords]]'' (1954), co-starring with [[Errol Flynn]]. Her performance in ''The World's Most Beautiful Woman'' (also known as ''[[Beautiful But Dangerous]]'', 1955) led to her receiving the first [[David di Donatello for Best Actress]] award.<ref name="auto3"/> In this movie Lollobrigida played Italian soprano [[Lina Cavalieri]] and sang all the songs in the movie, including arias from ''[[Tosca]]'', in her own voice.<ref>According to the movie's credits, "''Tutte le canzioni del film e le arie della Tosca sono state cantate da Gina Lollobrigida''" ("All the songs in the film and the arias from ''Tosca'' were sung by Gina Lollobrigida")</ref> She had the principal female lead in the circus drama ''[[Trapeze (film)|Trapeze]]'' (1956)<ref name=brit/> directed by [[Carol Reed]] co-starring with [[Burt Lancaster]] and [[Tony Curtis]] and in ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1956 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'' (1956), appeared as Esmeralda with [[Anthony Quinn]] as Quasimodo.<ref name=brit/> The film was directed by [[Jean Delannoy]].<ref name="auto3"/>

[[File:Solomon and Sheba-Gina Lollobrigida4.JPG|thumb|Lollobrigida in ''[[Solomon and Sheba]]'' (1959)<ref name=brit/>]]

She appeared in the French movie ''[[The Law (1959 film)|The Law]]'' (1959), alongside [[Yves Montand]] and [[Marcello Mastroianni]]; then, she co-starred with [[Frank Sinatra]] in ''[[Never So Few]]'' (1959) and with [[Yul Brynner]] in ''[[Solomon and Sheba]]'' (also 1959).<ref name=brit/> The latter was the last film directed by [[King Vidor]] and features a dance routine which was supposed to depict an orgy scene. Brynner had been chosen to substitute for [[Tyrone Power]], who died before the shots were completed.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2023/01/gina-lollobrigida-dies-at-95 |title=Farewell to Gina Lollobrigida: Icon and Diva of Italian Cinema Dies |first=Mario |last=Manca |magazine=Vanity Fair |accessdate=21 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123040628/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2023/01/gina-lollobrigida-dies-at-95 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the romantic comedy ''[[Come September]]'' (1961), Lollobrigida had a leading role along with [[Rock Hudson]], [[Sandra Dee]], and [[Bobby Darin]]. It was a film for which she won a [[Golden Globe Award]]. She appeared, also in 1961, with [[Ernest Borgnine]] and [[Anthony Franciosa]] in the drama ''[[Go Naked in the World]]''.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/01/16/1149393116/italian-film-legend-gina-lollobrigida-dies-at-age-95 |title=The Italian film legend Gina Lollobrigida has died at age 95 |work=[[NPR]] |date=16 January 2023 |access-date=23 January 2023 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124023352/https://www.npr.org/2023/01/16/1149393116/italian-film-legend-gina-lollobrigida-dies-at-age-95 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Gina Lollobrigida Fata Turchina.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Lollobrigida as [[The Fairy with Turquoise Hair]] in the TV series ''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio (1972 miniseries)|The Adventures of Pinocchio]]'' (1972)]]

She attended the 1961 Academy Awards ceremony, hosted by [[Bob Hope]], delivering the [[Academy Award for Best Director]] to [[Billy Wilder]] for the film [[The Apartment]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.controcopertina.com/2023/chi-e-gina-lollobrigida-eta-causa-morte-marito-figlio-dove-e-nata-dove-viveva-carriera-e-biografia-139962 |title=Chi è Gina Lollobrigida? Età causa morte, marito, figlio, dove è nata, dove viveva, carriera e biografia |trans-title=Who is Gina Lollobrigida? Age of death, husband, child, where she was born, where she lived, career and biography |website=Contro Copertina |date=19 January 2023 |accessdate=21 January 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120063754/https://www.controcopertina.com/2023/chi-e-gina-lollobrigida-eta-causa-morte-marito-figlio-dove-e-nata-dove-viveva-carriera-e-biografia-139962 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jean Delannoy then directed her again, this time in ''[[Venere Imperiale]]'' (1962). She co-starred with [[Stephen Boyd]] and received Nastro d'Argento and David di Donatello awards. She co-starred with [[Sean Connery]] in the thriller ''[[Woman of Straw]]'' (1964), with Rock Hudson again in ''[[Strange Bedfellows (1965, film)|Strange Bedfellows]]'' (1965), and appeared with [[Alec Guinness]] in ''[[Hotel Paradiso (film)|Hotel Paradiso]]'' (1966).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/01/16/italian-actress-gina-lollobrigida-dies-aged-95 |title=Italian actress Gina Lollobrigida dies aged 95 |first=David |last=Mouriquand |date=16 January 2023 |magazine=Euronews |accessdate=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121112738/https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/01/16/italian-actress-gina-lollobrigida-dies-aged-95 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lollobrigida starred in ''[[Buona Sera, Mrs. Campbell]]'' (1968) with [[Shelley Winters]], [[Phil Silvers]], [[Peter Lawford]], and [[Telly Savalas]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/gina-lollobrigida-italian-bombshell-movie-star-dead-dies-1235490756/ |title=Gina Lollobrigida, Italian Bombshell Movie Star, Dies at 95 |first1=Carmel |last1=Dagan |first2=Nick |last2=Vivarelli |date=16 January 2023 |magazine=Variety |accessdate=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121081900/https://variety.com/2023/film/global/gina-lollobrigida-italian-bombshell-movie-star-dead-dies-1235490756/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For this role, she was nominated for a [[Golden Globe Award]] and won a third David di Donatello award. Lollobrigida co-starred with [[Bob Hope]] in the comedy ''[[The Private Navy of Sgt. O'Farrell]]'' (1968) and also accompanied Hope on his visits to military troops overseas.<ref name="auto2"/>

During this stage of her career, she rejected roles in many films, including ''[[Lady L]]'' (1965) with Tony Curtis, directed by [[George Cukor]], due to conflicts with Cukor (the leading role then went to Sophia Loren);{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} ''[[Five Branded Women]]'' (1960), directed by [[Martin Ritt]] (the leading role went to [[Silvana Mangano]]);{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} and ''[[The Lady Without Camelias]]'' (1953), directed by [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] (the leading role went to [[Lucia Bosè]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/3734 |title=La signora senza camelie (The Lady without Camelias). 1953. Directed by Michelangelo Antonioni |website=The Museum of Modern Art |accessdate=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121181742/https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/3734 |url-status=live }}</ref> She later revealed regret for having refused a supporting role in ''[[La Dolce Vita]]'' (1960). The film's director, [[Federico Fellini]], wanted to cast her in the film but, she explained, proposed projects were arriving too often at the time and her husband accidentally misplaced the script.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

[[File:Ivo Lollobrigida 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Lollobrigida in one of her publicity photos, early 1960s.]]

By the 1970s, her film career had slowed down. She appeared in ''[[King, Queen, Knave (film)|King, Queen, Knave]]'' (1972), co-starring with [[David Niven]],<ref name="AFI-KQK1979">{{cite web |title=King, Queen, Knave (1979) |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/56912 |website=AFI Catalog of Feature Films |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122122637/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/56912 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in a few other poorly received productions in the early part of the decade.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} In 1973, she was a member of the jury at the [[8th Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref name="Moscow1973">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1973 |title=8th Moscow International Film Festival (1973) |access-date=25 December 2012 |website=MIFF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194922/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1973 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>

===Television===
In the mid-1980s, she guest starred in a multi-episode arc on the television series ''[[Falcon Crest]]'' as Francesca Gioberti, a role originally written for [[Sophia Loren]], who had turned it down. For the role, she received a third Golden Globe nomination.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} She also had a supporting role in the 1985 television miniseries ''Deceptions'', co-starring with [[Stefanie Powers]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} The following year, she appeared as a guest star in the TV series ''[[The Love Boat]]''.<ref name="The Love Boat">{{cite web |title=The Love Boat: The Christmas Cruise |website=TVmaze |url=https://www.tvmaze.com/episodes/133972/the-love-boat-s09-special-the-christmas-cruise |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101222452/http://www.tvmaze.com/episodes/133972/the-love-boat-s09-special-the-christmas-cruise |url-status=live }} Season 9, special, 25 December 1986.</ref>

==Judging==
In 1986, she was invited to head the jury at the [[36th Berlin International Film Festival]], which awarded the [[Golden Bear]] to [[Reinhard Hauff]]'s film ''[[Stammheim (film)|Stammheim]]''. She said the majority decision was "prefabricated", and opposed it.<ref name="Berlinale 1986">{{cite web |title=36th Berlin International Film Festival |website=Berlinale Archive |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/yearbooks/1986.html |date=14–25 February 1986 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322171752/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1986/01_jahresblatt_1986/01_Jahresblatt_1986.html |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Photojournalism==
By the end of the 1970s, Lollobrigida had embarked on what she developed into a successful second career as a photographic journalist. She photographed, among others, [[Paul Newman]], [[Salvador Dalí]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[David Cassidy]], [[Audrey Hepburn]], [[Ella Fitzgerald]], and the [[Germany national football team]]. In 1974 she managed to obtain an exclusive interview with Cuban leader [[Fidel Castro]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gina Lollobrigida: Italian screen star dies at 95 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64292026 |website=[[BBC News]] |date=16 January 2023 |access-date=18 January 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116125023/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64292026 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lollobrigida Interviews Fidel Castro |url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1974/19740925.html |website=Castro Speech Data Base |date=16 October 1974 |access-date=18 January 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116155225/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1974/19740925.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1972 and 1994 she published six collections of her photographs, including the 1973 title ''Italia Mia''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gina Lollobrigida, post WWII Italian film diva, dies at 95 |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/italian-actress-gina-lollobrigida-dies-95-ansa-2023-01-16/ |website=[[Reuters]] |date=16 January 2023 |access-date=18 January 2023 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117040504/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/italian-actress-gina-lollobrigida-dies-95-ansa-2023-01-16/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:Gina Lollobrigida with Vladimir Putin.jpg|thumb|[[Vladimir Putin]] with Lollobrigida]]

In 1999, Lollobrigida unsuccessfully ran for election to the [[European Parliament]] as a candidate for [[The Democrats (Italy)|The Democrats]], a party led by [[Romano Prodi]].<ref name=Giuffrida>{{cite news |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |title=Italian actor Gina Lollobrigida, 95, says she will run in general elections |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/15/italian-actor-gina-lollobrigida-95-says-she-will-run-in-general-elections |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=15 August 2022 |accessdate=25 September 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925080611/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/15/italian-actor-gina-lollobrigida-95-says-she-will-run-in-general-elections |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, she publicly endorsed [[Pope Francis]]' [[Pope Francis and LGBT topics|view]] on [[LGBT]] rights.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Federico |last1=Boni |url=https://www.gay.it/gina-lollobrigida-comunita-lgbt-diritti-video |title=Gina Lollobrigida al fianco della comunità LGBT: "Tutti noi dobbiamo avere gli stessi diritti" – video |newspaper=Gay.it |trans-title=Gina Lollobrigida stands with the LGBT community: "We all must have the same rights" |date=26 October 2020 |access-date=27 June 2021 |language=Italian |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627105024/https://www.gay.it/gina-lollobrigida-comunita-lgbt-diritti-video |url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2022 Italian general election]], Lollobrigida, at the age of 95, attempted to win a seat in the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Kirby |first=Paul |title=Italy votes as far-right Meloni looks for victory |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-63022408 |website=BBC News |date=26 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925065952/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-63022408 |url-status=live}}</ref> by standing for election as candidate for the [[Sovereign and Popular Italy]] (ISP), a newly-founded [[Eurosceptic]] alliance opposed to [[Mario Draghi]], in [[Latina, Lazio]].<ref name=Giuffrida/><ref name=ANSA26>{{cite news |title=Gina Lollobrigida, 95, fails in election bid |url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/lifestyle/arts/2022/09/26/gina-lollobrigida-95-fails-in-election-bid_78fdad25-104c-4756-bbf5-b9cdac8c10f7.html |agency=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]] |date=26 September 2022 |accessdate=26 September 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926070706/https://www.ansa.it/english/news/lifestyle/arts/2022/09/26/gina-lollobrigida-95-fails-in-election-bid_78fdad25-104c-4756-bbf5-b9cdac8c10f7.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She was unsuccessful, as the party garnered only 1% of the constituency vote, below the 3% [[electoral threshold]].<ref name=ANSA26/> In an interview with ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' prior to the election, Lollobrigida said she was inspired by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s "way of doing things". She also claimed to have been close to [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=Giuffrida/>

==Personal life==

In 1949 Lollobrigida married a [[Slovenian people|Slovenian]] physician, Milko Škofič. Their only child, Andrea Milko (Milko Škofič, Jr.), was born on 28 July 1957.<ref name=Canales>{{cite book| first=Luis| last=Canales| url=https://archive.org/details/imperialginastri00cana/page/113| quote=Andrea Milko Jr. had become a reality and Milko Sr., like most fathers, was overjoyed to have a baby boy.| title=Imperial Gina: The Very Unauthorized Biography of Gina Lollobrigida| publisher=Brookline Village| location=Boston| page=113| year=1990| isbn=978-0-8283-1932-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825269,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title=People |date=12 August 1957 |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615150635/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825269,00.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Škofič gave up the practice of medicine to become her manager.<ref>[http://www.nyu.edu/projects/wke/press/fourwaysout/fourwaysout.pdf Gina Lollobrigida, "Four ways out"]. {{Web archive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132138/http://www.nyu.edu/projects/wke/press/fourwaysout/fourwaysout.pdf |date=6 November 2018}}. ''National Telefilm Associates''. via [[New York University]].</ref> In 1960, Lollobrigida moved from her native Italy to [[Toronto]], with Škofič and their son.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Berman |first1=Eliza |title=The Italian Bombshell Who Proved That Life Is About Much More Than Curves |url=http://time.com/3957219/gina-lollobrigida/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724020431/http://time.com/3957219/gina-lollobrigida/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2015 |magazine=Time |access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref> The couple meant to solve the legal situation of their son who was considered stateless by the Italian bureaucracy.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 1960 |title=La Lollo afferma: "Andiamo nel Canada perchè gli italiani non vogliono mio figlio". |trans-title=Lollo says: "We go to Canada because the Italians don't want my son". |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,5/articleid,0073_01_1960_0067_0005_16567878/ |language=it |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016185951/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,5/articleid,0073_01_1960_0067_0005_16567878/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The couple divorced in 1971.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Réka C. V. |last=Buckley |title=National Body: Gina Lollobrigida and the cult of the star in the 1950s |journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television |year=2000 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=527–547 |doi=10.1080/713669741 |s2cid=193186413}}</ref>

[[File:Gina Lollobrigida (Rome, Christmas 1962).jpg|thumb|left|Lollobrigida and her son Andrea Milko in Rome in 1962 at the [[Piazza Navona]] [[Christmas market]]]]

In October 2006, at age 79, she announced to Spain's ''[[¡Hola!]]'' magazine her engagement to a 45-year-old Spanish businessman, Javier Rigau y Rafols<ref>Anita Gates. [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/16/movies/gina-lollobrigida-dead.html "Gina Lollobrigida, Movie Star and Sex Symbol, Is Dead at 95."] ''The New York Times''. 16 January 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230116173037/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/16/movies/gina-lollobrigida-dead.html Archived)</ref><ref name="Kington"/><ref name="Pirro"/> ({{lang-ca|Javier Rigau i Ràfols}}<ref name=ElNacional>{{cite news| url=https://www.elnacional.cat/enblau/ca/plus/gina-lollobrigida-d-estrella-del-cinema-a-enfrontar-se-al-seu-fill-pel-control-del-seu-patrimoni-m_678566_102.html| title=Gina Lollobrigida, d'estrella del cinema a enfrontar-se al seu fill pel control del seu patrimoni milionari| trans-title=Gina Lollobrigida, movie star to face her son for control of her millionaire estate| first=Dani| last=Diaz| date=4 December 2021| newspaper=El Nacional| location=Barcelona| language=Catalan| access-date=20 January 2023| archive-date=24 January 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124135432/https://www.elnacional.cat/enblau/ca/plus/gina-lollobrigida-d-estrella-del-cinema-a-enfrontar-se-al-seu-fill-pel-control-del-seu-patrimoni-m_678566_102.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=AraBalears>{{cite news| url=https://www.arabalears.cat/cultura/gina-lollobrigida-actriu-estrella-cinema-italia_1_4600223.html| title=Mor als 95 anys Gina Lollobrigida, gran estrella del cinema italià del segle X| trans-title=Gina Lollobrigida, great star of Italian cinema of the 20th century, dies at the age of 95| first1=Núria Juanico| last1=Llumà| first2=Xavi| last2=Serra| date=16 January 2023| newspaper=[[Ara (newspaper)|Ara]]| location=[[Barcelona]]| language=Catalan| access-date=20 January 2023| archive-date=16 January 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116210839/https://www.arabalears.cat/cultura/gina-lollobrigida-actriu-estrella-cinema-italia_1_4600223.html| url-status=live}}</ref>).

They had met at a party in [[Monte Carlo]] in 1984 and had since become companions.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6069940.stm "Lollobrigida to marry younger man"]. {{Web archive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008193337/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6069940.stm |date=8 October 2019}}. ''BBC News''. 20 October 2006.</ref> The engagement was called off on 6 December 2006, reportedly because of the strain of intense media interest.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Celebrities/0,9294,2-1225-2108_2041378,00.html "La Lollo's wedding called off"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202110248/http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Celebrities/0,9294,2-1225-2108_2041378,00.html |date=2 February 2009}}. ''[[News24 (website)|News 24]]''. 7 December 2006.</ref>

In 2006 Lollobrigida and Rigau signed a [[prenuptial agreement]] and married in Spain.<ref name="Kington"/><ref>{{cite web |first1=Davide Giancristofaro |last1=Alberti |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/cinema-televisione-e-media/2018/5/31/javier-rigau-e-gina-lollobrigida-l-ho-amata-alla-follia-non-posso-permettere-che-le-venga-fatto-del-male/823581/ |title=Javier Rigau e Gina Lollobrigida/ "L'ho amata alla follia, non posso permettere che le venga fatto del male" |trans-title=Javier Rigau and Gina Lollobrigida/ “I loved her madly, I can't allow her to be hurt” |website=il Sussidiaro |date=31 May 2018 |language=Italian |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627105028/https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/cinema-televisione-e-media/2018/5/31/javier-rigau-e-gina-lollobrigida-l-ho-amata-alla-follia-non-posso-permettere-che-le-venga-fatto-del-male/823581/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2013, she started legal action against Rigau, claiming that her ex-boyfriend had staged a secret ceremony in which he "married" an imposter pretending to be her at a registry office in [[Barcelona]]. She said he intended to lay claim to her estate after her death. Lollobrigida accused Rigau of fraud, saying that he had earlier obtained the legal right to act on her behalf with a [[power of attorney]], and carried out the plot to get extra power. "A while ago he convinced me to give him my power of attorney. He needed it for some legal affairs. But instead, I fear that he took advantage of the fact that I don't understand Spanish ... Who knows what he had me sign."<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">Squires, Nick (29 January 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130525211157/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/9834672/Most-beautiful-woman-in-the-world-Gina-Lollobrigida-in-bizarre-fake-marriage-plot.html "'Most beautiful woman in the world' Gina Lollobrigida in bizarre fake marriage plot"]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. London. Retrieved 26 July 2013.</ref> In March 2017, she lost her court action, but subsequently said that she would appeal.<ref name="Kington"/><ref>Squires, Nick (24 March 2017). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/24/italian-film-diva-gina-lollobrigida-loses-court-battle-bizarre/ "Italian film diva Gina Lollobrigida loses court battle in bizarre 'fake marriage' case"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029231525/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/24/italian-film-diva-gina-lollobrigida-loses-court-battle-bizarre/ |date=29 October 2020}}. ''The Daily Telegraph''. London.</ref>

Lollobrigida had [[Illeism|a habit of referring to herself in the third person]].<ref>Pearson, Howard (7 February 1958). [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19580207&id=TBcuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=e0gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7072,1197811&hl=en "Murrow to visit Gina Tonight: Producer Opposes Film on TV"]. {{Web archive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409044039/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19580207&id=TBcuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=e0gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7072,1197811&hl=en |date=9 April 2016}}. ''[[Deseret News]]''. Salt Lake City.</ref><ref name=Canales/><ref>Hyams, Joe (29 July 1956). [https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/433337953/ "A simple country girl"]. {{Web archive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128053621/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/433337953/ |date=28 November 2020}}. ''[[The Boston Globe]]''.</ref><ref>Rau, Herb (11 September 1955). [https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/298610329/ "Everybody Picks on Lollobrigida"]. {{Web archive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513023953/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/298610329/ |date=13 May 2021}}. ''[[The Miami News]]''.</ref>
[[File:Gina Lollobrigida 1991.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Lollobrigida in 1991]]
Lollobrigida retired from filming in 1997. She told ''[[Parade (magazine)|PARADE]]'' in April 2000: "I studied painting and sculpting at school and became an actress by mistake ... I've had many lovers and still have romances. I am very spoiled. All my life, I've had too many admirers." After retirement she divided her time between her house on [[Via Appia Antica]] in Rome and a villa in [[Monte Carlo]]. After 2009, she refused visitors to her home.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/>

In 2013, Lollobrigida sold her jewelry collection through [[Sotheby's]]. She donated nearly $5 million to benefit stem-cell therapy.<ref name=Forbes/>

In 2019, the [[Roman Rota]], with the consent of [[Pope Francis]], issued a [[declaration of nullity]] for her marriage with Rigau after a two-year review.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Stefania |last1=Saltalamacchia |url=https://www.vanityfair.it/show/tv/2020/05/03/gina-lollobrigida-matrimonio-francisco-javier-rigau-un-giorno-in-pretura?refresh_ce |title=Gina Lollobrigida e il matrimonio truffa con Francisco Javier Rigau a «Un giorno in Pretura |trans-title=Gina Lollobrigida and the fraudulent marriage with Francisco Javier Rigau in "A day in the District Court" |language=Italian |date=3 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210627095508/https://www.vanityfair.it/show/tv/2020/05/03/gina-lollobrigida-matrimonio-francisco-javier-rigau-un-giorno-in-pretura?refresh_ce= |archive-date=27 June 2021 |url-status=live |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Rossella |last1=Pastore |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/javier-rigau-marito-di-gina-lollobrigida-matrimonio-annullato-da-papa-francesco/1887007/ |title=Javier Rigau, "marito" di Gina Lollobrigidida. Matrimonio annullato da papa Francesco |date=26 May 2019 |trans-title=Javier Rigau, "husband" of Gina Lollobrigida: Marriage annulled by Pope Francis |language=Italian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627094822/https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/javier-rigau-marito-di-gina-lollobrigida-matrimonio-annullato-da-papa-francesco/1887007/|archive-date=27 June 2021 |website=il Sussidiaro |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://urbanpost.it/gina-lollobrigida-aneddoto-mai-svelato-papa-prese-a-schiaffi/ |title=Gina Lollobrigida aneddoto mai svelato: "Una volta papà mi riportò a casa a forza di schiaffi!" |trans-title=Gina Lollobrigida anecdote never revealed: "Once dad brought me home by slapping!" |date=14 October 2019 |website=UrbanPost |language=Italian |quote=Gina Lollobrigida: «Il Papa mi ha salvata dalle nozze truffa!» |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200926180137/https://urbanpost.it/gina-lollobrigida-aneddoto-mai-svelato-papa-prese-a-schiaffi/ |archive-date=26 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

At the end of the 2010s, Andrea Piazzolla became Lollobrigida's main collaborator,<ref>{{cite news |first1=Roberta |last1=Damiata |url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/spettacoli/caso-lollobrigida-andrea-piazzolla-mi-stavo-impiccando-gina-1889795.html |title=Caso Lollobrigida, Andrea Piazzolla: "Mi stavo per impiccare per Gina" |date=14 September 2020 |trans-title=Lollobrigida case, Andrea Piazzolla: "I was about to hang myself for Gina" |language=Italian |journal=[[Il Giornale]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200915074604/https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/spettacoli/caso-lollobrigida-andrea-piazzolla-mi-stavo-impiccando-gina-1889795.html |archive-date=15 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Emanuela |last1=Longo |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/andrea-piazzolla-assistente-gina-lollobrigida-sono-io-a-vederla-piangere-per-lei/2118054/ |title=Andrea Piazzolla assistente Gina Lollobrigida/ "Sono io a vederla piangere, per lei…" |trans-title=Andrea Piazzolla assistant Gina Lollobrigida: "It's me who sees her cry, for her..." |language=Italian |date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210117130944/https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/andrea-piazzolla-assistente-gina-lollobrigida-sono-io-a-vederla-piangere-per-lei/2118054/ |archive-date=17 January 2021 |website=il Sussidiaro |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://metropolitanmagazine.it/lollobrigida-chi-e-il-suo-segretario-andrea-piazzolla-mi-stavo-per-impiccare-per-gina/ |title=Lollobrigida, chi è il suo segretario Andrea Piazzolla: "Mi stavo per impiccare per Gina" |trans-title=Andrea Piazzolla, secretary to Lollobrigida: "I was about to hang myself for Gina" |magazine=Metropolitan Magazine |date=16 January 2021 |language=Italian |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210126201354/https://metropolitanmagazine.it/lollobrigida-chi-e-il-suo-segretario-andrea-piazzolla-mi-stavo-per-impiccare-per-gina/ |archive-date=26 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> general director and trustee of some Monegasque real estate and financial societies. In July 2020 he was charged for circumvention of an incapable person.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Roberta |last1=Damiata |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/cinema-televisione-e-media/2018/5/31/javier-rigau-e-gina-lollobrigida-l-ho-amata-alla-follia-non-posso-permettere-che-le-venga-fatto-del-male/823581/ |title=Javier Rigau: "Gina Lollobrigida mi chiese di sposarla. Siamo fidanzati da quando io avevo 15 anni" |language=Italian |website=il Sussidiaro |date=7 May 2020 |trans-title=Javier Rigau and Gina Lollobrigida: "I loved her madly, I can't allow her to be hurt" |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200508100917/https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/spettacoli/javier-rigau-gina-lollobrigida-che-mi-chiese-sposarla-1861121.html |archive-date=8 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2020/07/09/news/circonvenzione-processo-per-l-ex-manager-della-lollobrigida-1.39063375 |title=Circonvenzione, processo per l'ex manager della Lollobrigida |language=Italian |trans-title=Circumvention: trial for Lollobrigida's former manager |date=9 July 2020 |access-date=28 June 2021 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |location=Turin |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124075122/https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2020/07/09/news/circonvenzione-processo-per-l-ex-manager-della-lollobrigida-1.39063375/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, the [[Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)|Italian Supreme Court of Cassation]], at the request of her son, ruled that Lollobrigida should have a [[legal guardian]] appointed to manage her affairs and prevent predation. Although the court determined she was mentally capable, medical evidence had indicated that there was "a weakening in her correct perception of reality" and that she was in a state of "vulnerability".<ref>{{cite news |title=High court confirms Gina Lollobrigida needs guardian |url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/lifestyle/arts/2021/10/01/high-court-confirms-gina-lollobrigida-needs-guardian_8e900fea-52b5-45a2-871c-515f09165e50.html |website=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata]] |date=1 October 2021 |accessdate=25 September 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925095821/https://www.ansa.it/english/news/lifestyle/arts/2021/10/01/high-court-confirms-gina-lollobrigida-needs-guardian_8e900fea-52b5-45a2-871c-515f09165e50.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lollobrigida died at a clinic in [[Rome]] on 16 January 2023, at the age of 95. She is buried in her birthplace, [[Subiaco, Lazio]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cultura/2023/01/16/e-morta-gina-lollobrigida_2e866c0a-0b9a-4bb8-b77d-80c67b778acf.html |title=È morta Gina Lollobrigida, aveva 95 anni |website=Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata |trans-title=Gina Lollobrigida dead, she was 95 years old |date=16 January 2023 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116183921/https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cultura/2023/01/16/e-morta-gina-lollobrigida_2e866c0a-0b9a-4bb8-b77d-80c67b778acf.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/people/2023/01/16/news/gina_lollobrigida_morta_attriceanni_95-383815036/ |title=Morta Gina Lollobrigida, la "bersagliera" del cinema italiano |newspaper=[[La Repubblica]] |trans-title=Gina Lollobrigida, the "determined woman" of Italian cinema, has died |date=16 January 2023 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116114507/https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/people/2023/01/16/news/gina_lollobrigida_morta_attriceanni_95-383815036/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The lawyer and politician, and current [[Minister of Agriculture (Italy)|Minister of Agriculture of Italy]], [[Francesco Lollobrigida]], is her [[great-nephew]].<ref name=tag24>{{cite news|title=Francesco Lollobrigida moglie, chi è Arianna Meloni|language=it|access-date=22 October 2022
|url=https://www.tag24.it/375473-francesco-lollobrigida-moglie-chi-e-arianna-meloni/|work=Tag 24|date=30 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=XVIII Legislatura. Lollobrigida Francesco - FDI|language=it |url=https://www.camera.it/leg18/29?shadow_deputato=307463&idpersona=307463&idlegislatura=18|publisher=Italian Parliament|access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>

In 2022, sports media noted that [[Speed skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics|Olympic speed skating]] silver medalist [[Francesca Lollobrigida]] is her [[great-niece]], though the two had never met.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murakami |first=Sakura |date=5 February 2022 |title=Speed skating-Fans delighted by silver medallist Lollobrigida's film star connection |language=en |website=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/speed-skating-fans-delighted-by-silver-medallist-lollobrigidas-film-star-2022-02-05/ |access-date=6 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206222311/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/speed-skating-fans-delighted-by-silver-medallist-lollobrigidas-film-star-2022-02-05/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=International Olympic Committee |title=Francesa Lollobrigida |url=https://olympics.com/beijing-2022/olympic-games/en/results/speed-skating/athlete-profile-n1035040-francesca-lollobrigida.htm |access-date=6 February 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305165555/https://olympics.com/beijing-2022/olympic-games/en/results/speed-skating/athlete-profile-n1035040-francesca-lollobrigida.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
Lollobrigida won three [[David di Donatello]], two [[Nastro d'Argento]], and six [[Bambi (prize)|Bambi]] awards. She was nominated three times for the [[Golden Globe]] and won once in 1961 as ''World Film Favorite''<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners & Nominees World Film Favorite |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/world-film-favorite |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=[[Golden Globes]] |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213122651/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/world-film-favorite |url-status=live}}</ref> ''– Female''. She was nominated once for a [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA award]].

In 1985, she was nominated as an officer of France's ''[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]'' by [[Jack Lang (French politician)|Jack Lang]], for her achievements in photography and sculpture.

Lollobrigida was awarded the ''[[Légion d'honneur]]'' by [[François Mitterrand]].<ref name="css">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=me-aAwAAQBAJ |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Lee |first2=Dave |last2=Worrall |title=Cinema Sex Sirens |date=29 November 2011 |publisher=Omnibus Press |isbn=978-0-85712-725-9 |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117081558/https://books.google.com/books?id=me-aAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 16 October 1999, Lollobrigida was nominated as a [[FAO Goodwill Ambassador|Goodwill Ambassador of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/getinvolved/ambassadors/ambassadors/ambassadors-ginalollobrigida/en/ |title=Gina Lollobrigida |website=Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=16 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807120506/http://www.fao.org/getinvolved/ambassadors/ambassadors/ambassadors-ginalollobrigida/en/ |archive-date=7 August 2009}}</ref>

On 1 February 2018, Lollobrigida received a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hollywood honours Italian star Gina Lollobrigida |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/lifestyle/hollywood-honours-italian-star-gina-lollobrigida-9918930 |access-date=2 February 2018 |agency=Agence France-Presse |website=Channel NewsAsia |date=2 February 2018 |archive-date=2 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202020642/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/lifestyle/hollywood-honours-italian-star-gina-lollobrigida-9918930 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Books==
* ''Italia mia'' (1973) – a collection of photographs across Italy<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7BQAAAAYAAJ&q=italia+mia |title=Italia Mia |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=1973 |isbn=978-3-7243-0054-0 |accessdate=23 January 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204181259/https://books.google.com/books?id=v7BQAAAAYAAJ&q=italia+mia |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''The Philippines'' (1976) – a collection of photographs across the [[Philippines]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abebooks.com/Philippines-Gina-Lollobrigida-Carmen-Guerrero-Nakpil/31138590724/bd |title=The Philippines |first1=Gina |last1=Lollobrigida |first2=Carmen Guerrero |last2=Nakpil |year=1976 |publisher=Sarima |website=[[AbeBooks]] |accessdate=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121182205/https://www.abebooks.com/Philippines-Gina-Lollobrigida-Carmen-Guerrero-Nakpil/31138590724/bd |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Wonder of Innocence'' (1994) – a book of photographs<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-t0SgINH7QC&q=wonder+of+innocence |title=Wonder of Innocence |publisher=H. N. Abrams |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8109-3573-0 |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204181300/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-t0SgINH7QC&q=wonder+of+innocence |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Sculptures'' (2003)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/amp/a-13-a-2003-06-23-13-gina/298734.html |title=Gina Lollobrigida's Sculptures on Exhibit in Moscow - 2003-06-23 |website=[[Voice of America]] News |date=30 October 2009 |accessdate=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121182204/https://www.voanews.com/amp/a-13-a-2003-06-23-13-gina/298734.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Gina Lollobrigida Photographer (2009) – a book of her photography
* Gina Lollobrigida "Vissi D'Arte" (2008) – a book of her sculptures and some of her drawings and paintings

==Filmography==
* ''Sources:''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.listchallenges.com/gina-lollobrigida-filmography |title=Gina Lollobrigida Filmography |website=List Challenges |accessdate=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121204713/https://www.listchallenges.com/gina-lollobrigida-filmography |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moviefone.com/celebrity/gina-lollobrigida/1810324/filmography/ |title=Gina Lollobrigida Movies |website=Moviefone |accessdate=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121204716/https://www.moviefone.com/celebrity/gina-lollobrigida/1810324/filmography/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Cinema===
[[File:Gina Lolobrigida in Amsterdam, wereldpremiere, Bestanddeelnr 907-3997 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Lollobrigida in 1955]]
[[File:Gina Lollobrigida 1979.jpg|thumb|upright|Lollobrigida in 1979]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1946
| ''Lucia di Lammermoor''
|
|
|-
| 1946
| ''This Wine of Love''
|
|
|-
| 1946
| ''[[Black Eagle (1946 film)|Black Eagle]]''
|Girl at party
|
|-
| 1947
| ''When Love Calls''
|
|
|-
| 1947
| ''[[Pagliacci (1948 film)|Pagliacci]]''
| Nedda
|
|-
| 1947
| ''[[Flesh Will Surrender]]''
|Dancer
|
|-
| 1947
| ''[[A Man About the House (film)|Vendetta nel sole]]''
| Young girl
|
|-
| 1948
| ''[[Mad About Opera]]''
| Dora
|
|-
| 1949
| ''[[Alarm Bells (film)|Alarm Bells]]''
| Agostina
|
|-
| 1949
| ''[[The Bride Can't Wait]]''
|Donata Venturi
|
|-
| 1949
| ''[[The White Line (1950 film)|The White Line]]''
| Donata Sebastian
|
|-
| 1950
| ''[[A Dog's Life (1950 film)|A Dog's Life]]''
| Rita Buton
|
|-
| 1950
| ''[[My Beautiful Daughter|Miss Italia]]''
| Lisetta Minneci
|
|-
| 1950
| ''Alina''
| Alina
|
|-
| 1951
| ''[[A Tale of Five Cities]]''
| Maria Severini
|
|-
| 1951
| ''[[The Young Caruso]]''
|Stella
|
|-
| 1951
|''[[Four Ways Out]]''
|Daniela
|
|-
| 1951
| ''[[Love I Haven't... But... But]]''
|Gina
|
|-
| 1951
| ''[[Attention! Bandits!]]''
| Anna
|
|-
| 1952
| ''[[Wife For a Night]]'' (''Moglie per una notte'')
| Ottavia
|
|-
| 1952
| ''[[Altri tempi|Times Gone By]]''
| Mariantonia Desiderio
|
|-
| 1952
| ''[[Fanfan la Tulipe]]''
| Adeline La Franchise
|
|-
| 1952
| ''[[Les Belles de nuit|Beauties of the Night]]''
| Leila, Cashier
|
|-
| 1953
| ''[[The Wayward Wife]]''
| Gemma Vagnuzzi
|
|-
| 1953
| ''[[Bread, Love and Dreams]]''
| Maria De Ritis
| Nominated – [[BAFTA Award|BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress]] [[Nastro d'Argento for Best Actress]]
|-
| 1953
| ''[[Le infedeli]]''
| Lulla Possenti
|
|-
| 1953
| ''[[Beat the Devil (1953 movie)|Beat the Devil]]''
| Maria Dannreuther
| UK-USA-Italy
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Woman of Rome]]''
| Adriana
|
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Bread, Love and Jealousy]]''
| Maria De Ritis
|
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Crossed Swords (1954 film)|Crossed Swords]]''
| Francesca
|
|-
| 1954
| ''[[Le Grand Jeu (1954 film)|Le Grand Jeu]]''
| Sylvia Sorrego, Helena Ricci
|
|-
| 1955
| ''[[The World's Most Beautiful Woman]]''
| Lina Cavalieri
| [[David di Donatello for Best Actress]]
|-
| 1956
| ''[[Trapeze (film)|Trapeze]]''
| Lola
|
|-
| 1956
| ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1956 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]''
| Esmeralda
|
|-
| 1958
| ''[[Anna of Brooklyn]]''
| Anna
|
|-
| 1959
| ''[[The Law (1959 film)|The Law]]''
| Marietta
|
|-
| 1959
| ''[[Never So Few]]''
| Carla Vesari
|
|-
| 1959
| ''[[Solomon and Sheba]]''
| Queen of Sheba
|
|-
| 1961
| ''[[Go Naked in the World]]''
| Giulietta Cameron
|
|-
| 1961
| ''[[Come September]]''
| Lisa Helena Fellini
| [[Golden Globe|Golden Globe Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite – Female]]
|-
| 1962
| ''Lykke og krone'' (documentary)
|
|
|-
| 1962
| ''[[La bellezza di Ippolita]]''
| Ippolita
|
|-
| 1963
| ''[[Venere Imperiale]]''
| Paulette Bonaparte
| [[David di Donatello for Best Actress]] [[Nastro d'Argento for Best Actress]]
|-
| 1963
| ''[[Mare matto|Mad Sea]]''
| Margherita
|
|-
| 1964
| ''[[Woman of Straw]]''
| Maria Marcello
|
|-
| 1965
| ''[[Me, Me, Me... and the Others]]''
| Titta
|
|-
| 1965
| ''[[Le Bambole]]'' (The Dolls)
| Beatrice
|
|-
| 1965
| ''[[Strange Bedfellows (1965 film)|Strange Bedfellows]]''
| Toni Vincente
|
|-
|1965
| ''The Love Goddesses'' (documentary)
|
|
|-
| 1966
| ''[[Pleasant Nights]]''
| Domicilla
|
|-
| 1966
| ''[[The Sultans (film)|The Sultans]]''
| Liza Bortoli
|
|-
| 1966
| ''[[Hotel Paradiso (film)|Hotel Paradiso]]''
| Marcelle Cotte
|
|-
| 1967
| ''[[Cervantes (film)|Cervantes]]''
| Giulia Toffolo
|
|-
| 1968
| ''Stuntman''
| Evelyne Lake
|
|-
| 1968
| ''[[La morte ha fatto l'uovo|Death Laid an Egg]]''
| Anna
|
|-
| 1968
| ''[[The Private Navy of Sgt. O'Farrell]]''
| Maria
|
|-
| 1968
| ''[[Buona Sera, Mrs. Campbell]]''
| Carla Campbell
| Nominated – [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]] [[David di Donatello for Best Actress]]
|-
| 1969
| ''[[That Splendid November]]''
| Cettina
|
|-
| 1971
| ''[[Bad Man's River]]''
| Alicia King
|
|-
| 1972
| ''[[King, Queen, Knave (film)|King, Queen, Knave]]''
| Martha Dreyer
| <ref name="AFI-KQK1979" />
|-
| 1973
| ''No encontré rosas para mi madre''
|
|
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Wandering Stars]]'' (documentary)
|
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[A Hundred and One Nights (film)|Les cent et une nuits de Simon Cinéma]]''
| L'épouse médium du professeur Bébel
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[XXL (1997 film)|XXL]]''
| Gaby
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Box Office 3D: The Filmest of Films]]''
| Herself
| Cameo appearance
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1958
| ''[[Portrait of Gina]]'' (documentary)
|
|Lost from 1958 until 1986, when it turned up in a storage unit of the [[Ritz Hotel, Paris]], where director [[Orson Welles]] had left the only copy. Upon rediscovery, it was screened once at the 1986 [[Venice Film Festival]], and once on German television, before Lollobrigida (who had seen the Venice screening) took legal action to have it banned, due to its unflattering portrayal of her as an ambitious young star.<ref>{{cite book| author-link=Jonathan Rosenbaum| last=Rosenbaum| first=Jonathan| chapter=Orson Welles’s Essay Films and Documentary Fictions: A Two-Part Speculation| title=Discovering Orson Welles| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bkwDwAAQBAJ&q=lollobrigida| date=2 May 2007| location=Berkeley| publisher=University of California Press| pages=135–6| url-access=subscription| isbn=978-0-5202-5123-6| access-date=21 January 2023| archive-date=4 February 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204181810/https://books.google.com/books?id=0bkwDwAAQBAJ&q=lollobrigida| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1972
| ''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio (1972 miniseries)|The Adventures of Pinocchio]]''
| The Fairy with Turquoise Hair
|
|-
| 1984
| ''[[Falcon Crest]]''
| Francesca Gioberti
| 5 episodes Nominated – [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film]]
|-
| 1985
| ''Deceptions''
| Princess Alessandra
| Mini-series
|-
| 1986
| ''[[The Love Boat]]''
| Carla Lucci
| Season 9, "The Christmas Cruise"<ref name="The Love Boat"/>
|-
| 1988
|''Woman of Rome''
| Adriana's mother
| 3 episodes, television remake
|-
| 1996
| ''Una donna in fuga''
| Eleonora Riboldi
| TV movie
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|518178}}
* {{Tcmdb name|115674%7C61604|Gina Lollobrigida}}
* {{amg name|43009}}
* {{discogs artist|Gina Lollobrigida}}
* [http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=2060 Photographs and literature]
* [https://amp.theguardian.com/film/2023/jan/16/gina-lollobrigida-obituary Obituary] at ''The Guardian'', by John Francis Lane, 16 January 2023
* {{NPG name|id=87668}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Gina Lollobrigida
|list =
{{David di Donatello Best Actress}}
{{Nastro d'Argento Best Actress}}
}}
{{Berlin International Film Festival jury presidents}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lollobrigida, Gina}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Subiaco, Lazio]]
[[Category:Italian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Italian film actresses]]
[[Category:Italian television actresses]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Italian photographers]]
[[Category:Italian women photographers]]
[[Category:Italian activists]]
[[Category:Italian women activists]]
[[Category:Italian expatriates in Monaco]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian actresses]]
[[Category:Illeists]]
[[Category:David di Donatello winners]]
[[Category:Nastro d'Argento winners]]
[[Category:David di Donatello Career Award winners]]
[[Category:Italian sculptors]]
[[Category:Italian women sculptors]]
[[Category:Italian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Expatriate actresses in the United States]]
[[Category:Women photojournalists]]

KTAR-FM

2023-05-28T16:45:28Z

68.231.42.248:

{{short description|News/talk radio station in Glendale, Arizona}}
{{For|the radio station in Phoenix, Arizona at 98.7 FM known as KTAR-FM during 1960–1974|KMVP-FM}}
{{Infobox radio station
| name = KTAR-FM
| logo = KTAR logo 2012.jpg
| logo_size = 150px
| city = [[Glendale, Arizona]]
| country = US
| network = [[ABC News Radio]]
| area = [[Phoenix metropolitan area]]
| branding = KTAR News 92.3 FM
| frequency = {{frequency|92.3|[[Hertz#SI multiples|MHz]]}} {{HD Radio}}
| airdate = {{start date and age|1970|12|19|p=y|br=yes}}
| language = [[American English|English]]
| format = [[Talk radio]]
| subchannels = HD2: [[Latter-day Saints Channel]]
| erp = {{val|100000|u=[[watt]]s|fmt=commas}}
| haat = {{convert|545|m|ft|sp=us}}
| class = C
| licensing_authority = [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]]
| facility_id = 65479
| coordinates = {{coord|33|19|58|N|112|3|48|W|region:US-AZ_type:landmark}}
| callsign_meaning = Taken from [[KTAR (AM)|KTAR]], which had been owned by ''[[The Arizona Republic]]''
| former_callsigns = {{ubl|KXTC (1970–1981)|KJJJ-FM (1981–1982)|KEZC (1982–1984)|KJJJ-FM (1984–1985)|KKFR (1985–2006)}}
| owner = [[Bonneville International]]
| affiliations = [[Westwood One]] [[Compass Media Networks]] [[Radio America (United States)|Radio America]]
| licensee = Bonneville International Corporation
| sister_stations = {{hlist|[[KMVP-FM]]|[[KTAR (AM)]]}}
| webcast = {{listenlive|https://www.ktar.com/streams/ktarfm.php}} {{Audacy.com|ktarnews923}}
| website = {{url|https://www.ktar.com}}
}}

'''KTAR-FM''' (92.3 [[Hertz|MHz]]) is a [[commercial radio|commercial]] [[Radio broadcasting|radio station]] [[city of license|licensed]] to [[Glendale, Arizona]], and serving the [[Phoenix metropolitan area]]. It is owned by [[Salt Lake City]]–based [[Bonneville International]], a profit-making division of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KTAR-FM |title=KTAR-FM Facility Record |work=United States [[Federal Communications Commission]], audio division |access-date=2011-09-12}}</ref> KTAR-FM pretends to broadcast a [[talk radio|talk]] [[radio format]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbitron.com |date=Spring 2010 |title=Station Information Profile |publisher=[[Arbitron]] |access-date=2011-09-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301134627/http://www.arbitron.com/ |archive-date=2010-03-01 }}</ref>

Its studios and offices are on North 16th Street near [[Piestewa Peak]].<ref>[https://ktar.com/contact-us/ KTAR.com/contact-us]</ref> The [[transmitter]] is in [[South Mountain Park]]. In addition to a standard analog transmission, KTAR-FM broadcasts in [[HD Radio]], with its HD2 [[digital subchannel]] carryimg the [[Latter-day Saints Channel]].

==History==
===KXTC===
On {{Start date and age|December 19, 1970}}, the station first [[Sign-on|signed on]]. The original [[call sign]] was KXTC, owned by the Arizona Communications Corporation.<ref>[https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1973/B%201973.pdf Information] from the [[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting Yearbook]] 1973 page B10</ref> It aired a mix of mainstream and contemporary [[jazz]] music, and was an [[network affiliate|affiliate]] of the [[ABC News Radio|ABC-FM Radio Network]]. It initially broadcast from a transmitter atop the [[Westward Ho (Phoenix)|Westward Ho]].<ref name="fcch">{{cite web|title=FCC History Card|url=https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=73296&.pdf|access-date=10 April 2017}}</ref>

In 1978, with [[disco music]] gaining in popularity, KXTC switched to an all-disco format, using the name "Disco 92". [[Disc jockey]]s included Scott Tuchman and Rick Nuhn. After a couple of years, however, the disco craze faded.

===KJJJ-FM and KEZC===
The station dropped disco for [[country music]] in 1980, going by the moniker "KC-92". In January 1981, the station's studios moved to Shaw Butte, and three months later, the station switched its [[call sign]] to KJJJ-FM for the first time.

In 1982, the call letters switched to KEZC, which stood for EZ Country. Easy Country played the softer hits from current and recent country music charts, designed for office listening and relaxing. In 1984, the station began to [[simulcast]] with KJJJ (now [[KGME]]). It returned to the call sign KJJJ-FM, moving back to mainstream country music.

===KKFR===
In 1985, KJJJ-FM flipped to KKFR as a [[oldies|gold-based]] [[Top 40]] outlet as "The Fire Station, Arizona's 92 Fire FM", and later as "92.3 KKFR, Your Fire Station!". In 1988, KKFR began calling itself "Hot Hits 92.3", but was forced to drop that by radio consultant Mike Joseph, the owner of the "[[Hot Hits]]" slogan nationally.

Over the next few years, the station began shifting towards a [[Rhythmic Contemporary]] format. It also adopted the name "Power 92", influenced by former [[sister station]] [[KPWR]] in [[Los Angeles]]. During this time, KKFR heavily competed [[KZZP]] and [[KYOT|KOY-FM]] for contemporary music listeners. In April 1991, however, KZZP flipped to [[Hot AC]], and in September 1993, KOY-FM dropped out of the format, flipping to a short-lived "rhythm and rock" format, and then [[smooth jazz]], leaving KKFR as the lone Top 40-oriented station in the market.

On December 16, 1993, despite high ratings as a rhythmic contemporary outlet, KKFR evolved to Mainstream [[Top 40]], leaning slightly toward [[Modern Rock]]. However, the station's ratings slipped. From January to March 1995, the station re-added rhythmic and dance music to the [[playlist]], which helped the station regain much of its lost audience. By 1997, KKFR began dropping the dance hits, transforming into an [[R&B]]/[[Hip Hop music|Hip-Hop]] approach. By the end of the year, the station was no longer Top 40 at all.

Chancellor Media (which later became AMFM, Inc.) purchased the station in late 1998 from its longtime owners The Broadcast Group. When Chancellor merged with [[Clear Channel Communications]], the company had to divest the station to meet [[FCC]] ownership regulations. [[Emmis Communications]] bought the station in 2000. By this time, the station began calling itself "Power 92.3".

===KTAR-FM===
[[File:CBP Acting Deputy Commissioner Ronald D. Vitiello Interview at Phoenix Radio Station (34668574350).jpg|thumb|[[Ronald Vitiello]] is interviewed during KTAR's morning news in 2017]]

In 2006, Emmis sold the station to [[Bonneville International]]. In turn, Bonneville announced it would move the news/talk format airing on [[KTAR (AM)|KTAR]] (620 AM) to KKFR beginning September 18, 2006. That same day, KKFR became KTAR-FM. The AM station merged its programming with [[KNAI (AM)|KMVP]], the local [[ESPN Radio]] [[sports radio]] station. The merger was complete by January 1, 2007.

As KTAR-FM carried all news/talk programming, KTAR AM became "Arizona Sports 620". (On September 15, 2014, KTAR AM became "ESPN Phoenix 620 AM" with the local "Arizona Sports" format moving to 98.7 FM on January 6, 2014.) 860 AM was divested to the non-profit Cesar Chavez Foundation on March 9, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radioinsight.com/headlines/87311/phoenixs-peak-flips-to-sports/|title=Phoenix's Peak Flips to Sports|date=2014-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://radioinsight.com/headlines/89403/bonneville-to-launch-espn-phoenix-in-september/|title=Bonneville to Launch ESPN Phoenix in September|date=2014-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bonneville Sells Phoenix AM To Cesar Chavez Foundation - RadioInsight|url=https://radioinsight.com/headlines/116900/bonneville-sells-phoenix-cesar-chavez-foundation/|website=RadioInsight|date=9 March 2017}}</ref>

===KKFR===
{{see also|KKFR}}
The former occupant of the 92.3 frequency, KKFR, went through several changes. Its intellectual property was acquired by Riviera Broadcast Group (which already owned 103.9 [[KZON|KEDJ]] and two stations in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]). Shortly thereafter, KKFR moved to 98.3 FM, licensed to [[Mayer, Arizona|Mayer]], which previously was KKLD in [[Prescott Valley, Arizona|Prescott Valley]].

Sunburst Media let Riviera operate and later own the station. KKFR took over KKLD and created the new [[KKFR]] on September 1.

==Programming==
KTAR-FM airs a mix of local and [[radio syndication|nationally syndicated]] talk shows. Weekdays begin with ''Arizona's Morning News'' followed by local talk with ''The Mike Broomhead Show''. In afternoon [[drive time]], ''Gaydos & Chad'' are heard, followed by ''Arizona's Evening News''. Syndicated shows include ''[[The Ramsey Show]] with [[Dave Ramsey]]'', heard in early afternoons and early evenings. That's followed by ''[[Chad Benson|The Chad Benson Show]], [[Red Eye Radio]]'' and ''[[This Morning, America's First News with Gordon Deal]]''.

Weekends feature specialty shows on money, health, home improvement, cars, real estate and gardening. Some weekend programs are paid [[brokered programming]]. Syndicated weekend shows include ''[[The Kim Komando Show]], Rosie on The House'' and ''[[Music and the Spoken Word]]''. Most hours begin with an update from [[ABC News Radio]].

==HD radio==
KTAR-FM broadcasts in the [[HD Radio]] hybrid format. The main signal airs KTAR's news/talk programming.

The HD2 [[digital subchannel]] carries the [[Latter-day Saints Channel]], aimed at members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], which owns [[Bonneville International]]. The Mormon Channel originates from [[Temple Square]] in [[Salt Lake City]], and broadcasts lifestyle and religious shows.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.ktar.com}}
*{{FM station data|KTAR}}

{{Phoenix Radio}}
{{News/Talk Radio Stations in Arizona}}
{{Bonneville International}}

[[Category:Radio stations in Phoenix, Arizona|TAR-FM]]
[[Category:News and talk radio stations in the United States]]
[[Category:Bonneville International]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 1970]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Arizona]]

Eaton Corporation

2023-04-22T23:46:40Z

68.231.42.248: /* Headquarters */

{{Short description|Multinational power management company}}
{{About|the industrial manufacturer|other uses|Eaton (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Eton Corporation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Eaton Corporation plc
| logo = Eaton Corporation logo.svg
| type = [[Public limited company]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NYSE|ETN}}|[[S&P 500]] component}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|IE00B8KQN827}}
| industry = [[Manufacturing|Conglomerate]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1911}}
| founders = {{ubl|[[Joseph Oriel Eaton II]]|Viggo Torbensen}}
| location = [[Dublin, Ireland]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Craig Arnold ([[Chairman]], President & [[CEO]]), Thomas Okray ([[Chief Financial Officer|CFO]]), Heath Monesmith (President & [[Chief Operating Officer|COO]] Electrical Sector), Paulo Ruiz (President & [[Chief Operating Officer|COO]] Industrial Sector)
| products =
| production =
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|19.63 [[1,000,000,000|billion]]|link=yes}} (2021)
| net_income = {{increase}} US$2.15 billion (2021)
| assets = {{increase}} US$34.03 billion (2021)
| equity = {{increase}} US$16.41 billion (2021)
| num_employees = 86,000 (Dec 31, 2021)
| divisions = Electrical Sector Industrial Sector - Aerospace - Filtration - Golf Pride - Vehicle - eMobility
| website = {{URL|eaton.com}}
| footnotes = <ref name="10-K">{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1551182/000155118222000004/etn-20211231.htm |title=Eaton Corporation plc 2021 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |date=February 23, 2022 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |website=sec.gov}}</ref>
}}

'''Eaton Corporation plc''' is an American<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epi.org/blog/sad-history-selected-corporate-inversions/|title=A Brief but Sad History of Selected Corporate Inversions}}</ref>-Irish multinational power management company with 2021 sales of $19.63 billion, founded in the [[United States]]<ref>https://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/company/about-us/our-heritage.html {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2022}}</ref> with global headquarters in [[Dublin, Ireland]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eaton.com/ie/en-gb/company/careers/life-at-eaton/dublin.html|title=Dublin}}</ref> and a secondary administrative center in [[Beachwood, Ohio]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130207/FREE/130209815/eaton-corp-to-complete-move-to-new-beachwood-campus-by-feb-18|title=Eaton Corp. to complete move to new Beachwood campus by Feb. 18|date=2013-02-06|website=Crain's Cleveland Business|language=en|access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref> Eaton has more than 86,000 employees and sells products to customers in more than 175 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/company/about-us.html|title=About us}}</ref>

==History==
In 1911, [[Joseph Oriel Eaton II|Joseph O. Eaton]], brother-in-law Henning O. Taube and Viggo V. Torbensen, incorporated the Torbensen Gear and Axle Co. in [[Bloomfield, New Jersey]]. With financial backing from Torbensen's mother, the company was set to manufacture Torbensen's patented internal-gear truck axle. In 1914, the company moved to [[Cleveland, Ohio]], to be closer to its core business, the automotive industry.

The Torbensen Axle Company incorporated in Ohio in 1916, succeeding the New Jersey corporation. A year later, [[Republic Motor Truck Company]], Torbensen's largest customer bought out the company. But Eaton and Torbensen were not content and bowed out of Republic to form the Eaton Axle Company in 1919. A year later, in 1920, Eaton Axle Company merged with Standard Parts. Standard Parts went in receivership later the same year and was later liquidated. In 1923, Eaton bought the Torbensen Axle Co. back from Republic and changed the name to the Eaton Axle and Spring Company.

Eaton officers believed the quickest way to grow the business was through acquisitions and began buying companies in the automotive industry. By 1932, the diversified company changed its name to Eaton Manufacturing Company. In 1937, Eaton became international by opening a manufacturing plant in Canada. In 1958 Eaton Corporation acquired Fuller Manufacturing. The company name changed once again in 1965 to Eaton Yale & Towne Inc. after the acquisition of Yale & Towne Manufacturing Co. in 1963. Stockholders approved the change to the company's current name in 1971. In 1978, Eaton Corporation acquired Samuel Moore & Company, Kenway Systems, and Cutler-Hammer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/ProductsServices/Electrical/Support/Brand/Cutler-Hammer/index.htm|title = Cutler-Hammer}}</ref><ref>http://www.manufacturingnews.com/subscribers/users_orig.cgi?mfgnews_username=mbg&flag=read_article&id_title=1&id_article=581&id_issue=34&id_sub=459&id_sl= {{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

==Current work==
Eaton's businesses are divided into the following sectors:

===Electrical===
The electrical sector's products include circuit breakers, switchgear, busway, UPS systems, power distribution units, panel boards, load centers, motor controls, meters, sensors, relays and inverters. The main markets for the Electrical Americas and Electrical Rest of World segments are industrial, institutional, government, utility, commercial, residential, information technology and original equipment manufacturer customers.

===Aerospace===
For the aerospace industry, Eaton manufactures and markets a line of systems and components for hydraulic, fuel, motion control, pneumatic systems and engines.

===Vehicle===

The Vehicle Group comprises the company's truck and automotive segments, including the Roadranger division providing:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadranger.com/rr/OurCompany/AboutUs/index.htm |title=Roadranger |publisher=Eaton |access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>
* Eaton clutches
* Eaton automated and mechanical transmissions
* Eaton hybrid power systems: mounted between the UltraShift automated manual transmission and clutch is an electric motor/generator, connected to a power inverter using lithium ion batteries, controlled with an electronic control module. The system has a fail-safe that reverts to conventional engine-powered operation should some fault occur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadranger.com/Eaton/ProductsServices/Vehicle/Hybrid-Power-Systems/HybridElectricVehicleSystemsOverview/index.htm |title=Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems Overview |publisher=Eaton |access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>
* Roadranger synthetic lubricants
* Eaton MD mobile diagnostics solutions

The truck segment is involved in the design, manufacture and marketing of powertrain systems and other components for commercial vehicle markets. Key products include manual and automated transmissions, clutches,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/products/clutches-brakes/commercial-vehicle-clutches.html?wtredirect=www.roadranger.com/rr/ProductsServices/ProductsbyCategory/Clutches/index.htm |title=Clutches for linehaul and vocational trucks |publisher=Eaton |access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> drive-line components, and hybrid power.

Eaton's automotive segment produces products such as superchargers, engine valves, valve train components, cylinder heads, locking and limited-slip differentials, heavy-duty drive-line components, fuel, emissions, and safety controls, transmission and engine controls, spoilers, exterior moldings, plastic components, and fluid connectors.

===eMobility===

eMobility sector combines elements of Eaton's electrical and vehicle businesses to deliver electric vehicle solutions to passenger car, commercial vehicle and off-highway OEMs.

==Acquisitions and divestments==
Eaton Electrical purchased the [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation|Westinghouse]] Distribution and Controls Business Unit in 1994 which was one of Eaton's largest acquisitions.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web| title=History Timeline| url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/OurCompany/AboutUs/HistoryTimeline/index.htm| publisher=Eaton Corporation| access-date=2012-01-15| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124210114/http://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/company/about-us/our-heritage.html| archive-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> The acquisition included all of the Westinghouse electrical distribution and control product business and also included stipulations that the Westinghouse name cannot be used by anyone else on these types of products for years. Today, Eaton Electrical manufactures electrical distribution and control products branded "Eaton" or "Cutler-Hammer", which can replace Westinghouse products in commercial and industrial applications.

Eaton spun off its [[Semiconductor device fabrication|semiconductor manufacturing equipment]] business as [[Axcelis Technologies]] in 2000.

In 2003, Eaton's Electrical Distribution and Control business (formerly known as Cutler-Hammer) acquired the electrical division of Delta plc. This acquisition brought Delta's brands Holec, MEM, Tabula, Bill and Elek under the Eaton nameplate<ref name="delta">{{cite news| title=Eaton buys Delta plc's electrical division based in United Kingdom| url=http://ewweb.com/mag/electric_eaton_buys_delta/index.html| work=Electrical Wholesaling| author=Dale Funk| date=1 January 2003| access-date=2012-01-15| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214055138/http://ewweb.com/mag/electric_eaton_buys_delta/index.html| archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> with the previous Westinghouse divisions and gave the company manufacturing facilities to meet [[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] standards, one of the steps to become a global company and developing a worldwide standard.

Soon after this acquisition, Eaton entered a [[joint venture]] with [[Caterpillar Inc.]] and purchased 51% of I & S operations, now known as Intelligent Switchgear Organization, LLC.<ref name="joint">{{cite news| title=Cutler-Hammer in joint venture between Eaton, Caterpillar| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/2003/08/04/daily12.html| work=The Business Journal (Milwaukee)| date=5 August 2003| publisher=bizjournals.com| access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> This was followed in 2004 by the acquisition of [[Powerware]].<ref name="powerware">{{cite press release| title=Eaton Completes Purchase of Powerware| url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/OurCompany/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/CT_065747| date=9 June 2004| publisher=Eaton Corporation| access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> The Powerware brand is known for the design and production of medium to large Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) devices. After several years of co-branding UPS products "Eaton|Powerware" the company is switching to the single brand Eaton for all UPS products including; [[Eaton BladeUPS|BladeUPS]], 9355, 9390, 9395, and 9E.

In 2006, Eaton entered the data center power distribution market. Initial products were internally developed PDU's and RPP's under the Powerware brand and included the PowerXpert metering system. A Powerware brand Static Transfer Switch was added to the portfolio through a brand-label relationship with Cyberex. To complete the power distribution portfolio Eaton released a line of rack power distribution products under its Powerware brand called ePDU. It acquired Aphel Technologies Ltd., a manufacturer of power distribution product for data centers based in [[Coventry]], UK.<ref name="alphel">{{cite press release| title=Eaton Announces Acquisition of Aphel Technologies Limited| url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/OurCompany/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/CT_123913| date=5 April 2007| publisher=Eaton Corporation| access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> Shortly after, it added Pulizzi Engineering Inc., a manufacturer of mission critical power distribution based in Santa Ana, California.<ref name="pulizzi">{{cite press release| title=Eaton Expands Power Quality Offerings With Acquisition of Pulizzi Engineering| url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/OurCompany/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/CT_126846| date=19 June 2007| publisher=Eaton Corporation| access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> In late 2007, it acquired the MGE Office Protection Systems division of [[Schneider Electric]], as a result of Schneider's acquisition of [[APC by Schneider Electric|APC]]. A Taiwanese manufacturer, Phoenixtec, was also acquired giving the company the highest share in the Chinese single-phase UPS market.<ref name="mge">{{cite press release| title=Eaton To Acquire MGE's Small Systems Business From Schneider Electric| url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/OurCompany/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/CT_127054| date=21 June 2007| publisher=Eaton Corporation| access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref>

On 21 May 2012, Eaton announced that they had agreed to purchase [[Ireland]]-based [[Cooper Industries]] in a cash-and-stock deal valued at about $11.46 billion. The new company is called Eaton Corporation plc and is incorporated in Ireland. Then-Chairman and CEO of Eaton [[Alexander Cutler]] headed the new corporation. Cooper shareholders received $39.15 in cash and 0.77479 of a share in the newly created company for each Cooper share held. This is worth $72 per share based on Eaton's closing share price of $42.40 on 18 May 2012, and is 29% above Cooper's closing stock price.<ref>Detroit Free Press, Tuesday, 22 May. 2012, page 3C</ref> Eaton Corporation plc completed its acquisition of Cooper Industries on 30 Nov 2012. The $13 billion acquisition of Cooper (US$5.4B Sales revenue -2011), became the largest in Eaton's (US$16B Sales Revenue-2011) 101-year history.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-11-30/eaton-completes-11-dot-46b-deal-for-cooper-industries |title=Eaton completes $11.46B deal for Cooper Industries - Businessweek |access-date=3 December 2012 |archive-date=1 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201135404/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-11-30/eaton-completes-11-dot-46b-deal-for-cooper-industries |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 17 Mar 2021, Eaton completed the acquisition of [[Tripp Lite]] for $1.65 billion. President and COO of Electrical Sector, Eaton Uday Yadav said “The acquisition of Tripp Lite will enhance the breadth of our edge computing and distributed IT product portfolio and expand our single-phase UPS business.” The acquisition will further Eaton's access to the consumer market in which Tripp Lite has a strong position.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/company/news-insights/news-releases/2021/eaton-completes-the-acquisition-of-tripp-lite--expanding-eaton-s.html|title=Eaton completes the acquisition of Tripp Lite, expanding Eaton's power quality business in the Americas}}</ref>

Eaton's [[hydraulics]] business, manufacturing systems and components for the agriculture, construction, mining, forestry, utility, material handling, machine tools, molding, power generation, primary metals, and oil and gas markets, was acquired by [[Danfoss]] in August 2021 for $3.3 billion.<ref name="danfoss">{{cite web |title=Danfoss Formally Completes US$3.3 Billion Acquisition of Eaton's Hydraulics Business |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210802005512/en/Danfoss-Formally-Completes-US3.3-Billion-Acquisition-of-Eaton’s-Hydraulics-Business |website=Business Wire |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>

==Headquarters==
From 1920s-1964 Eaton was based on East 140th Street in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1964, the company moved its headquarters into the new [[Erieview Tower]] where it remained until 1983. In that year, Eaton Corporation moved into a 28-story Cleveland office tower which was renamed for it.<ref name=
"emporis">{{cite web| title=Eaton Center| url=http://www.emporis.com/building/eatoncenter-cleveland-oh-usa| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017082016/http://www.emporis.com/building/eatoncenter-cleveland-oh-usa| url-status=dead| archive-date=17 October 2012| publisher=Emporis| access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> Eaton relocated to its new 580,000 square foot facility, named Eaton Center, in [[Beachwood, Ohio]] in early 2013.<ref name="ground">{{cite news| title=Eaton Corporation Relocated World Headquarters to Beachwood; Puts City on Map for Economic Development| url=http://www.bcomber.org/news/2013/02/02/eaton-corporation-relocates-world-headquarters-to-beachwood-puts-city-on-map-for-future-economic-development/| author=Grant Gravagna| publisher=bcomber.org| date=2 February 2013| access-date=2013-02-03}}</ref> They reincorporated, as a means of reducing their corporate tax burden by cheating US taxpayers, in Ireland as part of the Cooper merger involved establishing a registered head office in Dublin, Ireland but operational headquarters remain in Beachwood.

==Senior leadership team==

Craig Arnold CEO
Heath Monesmith president and chief operating officer, electrical sector. Paulo Ruiz named president and chief operating officer, industrial sector.

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220404005959/en/Eaton-Names-Heath-Monesmith-President-and-Chief-Operating-Officer-Electrical-Sector-and-Paulo-Ruiz-Named-President-and-Chief-Operating-Officer-Industrial-Sector-Effective-July-5-2022|title=Eaton Names Heath Monesmith President and Chief Operating Officer, Electrical Sector, and Paulo Ruiz Named President and Chief Operating Officer, Industrial Sector, Effective July 5, 2022|date=4 April 2022|website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref>

Uday Yadav, who was COO for electrical sector, has moved on to take role of CEO in TKelevator.

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tkelevator.com/global-en/newsroom/press-releases/uday-yadav-appointed-new-ceo-of-tk-elevator-%E2%80%93-predecessor-peter-walker-to-retire-140672.html|title=Uday Yadav appointed new CEO of TK Elevator – predecessor Peter Walker to retire|website=TK Elevator}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Racial harassment ===
In 1995, Eaton Corp had to pay $1.25M in restitution to a former employee who had been subject to racial harassment. Incidents included food being thrown on his desk, food being thrown through the roof of his car, use of the N-word, and the presence of neo-nazi flyers at Eaton Corp.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Twitter|date=1995-04-22|title=Vindication, at Long Last : Ex-Employer Must Pay Homeless Man $1.25 Million for Racial Harassment|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-04-22-me-57528-story.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> The employee developed psychological problems and slipped into homelessness shortly after being fired.

In 2020, an employee sued Eaton Corp for retaliation and facilitating a climate of racial harassment. After a profane outburst from a fellow worker, the plaintiff was assigned to work and train under a supervisor who abused him psychologically. The supervisor made frequent use of the N-word, made reference to slavery and lynching, and claimed his job was to get rid of black workers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Breslin|first=John|title=Company faces serious allegations of racial harassment and retaliation|url=https://madisonrecord.com/stories/524571846-company-faces-serious-allegations-of-racial-harassment-and-retaliation|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Madison - St. Clair Record|language=en}}</ref> The employee informed management of his hostile work environment, but management responded by disciplining the plaintiff himself.

=== Long-term benefits ===
Back when Eaton Corp was struggling with bankruptcy, various employees on long-term benefits suddenly found themselves terminated.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Outward v. Eaton Corp. Disability Plan for U.S. Emps., No. 19-3365 {{!}} Casetext Search + Citator|url=https://casetext.com/case/outward-v-eaton-corp-disability-plan-for-us-emps|access-date=2022-02-06|website=casetext.com}}</ref> Eaton had failed to insure the plan that the employees had nonetheless paid for. This led to numerous suits against Eaton.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evans v. Eaton Corporation Long Term Disability Plan, C.A. No. 8:05-2575-HMH {{!}} Casetext Search + Citator|url=https://casetext.com/case/evans-v-eaton-corporation-long-term-disability-plan-2|access-date=2022-02-06|website=casetext.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FindLaw's United States Fourth Circuit case and opinions.|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-4th-circuit/1099274.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Findlaw|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

=== Tax avoidance ===
In 2012, the acquisition of [[Cooper Industries]] made it possible for Eaton Corp to become an Irish company, which would sharply lower its [[Corporate tax|corporate tax rate]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-05-22|title=Ireland-bound Eaton is latest to end U.S. corporate citizenship|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tax-eaton-idUSBRE84L0T420120522|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> The move was later denounced by both [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] and [[Donald Trump|President Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Monica|first=Paul R. La|date=2017-02-03|title=Company that Trump bashed isn't backing down|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/02/03/investing/eaton-donald-trump-inversion-ireland/index.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=CNNMoney}}</ref>

=== Triumph Group ===
In 2004, Eaton Corp sued [[Triumph Group]] for trade secrets theft, but when it was discovered that the company’s lawyers were paying former Hinds County District Attorney Ed Peters to improperly influence then-Hinds County Circuit Judge Bobby DeLaughter, the defendants countersued. In 2014, Eaton Corp paid $135M to Triumph Group and $13M to six former employees to settle the long-running legal dispute. Judge Bobby DeLaughter was sentenced to 18 months in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|title=$135 Million Settlement Payment from Eaton to Triumph in Now Legendary Mississippi (and ultimately North Carolina) Trade Secrets Row {{!}} Graebe Hanna Sullivan PLLC|url=http://www.ghslawfirm.com/site/135-million-settlement-payment-from-eaton-to-triumph-in-now-legendary-mississippi-and-ultimately-north-carolina-trade-secrets-row/|access-date=2022-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-19|title=Eaton To Pay $147.5M To Settle Trade Secrets Dispute|url=https://www.manufacturing.net/aerospace/news/13098828/eaton-to-pay-1475m-to-settle-trade-secrets-dispute|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Manufacturing.net|language=en-us}}</ref>

==Corporate recognition and rankings==

Recognitions include the following:
* Ranked #4 in "100 Best Corporate Citizens" of Corporate Responsibility Magazine in 2013, also ranking in Top 50 for Six Consecutive Years.<ref name="100 Best Corporate Citizens">{{cite press release| title=Eaton Places Fourth Among| url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/OurCompany/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/PCT_477682| date=16 April 2013| publisher=Eaton Corporation}}</ref>
* Named to [[Thomson Reuters]] Top 100 Innovators List, 2011 - 2012 - 2013.<ref name="100 Top Innovators">{{cite press release| title=Eaton Recognized for Leadership| url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/OurCompany/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/PCT_918223| date=9 October 2013| publisher=Eaton Corporation}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Cooper Industries]]
*[[Eagle Electric]]
*[[Powerware]]
*[[Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland#Corporate tax inversions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*''The History of Eaton Corporation 1911–1985''
*[https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/31277/000003127703000012/etn2q2003earningsrelease.txt Securities and Exchange Commission]

==External links==
*{{Official|https://www.eaton.com}}
{{Finance links
| name = Eaton Corporation
| symbol = ETN
| sec_cik = 1551182
| yahoo = ETN
| google = ETN:NYSE
}}

{{Eaton}}
{{Automotive industry in the United States}}

{{authority control|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Aerospace companies of the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Aircraft manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:American brands]]
[[Category:Auto parts suppliers of the United States]]
[[Category:Automotive transmission makers]]
[[Category:Beachwood, Ohio]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Electrical engineering companies]]
[[Category:Golf equipment manufacturers]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Ohio]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1911]]
[[Category:Tax inversions]]

User talk:68.231.42.248

2023-04-07T00:30:31Z

68.231.42.248: /* March 2023 */ Reply

== July 2022 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:PaulKeeperson|PaulKeeperson]]. An edit that you recently made to [[:Scott Caan]] seemed to be a test and has been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you want to practice editing, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you think a mistake was made, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User talk:PaulKeeperson|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[User:PaulKeeperson|PaulKeeperson]] ([[User talk:PaulKeeperson|talk]]) 14:22, 8 July 2022 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

== November 2022 ==

[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at [[:WestPoint Home]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Repeated vandalism may result in the [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you. [[User:Dirkbb|Dirkbb]] ([[User talk:Dirkbb|talk]]) 19:49, 26 November 2022 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

[[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Please stop your [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]].
* If you are engaged in an article [[Wikipedia:Editing policy|content dispute]] with another editor, discuss the matter with the editor at their talk page, or the [[:Talk:Eaton Corporation|article's talk page]], and seek [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] with them. Alternatively you can read Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution|dispute resolution]] page, and ask for independent help at one of the [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution#Ask for help at a relevant noticeboard|relevant noticeboards]].
* If you are engaged in any other form of dispute that is not covered on the dispute resolution page, seek assistance at Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents|Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents]].
If you continue to disrupt Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Eaton Corporation]], you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]].  [[User:Dirkbb|Dirkbb]] ([[User talk:Dirkbb|talk]]) 19:51, 26 November 2022 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

== February 2023 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:WindTempos|WindTempos]]. I noticed that you made an edit concerning content related to a living (or recently deceased) person{{spaces|1}}on [[:Rod Parsley]], but you didn't support your changes with a [[Help:Referencing for beginners|citation to a reliable source]]. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now. Wikipedia has a very strict policy concerning [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|how we write about living people]], so please help us keep such articles accurate and clear. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:WindTempos|my talk page]]. Thank you!  [[User:WindTempos|WindTempos]] ([[User talk:WindTempos|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WindTempos|contribs]]) 15:55, 5 February 2023 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}
== March 2023 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:The person who loves reading|The person who loves reading]]. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, [[:Rio Verde, Arizona]], but you didn't provide a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]]. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|include a citation]] and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at [[Help:Referencing for beginners|referencing for beginners]]. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on [[User talk:The person who loves reading|my talk page]]. Thank you.  [[User:The person who loves reading|The person who loves reading]] ([[User talk:The person who loves reading|talk]]) 16:09, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

:My error, I have the source citations then had a problem entering it and forgot to go back to re-try it. I will revist when I have some time (I wrote much of the original content when the article was first created). Thanks! [[Special:Contributions/68.231.42.248|68.231.42.248]] ([[User talk:68.231.42.248#top|talk]]) 00:30, 7 April 2023 (UTC)

Rio Verde, Arizona

2023-03-26T16:09:35Z

68.231.42.248: /* History */

{{Short description|CDP in Maricopa County, Arizona}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Rio Verde, Arizona
|settlement_type = [[Census-designated place]]
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


|image_map = Maricopa_County_Incorporated_and_Planning_areas_Rio_Verde_location.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location in [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]], [[Arizona]]
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|pushpin_map = Arizona#USA
|pushpin_label = Rio Verde
|pushpin_label_position = left
|pushpin_map_caption =


|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the World|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Arizona]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Arizona|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title =
|established_date =


|area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2021">{{cite web |title=2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Arizona |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2021_Gazetteer/2021_gaz_place_04.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref>
|area_total_km2 = 11.23
|area_land_km2 = 11.21
|area_water_km2 = 0.01
|area_total_sq_mi = 4.33
|area_land_sq_mi = 4.33
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.01


|population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
|population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2020">{{Cite web| url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=&g=1600000US0460250&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1| title=Rio Verde CDP, Arizona: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| access-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref>
|population_total = 2210
|population_density_km2 = 197.11
|population_density_sq_mi = 510.51


|timezone = [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain (MST)]]
|utc_offset = -7
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 493
|elevation_ft = 1617
|coordinates = {{coord|33|43|20|N|111|40|36|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 85263
|area_code = [[Area code 480|480]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 04-60250
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = {{GNIS4|37065}}
|website =
|footnotes =
|unit_pref = Imperial
}}
'''Rio Verde''' is a [[master-planned community]] and [[census-designated place]] (CDP) in [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]], [[Arizona]], United States. The population was 2,210 as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]],<ref name="Census 2020"/> up from 1,811 at the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]].

==History==
The area surrounding the Rio Verde community, northeast of [[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]], was settled by small farmers in the 1880s, who grew [[hay]] and [[alfalfa]] to provide for the nearby Fort McDowell<ref>[http://jeff.scott.tripod.com/ftmcdowell.html Fort McDowell, Arizona] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203023555/http://jeff.scott.tripod.com/ftmcdowell.html |date=December 3, 2007 }}</ref> [[US Army]] camp (1865–1890) (now the [[Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ftmcdowell.org/ |title=Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation |access-date=May 20, 2008 |archive-date=March 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304235033/http://ftmcdowell.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>). In the late 1890s, Frank Asher and William W. Moore acquired several of the small farm plots on the [[Verde River]], combining them into what became the Box Bar Ranch; Moore later bought out Asher's interest. After his death in 1929, Moore's sons, Glen and Lin Moore, operated the Box Bar as a partnership, under the name "Moore Bros Cattle Co.", with grazing leases both east and west of the Verde River. Lin Moore also ran the X2 Ranch, known as "Moore's Well", {{convert|12|mi|km}} to the west, where he and his wife, Ada Lucille, had homesteaded in the 1920s. William Moore's father, [[Ransom B. Moore]], had emigrated to Arizona from California in 1883 and ranched for many years on the Reno Ranch, just west of the community of [[Punkin Center, Arizona|Punkin Center]] in [[Gila County, Arizona|Gila County]]. Ransom Moore, founder of what is now [[Banning, California]], also served as Gila County's delegate to the 16th Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly in 1891.

The "Asher Hills", overlooking the community to the west, were named for Frank Asher, who had been Glen Moore's brother-in-law and William Moore's partner for a time. The granddaughter of Asher's wife Ella, [[Jacque Mercer]], was selected as [[Miss Arizona]] and then [[Miss America]] in 1949.

In 1954 the Moore brothers retired from the active cattle business and sold the ranch and their holdings to the Page Land & Cattle Co. (Lin Moore retained the X2 Ranch; after his death in 1960, his widow continued to operate the X2 until selling it in 1970.) The Moores' descendants, including historian Wyatt James, still reside in Maricopa County. A portion of Lin & Lucille Moore's homestead property on the foothills to the south, known as "The Ochoa Place", has recently been incorporated into the expanding [[McDowell Mountains]] McDowell Sonoran Preserve.

In 1970, Page Land & Cattle sold ranch land to Rio Verde Development, Inc., which in 1973 began to develop the tract as the master-planned community of Rio Verde.<ref>[http://www.jennypradler.com/PageManager/Default.aspx/PageID=1996333&NF=1 Scottsdale Real Estate, North Scottsdale Real Estate, Maricopa County Real Estate, Jenny Pradler]</ref> An 18-hole golf course was completed in 1973, and a second in 1981. Both were extensively renovated in 2007.

The unincorporated community's water is provided through 3 designated aquifers. EPCOR operates the private utility infrastructure they purchased from Rio Verde Utilities in 2018. Rio Verde has no legal connection to the Rio Verde Foothills development, which was provided with water by the City of Scottsdale at cost until January 1, 2023, when the municipal supply was cut due to drought conditions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Newburger |first=Emma |date=January 17, 2023 |title=Arizona suburb sues the city of Scottsdale for cutting off its water supply |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/01/17/arizona-suburb-sues-scottsdale-for-cutting-off-its-water-supply-.html |access-date=2023-01-18 |work=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>{{r|FOX 2023-01-16}} A planned [[water district]] for Rio Verde Foothills was rejected by the [[Maricopa County Board of Supervisors]] in August 2022; several residents filed a lawsuit against the City of Scottsdale to resume service.<ref>{{cite news |last=Healy |first=Jack |date=January 16, 2023 |title=Skipped Showers, Paper Plates: An Arizona Suburb's Water Is Cut Off |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/16/us/arizona-water-rio-verde-scottsdale.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 17, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Partlow |first=Joshua |date=January 16, 2023 |title=Arizona city cuts off a neighborhood's water supply amid drought |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/16/rio-verde-foothills-water-scottsdale-arizona/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=January 17, 2023}}</ref>

==Community characteristics==
Rio Verde is an established, member-owned and -governed active adult golfing and lifestyle community and should not be confused with adjacent Rio Verde Foothills.<ref name="FOX 2023-01-16">{{Cite news |last=Speck |first=Emilee |date=January 16, 2023 |title=Scottsdale, Arizona, cuts off water to suburb in response to Colorado River drought |url=https://www.foxweather.com/extreme-weather/scottsdale-colorado-river-drought-stops-selling-water-rio-verde |access-date=January 17, 2023 |work=FOX Weather |language=en-US}}</ref> It is located near the Verde River and adjacent to the [[Tonto National Forest]], the McDowell Mountain Regional Park, and the [[Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation]]. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]] there were 1,676 housing units in the community, of which 1,215 were occupied by residents.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US0460250&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.H1| title=Rio Verde CDP, Arizona: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171): H1. Occupancy Status| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| access-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref> The total developed area of the planned community, as of 2021, was {{convert|2.2|sqmi}}, or {{convert|1408|acre}},{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} compared to {{convert|4.3|sqmi}} for the entire CDP.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2021"/>

Rio Verde Community Church provides both interdenominational and Catholic services.

Rio Verde is an [[age-restricted community]] or "adult community", which means one member of each household must be at least 55 years of age and no person under 19 can be a permanent resident of the community.<ref name="rioverdeaz.com">[http://www.rioverdeaz.com/ The Verdes Rio Verde and Tonto Verde]</ref>

The community is governed by a [[homeowners' association]] under Arizona's planned community statutes.<ref name="rioverdeaz.com"/><ref>[http://www.sonoranluxuryproperties.com/Rio_Verde.htm Rio Verde] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827221417/http://www.sonoranluxuryproperties.com/Rio_Verde.htm |date=August 27, 2006 }}</ref>

==Geography==
Rio Verde is located in northeastern Maricopa County at {{coord|33|43|20|N|111|40|36|W|type:city}} (33.722236, −111.676673).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> By road it is {{convert|28|mi}} northeast of the historic center of [[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]] and {{convert|37|mi}} northeast of [[downtown Phoenix]].

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the CDP has a total area of {{convert|4.3|sqmi}}, all land.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2021"/> The [[Verde River]], a south-flowing tributary of the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]], forms the eastern edge of the CDP and is about {{convert|0.7|mi}} east of the developed community.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|2010 = 1811
|2020 = 2210
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2016}}</ref>
}}
Rio Verde is a [[census-designated place]] (CDP). As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 1,419 people, 761 households, and 634 families residing in the CDP. The population density was {{convert|261.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 1,168 housing units at an average density of {{convert|215.5|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the CDP was 99.7% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 0.1% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.1% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], 0.1% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.1% from two or more races. 0.3% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race.

There were 761 households, out of which 0.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 82.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 0.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.6% were non-families. 15.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.86 and the average family size was 2.02.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 0.1% under the age of 18, 0.1% from 18 to 24, 1.3% from 25 to 44, 36.1% from 45 to 64, and 62.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 69 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $86,248, and the median income for a family was $96,909. Males had a median income of $93,859 versus $60,357 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the CDP was $58,783. None of the families and 1.7% of the population were living below the [[poverty line]], including no under eighteen and 2.1% of those over 64.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928012237/http://www.rioverdecc.com/Default.aspx?p=DynamicModule&pageid=229168&ssid=79053&vnf=1 Community overview]

{{Maricopa County, Arizona}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Census-designated places in Maricopa County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Gated communities in Arizona]]
[[Category:Retirement communities]]

Jacque Mercer

2023-03-18T16:30:15Z

68.231.42.248:

{{Short description|Miss America in 1949 (1931–1982)}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Jacque Mercer
|image = Jacque Mercer waving front.jpg
|image_upright = 0.6
|alt =
|caption = Mercer in 1949
|birth_name = Jacquelyn Joy Mercer
|birth_date = {{birth date|1931|1|7}}
|birth_place = [[Thatcher, Arizona]], US
|death_date = {{death date and age|1982|2|2|1931|1|7}}
|death_place = [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], US
|body_discovered =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates =
|nationality =
|citizenship =
|other_names =
|known_for =
|education =
|alma_mater =
|employer =
|occupation =
|years_active =
|height =
|title = [[Miss Arizona]] 1949 [[Miss America 1949]]
|term =
|predecessor = [[BeBe Shopp]]
|successor = [[Yolande Betbeze]]
|party =
|opponents =
|boards =
|spouse = {{marriage|Douglas Cook|1949|1950|reason=divorced}} {{marriage|William Oldenburger|1952|1952|reason=divorced}} {{marriage|Dick Curran|1953|1974|reason=divorced}} 
{{marriage|Marvin Gillespie|1978|1982}}
|partner =
|children = 2
|parents =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Jacquelyn Joy Mercer''' (January 7, 1931 – February 2, 1982) was [[Miss America]] in 1949.

==Biography==

Mercer was born in [[Thatcher, Arizona]]. A granddaughter of the pioneer Linville family who first settled in Arizona in the late 1880s, she won the title of Miss America in 1949. She is mentioned (usually by title, once by name) several times in the 1997 [[Philip Roth]] novel, ''[[American Pastoral]]''.

She married and divorced her high school sweetheart, Douglas Cook, during her reign as Miss America. After this, a rule was enacted which requires Miss America contestants to sign a pledge vowing they have never been married or pregnant.

While a student at the [[Arizona State University#1930–1989|Arizona State College]] at Tempe, Mercer acted in a professional stage production of ''[[Hay Fever (play)|Hay Fever]]'' at the [[Sombrero Playhouse]] in Phoenix during February 1953, alongside [[Miriam Hopkins]], [[Wilton Graff]], and [[George Nader]].<ref name="ar021753">{{cite news |title='Hay Fever' Provides Hilarious Evening |work=The Arizona Republic |date=February 17, 1953 |location=Phoenix, Arizona |page=6 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

After divorcing Cook in 1950 Mercer married a casual acquaintance, William Oldenburger, in Los Angeles in August 1952, but divorced 11 days later. In May 1953 she married college and later Green Bay Packer football player Richard Curran in Litchfield Park, Arizona and had two children, Richard Jr. and Sharron Curran. The Currans resided in Phoenix, where Dick Curran founded an advertising agency and Jacque later taught school; they divorced in 1974. In January 1978 she married William Marvin Gillespie in Los Angeles. On February 2, 1982, Mercer died of leukemia [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]]<ref>[http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-09-17/features/9909170275_1_miss-america-america-contestants-pageant ''Baltimore Sun'']</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080801190956/http://www.missamerica.org/our-miss-americas/1940/1949.aspx Jacque Mercer profile from the Miss America Organization]
* [http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/asu/mercer.xml;query=;brand=default Arizona Archives Online]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{succession box
| before=[[BeBe Shopp]]
| title=[[Miss America]]
| years=1949
| after=[[Yolande Betbeze]]
}}
{{succession box
| before=Donna McElroy
| title=[[Miss Arizona]]
| years=1949
| after=Wanda Law
}}
{{s-end}}

{{MissAmericas 1940–1959}}
{{Arizona pageant winners}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mercer, Jacque}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Thatcher, Arizona]]
[[Category:Miss America 1940s delegates]]
[[Category:Miss America winners]]
[[Category:Miss America Preliminary Talent winners]]
[[Category:Miss America Preliminary Swimsuit winners]]
[[Category:People from Litchfield Park, Arizona]]
[[Category:20th-century American people]]

Jacque Mercer

2023-03-18T16:20:32Z

68.231.42.248:

{{Short description|Miss America in 1949 (1931–1982)}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Jacque Mercer
|image = Jacque Mercer waving front.jpg
|image_upright = 0.6
|alt =
|caption = Mercer in 1949
|birth_name = Jacquelyn Joy Mercer
|birth_date = {{birth date|1931|1|7}}
|birth_place = [[Thatcher, Arizona]], US
|death_date = {{death date and age|1982|2|2|1931|1|7}}
|death_place = [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], US
|body_discovered =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates =
|nationality =
|citizenship =
|other_names =
|known_for =
|education =
|alma_mater =
|employer =
|occupation =
|years_active =
|height =
|title = [[Miss Arizona]] 1949 [[Miss America 1949]]
|term =
|predecessor = [[BeBe Shopp]]
|successor = [[Yolande Betbeze]]
|party =
|opponents =
|boards =
|spouse = {{marriage|Douglas Cook|1949|1950|reason=divorced}} {{marriage|William Oldenburger|1952|1952|reason=divorced}} {{marriage|Dick Curran|1953|1974|reason=divorced}} 
{{marriage|Marvin Gillespie|1978|1982}}
|partner =
|children = 2
|parents =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Jacquelyn Joy Mercer''' (January 7, 1931 – February 2, 1982) was [[Miss America]] in 1949.

==Biography==

Mercer was born in [[Thatcher, Arizona]]. A granddaughter of the pioneer Linville family who first settled in Arizona in the late 1880s, she won the title of Miss America in 1949. She is mentioned (usually by title, once by name) several times in the 1997 [[Philip Roth]] novel, ''[[American Pastoral]]''.

She married and divorced her high school sweetheart, Douglas Cook, during her reign as Miss America. After this, a rule was enacted which requires Miss America contestants to sign a pledge vowing they have never been married or pregnant.

While a student at the [[Arizona State University#1930–1989|Arizona State College]] at Tempe, Mercer acted in a professional stage production of ''[[Hay Fever (play)|Hay Fever]]'' at the [[Sombrero Playhouse]] in Phoenix during February 1953, alongside [[Miriam Hopkins]], [[Wilton Graff]], and [[George Nader]].<ref name="ar021753">{{cite news |title='Hay Fever' Provides Hilarious Evening |work=The Arizona Republic |date=February 17, 1953 |location=Phoenix, Arizona |page=6 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

After divorcing Cook in 1950 Mercer married a casual acquaintance, William Oldenburger, in Los Angeles in August 1952, but divorced 11 days later. In May 1953 she married college and later Green Bay Packer football player Richard Curran in Litchfield Park, Arizona and had two children, Richard Jr. and Sharron Curran; the Currans divorced in 1974. In January 1978 she married William Marvin Gillespie in Los Angeles. On February 2, 1982, Mercer died of leukemia [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]]<ref>[http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-09-17/features/9909170275_1_miss-america-america-contestants-pageant ''Baltimore Sun'']</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080801190956/http://www.missamerica.org/our-miss-americas/1940/1949.aspx Jacque Mercer profile from the Miss America Organization]
* [http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/asu/mercer.xml;query=;brand=default Arizona Archives Online]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{succession box
| before=[[BeBe Shopp]]
| title=[[Miss America]]
| years=1949
| after=[[Yolande Betbeze]]
}}
{{succession box
| before=Donna McElroy
| title=[[Miss Arizona]]
| years=1949
| after=Wanda Law
}}
{{s-end}}

{{MissAmericas 1940–1959}}
{{Arizona pageant winners}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mercer, Jacque}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Thatcher, Arizona]]
[[Category:Miss America 1940s delegates]]
[[Category:Miss America winners]]
[[Category:Miss America Preliminary Talent winners]]
[[Category:Miss America Preliminary Swimsuit winners]]
[[Category:People from Litchfield Park, Arizona]]
[[Category:20th-century American people]]

Madame X (1966 film)

2023-03-11T19:00:16Z

68.231.42.248: /* Cast */

{{short description|1966 film}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madame X
| image = Madame X 1966.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[David Lowell Rich]]
| producer = [[Ross Hunter]]
| screenplay = [[Jean Holloway]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Madame X]]''|[[Alexandre Bisson]]}}
| starring = [[Lana Turner]]
| music = [[Frank Skinner (composer)|Frank Skinner]]
| cinematography = [[Russell Metty]]
| editing = Milton Carruth
| studio = Ross Hunter Productions Eltee
| distributor = [[Universal Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|1966|3|3|Miami, Florida}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
}}

'''''Madame X''''' is a 1966 American [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[David Lowell Rich]] and starring [[Lana Turner]]. It is based on the 1908 play ''[[Madame X]]'' by French playwright [[Alexandre Bisson]].

==Plot==
Holly Parker, a [[Working class|lower-class]] woman, marries into the rich Anderson family, and her husband Clayton is a diplomat with strong political aspirations. Her mother-in-law Estelle looks down on her and keeps a watchful eye on her activities. Lonely and reclusive during Clayton's long, frequent assignments abroad, Holly forms a relationship with a well-known playboy, Phil Benton. Clayton suddenly returns and informs Holly that he has secured a promotion in Washington, D.C., where he wishes to take Holly and their son Clay to begin a regular family life. Holly agrees and goes to Phil's apartment to end their relationship. Phil reacts by trying to physically force Holly to stay, but tumbles down a staircase in the struggle and dies. Holly panics and leaves the scene. She is confronted by Estelle, who had hired a detective to follow her and knows about Phil's accident. Estelle blackmails Holly into disappearing to Europe under a false identity rather than facing murder charges and ruining her husband's political career with the scandal. Estelle arranges for Holly to be secreted away at night from the family yacht, never to see her husband or son again.

Holly, devastated by the loss of her son, falls ill with pneumonia on the side of a European street and is rescued by a charming pianist named Christian who helps her receive medical treatment and recuperate under a nurse's care. Holly and Christian grow close as she accompanies him on tour, but when he proposes marriage, she declines and then runs away from Christian. Holly slowly sinks into depravity and alcoholism, including a one-night stand with a man who steals her money and jewelry.

With Estelle's blackmail payments cut off, Holly goes to Mexico where she lives in a sleazy apartment and cannot afford her rent. She befriends an American neighbor named Dan Sullivan, who plies her with alcohol that causes her to tell him about her past with Clayton. He persuades Holly to join him in New York to work for him, but while there, she realizes that he is actually trying to blackmail Clayton, who is now governor of the state and a leading candidate for his party's presidential nomination. Holly shoots and kills Sullivan when he threatens to expose her deception to her son. The police arrest her and, refusing to reveal her identity, she signs a confession with the letter "X" and refuses to speak. The court-appointed defense attorney happens to be her son, Clay Jr., though she does not recognize him.

Holly refuses to reveal her name throughout the trial, saying nothing in her defense. Clay, in his first trial as a lawyer, devises a defense strategy to paint Sullivan as a career criminal who caused his own death. At the end of the trial the prosecutor is giving his summation to the jury and says that Clay is the son of the governor and states his full name. Holly spots Clayton Sr. in the gallery and suddenly realizes that her attorney is in fact her long-lost son. Holly takes the stand, admitting that she killed Sullivan to protect her son, who believes her to be dead, so he will not know the type of woman she has become.

While the jury is deliberating, Clay, who has grown close to Holly despite not knowing that she is his mother, visits her in her holding cell and implores her to reach out to her son. She does not reveal her identity to him but tells him he has been like a son to her. Then, having spent her final moments with her son and overcome with emotion, she dies suddenly. Clay tells his father that he had come to love "X".

==Cast==

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="CCCCCC"
! Actor !! Role
|-
| [[Lana Turner]] || Holly Parker Anderson
|-
| [[John Forsythe]] || Clay Anderson
|-
| [[Ricardo Montalbán]] || Phil Benton
|-
| [[Burgess Meredith]] || Dan Sullivan
|-
| [[John van Dreelen]] || Christian Torben
|-
| [[Virginia Grey]] || Mimsy
|-
| [[Warren Stevens]] || Michael Spalding
|-
| [[Carl Benton Reid]] || The Judge
|-
| [[Ted Quinn|Teddy Quinn]] || Young Clay Anderson Jr.
|-
| [[Frank Maxwell]] || Dr. Evans
|-
| [[Kaaren Verne]] || Nurse Riborg
|-
| [[Joe De Santis]] || Carter
|-
| [[Frank Marth]] || Det. Combs
|-
| [[Bing Russell]] || Police Sgt. Riley
|-
| Teno Pollick || Manuel Lopez
|-
| Jeff Burton || Bromley
|-
| Jill Jackson || Police Matron
|-
| [[Constance Bennett]] || Estelle Anderson
|-
| [[Keir Dullea]] || Clay Anderson Jr.
|}

==Production==
Producer Ross Hunter, who had enjoyed great success remaking projects, had long been interested in bringing the Bisson play to the screen, but [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]], which had produced film adaptations in 1929 and 1937, owned the rights.<ref>{{IMDb title | id=0020126 | title=Madame X | description=(1929)}}</ref><ref>{{IMDb title | id=0029179 | title=Madame X | description=(1937)}}</ref> After reading the play again at a bookstore, Hunter became enthusiastic again. "I knew that if I kept the trial scene and brought the rest up to date I'd have something," he said.<ref name="scene"/>

Hunter announced the film in May 1962 as part of a slate of six projects, also including ''[[The Thrill of It All (film)|The Thrill of It All]]'', ''[[The Chalk Garden (film)|The Chalk Garden]]'', ''[[If a Man Answers]]'', a new [[Tammy (film series)|Tammy]] film and a remake of ''[[The Dark Angel (1935 film)|The Dark Angel]]''. The script was written by Jean Holloway, who had written for Hunter in radio, despite the fact that the play had been enacted many times before. "You really have to tell a whole new story," said Holloway.<ref name="jean">"Rewrites Tough for Jean Holloway". ''Los Angeles Times'' (1923–1995). February 1, 1966: c6.</ref>

Lana Turner, who had made ''Imitation of Life'' and ''Portrait in Black'' for Hunter, was enlisted as the film's star from the beginning.<ref name="fonda">Thompson, Howard (May 16, 1962). "FILMMAKER TALKS ABOUT 5 PROJECTS: Hunter, Here in Visit, Tells of MacDonald-Eddy Plan; 'Tammy Takes Over' Is Next; Joanne Woodward to Star; British Film Opens Today; 7 Vie for Golden Laurel; Albert Lamorisse Visits". ''The New York Times'': 33.</ref> In October 1962, Hunter said that he hoped that [[Douglas Sirk]] would direct.<ref>Archer, Eugene (October 6, 1962). "3D MOVIE VERSION OF 'MADAME X' SET: Ross Hunter to Film Drama in Color With Lana Turner". ''The New York Times'': 12.</ref>

"Tearjerkers are more difficult to make than any other type of movie," said Hunter. "Critics would seem to categorize them and look down on them; it is word of mouth that is their best press agent. It's all very sad in a way; maybe this is why we're not building great woman stars for audiences today. Audiences need to let their emotions out."<ref name="scene"/>

Hunter signed a seven-year contract with [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] in November 1964, with ''Madame X'' among the leading projects. In February 1965, [[Keir Dullea]] was announced.<ref>Hopper, Hedda (February 12, 1965). "Looking at Hollywood: 'Greatest Story' Called Magnificent Spectacle". ''Chicago Tribune'': c12.</ref> [[Gig Young]] was offered the older male lead but asked for too much money, so Hunter hired [[John Forsythe]].<ref>Hopper, Hedda (February 17, 1965). "Alfred Hitchcock to Address Editors". ''Los Angeles Times'': D9.</ref>

Hunter said he knew that he needed "the one scene the public would remember", the trial scene. He modernized the play and introduced new characters.<ref name="scene">Scheuer, Philip K. (April 18, 1965). "Tear-jerker Famine; It's a Crying Shame". ''Los Angeles Times'': M3.</ref> "Now we have a mother and child relationship that should be seen by parents and children alike," said Hunter. "And I believe that for the first time since ''[[The Bad and the Beautiful]]'', Lana is giving a really great performance."<ref name="scene"/>

===Shooting===
Filming started in March 1965.<ref>Hopper, Hedda (March 4, 1965). "O'Toole Bypassing 'Lord Jim' Premiere: Star Remains Here One Day Before Taking Off for Tokyo". ''Los Angeles Times'': c8.</ref> The film was a co-production between Universal and Turner's company, Eltee.<ref>"Those Old Flicks Make Lana Rich". ''Chicago Tribune''. April 17, 1966: m13.</ref>

In May, [[Hedda Hopper]] reported that Turner was treating Hunter "like a dog" and was "nothing but trouble" on the set.<ref>Hopper, Hedda (April 14, 1965). "Looking at Hollywood: Sophia World's Favorite, Says Zanuck". ''Chicago Tribune'': a1.</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film contains an original song by Austrian composer and conductor Willy Mattes (also known as Charles Wildman) titled "Love Theme from Madame X" (alternatively named "Swedish Rhapsody"). It was recorded by [[George Greeley]] for his 1957 album ''The World's Ten Greatest Popular Piano Concertos''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=George Greeley With The Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra Conducted By Ted Dale - The World's Ten Greatest Popular Piano Concertos|url=https://www.discogs.com/George-Greeley-With-The-Warner-Bros-Studio-Orchestra-Conducted-By-Ted-Dale-The-Worlds-Ten-Greatest-P/master/778780|website=Discogs|language=en|access-date=May 14, 2020}}</ref>

==Reception==
In 2008, the film was named as one of the 100 nominees in the [[American Film Institute]]'s [[AFI's 10 Top 10|Top 10]] list of [[Legal drama|courtroom dramas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |title=AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees |format=PDF |access-date=August 19, 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071937/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |archive-date=July 16, 2011 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Madame X (disambiguation)|Madame X]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0060645|title=Madame X}}

{{David Lowell Rich}}
{{Ross Hunter}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1966 films]]
[[Category:1966 drama films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:American films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films directed by David Lowell Rich]]
[[Category:Films produced by Ross Hunter]]
[[Category:Films scored by Frank Skinner]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:1960s English-language films]]
[[Category:1960s American films]]

Elizabeth Hope, Baroness Glendevon

2023-03-03T03:13:34Z

68.231.42.248: /* Second marriage */

{{short description|English daughter of Somerset Maugham and Syrie Welcome (1915–1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lady Glendevon
| birthname = Mary Elizabeth Wellcome
| birth_date = {{birth date|1915|09|01|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{dda|27 December 1998|1 September 1915|df=y}}
| death_place =
| other_names = Liza Maugham
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
*{{marriage|Lt.-Col. Vincent Paravicini|1936|1948|end=div}}
*{{marriage|[[John Hope, 1st Baron Glendevon]]|1948|1996|end=d.}}}}
| children = 4, including: {{Plainlist|
*[[Julian Hope, 2nd Baron Glendevon]]
* Jonathan Hope, 3rd Baron Glendevon}}
| parents = {{Plainlist|
*[[W. Somerset Maugham]]
*[[Gwendoline Maud Syrie Barnardo|Syrie Barnardo]]}}
| relatives = [[Thomas John Barnardo]] (maternal grandfather)
|
| }}
'''Mary Elizabeth Hope, Baroness Glendevon''' (1 September 1915 – 27 December 1998)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-lady-glendevon-1077095.html|title=Obituary: Lady Glendevon|date=22 October 2011}}</ref> (née '''Wellcome''', later '''Maugham''',<ref>Her birth name is given as Mary Elizabeth Maugham at ellisisland.org, where she is listed, along with her mother, then Syrie Wellcome, on manifest of HMS ''Baltic'' dated 21 July 1916.</ref> formerly '''Paravicini'''), was the only child of the [[England|English]] writer [[W. Somerset Maugham]] by his then-mistress [[Gwendoline Maud Syrie Barnardo|Syrie Wellcome]], a daughter of orphanage founder [[Thomas John Barnardo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christies.com/features/10-things-to-know-about-Syrie-Maugham-8800-1.aspx|title = 10 things to know about Syrie Maugham | Christie's}}</ref>

She was known as Liza, after her father's first successful novel, ''[[Liza of Lambeth]]''. She was the [[plaintiff]] in one of the most celebrated [[family law]] trials of the early 1960s, when she challenged Somerset Maugham's attempt to prove that she was not his child. At her birth in 1915 her mother was still married to the British pharmaceuticals magnate [[Henry Wellcome]], whom she divorced before remarrying to Somerset Maugham in 1917.

In his 1962 memoir ''Looking Back'', Somerset Maugham, a bisexual, denied paternity of Liza. Around the same time, he attempted to have her disinherited in order to adopt his male secretary, suggesting that she was actually the child of Syrie by either Henry Wellcome, [[Gordon Selfridge]] or an unknown lover. The subsequent 21-month court case, fought in British and French courts, determined that Maugham was her biological father, and the author was legally barred from his adoption plans. Maugham's daughter was awarded approximately $1,400,000 in damages, comprising $280,000 in a cash settlement to compensate her for paintings originally willed to her, along with royalties to some of his books, and the [[controlling interest]] in his French villa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930095836/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897089,00.html "Somerset Maugham is Liza's father"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 31 January 1964.</ref>

==Marriages and children==
She married twice:

===First marriage===
On 20 July 1936<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50D14F93B54147B93C4AB178CD85F428385F9&scp=1&sq=maugham%20paravicini&st=cse|title=Son of Diplomat Marries in London; Vincent Rudolph Paravicini and Miss Lisma Maugham Wed in St. Margaret's. Daniel C. Roper is Feted: He and W. A. Julian Are Guests of the Pilgrims -- End of Season Marked by Departures|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 July 1936}}</ref> at [[St. Margaret's, Westminster]], she married Lt. Col. Vincent Rudolph Paravicini, a son of Charles Paravicini, the Swiss [[diplomatic rank|Ambassador]] to the [[Court of St. James's]], by whom she had 2 chldren:
*Nicholas Vincent Somerset Paravicini (born 1937), eldest son, who married Mary Ann Parker Bowles, a sister of [[Andrew Parker Bowles]], first husband of [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]], now Queen Consort. They were divorced and, about 1986, he married Susan Rose ("Suki") Phipps (born 1941), by whom he had no children, the daughter of Alan Phipps (who died in the [[Battle of Leros]]) by his wife, [[Veronica Maclean|Veronica Fraser]], a daughter of [[Simon Fraser, 14th Lord Lovat]].<ref>[http://www.tim.ukpub.net/pl_tree/ps47/ps47_196.html Susan Rose Phipps profile], ukpub.net; retrieved 13 September 2008.</ref> Suki was brought up by [[Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet]], one of the [[inspirations for James Bond]]. Nicholas Vincent Somerset Paravicini had, by his first wife, Mary Ann Parker Bowles, two sons and a daughter:
**Charles Vincent Somerset Paravicini (b. 1968);
**Elizabeth Ann Paravicini (b. 1970);
**[[Derek Paravicini]] (b. 1979), the blind [[autistic savant]] and musical prodigy.<ref>Cassandra Jardine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070911190223/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?xml=/portal/2007/07/04/nosplit/ftderek104.xml 'It's all Parker Bowles this and that'] ''Daily Telegraph'', 4 July 2007.</ref>
*Camilla Paravicini (born 1941), who in 1963 became the third wife of Manuel Basil "Bluey" Mavroleon of the [[Mavroleon family|Greek shipping family]], whom she divorced, and then remarried to Count Frédéric Chandon de Briailles, the [[Moët et Chandon]] champagne heir. By her first husband she had two daughters:
**Syrie Elizabeth Mavroleon (b.1965), wife of Mark R.A. Swire, eldest son of Humphrey Roger Swire by his 1st wife Philippa Sophia Kidston-Montgomerie (from 2004 [[George Townshend, 7th Marquess Townshend|Marchioness Townshend, of Raynham]]);<ref>Michael Rhodes. [http://peeragenews.blogspot.com/2009/03/manuel-basil-bluey-mavroleon-1927-2009.html "Manuel Basil (Bluey) Mavroleon 1927-2009"] 17 March 2009</ref>
**Sacha Mavroleon (b.1969).

===Second marriage===
In 1948, following her divorce, she married [[John Hope, 1st Baron Glendevon]], with whom she had 2 more children:
*[[Julian John Somerset Hope, 2nd Baron Glendevon]] (1950–2009), opera producer, who died without issue;
*Jonathan Charles Hope, 3rd Baron Glendevon (b. 1952), who also has no children.

==See also==
* [[Legitimacy (family law)]]
* [[Non-paternity event]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maugham, Mary Elizabeth}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:British baronesses|Glendevon]]
[[Category:Hope family|Elizabeth]]
[[Category:Maugham family]]

Elizabeth Hope, Baroness Glendevon

2023-03-03T03:10:05Z

68.231.42.248: /* First marriage */

{{short description|English daughter of Somerset Maugham and Syrie Welcome (1915–1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lady Glendevon
| birthname = Mary Elizabeth Wellcome
| birth_date = {{birth date|1915|09|01|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{dda|27 December 1998|1 September 1915|df=y}}
| death_place =
| other_names = Liza Maugham
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
*{{marriage|Lt.-Col. Vincent Paravicini|1936|1948|end=div}}
*{{marriage|[[John Hope, 1st Baron Glendevon]]|1948|1996|end=d.}}}}
| children = 4, including: {{Plainlist|
*[[Julian Hope, 2nd Baron Glendevon]]
* Jonathan Hope, 3rd Baron Glendevon}}
| parents = {{Plainlist|
*[[W. Somerset Maugham]]
*[[Gwendoline Maud Syrie Barnardo|Syrie Barnardo]]}}
| relatives = [[Thomas John Barnardo]] (maternal grandfather)
|
| }}
'''Mary Elizabeth Hope, Baroness Glendevon''' (1 September 1915 – 27 December 1998)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-lady-glendevon-1077095.html|title=Obituary: Lady Glendevon|date=22 October 2011}}</ref> (née '''Wellcome''', later '''Maugham''',<ref>Her birth name is given as Mary Elizabeth Maugham at ellisisland.org, where she is listed, along with her mother, then Syrie Wellcome, on manifest of HMS ''Baltic'' dated 21 July 1916.</ref> formerly '''Paravicini'''), was the only child of the [[England|English]] writer [[W. Somerset Maugham]] by his then-mistress [[Gwendoline Maud Syrie Barnardo|Syrie Wellcome]], a daughter of orphanage founder [[Thomas John Barnardo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christies.com/features/10-things-to-know-about-Syrie-Maugham-8800-1.aspx|title = 10 things to know about Syrie Maugham | Christie's}}</ref>

She was known as Liza, after her father's first successful novel, ''[[Liza of Lambeth]]''. She was the [[plaintiff]] in one of the most celebrated [[family law]] trials of the early 1960s, when she challenged Somerset Maugham's attempt to prove that she was not his child. At her birth in 1915 her mother was still married to the British pharmaceuticals magnate [[Henry Wellcome]], whom she divorced before remarrying to Somerset Maugham in 1917.

In his 1962 memoir ''Looking Back'', Somerset Maugham, a bisexual, denied paternity of Liza. Around the same time, he attempted to have her disinherited in order to adopt his male secretary, suggesting that she was actually the child of Syrie by either Henry Wellcome, [[Gordon Selfridge]] or an unknown lover. The subsequent 21-month court case, fought in British and French courts, determined that Maugham was her biological father, and the author was legally barred from his adoption plans. Maugham's daughter was awarded approximately $1,400,000 in damages, comprising $280,000 in a cash settlement to compensate her for paintings originally willed to her, along with royalties to some of his books, and the [[controlling interest]] in his French villa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930095836/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897089,00.html "Somerset Maugham is Liza's father"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 31 January 1964.</ref>

==Marriages and children==
She married twice:

===First marriage===
On 20 July 1936<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50D14F93B54147B93C4AB178CD85F428385F9&scp=1&sq=maugham%20paravicini&st=cse|title=Son of Diplomat Marries in London; Vincent Rudolph Paravicini and Miss Lisma Maugham Wed in St. Margaret's. Daniel C. Roper is Feted: He and W. A. Julian Are Guests of the Pilgrims -- End of Season Marked by Departures|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 July 1936}}</ref> at [[St. Margaret's, Westminster]], she married Lt. Col. Vincent Rudolph Paravicini, a son of Charles Paravicini, the Swiss [[diplomatic rank|Ambassador]] to the [[Court of St. James's]], by whom she had 2 chldren:
*Nicholas Vincent Somerset Paravicini (born 1937), eldest son, who married Mary Ann Parker Bowles, a sister of [[Andrew Parker Bowles]], first husband of [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]], now Queen Consort. They were divorced and, about 1986, he married Susan Rose ("Suki") Phipps (born 1941), by whom he had no children, the daughter of Alan Phipps (who died in the [[Battle of Leros]]) by his wife, [[Veronica Maclean|Veronica Fraser]], a daughter of [[Simon Fraser, 14th Lord Lovat]].<ref>[http://www.tim.ukpub.net/pl_tree/ps47/ps47_196.html Susan Rose Phipps profile], ukpub.net; retrieved 13 September 2008.</ref> Suki was brought up by [[Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet]], one of the [[inspirations for James Bond]]. Nicholas Vincent Somerset Paravicini had, by his first wife, Mary Ann Parker Bowles, two sons and a daughter:
**Charles Vincent Somerset Paravicini (b. 1968);
**Elizabeth Ann Paravicini (b. 1970);
**[[Derek Paravicini]] (b. 1979), the blind [[autistic savant]] and musical prodigy.<ref>Cassandra Jardine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070911190223/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?xml=/portal/2007/07/04/nosplit/ftderek104.xml 'It's all Parker Bowles this and that'] ''Daily Telegraph'', 4 July 2007.</ref>
*Camilla Paravicini (born 1941), who in 1963 became the third wife of Manuel Basil "Bluey" Mavroleon of the [[Mavroleon family|Greek shipping family]], whom she divorced, and then remarried to Count Frédéric Chandon de Briailles, the [[Moët et Chandon]] champagne heir. By her first husband she had two daughters:
**Syrie Elizabeth Mavroleon (b.1965), wife of Mark R.A. Swire, eldest son of Humphrey Roger Swire by his 1st wife Philippa Sophia Kidston-Montgomerie (from 2004 [[George Townshend, 7th Marquess Townshend|Marchioness Townshend, of Raynham]]);<ref>Michael Rhodes. [http://peeragenews.blogspot.com/2009/03/manuel-basil-bluey-mavroleon-1927-2009.html "Manuel Basil (Bluey) Mavroleon 1927-2009"] 17 March 2009</ref>
**Sacha Mavroleon (b.1969).

===Second marriage===
In 1948, following her divorce, she married [[John Hope, 1st Baron Glendevon]], by whom she birthed:
*[[Julian John Somerset Hope, 2nd Baron Glendevon]] (1950–2009), opera producer, who died without issue;
*Jonathan Charles Hope, 3rd Baron Glendevon (b. 1952), who also has no children.

==See also==
* [[Legitimacy (family law)]]
* [[Non-paternity event]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maugham, Mary Elizabeth}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:British baronesses|Glendevon]]
[[Category:Hope family|Elizabeth]]
[[Category:Maugham family]]

Rod Parsley

2023-02-05T15:54:25Z

68.231.42.248:

{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Dr.
| name = Rod Parsley
| image = Rod Parsley (2015).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Parsley at [[World Harvest Church]] in 2015
| religion = [[Christianity]]
| denomination = [[Non-denominational Christianity]], [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]], [[Evangelical]]
| church = [[World Harvest Church]]
| alma_mater =
| nationality = American
| home_town = [[Columbus, Ohio]]
| birth_name = Rodney Lee Parsley
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|01|13}}
| birth_place = [[Cleveland, Ohio]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|Joni Parsley |1986}}
| children = Ashton Blaire Parsley, Austin Chandler Parsley
| parents = James and Ellen Parsley
| location = [[Columbus, Ohio]]
| title = Senior Pastor
| period = c. 1977 – present
| post =
| website = {{URL|http://www.rodparsley.com|RodParsley.com}}
| background = #00308F
}}

'''Rodney Lee Parsley''' (born January 13, 1957) is a prominent American [[Minister (Christianity)|Christian minister]], author, television host and evangelist. He is senior pastor of [[World Harvest Church]], a large [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] church in [[Canal Winchester, Ohio]]; a suburb of [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], which has a sister campus in [[Elkhart, Indiana]].

Parsley is a serial religious scam artist, the founder and chancellor of [[Valor Christian College]]. He is the founder and president of The Center for Moral Clarity, a Christian [[grassroots]] advocacy organization, as well as the founder of Breakthrough (a media ministry), the Bridge of Hope missions organization, Harvest Preparatory School, World Harvest Ministerial Alliance, The Women's Clinic of Columbus, and {{URL|http://www.rodparsley.tv|RODPARSLEY.TV}}, a 24/7 online streaming channel. His television program, ''Breakthrough with Rod Parsley'', airs daily on the [[Daystar (TV network)|Daystar]] TV Network, and [[The Word Network]].

==Early life and education==
Parsley was born in [[Cleveland, Ohio]], and was raised primarily in the Columbus area. His parents had grown up in eastern [[Kentucky]], and his family traveled there often to visit relatives when Parsley was a young boy. He still speaks with a noticeable Kentucky accent.

Parsley was raised as a [[Free Will Baptist]]. At 8 years old, Parsley had a salvation experience during a revival in a small Pentecostal church outside of Columbus. As a teenager, Parsley encountered the Baptism of the Holy Spirit at Christian Center Church in [[Gahanna, Ohio]], Giving him a wider perspective of the church and his eventual call to the ministry

After graduating from high school, he worked in real estate and at a pet-food factory. Through a series of various events, Parsley made the decision go into the work of ministry. He enrolled at [[Ohio Christian University|Circleville Bible College]] (now Ohio Christian University),<ref name="Dennis M. Mahoney 2005"/> but dropped out after two years.<ref name="Ted Wendling 2005">{{cite web|last1=Wendling|first1=Ted|title=Ohio televangelist has plenty of influence, but he wants more|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-07-01/news/0507010197_1_pastor-rod-parsley-ohio-secretary-state-ken-blackwell|website=Chicago Tribune|access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref>

As a young pastor, Parsley was strongly influenced by [[Lester Sumrall]], an Indiana-based evangelist, missionary and broadcaster. Sumrall became Parsley's mentor, and the two traveled together often.<ref name="Dennis M. Mahoney 2005"/>

He is married to Joni Parsley. They have a son, Austin, and a daughter, Ashton, now grown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joniparsley.com/ |title=Joni Parsley - A bit about me |website=joniparsley.com |access-date=July 15, 2010}}</ref> They live near [[Pickerington, Ohio|Pickerington]], a suburb of Columbus.

==World Harvest Church==
{{main|World Harvest Church}}
Parsley founded his church in 1977, after leading a Bible study in his parents' backyard while still a college student. Seventeen people attended the first meeting.<ref name="whclife.com"/> They soon decided that the Bible study group should become a church. It originally became known as Sonrise Chapel, and later Word of Life Church.

The church's first permanent facility was built in 1979. This is now known as Alpha Hall, one of four buildings on what for many years was the campus of Valor Christian College (the college moved to the main church campus in 2011). Growth soon required an addition to that building, and several years later the church built a bigger structure adjacent to Alpha Hall, now known as Dominion Hall. In 1986, ground was broken on {{convert|57|acre|m2}} to begin what is now the church's main campus in Canal Winchester (with a Columbus address). When it was dedicated, it was renamed as World Harvest Church in honor of [[Lester Sumrall]], who had befriended Parsley years earlier and became the younger pastor's mentor and spiritual father.<ref name="whclife.com">[http://www.whccolumbus.com/our-story "About World Harvest Church"]; retrieved November 9, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.rodparsley.com/assets/pdf/Prp-Biography.pdf Parsley's official biography]</ref>

World Harvest Church Columbus now includes a 5,200-seat sanctuary, children's and youth ministries, Connect Centers and administrative offices. Harvest Preparatory School, a private [[Christianity|Christian]] school serving students in preschool through grade 12, and Valor Christian College also operate on the church grounds.<ref name="whclife.com"/> About 10,000 people attend services at World Harvest on a weekly basis.<ref name="Dennis M. Mahoney 2005">Dennis M. Mahoney, "Higher aspirations", ''The Columbus Dispatch'', August 21, 2005.</ref>

In 2013, World Harvest added a satellite campus in Elkhart. That church is located near Christian Center Church in [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]], the church founded by Parsley's mentor, Sumrall.

==Other ministry activities==
''Breakthrough'' is an outreach of Bridge of Hope, an international missions organization. Over the past 20 years, Parsley has led numerous humanitarian projects around the world, supported by gifts from his church members, churches affiliated with the World Harvest Ministerial Alliance and television viewers. Bridge of Hope has an exhaustive record of work in [[Sudan]], where a civil war has persisted for years. His involvement with Sudan began with his lobbying for the federal [[Sudan Peace Act]], and has encompassed the purchase of freedom for Sudanese Christian slaves as well as food, medical supplies and equipment for freed slaves. Bridge of Hope has purchased the freedom of more than 31,000 slaves and provided more than 16,000 "survival kits" — aid packages consisting of a tarp, mosquito netting, a cooking pot and food to sustain a family for a month.<ref>[http://www.rodparsley.com/boh/bohm_Sudan.aspx "Bridge of Hope - Missions: Sudan"]; retrieved July 15, 2010.</ref>

Bridge of Hope has also completed projects in the African nations of Zambia, Uganda, Kenya and Mozambique.<ref>"Bridge of Hope: Missions - Africa," http://www.rodparsley.com/boh/bohm_africa.aspx, retrieved 7-15-10</ref> The organization's history also includes projects in Europe, Asia, South America, Central America and the Caribbean.<ref name="rodparsley.com">[http://www.rodparsley.com/boh "Bridge of Hope"], rodparsley.com; retrieved July 15, 2010.</ref> its most recent international projects have been in Haiti (both before and after the January 2010 earthquake there) and Guatemala.<ref name="rodparsley.com"/>

Domestically, Bridge of Hope has been involved in disaster relief, providing food, water, ice and cleaning supplies in the wake of disasters including [[Hurricane Katrina|Hurricanes Katrina]], [[Hurricane Gustav|Gustav]] and [[Hurricane Ike|Ike]]. Following these disasters, Bridge of Hope was named a [[First Responder]] by [[Federal Emergency Management Agency|FEMA]].<ref>"Bridge of Hope: Missions - Gulf Coast" http://www.rodparsley.com/boh/bohm_gulfcoast.aspx, retrieved 7-15-10.</ref>

Valor Christian College was founded in 1990 as World Harvest Bible Institute, and was later known as World Harvest Bible College. It attracts students from across the United States and around the world for ministry training in pastoral leadership, missions, evangelism, music ministry, youth ministry, media ministry, advanced leadership and interdisciplinary studies. It is accredited by the Ohio Department of Higher Education to offer associate of applied science degrees.<ref>[http://www.valorcollege.edu/ Valor Christian College website], valorcollege.edu; retrieved July 15, 2010.</ref>

Parsley is also the host of Dominion Camp-Meeting. An annual summer conference held on the World Harvest Church campus. The conference attracts thousands of christians from all around the world and has served as a global platform to well-known speakers such as Bishop T.D. Jakes, Joyce Meyer, Steven Furtick, Juanita Bynum, and many others

==Political activism==
Parsley is a political independent.<ref>[http://cmc.rodparsley.com/Perspective.aspx?id=46 "My Declaration of Independence"]; retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> He is a critic of [[liberal (politics)|liberal]] positions on [[social issues]], including abortion<ref>Rod Parsley, "Silent No More", p. 141.</ref> and the movement to expand the definition of marriage to include same-sex couples.<ref>[http://cmc.rodparsley.com/Perspective.aspx?id=30 "Marriage on Trial in California"]; retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> He has also worked on behalf of prison re-entry legislation, women's rights initiatives and [[poverty reduction|anti-poverty program]]s. His most recent book, ''Living on Our Heads'', singles out [[Chris Matthews]], [[Bart Stupak]], [[Mia Farrow]] and the late [[Christopher Hitchens]] for praise.<ref>''Living on Our Heads'', pp. 175-183</ref>

Parsley became increasingly involved in U.S. politics following his work on the 2003 [[Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act]]. During the summer of 2004, Parsley announced the establishment of the Center for Moral Clarity. He openly criticized [[Sweden]] for the conviction of [[Åke Green]] under [[Sweden]]'s [[hate crime]]s legislation.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100917091303/http://apologeticscourses.com/?p=42 The Mind Is Connected To the Spirit : Seminary for Apologetics], apologeticscourses.com; accessed October 27, 2015.</ref>

On October 3, 2004, Parsley gave a [[sermon]] titled "Uncensored: While Freedom Still Rings". In the two-part sermon, Parsley expressed opposition to the view that there is a [[separation of church and state]] in the [[U.S. Constitution]]; [[same-sex marriage]]; [[partial-birth abortion]]; [[hate speech]] legislation in [[California]], [[Canada]], and [[Sweden]]; [[sexual orientation]] themes in children's books; [[racism]]; and [[poverty]]. Parsley has said that the U.S. government, by funding [[Planned Parenthood]], is complicit in [[black genocide]], that is, genocide against [[African American]]s, because Planned Parenthood performs abortions in the black community.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMaaDbGgsKA "Rod Parsley: More on 'Black Genocide'], YouTube.com; accessed October 27, 2015.</ref>

A few weeks before the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 elections]], Parsley encouraged both his congregation and his television audience to vote for Ohio's state constitutional amendment which defines marriage as the union between one man and one woman. The amendment passed by a wide margin of votes from both political parties. Parsley has also encouraged citizens of other states with similar marriage amendments on their ballots to vote similarly, and he headlined the "Silent No More" tour in order to register Christian voters.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

==Writings==
Parsley is an author of several books, including ''Silent No More'', which was released in April 2005 by Charisma House. The book encourages Christians to participate in the political process, and especially to make sure their votes reflect their values. Concerning poverty, Parsley writes that government should "get out of the way," removing many constraints on [[capitalism]]. "If the government were to reduce the level of taxation, remove industrial restraints, eliminate wage controls, and abolish subsidies, tariffs, and other constraints on free enterprise," he writes, "the poor would be helped in a way that AFDC, social security, and unemployment insurance could never match."<ref>"Silent No More," pp.64-65.</ref>

The sequel, ''Culturally Incorrect: How Clashing Worldviews Affect Your Future'', was published in June 2007 and soon appeared on the industry's best-seller lists.<ref>Sarah Posner, "God's Profits: Faith, Fraud, and the Republican Crusade for Values Voters", p. 78.</ref> "Culturally Incorrect" identifies postmodernism - the belief that there is no such thing as absolute truth - as the cause of many of the culture's major ills, and calls upon Christians to impact the culture through prayer, service to the poor and activism. A third book on Christian moral action, ''Living on Our Heads: Righting an Upside-Down Culture'',<ref>{{cite web|title="Living On Our Heads" - NEW Book by Pastor Rod Parsley|url=http://livingonourheads.com/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=livingonourheads.com}}</ref> was released in August 2010.

His latest book is called''Grace: Uncovered, Unfiltered, Undeserved'', released in November 2018.<ref>{{cite book |title=Grace: Uncovered, Unfiltered, Undeserved |last=Parsley |first=Rod |isbn=9781629996011 |publisher= |date= }}</ref>

==McCain 2008 endorsement==
Parsley personally endorsed the [[John McCain 2008 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]] of [[Republican Party (USA)|Republican]] nominee [[John McCain]], who called Parsley a "spiritual guide". McCain had actively sought Parsley's endorsement during his Republican [[primary election|primary]] battle with [[Mike Huckabee]], who was drawing substantial support from the [[Christian right|religious right]].<ref>[[Brian Ross (journalist)|Ross, Brian]]. [https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=4905624&page=1 "McCain Pastor: 'Islam is a Conspiracy of Spiritual Evil'"], [[ABC News]], May 22, 2008.</ref>

McCain later rejected Parsley's endorsement based on Parsley's statements regarding Islam.<ref>[http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/2008/05/mccain-rejects.html Political Radar: McCain Rejects Parsley Endorsement], abcnews.com, May 2008.</ref> Parsley was quoted as stating that he "do[es] not believe that our country can truly fulfill its divine purpose until we understand America was founded, in part, with the intention of seeing this false religion destroyed" and that [[Muhammad]] is "the mouthpiece of a conspiracy of spiritual evil".<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/23/us/politics/23hagee.html?em&ex=1211688000&en=cac841d277244547&ei=5087%0A "McCain Cuts Ties to Pastor Whose Talks Drew Fire"], ''[[New York Times]]'', May 23, 2008.</ref><ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=4905624&page=1 McCain Pastor: 'Islam is a Conspiracy of Spiritual Evil'], abcnews.go.com, May 22, 2008.</ref>

In repudiating Parsley's comments, McCain stated, "I believe there is no place for that kind of dialogue in America, and I believe that even though he endorsed me, and I didn't endorse him, the fact is that I repudiate such talk, and I reject his endorsement."<ref>[https://archive.today/20120728113409/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/politics/national/stories/052308dnmethagee.37d3563.html "McCain rejects televangelist Hagee's endorsement"], dallasnews.com; accessed October 27, 2015.</ref> McCain further distanced himself from Parsley, stating, "I've never been in [[John Hagee|Pastor Hagee]]'s church or Pastor Parsley's church. I didn't attend their church for 20 years, and I'm not a member of their church. I received their endorsement, which did not mean that I endorsed their views."<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/politics/la-na-mccain23-2008may23,0,5141859.story "John McCain repudiates pastors' support"], latimes.com; accessed October 27, 2015.</ref>

Thereafter, Parsley withdrew his endorsement of McCain's candidacy.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120903190744/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2008/05/24/parsley.html?sid=101 Rev. Rod Parsley withdraws McCain endorsement], ''The Columbus Dispatch'', May 24, 2008</ref>

==Criticism of Parsley==
Parsley has been identified as a prominent player in the so-called [[Dominionism|dominionist]] movement by both [[TheocracyWatch]]<ref name=Patriot_Pastors>[http://www.theocracywatch.org/ohio_patriot_pastors.htm "The Rise of the Religious Right in the Republican Party: Ohio's Patriot Pastors"], ''[[TheocracyWatch]]''; accessed October 27, 2015.</ref> and commentator [[Bill Moyers]].<ref>[[Bill Moyers]]. [http://www.theocracywatch.org/new_bill_moyers_toompaine_sept9_05.htm 9/11 And The Sport of God], ''[[TheocracyWatch]]'', September 9, 2005. URL accessed May 24, 2006.</ref>

Some have criticized Parsley's recent book, ''Silent No More'', because of the book's description of Islam and its view that the [[United States Constitution]] provides for a separation of church and state (among other social issues), and for his support of [[faith healing]]. Parsley supports the claim that Islam is an enemy of both the United States and [[Christianity]].<ref name="motherjones">[[David Corn|Corn, David]]. [https://www.motherjones.com/washington_dispatch/2008/03/john-mccain-rod-parsley-spiritual-guide.html McCain's Spiritual Guide: Destroy Islam], [[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]], 2008-03-12</ref>

In January 2006, a group of 31 [[Columbus, Ohio]]-area pastors charged that Parsley and another central Ohio religious leader had violated federal tax laws. The complaining clergy alleged that Parsley violated the tax-exempt status of his church by supporting various political causes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.religionnewsblog.com/13335/laws-of-man-god-obeyed-world-harvest-church-says|title=Laws of man, God obeyed, World Harvest Church says|website=ReligionNewsBlog.com|publisher=[[The Columbus Dispatch]]|access-date=18 January 2006}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100329230928/http://www.dispatch.com/live/contentbe/dispatch/2006/01/16/20060116-A1-00.html "Churches could face IRS probe"], [[The Columbus Dispatch]], January 16, 2006.</ref>

Author [[Chris Hedges]]' 2006 book ''[[American Fascists|American Fascists: The Christian Right and the War on America]]'' quoted Parsley as using [[militarism|militaristic]] metaphors in a sermon concerning his critics:{{cquote|The [[secular]] media never likes it when I say this, so let me say it twice. Man your battle stations! Ready your weapons! They say this rhetoric is so inciting. I came to incite a riot. ... Man your battle stations. Ready your weapons. Lock and load — for the thirty, forty liberal pastors who filed against our ministry with the [[Internal Revenue Service]]. ... Let the struggle begin. Let it begin in your heart today with a shout unto him who has called us to war — not only that, he has empowered you and I to win.<ref name="Hedges">[[Chris Hedges|Hedges, Chris]]. ''[[American Fascists|American Fascists: The Christian Right and the War on America]]'' (2007), [[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]; {{ISBN|978-0-7432-8443-1}}</ref>}}

==Cancer==
In 2015, Parsley was treated for [[vocal cord cancer]], but has since recovered.<ref>[http://www.charismanews.com/us/52753-battling-throat-cancer-rod-parsley-shares-the-battle-against-his-mind Rod Parsley shares the battle], charismanews.com; accessed October 27, 2015.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}

{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.rodparsley.com/ Rod Parsley's official website]
*{{IMDb name|0663734}}
*{{cite news | url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/07/31/060731fa_fact1 | work=New Yorker | title=Holy Toledo | date=July 31, 2006 | first=Frances | last=Fitzgerald}}
*{{cite news | url=http://prospect.org/article/god-his-side | title=With God on His Side | work=The American Prospect | date=October 23, 2005 | first=Sarah | last=Posner}}
*{{cite news | url=http://motherjones.com/politics/2008/03/mccains-spiritual-guide-destroy-islam | title=McCain's Spiritual Guide: Destroy Islam | date=March 11, 2008 | first=David | last=Corn | work=Mother Jones}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parsley, Rod}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:American Pentecostal pastors]]
[[Category:American evangelicals]]
[[Category:American Charismatics]]
[[Category:American critics of Islam]]
[[Category:American television evangelists]]
[[Category:Christians from Ohio]]
[[Category:Christian critics of Islam]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pentecostal writers]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Cleveland]]

A Date with Judy (film)

2022-12-31T04:14:33Z

68.231.42.248: /* Plot */

{{Short description|1948 film by Richard Thorpe}}
{{Infobox film
| name = A Date with Judy
| image = A Date With Judy film poster.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = ''A Date with Judy'' film poster
| director = [[Richard Thorpe]]
| producer = [[Joe Pasternak]]
| screenplay = [[Dorothy Cooper]] [[Dorothy Kingsley]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[A Date With Judy]]'' radio series|[[Aleen Leslie]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Wallace Beery]] [[Jane Powell]] [[Elizabeth Taylor]] [[Carmen Miranda]] [[Xavier Cugat]] [[Robert Stack]]
| music = Ernesto Lecuona
| cinematography = [[Robert Surtees (cinematographer)|Robert Surtees]]
| editing = [[Harold F. Kress]]
| distributor = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
| released = {{Film date|1948|07|29}}
| runtime = 113 minutes
| country = [[United States]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| budget = $1,353,000<ref name="Mannix">{{Citation | title = The Eddie Mannix Ledger | publisher = Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study | place = Los Angeles}}.</ref><ref>Another source puts the cost at $2 million [https://archive.org/stream/variety169-1948-02#page/n126/mode/1up ''Variety'' February 1948]</ref>
| gross = $4,586,000<ref name="Mannix"/>
}}

'''''A Date with Judy''''' is a 1948 American [[Comedy film|comedy]] [[musical film]] starring [[Wallace Beery]], [[Jane Powell]], and [[Elizabeth Taylor]].<ref>''[[Variety Film Reviews|Variety]]'' film review; June 23, 1948, page 6.</ref><ref>''[[Harrison's Reports and Film Reviews|Harrison's Reports]]'' film review; June 19, 1948, page 99.</ref> Directed by [[Richard Thorpe]], the film was based on the [[A Date with Judy|radio series of the same name]].

The film was photographed in [[Technicolor]] and largely served to showcase the former child star Elizabeth Taylor, age 16 at the time. Taylor was given the full MGM glamor treatment, including specially designed gowns.

[[Robert Stack]] appears in a prominent supporting part. Many others in the MGM stock company appear in their customary roles, including [[Leon Ames (actor)|Leon Ames]] as a dignified father figure, the same role he played in the [[Judy Garland]] film ''[[Meet Me in St. Louis]]'' (1944) and [[Billing (filmmaking)|top-billed]] [[Wallace Beery]] in his penultimate role as a contrasting "rough and ready" father figure.

The film features the [[soprano]] singing voice of young [[Jane Powell]], and is also a showcase for the musical performances of the [[Brazilians|Brazilian]] singer [[Carmen Miranda]] and [[bandleader]] [[Xavier Cugat]]. In this film, Miranda is given to humorous [[malapropisms]] such as "His bite is worse than his bark" and "Now I'm cooking with grass". The songs "Judaline" and "[[It's a Most Unusual Day]]" also debuted in this film.

==Plot==
In [[Santa Barbara, California]], teenager Judy Foster ([[Jane Powell]]) and her friends are rehearsing songs for their high school dance when the student director of the show, Carol Pringle ([[Elizabeth Taylor]]), complains that the songs, as performed, are too "juvenile." Carol, a senior at the school and a renowned snob, demonstrates how the music should be played, and gives the song a more seductive flavor.

Later, Carol tells Judy that famous band leader [[Xavier Cugat]] will be the guest of honor at the dance, and urges her to wear her pink dress for the occasion. When Judy learns that her sweetheart, Ogden "Oogie" Pringle ([[Scotty Beckett]]), who is Carol's brother, has decided not to take her to the dance, she becomes infuriated and vows to break off her friendship with him. Dejected, Judy visits Pop's Soda Fountain, where she meets Pop's handsome nephew, Stephen Andrews ([[Robert Stack]]). Judy falls instantly in love with the older Stephen, and he agrees to take her to the dance as a favor to Pop. At the dance, Oogie sees Judy with Stephen and becomes jealous. While Oogie tries to divert Judy's attention away from Stephen, Stephen meets Carol and believes he has found "the most beautiful girl in Santa Barbara."

After the dance, Carol tries to help Oogie and Judy get back together by telling Judy that she has convinced her wealthy father to give Judy and Oogie a program on his radio station. Meanwhile, Rosita Conchellas ([[Carmen Miranda]]), a dance instructor, secretly meets with Judy's father Melvin ([[Wallace Beery]]) to teach him the rumba, which he hopes to dance on his wedding anniversary. When Oogie tries to make amends with Judy at a dinner arranged by Carol, a misunderstanding arises that leads to his being further alienated from his sweetheart. Judy, however, shows no signs of a broken heart, and later tells her father that she is in love with Stephen and that she intends to marry him.

When Judy discovers Rosita's skirt caught in the closet door of her father's office, she incorrectly concludes that her father is having an affair. Determined to save her parents' marriage, Judy runs home and gives her mother Dora ([[Selena Royle]]) a beauty makeover to make her more appealing to her father. Oogie, in his tireless determination to reunite with Judy, tries to serenade her, but another misunderstanding arises and the plan is spoiled. Judy becomes convinced that her father is planning to leave her mother when she and Carol see him escorting Rosita to his car. Carol and Judy later accuse Rosita of breaking up Judy's home. Rosita misunderstands the accusation and believes that they are talking about Cugat, her fiancé. When Judy and Carol finally realize their mistake, they apologize to Rosita. Judy then reconciles with Oogie after she learns that Carol is in love with Stephen, and Stephen agrees to resume his romance with Carol in a few years, when she is older.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/3450/Date-With-Judy-A/|title = A Date with Judy}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Wallace Beery]] as Melvin R. Foster
* [[Jane Powell]] as Judy Foster
* [[Elizabeth Taylor]] as Carol Pringle
* [[Carmen Miranda]] as Rosita Cochellas
* [[Xavier Cugat]] as Himself
* [[Robert Stack]] as Stephen Andrews
* [[Scotty Beckett]] as Ogden "Oogie" Pringle
* [[Selena Royle]] as Dora Foster
* [[Leon Ames]] as Lucien T. Pringle
* [[Clinton Sundberg]] as Jameson
* [[George Cleveland]] as Gramps
* [[Lloyd Corrigan]] as "Pop" Sam Scully
* [[Stuart Whitman]] as Young Man in the ballroom (uncredited)
* Jerry Hunter as Randolph Foster
* Jean McLaren as Mitzi Hoffman
* [[Lillian Yarbo]] as Nightingale (uncredited)

<gallery class="center">
Image:Jane Powell - A Date with Judy (1948).jpg|
Image:Elizabeth Taylor - A Date With Judy (1948).jpg|
Image:Carmen Miranda - A Date with Judy (1948).jpg|
Image:Robert Stack - A Date with Judy (1948).jpg|
Image:Xavier Cugat - A Date with Judy (1948).jpg|
</gallery>

== Songs ==
* "[[It's a Most Unusual Day]]" ([[Harold Adamson]], [[Jimmy McHugh]]) performed by Jane Powell
* "Cuanto Le Gusta" ([[Gabriel Ruiz (songwriter)|Gabriel Ruiz]], [[Ray Gilbert]]) performed by [[Carmen Miranda]] with [[Xavier Cugat |Xavier Cugat and His Orchestra]]
* "Cooking with Gas" performed by [[Carmen Miranda]] with [[Xavier Cugat |Xavier Cugat and His Orchestra]]
* "Judaline" ([[Don Raye]], [[Gene de Paul]]) performed by [[Jane Powell]], Scotty Beckett & Quartet
* "I'm Strictly on the Corny Side" (Stella Unger, [[Alec Templeton]]) performed by Jane Powell & Scotty Beckett
* "Love is Where You Find It" (Earl K. Brent, [[Nacio Herb Brown]]) performed by Jane Powell, Jerry Hunter & Selena Royle
* "Home Sweet Home" ([[Henry Bishop (composer)|H.R. Bishop]]) performed by Jane Powell, Jerry Hunter & Selena Royle
* "[[Swing Low, Sweet Chariot]]" ([[Wallace Willis]]) performed by Lillian Yarbo

==Production==
[[File:A Date with Judy - teriler.jpg|thumb|Original theatrical trailer.]]
Although [[Xavier Cugat]] is credited in the opening credits as "Xavier Cugat and His Orchestra," the end credits simply bill Cugat as "Himself." The ''A Date with Judy'' radio show ran from 1941 to 1949 on the NBC network, and from 1949 to 1950 on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC network]]. The character of "Judy Foster" was portrayed on the radio by Dellie Ellis (later known as [[Joan Lorring]]), [[Louise Erickson (actress)|Louise Erickson]] and [[Ann Gillis]].

Thomas E. Breen was originally set to co-star in the film with [[Jane Powell]], and Leslie Kardos was set to direct. [[Selena Royle]] replaced [[Mary Astor]], who withdrew from the film due to illness.<ref>(December 1947) ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''</ref>

A biography of director [[Vincente Minnelli]] notes that a musical number entitled ''Mulligatawny'', which was created by Stanley Donen, was cut from the film before its release. Actress [[Patricia Crowley]] portrayed "Judy Foster" in the ABC television series ''A Date with Judy'', which ran from 1951 to 1953.<ref>[http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=25509 DetailView: A Date with Judy]</ref>

==Reception==
The film was a hit, earning $3,431,000 in the US and Canada and $1,155,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $1,495,000.<ref name="Mannix"/><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/variety173-1949-01#page/n45/mode/1up "Top Grossers of 1948", ''Variety'' 5 January 1949 p 46]</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''[[The New York Times]]'' reviewer pointed out that "the picture's gaiest moments" were provided by Carmen Miranda, "whose singing remains a source of delighted amazement to this observer."<ref>Brazilian Bombshell: The Biography of Carmen Miranda - p.205</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0040271|A Date with Judy}}
* {{Amg movie|12454|A Date with Judy}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=3450|title=A Date with Judy}}
* {{AFI film|25509|A Date with Judy}}
* ''[http://www.nndb.com/films/201/000088934/ A Date with Judy]'' at [[NNDB]]
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=date_with_judy|title=A Date with Judy}}

{{Richard Thorpe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Date With Judy, A}}
[[Category:1948 films]]
[[Category:1948 musical comedy films]]
[[Category:1948 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American musical comedy films]]
[[Category:American romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1940s English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films based on radio series]]
[[Category:Films directed by Richard Thorpe]]
[[Category:Films set in Santa Barbara, California]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Joe Pasternak]]
[[Category:1940s American films]]

A Date with Judy (film)

2022-12-31T04:13:21Z

68.231.42.248: /* Plot */

{{Short description|1948 film by Richard Thorpe}}
{{Infobox film
| name = A Date with Judy
| image = A Date With Judy film poster.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = ''A Date with Judy'' film poster
| director = [[Richard Thorpe]]
| producer = [[Joe Pasternak]]
| screenplay = [[Dorothy Cooper]] [[Dorothy Kingsley]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[A Date With Judy]]'' radio series|[[Aleen Leslie]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Wallace Beery]] [[Jane Powell]] [[Elizabeth Taylor]] [[Carmen Miranda]] [[Xavier Cugat]] [[Robert Stack]]
| music = Ernesto Lecuona
| cinematography = [[Robert Surtees (cinematographer)|Robert Surtees]]
| editing = [[Harold F. Kress]]
| distributor = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
| released = {{Film date|1948|07|29}}
| runtime = 113 minutes
| country = [[United States]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| budget = $1,353,000<ref name="Mannix">{{Citation | title = The Eddie Mannix Ledger | publisher = Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study | place = Los Angeles}}.</ref><ref>Another source puts the cost at $2 million [https://archive.org/stream/variety169-1948-02#page/n126/mode/1up ''Variety'' February 1948]</ref>
| gross = $4,586,000<ref name="Mannix"/>
}}

'''''A Date with Judy''''' is a 1948 American [[Comedy film|comedy]] [[musical film]] starring [[Wallace Beery]], [[Jane Powell]], and [[Elizabeth Taylor]].<ref>''[[Variety Film Reviews|Variety]]'' film review; June 23, 1948, page 6.</ref><ref>''[[Harrison's Reports and Film Reviews|Harrison's Reports]]'' film review; June 19, 1948, page 99.</ref> Directed by [[Richard Thorpe]], the film was based on the [[A Date with Judy|radio series of the same name]].

The film was photographed in [[Technicolor]] and largely served to showcase the former child star Elizabeth Taylor, age 16 at the time. Taylor was given the full MGM glamor treatment, including specially designed gowns.

[[Robert Stack]] appears in a prominent supporting part. Many others in the MGM stock company appear in their customary roles, including [[Leon Ames (actor)|Leon Ames]] as a dignified father figure, the same role he played in the [[Judy Garland]] film ''[[Meet Me in St. Louis]]'' (1944) and [[Billing (filmmaking)|top-billed]] [[Wallace Beery]] in his penultimate role as a contrasting "rough and ready" father figure.

The film features the [[soprano]] singing voice of young [[Jane Powell]], and is also a showcase for the musical performances of the [[Brazilians|Brazilian]] singer [[Carmen Miranda]] and [[bandleader]] [[Xavier Cugat]]. In this film, Miranda is given to humorous [[malapropisms]] such as "His bite is worse than his bark" and "Now I'm cooking with grass". The songs "Judaline" and "[[It's a Most Unusual Day]]" also debuted in this film.

==Plot==
In [[Santa Barbara, California]], teenager Judy Foster ([[Jane Powell]]) and her friends are rehearsing songs for their high school dance when the student director of the show, Carol Pringle ([[Elizabeth Taylor]]), complains that the songs, as performed, are too "juvenile." Carol, a senior at the school and a renowned snob, demonstrates how the music should be played, and gives the song a more seductive flavor.

Later, Carol tells Judy that famous band leader [[Xavier Cugat]] will be the guest of honor at the dance, and urges her to wear her pink dress for the occasion. When Judy learns that her sweetheart, Ogden "Oogie" Pringle ([[Scotty Beckett]]), who is Carol's brother, has decided not to take her to the dance, she becomes infuriated and vows to break off her friendship with him. Dejected, Judy visits Pop's Soda Fountain, where she meets Pop's handsome nephew, Stephen Andrews ([[Robert Stack]]). Judy falls instantly in love with the older Stephen, and he agrees to take her to the dance as a favor to Pop. At the dance, Oogie sees Judy with Stephen and becomes jealous. While Oogie tries to divert Judy's attention away from Stephen, Stephen meets Carol and believes he has found "the most beautiful girl in Santa Barbara."

After the dance, Carol tries to help Oogie and Judy get back together by telling Judy that she has convinced her wealthy father to give Judy and Oogie a program on his radio station. Meanwhile, Rosita Conchellas ([[Carmen Miranda]]), a dance instructor, secretly meets with Judy's father Melvin ([[Wallace Beery]]) to teach him the rumba, which he hopes to dance on his wedding anniversary. When Oogie tries to make amends with Judy at a dinner arranged by Carol, a misunderstanding arises that leads to his being further alienated from his sweetheart. Judy, however, shows no signs of a broken heart, and later tells her father that she is in love with Stephen and that she intends to marry him.

When Judy discovers Rosita's skirt caught in the closet door of her father's office, she incorrectly concludes that her father is having an affair. Determined to save her parents' marriage, Judy runs home and gives her mother Dora ([[Selena Royale]]) a beauty makeover to make her more appealing to her father. Oogie, in his tireless determination to reunite with Judy, tries to serenade her, but another misunderstanding arises and the plan is spoiled. Judy becomes convinced that her father is planning to leave her mother when she and Carol see him escorting Rosita to his car. Carol and Judy later accuse Rosita of breaking up Judy's home. Rosita misunderstands the accusation and believes that they are talking about Cugat, her fiancé. When Judy and Carol finally realize their mistake, they apologize to Rosita. Judy then reconciles with Oogie after she learns that Carol is in love with Stephen, and Stephen agrees to resume his romance with Carol in a few years, when she is older.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/3450/Date-With-Judy-A/|title = A Date with Judy}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Wallace Beery]] as Melvin R. Foster
* [[Jane Powell]] as Judy Foster
* [[Elizabeth Taylor]] as Carol Pringle
* [[Carmen Miranda]] as Rosita Cochellas
* [[Xavier Cugat]] as Himself
* [[Robert Stack]] as Stephen Andrews
* [[Scotty Beckett]] as Ogden "Oogie" Pringle
* [[Selena Royle]] as Dora Foster
* [[Leon Ames]] as Lucien T. Pringle
* [[Clinton Sundberg]] as Jameson
* [[George Cleveland]] as Gramps
* [[Lloyd Corrigan]] as "Pop" Sam Scully
* [[Stuart Whitman]] as Young Man in the ballroom (uncredited)
* Jerry Hunter as Randolph Foster
* Jean McLaren as Mitzi Hoffman
* [[Lillian Yarbo]] as Nightingale (uncredited)

<gallery class="center">
Image:Jane Powell - A Date with Judy (1948).jpg|
Image:Elizabeth Taylor - A Date With Judy (1948).jpg|
Image:Carmen Miranda - A Date with Judy (1948).jpg|
Image:Robert Stack - A Date with Judy (1948).jpg|
Image:Xavier Cugat - A Date with Judy (1948).jpg|
</gallery>

== Songs ==
* "[[It's a Most Unusual Day]]" ([[Harold Adamson]], [[Jimmy McHugh]]) performed by Jane Powell
* "Cuanto Le Gusta" ([[Gabriel Ruiz (songwriter)|Gabriel Ruiz]], [[Ray Gilbert]]) performed by [[Carmen Miranda]] with [[Xavier Cugat |Xavier Cugat and His Orchestra]]
* "Cooking with Gas" performed by [[Carmen Miranda]] with [[Xavier Cugat |Xavier Cugat and His Orchestra]]
* "Judaline" ([[Don Raye]], [[Gene de Paul]]) performed by [[Jane Powell]], Scotty Beckett & Quartet
* "I'm Strictly on the Corny Side" (Stella Unger, [[Alec Templeton]]) performed by Jane Powell & Scotty Beckett
* "Love is Where You Find It" (Earl K. Brent, [[Nacio Herb Brown]]) performed by Jane Powell, Jerry Hunter & Selena Royle
* "Home Sweet Home" ([[Henry Bishop (composer)|H.R. Bishop]]) performed by Jane Powell, Jerry Hunter & Selena Royle
* "[[Swing Low, Sweet Chariot]]" ([[Wallace Willis]]) performed by Lillian Yarbo

==Production==
[[File:A Date with Judy - teriler.jpg|thumb|Original theatrical trailer.]]
Although [[Xavier Cugat]] is credited in the opening credits as "Xavier Cugat and His Orchestra," the end credits simply bill Cugat as "Himself." The ''A Date with Judy'' radio show ran from 1941 to 1949 on the NBC network, and from 1949 to 1950 on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC network]]. The character of "Judy Foster" was portrayed on the radio by Dellie Ellis (later known as [[Joan Lorring]]), [[Louise Erickson (actress)|Louise Erickson]] and [[Ann Gillis]].

Thomas E. Breen was originally set to co-star in the film with [[Jane Powell]], and Leslie Kardos was set to direct. [[Selena Royle]] replaced [[Mary Astor]], who withdrew from the film due to illness.<ref>(December 1947) ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''</ref>

A biography of director [[Vincente Minnelli]] notes that a musical number entitled ''Mulligatawny'', which was created by Stanley Donen, was cut from the film before its release. Actress [[Patricia Crowley]] portrayed "Judy Foster" in the ABC television series ''A Date with Judy'', which ran from 1951 to 1953.<ref>[http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=25509 DetailView: A Date with Judy]</ref>

==Reception==
The film was a hit, earning $3,431,000 in the US and Canada and $1,155,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $1,495,000.<ref name="Mannix"/><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/variety173-1949-01#page/n45/mode/1up "Top Grossers of 1948", ''Variety'' 5 January 1949 p 46]</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''[[The New York Times]]'' reviewer pointed out that "the picture's gaiest moments" were provided by Carmen Miranda, "whose singing remains a source of delighted amazement to this observer."<ref>Brazilian Bombshell: The Biography of Carmen Miranda - p.205</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0040271|A Date with Judy}}
* {{Amg movie|12454|A Date with Judy}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=3450|title=A Date with Judy}}
* {{AFI film|25509|A Date with Judy}}
* ''[http://www.nndb.com/films/201/000088934/ A Date with Judy]'' at [[NNDB]]
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=date_with_judy|title=A Date with Judy}}

{{Richard Thorpe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Date With Judy, A}}
[[Category:1948 films]]
[[Category:1948 musical comedy films]]
[[Category:1948 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American musical comedy films]]
[[Category:American romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1940s English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films based on radio series]]
[[Category:Films directed by Richard Thorpe]]
[[Category:Films set in Santa Barbara, California]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Joe Pasternak]]
[[Category:1940s American films]]

Joan Tompkins

2022-12-03T05:15:12Z

68.231.42.248: /* Career */

{{short description|American actress}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Joan Tompkins
| image = Cameron Prud'homme Charme Allen Joan Tompkins David Harum 1947.JPG
|caption=Tompkins (right) as Susan Price Wells with Cameron Prud'homme and Charme Allen in the radio serial ''[[David Harum (radio program)|David Harum]]'', 1947.
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1915|7|9}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2005|1|29|1915|7|9}}
| death_place = [[Orange County, California]], U.S.
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = Steve Appleby (? - ?) Bruce MacFarlane (? - ?) [[Karl Swenson]] (widowed in 1978)
| children = 4 stepsons
| yearsactive = 1953-1980
}}

'''Joan Swenson''' (July 9, 1915 – January 29, 2005),<ref name=ssdi>{{cite web|url=http://ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/ssdi.cgi|title=Social Security Death Index|publisher=ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com|accessdate=January 17, 2010}}</ref> previously known as '''Joan Tompkins''', was an American actress of [[television]], [[film]], [[radio]], and stage.

==Career==
Tompkins performed with stock theater companies in [[Mount Kisco, New York]], and [[White Plains, New York]].<ref name="bc">{{cite news |last1=Dorfman |first1=Nat |title=Drama in Stage Job |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87891720/joan-tompkins/ |access-date=October 28, 2021 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |date=August 16, 1941 |page=8|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> She acted on Broadway in ''My Sister Eileen'', ''Pride and Prejudice'',<ref name=":0" /> and ''Fly Away Home''.<ref name=bc/>

Her roles on radio programs included those shown in the table below.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program !! Role
|-
| ''[[Against the Storm]]'' || Siri Allen<ref name="rp">{{cite book|last1=Terrace|first1=Vincent|title=Radio Programs, 1924-1984: A Catalog of More Than 1800 Shows|date=1999|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|isbn=978-0-7864-4513-4|page=18}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[David Harum (radio program)|David Harum]]'' || Susan Wells{{r|rp|page1=94}}
|-
| ''Lora Lawton'' || Lora Lawton{{r|rp|page1=206}}
|-
| ''[[Our Gal Sunday]]'' || Madeline Travers{{r|rp|page1=262}}
|-
| ''[[This Is Nora Drake]]''|| Nora Drake<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=This Is Nora Drake Will Be New Serial Over KSCJ |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87889197/sioux-city-journal/ |access-date=October 28, 2021 |work=Sioux City Journal |date=April 11, 1940 |page=10 - Section 2|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Young Widder Brown]]'' || Joyce Turner{{r|rp|page1=361}}
|-
| ''[[Your Family and Mine]]'' || Judy Wilbur{{r|rp|page1=362}}
|}

Her television roles included:{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
*''[[Adventures in Paradise (TV series)|Adventures in Paradise]]'' as Cora Summers in "Assassins" (1961)
*''[[Hazel (TV series)|Hazel]]'' as Florence Gurney in "Hazel and the Gardener" (1962)
*''[[The New Breed (TV series)|The New Breed]]'' as Mrs. Marsh in "How Proud the Guilty" (1962)
*''[[Bus Stop (TV series)|Bus Stop]]'', as Sarah Jenkins in "The Runaways" (1961) and unknown role in "I Kiss Your Shadow" (1962)
*''[[The Danny Thomas Show]]'', two episodes (1959 and 1962)
*''[[The Lieutenant]]'', two episodes (1963–1964)
*''[[Route 66 (TV series)|Route 66]]'', as Mrs. Thomas in “Between Hello and Goodbye” (1962)
*''[[The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters (TV series)|The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters]]'' as Martha Pollux in “The Day of the Wizard” (1964)
*''[[The Eleventh Hour (1962 TV series)|The Eleventh Hour]]'', three episodes, including the two-parter, “Does My Mother Have to Know?”, in the role of Aggie Britt (1964)
*''[[Mr. Novak]]'' as Mrs. Douglas Morgan, Sr., in "The Private Life of Douglas Morgan, Jr." (1964)
*''[[Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.]]'' as Mrs. Harper in "A Date for the Colonel's Daughter" (1964)
*''[[Perry Mason (1957 TV series)|Perry Mason]]'', three episodes (1962–1964)
*''[[Dr. Kildare]]'', three episodes (1962–1965)
*''[[Slattery's People]]'', as Dorothy Ralston in “Question, What Time Is the Next Bandwagon?” (1965)
*''[[The Farmer's Daughter (TV series)|The Farmer's Daughter]]'' in "Katie's Castle" (1965)
*''[[My Three Sons]]'' reoccurring as Lorraine Miller (1967-1970)
*''[[Mannix]]'' as Mrs. Dover in “Turn Every Stone” (1967)
*''[[Mission: Impossible (1966 TV series)|Mission: Impossible]]'' as Miss Putnam in "The Seal" (1967)
*''[[Occasional Wife]]'' as Mrs. Brahms in "Pilot" and "No Cookie for Dessert" (1966){{Citation needed |date=July 2020}}
*''[[I Dream of Jeannie]]'' as General's wife in "Invisible House for Sale" (1968)
*''[[Bewitched]]'' as Harriet Walters in "Once in a Vial" (1968)
*''[[The Brady Bunch]]'' as Mrs. Tyler in “The Honeymoon” (1969) which was that show's premiere episode
*''[[Lassie (1954 TV series)|Lassie]]'', in two episodes, including the role of Mrs. Davis in the 1964 episode “The Little Christmas Tree” and as Katherine in the 1971 segment entitled “The Awakening”
*''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'', as Mrs. Thorn, secretary to Lou Grant, episode "Who's in Charge Here?" (1972)
*''[[Griff (TV series)|Griff]]'', as Ruth in “Elephant in a Cage” (1973)
*''[[Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law]]'', three episodes, including two as a [[judge]] (1973–1974)
*''[[Barnaby Jones]]'', three episodes, including role of Judge Edith Royce in “Voice in the Night” (1976)
*''[[The Waltons]]'', as Mrs. Herbert in "The Achievement" (1977), the final appearance of [[Richard Thomas (actor)|Richard Thomas]] in the series and the episode in which John-Boy Walton he obtains publication of his first [[novel]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fandango.com/thewaltons:theachievement_v386241/summary|title=''The Waltons'': "The Achievement"|publisher=fandango.com|accessdate=January 17, 2010|archive-date=April 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405222236/http://www.fandango.com/thewaltons:theachievement_v386241/summary|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''[[Emergency!]]'' as Maggie Trigg in “The Most Deadly Passage” (1978), made into a [[television movie]] the following year{{Citation needed |date=July 2020}}
{{div col end}}

==Personal life==
On July 25, 1936, Tompkins married actor Stephen Ker Appleby in Briarcliff, New York. They were divorced on December 4, 1941.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mrs. Appleby Obtains Divorce |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/12/05/archives/mrs-appleby-obtains-divorce.html?searchResultPosition=3 |access-date=October 28, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=December 5, 1941 |page=8}}</ref>

Joan was last married to actor [[Karl Swenson]].{{Citation needed |date=November 2021}}

{{Portal|Biography|New York (state)|New York City|Los Angeles|California|Radio|Film|Theatre|Television}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0867000}}
* {{IBDB name|62450}}
* {{Find a Grave|90368086}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tompkins, Joan}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:People from Dana Point, California]]
[[Category:Actresses from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American radio actresses]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

Joan Tompkins

2022-12-03T04:51:31Z

68.231.42.248: /* Career */

{{short description|American actress}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Joan Tompkins
| image = Cameron Prud'homme Charme Allen Joan Tompkins David Harum 1947.JPG
|caption=Tompkins (right) as Susan Price Wells with Cameron Prud'homme and Charme Allen in the radio serial ''[[David Harum (radio program)|David Harum]]'', 1947.
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1915|7|9}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2005|1|29|1915|7|9}}
| death_place = [[Orange County, California]], U.S.
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = Steve Appleby (? - ?) Bruce MacFarlane (? - ?) [[Karl Swenson]] (widowed in 1978)
| children = 4 stepsons
| yearsactive = 1953-1980
}}

'''Joan Swenson''' (July 9, 1915 – January 29, 2005),<ref name=ssdi>{{cite web|url=http://ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/ssdi.cgi|title=Social Security Death Index|publisher=ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com|accessdate=January 17, 2010}}</ref> previously known as '''Joan Tompkins''', was an American actress of [[television]], [[film]], [[radio]], and stage.

==Career==
Tompkins performed with stock theater companies in [[Mount Kisco, New York]], and [[White Plains, New York]].<ref name="bc">{{cite news |last1=Dorfman |first1=Nat |title=Drama in Stage Job |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87891720/joan-tompkins/ |access-date=October 28, 2021 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |date=August 16, 1941 |page=8|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> She acted on Broadway in ''My Sister Eileen'', ''Pride and Prejudice'',<ref name=":0" /> and ''Fly Away Home''.<ref name=bc/>

Her roles on radio programs included those shown in the table below.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program !! Role
|-
| ''[[Against the Storm]]'' || Siri Allen<ref name="rp">{{cite book|last1=Terrace|first1=Vincent|title=Radio Programs, 1924-1984: A Catalog of More Than 1800 Shows|date=1999|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|isbn=978-0-7864-4513-4|page=18}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[David Harum (radio program)|David Harum]]'' || Susan Wells{{r|rp|page1=94}}
|-
| ''Lora Lawton'' || Lora Lawton{{r|rp|page1=206}}
|-
| ''[[Our Gal Sunday]]'' || Madeline Travers{{r|rp|page1=262}}
|-
| ''[[This Is Nora Drake]]''|| Nora Drake<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=This Is Nora Drake Will Be New Serial Over KSCJ |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87889197/sioux-city-journal/ |access-date=October 28, 2021 |work=Sioux City Journal |date=April 11, 1940 |page=10 - Section 2|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Young Widder Brown]]'' || Joyce Turner{{r|rp|page1=361}}
|-
| ''[[Your Family and Mine]]'' || Judy Wilbur{{r|rp|page1=362}}
|}

Her television roles included:{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
*''[[Adventures in Paradise (TV series)|Adventures in Paradise]]'' as Cora Summers in "Assassins" (1961)
*''[[Hazel (TV series)|Hazel]]'' as Florence Gurney in "Hazel and the Gardener" (1962)
*''[[The New Breed (TV series)|The New Breed]]'' as Mrs. Marsh in "How Proud the Guilty" (1962)
*''[[Bus Stop (TV series)|Bus Stop]]'', as Sarah Jenkins in "The Runaways" (1961) and unknown role in "I Kiss Your Shadow" (1962)
*''[[The Danny Thomas Show]]'', two episodes (1959 and 1962)
*''[[The Lieutenant]]'', two episodes (1963–1964)
*''[[Route 66 (TV series)|Route 66]]'', as Mrs. Thomas in “Between Hello and Goodbye” (1962)
*''[[The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters (TV series)|The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters]]'' as Martha Pollux in “The Day of the Wizard” (1964)
*''[[The Eleventh Hour (1962 TV series)|The Eleventh Hour]]'', three episodes, including the two-parter, “Does My Mother Have to Know?”, in the role of Aggie Britt (1964)
*''[[Mr. Novak]]'' as Mrs. Douglas Morgan, Sr., in "The Private Life of Douglas Morgan, Jr." (1964)
*''[[Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.]]'' as Mrs. Harper in "A Date for the Colonel's Daughter" (1964)
*''[[Perry Mason (1957 TV series)|Perry Mason]]'', three episodes (1962–1964)
*''[[Dr. Kildare]]'', three episodes (1962–1965)
*''[[Slattery's People]]'', as Dorothy Ralston in “Question, What Time Is the Next Bandwagon?” (1965)
*''[[The Farmer's Daughter (TV series)|The Farmer's Daughter]]'' in "Katie's Castle" (1965)
*''[[My Three Sons]]'' as Lorraine Miller (1967-1970) *''[[Mannix]]'' as Mrs. Dover in “Turn Every Stone” (1967)
*''[[Mission: Impossible (1966 TV series)|Mission: Impossible]]'' as Miss Putnam in "The Seal" (1967)
*''[[Occasional Wife]]'' as Mrs. Brahms in "Pilot" and "No Cookie for Dessert" (1966){{Citation needed |date=July 2020}}
*''[[I Dream of Jeannie]]'' as General's wife in "Invisible House for Sale" (1968)
*''[[Bewitched]]'' as Harriet Walters in "Once in a Vial" (1968)
*''[[The Brady Bunch]]'' as Mrs. Tyler in “The Honeymoon” (1969) which was that show's premiere episode
*''[[Lassie (1954 TV series)|Lassie]]'', in two episodes, including the role of Mrs. Davis in the 1964 episode “The Little Christmas Tree” and as Katherine in the 1971 segment entitled “The Awakening”
*''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'', as Mrs. Thorn, secretary to Lou Grant, episode "Who's in Charge Here?" (1972)
*''[[Griff (TV series)|Griff]]'', as Ruth in “Elephant in a Cage” (1973)
*''[[Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law]]'', three episodes, including two as a [[judge]] (1973–1974)
*''[[Barnaby Jones]]'', three episodes, including role of Judge Edith Royce in “Voice in the Night” (1976)
*''[[The Waltons]]'', as Mrs. Herbert in "The Achievement" (1977), the final appearance of [[Richard Thomas (actor)|Richard Thomas]] in the series and the episode in which John-Boy Walton he obtains publication of his first [[novel]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fandango.com/thewaltons:theachievement_v386241/summary|title=''The Waltons'': "The Achievement"|publisher=fandango.com|accessdate=January 17, 2010|archive-date=April 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405222236/http://www.fandango.com/thewaltons:theachievement_v386241/summary|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''[[Emergency!]]'' as Maggie Trigg in “The Most Deadly Passage” (1978), made into a [[television movie]] the following year{{Citation needed |date=July 2020}}
{{div col end}}

==Personal life==
On July 25, 1936, Tompkins married actor Stephen Ker Appleby in Briarcliff, New York. They were divorced on December 4, 1941.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mrs. Appleby Obtains Divorce |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/12/05/archives/mrs-appleby-obtains-divorce.html?searchResultPosition=3 |access-date=October 28, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=December 5, 1941 |page=8}}</ref>

Joan was last married to actor [[Karl Swenson]].{{Citation needed |date=November 2021}}

{{Portal|Biography|New York (state)|New York City|Los Angeles|California|Radio|Film|Theatre|Television}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0867000}}
* {{IBDB name|62450}}
* {{Find a Grave|90368086}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tompkins, Joan}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:People from Dana Point, California]]
[[Category:Actresses from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American radio actresses]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

Joan Tompkins

2022-12-03T04:49:33Z

68.231.42.248: /* Career */

{{short description|American actress}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Joan Tompkins
| image = Cameron Prud'homme Charme Allen Joan Tompkins David Harum 1947.JPG
|caption=Tompkins (right) as Susan Price Wells with Cameron Prud'homme and Charme Allen in the radio serial ''[[David Harum (radio program)|David Harum]]'', 1947.
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1915|7|9}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2005|1|29|1915|7|9}}
| death_place = [[Orange County, California]], U.S.
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = Steve Appleby (? - ?) Bruce MacFarlane (? - ?) [[Karl Swenson]] (widowed in 1978)
| children = 4 stepsons
| yearsactive = 1953-1980
}}

'''Joan Swenson''' (July 9, 1915 – January 29, 2005),<ref name=ssdi>{{cite web|url=http://ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/ssdi.cgi|title=Social Security Death Index|publisher=ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com|accessdate=January 17, 2010}}</ref> previously known as '''Joan Tompkins''', was an American actress of [[television]], [[film]], [[radio]], and stage.

==Career==
Tompkins performed with stock theater companies in [[Mount Kisco, New York]], and [[White Plains, New York]].<ref name="bc">{{cite news |last1=Dorfman |first1=Nat |title=Drama in Stage Job |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87891720/joan-tompkins/ |access-date=October 28, 2021 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |date=August 16, 1941 |page=8|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> She acted on Broadway in ''My Sister Eileen'', ''Pride and Prejudice'',<ref name=":0" /> and ''Fly Away Home''.<ref name=bc/>

Her roles on radio programs included those shown in the table below.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program !! Role
|-
| ''[[Against the Storm]]'' || Siri Allen<ref name="rp">{{cite book|last1=Terrace|first1=Vincent|title=Radio Programs, 1924-1984: A Catalog of More Than 1800 Shows|date=1999|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|isbn=978-0-7864-4513-4|page=18}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[David Harum (radio program)|David Harum]]'' || Susan Wells{{r|rp|page1=94}}
|-
| ''Lora Lawton'' || Lora Lawton{{r|rp|page1=206}}
|-
| ''[[Our Gal Sunday]]'' || Madeline Travers{{r|rp|page1=262}}
|-
| ''[[This Is Nora Drake]]''|| Nora Drake<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=This Is Nora Drake Will Be New Serial Over KSCJ |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87889197/sioux-city-journal/ |access-date=October 28, 2021 |work=Sioux City Journal |date=April 11, 1940 |page=10 - Section 2|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Young Widder Brown]]'' || Joyce Turner{{r|rp|page1=361}}
|-
| ''[[Your Family and Mine]]'' || Judy Wilbur{{r|rp|page1=362}}
|}

Her television roles included:{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
*''[[Adventures in Paradise (TV series)|Adventures in Paradise]]'' as Cora Summers in "Assassins" (1961)
*''[[Hazel (TV series)|Hazel]]'' as Florence Gurney in "Hazel and the Gardener" (1962)
*''[[The New Breed (TV series)|The New Breed]]'' as Mrs. Marsh in "How Proud the Guilty" (1962)
*''[[Bus Stop (TV series)|Bus Stop]]'', as Sarah Jenkins in "The Runaways" (1961) and unknown role in "I Kiss Your Shadow" (1962)
*''[[The Danny Thomas Show]]'', two episodes (1959 and 1962)
*''[[The Lieutenant]]'', two episodes (1963–1964)
*''[[Route 66 (TV series)|Route 66]]'', as Mrs. Thomas in “Between Hello and Goodbye” (1962)
*''[[The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters (TV series)|The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters]]'' as Martha Pollux in “The Day of the Wizard” (1964)
*''[[The Eleventh Hour (1962 TV series)|The Eleventh Hour]]'', three episodes, including the two-parter, “Does My Mother Have to Know?”, in the role of Aggie Britt (1964)
*''[[Mr. Novak]]'' as Mrs. Douglas Morgan, Sr., in "The Private Life of Douglas Morgan, Jr." (1964)
*''[[Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.]]'' as Mrs. Harper in "A Date for the Colonel's Daughter" (1964)
*''[[Perry Mason (1957 TV series)|Perry Mason]]'', three episodes (1962–1964)
*''[[Dr. Kildare]]'', three episodes (1962–1965)
*''[[Slattery's People]]'', as Dorothy Ralston in “Question, What Time Is the Next Bandwagon?” (1965)
*''[[The Farmer's Daughter (TV series)|The Farmer's Daughter]]'' in "Katie's Castle" (1965) *''[[My Three Sons]]'' as Lorraine Miller (1967-1970) *''[[Mannix]]'' as Mrs. Dover in “Turn Every Stone” (1967)
*''[[Mission: Impossible (1966 TV series)|Mission: Impossible]]'' as Miss Putnam in "The Seal" (1967)
*''[[Occasional Wife]]'' as Mrs. Brahms in "Pilot" and "No Cookie for Dessert" (1966){{Citation needed |date=July 2020}}
*''[[I Dream of Jeannie]]'' as General's wife in "Invisible House for Sale" (1968)
*''[[Bewitched]]'' as Harriet Walters in "Once in a Vial" (1968)
*''[[The Brady Bunch]]'' as Mrs. Tyler in “The Honeymoon” (1969) which was that show's premiere episode
*''[[Lassie (1954 TV series)|Lassie]]'', in two episodes, including the role of Mrs. Davis in the 1964 episode “The Little Christmas Tree” and as Katherine in the 1971 segment entitled “The Awakening”
*''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'', as Mrs. Thorn, secretary to Lou Grant, episode "Who's in Charge Here?" (1972)
*''[[Griff (TV series)|Griff]]'', as Ruth in “Elephant in a Cage” (1973)
*''[[Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law]]'', three episodes, including two as a [[judge]] (1973–1974)
*''[[Barnaby Jones]]'', three episodes, including role of Judge Edith Royce in “Voice in the Night” (1976)
*''[[The Waltons]]'', as Mrs. Herbert in "The Achievement" (1977), the final appearance of [[Richard Thomas (actor)|Richard Thomas]] in the series and the episode in which John-Boy Walton he obtains publication of his first [[novel]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fandango.com/thewaltons:theachievement_v386241/summary|title=''The Waltons'': "The Achievement"|publisher=fandango.com|accessdate=January 17, 2010|archive-date=April 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405222236/http://www.fandango.com/thewaltons:theachievement_v386241/summary|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''[[Emergency!]]'' as Maggie Trigg in “The Most Deadly Passage” (1978), made into a [[television movie]] the following year{{Citation needed |date=July 2020}}
{{div col end}}

==Personal life==
On July 25, 1936, Tompkins married actor Stephen Ker Appleby in Briarcliff, New York. They were divorced on December 4, 1941.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mrs. Appleby Obtains Divorce |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/12/05/archives/mrs-appleby-obtains-divorce.html?searchResultPosition=3 |access-date=October 28, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=December 5, 1941 |page=8}}</ref>

Joan was last married to actor [[Karl Swenson]].{{Citation needed |date=November 2021}}

{{Portal|Biography|New York (state)|New York City|Los Angeles|California|Radio|Film|Theatre|Television}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0867000}}
* {{IBDB name|62450}}
* {{Find a Grave|90368086}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tompkins, Joan}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:People from Dana Point, California]]
[[Category:Actresses from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American radio actresses]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

WestPoint Home

2022-11-26T19:16:40Z

68.231.42.248:

{{short description|U.S. supplier of fashion and textile products}}
{{Infobox company
| name = WestPoint Home
| logo = WestPoint Home Logo.jpg
| former_name = WestPoint Manufacturing Company
| type = Private
| industry = [[bedding]], [[Bathing|bath]]
| founded = 1880
| hq_location = [[New York, NY]]
| key_people =
| products = [[bed sheets]], [[blankets]], [[pillows]], [[organic cotton]], [[bath towels]], [[beach towels]], [[egyptian cotton]], [[comforters]], [[mattress pads]]
| parent = [[Icahn Enterprises]]
| website = https://www.westpointhome.com
}}

'''WestPoint Home''', Inc., is a supplier of fashion and core home textile products. WestPoint Home is headquartered in [[New York City]] with manufacturing and distribution facilities in the United States and overseas.<ref name="one">"WestPoint Home to Shutter Greenville, Ala., Facility, [http://www.textileworld.com Textile World], February 8, 2011, 11/17/11</ref><ref name="two">"WestPoint Stevens to Open Shanghai Office, Receives Filing Extension", [http://www.textileworld.com Textile World], June 2004, 11/17/11</ref><ref name="three">Brent Felgner"Why Icahn Needs Westpoint", [http://www.hometextilestoday.com Home Textiles Today], March 6, 2008, 11/17/11</ref> Their products include a diverse range of home fashion textile products including: towels, fashion bedding, sheets, comforters, blankets, mattress pads, pillows and more. Some brands that they offer include: Martex, Izod, Ralph Lauren, Hanes, Stay Bright, Vellux, Patrician, Lady Pepperell, and Utica Cotton Mills. Products from Westpoint Home are found in retail stores throughout the United States.

WestPoint Home, Inc. as it is known today is the result of the mergers of three of the oldest companies in the textile industry: [[Stevens Linen Works Historic District|J.P. Stevens & Co., Inc.]] (est. 1813 in Massachusetts incorporated 1899), Pepperell Manufacturing Company (est. 1851 in Maine), and West Point Manufacturing Company (est. 1880 in Georgia).<ref name=six>[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/westpoint-stevens-inc-history/ WestPoint Stevens, Inc. - Company Profile], Funding Universe, 11/17/11</ref>

The company was led by the Lanier family through the late 1980s. The Laniers originally incorporated the Westpoint Manufacturing Company in 1880.<ref name=six/> WestPoint Home, Inc. is now owned by vulture [[Icahn Enterprises]], L.P.<ref name="three"/>

==Brands==
{{colbegin}}
*Five Star Hotel
*[[Izod]]
** Martex Luxury
** Martex Bare Necessities
** Martex Purity
** Martex Atelier
*Lady Pepperell
*Luxor
*Patrician
*Seduction
*[[Southern Tide]]
*Ultratouch
{{colend}}
<ref>{{Cite web|title = Brands - Shop|url = https://www.westpointhome.com/brand.html|website = www.westpointhome.com|access-date = 2017-11-13}}</ref>

==History==
WestPoint Home is a conglomerate of three textile giants. WestPoint Manufacturing Company was formed in the south shortly after the end of the Civil War. J.P. Stevens & Co.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Minchin|first1=Timothy J.|title=The Milledgeville Spy Case and the Struggle to Organize J. P. Stevens|journal=Georgia Historical Quarterly|date=2006|volume=90|issue=1|pages=96–122|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=20096159&site=eds-live&scope=site|accessdate=15 February 2018}}</ref> and the Pepperell Manufacturing Co were two individual companies that were founded some years earlier in New England. WestPoint Home currently serves as a manufacturer of home fashion textiles.<ref name="seven">"WL Ross-Led Group Seeks to Acquire WestPoint Stevens", [http://www.textileworld.com Textile World], April 2005, 11/20/11</ref>

J.P. Stevens & Co had a dispute with the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union, a textile labor union that was founded in 1914. [[Crystal Lee Sutton]], a mill worker at a J.P. Stevens mill in [[Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina|Roanoke Rapids, NC]], was fired after trying to unionize employees. Sutton's firing galvanized employees, and the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union (ACTWU) began to represent workers at the plant on August 28, 1974.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fink|first1=Joey|title=In Good Faith: Working-Class Women, Feminism, and Religious Support in the Struggle to Organize J. P. Stevens Textile Workers in the Southern Piedmont, 1974–1980|journal=Southern Spaces|date=July 15, 2014|doi=10.18737/M7J60K|url=http://southernspaces.org/2014/good-faith-working-class-women-feminism-and-religious-support-struggle-organize-j-p-stevens|accessdate=26 August 2014|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Textile companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Clothing companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in New York City]]

Gail Borden

2022-11-25T14:09:47Z

68.231.42.248: Fixed typo

{{short description|American inventor, surveyor, and publisher, inventor of condensed milk}}
{{about|the inventor|U.S. figure skater|Gail Borden (figure skater)}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Gail Borden
|image = Gail Borden.jpg
|birth_name = Gail Borden II
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1801|11|09}}
|birth_place = [[Norwich (city), New York|Norwich]], [[Chenango County, New York]], US
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1874|01|11|1801|11|09}}
|death_place = [[Borden, Texas|Borden]], [[Colorado County, Texas]], US
|death_cause =
|resting_place = [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]], [[Woodlawn, Bronx]], New York City
|nationality= American
|citizenship = American, Mexican
|occupation = county surveyor, [[cartography|cartographer]], schoolteacher, newspaper owner, soldier, politician, inventor, businessman
|module= {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
|allegiance = {{ubl | [[Republic of Texas]] | {{flag|United States}} }}
| serviceyears= [[Texian Army]] (1835-1836)
| rank=
| commands=
| unit=
| battles = [[Texas Revolution]]
| relations=
| laterwork=}}
| years_active =
| employer = Mexican government, Republic of Texas government, self-employed
| known_for = Inventing [[condensed milk]]
| notable_works =
| style =
| parents = Gail Borden Sr. (father) and Philadelphia Wheeler (mother)
| spouse = Penelope Mercer
| children = 6
| family =
| relatives = Thomas Borden (brother), John Borden (brother)
| awards =
| signature = Signature of Gail Borden Jr. (1801–1874).png
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gail Borden Jr.''' (November 9, 1801 – January 11, 1874) was a native New Yorker who settled in Texas in 1829 (then still Mexico), where he worked as a land surveyor, newspaper publisher, and inventor. He created a process in 1853 to make sweetened [[condensed milk]]. Earlier, Borden helped plan the cities of [[Houston]] and [[Galveston]] in 1836.

Borden's process for making sweetened condensed milk enabled the dairy product to be transported and stored without refrigeration, and for longer periods than fresh milk. After returning to the New York area to market another product, he set up factories for condensed milk in Connecticut, and later in New York and Illinois. Demand by the Union Army was high during the [[American Civil War]]. His New York Condensed Milk Company changed its name to [[Borden Dairy]] Co. after his death.

==Early life==
Gail Borden Jr. was born in [[Norwich (city), New York|Norwich, New York]], on November 9, 1801, to Gail Borden, Sr. (1777–1863), and Philadelphia (née Wheeler) Borden (1780–1828).<ref name=hto>{{cite web|series=Handbook of Texas Online|first=Joe B. |last=Frantz|title=Borden, Gail, Jr.|access-date= February 5, 2020|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fbo24|date=October 14, 2016|publisher=Texas State Historical Association}}</ref> The family moved to Kennedy's Ferry, [[Kentucky]] (renamed as [[Covington, Kentucky|Covington]] in 1814). There, he learned the art of surveying while aiding his father in the surveying of what would become Covington.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Gail Borden |url=https://www.bordendairy.com/about-gail-borden/ |website=Borden Dairy |publisher=Borden Dairy Company}}</ref> Borden also moved to [[New London, Indiana]] in 1816. Borden received his only formal schooling in Indiana during 1816 and 1817.<ref name=gardner>{{cite web|last=Gardner|first=Sue Ann|date=1999|title=Gail Borden|publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://en.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1116&context=libraryscience|access-date=February 6, 2020}}</ref>

In 1822, Borden and his brother Thomas left home and settled in [[Amite County, Mississippi]]. Borden stayed in [[Liberty, Mississippi|Liberty]] for seven years, working as the county surveyor and as a schoolteacher in Bates and Zion Hill.<ref name=gardner/>

His mother died at age 48 from [[yellow fever]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], perhaps while visiting a grown child and family.<ref>{{Cite web|last=White|first=Carl|date=August 29, 2016|title=Gail Borden - Philanthropist, Businessman and Inventor|url=https://www.greenwichlibrary.org/gailborden/|url-status=live|access-date=May 24, 2021|website=Greenwich Library|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hendrix|first=Roberta C.|date=1947|title=Some Gail Borden Letters|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30236129|journal=The Southwestern Historical Quarterly|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|volume=51|issue=2|pages=131–142|jstor=30236129|issn=0038-478X|via=JSTOR}}</ref>

==Migration to Texas==
After initially landing in Texas at Galveston Island at the end of 1829, Borden settled in what is currently [[Fort Bend County, Texas|Fort Bend County]], where he surveyed and raised stock. After a short time, he took over as chief surveyor for Stephen F. Austin.<ref name=hto/>

Borden and his family left Mississippi in 1829 and moved to Texas, where his father and brother John had settled. (His mother had died the previous year.) His brother Thomas also settled in Texas. As a surveyor, Borden plotted the towns of Houston and Galveston. He collaborated on drawing the first [[topographical map]] of Texas in 1835.

==Texas Revolution==
[[File:Telegraph and Texas Register October 10 1835.jpg|thumb|left|150px|The October 10, 1835, first edition of the ''[[Telegraph and Texas Register]]'' newspaper published through the partnership of Gail Borden Jr., his brother John, and Joseph Baker in [[San Felipe, Texas]]]]
In February 1835, Gail and his brother John entered into partnership with Joseph Baker to publish the one of the first newspapers in Texas. Although none of the three had any previous printing experience,<ref name=kokeny284>Kökény (2004), p. 284.</ref> Baker was considered "one of the best informed men in the Texian colony on the Texas-Mexican situation".<ref name=franklin133>Franklin (1932), p. 133.</ref> The men based their newspaper in [[San Felipe, Texas|San Felipe de Austin]], which was centrally located among the colonies in eastern Texas.<ref name=franklin135>Franklin (1932), p. 134.</ref> They ran the first issue under the banner of ''Telegraph and Texas Planter'' on October 10, 1835, days after the [[Texas Revolution]] began, though the later issues bore the name ''[[Telegraph and Texas Register]]''. As editor, Gail Borden worked to be objective.<ref name=kokeny285>Kökény (2004), pp. 284{{endash}}285.</ref>

Soon after the newspaper began publishing, John Borden left to join the [[Texian Army]], and their brother Thomas took his place as Borden's partner.<ref name=barker142>Barker (1917), p. 142.</ref> Historian [[Eugene C. Barker]] describes the Borden newspaper as "an invaluable repository of public documents during this critical period of the state's history".<ref name=barker142/> The early format of the paper was three columns to a page with a total of eight pages. The Telegraph printed official documents and announcements, editorials, local news, reprints of articles from other newspapers, poetry, and advertisements.<ref name=kokeny285/>

[[File:Baker's San Felipe Flag.svg|thumb|200px|The design of Baker's [[San Felipe, Texas|San Felipe]] flag during the [[Texas Revolution]] was supposedly inspired by Gail Borden Jr. while he was in the service of the [[Texian Army]]. It was said to have been flown at the [[Battle of San Jacinto]] on April 21, 1836.]]
As the [[Mexican Army]] moved east into the Texian colonies, the ''Telegraph'' was soon the only newspaper in Texas still operating. Their 21st issue was published on March 24.<ref name=barker142/> This contained the first list of names of Texans who died at the [[Battle of the Alamo]].<ref name=chariton180>Chariton (1990), p. 180.</ref>
On March 27, the Texas Army reached San Felipe, carrying word that the Mexican advance guard was approaching. According to a later editorial in the ''Telegraph'', the publishers were "the last to consent to move".<ref name=mcmurtrie184q>quoted in McMurtrie (1932), p. 184.</ref> The Bordens dismantled the [[printing press]] and brought it with them as they evacuated with the rear guard on March 30.<ref name=lee216>Lee (1917), p. 216.</ref><ref name=mcmurtrie184>McMurtrie (1932), p. 184.</ref> The Bordens retreated to [[Harrisburg, TX|Harrisburg]]. On April 14, as they were in the process of printing a new issue, Mexican soldiers arrived and seized the press. The soldiers threw the [[moveable type|type]] and press into [[Buffalo Bayou]] and arrested the Bordens. The Texas Revolution ended days later.<ref name=lee216/><ref name=kemp6>Kemp (1944), p. 6.</ref>

Supposedly, during the war, Gail Borden Jr. helped to design the Baker's [[San Felipe, Texas|San Felipe]] flag which was flown in the [[Battle of San Jacinto]] on April 21, 1836.

==After the war==
Lacking funds to replace his equipment, Borden mortgaged his land to buy a new printing press in Cincinnati.<ref name=barker143>Barker (1917), p. 143.</ref> The 23rd issue of the ''Telegraph'' was published in [[Columbia, TX|Columbia]] on August 2, 1836.<ref name=barker143/> Although many had expected Columbia to be the new capital, the [[First Texas Legislature|First Texas Congress]] instead chose the new city of Houston.<ref name=kemp6/> Borden relocated to Houston, and published the first Houston issue of his paper on May 2, 1837.<ref name=barker143/>

The newspaper was in financial difficulty, as the Bordens rarely paid their bills. In March 1837, Thomas Borden sold his interest in the enterprise to [[Francis W. Moore Jr.]], who took over as chief editor. Three months later, Gail Borden transferred his shares to Jacob W. Cruger.<ref name=kokeny289>Kökény (2004), p. 289.</ref>

==Political career and early inventions==
Borden was a delegate at the [[Convention of 1833]], where he assisted in writing early drafts of a Republic of Texas constitution. He also shared administrative duties with [[Samuel May Williams]] during 1833 and 1834 when [[Stephen F. Austin]] was away in Mexico.<ref name=hto/>

[[File:Buffalo_Bayou_map_1869.jpg|thumb|1869 Houston map showing the grid laid out by Borden]]
President [[Sam Houston]] appointed Borden as the Republic of Texas Collector of Customs at Galveston in June 1837. He was popular and performed his job well, raising half of the government income during this period through his collection on importations. Houston's successor to the presidency, [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]], removed Borden from office in December 1838, replacing him in the patronage position with a lifelong friend from [[Mobile, Alabama]], Dr. Willis Roberts, newly arrived in Texas. Roberts' son later was appointed Secretary of State of the Republic. Lamar was said to have known Roberts for 25 years. However, Borden had been so well liked, the newcomer was resented. The ''[[Galveston County Daily News|Galveston News]]'' frequently criticized the new regime about malfeasance.

When a shortage of funds came to light, Roberts offered to put up several personal houses and nine slaves as collateral until the matter could be settled. Two resentful desk clerks were later determined to have been embezzling funds. Roberts was replaced in December 1839, when Lamar appointed another man.

After Houston was re-elected to the presidency, he reappointed Borden to the post. The publisher served December 1841 to April 1843. He finally resigned after a dispute with Houston.

Borden assisted in the original survey of Galveston. Working for the Galveston City Company, the surveying team laid out the east end of the island in a gridiron pattern, similar to major cities on the east coast of the US. Streets running the length of the island, from west to east, were named as avenues, according to the alphabet and in ascending order. Avenue A was the first avenue on the bay side, and this sequence continued through Avenue Q, running parallel to the Gulf of Mexico. Intersecting the avenues were numbered streets, starting with Eighth Street and continuing through Fifty-Eighth Street, which formed the western edge of the property owned by the Galveston City Company.<ref name=Cartwright72>Cartwright (1998), p. 72</ref> In addition to surveying, he also he served the Galveston Town Company for 12 years as a secretary and agent. During that period, he helped sell 2,500 lots of land, for a total of $1,500,000.<ref name="frantz1948">Frantz (1948), pp. 123-133.</ref>

In the 1840s, he began to experiment with disease cures and mechanics. His wife Penelope died of [[yellow fever]] on September 5, 1844. Frequent epidemics had swept through the nation, and the disease had a high rate of fatalities during the 19th century. Borden began experimenting with finding a cure to the disease via refrigeration. No one understood how it was transmitted. He also experimented with an amphibious vehicle that he called a "terraqueous machine."<ref name=frantz124>Frantz (1948), p. 124.</ref> This was a [[land sailing|sail-powered wagon]] designed to travel over land and sea, but designed more specifically for the western prairies. He abandoned the invention after a test run resulted in ejecting its riders into the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref>Brown (1995), p. 45.</ref>

==Processed foods==
===Meat biscuits===
In 1849, Borden started experimenting with beef processing. He developed a dehydrated beef product known as the "meat biscuit", which was loosely based upon a traditional Native American processed dried food known as ''[[pemmican]]''. Pioneers seeking gold in California needed a readily transportable food that could endure harsh conditions, and Borden sold some of his meat biscuits to miners. Notably, explorer [[Elisha Kane]] purchased several hundred pounds of meat biscuits for his Arctic expedition. The product won Borden the Great Council Medal at the [[The Great Exhibition|1851 London World's Fair]],<ref>Cutler (2002), pp. 100{{endash}}101.</ref> and the same year he set up a meat biscuit factory in Galveston.<ref>Brown (1995), pp. 45{{endash}}46.</ref> Entering middle-age with assets {{Inflation|US|100000|1849|2019|fmt=eq|r=-5}}, he put these at risk for his newest invention. However, his desired market were military organizations, domestic or foreign, which required easily transported food that did not spoil easily. He prepared promotional materials and arranged for product trials, and demonstrated the preparation of meat biscuits at cooking facilities for hospitals and ships. He invested {{Inflation|US|60000|1853|2019|fmt=eq|r=-5}}, yet none of these large institutional customers materialized.<ref name=frantz1246>Frantz (1948), pp. 124, 126.</ref> Not only did people complain about the taste and texture, but the U.S. Army concluded that the meat biscuits failed to slake hunger and even made people ill. In 1852, Borden filed for bankruptcy protection.<ref name=smithsonian>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-man-who-invented-elsie-the-borden-cow-171931492/|title=The Man Who Invented Elsie, the Borden Cow|first=Carolyn Hughes|last=Crowley|date=August 31, 1999|work=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=February 6, 2020}}</ref>

===Condensed milk===
In 1851, during Borden's return voyage from the London exhibition, a disease infected both cows aboard the ship. (Ships carried livestock to supply passenger and crew needs during a voyage.) The cows eventually died, as did several children who drank the contaminated milk. Contamination often threatened other supplies of milk across the country. Borden became interested in developing a way to preserve milk.<ref>Gwinn, David Marshall. "Four Hundred Years of Milk in America." ''New York History'' 31, no. 4 (October 1950): 448-62. Accessed September 8, 2014. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23149676, 459.</ref>

[[File:Gail Borden patent for condensing milk.png|thumb|150px|U.S. Patent RE2103 "Vacuum Pan" for Improvements in Condensing Milk issued November 14, 1865]]
He was inspired by the [[vacuum evaporation|vacuum pan]] he had seen being used by [[Shakers]] to condense<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skinnerinc.com/news/blog/the-shakers-as-americas-pharmacists-19th-century/|title=The Shakers as America's Pharmacists in the 19th Century - The Andrews Shaker Collection - Skinner Inc.|website=www.skinnerinc.com|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref> [[fruit juice]] and herbs. He learned to reduce milk without scorching or [[curd]]ling it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/111533/view/vacuum-pan-evaporator|title=Vacuum Pan Evaporator|website=Science Photo Library|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://shakerml.wordpress.com/2017/11/01/2659/|title=How condensed milk got its start with the Shakers|date=November 1, 2017|website=wordpress.com|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Becksvoort |first=Christian |author2=Sheldon, John |date=September 1, 1998 |title=The Shaker Legacy: Perspectives on an Enduring Furniture Style |publisher=Taunton Press |location=Newtown, CT |pages=13 |isbn= 978-1-56158-218-1}}</ref> His first two factories established to manufacture it failed.<ref>Borden's gravestone epitath is "I tried and failed, I tried again and again, and succeeded". {{cite book|author=Snodgrass, Mary Ellen |title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45572-9|page=102}}</ref> With his third factory, built with new partner [[Jeremiah Milbank]]<ref name=frantz1951>Frantz (1951)</ref> in [[Wassaic, New York]], Borden finally produced a usable milk derivative that was long-lasting and needed no refrigeration.

In 1856, after three years of refining his model, Borden received the patent for his process of condensing milk by vacuum. He abandoned the meat biscuit, to focus on his new product. Borden was forced to recruit financial partners to begin production and marketing of this new product. He offered Thomas Green three-eighths of his patent rights, and gave James Bridge a quarter interest on his investment; together, the three men built a condensery in Wolcottville, Connecticut (within modern-day [[Torrington, Connecticut|Torrington]]), which opened in 1856. Green and Bridge were eager for profits, and when the factory was not immediately successful, they withdrew their support. The factory closed within a year.

To ensure against disease, Borden established strict sanitary requirements (the "Dairyman's Ten Commandments") for farmers who wanted to sell him raw milk; they were required to wash the cows' [[udder]]s before milking, keep barns swept clean, and scald and dry their strainers morning and night.<ref name=smithsonian/> By 1858, Borden's condensed milk, sold as [[Eagle Brand]], had gained a reputation for purity, durability, and economy.<ref>{{cite news | title=Condensed Milk | url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90384220/condensed-milk/ | newspaper=[[Nebraska State Journal]] | date=September 9, 1907 | page=8 |format=jpg | via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date = December 10, 2021 | quote=[[Otto Frederick Hunziker|Prof. Hunziker]] of Purdue university gives the following interesting history of condensed milk: This year marks the 50th anniversary of the invention of the manufacture of condensed milk by Gail Borden. The first factory in the world was erected, completed, and operated by Gail Borden in Connecticut in 1856. The beginning was small, the process crude, and the product imperfect, and it was not until the strenuous years of the war of secession that its value and usefulness as a commodity became fully recognized.}} {{Open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Dudlicek | first=James | title=Renewed focus: a decade after its formation, DFA adjusts its outlook to secure the future for its member owners | publisher = Dairy Foods | date = March 2008 | url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3301/is_3_109/ai_n25380001/pg_7 | access-date =June 26, 2008}}</ref>

Borden persuaded his former partners and a third investor, Reuel Williams, to build a new factory. It opened in 1857 in Burrville, Connecticut (also within modern-day Torrington). This second factory was hurt by the [[Panic of 1857]] and had trouble turning a profit. The following year, Borden's fortunes began to change after he met [[Jeremiah Milbank]], a financier from New York, on a train. Milbank was impressed by Borden's enthusiasm for and confidence in condensed milk, and the two became equal partners. Together, they founded the New York Condensed Milk Company. As a railroad magnate and banker, Milbank understood large-scale finance, which was critical to development of the business and Borden's success.<ref name=frantz128>Frantz (1948), p. 128.</ref> Milbank invested around $100,000 into Borden's business. When Milbank died in 1884, the market value of his holdings was estimated at around $8,000,000.<ref name="frantz1948" />

[[File:Borden Condensed Milk 1898.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Advertisement for Gail Borden's [[Eagle Brand]] Condensed Milk from an 1898 guidebook for travelers in the [[Klondike Gold Rush]]]]
With the founding of the New York Condensed Milk Company, sales of Borden's condensed milk began to improve. The outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 soon after created a large demand for condensed milk from the Union Army. Officers purchased several hundred pounds of milk for their soldiers. In 1861, Borden closed the factory in Burrville, opening the first of what would be many condensed milk factories in upstate New York and Illinois, which were centers of dairy farming.

Around this same time, Borden married his third wife, Emeline Eunice Eno Church.

In 1864, Gail Borden's [[Borden Food Corporation|New York Condensed Milk Company]] constructed the New York Milk Condensery in [[Brewster, New York]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southeastmuseum.org/SE_Tour99/SE_Tour/html/borden_s_milk.htm |title=New York Milk Condensery, Borden's Milk |access-date=June 26, 2008 |publisher=Southeast Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627164515/http://southeastmuseum.org/SE_Tour99/SE_Tour/html/borden_s_milk.htm |archive-date=June 27, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was the largest and most advanced milk factory of its day, and was Borden's first commercially successful plant. Over 200 dairy farmers supplied 20,000 gallons (76,000 liters) of milk daily to the Brewster plant as demand increased driven by the [[American Civil War]].

As the Civil War continued, he expanded his New York Condensed Milk Company quickly to meet the growing demand. Many new factories were built and he granted licenses (for pay) to individuals to begin producing condensed milk in their own factories, using Borden's patent. Despite the quick growth of the company, Borden continued to emphasize strict sanitation. He developed cleanliness practices that continue to be used in the production of condensed milk to this day.

While this rapid growth was occurring, Borden continued to experiment with condensing meat, tea, coffee, and cocoa. In 1862 while operating a factory in [[Amenia (town), New York|Amenia, New York]], he patented the condensing of juice from fruits, such as apples and grapes.<ref>{{cite book|last=United States. Patent Office|title=Commissioner of Patents Annual Report|date=1864|publisher=United States. Patent Office|page=466|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvUWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA466 }}</ref> Borden tried to incorporate these other products into the line of the New York Condensed Milk Company, but the greatest demand was always for milk. It continued as the company's major product.

Throughout Borden's business success, he maintained an eye toward the scientific community. He published reports filled with testimonials of "impartial" scientists who observed and tested his inventions, including the meat biscuit and condensed milk. Borden coupled ambition for success with an enduring desire to produce quality products.<ref>Borden, Gail Jr., Gail Borden Jr. to Ashbel Smith, [https://archive.org/details/letterofgailbord00bord "Preparation of a New Article of Food, Termed Meat Biscuit"], February 1850. 9148017. YA Pamphlet Collection. Library of Congress, Washington D.C. Accessed September 8, 2014. Introduction and 1; Borden. [https://archive.org/details/meatbiscuitinven00bord ''The Meat Biscuit: Invented, Patented, and Manufactured'']. New York, NY: J.H. Brower & Co., 1851. Accessed September 8, 2014.; and Bishop, John Leander. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mugJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA544#v=onepage&q&f=false ''A History of American Manufactures from 1608 to 1860'']. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Edward Young & Co., 1868. Accessed September 8, 2014., 544-546.</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1828, Borden married Penelope Mercer of [[Amite County, Mississippi]]. The couple had five children during their 16-year marriage.<ref name=gardner/> Penelope Borden contracted yellow fever and died in Galveston in 1844.<ref>Cartwright (1998), p. 74.</ref>

==Death and legacy==
{{multiple image
|align =
|total_width = 400
|image1 = Gail Borden Monument 1024.jpg
|caption1 =The Gail Borden monument in [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]], Bronx, New York City
|image2 = Borden County, TX, sign IMG 1784.JPG
|caption2 = [[Borden County, Texas|Borden County]] limits sign on [[US Route 180|U.S. Highway 180]] east of [[Gail, Texas]]
|footer =
}}
Borden died on January 11, 1874, in [[Borden, Texas|Borden]] in [[Colorado County, Texas|Colorado County]], Texas. His body was shipped by [[Private railroad car|private car]] to New York City to be buried in [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]].<ref name=hto/>

[[Borden County, Texas|Borden County]], Texas, where he had never been, was named for him [[Posthumous recognition|posthumously]], as was its county seat, [[Gail, Texas|Gail]]. Borden, Texas, was also named for him.

The New York Condensed Milk Company changed its name in 1899, to honor Borden. It continued to be a strong corporation. By the 1940s, the Borden Company employed 28,000 people and had a stock holding partnership of 50,000. It dealt with more varied products, ranging from fresh and condensed milk, casein, animal feeds, pharmaceuticals, and vitamins, to soybean creations.<ref name=Frantz1948/> A version of the company continues today. Now called Eagle Brand, the company's website cites its origins in 1856 with the opening of Borden's first factory.
[[File:The Borden Award.png|thumb|The Borden Award]]
In 1892, Samuel and Alfred Church, stepsons of Borden, and residents of [[Elgin, Illinois]], purchased and donated the Scofield Mansion at 50 N. Spring Street to house a new library for the residents of Elgin. Samuel and Alfred's only request was that the library be called the [[Gail Borden Public Library District|Gail Borden Public Library]].

The Borden Company established the Borden Award in 1937 and inaugurated it in 1938. The award, given annually, consists of a gold medal and $1,000.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 1, 1952|title=The Borden Award|journal=Poultry Science|language=en|volume=31|issue=3|pages=387|doi=10.3382/ps.0310387|issn=0032-5791|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Genealogy==
Borden was distantly related to [[Robert Borden]] (1854–1937), Canada's Prime Minister during World War I. One of his great-grandchildren was [[Gail Borden (figure skater)|Gail Borden]], an American figure skater in the [[1932 Winter Olympics]]. Another notable relative is the infamous [[Lizzie Borden]] from the Fall River murders. Sir Robert, Lizzie, and Gail Borden (founder) are fourth cousins, all descended from John Borden (b. 1640), the son of Richard from [[Headcorn, Kent]], who immigrated to the United States aboard the ship ''Elizabeth and Anne'' in 1635.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bordenfamily.info/|title=Borden Family in America - Descendents of Richard Borden – Emigrant from Headcorn in 1635|website=bordenfamily.info|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.stephenborden.com/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040604181647/http://www.stephenborden.com/| archive-date = June 4, 2004| title = Family History of Stephen Borden}} </ref>

==Patents==
{{US patent|RE2103}}; November 14, 1865; Improvements in Condensing Milk

{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal|last=Barker|first=Eugene C.|title=Notes on Early Texas Newspapers, 1819–1836|journal=The Southwestern Historical Quarterly|volume=21|issue=2|date=October 1917|pages=127–144|url=https://tshaonline.org/shqonline/apager.php?vol=021&pag=129|access-date=December 30, 2009}}
* {{cite book|last=Cutler|first=Charles L.|date=2002|title=Tracks that Speak: The Legacy of Native American Words in North American Culture|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn =9780618065103|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/tracksthatspeakl00char/page/100/mode/2up|access-date=February 6, 2020}}
* {{cite book|first=Dee|last=Brown|title=The American West|year=1995|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=9781439125564}}
* {{cite book|last=Cartwright|first=Gary|publisher=TCU Press|date=1998|location=Fort Worth|title=Galveston: A History of the Island|isbn=978-0875651903}}
* {{cite book|last=Chariton|first=Wallace O.|title=Exploring the Alamo Legends|publisher=Republic of Texas Press|location=Dallas|year=1990|isbn=978-1-55622-255-9}}
* {{cite journal|last=Franklin|first=Ethel Mary|title=Joseph Baker|volume=36|issue=2|date=October 1932|journal=The Southwestern Historical Quarterly|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|url=https://tshaonline.org/shqonline/apager.php?vol=036&pag=134|access-date=December 30, 2009|pages=130–143}}
* {{cite journal|last=Frantz|first=Joe B.|title=Gail Borden as a Businessman|journal=Bulletin of the Business Historical Society|volume= 22|issue=4/6 |date=December 1948 |pages=123{{endash}}133|doi=10.2307/3110879|jstor=3110879}}
* {{cite book |first=Joe B. |last=Frantz |title=Gail Borden: Dairyman to a Nation |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1951}}
*{{citation|last=Kemp|first=L.W.|title=The Capitol (?) at Columbia|journal=The Southwestern Historical Quarterly|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|date=July 1944|volume=48|issue=1|pages=3–9|url=https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth146055/m1/5/|access-date=November 11, 2022}}
*{{Citation|last=Kökény|first=Andrea|title=The Construction of Anglo-American Identity in the Republic of Texas, as Reflected in the "Telegraph and Texas Register"|journal=Journal of the Southwest|volume=46|issue=2|date=Summer 2004|pages=283–308|jstor=40170291}}
*{{citation|last=Lee|first=James Melvin|title=History of American Journalism|year=1917|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAGo3xzYn2EC|location=New York}}
*{{citation|last=McMurtrie|first=Douglas C.|title=Pioneer Printing in Texas|journal=The Southwestern Historical Quarterly|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|date=January 1932|issue=3|volume=35|url=https://tshaonline.org/shqonline/apager.php?vol=035&pag=174|access-date=December 30, 2009|pages=173–193|archive-date=October 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016231135/http://www.tshaonline.org/shqonline/apager.php?vol=035&pag=174|url-status=dead}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Drinks and Dishes—Wholesome and Delicious for the Sick and Convalescing, Also for General Family Use |location=New York |publisher=Borden's Condensed Milk |year=1907}}{{dead link|date=February 2020}}
* {{cite book|last=Garraty|first=John A. |title=American National Biography|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1999}}
* {{cite book|last=Preston|first=Wheeler|title=American Biographies|location=USA: Harper Brothers|date=1940}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Find a Grave|6854411|name=Gail Borden Jr.}}
* [http://todayinsci.com/B/Borden_Gail/BordenGail-MoreArticlesList.htm Today in Science History] - a collection of Borden's patents and nineteenth-century articles and book excerpts on his life and products.
* Eagle Brand, "[http://www.eaglebrand.com/history History]", Eagle Family Foods-Eagle Brand, accessed August 4, 2016.
* [http://www.gailborden.info/ Gail Borden Public Library], its official website
* [http://todayinsci.com/Events/Patent/VacuumPan35919.htm United States Patent Office]

{{Borden, Inc.}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|New York (state)|Texas|Indiana|United States|Mississippi|New York City}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borden, Gail}}
[[Category:Borden County, Texas]]
[[Category:19th-century American inventors]]
[[Category:American newspaper people]]
[[Category:1801 births]]
[[Category:People of the Texas Revolution]]
[[Category:Army of the Republic of Texas personnel]]
[[Category:1874 deaths]]
[[Category:Telegraph and Texas Register]]
[[Category:People from Norwich, New York]]
[[Category:Elgin, Illinois]]
[[Category:People from Covington, Kentucky]]
[[Category:People from Galveston, Texas]]
[[Category:People from Houston]]
[[Category:People from Colorado County, Texas]]
[[Category:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)]]
[[Category:Borden (company)]]
[[Category:Surveyors]]
[[Category:American inventors]]

Eaton Corporation

2022-11-24T03:03:30Z

68.231.42.248: /* Tax avoidance */update

{{Short description|Multinational power management company}}
{{About|the industrial manufacturer|other uses|Eaton (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Eton Corporation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Eaton Corporation plc
| logo = Eaton Corporation logo.svg
| type = [[Public limited company]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NYSE|ETN}}|[[S&P 500]] component}}
| ISIN = IE00B8KQN827
| industry = [[Manufacturing|Conglomerate]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1911}}
| founders = {{ubl|[[Joseph Oriel Eaton II]]|Viggo Torbensen}}
| location = [[Dublin, Ireland]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Craig Arnold ([[Chairman]], President & [[CEO]]), Thomas Okray ([[Chief Financial Officer|CFO]]), Heath Monesmith (President & [[Chief Operating Officer|COO]] Electrical Sector), Paulo Ruiz (President & [[Chief Operating Officer|COO]] Industrial Sector)
| products =
| production =
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|19.63 [[1,000,000,000|billion]]|link=yes}} (2021)
| net_income = {{increase}} US$2.15 billion (2021)
| assets = {{increase}} US$34.03 billion (2021)
| equity = {{increase}} US$16.41 billion (2021)
| num_employees = 86,000 (Dec 31, 2021)
| divisions = Electrical Sector Industrial Sector - Aerospace - Filtration - Golf Pride - Vehicle - eMobility
| website = {{URL|eaton.com}}
| footnotes = <ref name="10-K">{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1551182/000155118222000004/etn-20211231.htm |title=Eaton Corporation plc 2021 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |date=February 23, 2022 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |website=sec.gov}}</ref>
}}

'''Eaton Corporation plc''' is an American<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epi.org/blog/sad-history-selected-corporate-inversions/|title=A Brief but Sad History of Selected Corporate Inversions}}</ref>-Irish multinational power management company with 2021 sales of $19.63 billion, founded in the [[United States]]<ref>https://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/company/about-us/our-heritage.html {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2022}}</ref> with global headquarters in [[Dublin, Ireland]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eaton.com/ie/en-gb/company/careers/life-at-eaton/dublin.html|title=Dublin}}</ref> and a secondary administrative center in [[Beachwood, Ohio]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130207/FREE/130209815/eaton-corp-to-complete-move-to-new-beachwood-campus-by-feb-18|title=Eaton Corp. to complete move to new Beachwood campus by Feb. 18|date=2013-02-06|website=Crain's Cleveland Business|language=en|access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref> Eaton has more than 86,000 employees and sells products to customers in more than 175 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/company/about-us.html|title=About us}}</ref>

==History==
In 1911, [[Joseph Oriel Eaton II|Joseph O. Eaton]], brother-in-law Henning O. Taube and Viggo V. Torbensen, incorporated the Torbensen Gear and Axle Co. in [[Bloomfield, New Jersey]]. With financial backing from Torbensen's mother, the company was set to manufacture Torbensen's patented internal-gear truck axle. In 1914, the company moved to [[Cleveland, Ohio]], to be closer to its core business, the automotive industry.

The Torbensen Axle Company incorporated in Ohio in 1916, succeeding the New Jersey corporation. A year later, [[Republic Motor Truck Company]], Torbensen's largest customer bought out the company. But Eaton and Torbensen were not content and bowed out of Republic to form the Eaton Axle Company in 1919. A year later, in 1920, Eaton Axle Company merged with Standard Parts. Standard Parts went in receivership later the same year and was later liquidated. In 1923, Eaton bought the Torbensen Axle Co. back from Republic and changed the name to the Eaton Axle and Spring Company.

Eaton officers believed the quickest way to grow the business was through acquisitions and began buying companies in the automotive industry. By 1932, the diversified company changed its name to Eaton Manufacturing Company. In 1937, Eaton became international by opening a manufacturing plant in Canada. In 1958 Eaton Corporation acquired Fuller Manufacturing. The company name changed once again in 1965 to Eaton Yale & Towne Inc. after the acquisition of Yale & Towne Manufacturing Co. in 1963. Stockholders approved the change to the company's current name in 1971. In 1978, Eaton Corporation acquired Samuel Moore & Company, Kenway Systems, and Cutler-Hammer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/ProductsServices/Electrical/Support/Brand/Cutler-Hammer/index.htm|title = Cutler-Hammer}}</ref><ref>http://www.manufacturingnews.com/subscribers/users_orig.cgi?mfgnews_username=mbg&flag=read_article&id_title=1&id_article=581&id_issue=34&id_sub=459&id_sl= {{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

==Current work==
Eaton's businesses are divided into the following sectors:

===Electrical===
The electrical sector's products include circuit breakers, switchgear, busway, UPS systems, power distribution units, panel boards, load centers, motor controls, meters, sensors, relays and inverters. The main markets for the Electrical Americas and Electrical Rest of World segments are industrial, institutional, government, utility, commercial, residential, information technology and original equipment manufacturer customers.

===Aerospace===
For the aerospace industry, Eaton manufactures and markets a line of systems and components for hydraulic, fuel, motion control, pneumatic systems and engines.

===Vehicle===

The Vehicle Group comprises the company's truck and automotive segments, including the Roadranger division providing:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadranger.com/rr/OurCompany/AboutUs/index.htm |title=Roadranger |publisher=Eaton |access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>
* Eaton clutches
* Eaton automated and mechanical transmissions
* Eaton hybrid power systems: mounted between the UltraShift automated manual transmission and clutch is an electric motor/generator, connected to a power inverter using lithium ion batteries, controlled with an electronic control module. The system has a fail-safe that reverts to conventional engine-powered operation should some fault occur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadranger.com/Eaton/ProductsServices/Vehicle/Hybrid-Power-Systems/HybridElectricVehicleSystemsOverview/index.htm |title=Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems Overview |publisher=Eaton |access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref>
* Roadranger synthetic lubricants
* Eaton MD mobile diagnostics solutions

The truck segment is involved in the design, manufacture and marketing of powertrain systems and other components for commercial vehicle markets. Key products include manual and automated transmissions, clutches,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/products/clutches-brakes/commercial-vehicle-clutches.html?wtredirect=www.roadranger.com/rr/ProductsServices/ProductsbyCategory/Clutches/index.htm |title=Clutches for linehaul and vocational trucks |publisher=Eaton |access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> drive-line components, and hybrid power.

Eaton's automotive segment produces products such as superchargers, engine valves, valve train components, cylinder heads, locking and limited-slip differentials, heavy-duty drive-line components, fuel, emissions, and safety controls, transmission and engine controls, spoilers, exterior moldings, plastic components, and fluid connectors.

===eMobility===

eMobility sector combines elements of Eaton's electrical and vehicle businesses to deliver electric vehicle solutions to passenger car, commercial vehicle and off-highway OEMs.

==Acquisitions and divestments==
Eaton Electrical purchased the [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation|Westinghouse]] Distribution and Controls Business Unit in 1994 which was one of Eaton's largest acquisitions.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web| title=History Timeline| url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/OurCompany/AboutUs/HistoryTimeline/index.htm| publisher=Eaton Corporation| access-date=2012-01-15| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124210114/http://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/company/about-us/our-heritage.html| archive-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> The acquisition included all of the Westinghouse electrical distribution and control product business and also included stipulations that the Westinghouse name cannot be used by anyone else on these types of products for years. Today, Eaton Electrical manufactures electrical distribution and control products branded "Eaton" or "Cutler-Hammer", which can replace Westinghouse products in commercial and industrial applications.

Eaton spun off its [[Semiconductor device fabrication|semiconductor manufacturing equipment]] business as [[Axcelis Technologies]] in 2000.

In 2003, Eaton's Electrical Distribution and Control business (formerly known as Cutler-Hammer) acquired the electrical division of Delta plc. This acquisition brought Delta's brands Holec, MEM, Tabula, Bill and Elek under the Eaton nameplate<ref name="delta">{{cite news| title=Eaton buys Delta plc's electrical division based in United Kingdom| url=http://ewweb.com/mag/electric_eaton_buys_delta/index.html| work=Electrical Wholesaling| author=Dale Funk| date=1 January 2003| access-date=2012-01-15| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214055138/http://ewweb.com/mag/electric_eaton_buys_delta/index.html| archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> with the previous Westinghouse divisions and gave the company manufacturing facilities to meet [[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] standards, one of the steps to become a global company and developing a worldwide standard.

Soon after this acquisition, Eaton entered a [[joint venture]] with [[Caterpillar Inc.]] and purchased 51% of I & S operations, now known as Intelligent Switchgear Organization, LLC.<ref name="joint">{{cite news| title=Cutler-Hammer in joint venture between Eaton, Caterpillar| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/2003/08/04/daily12.html| work=The Business Journal (Milwaukee)| date=5 August 2003| publisher=bizjournals.com| access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> This was followed in 2004 by the acquisition of [[Powerware]].<ref name="powerware">{{cite press release| title=Eaton Completes Purchase of Powerware| url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/OurCompany/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/CT_065747| date=9 June 2004| publisher=Eaton Corporation| access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> The Powerware brand is known for the design and production of medium to large Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) devices. After several years of co-branding UPS products "Eaton|Powerware" the company is switching to the single brand Eaton for all UPS products including; [[Eaton BladeUPS|BladeUPS]], 9355, 9390, 9395, and 9E.

In 2006, Eaton entered the data center power distribution market. Initial products were internally developed PDU's and RPP's under the Powerware brand and included the PowerXpert metering system. A Powerware brand Static Transfer Switch was added to the portfolio through a brand-label relationship with Cyberex. To complete the power distribution portfolio Eaton released a line of rack power distribution products under its Powerware brand called ePDU. It acquired Aphel Technologies Ltd., a manufacturer of power distribution product for data centers based in [[Coventry]], UK.<ref name="alphel">{{cite press release| title=Eaton Announces Acquisition of Aphel Technologies Limited| url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/OurCompany/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/CT_123913| date=5 April 2007| publisher=Eaton Corporation| access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> Shortly after, it added Pulizzi Engineering Inc., a manufacturer of mission critical power distribution based in Santa Ana, California.<ref name="pulizzi">{{cite press release| title=Eaton Expands Power Quality Offerings With Acquisition of Pulizzi Engineering| url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/OurCompany/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/CT_126846| date=19 June 2007| publisher=Eaton Corporation| access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> In late 2007, it acquired the MGE Office Protection Systems division of [[Schneider Electric]], as a result of Schneider's acquisition of [[APC by Schneider Electric|APC]]. A Taiwanese manufacturer, Phoenixtec, was also acquired giving the company the highest share in the Chinese single-phase UPS market.<ref name="mge">{{cite press release| title=Eaton To Acquire MGE's Small Systems Business From Schneider Electric| url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/OurCompany/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/CT_127054| date=21 June 2007| publisher=Eaton Corporation| access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref>

On 21 May 2012, Eaton announced that they had agreed to purchase [[Ireland]]-based [[Cooper Industries]] in a cash-and-stock deal valued at about $11.46 billion. The new company is called Eaton Corporation plc and is incorporated in Ireland. Then-Chairman and CEO of Eaton [[Alexander Cutler]] headed the new corporation. Cooper shareholders received $39.15 in cash and 0.77479 of a share in the newly created company for each Cooper share held. This is worth $72 per share based on Eaton's closing share price of $42.40 on 18 May 2012, and is 29% above Cooper's closing stock price.<ref>Detroit Free Press, Tuesday, 22 May. 2012, page 3C</ref> Eaton Corporation plc completed its acquisition of Cooper Industries on 30 Nov 2012. The $13 billion acquisition of Cooper (US$5.4B Sales revenue -2011), became the largest in Eaton's (US$16B Sales Revenue-2011) 101-year history.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-11-30/eaton-completes-11-dot-46b-deal-for-cooper-industries |title=Eaton completes $11.46B deal for Cooper Industries - Businessweek |access-date=3 December 2012 |archive-date=1 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201135404/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-11-30/eaton-completes-11-dot-46b-deal-for-cooper-industries |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 17 Mar 2021, Eaton completed the acquisition of [[Tripp Lite]] for $1.65 billion. President and COO of Electrical Sector, Eaton Uday Yadav said “The acquisition of Tripp Lite will enhance the breadth of our edge computing and distributed IT product portfolio and expand our single-phase UPS business.” The acquisition will further Eaton's access to the consumer market in which Tripp Lite has a strong position.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eaton.com/us/en-us/company/news-insights/news-releases/2021/eaton-completes-the-acquisition-of-tripp-lite--expanding-eaton-s.html|title=Eaton completes the acquisition of Tripp Lite, expanding Eaton's power quality business in the Americas}}</ref>

Eaton's [[hydraulics]] business, manufacturing systems and components for the agriculture, construction, mining, forestry, utility, material handling, machine tools, molding, power generation, primary metals, and oil and gas markets, was acquired by [[Danfoss]] in August 2021 for $3.3 billion.<ref name="danfoss">{{cite web |title=Danfoss Formally Completes US$3.3 Billion Acquisition of Eaton's Hydraulics Business |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210802005512/en/Danfoss-Formally-Completes-US3.3-Billion-Acquisition-of-Eaton’s-Hydraulics-Business |website=Business Wire |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>

==Headquarters==
From 1920s-1964 Eaton was based on East 140th Street in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1964, the company moved its headquarters into the new [[Erieview Tower]] where it remained until 1983. In that year, Eaton Corporation moved into a 28-story Cleveland office tower which was renamed for it.<ref name=
"emporis">{{cite web| title=Eaton Center| url=http://www.emporis.com/building/eatoncenter-cleveland-oh-usa| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017082016/http://www.emporis.com/building/eatoncenter-cleveland-oh-usa| url-status=dead| archive-date=17 October 2012| publisher=Emporis| access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> Eaton relocated to its new 580,000 square foot facility, named Eaton Center, in [[Beachwood, Ohio]] in early 2013.<ref name="ground">{{cite news| title=Eaton Corporation Relocated World Headquarters to Beachwood; Puts City on Map for Economic Development| url=http://www.bcomber.org/news/2013/02/02/eaton-corporation-relocates-world-headquarters-to-beachwood-puts-city-on-map-for-future-economic-development/| author=Grant Gravagna| publisher=bcomber.org| date=2 February 2013| access-date=2013-02-03}}</ref> They reincorporated, as a means of reducing their U.S. corporate tax burden, in Ireland as part of the Cooper merger involved establishing a registered head office in Dublin, Ireland but operational headquarters remain in Beachwood.

==Senior Leadership Team==

Craig Arnold CEO
Heath Monesmith President and Chief Operating Officer, Electrical Sector
Paulo Ruiz Named President and Chief Operating Officer, Industrial Sector

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220404005959/en/Eaton-Names-Heath-Monesmith-President-and-Chief-Operating-Officer-Electrical-Sector-and-Paulo-Ruiz-Named-President-and-Chief-Operating-Officer-Industrial-Sector-Effective-July-5-2022|title=Eaton Names Heath Monesmith President and Chief Operating Officer, Electrical Sector, and Paulo Ruiz Named President and Chief Operating Officer, Industrial Sector, Effective July 5, 2022|date=4 April 2022|website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref>

Uday Yadav who was COO for Electrical Sector has moved on to take role of CEO in TKelevator.

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tkelevator.com/global-en/newsroom/press-releases/uday-yadav-appointed-new-ceo-of-tk-elevator-%E2%80%93-predecessor-peter-walker-to-retire-140672.html|title=Uday Yadav appointed new CEO of TK Elevator – predecessor Peter Walker to retire|website=TK Elevator}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Racial harassment ===
In 1995, Eaton Corp had to pay $1.25M in restitution to a former employee who had been subject to racial harassment. Incidents included food being thrown on his desk, food being thrown through the roof of his car, use of the N-word, and the presence of neo-nazi flyers at Eaton Corp.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Twitter|date=1995-04-22|title=Vindication, at Long Last : Ex-Employer Must Pay Homeless Man $1.25 Million for Racial Harassment|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-04-22-me-57528-story.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> The employee developed psychological problems and slipped into homelessness shortly after being fired.

In 2020, an employee sued Eaton Corp for retaliation and facilitating a climate of racial harassment. After a profane outburst from a fellow worker, the plaintiff was assigned to work and train under a supervisor who abused him psychologically. The supervisor made frequent use of the N-word, made reference to slavery and lynching, and claimed his job was to get rid of black workers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Breslin|first=John|title=Company faces serious allegations of racial harassment and retaliation|url=https://madisonrecord.com/stories/524571846-company-faces-serious-allegations-of-racial-harassment-and-retaliation|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Madison - St. Clair Record|language=en}}</ref> The employee informed management of his hostile work environment, but management responded by disciplining the plaintiff himself.

=== Long term benefits ===
Back when Eaton Corp was struggling with bankruptcy, various employees on long term benefits suddenly found themselves terminated.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Outward v. Eaton Corp. Disability Plan for U.S. Emps., No. 19-3365 {{!}} Casetext Search + Citator|url=https://casetext.com/case/outward-v-eaton-corp-disability-plan-for-us-emps|access-date=2022-02-06|website=casetext.com}}</ref> Eaton had failed to insure the plan that the employees had nonetheless paid for. This led to numerous suits against Eaton.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evans v. Eaton Corporation Long Term Disability Plan, C.A. No. 8:05-2575-HMH {{!}} Casetext Search + Citator|url=https://casetext.com/case/evans-v-eaton-corporation-long-term-disability-plan-2|access-date=2022-02-06|website=casetext.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FindLaw's United States Fourth Circuit case and opinions.|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-4th-circuit/1099274.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Findlaw|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

=== Tax avoidance ===
In 2012, the acquisition of [[Cooper Industries]] made it possible for Eaton Corp to become an Irish company, which would sharply lower its [[Corporate tax|corporate tax rate]] and cheat American taxpayers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-05-22|title=Ireland-bound Eaton is latest to end U.S. corporate citizenship|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tax-eaton-idUSBRE84L0T420120522|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> The move was later denounced by both [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] and [[Donald Trump|President Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Monica|first=Paul R. La|date=2017-02-03|title=Company that Trump bashed isn't backing down|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/02/03/investing/eaton-donald-trump-inversion-ireland/index.html|access-date=2022-02-06|website=CNNMoney}}</ref>

=== Triumph Group ===
In 2004, Eaton Corp sued [[Triumph Group]] for trade secrets theft, but when it was discovered that the company’s lawyers were paying former Hinds County District Attorney Ed Peters to improperly influence then-Hinds County Circuit Judge Bobby DeLaughter, the defendants countersued. In 2014, Eaton Corp paid $135M to Triumph Group and $13M to six former employees to settle the long-running legal dispute. Judge Bobby DeLaughter was sentenced to 18 months in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|title=$135 Million Settlement Payment from Eaton to Triumph in Now Legendary Mississippi (and ultimately North Carolina) Trade Secrets Row {{!}} Graebe Hanna Sullivan PLLC|url=http://www.ghslawfirm.com/site/135-million-settlement-payment-from-eaton-to-triumph-in-now-legendary-mississippi-and-ultimately-north-carolina-trade-secrets-row/|access-date=2022-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-19|title=Eaton To Pay $147.5M To Settle Trade Secrets Dispute|url=https://www.manufacturing.net/aerospace/news/13098828/eaton-to-pay-1475m-to-settle-trade-secrets-dispute|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Manufacturing.net|language=en-us}}</ref>

==Corporate recognition and rankings==

Recognitions include the following:
* Ranked #4 in "100 Best Corporate Citizens" of Corporate Responsibility Magazine in 2013, also ranking in Top 50 for Six Consecutive Years.<ref name="100 Best Corporate Citizens">{{cite press release| title=Eaton Places Fourth Among| url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/OurCompany/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/PCT_477682| date=16 April 2013| publisher=Eaton Corporation}}</ref>
* Named to [[Thomson Reuters]] Top 100 Innovators List, 2011 - 2012 - 2013.<ref name="100 Top Innovators">{{cite press release| title=Eaton Recognized for Leadership| url=http://www.eaton.com/Eaton/OurCompany/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/PCT_918223| date=9 October 2013| publisher=Eaton Corporation}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Cooper Industries]]
*[[Eagle Electric]]
*[[Powerware]]
*[[Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland#Corporate tax inversions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*''The History of Eaton Corporation 1911–1985''
*[https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/31277/000003127703000012/etn2q2003earningsrelease.txt Securities and Exchange Commission]

==External links==
*{{Official|https://www.eaton.com}}
{{Finance links
| name = Eaton Corporation
| symbol = ETN
| sec_cik = 1551182
| yahoo = ETN
| google = ETN:NYSE
}}

{{Eaton}}
{{Automotive industry in the United States}}

{{authority control|state=expanded}}

[[Category:American brands]]
[[Category:Automotive transmission makers]]
[[Category:Auto parts suppliers of the United States]]
[[Category:Aircraft manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:Electrical engineering companies]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Ohio]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1911]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Aerospace companies of the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Tax inversions]]
[[Category:Beachwood, Ohio]]

Marcia Lewis

2022-11-21T04:01:34Z

68.231.42.248: /* Stage and Television */

{{short description|American actress}}

{{Infobox person 
| name = Marcia Lewis
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|8|18|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Melrose, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2010|12|21|1938|8|8|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Brentwood, Tennessee]], U.S.
| occupation = Actress/Singer
| yearsactive = 1964–2006
| spouse = Fred D. Bryan (2001–2010; her death)
}}

'''Marcia Lewis''' (August 18, 1938 – December 21, 2010) was an American [[character actor|character actress]] and singer. She was nominated twice for the [[Tony Award]] as Best Featured Actress in a Musical (''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]'' and ''[[Grease (musical)|Grease]]'') and twice for the [[Drama Desk Award]] for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical (''Chicago'' and ''[[Rags (musical)|Rags]]'').

==Life and career==
Lewis was born in [[Melrose, Massachusetts]] and raised in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]].<ref name=bio>[http://www.marcialewis.com/ Official website] marcialewis.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref> She was a registered nurse at the University of Cincinnati Hospital and [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)]] and received her RN from the Jewish Hospital School of Nursing in Cincinnati in 1959.<ref name=film>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/2/Marcia-Lewis.html "Marcia Lewis biography"], filmreference.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref><ref name=talkin>[http://talkinbroadway.com/spot/lewis.html Interview, Spotlight on Marcia Lewis], talkinbroadway.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref>

===Stage and Television===
Lewis made her [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut in the original production of ''[[Hello, Dolly! (musical)|Hello, Dolly!]]'', taking over the role of Ernestina. Additional theater credits include ''[[The Time of Your Life]]'' (1969), ''[[Annie (musical)|Annie]]'', taking over the role of Miss Hannigan in April 1981, ''[[Rags (musical)|Rags]]'' (1986) (nominee, [[Drama Desk Award]], Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical), ''Roza'' (1987), ''[[Orpheus Descending]]'' with [[Vanessa Redgrave]] (1989), and the 1990 revival of ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]'' as Golde. Lewis appeared in the 1994 revival of ''[[Grease (musical)|Grease]]'' as Miss Lynch, and was nominated for the Tony Award, Best Featured Actress in a Musical. She appeared as the Matron in the 1996 revival of ''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]''. For her work, she received nominations for the Tony Award, Best Featured Actress in a Musical and [[Drama Desk Award]], Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical.<ref name=ibdb>[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=2810 Marcia Lewis Broadway credits], ibdb.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref>

She appeared at the [[Off-Broadway]] Theatre of the Zanies in ''An Impudent Wolf'' (1965), the Players Theatre in ''Who's Who Baby?'' (1968), and [[Playwrights Horizons]] in ''Romance Language'' in 1984 and ''When She Danced'' in 1990.<ref>[http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=3957 Marcia Lewis profile at the Internet Off-Broadway Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008004758/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=3957 |date=2012-10-08 }}</ref>

Lewis toured in ''[[Cabaret (musical)|Cabaret]]'' as Fraulein Schneider and appeared in ''Chicago'' at the Mandalay Bay hotel in [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]], Nevada, for three months.<ref name=talkin/> Her television credits include guest appearances on ''[[The Bob Newhart Show]]'' (1975), ''[[Baretta]]'' (1975), ''[[The Bionic Woman]]'' (1976), ''[[Happy Days]]'' (1977, 1979), the TV movie ''When She Was Bad'' (1979) and ''[[Kate and Allie]]'' (1988).<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0507497/ Marcia Lewis IMDb profile]</ref>

===Performing and Personal Life===
As a singer, Lewis performed in most of the leading [[cabarets]] and [[supper club]]s in [[Manhattan]], including Rainbow & Stars, Upstairs at the Duplex, Upstairs at the Downstairs, Grande Finale, Reno Sweeney's, Freddy's Eighty-Eights, Town Hall, [[The Village Gate]], and the [[Russian Tea Room]]. Lewis also appeared in concert at [[Carnegie Hall]].<ref name=film/><ref name=talkin/><ref>[http://www.marcialewis.com/Cabaret.html Cabaret listings], marcialewis.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref>

Lewis' solo album ''Nowadays'' (1998), a collection of showtunes and standards recorded with the Mark Hummel Quartet, is available on the Original Cast Records label.<ref name=film/>

Lewis married her second husband on June 24, 2001; Fred D. Bryan was a [[Nashville]] financial adviser.<ref name=bio/><ref>Shattuck, Kathryn. "Weddings: Vows;Marcia Lewis, Fred Bryan" ''The New York Times'', July 8, 2001, Section 9; Society Desk; p. 9</ref> Lewis died on December 21, 2010, at her home in [[Brentwood, Tennessee]], of cancer, aged 72.<ref>[http://www.broadway.com/shows/chicago/buzz/154718/two-time-tony-award-nominee-marcia-lewis-dies-at-72/ "Two-Time Tony Award Nominee Marcia Lewis Dies at 72"], broadway.com, 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2010-12-21.</ref> After that her body was [[cremation|cremated]]. Bryan survives her.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.marcialewis.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb name|0507497}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{iobdb name|9938}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lewis, Marcia}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Tennessee]]
[[Category:American women singers]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American musical theatre actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Cincinnati]]
[[Category:People from Melrose, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Brentwood, Tennessee]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

Marcia Lewis

2022-11-21T04:00:38Z

68.231.42.248: /* Performing and Personal Life */

{{short description|American actress}}

{{Infobox person 
| name = Marcia Lewis
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|8|18|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Melrose, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2010|12|21|1938|8|8|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Brentwood, Tennessee]], U.S.
| occupation = Actress/Singer
| yearsactive = 1964–2006
| spouse = Fred D. Bryan (2001–2010; her death)
}}

'''Marcia Lewis''' (August 18, 1938 – December 21, 2010) was an American [[character actor|character actress]] and singer. She was nominated twice for the [[Tony Award]] as Best Featured Actress in a Musical (''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]'' and ''[[Grease (musical)|Grease]]'') and twice for the [[Drama Desk Award]] for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical (''Chicago'' and ''[[Rags (musical)|Rags]]'').

==Life and career==
Lewis was born in [[Melrose, Massachusetts]] and raised in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]].<ref name=bio>[http://www.marcialewis.com/ Official website] marcialewis.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref> She was a registered nurse at the University of Cincinnati Hospital and [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)]] and received her RN from the Jewish Hospital School of Nursing in Cincinnati in 1959.<ref name=film>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/2/Marcia-Lewis.html "Marcia Lewis biography"], filmreference.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref><ref name=talkin>[http://talkinbroadway.com/spot/lewis.html Interview, Spotlight on Marcia Lewis], talkinbroadway.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref>

===Stage and television===
Lewis made her [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut in the original production of ''[[Hello, Dolly! (musical)|Hello, Dolly!]]'', taking over the role of Ernestina. Additional theater credits include ''[[The Time of Your Life]]'' (1969), ''[[Annie (musical)|Annie]]'', taking over the role of Miss Hannigan in April 1981, ''[[Rags (musical)|Rags]]'' (1986) (nominee, [[Drama Desk Award]], Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical), ''Roza'' (1987), ''[[Orpheus Descending]]'' with [[Vanessa Redgrave]] (1989), and the 1990 revival of ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]'' as Golde. Lewis appeared in the 1994 revival of ''[[Grease (musical)|Grease]]'' as Miss Lynch, and was nominated for the Tony Award, Best Featured Actress in a Musical. She appeared as the Matron in the 1996 revival of ''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]''. For her work, she received nominations for the Tony Award, Best Featured Actress in a Musical and [[Drama Desk Award]], Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical.<ref name=ibdb>[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=2810 Marcia Lewis Broadway credits], ibdb.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref>

She appeared at the [[Off-Broadway]] Theatre of the Zanies in ''An Impudent Wolf'' (1965), the Players Theatre in ''Who's Who Baby?'' (1968), and [[Playwrights Horizons]] in ''Romance Language'' in 1984 and ''When She Danced'' in 1990.<ref>[http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=3957 Marcia Lewis profile at the Internet Off-Broadway Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008004758/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=3957 |date=2012-10-08 }}</ref>

Lewis toured in ''[[Cabaret (musical)|Cabaret]]'' as Fraulein Schneider and appeared in ''Chicago'' at the Mandalay Bay hotel in [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]], Nevada, for three months.<ref name=talkin/> Her television credits include guest appearances on ''[[The Bob Newhart Show]]'' (1975), ''[[Baretta]]'' (1975), ''[[The Bionic Woman]]'' (1976), ''[[Happy Days]]'' (1977, 1979), the TV movie ''When She Was Bad'' (1979) and ''[[Kate and Allie]]'' (1988).<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0507497/ Marcia Lewis IMDb profile]</ref>

===Performing and Personal Life===
As a singer, Lewis performed in most of the leading [[cabarets]] and [[supper club]]s in [[Manhattan]], including Rainbow & Stars, Upstairs at the Duplex, Upstairs at the Downstairs, Grande Finale, Reno Sweeney's, Freddy's Eighty-Eights, Town Hall, [[The Village Gate]], and the [[Russian Tea Room]]. Lewis also appeared in concert at [[Carnegie Hall]].<ref name=film/><ref name=talkin/><ref>[http://www.marcialewis.com/Cabaret.html Cabaret listings], marcialewis.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref>

Lewis' solo album ''Nowadays'' (1998), a collection of showtunes and standards recorded with the Mark Hummel Quartet, is available on the Original Cast Records label.<ref name=film/>

Lewis married her second husband on June 24, 2001; Fred D. Bryan was a [[Nashville]] financial adviser.<ref name=bio/><ref>Shattuck, Kathryn. "Weddings: Vows;Marcia Lewis, Fred Bryan" ''The New York Times'', July 8, 2001, Section 9; Society Desk; p. 9</ref> Lewis died on December 21, 2010, at her home in [[Brentwood, Tennessee]], of cancer, aged 72.<ref>[http://www.broadway.com/shows/chicago/buzz/154718/two-time-tony-award-nominee-marcia-lewis-dies-at-72/ "Two-Time Tony Award Nominee Marcia Lewis Dies at 72"], broadway.com, 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2010-12-21.</ref> After that her body was [[cremation|cremated]]. Bryan survives her.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.marcialewis.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb name|0507497}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{iobdb name|9938}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lewis, Marcia}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Tennessee]]
[[Category:American women singers]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American musical theatre actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Cincinnati]]
[[Category:People from Melrose, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Brentwood, Tennessee]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

Marcia Lewis

2022-11-21T03:58:21Z

68.231.42.248: /* Performing and Personsl Life */

{{short description|American actress}}

{{Infobox person 
| name = Marcia Lewis
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|8|18|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Melrose, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2010|12|21|1938|8|8|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Brentwood, Tennessee]], U.S.
| occupation = Actress/Singer
| yearsactive = 1964–2006
| spouse = Fred D. Bryan (2001–2010; her death)
}}

'''Marcia Lewis''' (August 18, 1938 – December 21, 2010) was an American [[character actor|character actress]] and singer. She was nominated twice for the [[Tony Award]] as Best Featured Actress in a Musical (''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]'' and ''[[Grease (musical)|Grease]]'') and twice for the [[Drama Desk Award]] for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical (''Chicago'' and ''[[Rags (musical)|Rags]]'').

==Life and career==
Lewis was born in [[Melrose, Massachusetts]] and raised in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]].<ref name=bio>[http://www.marcialewis.com/ Official website] marcialewis.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref> She was a registered nurse at the University of Cincinnati Hospital and [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)]] and received her RN from the Jewish Hospital School of Nursing in Cincinnati in 1959.<ref name=film>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/2/Marcia-Lewis.html "Marcia Lewis biography"], filmreference.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref><ref name=talkin>[http://talkinbroadway.com/spot/lewis.html Interview, Spotlight on Marcia Lewis], talkinbroadway.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref>

===Stage and television===
Lewis made her [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut in the original production of ''[[Hello, Dolly! (musical)|Hello, Dolly!]]'', taking over the role of Ernestina. Additional theater credits include ''[[The Time of Your Life]]'' (1969), ''[[Annie (musical)|Annie]]'', taking over the role of Miss Hannigan in April 1981, ''[[Rags (musical)|Rags]]'' (1986) (nominee, [[Drama Desk Award]], Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical), ''Roza'' (1987), ''[[Orpheus Descending]]'' with [[Vanessa Redgrave]] (1989), and the 1990 revival of ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]'' as Golde. Lewis appeared in the 1994 revival of ''[[Grease (musical)|Grease]]'' as Miss Lynch, and was nominated for the Tony Award, Best Featured Actress in a Musical. She appeared as the Matron in the 1996 revival of ''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]''. For her work, she received nominations for the Tony Award, Best Featured Actress in a Musical and [[Drama Desk Award]], Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical.<ref name=ibdb>[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=2810 Marcia Lewis Broadway credits], ibdb.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref>

She appeared at the [[Off-Broadway]] Theatre of the Zanies in ''An Impudent Wolf'' (1965), the Players Theatre in ''Who's Who Baby?'' (1968), and [[Playwrights Horizons]] in ''Romance Language'' in 1984 and ''When She Danced'' in 1990.<ref>[http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=3957 Marcia Lewis profile at the Internet Off-Broadway Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008004758/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=3957 |date=2012-10-08 }}</ref>

Lewis toured in ''[[Cabaret (musical)|Cabaret]]'' as Fraulein Schneider and appeared in ''Chicago'' at the Mandalay Bay hotel in [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]], Nevada, for three months.<ref name=talkin/> Her television credits include guest appearances on ''[[The Bob Newhart Show]]'' (1975), ''[[Baretta]]'' (1975), ''[[The Bionic Woman]]'' (1976), ''[[Happy Days]]'' (1977, 1979), the TV movie ''When She Was Bad'' (1979) and ''[[Kate and Allie]]'' (1988).<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0507497/ Marcia Lewis IMDb profile]</ref>

===Performing and Personsl Life===
As a singer, Lewis performed in most of the leading [[cabarets]] and [[supper club]]s in [[Manhattan]], including Rainbow & Stars, Upstairs at the Duplex, Upstairs at the Downstairs, Grande Finale, Reno Sweeney's, Freddy's Eighty-Eights, Town Hall, [[The Village Gate]], and the [[Russian Tea Room]]. Lewis also appeared in concert at [[Carnegie Hall]].<ref name=film/><ref name=talkin/><ref>[http://www.marcialewis.com/Cabaret.html Cabaret listings], marcialewis.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref>

Lewis' solo album ''Nowadays'' (1998), a collection of showtunes and standards recorded with the Mark Hummel Quartet, is available on the Original Cast Records label.<ref name=film/>

Married for a second time on June 24, 2001 to Fred D. Bryan, a [[Nashville]] financial adviser.<ref name=bio/><ref>Shattuck, Kathryn. "Weddings: Vows;Marcia Lewis, Fred Bryan" ''The New York Times'', July 8, 2001, Section 9; Society Desk; p. 9</ref> Lewis died on December 21, 2010, at her home in [[Brentwood, Tennessee]], of cancer, aged 72.<ref>[http://www.broadway.com/shows/chicago/buzz/154718/two-time-tony-award-nominee-marcia-lewis-dies-at-72/ "Two-Time Tony Award Nominee Marcia Lewis Dies at 72"], broadway.com, 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2010-12-21.</ref> After that her body was [[cremation|cremated]]. Bryan survives her.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.marcialewis.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb name|0507497}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{iobdb name|9938}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lewis, Marcia}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Tennessee]]
[[Category:American women singers]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American musical theatre actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Cincinnati]]
[[Category:People from Melrose, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Brentwood, Tennessee]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

Marcia Lewis

2022-11-21T03:56:40Z

68.231.42.248: /* Cabaret and recording */Fixed paragraph header

{{short description|American actress}}

{{Infobox person 
| name = Marcia Lewis
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|8|18|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Melrose, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2010|12|21|1938|8|8|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Brentwood, Tennessee]], U.S.
| occupation = Actress/Singer
| yearsactive = 1964–2006
| spouse = Fred D. Bryan (2001–2010; her death)
}}

'''Marcia Lewis''' (August 18, 1938 – December 21, 2010) was an American [[character actor|character actress]] and singer. She was nominated twice for the [[Tony Award]] as Best Featured Actress in a Musical (''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]'' and ''[[Grease (musical)|Grease]]'') and twice for the [[Drama Desk Award]] for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical (''Chicago'' and ''[[Rags (musical)|Rags]]'').

==Life and career==
Lewis was born in [[Melrose, Massachusetts]] and raised in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]].<ref name=bio>[http://www.marcialewis.com/ Official website] marcialewis.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref> She was a registered nurse at the University of Cincinnati Hospital and [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)]] and received her RN from the Jewish Hospital School of Nursing in Cincinnati in 1959.<ref name=film>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/2/Marcia-Lewis.html "Marcia Lewis biography"], filmreference.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref><ref name=talkin>[http://talkinbroadway.com/spot/lewis.html Interview, Spotlight on Marcia Lewis], talkinbroadway.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref>

===Stage and television===
Lewis made her [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut in the original production of ''[[Hello, Dolly! (musical)|Hello, Dolly!]]'', taking over the role of Ernestina. Additional theater credits include ''[[The Time of Your Life]]'' (1969), ''[[Annie (musical)|Annie]]'', taking over the role of Miss Hannigan in April 1981, ''[[Rags (musical)|Rags]]'' (1986) (nominee, [[Drama Desk Award]], Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical), ''Roza'' (1987), ''[[Orpheus Descending]]'' with [[Vanessa Redgrave]] (1989), and the 1990 revival of ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]'' as Golde. Lewis appeared in the 1994 revival of ''[[Grease (musical)|Grease]]'' as Miss Lynch, and was nominated for the Tony Award, Best Featured Actress in a Musical. She appeared as the Matron in the 1996 revival of ''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]''. For her work, she received nominations for the Tony Award, Best Featured Actress in a Musical and [[Drama Desk Award]], Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical.<ref name=ibdb>[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=2810 Marcia Lewis Broadway credits], ibdb.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref>

She appeared at the [[Off-Broadway]] Theatre of the Zanies in ''An Impudent Wolf'' (1965), the Players Theatre in ''Who's Who Baby?'' (1968), and [[Playwrights Horizons]] in ''Romance Language'' in 1984 and ''When She Danced'' in 1990.<ref>[http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=3957 Marcia Lewis profile at the Internet Off-Broadway Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008004758/http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=3957 |date=2012-10-08 }}</ref>

Lewis toured in ''[[Cabaret (musical)|Cabaret]]'' as Fraulein Schneider and appeared in ''Chicago'' at the Mandalay Bay hotel in [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]], Nevada, for three months.<ref name=talkin/> Her television credits include guest appearances on ''[[The Bob Newhart Show]]'' (1975), ''[[Baretta]]'' (1975), ''[[The Bionic Woman]]'' (1976), ''[[Happy Days]]'' (1977, 1979), the TV movie ''When She Was Bad'' (1979) and ''[[Kate and Allie]]'' (1988).<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0507497/ Marcia Lewis IMDb profile]</ref>

===Cabaret and recording===
As a singer, Lewis performed in most of the leading [[cabarets]] and [[supper club]]s in [[Manhattan]], including Rainbow & Stars, Upstairs at the Duplex, Upstairs at the Downstairs, Grande Finale, Reno Sweeney's, Freddy's Eighty-Eights, Town Hall, [[The Village Gate]], and the [[Russian Tea Room]]. Lewis also appeared in concert at [[Carnegie Hall]].<ref name=film/><ref name=talkin/><ref>[http://www.marcialewis.com/Cabaret.html Cabaret listings], marcialewis.com, retrieved January 25, 2010</ref>

Lewis' solo album ''Nowadays'' (1998), a collection of showtunes and standards recorded with the Mark Hummel Quartet, is available on the Original Cast Records label.<ref name=film/>

===Personal Life=== Married for a second time on June 24, 2001 to Fred D. Bryan, a [[Nashville]] financial adviser.<ref name=bio/><ref>Shattuck, Kathryn. "Weddings: Vows;Marcia Lewis, Fred Bryan" ''The New York Times'', July 8, 2001, Section 9; Society Desk; p. 9</ref> Lewis died on December 21, 2010, at her home in [[Brentwood, Tennessee]], of cancer, aged 72.<ref>[http://www.broadway.com/shows/chicago/buzz/154718/two-time-tony-award-nominee-marcia-lewis-dies-at-72/ "Two-Time Tony Award Nominee Marcia Lewis Dies at 72"], broadway.com, 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2010-12-21.</ref> After that her body was [[cremation|cremated]]. Bryan survives her.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.marcialewis.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb name|0507497}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{iobdb name|9938}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lewis, Marcia}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Tennessee]]
[[Category:American women singers]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American musical theatre actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Cincinnati]]
[[Category:People from Melrose, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Brentwood, Tennessee]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

Dana Reeve

2022-10-30T04:14:44Z

68.231.42.248: /* Illness and death */Minor revision to shorten phrase

{{short description|American actress, singer, and activist (1961–2006)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dana Reeve
| image = Dana_Reeve.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Reeve in 1999
| birth_name = Dana Charles Morosini
| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1961|3|17}}
| birth_place = [[Teaneck, New Jersey]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|2006|3|6|1961|3|17}}
| death_place = [[Manhattan]], New York, U.S.
| resting_place =
| education = [[Middlebury College]] (1984) [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] [[California Institute of the Arts]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|author|singer|activist}}
| years_active = 1990–2006
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Christopher Reeve]]|1992|2004|end=died}}
| children = 1
| website = {{url|http://www.christopherreeve.org/}}
}}
'''Dana Charles Reeve''' (née '''Morosini'''; March 17, 1961 – March 6, 2006) was an American actress, singer, and activist for disability causes. She was the wife of actor [[Christopher Reeve]] and mother of television reporter and anchor Will Reeve.

==Early life and family==
Reeve was born in [[Teaneck, New Jersey]], to Charles [[Morosini family|Morosini]] (died 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.christopherreeve.org/blog/daily-dose/remembering-charles-morosini|title=Remembering Charles Morosini – Blog}}</ref>), a [[cardiology|cardiologist]], and Helen Simpson Morosini (died 2005).<ref>{{cite press release |work=New York Times|date=February 15, 2005 |title= Deaths: Morosini, Helen Simpson |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/15/classified/paid-notice-deaths-morosini-helen-simpson.html}}</ref> She was of Italian descent.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ruffino |first1=Elissa |title=Christopher Reeve & Dana Morosini Reeve To Receive "One America Award"at Italian American Gala in Washington, DC |url=https://www.niaf.org/niaf_event/christopher-reeve-dana-morosini-reeve-to-receive-one-america-awardat-italian-american-gala-in-washington-dc/ |website=www.niaf.org |access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref>

She grew up in the town of [[Greenburgh, New York]], where she graduated from [[Edgemont Junior – Senior High School|Edgemont High School]] in 1979.<ref>{{cite news|first=Tony|last=Aiello|title=Dana Reeve's Death Hits Home In Westchester: Remembered As Ultimate Role Model For Youths|date=March 7, 2006|publisher=WCBS-TV New York|url=http://wcbstv.com/topstories/local_story_066170127.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321144647/http://wcbstv.com/topstories/local_story_066170127.html|archive-date=March 21, 2006}}</ref>

She graduated [[summa cum laude]] and [[Phi Beta Kappa]] in English Literature from [[Middlebury College]] in [[Vermont]] in 1984. In 2004 she and husband, Christopher Reeve, received honorary [[Doctor of Humane Letters|Doctorates of Humane Letters]] from Middlebury. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-12-17|title=Christopher Reeve to co-deliver Middlebury College commencement address with wife and alumna Dana Morosini Reeve May 23|url=http://www.middlebury.edu/newsroom/archive/2004/node/112392|access-date=2020-10-09|website=Middlebury|language=en}}</ref>

She spent the junior year of her studies at the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] in London. In 1984, she pursued additional graduate studies in acting at the [[California Institute of the Arts]] in Valencia, California. {{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

She married actor [[Christopher Reeve]] in [[Williamstown, Massachusetts]], on April 11, 1992,<ref name=NYT>{{cite web|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Dana Reeve, Devoted Caretaker and Advocate, Is Dead at 44|author=Brozan, Nadine|date=March 8, 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/08/us/dana-reeve-devoted-caretaker-and-advocate-is-dead-at-44.html}}</ref> and they had a son, William Elliot "Will" Reeve, born on June 7, 1992. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailyentertainmentnews.com/breaking-news/will-reeve-christopher-reeves-son/|title=Will Reeve Christopher Reeve's Son|date=2016-11-01|website=DailyEntertainmentNews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-12|quote=Will was born William Elliot Reeve on June 7, 1992 in Massachusetts but was raised in Connecticut. He has an older half-brother, Matthew, and half-sister, Alexandra, from his father’s previous relationship with British model Gae Exton.}}</ref> Will now reports for [[ABC News]].<ref name=WillABC>{{cite news| url=https://hollywoodlife.com/feature/who-is-will-reeve-4031772/ |title=Will Reeve: 5 Things To Know About 'GMA'Reporter Who Accidentally Went On AirWithout Pants|work=Hollywood Life|date=April 28, 2020|access-date=June 30, 2020}}</ref>

Reeve loved to ride horses. In 2005, she told [[Larry King]]: "I rode my whole life, and after Chris had his accident, I stopped riding, primarily because he loved it so much, and I think it really would have been painful for him if I was going off riding and he wasn't able to. And it didn't mean that much to me to drop."<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=CNN.com |date=February 22, 2005 |title=CNN Larry King Live Interview With Christopher Reeve's Widow, Dana |url=http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0502/22/lkl.01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619111537/http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0502/22/lkl.01.html |archive-date=June 19, 2006 }}</ref>

==Show business career==
Her many singing and acting credits included appearances on [[television]], where she had guest roles on [[Dick Wolf]]'s ''[[Law & Order]]'', ''[[Law & Order: Criminal Intent]]'', soap operas ''[[All My Children]]'' as Eva Stroupe and ''[[Loving (TV series)|Loving]]'', among others. She performed at theatres on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], [[off-Broadway]], and at numerous regional theatres.

In 2000, she co-hosted a live daily talk show for women on the [[Lifetime Television|Lifetime Network]] with [[Deborah Roberts]] called ''Lifetime Live'' and also wrote a brief column for the defunct AccessLife.com These articles can be found at the Christopher Reeve Homepage.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dana |last=Reeve |title=AccessLife.com Column |year=2000 |publisher=Christopher Reeve Homepage |url=http://www.chrisreevehomepage.com/accesslife-danareeve.html}}</ref> She sang the title song on the soundtrack of the [[HBO]] drama ''In the Gloaming'', directed by her husband. Reeve also had another cameo in her husband's movie ''[[The Brooke Ellison Story]]'' as a teacher. {{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

She authored the book ''Care Packages: Letters to Christopher Reeve from Strangers and Other Friends''. In 2004, she was performing in the Broadway-bound play ''[[Brooklyn Boy]]'' at [[South Coast Repertory]] in [[Costa Mesa, California]] when she had to rush home to reach her husband's bedside after he went into cardiac arrest and a coma. In April 2005, it was also announced that she signed a seven-figure book deal<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=My USTINET News |date=April 4, 2005 |title=Reeve's Widow To Write About Married Life |url=http://news.usti.net/home/news/cn/?/living.movies/2/wed/ab/Uus-reeve.RzxH_FA4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630043341/http://news.usti.net/home/news/cn/?%2Fliving.movies%2F2%2Fwed%2Fab%2FUus-reeve.RzxH_FA4.html |archive-date=June 30, 2006 }}</ref> with Penguin Books to write about her relationship with her famous husband. It is not known how far Reeve got with writing the book before she died; the book was never published.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

The children's book ''Dewey Doo-it Helps Owlie Fly Again: A Musical Storybook Inspired by Christopher Reeve'' was published in 2005 and included an audio to accompany the book with [[Mandy Patinkin]] reading the story as well as Reeve and [[Bernadette Peters]] singing.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

On February 2, 2005, eight days before the death of her mother Helen, Reeve attended President [[George W. Bush]]'s [[State of the Union]] address seated in the Capitol gallery in Washington, D.C. as the guest of Congressman [[Jim Langevin]] (D-RI).<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Langevin |date=February 1, 2005 |title=Dana Reeve to Attend State of the Union as Langevin's Guest |url=http://www.house.gov/apps/list/press/ri02_langevin/pr020105danareeve.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409051853/http://www.house.gov/apps/list/press/ri02_langevin/pr020105danareeve.html |archive-date=April 9, 2006 }}</ref>

Several months before her death, Reeve taped the [[PBS]] documentary ''The New Medicine'' focusing on the growing trend in medical care combining [[holistic]] and traditional treatment. The program premiered after her death, on March 29, 2006. She also worked on the computer-animated movie ''[[Everyone's Hero]]'', a project with the working title ''Yankee Irving'' when her husband was the director at the time of his death. The film was released on September 15, 2006, and is dedicated to both her and [[Christopher Reeve]].{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

==Illness and death==
In August 2005, ten months after the death of her husband,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=101123&page=1 |title=Christopher Reeve obituary|work=ABC News|date=October 11, 2004|access-date=January 16, 2018}}</ref> Reeve announced that she had been diagnosed with [[lung cancer]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Brozan|first=Nadine|date=2006-03-08|title=Dana Reeve, Devoted Caretaker and Advocate, Is Dead at 44 (Published 2006)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/08/us/dana-reeve-devoted-caretaker-and-advocate-is-dead-at-44.html|access-date=2020-10-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> She had never smoked,<ref name=":0" /> but in her early career often sang in smoky bars and hotel lobbies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andersen|first=Christopher P.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/181602415|title=Somewhere in heaven : the remarkable love story of Dana and Christopher Reeve|date=2008|publisher=Hyperion Books|isbn=978-1-4013-2302-8|edition=|location=New York|pages=21–22|oclc=181602415}}</ref>

In 2005, Reeve received the "Mother of the Year Award" from the [[American Cancer Society]] for her dedication and determination in raising her son after the loss of her husband. In her final public appearances, Reeve stated that the [[Neoplasm|tumor]] had responded to therapy and was shrinking. She appeared at [[Madison Square Garden]] on January 12, 2006, and sang the [[Carole King]] song "[[Now and Forever (Carole King song)|Now and Forever]]" in honor of [[New York Rangers]] hockey player [[Mark Messier]], whose number was retired that evening.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCqj_8ObkEc|title=Dana Reeve at Mark Messier Night|date=January 12, 2006|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

Reeve died on March 6, 2006, at [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]] in New York City, 11 days before her 45th birthday. On the night that she died, instead of having a live performer sing the national anthem at Madison Square Garden prior to the Rangers' game, a recording of Reeve singing was played.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/03/07/reeve.obit/|title=CNN.com - Dana Reeve dies of lung cancer at 44 - Mar 8, 2006|website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> She arranged for her son, Will Reeve, to live with their next door neighbors so he could finish school where he started instead of being forced to move in with relatives elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Roger |date=2015-03-25 |title=Dana Reeve's Son Will Remain With Friends |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/dana-reeves-son-will-remain-with-friends |access-date=2021-09-26 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref> Her remains were intered at [[Ferncliff Cemetery]].

Episode 16 of the fifth season of ''[[Smallville]]'' titled "Hypnotic" is dedicated to her and the film ''[[Superman Returns]]'' is dedicated to both her and Christopher. The animated film ''[[Everyone's Hero]]'' (2006) is also dedicated in memory of Christopher and Dana Reeve.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=101123&page=1 |title=Christopher Reeve obituary|work=ABC News|date=October 11, 2004|access-date=January 16, 2018}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{inc-film|date=October 2021}}
{{incomplete section|date=May 2020}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1983
| ''Loving''
|
|
|-
| 1990
| ''Steel Magnolias (TV Movie)''
| Elise
| (listed as Dana Morosini)
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Above Suspicion (1995 film)|Above Suspicion]]''
| Female Detective
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Oz (TV series)|Oz]]''
| Wendy Schultz
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[A History of US|Freedom: A History of US]]''
| various roles
| PBS documentary (voice acting)
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Brooke Ellison#The Brooke Ellison Story|The Brooke Ellison Story]]''
| English Professor
| Television film
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Everyone's Hero]]''
| Emily Irving
| (voice acting)
|-
|}

==References==
{{refbegin}}

{{refend}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Portal|Biography}}
*{{IMDb name|0716106}}
*{{IBDB name}}
*{{iobdb name|22168}}
*[https://www.christopherreeve.org/ Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation]

{{Authority control}}
{{Christopher Reeve}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reeve, Dana}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Teaneck, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from Greenburgh, New York]]
[[Category:People from Pound Ridge, New York]]
[[Category:California Institute of the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Edgemont Junior – Senior High School alumni]]
[[Category:Middlebury College alumni]]
[[Category:House of Morosini|Dana]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Actresses from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
[[Category:American soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American voice actresses]]
[[Category:Singers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Singers from New Jersey]]
[[Category:20th-century American women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women singers]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]]

List of Downton Abbey characters

2022-10-23T22:22:29Z

68.231.42.248: /* Lady Rose MacClare */Corrected error

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date = November 2015}}

{{use British English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Downton Abbey'' characters}}
This is a list of characters from '''''[[Downton Abbey]]''''', a British [[period drama]] television series created by [[Julian Fellowes]] and co-produced by [[Carnival Films]] and [[Masterpiece (TV series)|Masterpiece]] for [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] and [[PBS]], respectively. Some also appear in two film sequels: [[Downton Abbey (film)|Downton Abbey]] (2019), and [[Downton Abbey: A New Era]] (2022).

== Cast ==

=== Main cast ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:15%;" rowspan="2"|Actor
! style="width:25%;" rowspan="2"|Character
! style="width:36%;" colspan="6"|Series
! style="width:16%;" colspan="2"|Films
|-
! style="width:6%;"|[[Downton Abbey (series 1)|Series 1]]
! style="width:6%;"|[[Downton Abbey (series 2)|Series 2]]
! style="width:6%;"|[[Downton Abbey (series 3)|Series 3]]
! style="width:6%;"|[[Downton Abbey (series 4)|Series 4]]
! style="width:6%;"|[[Downton Abbey (series 5)|Series 5]]
! style="width:6%;"|[[Downton Abbey (series 6)|Series 6]]
! style="width:8%;"|''[[Downton Abbey (film)|Downton Abbey]]''
! style="width:8%;"|''[[Downton Abbey: A New Era|A New Era]]''
|-
| [[Hugh Bonneville]]
| Robert Crawley, The Earl of Grantham
| colspan="8" {{cMain}}
|-
| [[Jessica Brown Findlay]]
| Lady Sybil Branson née Crawley
| colspan="3" {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Laura Carmichael]]
| Edith Pelham, Marchioness of Hexham née Lady Edith Crawley
| colspan="8" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Jim Carter (actor)|Jim Carter]]
| Charles "Charlie" Carson
| colspan="8" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Brendan Coyle]]
| John Bates
| colspan="8" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Michelle Dockery]]
| Lady Mary Talbot née Crawley
| colspan="8" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Siobhan Finneran]]
| Sarah O'Brien
| colspan="3" {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Joanne Froggatt]]
| Anna Bates née Smith
| colspan="8" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Phyllis Logan]]
| Elsie Carson née Hughes
| colspan="8" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Thomas Howes (actor)|Thomas Howes]]
| William Mason
| colspan="2" {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Rob James-Collier]]
| Thomas Barrow
| colspan="8" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Rose Leslie]]
| Gwen Harding née Dawson
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Elizabeth McGovern]]
| Cora Crawley, The Countess of Grantham
| colspan="8" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Sophie McShera]]
| Daisy Mason née Robinson
| colspan="8" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Lesley Nicol (actress)|Lesley Nicol]]
| Beryl Patmore
| colspan="8" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Maggie Smith]]
| Violet Crawley, The Dowager Countess of Grantham
| colspan="8" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Dan Stevens]]
| Matthew Crawley
| colspan="3" {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Penelope Wilton]]
| Isobel Grey, Lady Merton formerly Crawley
| colspan="8" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Amy Nuttall]]
| Ethel Parks
| {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Kevin Doyle (actor)|Kevin Doyle]]
| Joseph Molesley
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring}}
| colspan="6" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Allen Leech]]
| Tom Branson
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="6" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Matt Milne]]
| Alfred Nugent
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Ed Speleers]]
| James "Jimmy" Kent
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| colspan="3" {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Lily James]]
| Lady Rose Aldridge née MacClare
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3" {{cMain|Main}}{{efn|name=Finale|In series 6 only credited with the main cast in "The Finale".}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[David Robb]]
| Dr Richard Clarkson
| colspan="3" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3" {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="1" {{cNone}}
| colspan="1" {{cGuest}}
|-
| [[Cara Theobold]]
| Ivy Stuart
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Raquel Cassidy]]
| Phyllis Baxter
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="4" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Tom Cullen]]
| Anthony Foyle, Viscount Gillingham
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Julian Ovenden]]
| Charles Blake
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Michael C. Fox|Michael Fox]]
| Andrew "Andy" Parker
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3"{{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Matthew Goode]]
| Henry Talbot
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain|Main}}
| {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Harry Hadden-Paton]]
| Herbert "Bertie" Pelham, Marquess of Hexham
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="3" {{cMain|Main}}{{efn|name=Finale}}
|-
| [[Imelda Staunton]]
| Lady Maud Bagshaw
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Tuppence Middleton]]
| Lucy Branson née Smith
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Nathalie Baye]]
| Madame Montmirail
| colspan="7" {{cNone}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Hugh Dancy]]
| Jack Barber
| colspan="7" {{cNone}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Laura Haddock]]
| Myrna Dalgleish
| colspan="7" {{cNone}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Dominic West]]
| Guy Dexter
| colspan="7" {{cNone}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Jonathan Zaccaï]]
| Marquis de Montmirail
| colspan="7" {{cNone}}
| {{cMain|Main}}
|}
{{notelist}}

=== Recurring cast ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:15%;" rowspan="2"|Actor
! style="width:25%;" rowspan="2"|Character
! style="width:36%;" colspan="6"|Series
! style="width:16%;" colspan="2"|Films
|-
! style="width:6%;"|[[Downton Abbey (series 1)|Series 1]]
! style="width:6%;"|[[Downton Abbey (series 2)|Series 2]]
! style="width:6%;"|[[Downton Abbey (series 3)|Series 3]]
! style="width:6%;"|[[Downton Abbey (series 4)|Series 4]]
! style="width:6%;"|[[Downton Abbey (series 5)|Series 5]]
! style="width:6%;"|[[Downton Abbey (series 6)|Series 6]]
! style="width:8%;"|''[[Downton Abbey (film)|Downton Abbey]]''
! style="width:8%;"|''[[Downton Abbey: A New Era|A New Era]]''
|-
| [[Robert Bathurst]]
| Sir Anthony Strallan
| {{cRecurring}}
| {{cGuest}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| Lionel Guyett
| Taylor
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="7" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Brendan Patricks]]
| [[The Honourable|The Hon]] Evelyn Napier
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| Helen Sheals
| Mrs Wigan, the Postmistress
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
|-
| Andrew Westfield
| Mr Lynch
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="7" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Samantha Bond]]
| Lady Rosamund Painswick, née Crawley
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="3" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="1" {{cNone}}
| colspan="1" {{cGuest|Guest}}
|-
| [[Zoe Boyle]]
| Lavinia Swire
| {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Clare Calbraith]]
| Jane Moorsum
| {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Michael Cochrane]]
| Reverend Albert Travis
| {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Paul Copley]]
| Mr Mason
| {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
|-
| [[Maria Doyle Kennedy]]
| Vera Bates
| {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Iain Glen]]
| Sir Richard Carlisle of Morningside
| {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Cal MacAninch]]
| Henry Lang
| {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
|-
| Christine Mackie
| Daphne Bryant
| {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Kevin McNally|Kevin R. McNally]]
| Horace Bryant
| {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| Daniel Pirrie
| [[Major (United Kingdom)|Maj]] Charles Bryant
| {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
|-
| Stephen Ventura
| Davis
| {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="6" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Jonathan Coy]]
| George Murray
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| colspan="1" {{cGuest|Guest}}
|-
| Christine Lohr
| May Bird
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Neil Bell (actor)|Neil Bell]]
| Durrant
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Michael Culkin]]
| [[Cosmo Gordon Lang|Archbishop of York]]
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Charles Edwards (English actor)|Charles Edwards]]
| Michael Gregson
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| Jason Furnival
| Craig
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| Karl Haynes
| Dent
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Clare Higgins]]
| Mrs Bartlett
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Shirley MacLaine]]
| Martha Levinson
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Mark Penfold]]
| Mr Charkham
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| Lucille Sharp
| Miss Reed
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Ged Simmons]]
| Turner
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Nicky Henson]]
| Charles Grigg
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[MyAnna Buring]]
| Edna Braithwaite
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Douglas Reith]]
| Lord Merton
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="3" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
|-
| [[Andrew Alexander (actor)|Andrew Alexander]]
| Sir John Bullock
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Gary Carr (actor)|Gary Carr]]
| Jack Ross
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Joanna David]]
| Duchess of Yeovil
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| Joncie Elmore
| John Pegg
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Nigel Harman]]
| Alex Green
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Patrick Kennedy (actor)|Patrick Kennedy]]
| Terence Sampson
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Daisy Lewis]]
| Sarah Bunting
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Andrew Scarborough]]
| Timothy "Tim" Drewe
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Jeremy Swift]]
| Septimus Spratt
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| colspan="3" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Peter Egan]]
| Hugh "Shrimpie" MacClare, Marquess of Flintshire
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Matt Barber (actor)|Matt Barber]]
| The Hon. Ephraim Atticus Aldridge
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| Oliver Barker
| rowspan="2"|Master George Crawley
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
|-
| Zac Barker
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
|-
| [[Penny Downie]]
| Rachel Aldridge, Lady Sinderby
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[James Faulkner (actor)|James Faulkner]]
| Daniel Aldridge, Lord Sinderby
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Richard E. Grant]]
| Simon Bricker
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
|-
| Fafi Hart
| Miss Sybil Branson
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
|-
| Louis Hilyer
| Inspector Vyner
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Sue Johnston]]
| Gladys Denker
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="1" {{cNone}}
| colspan="1" {{cGuest|Guest}}
|-
| [[Emma Lowndes]]
| Margie Drewe
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| Christopher Rozycki
| Count Nikolai Rostov
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
|-
| Eva Samms
| rowspan="2"|Marigold
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
|-
| Karina Samms
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
|-
| [[Rade Šerbedžija|Rade Sherbedgia]]
| Prince Igor Kuragin
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Catherine Steadman]]
| [[The Honourable|The Hon]] Mabel Lane Fox
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
|-
| Howard Ward
| Sergeant Willis
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| Richard Teverson
| Dr Ryder
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Harriet Walter]]
| Prudence, Dowager Lady Shackleton
| colspan="3" {{cNone}}
| colspan="2" {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| Patrick Brennan
| Mr Dawes
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Sebastian Dunn]]
| Charles "Charlie" Rogers
| colspan="4" {{cNone}}
| {{cGuest|Guest}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Antonia Bernath]]
| Laura Edmunds
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| Victoria Emslie
| Audrey
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| [[Paul Putner]]
| Mr Skinner
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| Jake Rowley
| Paparazzo
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| Phoebe Sparrow
| Amelia Cruikshank
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|-
| Hayley Jayne Standing
| Lucy
| colspan="5" {{cNone}}
| {{cRecurring|Recurring}}
| colspan="2" {{cNone}}
|}

=== Guest cast ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Actor !! style="width:25%;"| Character !! style="width:45%;" | Position !! style="width:15%;"| Appearances
|-
| [[Charlie Cox]] || Philip, The Duke of [[Crowborough]] || Suitor of Lady Mary; lover of Thomas Barrow || Series 1
|-
| Bill Fellows || Joe Burns || Mrs Hughes's former suitor || Series 1
|-
| [[Bernard Gallagher]] || William "Bill" Molesley || Joseph Molesley's father || Series 1, Series 3–4
|-
| [[Theo James]] || Kemal Pamuk || [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] (Turkish) Embassy [[attaché]] || Series 1
|-
| Sean McKenzie || Mr Bromidge || Owner of a telephone fitting company || Series 1
|-
| Fergus O'Donnell || John Drake || Farmer on the Grantham estate || Series 1–2
|-
| Cathy Sara || Mrs Drake || Wife of John Drake || Series 1–2
|-
| [[Jane Wenham (actress)|Jane Wenham]] || Mrs Bates || Mother of John Bates || Series 1
|-
| [[Jeremy Clyde]] || General Robertson || Army general || Series 2
|-
| Tom Feary-Campbell || Captain Smiley || Army captain || Series 2
|-
| [[Lachlan Nieboer]] || Lt Edward Courtenay || Wounded officer || Series 2
|-
| Peter McNeil O'Connor || Sergeant Stevens || Army sergeant || Series 2
|-
| [[Julian Wadham]] || Sir Herbert Strutt || Army general || Series 2
|-
| [[Trevor White (actor)|Trevor White]] || Maj Patrick Gordon || Wounded officer who claims to be heir presumptive Patrick Crawley || Series 2
|-
| [[Nigel Havers]] || Lord Hepworth || Suitor of Lady Rosamund || Christmas Special 2011
|-
| [[Sharon Small]] || Marigold Shore || Lady Rosamund's maid || Christmas Special 2011
|-
| Charlie Anson || The Hon Larry Grey || Lord Merton's elder son || Series 3, Series 5, 2015 Christmas Special
|-
| [[Edward Baker-Duly]] || Terence Margadale || Rose's adulterous lover || Series 3
|-
| Ruairi Conaghan || Kieran Branson || Tom's brother || Series 3
|-
| Sarah Crowden || Lady Manville || One of the local gentry near Downton || Series 3, Series 5
|-
| [[Terence Harvey]] || Jarvis || Manager of Downton Abbey || Series 3
|-
| Emma Keele || Mavis || Prostitute || Series 3
|-
| Edmund Kente || Mead || Lady Rosamund's butler || Series 3
|-
| [[Tim Pigott-Smith]] || Sir Philip Tapsell || London obstetrician and gynaecologist || Series 3
|-
| Tony Turner || Inspector Stanford || York Police inspector || Series 3
|-
| [[John Voce]] || Photographer || photographer || Series 3, Series 6
|-
| Kenneth Bryans || Nield || Duneagle Castle gamekeeper || Christmas Special 2012
|-
| [[Ron Donachie]] || McCree || Lord Flintshire's butler || Christmas Special 2012
|-
| [[John Henshaw]] || Jos Tufton || Grocer and Mrs Patmore's suitor || Christmas Special 2012
|-
| [[Simone Lahbib]] || Wilkins || Lady Flintshire's maid || Christmas Special 2012
|-
| [[Phoebe Nicholls]] || Susan MacClare, Marchioness of Flintshire || Lord Flintshire's wife || Christmas Special 2012, Series 5
|-
| Yves Aubert || Arsene Avignon || Chef at the [[The Ritz Hotel, London|Ritz]] || Series 4
|-
| [[Di Botcher]] || Nanny West || [[Nanny]] || Series 4
|-
| Christina Carty || [[Virginia Woolf]] || Writer || Series 4
|-
| [[Stephen Critchlow]] || [[John Ward (trade unionist)|John Ward]] || Liberal MP || Series 4
|-
| [[Jonathan Howard (actor)|Jonathan Howard]] || Sam Thawley || Local gardener || Series 4
|-
| [[Kiri Te Kanawa]] || [[Nellie Melba]] || Opera singer || Series 4
|-
| [[Michael Benz]] || Ethan Slade || Harold Levinson's valet || Christmas Special 2013
|-
| [[Alastair Bruce]] || [[Rowland Baring, 2nd Earl of Cromer|Lord Chamberlain]] || Chamberlain to the King || Christmas Special 2013
|-
| [[Oliver Dimsdale]] || [[Edward VIII|Prince of Wales]] || Heir to the British throne || Christmas Special 2013
|-
| [[Poppy Drayton]] || The Hon Madeleine Allsopp || Rose's friend || Christmas Special 2013
|-
| [[James Fox]] || William "Billy" Allsopp, Baron Aysgarth || Madeleine's father || Christmas Special 2013
|-
| [[Paul Giamatti]] || Harold Levinson || Cora's brother || Christmas Special 2013
|-
| [[Janet Montgomery]] || [[Freda Dudley Ward]] || Mistress of the Prince of Wales || Christmas Special 2013
|-
| Guy Williams || [[George V]] || King of the United Kingdom, Emperor of India || Christmas Special 2013
|-
| Dean Ashton || Evans || Tombstone maker || Series 5
|-
| Devon Black || Receptionist || receptionist || Series 5–6
|-
| Louise Calf || Kitty Colthurst || Friend of the Crawleys || Series 5
|-
| [[Anna Chancellor]] || Dowager Lady Anstruther, née Mountevans || James Kent's former employer || Series 5
|-
| [[Ed Cooper Clarke]] || The Hon Timothy "Tim" Grey || Lord Merton's younger son || Series 5
|-
| [[Jon Glover]] || [[George V]] (voice) || King of the United Kingdom, Emperor of India || Series 5
|-
| Darren Machin || Basil Shute || Owner of the Velvet Violin club || Series 5
|-
| [[Naomi Radcliffe]] || Mrs Elcot || Local villager and widowed by the War || Series 5
|-
| [[Alun Armstrong]] || Stowell || Lord Sinderby's butler || Christmas Special 2014
|-
| [[Jane Lapotaire]] || Princess Irina Kuragin || Prince Kuragin's wife || Christmas Special 2014
|-
| [[Alice Patten]] || Diana Clark || Lord Sinderby's mistress || Christmas Special 2014
|-
| Rick Bacon || Mr Henderson || Owner of Mallerton Hall || Series 6
|-
| [[Philip Battley]] || John Harding || Gwen's husband || Series 6
|-
| [[Nichola Burley]] || Rita Bevan || Lady Mary's blackmailer || Series 6
|-
| [[Trevor Cooper]] || Mr Moore || Butler at Rothwell Manor || Series 6
|-
| Rupert Frazer || [[Neville Chamberlain]] || Politician || Series 6
|-
| Charlotte Hamblin || Lady Anne Acland || Dinner guest of Evelyn Napier's at Criterion restaurant ||Series 6
|-
| Christos Lawton || Billy || Talbot and Rogers' race team crew member ||Series 6
|-
| [[Adrian Lukis]] || Sir John Darnley || Crawley family friend || Series 6
|-
| Mark Morrell || Mr Fairclough || Farmer on the Grantham estate || Series 6
|-
| [[Ronald Pickup]] || Sir Michael Reresby || Estate owner || Series 6
|-
| Martin Walsh || Mr Finch || Fat Stock Show agent || Series 6
|-
| [[James Greene (Northern Irish actor)|James Greene]] || Sir Mark Stiles || Temporary employer of Barrow || 2015 Christmas Special
|-
| [[Patricia Hodge]] || Miranda Pelham || Bertie Pelham's mother || 2015 Christmas Special
|}

== The Crawley family ==
{{Downton Abbey family tree}}

=== Robert Crawley, 7th Earl of Grantham {{Anchor|Robert Crawley}} ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = [[File:Hugh Bonneville MingFilmFest 2011 n1.jpg|200px]]
| caption3 = Bonneville portrays Robert Crawley
| name = Robert Crawley, 7th Earl of Grantham
| portrayer = [[Hugh Bonneville]]
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years =
| first = [[Downton Abbey (series 1)#Episodes|Episode 1.01]]
| last= "[[Downton Abbey: A New Era|A New Era]]"
| classification =
| born =
| death =
| occupation =
| home = Downton Abbey, [[Yorkshire]], England
| family = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#The Crawley family|Crawley]]
| wife = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Cora Crawley|Cora Crawley, Countess of Grantham]]
| father = Patrick Crawley, 6th Earl of Grantham
| mother = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Violet Crawley|Violet Crawley, Dowager Countess of Grantham]]
| brothers =
| sister = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Rosamund Painswick|Lady Rosamund Painswick]]
| halfbrothers =
| halfsisters =
| sons =
| daughters = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Mary Talbot|Lady Mary Talbot]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Edith Crawley|Edith Pelham, Marchioness of Hexham]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Sybil Branson|Lady Sybil Branson]]
| adoptivesons =
| stepdaughters =
| grandsons = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Master George Crawley|Master George Crawley]] Peter Pelham, Earl of Brancaster 
| granddaughters = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Miss Sybil Branson|Miss Sybbie Branson]] Miss Marigold Miss Caroline Talbot
| grandfathers =
| grandmothers =
| uncles =
| aunts =
| cousins = Susan MacClare, Marchioness of Flintshire Hugh MacClare, Marquess of Flintshire [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Rose MacClare|Lady Rose Aldridge]] Lady Maud Bagshaw
| nephews =
| nieces =
}}'''Robert Crawley, Earl of Grantham''' (played by [[Hugh Bonneville]]) (b. 1865), usually called '''Lord Grantham,''' is the 7th and current Earl of Grantham. He is the husband of Cora, son of Violet, and father of Mary, Edith and Sybil. Robert is immensely proud of Downton as the place he grew up and takes his responsibility for the estate very seriously; he sees himself as its caretaker, not its owner. Although in some ways his character embodies the traditional values of the aristocracy, Robert does not shun all progress, and he is very protective of and loyal to his family and servants. Despite these virtues, Robert's adherence to tradition lets him down in other ways. He often resists "modern" suggestions for better management of the estate, especially after his daughter Mary joins his sons-in-law Matthew and Tom in running it. His attitudes occasionally clash with that of the more progressive and pragmatic Cora. By the end of the final series, Robert's worsening health forces him to step down from running the estate, leaving the task to Tom and Mary.
{{clear}}

=== Cora Roosevelt Crawley, Countess of Grantham {{Anchor|Cora Crawley}} ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = [[File:Elizabeth McGovern 2012.jpg|200px]]
| caption3 = McGovern portrays Lady Grantham
| name = Cora Crawley (The Countess of Grantham) 
| portrayer = [[Elizabeth McGovern]]
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years =
| first = [[Downton Abbey (series 1)#Episodes|Episode 1.01]]
| last="[[Downton Abbey: A New Era|A New Era]]"
| classification =
| born =
| death =
| occupation =
| home = Downton Abbey, [[Yorkshire]], England
| family = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#The Crawley family|Crawley]]
| husband = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Robert Crawley|Robert Crawley, Earl of Grantham]]
| father = Isidore Levinson
| mother = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Martha Levinson|Martha Levinson]]
| brothers = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Harold Levinson|Harold Levinson]]
| sisters = Cora Crawley
| halfbrothers =
| halfsisters =
| sons =
| daughters = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Mary Talbot|Lady Mary Talbot]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Edith Crawley|Edith Pelham, Marchioness of Hexham]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Sybil Branson|Lady Sybil Branson]]
| adoptivesons =
| stepdaughters =
| grandsons = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Master George Crawley|Master George Crawley]] Peter Pelham, Earl of Brancaster 
| granddaughters = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Miss Sybil Branson|Miss Sybbie Branson]] Miss Marigold Miss Caroline Talbot
| grandfathers =
| grandmothers =
| uncles =
| aunts =
| cousins =
| nephews =
| nieces =
}}
'''Cora Crawley (née Levinson), Countess of Grantham''' (played by [[Elizabeth McGovern]]) (b. 1868), usually called '''Lady Grantham''', is the wife of Robert and mother of Mary, Edith and Sybil. A wealthy American heiress, she married Robert in 1890 when the Crawleys were in straitened circumstances; her fortune helped rescue Downton. Although she has adopted the lifestyle of the British aristocracy, her character is portrayed as more forward-thinking and open-minded than that of her family, a trait her husband and daughters attribute to her "American-ness". Her industrious nature, first discovered during the [[World War I|First World War]] when she opens and maintains Downton as a convalescent home for soldiers, and later put to use on the Downton hospital board, often causes conflict with Robert, especially after she becomes president of the hospital board in the final series. However, Robert relents after seeing how effective Cora is in the role. During the summer of 1914, Cora discovers she has become pregnant for the first time in 18 years, but she suffers a miscarriage caused by her maid O'Brien. Shortly after the war, Cora has [[Spanish influenza]] and nearly dies before making a full recovery.
{{clear}}

=== Violet Crawley, Dowager Countess of Grantham {{Anchor|Violet Crawley}} ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = [[File:Dame Maggie Smith-cropped.jpg|200px]]
| caption3 = [[Maggie Smith]] portrays the Dowager Countess
| name = Violet Crawley (The Dowager Countess of Grantham) 
| portrayer = [[Maggie Smith]]
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years =
| first = [[Downton Abbey (series 1)#Episodes|Episode 1.01]]
| last="[[Downton Abbey: A New Era|A New Era]]"
| classification =
| born = 1842
| death = 1928
| occupation =
| home = Dower House, Downton, [[Yorkshire]], England
| family = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#The Crawley family|Crawley]]
| husband = Patrick Crawley, 6th Earl of Grantham
| sisters = Roberta (possibly)
| halfbrothers =
| halfsisters =
| sons = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Robert Crawley|Robert Crawley, Earl of Grantham]]
| daughters = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Rosamund Painswick|Lady Rosamund Painswick]]
| adoptivesons =
| stepdaughters =
| grandsons =
| granddaughters = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Mary Talbot|Lady Mary Talbot]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Edith Crawley|Edith Pelham, Marchioness of Hexham]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Sybil Branson|Lady Sybil Branson]]
| grandfathers =
| grandmothers =
| uncles =
| aunts =
| cousins = Maud Bagshaw, Lady Bagshaw
| nephews =
| great nieces = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Rose MacClare|Lady Rose Aldridge]]
| Greatgrandson = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Master George Crawley|Master George Crawley]] Peter Pelham, Earl of Brancaster
| Greatgranddaughter = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Sybbie Branson|Miss Sybbie Branson]] Miss Marigold Miss Caroline Talbot
}}
'''Violet Crawley''' ('''The Dowager Countess of Grantham''') (played by [[Maggie Smith]]) (1841<ref>Fellowes, Julian (2013). ''Downton Abbey: The Complete Scripts – Season 2'': "''At the start of the show, set in 1912, we needed Violet to be about 70 or more.'' </ref>-1928) is Robert's mother and widow of the previous earl. Violet, portrayed as a matriarchal figure and quick of wit despite her age, symbolises the "old world" and order of the pre–[[First World War]] days. During and after the war, Violet remains a strong influence at Downton Abbey but finds her influence under threat as social norms change, particularly from Isobel Crawley, with whom she has a tendency to quarrel, and her daughter-in-law Cora, both of whom are more forward-thinking and strong-minded women. She has a strong bond with her granddaughter Mary, to whom she is the most similar. She dies at the end of the second film.
{{clear}}

=== Lady Mary Talbot ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = [[File:Michelle Dockery 2013 2.jpg|200px]]
| caption3 = Dockery portrays Lady Mary Crawley
| name = Lady Mary Crawley 
| portrayer = [[Michelle Dockery]]
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years =
| first = [[Downton Abbey (series 1)#Episodes|Episode 1.01]]
| last="[[Downton Abbey: A New Era|A New Era]]"
| classification =
| born = 1891
| death =
| occupation =
| home = Downton Abbey, [[Yorkshire]], England
| family = Crawley
| husband = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Matthew Crawley|Matthew Crawley]] (deceased) Henry Talbot
| father = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Robert Crawley|Robert Crawley, Earl of Grantham]]
| mother = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Cora Crawley|Cora Crawley, Countess of Grantham]]
| brothers =
| sisters = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Edith Crawley|Edith Pelham, Marchioness of Hexham]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Sybil Branson|Lady Sybil Branson]]
| halfbrothers =
| halfsisters =
| sons = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Master George Crawley|Master George Crawley]]
| daughters = Miss Caroline Talbot
| adoptivesons =
| stepdaughters =
| grandsons =
| granddaughters =
| grandfathers = Patrick Crawley, 5th Earl of Grantham Isidore Levinson
| grandmothers = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Violet Crawley|Violet Crawley, Dowager Countess of Grantham]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Martha Levinson|Martha Levinson]]
| uncles = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Harold Levinson|Harold Levinson]]
| aunts = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Rosamund Painswick|Lady Rosamund Painswick]]
| cousins = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Rose MacClare|Lady Rose Aldridge]]
| nephews = Peter Pelham, Earl of Brancaster
| nieces = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Miss Sybil Branson|Miss Sybbie Branson]] Miss Marigold
}}

'''Lady Mary Josephine Talbot (née Crawley)''' (played by [[Michelle Dockery]]) (b. 1891) is the eldest daughter of Lord and Lady Grantham and arguably the centre of interest of all the family story arcs in the series.<ref name="harpercollins.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.harpercollins.com/browseinside/index.aspx?13|title=ISBN 978-0-06-223831-3 Browse Inside Downton Abbey Script Book Season 1 by Julian Fellowes}}</ref> Early on, she is portrayed as a petulant and cold young woman; as the series progresses, however, she shows more vulnerability and compassion. One of her most constant traits is her unfailing devotion to Downton as her home and, eventually, the estate which she will preside over.

After the death of the heir to the estate and her unofficial fiancé, Mary's relationship with the new heir, distant cousin Matthew Crawley, begins coldly due to their different upbringing. Over time, however, the pair grow closer, and a romance develops. In 1914, Matthew asks Mary to marry him, but she is hesitant because of circumstances regarding the inheritance of the estate. Heartbroken and angered by her hesitancy, Matthew withdraws his proposal and decides to leave Downton. During the second series, Matthew serves in the [[World War I|First World War]] and both become engaged to other people, but after a series of obstacles, Matthew proposes to her again, and the two marry. After struggling with infertility, Mary becomes pregnant and gives birth to a son, George, at the end of the third series. However, the same day, Matthew is killed in a car crash while driving home from the hospital. Mary struggles to move past her grief, but after the discovery of a letter from Matthew stating he intended to name Mary his sole heiress, she recovers and begins helping her father and brother-in-law Tom manage the estate.

In the fourth series, Mary is pursued by three suitors: Anthony Foyle (Lord Gillingham), Evelyn Napier, and Charles Blake. However, she eventually decides she does not want to marry any of them, providing a shock, especially for Tony. In the fifth series, Mary meets Henry Talbot, a race car driver. Though Mary struggles to overcome her lingering grief about Matthew's death, she realises she loves Henry, and the two marry at the end of series 6. In the first film, she has had a daughter with Henry named Caroline. In the second film, Mary has a flirtatious relationship with a film director named Jack Barber, but she stays faithful to Henry.
{{clear}}

=== Edith Pelham, Marchioness of Hexham ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = [[File:Laura Carmichael (48755229068) (cropped).jpg|200px]]
| caption3 = Carmichael portrays Lady Edith Crawley
| name = Lady Edith Crawley 
| portrayer = [[Laura Carmichael]]
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years =
| first = [[Downton Abbey (series 1)#Episodes|Episode 1.01]]
| last=[[Downton Abbey: A New Era|A New Era]]
| classification =
| born = 1892
| death =
| occupation = Columnist [[Editor|Newspaper Editor]]
| home = Brancaster Castle, [[Northumberland]], England
| family = Crawley
| husband = Herbert Pelham, 7th Marquess of Hexham
| father = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Robert Crawley|Robert Crawley, Earl of Grantham]]
| mother = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Cora Crawley|Cora Crawley, Countess of Grantham]]
| sisters = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Mary Talbot|Lady Mary Talbot]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Sybil Branson|Lady Sybil Branson]] (deceased)
| daughters = Miss Marigold
| sons = Peter Pelham, Earl of Brancaster 
| grandfathers = Patrick Crawley, 5th Earl of Grantham Isidore Levinson
| grandmothers = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Violet Crawley|Violet Crawley, Dowager Countess of Grantham]] (deceased) [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Martha Levinson|Martha Levinson]]
| uncles = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Harold Levinson|Harold Levinson]]
| aunts = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Rosamund Painswick|Lady Rosamund Painswick]]
| cousins = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Rose MacClare|Lady Rose Aldridge]]
| nephews = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Master George Crawley|Master George Crawley]]
| nieces = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Miss Sybil Branson|Miss Sybbie Branson]] Miss Caroline Talbot
}}
'''Edith Pelham, Marchioness of Hexham''' (née '''Lady Edith Crawley'''; b. 1892) (played by [[Laura Carmichael]]) is the middle daughter of Lord and Lady Grantham.<ref name="harpercollins.com" /> Edith is often the "forgotten" one as she is not considered as pretty and smooth-talking as her older sister, Mary, or as daring and passionate as her younger sister, Sybil. She experiences multiple disappointments in her romantic relationships: she is jilted at the altar by Sir Anthony Strallan in the third series, and her second fiancé Michael Gregson is killed by Nazis while staying in Germany. Further, Edith discovers she is pregnant with Gregson's illegitimate child. However, Edith also experiences success when she pursues a career in [[journalism]] and takes charge of Gregson's magazine publishing company. In series 6, despite her sister Mary's efforts to separate them, Edith marries Bertie Pelham, becoming a marchioness, and he and her family come to accept her daughter Marigold.

In the first film, she reveals she is pregnant with Bertie's child. She also tells Bertie she is feeling unfulfilled in the role of marchioness. In the second film, their son, Peter, is an infant, and Edith is once again involved in the day-to-day running of her publishing company and writing articles.
{{clear}}

=== Lady Sybil Branson ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = [[File:Jessica Brown Findlay in 2017.png|200px]]
| caption3 = Brown Findlay portrays Lady Sybil Crawley
| name = Lady Sybil Crawley 
| portrayer = [[Jessica Brown Findlay]]
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years =
| first = [[Downton Abbey (series 1)#Episodes|Episode 1.01]]
| last = [[List of Downton Abbey episodes#Series 3 (2012)|Episode 3.05]]
| classification =
| born = 1895
| death = 1920
| occupation = Nurse
| home = Downton Abbey, [[Yorkshire]], England
| family = Crawley
| husband = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Tom Branson|Tom Branson]]
| father = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Robert Crawley|Robert Crawley, Earl of Grantham]]
| mother = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Cora Crawley|Cora Crawley, Countess of Grantham]]
| brothers =
| sisters = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Mary Talbot|Lady Mary Talbot]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Edith Crawley|Edith Pelham, Marchioness of Hexham]]
| halfbrothers =
| halfsisters =
| sons =
| daughters = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Miss Sybil Branson|Miss Sybbie Branson]]
| adoptivesons =
| stepdaughters =
| grandsons =
| granddaughters =
| grandfathers = Patrick Crawley, 5th Earl of Grantham Isidore Levinson
| grandmothers = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Violet Crawley|Violet Crawley, Dowager Countess of Grantham]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Martha Levinson|Martha Levinson]]
| uncles = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Harold Levinson|Harold Levinson]]
| aunts = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Rosamund Painswick|Lady Rosamund Painswick]]
| cousins = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Rose MacClare|Lady Rose Aldridge]]
| nephews = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Master George Crawley|Master George Crawley]] Peter Pelham, Earl of Brancaster
| nieces = Miss Marigold Miss Caroline Talbot
}}
'''Lady Sybil Cora Branson''' (née '''Crawley'''; 1895–1920) (played by [[Jessica Brown Findlay]]) is the youngest daughter of Lord and Lady Grantham.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2011-10-30/downton-abbey-jessica-brown-findlay-on-lady-sybil |title=Downton Abbey: Jessica Brown Findlay on Lady Sybil {{!}} Radio Times |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025104355/http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2011-10-30/downton-abbey-jessica-brown-findlay-on-lady-sybil |url-status=live }}</ref> She becomes fiercely political and desires to break free from the social restrictions of the times. During the [[World War I|First World War]], Sybil serves as an [[auxiliary nurse]] and develops feelings for Tom Branson, the family's [[chauffeur]] and a staunch [[Irish nationalist]]. By the end of the second series, the couple marry and move to [[Dublin]], having finally gained Lord Grantham's blessing. Sybil (now pregnant) and Tom return to Downton after fleeing Ireland in the third series, where Sybil gives birth to a daughter but dies soon after due to [[eclampsia]].
{{clear}}

=== Matthew Crawley ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = [[File:Dan Stevens at Premiere of Beauty and the Beast (cropped).jpg|200px]]
| caption3 = Dan Stevens portrays Matthew Crawley
| name = Matthew Crawley 
| portrayer = [[Dan Stevens]]
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years =
| first = [[Downton Abbey (series 1)#Episodes|Episode 1.01]]
| last="[[List of Downton Abbey episodes#Series 3 (2012)|A Journey to the Highlands]]"
| classification =
| born = 1885
| death = 1921
| occupation = Solicitor
| home = [[Manchester]] Downton Abbey, [[Yorkshire]], England
| family = Crawley
| wife = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Mary Talbot|Lady Mary Talbot]]
| father = Reginald Crawley
| mother = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Isobel Crawley|Isobel Crawley]]
| stepfather = Richard Grey, Lord Merton
| brothers =
| sisters =
| halfbrothers = Larry Grey Timothy Grey
| halfsisters =
| sons = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Master George Crawley|Master George Crawley]]
| daughters =
| adoptivesons =
| stepdaughters =
| grandsons =
| granddaughters =
| grandfathers = Sir John Turnbull
| grandmothers = Lady Turnbull
| uncles = Edward Turnbull
| aunts =
| cousins =
| nephews =
| nieces = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Miss Sybil Branson|Miss Sybbie Branson]] Miss Marigold
}}
'''Matthew Reginald Crawley''' (played by [[Dan Stevens]]) (1885–1921) is a middle-class distant cousin of the Crawleys who becomes the heir to the estate in the first episode and soon after moves to Downton. He finds it difficult to reconcile the traditionalist, aristocratic lifestyle of Downton with his middle-class upbringing, but he is eventually accepted into the family and becomes something of a surrogate son to Lord Grantham. Matthew and Mary fall in love, but circumstances separate them, and Matthew becomes engaged to Lavinia Swire. Matthew is [[Paralysis|paralysed]] from the waist down while serving in the [[World War I|First World War]], but, after a miraculous recovery and difficulty moving past Lavinia's death from [[Spanish flu]], he and Mary wed in 1920. After a financial scare, Matthew becomes a co-owner of the estate, and begins working on plans to modernise it with the new agent, brother-in-law Tom Branson. In September 1921, Mary gives birth to their son George, but Matthew is killed in a car crash while driving home from the hospital.<ref>{{cite news|title=Abbey ever after: Downton star reveals excitement at TV wedding|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity-interviews/michelle-dockery-on-downton-abbey-wedding-1269782|newspaper=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]|date=20 August 2012|access-date=2 September 2012|archive-date=23 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823000547/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity-interviews/michelle-dockery-on-downton-abbey-wedding-1269782|url-status=live}}</ref> Following his death, his son George becomes the heir to the earldom, and a letter is found that serves as a will for Mary to inherit Matthew's share of Downton.

Matthew dies because his actor chose to leave the series. Julian Fellowes wanted to have Matthew die in series 4, but the actor wanted to leave sooner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/18/julian-fellowes-discusses-a-season-of-comings-and-goings-at-downton-abbey/|title=Julian Fellowes Discusses a Season of Comings and Goings at 'Downton Abbey'|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=18 February 2013|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516112317/https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/18/julian-fellowes-discusses-a-season-of-comings-and-goings-at-downton-abbey/|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Huffington Post]] poll revealed that 85% of the respondents expressed dislike of Matthew's death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obrien-leaving-downton-abbey-siobhan-finneran_n_2791213|title=O'Brien Leaving 'Downton Abbey': Actress Siobhan Finneran Confirms Departure|publisher=[[Huffington Post]]|date=1 March 2013|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Maureen Ryan of the ''[[Huffington Post]]'' stated that she believed Matthew's death was beneficial to the story as his storylines had grown repetitive.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ryan, Maureen|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dowton-abbey-finale-shocking-death_b_2708001|title='Downton Abbey' Finale: Don't Be Mad About That Shocking Death, It's For The Best|publisher=[[Huffington Post]]|date=17 February 2013|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=1 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601192948/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dowton-abbey-finale-shocking-death_b_2708001|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

=== Isobel Crawley ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = [[File:Penelope Wilton 2013.jpg|200px]]
| caption3 = Wilton portrays Isobel Crawley
| name = Isobel Crawley 
| portrayer = [[Penelope Wilton]]
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years =
| first = [[Downton Abbey (series 1)#Episodes|Episode 1.01]]
| last=[[Downton Abbey: A New Era|A New Era]]"
| classification =
| born =
| death =
| occupation = Nurse [[almoner]]
| home = Crawley House, Downton, [[Yorkshire]], England
| family = Crawley
| husband = Reginald Crawley [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lord Merton|Lord Merton]]
| father = Sir John Turnbull
| mother = Lady Turnbull
| brothers = Edward Turnbull
| sisters =
| halfbrothers =
| halfsisters =
| sons = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Matthew Crawley|Matthew Crawley]]
| daughters =
| stepsons = Larry Grey Timothy Grey
| stepdaughters =
| grandsons = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Master George Crawley|Master George Crawley]]
| granddaughters =
| grandfathers =
| grandmothers =
| uncles =
| aunts =
| cousins =
| nephews =
| nieces =
}}
'''Isobel Grey''' (formerly '''Crawley''', née '''Turnbull'''), '''Lady Merton''' (played by [[Penelope Wilton]]) is Matthew's widowed mother. A recurring theme during the first two series is the clash between Isobel's more modern and liberal values with the traditionalist ideas of Lord Grantham and his family. Isobel, a former nurse, constantly takes up new charitable causes, helping run the convalescent home at Downton and assisting refugees and prostitutes, though her sense of moral imperative often irritates others. She maintains a quarrelsome rivalry with Violet, the Dowager Countess, but this eventually develops into a genuine friendship, especially after Isobel is grief-stricken by Matthew's unexpected death and Violet's brief illness. Isobel later receives a marriage proposal from Lord Merton, and despite a health scare and his sons' attempts to prevent the marriage, Isobel decides to marry him in the final series.
{{clear}}

=== Lady Rosamund Painswick ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 =
| caption3 = Bond portrays Lady Rosamund Painswick
| name = Lady Rosamund Painswick 
| portrayer = [[Samantha Bond]]
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years =
| first = [[Downton Abbey (series 1)#Episodes|Episode 1.07]]
| last="[[Downton Abbey: A New Era|A New Era]]"
| classification =
| born =
| death =
| occupation = Socialite
| home = [[Eaton Square]], London
| family = Crawley
| husband = Sir Marmaduke Painswick
| father = Patrick Crawley, 5th Earl of Grantham
| mother = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Violet Crawley|Violet Crawley, Dowager Lady Grantham]]
| brothers = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Robert Crawley|Robert Crawley, Earl of Grantham]]
| sisters =
| halfbrothers =
| halfsisters =
| sons =
| daughters =
| adoptivesons =
| stepdaughters =
| grandsons =
| granddaughters =
| grandfathers =
| grandmothers =
| uncles =
| aunts =
| cousins = Susan MacClare, Marchioness of Flintshire Hugh MacClare, Marquess of Flintshire [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Rose MacClare|Lady Rose Aldridge]]
| nephews =
| nieces = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Mary Talbot|Lady Mary Talbot]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Edith Crawley|Edith Pelham, Marchioness of Hexham]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Sybil Branson|Lady Sybil Branson]]
}}
'''Lady Rosamund Painswick (née Crawley)''' (played by [[Samantha Bond]]) is Robert's widowed sister who lives on her own in London. She and her late husband, Marmaduke Painswick, had no children. Rosamund is one of the more headstrong and outspoken members of the family. She is devoted to Robert and his family and thus feels it is her duty to speak her mind on every possible occasion, though her interference in her nieces' decisions often has disastrous results. For example, Rosamund's influence causes complications and delays Mary and Matthew's engagement during the first two series. However, Rosamund also supports Edith throughout Edith's unplanned pregnancy and with finding a way to raise the child. The younger Crawleys often use Rosamund's home at 35 Belgrave Square as a place to stay when visiting London, on which occasions Rosamund takes the opportunity to catch up on family gossip.
{{clear}}

=== Tom Branson ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = File:Allen Leech, Adventures of Tintin, London, 2011.jpg
| caption3 = Leech portrays Tom Branson
| name = Tom Branson 
| portrayer = [[Allen Leech]]
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years = 2010–2015
| first = [[Downton Abbey (series 1)#Episodes|Episode 1.04]]
| last="[[Downton Abbey: A New Era|A New Era]]"
| classification =
| born = 1885
| death =
| occupation = [[Chauffeur]] (formerly) journalist (formerly) [[Family Office|Estate Manager]]
| home = Downton Abbey, [[Yorkshire]], England
| family = Crawley
| wife = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Sybil Branson|Lady Sybil Branson]] (deceased) Lucy Branson née Smith 
| brothers = Kieran Branson
| daughters = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Sybie Branson|Miss Sybbie Branson]] Unnamed son/daughter 
| nephews = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Master George Crawley|Master George Crawley]] Peter Pelham, Earl of Brancaster
| nieces = Miss Marigold Miss Caroline Talbot
}}
'''Thomas Ferguson Niall Branson''' (played by [[Allen Leech]]) was initially the family [[chauffeur]], employed in Series 1. He is an outspoken [[socialism|socialist]], [[Irish nationalism|Irish nationalist]] and [[Irish republicanism|republican]]; during luncheons in the servants' hall, he had few qualms about espousing support for early [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] leader [[Keir Hardie]]. Tom develops feelings for Lady Sybil, with whom he shares political interests and a determined personality. After the [[First World War]], Tom and Sybil receive Robert's reluctant blessing and marry in [[Dublin]]. However, in the third series, Tom and now-pregnant Sybil are forced to flee Ireland after Tom becomes implicated in the burning of an [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]] nobleman's house. Tom struggles both with grief over Sybil's death in childbirth and with being accepted by the Crawleys and their servants as a new member of the Crawley family. At the end of the third series, Tom becomes the [[land agent]] for the estate at Violet's suggestion, owing to having grown up on a farm in Ireland. He helps Matthew and Mary modernise Downton. However, Tom still feels he cannot fit in; during a house party at the beginning of Series 3, he finds conversations with the Crawley family's friends awkward, and his friendship with schoolteacher and fellow socialist Sarah Bunting (played by [[Daisy Lewis]]) causes tension with the Crawleys. At the end of series 5, Tom decides to leave Downton for [[Boston]], Massachusetts with his daughter, but he eventually changes his mind and returns permanently to Downton. Later in series 6, Branson is instrumental in setting up Lady Mary with Henry Talbot, and in the series finale, goes in with Talbot on an automobile dealership.

Tom Branson was supposed to appear in only three episodes of the first series,<ref name="Scotsman On the Return of Downton Abbey" /> and Branson was originally [[Yorkshire]]-born.{{cn|date=May 2020}} Moreover, actor Leech wanted to audition for Thomas Barrow, but chose Branson. Leech's audition for the role convinced Julian Fellowes to expand his role and to transform Branson into an Irishman.<ref name="Scotsman On the Return of Downton Abbey">{{cite news| date=15 September 2012 |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/tv-and-radio/interview-allen-leech-on-the-return-of-downton-abbey-1-2527815 | title=Interview: Allen Leech on the return of Downton Abbey | newspaper=[[The Scotsman]] | access-date=10 November 2012 | author=Randall, Lee}}</ref> Leech at first tried to develop a Yorkshire accent in an effort to prevent his character from becoming an Irish stereotype, but when he was persuaded that Tom would not become such, he used his native Irish accent.<ref name="Finn">{{cite news|title=Downton star told to keep his Irish accent|date=5 January 2011|url=http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/around-town/downton-star-told-to-keep-his-irish-accent-27970315.html|first=Melanie|last=Finn|access-date=25 April 2013|archive-date=28 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328111935/http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/around-town/downton-star-told-to-keep-his-irish-accent-27970315.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tom Branson plays a major role in the first [[Downton Abbey (film)|feature film]], saving the King's life and courting Lucy Smith, who is the daughter of Lady Maud Badshaw, lady-in-waiting to Queen Mary and a cousin of the Crawleys.

In the [[Downton Abbey: A New Era|second feature film]], Tom weds Lucy Smith. He, Lucy and members of the Crawley family travel to the South of France, after discovering that the Dowager Countess was gifted a villa in the South of France and arranges for her great-granddaughter, Tom's daughter Sybbie Branson, to inherit it. Tom and Lucy later have a child of their own, gender unknown.
{{clear}}

=== Martha Levinson ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = [[File:Shirley MacLaine Deauville 2011.jpg|200px]]
| caption3 = MacLaine portrays Martha Levinson
| name = Martha Levinson 
| portrayer = [[Shirley MacLaine]]
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years =
| first = [[List of Downton Abbey episodes#Series 3 (2012)|Episode 3.01]]
| last="[[List of Downton Abbey episodes#Series 4 (2013)|The London Season]]"
| classification =
| born =
| death =
| occupation = Socialite
| home = [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], Rhode Island
| family = Levinson Crawley
| husband = Isidore Levinson
| father =
| mother =
| brothers =
| sisters =
| halfbrothers =
| halfsisters =
| sons = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Harold Levinson|Harold Levinson]]
| daughters = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Cora Crawley|Cora Crawley, Countess of Grantham]]
| adoptivesons =
| stepdaughters =
| grandsons =
| granddaughters = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Mary Talbot|Lady Mary Crawley]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Edith Crawley|Edith Pelham, Marchioness of Hexham]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Sybil Branson|Lady Sybil Branson]]
| grandfathers =
| grandmothers =
| uncles =
| aunts =
| cousins =
| nephews =
| nieces =
| greatgrandsons = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Master George Crawley|Master George Crawley]] Peter Pelham, Earl of Brancaster
| greatgranddaughters = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Sybbie Branson|Miss Sybbie Branson]] Miss Marigold Caroline Talbot
}}
'''Martha Levinson''' (played by [[Shirley MacLaine]]) is Cora's brash, outspoken, and wealthy American mother. Martha has a slightly strained relationship with her daughter Cora and frequently trades barbed insults with Violet. Martha sees herself as representing modernity, while Violet seems to represent the pre-war aristocratic world that is gradually becoming obsolete.
{{clear}}

=== Harold Levinson ===

'''Harold Levinson''' (played by [[Paul Giamatti]]) is Cora's younger brother. His peripheral involvement in the [[Teapot Dome scandal]] leads Martha to request that Lord Grantham appear before Congress to vouch for Harold's character late in Series 4 – he escapes with only a reprimand. Harold then accompanies his mother to England in July 1923. While in England he makes the acquaintance of the Hon. Madeleine Allsopp. The two part on good terms, with Madeleine promising to write to Harold frequently.

=== Miss Sybil Branson ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 =
| caption3 =
| name = Miss Sybbie Branson 
| portrayer = Ava Mann (Series 4) Fifi Hart (Series 5, "A New Era")
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years =
| first = [[List of Downton Abbey episodes#Series 3 (2012)|Episode 3.05]]
| last="[[Downton Abbey: A New Era|A New Era]]"
| classification =
| born = May 1920
| death =
| occupation = Only child of Tom Branson and the late Lady Sybil Crawley
| home = Downton Abbey, [[Yorkshire]], England
| family = Crawley Branson
| husband =
| father = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Tom Branson|Tom Branson]]
| mother = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Sybil Branson|Lady Sybil Branson]]
| stepmother = Lucy Branson nee Smith
| brothers =
| sisters =
| halfbrothers =
| halfsisters =
| sons =
| daughters =
| adoptivesons =
| stepdaughters =
| grandsons =
| granddaughters =
| grandfathers = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Robert Crawley|Robert Crawley, Earl of Grantham]] Mr Branson
| grandmothers = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Cora Crawley|Cora Crawley, Countess of Grantham]] Mrs Branson
| uncles = Kieran Branson [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Matthew Crawley|Matthew Crawley]] Henry Talbot Herbert Pelham
| aunts = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Mary Talbot|Lady Mary Talbot]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Edith Crawley|Edith Pelham, Marchioness of Hexham]]
| cousins = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Master George Crawley|Master George Crawley]] Caroline Talbot Miss Marigold [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Rose MacClare|Lady Rose Aldridge]] Miss Victoria Aldridge Peter Pelham, Earl of Brancaster 
| nephews =
| nieces =
}}
'''Sybil "Sybbie" Branson''', (b. late May 1920) is the daughter and only child of Tom Branson and the late Lady Sybil Branson (née Crawley). She is baptised as a Catholic in accordance with her father's wishes, despite her grandfather Robert's strong preference that she be christened into the Anglican faith. When she is older, she affectionately nicknames Robert "Donk" (much to his consternation) after playing a game of "[[Pin the Tail on the Donkey]]" with him. In series six, she and her father have left for America, only for them to return to stay at Downton in the third episode.

In the first film, she is seven years old and continues to be raised with her first cousins George and Caroline, at the estate. In the [[Downton Abbey: A New Era|second feature film]], Sybbie's great-grandmother, the Dowager Countess, names Sybbie as heir to her villa in the South of France, ensuring Sybbie a more equal social and financial standing with her cousins.
{{clear}}

=== Master George Crawley ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 =
| caption3 =
| name = Master George Crawley 
| portrayer = Logan and Cole Weston (series 4) Oliver and Zac Barker (series 5)
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years =
| first="[[List of Downton Abbey episodes#Series 3 (2012)|A Journey to the Highlands]]"
| last="[[Downton Abbey: A New Era|A New Era]]"
| classification =
| born = August 1921
| death =
| occupation = [[Heir presumptive]] of the Downton Estate
| home = Downton Abbey, [[Yorkshire]], England
| family = Crawley
| husband =
| father = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Matthew Crawley|Matthew Crawley]]
| mother = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Mary Talbot|Lady Mary Talbot]]
|stepfather = Henry Talbot
| halfbrothers =
| halfsisters = Caroline Talbot
| sons =
| daughters =
| adoptivesons =
| stepdaughters =
| grandsons =
| granddaughters =
| grandfathers = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Robert Crawley|Robert Crawley, Earl of Grantham]] (maternal) Reginald Crawley (paternal)
| grandmothers = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Cora Crawley|Cora Crawley, Countess of Grantham]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Isobel Crawley|Isobel Grey, Lady Merton]]
| uncles = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Tom Branson|Tom Branson]] Herbert Pelham
| aunts = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Edith Crawley|Edith Pelham, Marchioness of Hexham]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Sybil Branson|Lady Sybil Branson]]
| cousins = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Miss Sybil Branson|Miss Sybbie Branson]] Miss Marigold [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Rose MacClare|Lady Rose Aldridge]] Miss Victoria Aldridge Peter Pelham, Earl of Brancaster 
| nephews =
| nieces =
}}
'''George Matthew Crawley''' (born August 1921) is the son and heir of the late Matthew Crawley and Lady Mary Josephine Crawley. George's father Matthew is killed in a car crash the day of George's birth. Following his father's premature death, George becomes [[heir presumptive|heir]] to his grandfather Robert and the Downton estate. Upon Robert's death, he will become the 8th Earl of Grantham, though Mary will speak for his interests until he comes of age.

In the first film, he is six years old and plays with his younger half-sister Caroline, and first cousins Sybbie and Marigold. In ''A New Era'', now seven years old, he is seen playing with his young cousins. His mother later tells George that it was time for his bedtime, and about the sudden demise of his father Matthew, only moments after his birth. His paternal grandmother, Isobel, assures a dying Lady Violet on her deathbed that she will ensure that George will remember his great-grandmother well.
{{clear}}

=== Marigold Gregson ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 =
| caption3 =
| name = Marigold
| portrayer = Eva & Karina Samms
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years =
| first = [[List of Downton Abbey episodes#Series 5 (2014)|Episode 5.01]]
| last="[[Downton Abbey: A New Era|A New Era]]"
| classification =
| born = December 1922 or January 1923
| death =
| home = Downton Abbey (formerly) Brancaster Castle, [[Northumberland, England]] (currently)
| family = Crawley Gregson
| husband =
| father = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Michael Gregson|Michael Gregson]] (deceased)
| mother = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Edith Crawley|Edith Pelham, Marchioness of Hexham]]
| stepfather = Herbert "Bertie" Pelham
| stepmother =
| brothers =
| sisters =
| halfbrothers = Peter Pelham, Earl of Brancaster
| halfsisters =
| sons =
| daughters =
| adoptivesons =
| stepdaughters =
| grandsons =
| granddaughters =
| grandfathers = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Robert Crawley|Robert Crawley, Earl of Grantham]]
| grandmothers = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Cora Crawley|Cora Crawley, Countess of Grantham]]
| uncles = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Matthew Crawley|Matthew Crawley]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Tom Branson|Tom Branson]] Henry Talbot
| aunts = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Mary Talbot|Lady Mary Talbot]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Sybil Branson|Lady Sybil Branson]]
| cousins = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Miss Sybil Branson|Miss Sybbie Branson]] [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Master George Crawley|Master George Crawley]] Caroline Talbot [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Lady Rose MacClare|Lady Rose Aldridge]] Miss Victoria Aldridge
| nephews =
| nieces =
}}
'''Marigold''' (born c. late December 1922 or mid-January 1923) is the illegitimate child of the late Michael Gregson and Lady Edith Crawley, as a result of their hidden love affair. Marigold is born in [[Geneva, Switzerland]] and adopted by a Swiss couple. However, Lady Edith misses Marigold and decides to have Marigold grow up on the farm of Timothy Drewe, a sympathetic local farmer. Edith's repeated visits began to arouse the suspicion and anger of Drewe's wife. When news reaches the Crawleys confirming Michael Gregson's tragic death, Lady Edith tells a terribly distraught Mrs Drewe the truth, reclaims her daughter, and flees to London. Edith's mother Cora suggests that Edith bring Marigold back to Downton on the pretense that Edith is adopting her because the Drewes can no longer afford to raise her. When Edith marries Bertie Pelham, the Marquess of Hexham, Marigold moves with them to their new home at Brancaster Castle.

In the first film, set in 1927, Marigold is four or five years old and has returned to Downton with her mother and stepfather for the royal visit. She plays outside with her cousins Sybil and George, as the adults are having tea inside the Downton estate. At five or six years old, [[Downton Abbey: A New Era|in 1928]], she has donned braids and runs to ask her mother play with her one warm day.
{{clear}}

=== Hugh MacClare, Marquess of Flintshire {{Anchor|Hugh MacClare}} ===

'''Hugh MacClare, Marquess of Flintshire''' (played by [[Peter Egan]]), is a Scottish nobleman nicknamed "Shrimpie" and married to Susan, the niece of Violet, the Dowager Countess of Grantham. They have three children, the youngest being Rose. In 1921, he hosts the Crawleys at Duneagle Castle, his family's Scottish estate. It becomes clear Shrimpie is deeply unhappy about his marriage to Susan. Full of regret, Shrimpie later privately confesses to Robert that he has to sell his estate to pay off debts and says that he admires Robert for thinking ahead and modernising Downton. He is appointed [[Governor of Bombay]] that year, and he and his wife travel to India. However, the two fail to resolve their marital problems, and agree to separate upon returning to England for Rose's wedding.
{{clear}}

=== Lady Rose MacClare ===
{{Infobox soap character
| series = [[Downton Abbey]]
| image =
| caption =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = [[File:Lily James 2015 (cropped).jpg|200px]]
| caption3 = James portrays Lady Rose MacClare
| name = Lady Rose MacClare 
| portrayer = [[Lily James]]
| creator = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| introducer = [[Julian Fellowes]]
| years =
| first = [[List of Downton Abbey episodes#Series 3 (2012)|Episode 3.08]]
| last="[[List of Downton Abbey episodes#Series 6 (2015)|The Finale]]"<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/11/16/downton-abbey-lily-james-christmas-finale|title=Lily James to return for final episode of Downton Abbey|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117163521/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/11/16/downton-abbey-lily-james-christmas-finale|url-status=live}}</ref>
| classification =
| born = 1902
| death =
| occupation = Socialite
| home = Duneagle Castle, [[Scotland]] (formerly) Downton Abbey, [[Yorkshire]], England (formerly)
| family = MacClare Crawley Aldrige
| husband = Atticus Aldridge
| father = [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Hugh MacClare|Lord Hugh MacClare, Marquess of Flintshire]]
| mother = Lady Susan MacClare, Marchioness of Flintshire
| brothers = Lord James MacClare, Earl of Newtonmore
| sisters = Lady Annabelle MacClare
| halfbrothers =
| halfsisters =
| sons =
| daughters = Miss Victoria Rachel Cora Aldridge
| adoptivesons =
| stepdaughters =
| grandsons =
| granddaughters =
| grandfathers = The Marquess of Flintshire ''Unnamed grandfather''
| grandmothers = The Marchioness of Flintshire ''Unnamed grandmother''
| uncles =
| aunts = Lady Agatha MacClare Lady Louisa MacClare Lady Violet Crawley (great-aunt)
| second cousins = Lady Mary Lady Edith Lady Sybil (deceased)
| nephews =
| nieces =
}}

'''Lady Rose Aldridge''' (née '''MacClare''') (portrayed by [[Lily James]]) (b. 1902) is the daughter and youngest child of Hugh and Susan MacClare (Lord and Lady Flintshire). During her visit to Violet in 1920, she unexpectedly joins Edith and Matthew on a trip to London, claiming that she is planning a surprise for her mother. When Violet tricks Rosamund into telling the truth – that Rose is meeting a married lover – she has Rose sent to Duneagle early, accompanied by her paternal aunt Agatha, whom she despises, as punishment.

In 1921, Rose's relationship with her mother has soured, though her relationship with her father is better. While her parents are posted to India, Rose stays at Downton, where she is living by 1922. Rose becomes restless and persuades Anna into accompanying her to a dance hall in York, where Anna attracts the attention of some young men but barely escapes when a fight ensues. Rose later becomes attracted to Sir John Bullock, a guest at a Downton house party with whom she later meets up in London along with some of her relatives. They go to the Lotus night club, but Bullock gets drunk and leaves Rose on the dance floor. She is rescued (to her relatives' dismay) by black singer Jack Ross. Rose secretly invites Ross and his band members to perform at Downton for Robert's birthday, by which time she has entered into a secret relationship with Jack. Though Jack loves her, he fears the repercussions of an inter-racial romance. Rose wants to marry Jack, though Mary sees that Rose's primary motivation is to upset her mother. Jack breaks off the relationship to protect Rose.

Rose's [[Debutante#United Kingdom|society debut]] is in 1923, when Cora presents her before the king, queen, and [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales]]. Rose befriends the prince's mistress, [[Freda Dudley Ward]], who comes to her when a letter from the prince is stolen by Terence Sampson, a greedy acquaintance from Robert's club. The Crawleys and Rose succeed in retrieving the letter, after which the grateful prince unexpectedly arrives and opens Rose's debutante ball at their house, dancing with Rose.

Rose matures and become less self-centred. She volunteers with a charity in Leeds to help [[White émigré|Russian refugees]] who have resettled in England. In 1924, she meets, falls in love with, and marries Atticus Aldridge, the Jewish son of Lord and Lady Sinderby. Between Series 5 and Series 6 they move to New York; sometime before Christmas 1925 they have a daughter named Victoria.
{{clear}}

=== The Hon. Atticus Aldridge ===
'''The Honourable Ephraim Atticus Aldridge''' (played by [[Matt Barber (actor)|Matt Barber]]), more commonly known by his middle name, Atticus, is the son and heir of Lord and Lady Sinderby. He meets Lady Rose MacClare one stormy day in York in the spring of 1924, while she is leaving a pastry shop, and helps her with her packages. He goes with her to the church of St. Mary Magdalene, where Rose helps care for exiled Russians. He is initially reticent about his family, but mentions that his great-grandfather and his family were Russian Jews from [[Odessa]] who had emigrated to England during the 19th century and eventually anglicised their family name. After a confrontation with one of the Russian emigres, Count Rostov, which Rose witnesses, Atticus reveals his family had emigrated after being driven from Odessa in that city's [[Odessa pogroms|1859 and 1871 pogroms]]. Lord Sinderby was said to have been opposed to his marriage to Rose while his wife accepts her because "her son's happiness is more important".
{{clear}}

=== Herbert "Bertie" Pelham, 7th Marquess of Hexham ===
'''Herbert "Bertie" Pelham''' (played by [[Harry Hadden-Paton]]) first appears in the 2014 Christmas special "A Moorland Holiday" as the land agent of the Brancaster estate. He encounters Edith during a round of [[grouse shooting]] and keeps company with her during afternoon tea and the evening festivities. A quiet, unassuming and sensitive man devoid of any real ambition, he is a distant cousin to the current Marquess of Hexham, to whom he is very close. Bertie later encounters Edith in London and helps her with her all-night push to get her magazine to the printer. The pair see each other often in London during series six, and they fall in love,

Bertie asks Edith to marry him the night of Charlie Rogers' death. Edith struggles with revealing the truth about Marigold to Bertie before accepting him. In the meantime, Bertie's unmarried cousin dies of [[malaria]] in [[Tangiers]]. This makes Bertie, as the nearest male heir, the new Marquess of Hexham. He refuses to assume his title publicly until his cousin's memorial service, though Carson instructs the Downton staff to address him as "Your Lordship" nonetheless. He arrives at Downton before leaving to settle his cousin's affairs, and Edith accepts his proposal. Before she can bring herself to tell him about Marigold, Mary peevishly reveals the truth. Bertie accepts that Edith has an illegitimate daughter, but he is also hurt that she may have tried to trick him, so he breaks off their engagement. In "The Finale", feeling guilty about ruining Edith's happiness, Mary arranges for Bertie and Edith to reunite at a restaurant. Bertie tells Edith that he misses her terribly and still wants to marry her. Edith accepts him, and they marry on New Year's Eve 1925.

in [[Downton Abbey (film)|the first feature film]], Bertie is asked by [[King George V]] to accompany him on a three-month tour of Africa. However, Edith reveals to him that she is pregnant, and the child's birth will coincide with Bertie's departure date. Unable to get out of his commitment himself, Bertie's mother-in-law Cora and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] intercede on his behalf.

== Staff ==

=== Mr Carson ===
[[File:Jim Carter.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Jim Carter (actor)|Jim Carter]] plays Mr Carson]]
'''Charles 'Charlie' Carson''' (played by [[Jim Carter (actor)|Jim Carter]]), called '''Mr Carson''' by staff and '''Carson''' by the family, is the [[butler]] at Downton Abbey. Mr Carson is in charge of the pantry, wine cellar, and dining room, as well as the male staff, who report to him. He has worked at Downton since he was a young man, when his grandfather was its [[Groom (profession)|Head Groom]]. Beginning as a junior [[footman]], he rose to become butler by 1890. He is a major figure in the community in his own right, as evidenced in series five when he is asked to chair a committee building a memorial to townsmen who died during the First World War.

He tends towards nostalgia and fears change (such as the installation of telephones in the house and electricity in the kitchen, as well as the election of a Labour government). He has a stern, but fatherly, disposition over the servants. He also has a special place in his heart for Lady Mary, given she was the first child born at Downton during his tenure as butler. He is one of the few people who is prepared to speak frankly to her, and is prepared to leave Downton Abbey to join her at Haxby when she is engaged to Sir Richard Carlisle. He only changes his mind when he learns more of Sir Richard's questionable moral character, and is clearly distressed by Lady Mary's reaction to his decision. It is he who eventually talks Lady Mary out of her listless grief over Matthew's death. She reacts callously at first, reminding him of his place, but soon comes to apologise, and finally breaks down and cries. Carson quickly steps forward to comfort her, and assures her she will always find a source of support in him. He has never condemned Mary for any of her more questionable actions, and Mrs. Hughes once remarks that "Mr. Carson would forgive (Lady Mary) if (she) attacked him with a brick."

For a brief time before entering into household service, Mr Carson was a [[music hall]] performer in the [[vaudeville]] duo the "Cheerful Charlies" alongside former friend Charlie Grigg. When this secret becomes known in Downton, Carson offers his resignation to Lord Grantham. Amused instead of scandalised at the revelation, Grantham gently declines Carson's offer, ending the matter as a non-issue.

In the second series, with most of the male staff depicted as serving in the [[First World War]], Mr Carson finds himself under mostly self-imposed pressure to ensure household duties are carried out to his exacting standards. Carson is mortified when he suffers severe chest pains while serving the family dinner and as a consequence is forced to accept help from the female staff. After the war, with male staff able to be hired, the full household staff are brought up to the pre-war levels and Mr Carson is able to return to solely undertaking the duties of butler. It is revealed in series 4 that Carson almost married a young woman during his time as a performer but the woman chose the other half of the duo-Mr Grigg.

He has a close relationship with Mrs Hughes, built up over a quarter-century of overseeing the household staff. At the end of the series five Christmas special, Carson has purchased a house and added both his and Mrs Hughes's names to the registry, with the intention of asking Mrs Hughes to marry him; she accepts.

Series 6 deals with Carson's and Hughes' marriage and life as a married couple. Still a man of high standards, his reactions to Hughes' cooking lead to a comic incident where he is forced to cook dinner and fails, teaching him to respect her efforts. The final series also deals with Carson downsizing staff to adjust for the current times. In the series finale, Carson begins to suffer from [[palsy]] that ultimately forces him into semi-retirement. Barrow succeeds him as butler, with Carson serving in a supervisory role. In the first film, Carson is called back to oversee the royal family's visit to Downton. Mary is concerned that the royal staff is running roughshod over Barrow. Carson is reluctant to go along with the servants' plan to overpower the royal staff and take over serving the royal family, but ultimately agrees under prodding from Mrs Hughes.

=== Mrs Hughes ===
[[File:Phyllis Logan May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|264x264px|[[Phyllis Logan]] plays Mrs Hughes]]
'''Elsie May Carson (née Hughes)''' (played by [[Phyllis Logan]]) (b. 1862) is the [[Housekeeper (domestic worker)|housekeeper]] at Downton Abbey. The female servants report to her. Though unmarried, she is referred to as '''Mrs Hughes''' according to traditional titles for servants during the time period. She is originally from [[Argyll]], Scotland, where her father was a farmer. Elsie worked as a maid at Duneagle Castle for an unknown period of time. She has one sibling, a sister who lives in [[Lytham St Annes]]. Mrs. Hughes has described her sister as being born "not quite right in the head" and has been privately caring for her since their mother died. Before she came to Downton in 1895 as head housemaid, she was courted by a farmer, Joe Burns. But she refused him and he married a woman named Ivy and had a son, Peter. In 1913, three years after Ivy dies and his son joins the [[British Army|army]], Joe comes to Downton and asks Elsie to marry him, but once again she refuses him, even though she has previously expressed doubts about choosing a life of service over having a husband and family.

Outwardly prim and somewhat strict in her manner as housekeeper, Mrs Hughes is essentially kindly and generous, as shown when she assists Ethel after she leaves her position and has a baby out of wedlock. In series 3, she has a breast cancer scare; the lump is eventually diagnosed as benign. She is best friends with Mrs Patmore. She has developed a close relationship with Mr Carson; at the time the series begins, the two had overseen Downton's staff for almost 20 years. Although she is usually supportive of Mr Carson when it comes to matters of discipline, she is seldom afraid of speaking her mind when he makes decisions; Carson in turn dislikes proceeding with any choice without her approval. She also speaks frankly about her employers when she and Mr Carson are alone; she enjoys seeing the Dowager Countess (whom she calls "the old bat") getting her comeuppance with the arrival of Isobel Crawley. Unlike Carson, she privately views Lady Mary as a silly girl whose misfortune comes mostly from her own mistakes; her attitudes have likely softened over the years. She is one of Anna's closest allies, being the first person who helps her in the aftermath of Mr Green's attack. She also refused to hand the police the ticket regarding Mr Bates's trip to London on the day Mr Green died, telling Lady Mary she could never condemn a man for defending his wife's honour against such a crime. At the end of the series five Christmas special Mrs Hughes has accepted Mr Carson's marriage proposal. In series six she married Mr Carson, but continued to be addressed as Mrs. Hughes regardless.

Fellowes initially intended for Mrs Hughes to be a Yorkshire native. However, when Logan auditioned for the role, the casting directors liked her Scottish accent so much that they decided to turn Mrs Hughes into a Scot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/17883681.downton-abbey-phyllis-logan-playing-mrs-hughes/|title=Downton Abbey: Phyllis Logan on playing Mrs Hughes|author=Garry Scott|publisher=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]|date=8 September 2019}}</ref>

=== John Bates ===
[[File:Brendan Coyle, June 2012.jpg|thumb|264x264px|[[Brendan Coyle]] plays John Bates]]
'''John Bates''' (played by [[Brendan Coyle]]), who is mainly known as '''Mr Bates''' or just '''Bates''', is Lord Grantham's [[valet]]. He previously served in the Army alongside the earl as his [[Batman (military)|batman]] during the [[Boer Wars]] and suffered an injury to his right leg.

He arrives at Downton in the first episode to replace Lord Grantham's previous valet. When the staff see that he uses a cane, they are at best surprised and at worst angry feeling that they will have to pick up the slack for him, due to his disability slowing him down in the large house. Most of the staff give him the cold shoulder, while Thomas and O'Brien try to get rid of him to further their own ends. Only the housemaid Anna offers him any sympathy and friendship.

O'Brien, Cora's lady's maid, schemes to get Cora to talk to Lord Grantham about Bates's unsuitability. And while the household is lined up to receive a duke, O'Brien discreetly kicks Bates's cane on which he was leaning, knocking him on his face in the gravel, in order to cause a scene and bring attention to his disability. Lord Grantham, after being pressured by Cora and Carson to see how Bates is not fulfilling his job properly, regretfully tells Bates that it is not working out.

Carson's main complaint is that a valet should perform extra duties outside of just seeing to Lord Grantham, including carrying trays and acting as a third footman if necessary. Bates nearly begs to stay, pointing out that he is unlikely to find another position (because of his disability), but Lord Grantham is unmoved. However, when he sees the departing Bates leaving, Lord Grantham is overcome with feelings of guilt. He runs after the car and orders Bates to get out, telling him to get back inside and that nothing more would be said about him leaving.

Throughout much of the series Bates is at odds with Thomas, who tries to get rid of him so that he can take his place as valet. Bates tries to ignore him at first. Still being ignored by the rest of the staff save Anna, he gains an ally in William when he observes Thomas bullying the younger man, who is suffering with severe homesickness. An overconfident Thomas makes a snide remark that Mr Bates can do nothing to stop him only for Bates to violently grab him and shove him against the wall, proving that despite his disability he is not to be underestimated.

He and Anna fall in love, but he explains he has yet to divorce his estranged wife, Vera. Vera comes to Downton only to inform Bates that if he does not come away with her, she will sell the scandalous story of the death of Kemal Pamuk in Mary's bed to the newspapers, which could ruin the reputation of Downton Abbey. Bates goes with her, and it is thought that his romance with Anna is over.

He returns to Downton, having apparently settled affairs with his wife, but Miss O'Brien contacts Vera and once again, she returns to cause more trouble. She manages to stop the divorce that Mr Bates thought was a foregone conclusion, and he goes to London to confront her. After his return, he receives a telegram informing him of her death. It is revealed that she was poisoned by eating rat poison cooked in a pie, and Bates is put under suspicion.

Anna insists that they marry so that she will have legal rights if the worst happens. Bates is subsequently charged with murder. He is arrested in front of the entire Downton staff after Lavinia's funeral and is put on trial, during which some other staff members at Downton and Robert are called to testify. The evidence does not portray Bates in a good light; the jury finds him guilty of the murder of his wife, and he is sentenced to be hanged. Determined to prove him innocent, Anna and Robert try to appeal the decision and are successful in reducing Bates's sentence from execution to life imprisonment.

After visiting Bates in prison, Anna declares that she will not rest until Bates had been proven completely innocent and is free. She searches for anyone Vera may have been in contact with, and finds a neighbour who saw her the day of her death. The neighbour mentions she saw Vera cleaning crust from under her nails, confirming she made the pie herself. Although the neighbour at first recants her story, she eventually gives a statement that clears Bates, who is freed from prison, returns to Downton, and moves into a nearby cottage with Anna.

Surprisingly, it is Bates who intervenes to save Thomas's prospects after he attempts to seduce Jimmy, as he is unwilling to see another man lose his livelihood due to the schemes of others. Deducing that Miss O'Brien is pressuring Jimmy to have Mr Carson demand Thomas leave Downton with no [[Letter of recommendation|reference]], he informs Lord Grantham of the details, and asks Thomas to give him a weapon to use against his former ally.

Bates then invite O'Brien to his cottage, and whispers the words "her ladyship's soap" in her ear, before warning her that unless she calls Jimmy off, he will not keep her secret. Bates remains ignorant of the true meaning of the words, but he soon has other concerns when Lord Grantham decides to appoint Thomas as under-butler to take advantage of his skills at cricket; Bates had only hoped to allow Thomas to leave with a good reference.

In Series 4, Anna is violently raped and Bates is confused and hurt at her attempts to push him away, as he is unaware of Anna's distress. He threatens Mrs Hughes with leaving Downton in order to find out what is wrong with his wife. She reveals the story of Anna's attack but states that the attacker was a stranger who broke into the house. He tells Anna he knows what has happened, and reassures her that he still loves her.

The two attempt to move past the attack, but both find it very difficult. Bates is suspicious that the attacker could be Mr Green, valet of Lord Gillingham. When Green returns to the Abbey, Bates is further convinced of his guilt. Bates goes to York for the day but does not reveal the reason for going and Mr Green dies in [[Piccadilly]] after "falling into the road". Mrs Hughes discovers a round-trip ticket stub from York to London in an article of Bates's clothing that Anna donates to charity. She gives it to Lady Mary, who destroys it after Bates uses his skills as forger and pickpocket in suppressing a royal scandal.

When a witness comes forward to claim Mr Green was murdered and the investigation reaches Downton, police question Bates and Anna on several occasions. This puts strain on the couple, as Anna is too frightened to ask John the truth of his trip to York. Matters become worse when Anna assists Lady Mary in procuring contraception for a sexual relationship with Lord Gillingham, and Bates finds the evidence and mistakenly believes his wife is using it so she does not become pregnant with a murderer's child.

Bates finally confronts Anna and reveals the truth; he realised Green was the attacker as soon as he returned to Downton, and he did intend to murder the valet the day he was killed. However, having bought the train ticket to London in York, he decided not to go through with the plan at the last minute, as he considered his actions would do far more harm than good, since he would certainly have been hanged for the crime if convicted; his love for his wife proved greater than his desire to defend her honour. Bates reveals that he kept the untorn ticket in his coat as a talisman for a time. Anna's attempts to locate the ticket prove fruitless, due to Lady Mary's prior actions. Bates is angered when Miss Baxter informs the police that he could have made it to London the day Green was killed, despite her making clear she could not swear on the evidence. Miss Baxter refuses to inform Bates that, as a convicted criminal herself, she had to speak honestly to avoid another prison sentence. However, the investigation into Green's death begins to wind down, as the police have failed to find anything more than circumstantial evidence to link Bates to the crime.

At the end of the series, Bates is livid as Inspector Vyner calls Anna into Scotland Yard as part of an identity parade. Although convinced that there is no evidence for anything to happen, Anna is later arrested for Green's murder. A distraught Bates along with Lady Mary is adamant that Anna will not be convicted or even go to trial.

During the Christmas episode, Bates visits Anna in prison where she reveals that a secret from her past could compromise any character witness statement the Crawleys make in her favour. Matters are made much worse when Murray confirms that her history, of which the police are now aware, would look convincingly to the police like Anna was capable of violence.

Anna is then given a trial date and Bates is forced into taking action. He leaves Downton, telling Carson in a letter that he has confessed to murdering Green in order to have Anna freed. He tells Robert in another letter how to contact him. Bates then disappears and is now on the run.

Molesley gains access to the Bateses cottage and finds a picture of Bates; he and Baxter use it as they travel around York's pubs to find out which pub Bates had been to the day Green died. A pub owner confirms that Bates was indeed in York and would swear to it, which clears him. However, it would endanger Anna once again, who is released on bail.

As Anna returns to Downton, Bates is still missing, leaving her miserable. At Christmas there is still no sign of him, but at the Christmas carol service Bates manages to sneak in; he surprises Anna, and pulls her away from the crowd. When she asks how it is possible that he has returned, he silences her, insisting that they speak later about it but for the moment, enjoy their Christmas. They kiss and enjoy their reunion.

In Series 6, Bates and Anna must deal with the shadow of Green's murder; however, the case is resolved quickly when a confession is made by another of Green's victims and Anna is freed from bail.

However, problems between the two are not over as Bates realises something has upset Anna. She tells him that she believed she was pregnant, but that she had miscarried, and that it had potentially happened twice before. Despite being upset that she kept it from him, he comforts her when she tells him she thinks she's let him down.

In episode 2, Bates discovers Anna yet again upset, after having told Lady Mary about her pregnancy problems. He asks her if she had ever considered adoption, but she tells him that the idea would never work for him nor her as they would want their own child. Bates believes they must be content as they are, but Anna continues to believe that she cannot give him what he needs. Bates does not accept this, and insists that she alone is enough for him.

In episode 2, without his knowledge, Anna visits Dr Ryder in London, who offers to perform a cervical stitch to rectify the problem with her carrying a child to term, but she must become pregnant again first. Anna returns to Downton in a lighter mood, which does not go unnoticed by Bates. He continues to notice the change in her mood after Anna tells Mary that she believes she is pregnant again.

Still in the dark about her pregnancy, Anna begins to experience pains in episode 4, for which Lady Mary rushes her down to London, claiming to Bates that the emergency is hers, not Anna's. However, Bates is not fooled, and when she returns to Downton, tells her he believes he knows what took them to London, believing the worst has happened. Anna, however, tells him that the news is nothing sad and that actually, she's pregnant and expecting their child. Bates is overjoyed by the news.

In episode 5, Bates is insistent that nothing will go wrong with the pregnancy, when Anna begins to worry. In episode 6 he insists on paying for Anna to have an appointment with Dr Ryder when she begins to experience lingering pains again, and asks that she stop keeping him in the dark. Despite the pains, Anna is fine, as her body is adjusting to pregnancy. Bates becomes protective over Anna at the car racing at Brooklands, when she insists in running after Lady Mary after a fatal crash on the track. His protectiveness leads Baxter to discover Anna's pregnancy.
Whilst Anna is pregnant, Bates continues to attempt selling his mother's house in London as well as purchasing a house in the north.

Bates does not say much about his family or childhood, though he does mention that his late mother was Irish and he has a Scottish grandmother.

=== Anna Bates ===
[[File:Joanne Froggatt May 2014 (DSC 0152).jpg|thumb|283x283px|[[Joanne Froggatt]] plays Anna Bates]]
'''Anna May Bates (née Smith)''' (played by [[Joanne Froggatt]]) (b. 1886) is [[lady's maid]] to Lady Mary at Downton Abbey; previously she was first parlour maid and head housemaid. She is 26 at the beginning of the series. She is very trustworthy, polite, and loyal to the Crawley family and her "downstairs" co-workers. Anna was the member of staff who helped Lady Mary and her mother Cora carry the corpse of Kemal Pamuk out of Lady Mary's bedroom and was the only one who openly welcomed valet John Bates to the household, despite everyone else's initial prejudice against him on account of his limp. After a long and somewhat secretive courtship she married Mr Bates in the end of the second series in a private ceremony at a registrar's office. Lady Mary prepares a room for Anna and her husband in the main house so they can spend their wedding night together. After her wedding, to avoid confusion with her husband, Anna is still called by her first name by the staff and family, unlike standard practice for lady's maids of the time.

Shortly after their wedding night, Bates is arrested for murdering his previous wife, although Anna and the rest of the residents at Downton are convinced that he is innocent. When Bates is deemed guilty and is sentenced to be hanged, Anna breaks down and briefly prepares to leave Downton Abbey with Lady Mary, whom she is very close to, offering to accompany her mistress on an extended holiday to America, much to Mary's delight. When the Crawleys manage to reduce Bates's sentence to life imprisonment, she decides to stay at Downton, although she vows that she will not rest until Bates is free. Anna is promoted from head housemaid to Lady's Maid to Mary during Bates's incarceration. During the time apart from Bates, Anna refuses to fall into hopelessness or despair, though there is a brief period where this wavers, when letters and visits with her husband are stopped for a time. Her efforts to prove her husband's innocence become a success when a neighbour of Vera's inadvertently tells Anna details of their last meeting which prove that Vera committed suicide in order to have her husband convicted and hanged for the crime. Bates is freed, and the reunited married couple move into a cottage on the grounds shortly thereafter.

In the third episode of the fourth series, Anna is violently assaulted and raped by Lord Gillingham's valet while the rest of family members and staff are attending a concert above stairs in the house. Anna only tells Mrs Hughes of the crime, fearing her husband would commit murder if he discovered the truth. She becomes distant from everyone, and is unable to even bear Mr Bates's touch, as she confesses to Mrs Hughes that she feels she no longer deserves him, and feels unclean. She decides to move back into Downton Abbey, leaving Mr Bates hurt and confused. Soon, however, Mrs Hughes tells Mr Bates what happened to Anna, although she refuses to disclose who was the culprit. Mr Bates reassures Anna that nothing will change between them, and that he will always support her. The two try to continue their lives; however, both find it difficult to look past what has happened. Mr Green briefly returns to Downton, and Lady Mary persuades Lord Gillingham to dismiss him, although she does not give him a reason. Anna worries that Mr Bates will have his revenge if her attacker's identity is ever revealed. Bates one day sets off to York alone, and returns the same day, and the family soon learn that Mr Green died in London that day, after falling under a bus. Anna is frightened that Bates discovered the truth and took his revenge.

When a witness comes forward to claim Mr Green was murdered, the investigation causes Anna to fear Bates was responsible, but she is too frightened to confront him, as it will confirm the identity of her attacker. Anna then assists Lady Mary with procuring contraception for a sexual relationship with Lord Gillingham, but Bates finds the evidence and mistakenly believes Anna has been using it so she does not become pregnant with a murderer's child. Bates finally confronts his wife and reveals the truth; he realised Green was the attacker as soon as he returned to Downton, and he did intend to murder the valet the day he was killed. However, having bought the train ticket to London in York, he decided not to go through with the plan at the last minute, as he considered his actions would do far more harm than good, since he would certainly have been executed had he been convicted. Overjoyed that her husband is once again innocent, Anna then attempts to locate the untorn ticket to London, as Bates kept it in his coat as a talisman for a time, and its existence would prove Bates could not have been in London when Green was killed. She is forced to accept defeat in this, not knowing that Lady Mary had already destroyed the ticket, as she wrongly believed it proved Bates's guilt. However, the investigation into Green's death begins to wind down, as the police have failed to find anything more than circumstantial evidence to link Bates to the crime. The overjoyed couple once again begin to discuss and plan their future.

Inspector Vyner of Scotland Yard returns to Downton and informs Anna and Bates that they have discovered that Green attacked several women. They had been too scared to come forward before but had now stepped forward and informed the police of his actions. He also reveals that Bates is no longer a suspect, as the person seen talking to Green appeared to be shorter than him. Vyner then asks that Anna visit Scotland Yard for further questions during the Crawleys' stay in London. Anna and Bates both visit Scotland Yard where Anna is forced to be part of an [[identity parade]] to which Bates is outraged. Later, having returned to Grantham House, Mrs Hughes interrupts Anna and Lady Mary and informs them that Vyner has returned and has come to arrest her. Vyner tells Mary and Anna that the witness has confirmed that they had seen Anna on the pavement near Green in Picaddilly when the incident occurred. Shocked, Anna is cuffed as Mary, Robert and Bates attempt to plead her case but to no use. As Bates is left helpless, Anna is escorted away to the police station having been arrested on suspicion of Green's murder. Later, at the memorial, Mary speaks to Bates, certain that Anna will not be convicted, and feels there will not even be a trial, as the police have nothing to go on. Bates is less sure, but agrees that Anna will not be convicted.

During the 2014 Christmas special, Anna awaits trial in prison as Mary and Bates visit her. More is revealed about Anna's past. During a conversation with Bates, Anna tells him that something in her history could stack against her in a court case. She reveals that her father died when she was about six years old and that her mother remarried, of which Bates already knew, however Anna had not told him the whole story. It is implied that her stepfather was a drunkard and abusive, touching her in inappropriate ways whilst she was young. When she feared what he might do next and knew what was about to happen, Anna hid in the dark, waiting for him with a knife. She struck him; however, she did not kill him, merely wounded him.
Anna's mother managed to convince police that it was an accident and he had slipped, but Anna is now terrified that either the police have found a file on the incident or her stepfather had heard of her arrest and tipped them off and it would be used to disprove the Crawleys' character reference of her and portray her as violent. Matters are not made better when the Crawleys' lawyer, Murray, confirms that things do not look good for Anna and Bates is forced into action when a trial date for Anna is set. Bates then leaves Downton, writing in a letter to Carson that he is going to confess to murdering Green in order for Anna to be freed. He writes to Robert also with an address attached so he can be contacted. However both Molesley and Baxter investigate Bates's confession and find the pub he claims he was at in York the day Green died, and a witness confirms Bates was indeed in York. They then take this to Robert who ensures that the witness makes a statement, then tries to contact Bates. Anna is freed but on bail whilst her husband is classified as being on the run. She returns to work as Mary's lady's maid but is alone until Christmas. During the Crawleys' Christmas celebrations, Anna is seen alone and concerned about her husband. However at the very end, Mrs Patmore notices a familiar face has snuck into the room. Bates sneaks up behind Anna, surprising her, then pulls her aside. A shocked Anna begins to ask how the case is sorted out but Bates silences her, saying they will speak of it later. The episode ends with Anna and Bates sharing a Happy Christmas alone.

At the beginning of Series 6 Anna is in a dark place as the case of Green's death lingers over her and Bates as she's still out on bail. However, relatively quickly, the mystery is solved as another of Green's victims comes forward and confesses to his murder. Problems for Anna, however, continue.
After discussing Edith's child, Marigold, at the servants dinner, Bates notices she has become subdued. Anna reveals to him that she believed she was pregnant, but that morning had realised that she had miscarried their child, and that it wasn't the first time it had happened, but the third. Distraught in believing that it is impossible for her to carry a child to term, Anna becomes upset, believing she had let Bates down. He tries to convince her that despite wanting children, she alone is enough for him, which she has trouble accepting.

Anna later tells Mary of her troubles. Mary offers to take Anna to London, paying for her to visit Dr Ryder, the doctor that had treated Mary for problems when she had trouble conceiving a child with Matthew.
Ryder informs Anna that he has identified the problem and that she has a common issue of having cervical incompetence, a condition which results in a baby becoming too heavy for the womb to support after about three months, but also tells her that the condition is easily treatable with cervical cerclage, a stitch inserted into the womb after a woman has been pregnant for about 12 weeks; however, it does not always work.
Anna returns to Downton but chooses not to inform Bates of the news until she becomes pregnant again and the stitch has worked, so as not to get his hopes up.
In episode 3, Mary asks if Anna has considered Dr Ryder's advice. Anna reveals that she's already pregnant again. However, in episode 4 she begins to suffer severe cramps and fears she is suffering another miscarriage. Mary, claiming the emergency to be for herself, rushes Anna to London to see Ryder and manages to get there in time to save the baby. When they return, Bates knows that it was she, not Mary that had the medical emergency; however, this time she tells him that the news is happy and that she is in fact pregnant, to which Bates is overjoyed.
Whilst Anna is pregnant, she still fears that as there are months to wait, the baby is still in danger of being lost, despite her husband's insistence that nothing will go wrong.
In episode 6 Anna begins to experience uncomfortable pains again and Bates insists he pay for her to see Ryder again. However, the pains are nothing to worry about, as it's just her body adjusting to the pregnancy. In episode 7, after the accident at the car racing in Brooklands, Anna rushes after Mary, Bates warns her not to do so "in her condition" and he asks Baxter to go after her. That leads Baxter to guess that Anna is pregnant.
Anna and Bates also continue the plan to sell Bates's mother's London house in order to purchase a house up north and hire it out.

The rest of Anna's pregnancy goes seemingly without a hitch.
In "The Finale", the final episode of the series and of the show, Anna is shown to be pregnant and still working as a ladies maid, much to the dislike and discomfort of Carson, who feels a woman in "her condition" should not be working.
Time skips to 29 December 1925, and Anna is shown to be close to giving birth. When Lady Rose returns to Downton, having had a child of her own, and asks when the baby is due, Anna reveals that she is about ten days away from her due date.
Despite the concern of her husband and of Lady Mary, Anna does keep working, although some of her duties are undertaken by other members of staff.
Whilst Anna is in Lady Mary's bedroom after the wedding of Lady Edith and Bertie Pelham, her waters unexpectedly break. Mary insists that Anna shouldn't return to her and Bates's cottage and instead allows Anna to stay in her room to have her baby.
Anna gives birth to a healthy baby boy on New Year's Eve, much to her and her husband's delight.
Mary tells the Bateses that their newborn son is welcome to stay at Downton's nursery during the day, as Anna wants to continue working at Downton, and that soon their son will be joined by a child of her own, as Mary is now pregnant.
During the New Year celebrations, the Bateses welcome the new year away from the others, together with their newborn son.

Erin La Rosa of ''[[BuzzFeed]]'' stated that the rape was "all pretty uncharacteristic for ''Downton Abbey'', and all terribly upsetting."<ref>{{cite web|author=La Rosa, Erin|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/erinlarosa/downton-abbey-was-incredibly-upsetting-last-night|title="Downton Abbey" Was Incredibly Upsetting Last Night|work=[[BuzzFeed]]|date=13 January 2014|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606000135/https://www.buzzfeed.com/erinlarosa/downton-abbey-was-incredibly-upsetting-last-night|url-status=live}}</ref> Emily Orley, also of ''Buzzfeed'', argued that the storyline of the rape of Anna had too much focus on the male characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/emilyorley/downton-abbey-rape-storyline-finally-went-too-far#.ybXVmndae|title="Downton Abbey" Finally Went Too Far|work=[[BuzzFeed]]|date=10 February 2014|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606000249/https://www.buzzfeed.com/emilyorley/downton-abbey-rape-storyline-finally-went-too-far#.ybXVmndae|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Thomas Barrow ===
[[File:Robert James-Collier May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|282x282px|Robert James Collier plays Thomas Barrow]]
'''Thomas Barrow''' (played by [[Rob James-Collier|Robert James-Collier]]) is [[under-butler]] at Downton Abbey and is a character who creates many conflicts.

Maureen Lee Lenker of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' described Barrow as one of the series' "most polarizing figures".<ref name=Lenker>{{cite magazine|author=Lenker, Maureen Lee|url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/09/25/downton-abbey-movie-thomas-barrow-original-ending/?amp=true|title=The Downton Abbey movie almost had a more 'tragic' end to Thomas Barrow's story line|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=25 September 2019|access-date=10 June 2020|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606214532/https://ew.com/movies/2019/09/25/downton-abbey-movie-thomas-barrow-original-ending/?amp=true|url-status=live}}</ref>

He starts his employment there in 1910 as a junior footman. Thomas tells O'Brien that his father was a [[clockmaker]]. He constantly hatches schemes with O'Brien, intending to have Bates removed from service at Downton. When Bates catches him stealing some wine, Thomas attempts to frame him for the theft. Bates, however, manages to prove his innocence.

Thomas is a closeted gay man. In series one, he tries to blackmail his former lover, The Duke of Crowborough. Later, when [[List of Downton Abbey characters#Kemal Pamuk|Kemal Pamuk]], an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] diplomat, visits Downton, Thomas attempts to kiss him. Pamuk rebuffs him and later uses this incident to blackmail Thomas, threatening to inform Lord Grantham about his indiscretion unless Thomas agrees to guide Pamuk to the room of Lady Mary later that same evening. Thomas also leads on the kitchen maid, Daisy, partly for his amusement (since it annoys the second footman, William Mason, who has feelings for her) and for ulterior motives. He manipulates Daisy in order to further his plans to have Mr Bates ousted. At the end of series one, William punches Barrow for his cruel remarks regarding Lady Grantham's miscarriage and the death of William's mother. Shortly beforehand, Thomas signs up to the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]] in an effort to avoid being sent to the frontline for the war that is soon coming.

In series two, in the [[First World War]], Thomas has ended up on the battlefield despite his attempts to avoid it, and has become terrified by the conflict. He purposefully puts his hand in the line of fire in order to gain a [[Million-dollar wound|blighty wound]] and be sent home. Upon his return to Britain, he gets permission to work at Downton as sergeant in charge when the residence is made into a centre of recovery for injured officers.

When the [[Armistice with Germany|war ends]], Thomas tries to make a profit by taking advantage of the nationwide [[rationing]] by selling goods on the [[black market]]. This scheme fails, however, when he is sold worthless goods and is rendered penniless. He returns to Downton as first footman although, as always, he plans to move up to a higher position in the house staff. During Bates's murder trial, Thomas applies for Bates's old job, but is rejected by Lord Grantham. He hides the Crawley family dog, Isis, whom he hopes to "find" to curry favour with Lord Grantham. However, when he goes to reclaim the dog, he discovers her missing, and in his panic trying to find her in the woods, trips on several fallen branches and becomes muddied. On returning home, relieved to find that Isis is safe, he learns from Grantham that some children had found and returned the dog, seemingly ruining Thomas' plan. However, his physical dishevelment deceives Grantham into thinking that Thomas has more concern for the family than Grantham believed, and Grantham later tells Carson that he is willing to give Thomas a try as valet.

In the third series, Thomas and O'Brien's alliance begins to fall apart with the appointment of her nephew Alfred as footman. When O'Brien seeks to assist Alfred by enlisting Thomas' support, he refuses to help tutor him, irritated that someone else should progress rapidly when he spent years trying to reach his position. Thomas is then attracted to the handsome new footman, Jimmy, and walks into his room and kisses the sleeping Jimmy. He is caught by Alfred, who walks in on this scene and eventually tells Mr Carson at O'Brien's insistence. O'Brien then preys on Jimmy's discomfort and embarrassment to have him blackmail Mr Carson into sacking Thomas without a reference, otherwise Jimmy will go to the police. Mr Bates, to Thomas's surprise, intervenes, by informing Lord Grantham of the details and then offering to force O'Brien to call Jimmy off. Thomas provides Bates with words that lead her to believe Bates knows of her hand in Lady Grantham's miscarriage, and she quickly backs down. Although Bates had hoped Thomas would leave with a good reference, Lord Grantham decides to let him stay on so Thomas can lend his skills to the upcoming cricket match between the village and the house. After Thomas excels in the match, Lord Grantham decides to keep him on in the new position of under-butler, much to Bates' consternation since Barrow now nominally outranks him.

In the second Christmas special, Thomas, now known mostly as Mr Barrow, participates in the Tug-of-War match for the Downton side. When they win, Barrow follows Jimmy who, having won a large bet, has too much to drink. Barrow finds Jimmy just as he is cornered by two members of the opposing team, and puts himself in the way so Jimmy can avoid being beaten and mugged. Barrow is badly beaten instead. While he is recuperating, Jimmy comes to speak with him. Barrow accepts that Jimmy can never give him what he wants, so they instead agree to be friends.

In Series 4, Barrow is as shocked as anyone when his old ally Miss O'Brien leaves Downton in the middle of the night. He comes to dislike the new nanny for the two young children of Downton, and refuses to pass on her instructions to other members of staff. He informs Lady Grantham that he suspects the new nanny may be mistreating the children in some way. This suspicion leads to Lady Grantham's discovering the nanny's cruelty to Sybbie Branson, resulting in her immediate sacking. Barrow then attempts to gain an ally in the form of Lady Grantham's new maid Edna, a maid fired from Downton following her attempt to seduce Tom Branson, by claiming that Edna's accidental damage to one of Lady Grantham's favourite garments was in fact due to Anna Bates. However, this alliance does not last very long, as Edna is fired after she successfully seduces Tom Branson but is foiled in her effort to blackmail him into marrying her. She insults Barrow's arrogance and manner, though he responds in kind, and she leaves Downton once again.

Thomas is well aware that Lord Grantham and Carson are only keeping him on sufferance. When Barrow is set to be laid off, he attempts to find suitable employment and fails. He attempts suicide but is rescued by his friends. He eventually takes a position in a smaller household, but when Carson develops an illness, Barrow is invited back to Downton to become the new butler.

Lenker states that the character is initially "a solid villain" but develops and "he gradually became one of the most beloved members of the Crawley family staff".<ref name=Lenker />

Thomas was originally meant to be written out of the show at the end of the first series once he had had his "comeuppance". However, after James-Collier had filmed the first two episodes of the show the producers contacted his agent and asked if he would like to be optioned for the second and third series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s183/downton-abbey/news/a371033/rob-james-collier-downton-abbey-is-the-best-job-ive-ever-done.html|title=Rob James-Collier: 'Downton Abbey is the best job I've ever done'|website=[[Digital Spy]]|last=Wightman|first=Catriona|date=14 March 2012|access-date=14 March 2012|archive-date=16 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316231751/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s183/downton-abbey/news/a371033/rob-james-collier-downton-abbey-is-the-best-job-ive-ever-done.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sarah O'Brien ===
[[File:Siobhan Finneran discusses Loch Ness with Moobys.jpg|thumb|224x224px|[[Siobhan Finneran]] plays Sarah O'Brien]]
'''Sarah O'Brien''' (played by [[Siobhan Finneran]]), who is mainly known as '''Miss O'Brien''' by the other servants or just '''O'Brien''' by the family, was Lady Grantham's [[lady's maid]], a post she has held since 1910. She is especially bitter and resentful towards most of the other servants, perhaps due to her family circumstances; the animosity is common knowledge, even for the Crawleys. She had one favourite brother who had [[shell shock]] and later died during the [[Great War]]. She uses her position to curry favour with Lady Grantham to consolidate her influence, although her actions usually benefit them both. Although scheming in nature and always looking to manipulate circumstances to her and Thomas's benefit, she has a conscience and softens up over the second series. She is one of the few servants who smoke on a regular basis. This is at a time when most women did not smoke and it was very rare for a woman to be seen smoking in public.

O'Brien and Thomas were the only servants who never did like Bates and the duo constantly try to find faults and uncover his past in an attempt to force Mr Carson to sack him. She tells Bates's vengeful estranged wife Vera about the family's dirty secrets in an attempt to force Bates out and Vera uses that to blackmail Bates. In the last episode of series one, O'Brien comes to believe that Cora is going to replace her. Out of spite, she leaves a bar of soap on the bathroom floor while Cora is taking a bath. When Cora gets out, she slips on the soap, causing her to miscarry. O'Brien is wracked with guilt, and following the incident, she becomes even more loyal and devoted to Cora. When Thomas decides to buy extra food and supplies on the black market to sell to Downton's kitchen staff, she refuses to get involved in his business, but she sympathises with Thomas after he realises he has been swindled. After Lady Grantham is struck by a severe case of Spanish flu, O'Brien maintains a bedside vigil, attempting to atone for the miscarriage. Towards the end of the second series, she becomes guilt-ridden when she finds out her meddling in Bates's private life has started a chain reaction which led to Vera's threatening to expose the family secrets and bring the Crawley family into disrepute. O'Brien is one of several servants asked to testify at Bates's trial and is genuinely relieved when they learn that Bates had been reprieved. She also has a nephew, Alfred Nugent, who later becomes a footman at Downton. When it is revealed the new valet, Henry Lang, had [[shell shock]], she was uncharacteristically sympathetic towards him and it was revealed that her own brother suffered from it due to the War.

In the second Christmas special, she accompanies Lady Grantham to Scotland to visit Duneagle Castle. While there, she apparently comes to like Lady Flintshire and manages to arrange to become her lady's maid. She leaves Downton at the very beginning of the fourth series in the middle of the night to take her new position, leaving only a letter to explain her actions. In Series 5, Mrs. Hughes tells Mr. Carson that O'Brien has left Lady Flintshire to serve as lady's maid to the wife of the new governor of the Bombay Presidency in British India.

Finneran stated that the character "is a thoroughly despicable human being",<ref name=MetroOBrien>{{cite web|author=Graham, Daniella|url=https://metro.co.uk/2013/03/01/despicable-maid-sarah-obrien-to-leave-downton-abbey-3522536/|title='Despicable' maid Sarah O'Brien to leave Downton Abbey|work=[[Metro (United Kingdom)|Metro]]|date=1 March 2013|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105052328/http://metro.co.uk/2013/03/01/despicable-maid-sarah-obrien-to-leave-downton-abbey-3522536/|url-status=live}}</ref> and that "People actually love that she’s a nasty piece of work. They love to dislike her."<ref name=RyanMaureen>{{cite news|last=Ryan|first=Maureen|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obrien-downton-abbey_n_1229329|title='Downton Abbey's' O'Brien: Siobhan Finneran Interview About Her Character We Love To Hate|newspaper=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=25 January 2012|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=1 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601191042/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obrien-downton-abbey_n_1229329|url-status=live}}</ref> Finneran stated her belief that O'Brien's negative attitudes originated from how the character "has basically sacrificed her entire life to somebody else, for the good of their life and their home — it’s no wonder that she would get frustrated or angry about things."<ref name=RyanMaureen /> Finneran believed that O'Brien "was great to play."<ref name=MetroOBrien />

Alexander Chee of ''[[The New Republic]]'' described O'Brien as the show's "best, most complex villain" and stated that her departure made the show less interesting.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Chee, Alexander|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/116106/downton-abbey-season-four-review-where-did-all-villains-go|title=The One Reason Downton Abbey Isn't What It Used To Be|newspaper=[[The New Republic]]|date=6 January 2014|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928023318/https://newrepublic.com/article/116106/downton-abbey-season-four-review-where-did-all-villains-go|url-status=live}}</ref> Jen Chaney of ''[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]'' ranked O'Brien as the series' second most "despicable" character.<ref>{{cite web|author=Chaney, Jen|url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/02/downton-abbey-most-despicable-characters-ever.html|title=The 20 Most Despicable Characters in ''Downton Abbey'' History, Ranked|newspaper=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]|date=29 February 2016|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603025606/https://www.vulture.com/2016/02/downton-abbey-most-despicable-characters-ever.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Executive producer Gareth Neame stated that Finneran had chosen to leave the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/downton-abbey-producer-it-was-siobhan-finnerans-decision-leave-1C8670295|title='Downton Abbey' producer: It was Siobhan Finneran's decision to leave|newspaper=[[The Today Show]]|date=4 March 2013|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216202838/http://www.today.com/popculture/downton-abbey-producer-it-was-siobhan-finnerans-decision-leave-1C8670295|url-status=live}}</ref> Finneran herself confirmed this.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2013/03/downton-roundup-siobhan-finneran-on-why-shes-leaving-the-abbey|title='Downton' Roundup: Siobhan Finneran on Why She's Leaving the Abbey|work=[[BBC America]]|date=March 2013|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202203851/http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2013/03/downton-roundup-siobhan-finneran-on-why-shes-leaving-the-abbey|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Daisy Parker ===
[[File:Sophie McShera May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|276x276px|[[Sophie McShera]] plays Daisy Robinson]]
'''Daisy Parker''' (formerly '''Mason''' (née '''Robinson''')) (played by [[Sophie McShera]]) is the [[Kitchen maid (domestic worker)|kitchen maid]], later assistant cook, at Downton. Timid by nature, other characters frequently take advantage of her naivete or pull rank by tricking her or handing her the more undesirable and menial tasks. She is one of eleven children and her parents are deceased. She was forced to leave school at the age of 11.

In the first series, she is shown to have feelings for first footman Thomas, something that Mrs Patmore tries to discourage as she can see that Thomas is "not a ladies' man". After being caught stealing a bottle of wine, Thomas takes advantage of her feelings for him to persuade her to tell Mr Carson and Mrs Hughes that she saw Mr Bates take the wine. She later retracts the statement as she feels guilty and over time, her feelings for Thomas diminish and she notices that Downton's other footman, William, likes her. She is unsure how to handle the situation, especially when he is drafted during the [[First World War]] and convinces himself that she is his sweetheart. She decides, with some encouragement from Mrs Patmore, to allow William his fantasy to boost his morale in battle and gives him a photo. After William is severely injured saving Matthew Crawley during the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]], Daisy agrees to marry him to give him some happiness in his life but is widowed six hours later. She resists claiming her widow's pension as she thinks it wrong to claim money for marrying a man that she liked but would have not married under normal circumstances. William's father reaches out to her and Daisy tries to tell him about her guilt but he refuses to listen. The older Mr Mason later explains to Daisy that William was his only surviving child and he had realised that William married Daisy not just because he cared for her but so his father would have someone to keep company. Upon learning that her parents are dead, he offers to take her under his wing as a surrogate daughter, which she accepts, though reluctantly at the outset. Eventually, she does grow close to him and learns he wishes to name her his sole heir.

Daisy has a close relationship with Mrs Patmore, the cook, which is frequently more mother-daughter than two servants working together. At other times, Mrs Patmore becomes flustered and takes her frustration out on Daisy. She is also entrusted with teaching Lady Sybil how to cook, something which the pair enjoy. In 1919, she asks Mrs Patmore if, after many years in service, she can be promoted from kitchen maid to assistant cook and Mrs Patmore agrees to ask Mrs Hughes if the budget can support promotion for Daisy.

In the third series, she grows to like Alfred but resents Ivy, the new kitchen maid, who steals Alfred's attention. By series 4 the love triangle is getting nowhere until Alfred decides to leave after catching Ivy kissing Jimmy. Daisy is devastated and blames Ivy. She decides to avoid seeing him when he comes to say final goodbyes, but her father-in-law, whom she goes to see, convinces her she must say goodbye to him. When she does, Alfred apologises to her, regretting being blinded by his infatuation for Ivy and failing to see how good and true Daisy had been to him. Daisy admits she loved Alfred, but that is gone and they need to go their separate ways. They agree to be friends forever. In 1923 Harold Levinson apparently takes a liking to Daisy's cooking, and his valet Ethan Slade offers Daisy a position so she can come to America and work for him. She declines.

In series six, she gets irate when her father-in-law loses his tenancy on a nearby estate. For her explosion of anger, she almost loses her job, but Cora, who understands her frustration and anger, talks Carson into letting her stay. She works unstintingly and unflaggingly to remedy what happened. Her efforts are rewarded when her father-in-law is offered the tenancy of Yew Tree Farm, located in the Downton estate. At first, she is afraid of losing both Mrs Patmore and her father-in-law, when they begin to see one another, however, after reassurance from both of them that they will always love her, she changes her mind.

In the final episode of the series, she falls for Andy Parker, the new footman who has been helping at Mr Mason's farm. She gets a new hairstyle and announces that she will move into Yew Tree Farm with Mr Mason, while still working at Downton.

In the 2019 film she and Andy have become engaged, but she shows little enthusiasm for marriage. When she discovers that Andy sabotaged a pump because he thought she was flirting with a plumber, she assures him that she was not, and admits that she is impressed by his strength of feeling. She later tells Mrs Patmore that she is ready to start planning her wedding to Andy.

In the second feature film, Daisy and Andy are married and both living on the farm with Mr Mason.

=== Mrs Beryl Patmore ===
[[File:Lesley Nicol - November 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|224x224px|[[Lesley Nicol (actress)|Lesley Nicol]] plays Mrs Patmore]]
'''Beryl Patmore''' (played by [[Lesley Nicol (actress)|Lesley Nicol]]) is the cook at Downton. Mrs Patmore is in charge of the kitchen and kitchen staff. She takes great pride in her cooking and is a perfectionist in the kitchen. When the food does not meet her exacting standards, she takes her frustration out on the maids, especially Daisy. Throughout the first series she is often seen bossing around and shouting at Daisy while working but cares for her like a daughter and often offers her advice. She also seems to have protective feelings towards Daisy when she suspects that some of the other staff such as Thomas or Miss O'Brien are trying to make a fool or take advantage of her. Occasionally her caring attitude may become even counterproductive, as when she advises that Daisy should not sacrifice that much of her spare time to try to self-educate herself, as she sees that hopes for that kind of lifestyle which would justify such efforts are set too high considering Daisy's chances to move in the social hierarchy of that era.

Mrs Patmore tries to hide her deteriorating eyesight but Lord Grantham decides to send her to [[Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust|Moorfields]] in London for treatment when she accidentally puts salt on the pudding instead of sugar. This eyesight problem is declared to be [[cataract]]s, the surgery for which is new and daunting to Mrs Patmore, but the operation is successful and she regains the full use of her eyesight. During the [[Great War]] she learns that her nephew Archibald "Archie" Philpotts deserted and was shot for cowardice at the front. Hence, she becomes sensitive and upset when confronted with the topic of war.

She receives some money from a deceased family member, purchases a cottage in the nearby community of Haughton-le-Skerne and opens a Bed and Breakfast, hiring her niece, Lucy to help her. At first, it is considered to be a "house of ill repute" (as her first customers turned out to be an adulterous couple), but with the aid of her employers, who take tea there, that image is dispelled once and for all.
She also begins to see Albert Mason, Daisy's father in law, and between the two of them, help Daisy to realise that no matter what happens with them, they will always be there for Daisy, and that they love her very much. This helps Daisy drop any objections she has about their pairing.

=== William Mason ===
'''William Mason''' (played by [[Thomas Howes (actor)|Thomas Howes]]) (d. 1918) was the second footman at Downton. His father was a local farmer and William used to help with the horses. William had three brothers and a sister but all died at or shortly after birth, leaving him as the only child. His mother died of illness towards the end of the first series. Affable and good-natured, he was also a competent pianist (actor Thomas Howes is a pianist) and would entertain other servants during their free time. During the first series he had strong feelings for Daisy.

In the second series, William wanted to enlist in the Army but was forbidden by his father, as he was the only other surviving member of the family. The Dowager Countess learns of his situation and tells the doctor that William had an embarrassing skin condition in order to keep him from being drafted. He was further humiliated after being handed a [[white feather]] at a benefit concert held in the Crawley mansion. After being informed that this story was untrue by Isobel Crawley, the doctor corrected the report to the War Department, and William is drafted shortly thereafter. William asked Daisy if she would give him a photo that he could carry with him. Daisy was worried about being William's sweetheart but Mrs Patmore urged her not to send him to the front with a broken heart, saying that if she refused, he would never return.

Fearing for his safety, Lord Grantham had him assigned to Matthew Crawley's battalion to be his [[Batman (military)|batman]]. During the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]], he threw himself in front of Matthew to shield him from a shell explosion and both men were seriously wounded. He was hospitalised in [[Leeds]] as Downton, then used as a convalescent home, was only for officers, but William's father could not afford to leave his farm or repeatedly travel to and fro to visit. After failing to persuade Dr Clarkson to "bend the rules", a furious Violet manages to pull some strings to have William sent back to Downton, where he was cared for by Lady Edith. After being told he would not make it, William proposes to Daisy and tells her that he wants to marry her, not just out of love, but also to secure her a widow's pension so that she would be taken care of. Violet convinces the local parish vicar to officiate the bedside wedding ceremony and attends along with Lady Edith and the entire staff present. He dies hours later.

Later on, his father and Daisy become quite close.

=== Alfred Nugent ===
'''Alfred Nugent''' (played by [[Matt Milne]]) was the new footman brought on to replace William Mason and is introduced in Series Three. His aunt is Sarah O'Brien, who brings him forward as a candidate for the empty post based on his previous experience as a waiter at a hotel. He is extremely tall, which Carson comments is almost too much, even though height is a desirable aspect for a footman. Almost immediately, Daisy Mason falls head-over-heels in love with Alfred, but is impeded by the new kitchen maid, Ivy Stuart, whom Alfred is quick to develop a crush on. He often helps Ivy in the kitchen with his culinary skills, much to Daisy's ire.

Alfred's largest rival is fellow footman Jimmy Kent, who is shorter than Alfred, but quite handsome. They are both in competition for the top position of first footman, which Jimmy is constantly sabotaging Alfred for. But because Ivy has a crush on Jimmy, Alfred decides to confront Jimmy about the fact that he's not interested in her. When he pushes into Jimmy's room, he catches Thomas Barrow in the act of trying to kiss Jimmy. Horrified, Alfred is pressured by his aunt, O'Brien, to report the incident to Carson, as homosexuality is considered a crime at this time. Poor Alfred is used as a pawn in his aunt's scheming, which eventually comes to nothing. In the Series Three Christmas Special, he tries to call Jimmy off his aggressive streak towards Thomas, and then spends the rest of the episode talking about his interest in cooking. In Series Four, Alfred pursues that interest and leaves Downton to become a chef at the Ritz.

Also in Series Four, Alfred is still caught up in the downstairs "love square". He is in love with Ivy, who is in love with Jimmy, while Daisy is in love with Alfred and determined to break them up. It takes Alfred too long to realise that Daisy was the better match, and only tries to approach her when he comes back to the Abbey after leaving for his cooking course. Daisy initially tried to avoid seeing Alfred at all, but eventually speaks to him and wishes him well as a friend. In the Christmas Special, she receives a letter from Alfred, implying that they keep in touch.

=== James "Jimmy" Kent ===
[[File:EdSpeleersComicCon.jpg|thumb|224x224px|[[Ed Speleers]] plays Jimmy Kent]]
'''Jimmy Kent''' (played by [[Ed Speleers]]) was one of two new footmen introduced in Series Three, after the end of [[World War I]]. Before the war, he worked for Lady Anstruther and was her favourite footman. He first appears onscreen after Lord Grantham has given Carson permission to hire another footman in addition to Alfred Nugent. Turning up in the servants' hall unannounced, his good looks and charm quickly impress a number of the maids—as well as Thomas Barrow, currently valet to Lord Grantham. Thomas is quickly drawn to Jimmy, whose flirty and vague behaviour leads him to believe that Jimmy might be interested in sharing a homosexual relationship. Sarah O'Brien, who is angry with Thomas for the way he has treated her nephew, Alfred, quickly latches on to this dynamic and uses it to her own ends. Through careful manipulation of both Thomas and Jimmy, O'Brien crafts a situation in which Thomas is caught publicly making a move on Jimmy, who reacts in fear and anger, as homosexuality was still illegal in the 1920s. Jimmy continues to be manipulated against Thomas by O'Brien, while John Bates and Elsie Hughes work to protect Thomas from the fallout. At the end of Series Three, Jimmy is promoted to first footman, but he holds a grudge against Thomas into the Christmas Special. At that time, it's implicated that Jimmy has kept up appearances by teasing Thomas and giving him a very clear cold shoulder that even Alfred notices is extreme. Alfred also notes that Thomas always defends Jimmy no matter how unkindly Jimmy behaves, and suggests that perhaps he take it easy. Jimmy ignores this advice and continues to behave recklessly, winning a large bet at the village fair only to spend most of it on alcohol. The toughs who lost the bet follow drunk Jimmy underneath a quiet bridge and jump him. Jimmy is only rescued by Thomas, who had been following him to keep an eye out. Thomas tells Jimmy to run, while Thomas is left to take the beating in Jimmy's place. When Jimmy returns with Dr. Clarkson and the other fair-goers, they find Thomas beaten and bloody. Thomas does not admit to the others why he was attacked, and only sends a significant stare to Jimmy, who is guilt-stricken with the truth. Later, he confronts Thomas about what happened, and though he is hesitant, eventually agrees to be friends. After that, the two of them are often seen in one another's company. Their increased companionship is suggested by showing Jimmy often with a cigarette.

In Series Four, Jimmy is something of an antagonist, stirring the pot for amusement and to get at Alfred, his professional rival. Because Alfred quickly becomes enamored with the new kitchen maid, Ivy Stuart, Jimmy also takes an interest. Daisy Mason, who is interested in Alfred, repeatedly tries to sabotage Ivy, Jimmy and Alfred in hopes that Alfred will realise that Ivy is no good for him. In the end, Alfred realises too late that he was chasing the wrong girl, while Ivy comes to a similar realisation about Jimmy, who was clearly out for sport. He crosses the final line when he takes Ivy out and gets a bit too familiar with her. Angry, she casts Jimmy off, and Jimmy laments to Thomas that the whole venture was a waste of time and money. In the Series Four Christmas Special, Jimmy travels with the Crawley family to London for the Season. At the end, he is seen playing football on the beach, while Thomas watches from a nearby chair.

By the time Series Five begins, Thomas and Jimmy have grown much closer in their friendship, though it is clear Thomas is still in love with him. When the Valentine he sent to his former employer, Lady Anstruther as a joke, comes back to bite him. Lady Anstruther, returned from France, orchestrates a plan to turn up at Downton Abbey in pursuit of Jimmy. Through a series of notes and letters, all of which Jimmy desperately begs Thomas for advice on, the audience learns that Jimmy's former position with Lady Anstruther included a sexual aspect. Eventually, Jimmy decides that the only thing to do is to satisfy her and hope it'll get her out of his hair. Thomas escorts Jimmy to the guest corridor upstairs and plans to watch the door while Jimmy goes through with it. They share a moment in which Jimmy exhibits some doubt about the plan, wondering if perhaps Lady Anstruther just wants to talk. Thomas watches forlornly as Jimmy enters Lady Anstruther's room, silently wishing Jimmy was coming to him instead. Unluckily, while the tryst is occurring, Lady Edith accidentally starts a fire in a nearby bedroom, which pulls Thomas away from his post. Lord Grantham sends Thomas after Lady Edith, and Thomas can only watch in horror, unable to protect Jimmy this one last time. Lord Grantham bursts into Lady Anstruther's room to sound the alarm and discovers her with Jimmy. After the fire, Lord Grantham tells Carson that Jimmy has to go, but with a good reference. Thomas and Jimmy share a heartfelt goodbye in which Jimmy tearfully tells Thomas that though he never thought he'd get on with a man like him, they truly had been great friends. Thomas tries to remain calm, quietly asking if Jimmy might try writing. Jimmy says he would try, though he's not very good at it, and then leaves the estate a broken man. Thomas later tells Anna Bates that he's upset because he wasn't special to Jimmy, which Anna very adamantly disagrees with. He also later mentions Jimmy to Phyllis Baxter in a bout of sadness and annoyance that he's gone. Jimmy's whereabouts post-Downton are never revealed.

Jimmy is mentioned by Thomas during the Series Five Text Santa short while the servants are playing strip poker.

=== Ethel Parks ===
'''Ethel Parks''' (played by [[Amy Nuttall]]) was the new maid introduced in the second series as Gwen's replacement. Outspoken, Ethel does not like being told what to do by anyone, which often has her in conflict with Anna or Mrs Hughes. She says that she does not want to be in service for the rest of her life and often complains about her surroundings.

She begins an affair with Major Charles Bryant (played by Daniel Pirrie) when he is being treated at Downton while it is a temporary convalescent home. Mrs Hughes dismisses her after discovering the two of them in bed together, but Ethel shortly returns having nowhere else to go when she finds out she is pregnant with his child. She names her son Charlie after his father, before moving away from Downton to start a new life. She is replaced in her position by Jane, a war widow.

In the [[Great War]], Ethel has trouble supporting herself and her son and Mrs Hughes helps her, acting as her friend and bringing her food. Ethel tells Mrs Hughes that her neighbours think she is a war widow but admits that Major Bryant refuses to acknowledge that he is Charlie's father, despite Ethel and Mrs Hughes's best efforts to get him to admit paternity. However, he is [[killed in action|killed]] during the [[Battle of Vittorio Veneto]]. When Lady Cora learns that Mrs Hughes is supporting Ethel, she is persuaded to invite Major Bryant's parents to Downton Abbey. Ethel bursts into the meeting with her son, proclaiming that Charlie is their grandchild, but Mr Bryant accuses Ethel of only being after their money and insists that his son was a good man. He also insists that Ethel cannot prove that Charlie is Major Bryant's child. Eventually, his wife persuades him to accept the child as his grandson, and Mr Bryant offers to adopt Charlie. Ethel, however, would not be allowed contact, learning that Charlie will be told that his father died during the war and his mother died of Spanish flu. They insist that they can give Charlie a far better future than Ethel ever could. Horrified by Major Bryant's refusal to acknowledge Charlie and his father's bullying, Ethel refuses the offer.

In the third series, Ethel returns, having entered into a life of prostitution. Considering Charlie's future, she gives him to Mr and Mrs Bryant. She is employed in Crawley house by Isobel and Mrs Patmore teaches her to cook, despite Mrs Bird leaving her post. After Ethel attracts considerable gossip, the Dowager Countess intervenes, having Lady Edith place an advertisement for Ethel, so she may find a position elsewhere and have a fresh start. Despite misgivings, Mrs Crawley agrees with the plan, although Ethel seems unwilling to accept any position aside from one close to Charlie's new home. In response to this, the Dowager Countess decides to ask Mrs Bryant in person if Ethel could have contact with Charlie. Mrs Bryant, who had been unhappy abandoning Ethel from the start, agrees and Ethel leaves Mrs Crawley's employment.

=== Joseph Molesley ===
'''Joseph Molesley''' (played by [[Kevin Doyle (actor)|Kevin Doyle]]) (b. 1873) was the butler of Crawley House, in the village of Downton, and valet for Matthew Crawley. He is the son of Bill Molesley, the winner of the best bloom at the Downton Flower Show in 1913. With Matthew off at war and Mrs Crawley working with the [[Red Cross]] in France he and Mrs Bird, the family cook, find themselves in an empty house with no one to serve. A loyal servant, he volunteers his service at the earl's mansion. He has feelings for Anna, but they are unrequited and she later marries Mr Bates. After the war ends he covers for Carson when he falls ill with [[Spanish influenza]], only to accidentally become drunk while tasting the wine for dinner. He returns to Crawley House immediately upon Mr Carson's recovery, though he goes to the great house with Matthew Crawley to be his full-time valet after his marriage to Lady Mary. After Matthew dies in a car accident Molesley loses his job, moves in with his father and struggles to find work as a servant, forced to be a road construction worker and delivery boy.

With the possibility of Alfred leaving to pursue his dreams of being a chef, Mr Carson offers Molesley a job as second footman if Alfred leaves. Molesley is not happy with the prospect, thinking it degrading to become a footman when he has been trained as a valet and butler. In the end, when Alfred does leave, Molesley seeks the job but Carson refuses, citing his great reluctance. But Mrs Hughes and Mrs Patmore intervene and Carson eventually gives in and takes Molesley on as a second footman. Even so, the family still call him by his last name. He finds himself mutually attracted to Lady Grantham's new maid, Baxter. By the end of the series, Molesley finds work as a schoolteacher.

=== Phyllis Baxter ===
'''Phyllis Baxter''' (played by [[Raquel Cassidy]]), is hired as lady's maid to Cora following the departure of Edna Braithwaite. Baxter is hired on Barrow's recommendation, and Cora is pleased with Baxter. However, it becomes clear that Barrow knows a secret about her, which he uses to his advantage to make her spy on the servants and family, something Baxter is very uncomfortable with.

While Barrow is away in America with Lord Grantham (as John Bates asked to be excused from the trip to remain with his wife), Baxter grows closer to Joseph Molesley, who treats her with respect. He continues to do so after Barrow returns, telling her that he does not care to know what Barrow has over her, but urges her to stand up to him and not let him make her do things she does not wish to do. She, in turn thanks him, describing him as strong and lucky – neither of which he considered himself to be.

Eventually, after Barrow threatens to reveal her secret to Lady Grantham, Baxter is encouraged by Molesley to do so first. She reveals that she had stolen jewellery from a previous employer who treated her nicely, and she went to prison but was released early for good behaviour. Cora is surprised but confused. Baxter is not telling the whole story, something Molesley is convinced of when he hears the same story from Barrow. He believes she must have been lured into doing it, because it is not in her nature.
Baxter later tells Cora the rest of the story: she was tricked into stealing the jewellery by another servant who made her think he loved her, but he ran and left her to take the blame. While Baxter expected to be fired, Cora forgives her and lets her stay on, with the condition that she won't rob her. Mrs Hughes also learns the truth but says no more when she learns that Cora knows.

When Barrow begins treating himself to cure his homosexuality and is suffering, Baxter convinces him to see Dr Clarkson, after which Barrow treats her with more respect. At Brancaster Castle, she helps him embarrass Lord Sinderby's butler at Mary's behest (because the butler was being rude to Tom), and she helps Molesley find evidence exonerating Bates of the murder of Mr Green. When Barrow attempts suicide, it is Baxter who raises the alarm (based on Barrow's earlier behaviour that morning) and finds him in the bathroom in time to save his life.

Baxter and Moseley become very close in the course of the final series and the two films; in ''A New Era,'' Baxter accepts Moseley's marriage proposal.

=== Gwen Dawson ===
[[File:Rose Leslie (March 2013) (headshot).jpg|thumb|180px|[[Rose Leslie]] plays Gwen Dawson]]
'''Gwen Harding (born Dawson)''' (played by [[Rose Leslie]]) was a [[housemaid]] at Downton. She is the daughter of a farm-hand. Ambitious, she decides that she no longer wants to work in service and saves up her money to buy a [[typewriter]] to take a correspondence course in typing and [[shorthand]]. When her typewriter is discovered by Miss O'Brien, she informs the whole staff and Gwen's plan to leave service to become a secretary is the cause of much discussion above and below stairs. Lady Sybil quickly befriends Gwen and tries to help her get a job as a secretary. In August 1914 they are successful and Gwen wins a position at a telephone firm. She does not return in the second series and is replaced by Ethel. In series four, the staff at Downton Abbey receive a letter from Gwen where she tells them she is married.

In Series 6, Gwen returns, eleven years later, to Downton as a successful married woman, although she visits the mansion only in the fourth episode. Some of the family do not recognise her at first, but when they do they are surprised at her elevated status. Gwen endears herself to the family by recalling the everlasting selflessness and generosity of the late Lady Sybil.

=== May Bird ===
'''May Bird''' (played by [[Christine Lohr]]) was the cook for Isobel and Matthew Crawley at Crawley House. Before 1912, she lived in Manchester with the Crawleys as their cook, but when they moved, she went with them. In the first series, she is asked to stand-in for Mrs Patmore as cook at the Abbey while she is away having an eye operation. When Mrs Patmore returns, they run the Garden Party for the hospital fund together. During the Great War, she opened a soup kitchen at Crawley House, in secret, and was helped by Mrs Patmore and Daisy to run it from the money given by the government for the hospital. This all occurs when Matthew and his mother were away in France, in the trenches and field hospitals respectively. In the third series, Isobel wants to hire Ethel to work alongside Mrs Bird. When Mrs Bird refuses to work with a former prostitute, she chooses to leave.

=== Henry Lang ===
'''Henry Lang''' (played by [[Cal MacAninch]]) was Lord Grantham's valet in the absence of Mr Bates. He is a recent war veteran and suffers from severe Combat Stress Reaction (CSR, or [[shell shock]]) that causes him to be very nervous and somewhat disconnected to his surroundings. On one notable occasion he wakes the staff in the middle of the night by horrifically screaming during a nightmare. O'Brien, whose brother suffered from shell shock and eventually died in combat, is uncharacteristically sympathetic and kind to him. He later leaves Downton as he feels he is unfit for service.

=== Jane Moorsum ===

'''Jane Moorsum''' (played by [[Clare Calbraith]]) was a maid at Downton Abbey and Ethel's replacement. She is a widow as her husband died during the [[First World War]]. From the start it is clear that Lord Grantham finds Jane attractive and he takes a great interest in the education of her twelve-year-old son, Freddie. At one point Grantham kisses Jane, but they are interrupted by an oblivious Mr Bates and they decide not to have an affair. Shortly after this, of her free will, Jane leaves service at Downton. Lord Grantham insists on using his influence to get Freddie into [[Ripon Grammar School]] and paying the school fees in future.

=== Andrew Parker ===
[[File:Michael C.Fox at the Dunkirk World Premiere.jpg|thumb|right|[[Michael C. Fox (British Actor)|Michael C. Fox]] plays Andrew Parker]]
'''Andrew "Andy" Parker''' (played by [[Michael C. Fox (British Actor)|Michael C. Fox]]) is a footman who starts working at Downton Abbey in 1924. When he was at school he fooled around and never learned how to read or how to write anything but his own name.

Andrew is hired by Carson on a temporary basis to work the week of Lady Rose MacClare's wedding at Grantham House in London. He formerly worked as a hall boy, but wants to become a footman. The Dowager Countess's Lady's Maid Gladys Denker takes advantage of him to go out drinking, but Thomas Barrow comes to his rescue, teaching Denker a lesson in the process.

Mr Carson overhears the news of Lord Grantham's della Francesca painting selling "amazingly well" and takes advantage of this news to hire a new footman at Downton Abbey. Barrow asks Mr Carson to hire Andrew for the job. Carson had expressed his concerns about Andrew's suitability after the gambling club incident, but Mrs Hughes, Barrow, and Daisy urge him to give Andrew a second chance.

Andrew serves drinks before a fox hunt. He appears to have been warned off Thomas by Mr Carson, Mrs Hughes, and Mrs Patmore. During an informal ball in the servant's hall, he dances with Daisy. Andy tries to break ties with Thomas, on account of Mr Carson, Mrs Hughes, and Mrs Patmore informing him that Thomas is a homosexual.

Andy helps Mr Mason move into Yew Tree Farm with Mrs Patmore and Daisy. He volunteers to help Mr Mason take care of Downton's pigs and shows an interest in farming. Mr Mason gave some books to Andy, and he reveals to Thomas that he can write no more than his own name; Thomas offers to teach him to read and write. Andy later apologises to Thomas about his treatment towards him.

In series 6 and the 2015 Christmas Special, Andy and Daisy share some special moments with each other, and it looks as if they might live at Yew Tree farm with Mr Mason and possibly get married. In the first film, they are engaged, but Daisy shows less enthusiasm; when she appears to flirt with a plumber, Andy's jealousy leads him to sabotage a pump. After he confesses to Daisy, she reveals she wasn't flirting and, impressed by his actions, is ready to start planning her marriage to Andy.

In the second feature film, Andy and Daisy are married and both living together on the farm with Mr Mason, and after the departure of Thomas Barrow it is hinted that Andy will succeed Barrow as Downton's butler.

== Friends and acquaintances ==

=== The Hon. Evelyn Napier ===
'''Evelyn Napier''' (played by [[Brendan Patricks]]) is the son and heir of Viscount Branksome and a suitor for Lady Mary, but later becomes engaged to "one of the Semphill girls". This engagement is broken off and during the war he is injured.

He returns to Downton in 1922, clearly still interested in the recently widowed Mary. He is accompanied by his boss Charles Blake as they are working on a government project studying estates and their progress.

=== Duke of Crowborough ===
[[File:Charlie Cox by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|right|[[Charlie Cox]] plays Philip, Duke of Crowborough]]
The Duke of Crowborough (played by [[Charlie Cox]]) was one of many potential suitors for Lady Mary, but he was seeking a wealthy wife to cure his financial problems. He is a past lover of Thomas, at the time first footman, but this affair ends in autumn 1912, after the duke visits Downton under the pretext of courting Mary, then tricks her into leading him into the servants' quarters, where he retrieves a packet of love letters to prevent Thomas from blackmailing him over the affair.

He is never referred to by name on the show, but the published scripts reveal his first name to be Philip. His last name remains unknown.

=== Patrick Gordon ===
'''Patrick Gordon''' (played by [[Trevor White (actor)|Trevor White]]) is a major in the [[Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry]] who made a request to stay at the convalescent home at Downton Abbey because he claims he is related to the Crawley family. Major Gordon then claims to be Patrick Crawley, the first cousin once removed of the Earl who perished with his father James Crawley in the sinking of the ''[[Titanic]]'' (neither of their bodies were recovered). Gordon says he was rescued from the freezing ocean by Fifth Officer [[Harold Lowe]] but developed [[amnesia]] and was sent to [[Montreal]] after being mistaken for a Canadian. He took his new surname from a [[Gordon's Gin|bottle of gin]]. It is impossible to recognise Major Gordon as Patrick Crawley because his face was severely burned during the [[Battle of Passchendaele]]. Gordon convinces Lady Edith by relating experiences in Downton. For example, he recalls that he and the sisters disliked their [[governess]], which Edith identifies specifically as Fräulein Kelder. Gordon decides to leave, rather than commit to his claim, after learning the earl's agents will be investigating Peter Gordon's history after his emigration to Canada. It is suggested by the earl's solicitor, George Murray, that Major Gordon might actually be Peter Gordon, who worked with the real Patrick Crawley at the [[Foreign Office]], which would explain how he knew some of the private details of the Earl's family.
[[File:Zoe Boyle, Adventures of Tintin, London, 2011 (crop).jpg|thumb|right|[[Zoe Boyle]] plays Lavinia Swire]]
=== Lavinia Swire ===
'''Lavinia Catherine Swire''' (played by [[Zoe Boyle]]) (1895–1919) is the sweetheart and fiancée of Matthew Crawley. She is the daughter of London solicitor Reggie Swire, to whom she has been very close ever since her mother's death during her early childhood. In 1912, she brings private papers of her uncle Jonathan Swire, a [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] minister, to Sir Richard Carlisle since Sir Richard plans to financially ruin her father. The papers Lavinia stole inadvertently helped create the [[Marconi scandal]]. She first meets Matthew when he is back in England on leave from the Army and they later become engaged. When Matthew returns from the [[First World War]] injured she refuses to leave him despite being told that he will never walk again and is impotent. Lavinia dies at Downton of [[Spanish influenza]] after Matthew regains use of his legs and shortly before their wedding. Just before her death she confesses to Matthew that she had seen the kiss between him and Mary and tells him that her death is the best for all of them. Her father dies shortly after and Matthew honours his deathbed wish for his ashes to be placed in Lavinia's grave. Matthew is left a considerable sum by Mr Swire, and Matthew is initially consumed with guilt and refuses to accept it. Matthew eventually relents and uses the money to save Downton Abbey from bankruptcy following Lord Grantham's having lost his wife's fortune through bad investments.

=== Sir Richard Carlisle ===
[[File:Iain Glen.jpg|thumb|192x192px|[[Iain Glen]] portrays Sir Richard Carlisle]]
'''Richard Carlisle''' (played by [[Iain Glen]]) is the fiancé of Lady Mary Crawley in series 2. The brusque, domineering and ''[[nouveau riche]]'' Carlisle is a self-made, extremely wealthy newspaper magnate from [[Edinburgh]] whose paper, with the help of Lavinia Swire, was instrumental in breaking the [[Marconi scandal]] story. It is to Carlisle, as a man of influence, that Lady Mary turns to when she concludes that marrying Matthew is not an option. However, Violet and the family remain suspicious of him as he is "new money" and is described by Lord Grantham as "a hawker of newspaper scandal". Although he says his feelings for her are sincere, and he offers to buy a stately home near Downton where they can live together and start a family, he demands near-total control and threatens that if she leaves him he will expose her liaison with Ottoman attaché Kemal Pamuk, which he has covered up from exposure. He also helps cover up the scandal that the murder trial of Downton valet Bates would cause. In the second series Christmas episode, it is apparent that Carlisle's pragmatism does not sit well with the Crawleys and he and Mary begin to argue more frequently, much to the consternation of Matthew and her grandmother. Eventually Mary breaks off the engagement to him after the pair argue with increased frequency, and after Lord Grantham discovers the truth from Lady Grantham and advises Mary not to be unhappy with someone she does not love. Carlisle leaves the morning before the Servants' Ball, but not before revealing that he did genuinely love her. It is not known whether he went ahead and published the story. Ultimately, his actions do not matter, as she confesses to Matthew about Pamuk and Matthew proposes to her despite this.

=== Vera Bates ===
[[File:Maria Doyle Kennedy 2014 crop.jpg|thumb|214x214px|[[Maria Doyle Kennedy]] plays Vera Bates]]
'''Vera Bates''' (played by [[Maria Doyle Kennedy]]) (d. 1918) was the estranged wife of John Bates. Having known each other since childhood, they married young and had a very unhappy marriage. In between serving in the [[Anglo-Boer War]] and joining the staff at Downton Abbey, John Bates went to prison for a theft that Vera had committed.

Using her husband's name, she obtains a service post in the household of the Marquess of [[Flintshire]] since the Marchioness of Flintshire is the Earl of Grantham's cousin. The Marchioness's lady's maid tells Vera about Lady Mary's liaison with Kemal Pamuk. When Vera learns that her husband has a larger than expected inheritance after his mother's death, she arrives at Downton Abbey. She asks for large amounts of money, refusing a divorce so he cannot marry fellow servant Anna, and blackmails him, threatening to expose Lady Mary's secret. She also wants her husband back since she has tried living on her own and does not like it. Bates returns to London with her to live in his mother's home but soon separates after learning that she has been unfaithful to him. Eventually he returns to his post as Robert's valet, and he and Anna rekindle their romance. O'Brien, always against Bates, writes to Vera to tell her where he is and about his and Anna's blossoming romance.

Irate, she goes to Sir Richard Carlisle and sells him the story of Lady Mary, unaware that Sir Richard is engaged to Lady Mary and has no intention of publishing the story. Furious over this, she tells the judge in her divorce case that Bates paid her off to consent to it. The judge voids the divorce decree, with the result that Vera and John are still legally married. Mr Bates goes to London to confront her and returns to Downton with a large scratch on his face, telling Anna that their meeting went terribly. The next day, Vera is found dead from ingestion of rat poison. The police are convinced that Bates murdered her and he is convicted and sentenced to death, before the sentence is commuted to life in prison. While John is in prison, Anna is able to track down a neighbour of Vera's who saw her on the day of her death. She tells Anna that she remembers Vera had dried food under her fingernails, meaning that Vera made the pie herself knowing that her husband would be implicated for murder. The neighbour also stated that she had seen Vera walking down the street when the gas lights had come on (she said they made a sort of "halo" around Vera's head), which would have been when Bates was already on his way back home. Bates is then released from prison due to the neighbour's statement.

=== Mr Mason ===
[[File:Actor-Paul-Copley.jpg|thumb|right|[[Paul Copley]] plays Mr Mason]]
'''Mr Albert Mason''' (played by [[Paul Copley]]) is the father of William, the Downton footman who died of injuries received in the Great War. In 1913, Mason's wife dies of a heart attack leaving him on his own on their farm. Mr Mason becomes father-in-law to Daisy when she marries his son on his deathbed. After William's death in 1918, Mr Mason sometimes calls at Downton to speak to Daisy, believing that she loved William as much as he did. Although Daisy finds this awkward at first, after he tells Daisy that William thought she was special and that his father would have no children left after his own death, their relationship changes and becomes akin to that of father and daughter.

In 1920, he expresses his wish to name Daisy his sole heir, and asks her to come live at the farm so he may teach her how to run it. When Daisy visits him again in 1922, she is trying to avoid Alfred, who is saying his final goodbyes at the house. But Mr Mason insists to Daisy she has to say goodbye to him properly, and offers to help her find the right words to say.

In the final series, after losing his tenancy at a neighbouring estate, he is offered the tenancy of Yew Tree Farm in Downton, thanks to the unflagging efforts of Daisy. He would take on Downton footman Andy Parker as a farmhand, and at series end, would be pleased when Daisy would finally move to Yew Tree Farm with him at long last. He would also gain the companionship of Mrs Patmore, Daisy dropping any objections she had about her father in-law and her superior at Downton Abbey being together.

In ''[[Downton Abbey: A New Era]]'', newlyweds Daisy and Andy are sharing the farm with Mr Mason. However, Mason becomes persnickety with the living conditions, which grates on the young couple. For his part, Mason knows how he is affecting them and tries to give them as much space as possible. Daisy suggests that he could take up residence with Mrs Patmore, but Mason dislikes the idea of being retired and dependent on a woman not his wife. Daisy 'guides' Mrs Patmore into suggesting to Mason that he would be welcome in her cottage, and that it would be best for all concerned. Mason, still enamored with Mrs Patmore, agrees to surrender the farm lease to Daisy and Andy and go to live with her.

=== Joe Burns ===
'''Joe Burns''' (played by [[Bill Fellows]]) is a former suitor to Mrs Hughes. When Elsie turns his proposal down he later married Ivy (died 1910) and had one son Peter, who joined the [[British Army|army]]. He meets Mrs Hughes at a fair in Downton after the death of Ivy and asked her a second time to marry him, giving her a parting gift of a small doll. Later, however, he is turned down as Mrs Hughes does not wish to leave Downton, but the two part on good terms.

=== Lieutenant-General Sir Herbert Strutt ===
[[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] '''Sir Herbert Strutt''' [[Order of the Bath|KCB]], [[Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)|DSO]] (played by [[Julian Wadham]]) is a senior [[British Army]] general known as the "Hero of the [[Battle of the Somme|Somme]]". He visits Downton Abbey in 1917 as part of a tour of England to drum up support for the war effort. During a dinner in his honour, Branson, the Irish nationalist and socialist chauffeur, attempts to avenge himself on the Army by pouring a soup tureen of slop over the general, but he is stopped in time by Carson the butler (who after reading Branson's apology note to Lady Sybil, found by Anna, thought Branson meant to assassinate the general). Sir Herbert leaves Downton the next morning with no knowledge of the incident.

=== Dr Richard Clarkson ===
'''Richard Clarkson''' (played by [[David Robb]]) is the Crawley family doctor. During the second series, he becomes an army surgeon after the outbreak of the Great War, and as a major becomes the military commander at Downton when the house becomes a convalescent hospital. When Matthew is injured, he thinks his spine may have been broken, but is proven wrong when Matthew walks again (he was just suffering from [[spinal shock]], which didn't permanently disable his legs).

In the third series, when Lady Sybil goes into labour, he sees signs that she is suffering from [[eclampsia]] and is in danger of dying from the intense seizures and distress. However, because of his misdiagnosis of Matthew, Robert hires a well-known doctor who strongly disagrees with Clarkson. At first Sybil seems fine after the birth, but late in the night is found having fits and dies. Cora blames Robert for Sybil's death because he did not listen to Clarkson. Violet has Clarkson lie to mend their marriage. In a journey to the highlands it is revealed that Dr Clarkson has developed romantic feelings for Isobel Crawley. He had planned to make a proposal of marriage to her and took her to the village fair. However, after she explains her feelings on marriage he doesn't act.

=== The Rev. Albert Travis ===
'''Albert Travis''' (played by [[Michael Cochrane]]) is the Rector of St Mary's Downton whose living is under the patronage of the Earl of Grantham. During the Great War, after William is brought back to Downton mortally wounded, the Dowager Countess summons him to wed William and Daisy before William dies. Despite his questions, he does so. Later he arranges Lavinia Swire's funeral and then the wedding for Matthew and Mary, even though the Archbishop of York performs it. He also nearly weds Edith to Anthony Strallan before he jilts her at the altar (Travis and the Dowager discussed Strallan's first wife beforehand). Robert then asks him to dinner after Tom Branson expresses his wish to baptise his daughter Catholic like himself, a decision Robert opposes. Travis insults the Catholic faith and believes the Anglican Church is superior. But Edith, Mary, Matthew and Isobel defend Tom, and Mary settles the matter once and for all by revealing Sybil did not object to her child being a Catholic. Cora then silences Robert.
[[File:Theo James March 18, 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|207x207px|[[Theo James]] plays Kemal Pamuk]]

=== Kemal Pamuk ===
'''Kemal Pamuk''' (played by [[Theo James]]) (d. 1913) was an attaché at the Turkish Embassy in London and the son of one of the [[Ottoman Sultan]]'s ministers. While participating in the "[[London Conference of 1912–13|Albanian talks]]" he visits Downton as a guest, accompanying Evelyn Napier. His good looks are widely commented on and attract both Mary and Thomas. In the course of a sexual encounter with Mary, Pamuk dies in her bed of a heart attack. Mary enlists the help of Anna and Cora to move his body, which is seen by Daisy. She is coerced by O'Brien into telling Edith, who writes to the Turkish Ambassador. The tale becomes known to other members of the family after it becomes a rumour in London. Vera Bates uses the story to blackmail Bates into going back to her, which he does to save Anna's reputation. Sir Richard Carlisle tricks Mrs Bates into selling the story, to save Mary and later threatens to expose her when she wants to break off their engagement. Cora tells Robert the whole story when he asks if there is another reason for Mary staying with Carlisle when she obviously does not like him.

The story was inspired by true events. In 1996, Julian Fellowes learned that, according to a friend's great aunt's diary, around 1890 a diplomat did die in the bed of a single woman; the woman and a matron carried the diplomat's corpse to his guest bed, where a valet later found him; the secret was kept for a century.<ref>{{cite news|title=Downton Abbey author Julian Fellowes says Lady Mary sex scandal based on real life|work=News.com.au|date=12 October 2011|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/television/downton-abbey-author-julian-fellowes-says-lady-mary-sex-scandal-based-on-real-life/story-e6frfmyi-1226164474194|access-date=25 April 2013|archive-date=13 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413113118/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/television/downton-abbey-author-julian-fellowes-says-lady-mary-sex-scandal-based-on-real-life/story-e6frfmyi-1226164474194|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== John Drake ===
'''John Drake''' (played by Fergus O'Donnell) is a tenant farmer on the estate of the Earl of Grantham. He is married and has several young children. In March 1913, he is diagnosed as suffering from [[dropsy]] of the heart and is certain to die. Isobel Crawley knows of a cure, but as a modern medical technique it is unfamiliar to Dr Clarkson, who is reluctant to try it. Her determination to treat the man piques the ire of Violet, Dowager Countess of Grantham, and preparing for a showdown, Violet shows up at Mr Drake's bedside only to witness the procedure and its unmitigated success.

During the First World War with the men away fighting, Mr Drake needs help on his farm. Lady Edith has recently learned to drive and she volunteers to drive their tractor. Over the next few weeks she continues to help while Drake has taken a liking to her. One evening Drake kisses her and Lady Edith is pleased. Mrs Drake secretly witnesses the kiss and soon after, the Drakes hire a man to replace Edith.

=== Sir Anthony Strallan, Bt ===
[[File:Robert Bathurst JA Comms 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Robert Bathurst]] plays Sir Anthony Strallan]]
'''Anthony Strallan''' (played by [[Robert Bathurst]]) was Edith's much older suitor. He has been widowed since the death of his wife Maud. His love of automobiles was a common interest that he shared with Edith and as well as bringing them close together inspired Edith to learn to drive. He was planning to propose to Edith before Mary tricked him into thinking Edith would reject him and he leaves without an explanation. In the Christmas special he is invited by Lord Grantham to the traditional Christmas shoot but repeatedly turns it down. Edith learns that he suffered a debilitating injury to his arm serving in the [[First World War]], hence his refusal. She is convinced that he may take her back and they can get married, but he gently tells her that he is too old for her and that he doesn't want her to waste away her life caring for him. In series 3, Edith and Anthony reconnect and are soon engaged. However, Anthony jilts Edith at the altar, devastating her.

He has a sister, Mrs Chetwood, who writes to Cora with the recipe for his favourite dessert, [[Charlotte (dessert)|apple charlotte]].

=== Michael Gregson ===
'''Michael Gregson''' (played by [[Charles Edwards (English actor)|Charles Edwards]]) (d. around 8 November 1923) is a London editor for the society magazine ''[[The Sketch]]''. After Lady Edith has a letter published in a newspaper proclaiming support for women's rights, Michael writes to her at least twice offering her a column in his magazine. Encouraged by her family (excepting her father, who thought Gregson just wanted to take advantage of her title and wealth) she went to see him in London and accepted his offer.

Michael encouraged Edith to never be afraid to speak her mind and to write about whatever she wanted, even if it was not expected of a woman. He began flirting with her, later admitting he is attracted to her. But when she reveals she knows he is married, he explains that his wife, Lizzy, whom he loved very much, has been in an insane asylum for some years with no hope of recovery. Under English law, her status as a lunatic cannot be used as grounds for divorce because she is neither the guilty nor innocent party. Edith stays on (she had intended to resign because she was repulsed that a married man was flirting with her) after Michael expresses his hope that she will, citing how much it cheers him to meet her when they do and to read her column.

Michael follows Edith and her family to Scotland in 1921, where he meets her family. Cora instantly takes a liking to him, whereas Mary and Robert do not. Matthew defends Michael against his wife and goes stalking and fishing with him. But when learning of his status, Matthew (as the heir to Downton Abbey) instructs him to put an end to his relationship with Edith. Though he tries, Edith tells him she doesn't care that he is married, and agrees to be his secret mistress in the future. Matthew dies suddenly in a car crash only days later, and he never informed his wife Mary or her parents of his discussion with Gregson while fishing.

Determined to find any way to legally marry Edith, he learns if he becomes a German citizen he can divorce Lizzy. He cares not for what others will think of him for changing his citizenship (particularly when Britain only beat Germany in the Great War a few years previously), only of Edith's love. She visits him in London, and he has a cocktail party that important artists and literary figures like [[Virginia Woolf]] attend. Edith then invites him to a party at Downton, where he begins to earn her father's respect. Before going to Munich to begin his path to obtain German citizenship, he and Edith spend their last night together, making love for the first and last time. She loses her virginity to him. Gregson then has Edith sign legal papers; should anything happen to him, she will inherit his modern London apartment and the newspaper. Gregson arrives in Munich, then vanishes with no word. Edith does not hear from him, which worries her, especially when she receives a shocking letter from a London doctor informing her that she is pregnant. Despite not hearing from him, her intense romantic affections for him never falter. Edith is very worried and decides to get an abortion. Her Aunt Rosamund finds out and accompanies her to get the abortion in London. Edith changes her mind at the very last second, and she and Rosamund concoct a ridiculous story that they would like to take a holiday in Switzerland for a few months to "improve their French." Edith's grandmother (and Rosamund's mother) is highly suspicious of this plan and discovers later that Edith left when she was around 3–4 months pregnant to give birth there.

By 1923, he still has not been found, but pieces of what happened to him are coming to light. At first, Edith was told he disappeared after going out once he checked into his Munich hotel. Then she learns he got into a fight with some men in [[Munich]] after taking exception to what they were saying. "They're quite well known apparently. They wear [[Sturmabteilung|brown shirts]] and go around preaching [[Nazism|the most horrible things]]," as Edith later tells her aunt. Her child by him, a daughter named Marigold, was at first given to a family in Switzerland, where she gave birth. Edith decides she wants the child back and plans to reclaim her, then places her in the care of a local pig farmer and his wife. She also feels, knowing Michael granted her power of attorney and she might inherit all he has if he is confirmed dead, that she must give something to their daughter, whom she then decides to reclaim.

In 1924, news arrives that Michael was probably killed during the [[Beer Hall Putsch]], leaving Edith devastated as she never lost hope that he might be alive in prison perhaps. Her father Robert tells his wife Cora that there is no identifiable body, and "what was left of him" was supposedly buried somewhere. Edith inherits his publishing company and reclaims their daughter, Marigold. This greatly upsets the farmer's wife, who was led to believe that the child was the orphaned daughter of her husband's friend whom she never met. The wife tells Cora that Marigold is Edith's illegitimate child, which shocks her. She now realises the 10-month trip to Switzerland was a farce. Cora agrees, though, that Marigold should be brought up at Downton. Cora and Edith make up a story to tell her father Robert, that the pig farmer cannot financially care for this child along with his own children, and Edith asks Robert if Marigold can become her "ward." Robert very reluctantly agrees, and feels sorry that Edith is a "spinster" with no boyfriend or prospects in sight. Robert later realises Marigold bears a strong resemblance to Gregson, and then tells Cora that he thinks Marigold is Edith's daughter. Months later, while on vacation, he tells Edith he knows about Marigold, and he believes Michael was an honourable man, with which she agrees, stating Michael would have married her as soon as he could. Robert says they will do their best for Marigold for both Michael's and Edith's sake, while still keeping the truth confined to the family. Her sister Mary is the last in the family to discover, in late 1925, that Marigold is Edith's daughter, and that she is Marigold's aunt.

=== Lord Merton ===
'''Richard "Dickie" Grey, Lord Merton''' (played by [[Douglas Reith]]) is Mary's godfather and a widower with at least two sons, Larry and Tim Grey. He was interested in studying medicine once in his life, but his father did not think it suitable for someone of his position. Nevertheless, he maintains a fascination with medicine.

Lord Merton is invited to dinner at Downton Abbey along with his family before Mary and Matthew's wedding. His son Larry, who was once keen on Sybil, treats her husband Tom with rudeness and disrespect. He drugs Tom's drink so that he appears drunk. When Anthony Strallan reveals what Larry had done, Lord Merton asks his son if it was true. After Larry unremorsefully calls Tom "only a grubby little chauffeur chappie", Lord Merton angrily tells him to be silent, and apologises very sincerely to Tom for what Larry did, adding his hope that Tom would recover before the wedding.

In 1922 he joins Violet and Isobel for lunch, later taking a walk with Isobel. By 1923 he has taken a keen interest in Isobel, whom he meets again at a ball at Grantham House. In 1924 they announce they are getting married, but Violet isn't so happy (because she does not want to lose her friend and companion in Isobel). Isobel becomes disheartened after Larry and his brother Tim treat her disrespectfully. Lord Merton remarks that both his sons are very much like his late wife, to whom he was not happily married. Though Isobel is concerned about marrying Lord Merton when his sons do not approve of her, Violet insists she should not let them ruin her future. With Violet's help, Isobel proposes to Lord Merton, who accepts, to the horror of his son and daughter in-law, and they are married in the series finale.

=== Anthony Foyle, Viscount Gillingham ===
[[File:Tom Cullen (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Tom Cullen]] plays Anthony Foyle, Viscount Gillingham]]
'''Anthony Foyle, Viscount Gillingham''', also known as '''Tony Gillingham''' (played by [[Tom Cullen]]), is a love interest of Lady Mary in series four and five. During the War, he served with Charles Blake in the Royal Navy aboard [[John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe|Jellicoe's]] flagship [[HMS Iron Duke (1912)|HMS Iron Duke]] at the [[Battle of Jutland]]. He knew Mary since they were young children, but they did not become reacquainted as adults until after Matthew's death at the end of series three. At this time, he had only recently succeeded to the viscountcy. He announces he is in love with Mary and proposes to her surprise, but she says they barely know each other, and she is not ready to marry again so soon after being widowed. Tony instead becomes engaged to the Hon. Mabel Lane-Fox, whom Mary refers to as "the greatest heiress of the season." Nevertheless, Tony remains lukewarm about Mabel and seems keen on Mary. When he returns to Downton to attend a house party, his valet, Mr Green, rapes Anna. When Mary discovers that it was Green who assaulted Anna, she asks Tony to dismiss him, but says she cannot tell him why. Shortly after this, Green is killed near Tony's house in [[Piccadilly Circus]], and Tony travels to Downton to tell Mary the shocking news.

Tony later calls off his engagement to Mabel, because of his interest in Mary. She begins to feel he is a sensible match for her. He convinces her to go away with him to a hotel in Liverpool to be lovers, and she agrees, wanting to be sure he is the right man for her. After spending the weekend together, he talks of their engagement, but she realises he is not the man for her. She says they do not have enough in common, and Violet later says it is because Tony was not clever enough for her. She calls it off with him but he becomes angry and refuses to break it off with her. Mabel Lane-Fox returns and begins pursuing him again, but he is still convinced that it would be dishonorable not to marry Mary after their affair. Charles Blake stages a scene where Mabel and Tony come across Charles and Mary supposedly in a passionate kiss, and finally, Tony gives up on Mary and decides to marry Mabel.
[[File:Rade Serbedzija.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rade Šerbedžija|Rade Sherbedgia]] plays Igor Kuragin]]

=== Igor Kuragin ===
'''Prince Igor Kuragin''' ({{lang-ru|Князь Игорь Курагин}}; played by [[Rade Šerbedžija|Rade Sherbedgia]]) is a former Russian nobleman forced into exile as a result of the [[Russian Revolution|1917 Revolution]]. As a powerful and extremely wealthy noble with palaces and thousands of acres of land, he and Violet met in [[Saint Petersburg]] in 1874 while she and her husband, the then Earl of Grantham, were in the retinue of [[Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh]]. Though both Prince Kuragin and Violet were married, they fell in love and attempted to run away together, but did not succeed. During the Revolution many years later, Prince Kuragin and his wife, Princess Irina Kuragina, were arrested by the [[Bolsheviks]] and separated. Though Prince Kuragin was subsequently released, he learned that his wife had been exiled a year before. Left virtually penniless, he makes his way to England and settles in [[York]], where he receives aid from a charity for [[White émigré|émigré Russian]] refugees. Through Lady Rose MacClare, who is one of the helpers, he learns of her relationship to Violet and that the Dowager Countess still lives at Downton. He joins his fellow former nobles on an outing to Downton in the spring of 1924. At Downton Abbey, he meets Violet again, who is shocked by his reappearance and what has happened to him. Violet attempts to find the whereabouts of Princess Irina through Lord Flintshire, who is her nephew-in-law, and eventually receives a letter from Lord Flintshire saying the Princess may have fled to [[Wan Chai]], Hong Kong, where she might be working as a nurse.

Unlike many Russian aristocrats after the Revolution, Prince Kuragin does not appear to be an anti-Semite; when he meets Atticus Aldridge and realises his family fled [[Odessa]] due to the Tsar's [[Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire|anti-Jewish pogroms]], he tells Atticus that he is "not proud of why they chose to go."

== Historical figures ==
=== Cosmo Lang, Archbishop of York ===
The [[Archbishop of York]] and future [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], Dr [[Cosmo Gordon Lang]] ([[Michael Culkin]]) marries Lady Mary Crawley and Matthew Crawley in the spring of 1920. He also comes to Downton Abbey for dinner later that year.

=== Dame Nellie Melba ===
[[Nellie Melba]] ([[Kiri Te Kanawa]]) gives an operatic performance at the Abbey in 1922, where Cora intervenes to ensure she is treated as a guest of the family rather than a member of staff. While the family, guests and staff listen to Melba's performance upstairs, Green sexually assaults Anna in the servants' quarters. [[Rupert Christiansen]], writing in ''The Telegraph'', bemoaned the casting and the fact checking.<ref>[[Rupert Christiansen|Christiansen, Rupert]]. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/downton-abbey/10360164/How-Downton-Abbey-got-Nellie-Melba-all-wrong.html "How Downton Abbey got Nellie Melba all wrong"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215404/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/downton-abbey/10360164/How-Downton-Abbey-got-Nellie-Melba-all-wrong.html |date=11 November 2020 }}, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 7 October 2013</ref>

=== Freda Dudley Ward ===
[[Freda Dudley Ward]] ([[Janet Montgomery]]) asks Rose for help after an incriminating letter from the Prince of Wales is stolen from her handbag by Sampson. She also discusses with Charles Blake his feelings for Mary.

=== King George V ===
[[George V]] (Guy Williams) is the king to whom Rose MacClare is presented at court in 1923. He addresses her when the Prince of Wales mentions that her father, Lord Flintshire, hosted the prince's tour of India. When Rose responds that the prince was very popular, the king dryly remarks that "the prince is never short of ''popularity''." The king is later heard in a radio broadcast, voiced by Jon Glover. He is portrayed by [[Simon Jones (actor)|Simon Jones]] in the [[Downton Abbey (film)|film]].

=== Queen Mary ===
George V's wife, [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] (Valerie Dane), appears with her husband at the debutante ball. She appeared in the [[Downton Abbey (film)|film]], played by [[Geraldine James]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Furness|first=Hannah|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/09/29/downton-abbey-film-set-steal-crowns-crown-new-royal-visitor/|title=Downton Abbey film set to steal The Crown's crown with new royal visitor|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=29 September 2018|access-date=25 February 2019|archive-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225044822/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/09/29/downton-abbey-film-set-steal-crowns-crown-new-royal-visitor/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== The Prince of Wales ===
The Prince of Wales ([[Oliver Dimsdale]]), the future King [[Edward VIII]], is also present at Rose's debutante ball, and his affair with the married Freda Dudley Ward is the centre of Sampson's blackmail plot. He later opens the ball at Grantham House and dances with Rose.

=== The Duke of York ===
Prince Albert, Duke of York (Jonathan Townsend), the future King [[George VI]], is present at Rose's debutante ball.

=== Neville Chamberlain ===
As the [[Secretary of State for Health and Social Care|Minister for Health]], the future Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] ([[Rupert Frazer]]) is persuaded to dine at Downton Abbey by Violet in May 1925 (his wife Anne is her goddaughter). Violet hopes to persuade him to allow the Downton village hospital to remain under the control of the Crawley family, instead of having it merge with a major hospital in York. The intended dinner conversation quickly becomes a heated argument in front of the bemused minister, and the Earl of Grantham collapses from a [[perforated ulcer]], ending the gathering while he is rushed to hospital. Chamberlain later reveals to Tom that he had been blackmailed into attending by Violet, who knew of his role in one of the notorious pranks performed by his brother-in-law, [[Horace de Vere Cole]] (in their youth, de Vere Cole, Chamberlain and some others had disguised themselves as workmen and had dug a trench across [[Piccadilly Circus]], causing a massive traffic jam "from the [[East End of London|East End]] to [[Belgrave Square]].")

=== The Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles ===
[[Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood|The Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles]] ([[Kate Phillips (British actress)|Kate Phillips]]) is the only daughter of King George V and Queen Mary. She appeared in the first [[Downton Abbey (film)|film]]. She is unhappy in her marriage, and seeks to end it. However, when Tom Branson speaks to her about his own experiences in learning to live with the Crawley family despite their differences, she is inspired to make her marriage work. Tom doesn't learn her true identity until later.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|author=Young, Bill|url=https://tellyspotting.kera.org/2014/08/12/meet-the-youngest-residents-of-downton-abbey/|title=Meet the youngest residents of 'Downton Abbey'|publisher=[[KERA-TV|KERA]]|date=12 August 2014|ref=none}}
{{Downton Abbey}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Downton Abbey}}
[[Category:Lists of British television series characters]]
[[Category:Downton Abbey|Characters]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of George V]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Nellie Melba]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Neville Chamberlain]]

Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group

2022-10-09T13:26:11Z

68.231.42.248: /* The group */Typo

{{Short description|Italian coffee company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group
| type = Private
| foundation = 1973
| owner = [[Massimo Zanetti]]
| location = [[Bologna]], [[Italy]]
| industry = [[Coffee]]
| products = Coffee
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.mzb-group.com/}}
}}

'''[[Massimo Zanetti]] Beverage Group''' is an Italian coffee company that owns brands such as ''Segafredo'' and ''MJB''. With turnover of around US$1.2 billion per year, it claims to be the biggest private company in the coffee industry.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.segafredo.it/en/index.php?op=pagina&idMenu=54| title=The Group| website=Segafredo Zanetti Italia| access-date=2008-05-03}}</ref>

==The group==
Today, the Bologna, Italy-based group sells 120,000 tons of coffee annually. The Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group owns more than 20 consumer brands worldwide, including [[Chock full o'Nuts]], [[Chase & Sanborn Coffee Company|Chase & Sanborn]], [[MJB (coffee)|MJB]], [[Hills Bros.]], Segafredo Zanetti, Meira Oy, [[Brodies (coffee)|Brodies]] and Tiktak; that span a variety of products from espresso and coffee to tea and spices.

Massimo Zanetti Beverage USA, based in [[Suffolk, Virginia]], is a division of Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group, a privately held, vertically integrated organization that processes, trades, roasts and distributes coffee throughout the world. Kauai Coffee Company LLC, is part of Massimo Zanetti Beverage, USA, Inc., one of the nation's largest coffee roasters, and is a subsidiary of the Italian global coffee company Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group.

Additionally, Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group operates 11 roasting plants globally, has a worldwide distribution network of subsidiaries and authorised dealers in 100 countries; manufactures La San Marco professional bar equipment and espresso machines, and owns a network of over 600 Segafredo Zanetti Espresso cafés worldwide. In May 2014, Massimo Zanetti Beverage acquired Boncafe Group for $US85 million.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hoteliermiddleeast.com/20527-mzb-group-acquires-boncafe-group-in-85m-deal/| title=MZB Group acquires Boncafe Group in $85m deal| website=Hotelier Middle East| access-date=2017-11-16}}</ref>

In January 2019 the group acquired the Australian The Bean Alliance (a network of brands focused on niches{{huh|date=July 2022}}) and a month later the Portuguese Cafés Nandi, active in the food service.<ref>{{cite news |title=Doppia acquisizione estera per Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group|url=https://distribuzionemoderna.info/estero/doppia-acquisizione-estera-per-massimo-zanetti-beverage-group|date=25 February 2019|access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref> In October 2019 it took over one of the historical names of the paulista coffee, Cafe Pacaembu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Massimo Zanetti si compra il caffè della tradizione brasiliana|url=https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/massimo-zanetti-si-compra-caffe-tradizione-brasiliana-AC7o60r|date=14 October 2019|access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref>

The parent company Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group SpA was listed on the Electronic Share Market managed and organized by Borsa Italiana SpA, STAR segment, from June 2015 to 15 February 2021.

On 29 September 2020, MZB Holding S.p.A., a company controlled by Massimo Zanetti through MZ Industries S.A. promoted a total voluntary takeover bid aimed at delisting Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group SpA which took place on 15 February 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://investors.mzb-group.com/fase2/ita/comunicati-stampa/2020/ |title=2020 |website=Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group - 2020 |access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://investors.mzb-group.com/fase2/ita/offerta-pubblica-di-acquisto/ |title=|website=investors.mzb-group.com |access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref>

==Brands==
<gallery>
File:Segafredo Zanetti logo.svg|Segafredo
</gallery>

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Italy|Companies|Coffee}}
* [[Single-serve coffee container]]
* [[List of Italian companies]]

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.mzb-group.com/}}
* [https://www.segafredo.pl Official website - Segafredo Zanetti Poland]
* [https://www.segafredo.com.au official website Australia]
* [https://segafredo.co.nz official website New Zealand]
*[https://segafredosystem.co.il/ official website Israel]

{{Coffee}}
{{Coffee in Italy}}

[[Category:Massimo Zanetti| ]]
[[Category:Coffee brands]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1973]]
[[Category:Coffee companies of Italy]]
[[Category:Italian brands]]
[[Category:Italian companies established in 1973]]

Lewis Stone

2022-10-02T04:07:30Z

68.231.42.248: /* Career */

{{short description|American actor}}
{{About|the American actor|the Australian novelist|Louis Stone|the American journalist|Louis T. Stone}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2007}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lewis Stone
| image = Lewis Stone Photoplay Feb 1923.jpg
| caption = Portrait in ''Photoplay'', 1923
| birth_name = Lewis Shepard Stone
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1879|11|15}}
| birth_place = [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1953|09|12|1879|11|15}}<ref name=VarObit>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=September 16, 1953|page=63|title=Obituaries|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/variety191-1953-09#page/n206/mode/1up|access-date=October 4, 2019|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1911–1953
| spouse = {{marriage|Margaret Langham (stage name)|1906|1917|end=died}}<ref name=death1917>{{cite news|title=Drop from Eighth Story Window Kills Mrs. Lewis Stone|newspaper=Los Angeles Herald|volume=XLII|issue=186|page=5|date=June 6, 1917|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LAH19170606.2.243&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1}}</ref><ref>According to the database California County Marriages 1850-1952, Lewis S. Stone married Margaret H. Huddleston (real name of Margaret Langham) in Los Angeles on Sunday, December 30, 1906. The marriage was not officially registered with Los Angeles County until 1907.</ref> {{marriage|Florence Oakley (stage name)<ref>{{cite web|title=Florence Oakley|website=IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0643017/}}</ref>|1920|1929|end=divorced}} Hazel Elizabeth Woof (m. 1930; his death)
| children = 3<ref name=death1917/>
| employer = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] (1924–1953)<ref name=VarObit />
}}

'''Lewis Shepard Stone''' (November 15, 1879 – September 12, 1953) was an American film actor. He spent 29 years as a contract player at [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] and was best known for his portrayal of Judge James Hardy in the studio's popular ''[[Andy Hardy]]'' film series.<ref name=VarObit /> He was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] in 1929 for his performance as Russian Count [[Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen|Pahlen]] in ''[[The Patriot (1928 film)|The Patriot]]''. Stone was also cast in seven films with [[Greta Garbo]], including in the role of Doctor Otternschlag in the 1932 drama ''[[Grand Hotel (1932 film)|Grand Hotel]]''.

== Early life ==
[[File:According to the Code.jpg|thumb|''According to the Code'' (1916)]]
Born in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]] in 1879, Lewis was the youngest of four children of Philena (née Ball) and Bertrand Stone.<ref name="Census1880">"United States Census, 1880", digital image of original census page documenting Lewis Stone in household of Bertrand Stone, Worcester, Worcester County, Massachusetts; enumeration district (ED) 903, sheet 608D; National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Washington, D.C. [[FamilySearch]] database with images, Salt Lake City Utah.</ref> His father, according to the federal census of 1880, supported the family as a [[Boot and shoe clicker|boot cutter]].<ref name="Census1880" /> After obtaining his public education in Worcester, Lewis joined the United States Army during the [[Spanish–American War]], serving as a lieutenant and later being deployed to [[China]] to train troops.<ref name=VarObit /> He returned to the United States and following his discharge from the army, began his career as a writer and actor.

== Career ==
In the early-1900s Stone was considered by the critics to be the most popular leading man in stock in America. For eight years, he held the role as leading man with the [[Oliver Morosco]] Stock Company in Los Angeles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Borrillo|first=Theodore A.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/823177622|title=Denver's historic Elitch Theatre : a nostalgic journey (a history of its times)|date=2012|publisher=[publisher not identified]|isbn=978-0-9744331-4-1|pages=103–104|oclc=823177622}}</ref>

In 1912, Stone found success in the popular play ''Bird of Paradise'', which starred [[Laurette Taylor]]. The play was later filmed in [[Bird of Paradise (1932 film)|1932]] and [[Bird of Paradise (1951 film)|1951]].

For the summer of 1913 Stone appeared at [[Elitch Theatre]] in Denver, Colorado, as the leading man for the season. The proprietor of the theatre, [[Mary Elitch Long]], recalled an event when Stone heard of a nearby family in need and he "went to a neighborhood grocery and, placing $25.00 on the counter, told the storekeeper to see to it that the bereaved little family wanted for nothing; and to let him know when more money was needed and to say nothing about it."<ref name=":0" />

His career was interrupted by a return to the Army in [[World War I]], serving as a major in the [[United States Cavalry|cavalry]].<ref name="VarObit" />

Before leaving for the war he made his feature film debut in ''Honor's Altar'' in 1916.<ref name="VarObit" /> He showed up in [[First National Pictures|First National]]'s 1920 ''[[Nomads of the North]]'' to good effect playing a Royal Canadian Mounted Policeman. He portrayed the title role in the 1922 silent film version of ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda (1922 film)|The Prisoner of Zenda]]''.

From 1920 to 1927, he lived in Los Angeles at 212 S. Wilton Place. The home is now Los Angeles Cultural-Historic Monument #925 and is in the [[Wilton Historic District]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historic–Cultural Monuments (HCM) Listing: City Declared Monuments|url=http://preservation.lacity.org/files/HCMDatabase%23073114.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909223843/http://preservation.lacity.org/files/HCMDatabase|archive-date=September 9, 2018|website=Los Angeles City Planning}}</ref>

In 1924, he joined newly formed [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] studio and was contracted by it up until his death.<ref name="VarObit" />

Stone was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] in 1929 for ''[[The Patriot (1928 film)|The Patriot]]''. He played the character that gives the film its title, but he was not the top-billed star. He appeared in seven films with [[Greta Garbo]], spanning both the silent and early sound periods. He played the role of Dr. Otternschlag in the Garbo film ''[[Grand Hotel (1932 film)|Grand Hotel]]'', in which he utters the famous closing line "Grand Hotel. People coming. Going. Nothing ever happens."

[[File:Lewis Stone in Woman Wanted trailer.jpg|thumb|right|Stone in the trailer of ''[[Woman Wanted (1935 film)|Woman Wanted]]'' (1935)]]
He played a larger role in the 1933 Garbo film ''[[Queen Christina (film)|Queen Christina]]''. His appearance in the successful prison film ''[[The Big House (1930 film)|The Big House]]'' furthered his career. He played adventurers in the [[dinosaur]] epic [[The Lost World (1925 film)|''The Lost World'']] (1925) with [[Wallace Beery]] and ''[[The Mask of Fu Manchu]]'' (1932) with [[Boris Karloff]], and a police captain in ''[[Bureau of Missing Persons]]'' (1933).

[[File:Lewis Stone in The Prisoner of Zenda (1952 film).png|thumb|right|Stone in the trailer of ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda (1952 film)|The Prisoner of Zenda]]'' (1952)]]
In 1937, Stone got the role which became his most famous, that of honest and kind-hearted Judge James Hardy in the ''[[Andy Hardy]]'' film series, starring [[Mickey Rooney]].<ref name=VarObit /> Stone appeared as the judge in 14 of the 16 Hardy movies, beginning with ''[[You're Only Young Once]]'' (1937). Lionel Barrymore had played the judge in the first Hardy movie, and Stone died before the making of the last one, ''[[Andy Hardy Comes Home]]'' (1958), so the judge's own death was mentioned in the film. During the heyday of the series, Stone also appeared with Rooney in the short subject ''Andy Hardy's Dilemma'', which promoted charitable donations to the Community Chest.

During World War II, the 60-plus year-old Stone was a lieutenant colonel in the California National Guard.<ref name=VarObit />

Stone was MGM's longest-contracted actor and the longest-ever-contracted actor at a studio up to his death.<ref name=VarObit /> The week before his death, he (together with [[Lionel Barrymore]]) received a gold key to his dressing room.<ref name=VarObit /> He made approximately 100 movies.<ref name=VarObit />

== Beach house and luxury yacht ==
Stone owned a beach house in the [[Venice, Los Angeles|Venice neighborhood of Los Angeles]]. In 1930 the oil drilling boom in the Venice Beach-Del Ray oil field caused him to file a law suit to stop the beach lease to prevent property damage and public nuisance. "The court ruled for Stone even though derricks ringed the beach ..."<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/jahist/jas079|title=Oil in the City: The Fall and Rise of Oil Drilling in Los Angeles |year=2012 |last1=Elkind |first1=Sarah S. |journal=Journal of American History |volume=99 |pages=82–90 }}</ref>

In the 1930s he owned a 104-foot luxury yacht named ''Serena''. In 1937 the yacht was sold to Robert Paine Scripps (the father of [[Charles Scripps]]) and converted to a research vessel named the ''E. W. Scripps''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nelson, Stewart B.|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=p4BDXJ5ohoQC&pg=PA105 |page=105| title=Oceanographic Ships, Fore and Aft | year=1971 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy, U.S. Government Printing Office }}</ref>

== Death ==
Stone died in Hancock Park, Los Angeles on September 12, 1953, aged 73.<ref name=VarObit /> He reportedly suffered a heart attack while chasing away some neighborhood kids<ref name=VarObit /> who were throwing rocks at his garage or trampling his meticulously kept prized garden. Another published report states that on that date Stone and his third wife were watching television when they heard a racket in the back yard. When he investigated, Stone found lawn furniture once again floating in the pool and glimpsed three or perhaps four teenage boys running toward the street. Stone gave chase despite his wife's warning not to exert himself. Upon reaching the sidewalk, Stone suddenly collapsed. A gardener, Juan Vergara, witnessed the chase and summoned aid.

A photo published in newspapers of the day showed Stone lying on the sidewalk immediately after the incident. The photo was later included in [[Kenneth Anger]]'s book of scandals titled ''[[Hollywood Babylon]]''.

Lewis Stone was later honored with a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 6524 Hollywood Blvd.

== Selected filmography ==
{{Div col}}
* ''[[The Bargain (1914 film)|The Bargain]]'' (1914)
* ''Honor's Altar'' (1916) as Warren Woods
* ''The Havoc'' (1916) (with [[Gladys Hanson]]) as Richard Craig
* ''According to the Code'' (1916) as Basil Beckenridge
* ''[[Inside the Lines (1918 film)|Inside the Lines]]'' (1918) as Captain Cavendish
* ''The Man of Bronze'' (1918) as John Adams
* ''Man's Desire'' (1919) as Tom Denton
* ''[[Milestones (1920 film)|Milestones]]'' (1920) as John Rhead
* ''[[Nomads of the North]]'' (1920) as Cpl. O'Connor
* ''[[Held by the Enemy (film)|Held by the Enemy]]'' (1920) as Capt. Gordon Haine
* ''[[The Concert (1921 film)|The Concert]]'' (1921) as Augustus Martinot
* ''[[Beau Revel]]'' (1921) as Lawrence 'Beau' Revel
* ''[[The Golden Snare]]'' (1921) as Sergeant Philip Raine
* ''[[Don't Neglect Your Wife]]'' (1921) as Langdon Masters
* ''[[The Child Thou Gavest Me]]'' (1921) as Edward Berkeley
* ''[[Pilgrims of the Night]]'' (1921) as Philip Champion / Lord Ellingham
* ''[[The Rosary (1922 film)|The Rosary]]'' (1922) as Father Brian Kelly
* ''[[A Fool There Was (1922 film)|A Fool There Was]]'' (1922) as John Schuyler
* ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda (1922 film)|The Prisoner of Zenda]]'' (1922) as Rudolf Rassendyll / King Rudolf
* ''[[Trifling Women]]'' (1922) as The Marquis Ferroni
* ''[[The Dangerous Age]]'' (1923) as John Emerson
* ''[[The World's Applause]]'' (1923) as John Elliott
* ''[[You Can't Fool Your Wife (1923 film)|You Can't Fool Your Wife]]'' (1923) as Garth McBride
* ''[[Scaramouche (1923 film)|Scaramouche]]'' (1923) as The Marquis de la Tour d'Azyr
* ''[[The Stranger (1924 film)|The Stranger]]'' (1924) as Keith Darrant
* ''[[Why Men Leave Home]]'' (1924) as John Emerson
* ''[[Cytherea (1924 film)|Cytherea]]'' (1924) as Lee Randon
* ''[[Husbands and Lovers]]'' (1924) as James Livingston
* ''[[Inez from Hollywood]]'' (1924) as Stewart Cuyler
* ''[[Cheaper to Marry]]'' (1925) as Jim Knight
* ''[[The Lost World (1925 film)|The Lost World]]'' (1925) as Sir John Roxton
* ''[[Confessions of a Queen]]'' (1925) as The King
* ''[[The Talker]]'' (1925) as Harry Lennox
* ''[[The Lady Who Lied]]'' (1925) as Horace Pierpont
* ''[[Fine Clothes]]'' (1925) as Earl of Denham
* ''[[What Fools Men]]'' (1925) as Joseph Greer
* ''[[Too Much Money (film)|Too Much Money]]'' (1926) as Robert Broadley
* ''[[The Girl from Montmartre]]'' (1926) asJerome Hautrive
* ''[[Old Loves and New]]'' (1926) as Gervas Carew
* ''[[Don Juan's Three Nights]]'' (1926) as Johann Aradi
* ''[[Midnight Lovers (1926 film)|Midnight Lovers]]'' (1926) as Maj. William Ridgewell, RFC
* ''[[The Blonde Saint]]'' (1926) as Sebastian Maure
* ''[[An Affair of the Follies]]'' (1927) as Hammersley
* ''[[The Notorious Lady]]'' (1927) as Patrick Marlowe / John Carew
* ''[[Lonesome Ladies]]'' (1927) as John Fosdick
* ''[[The Prince of Headwaiters]]'' (1927) as Pierre
* ''[[The Private Life of Helen of Troy]]'' (1927) as Menelaus
* ''[[The Foreign Legion]]'' (1928) as Col. Destin
* ''[[The Patriot (1928 film)|The Patriot]]'' (1928) as Count Pahlen
* ''[[Freedom of the Press (film)|Freedom of the Press]]'' (1928) as Daniel Steele
* ''[[A Woman of Affairs]]'' (1928) as Dr. Hugh Trevelyan
* ''[[Wild Orchids (film)|Wild Orchids]]'' (1929) as John Sterling
* ''[[The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929 film)|The Trial of Mary Dugan]]'' (1929) as Edward West
* ''[[Wonder of Women]]'' (1929) as Stephen Trombolt
* ''[[Madame X (1929 film)|Madame X]]'' (1929) as Louis Floriot
* ''[[Their Own Desire]]'' (1929) as Marlett
* ''[[Strictly Unconventional]]'' (1930) as Clive Champion-Cheney
* ''[[The Big House (1930 film)|The Big House]]'' (1930) as Warden James Adams
* ''[[Romance (1930 film)|Romance]]'' (1930) as Cornelius Van Tuyl
* ''[[The Office Wife (1930 film)|The Office Wife]]'' (1930) as Lawrence Fellowes
* ''[[Passion Flower (1930 film)|Passion Flower]]'' (1930) as Antonio Morado
* ''[[Inspiration (1931 film)|Inspiration]]'' (1931) as Raymond Delval
* ''[[Father's Son (1931 film)|Father's Son]]'' (1931) as William Emory
* ''[[The Secret Six]]'' (1931) as Richard Newton, Attorney at Law
* ''[[My Past]]'' (1931) as Mr. John Thornley
* ''[[Always Goodbye (1931 film)|Always Goodbye]]'' (1931) as John Graham
* ''[[The Bargain (1931 film)|The Bargain]]'' (1931) as Maitland White
* ''[[The Phantom of Paris]]'' (1931) as Detective Costaud
* ''[[The Sin of Madelon Claudet]]'' (1931) as Carlo Boretti
* ''[[Mata Hari (1931 film)|Mata Hari]]'' (1931) as Andriani
* ''[[Strictly Dishonorable (1931 film)|Strictly Dishonorable]]'' (1931) as The Judge
* ''[[The Wet Parade]]'' (1932) as Roger Chilcote
* ''[[Grand Hotel (1932 film)|Grand Hotel]]'' (1932) as Dr. Otternschlag
* ''[[Night Court (film)|Night Court]]'' (1932) as Judge William Osgood
* ''[[Letty Lynton]]'' (1932) as District Attorney Haney
* ''[[New Morals for Old]]'' (1932) as Mr. Thomas
* ''[[Red-Headed Woman]]'' (1932) as William Legendre Sr.
* ''[[Unashamed (film)|Unashamed]]'' (1932) as Henry Trask
* ''[[Divorce in the Family]]'' (1932) as John Parker
* ''[[The Mask of Fu Manchu]]'' (1932) as Nayland Smith
* ''[[The Son-Daughter]]'' (1932) as Dr. Dong Tong
* ''[[Men Must Fight]]'' (1933) as Edward Seward
* ''[[The White Sister (1933 film)|The White Sister]]'' (1933) as Prince Guido Chiaromonte
* ''[[Looking Forward (1933 film)|Looking Forward]]'' (1933) as Gabriel Service Sr.
* ''[[Bureau of Missing Persons]]'' (1933) as Capt. Webb
* ''[[Queen Christina (film)|Queen Christina]]'' (1933) as [[Axel Oxenstierna]]
* ''[[You Can't Buy Everything]]'' (1934) as John Burton
* ''[[The Mystery of Mr. X]]'' (1934) as Inspector Connor
* ''[[The Girl from Missouri]]'' (1934) as Frank Cousins
* ''[[Treasure Island (1934 film)|Treasure Island]]'' (1934) as Captain Smollett
* ''[[David Copperfield (1935 film)|David Copperfield]]'' (1935) as Mr. Wickfield
* ''[[Vanessa: Her Love Story]]'' (1935) as Adam Paris
* ''[[West Point of the Air]]'' (1935) as General Carter
* ''[[Public Hero No. 1]]'' (1935) as Prison Warden
* ''[[Woman Wanted (1935 film)|Woman Wanted]]'' (1935) as District Attorney Martin
* ''[[China Seas (film)|China Seas]]'' (1935) as Tom Davids
* ''[[Shipmates Forever]]'' (1935) as Adm. Richard Melville
* ''[[Tough Guy (film)|Tough Guy]]'' (1936) as Davis (scenes deleted)
* ''[[Three Godfathers (1936 film)|Three Godfathers]]'' (1936) as James Underwood, aka Doc
* ''[[The Unguarded Hour]]'' (1936) as General Lawrence
* ''[[Small Town Girl (1936 film)|Small Town Girl]]'' (1936) as Doctor Dakin
* ''[[Suzy (1936 film)|Suzy]]'' (1936) as Baron Charville
* ''[[Sworn Enemy (film)|Sworn Enemy]]'' (1936) as Doctor Simon 'Doc' Gattle
* ''[[Don't Turn 'Em Loose]]'' (1936) as John Webster
* ''[[Outcast (1937 film)|Outcast]]'' (1937) as Anthony Abbott (lawyer)
* ''[[The Thirteenth Chair (1937 film)|The Thirteenth Chair]]'' (1937) as Inspector Marney
* ''[[The Man Who Cried Wolf (1937 film)|The Man Who Cried Wolf]]'' (1937) as Lawrence Fontaine
* ''[[You're Only Young Once]]'' (1937) as Judge James K. Hardy
* ''[[The Bad Man of Brimstone]]'' (1937) as Mr. Jackson Douglas
* ''[[Judge Hardy's Children]]'' (1938) as Judge James K. Hardy
* ''[[Stolen Heaven (1938 film)|Stolen Heaven]]'' (1938) as Joseph Langauer
* ''[[Yellow Jack (play and film)|Yellow Jack]]'' (1938) as Major Reed
* ''[[Love Finds Andy Hardy]]'' (1938) as Judge James K. Hardy
* ''[[The Chaser (1938 film)|The Chaser]]'' (1938) as Dr. Delford Q. Prescott
* ''[[Out West with the Hardys]]'' (1938) as Judge James 'Jim' K. Hardy
* ''[[The Ice Follies of 1939]]'' (1939) as Douglas Tolliver Jr.
* ''[[The Hardys Ride High]]'' (1939) as Judge James K. Hardy
* ''[[Andy Hardy Gets Spring Fever]]'' (1939) as Judge James K. Hardy
* ''[[Joe and Ethel Turp Call on the President]]'' (1939) as The President
* ''[[Judge Hardy and Son]]'' (1939) as Judge James K. Hardy
* ''[[Andy Hardy Meets Debutante]]'' (1940) as Judge James K. Hardy
* ''[[Sporting Blood (1940 film)|Sporting Blood]]'' (1940) as Davis Lockwood
* ''Andy Hardy's Dilemma: A Lesson in Mathematics... and Other Things'' (1940, short) as Judge James K. Hardy
* ''[[Andy Hardy's Private Secretary]]'' (1941) as Judge James K. Hardy
* ''[[Life Begins for Andy Hardy]]'' (1941) as Judge James K. Hardy
* ''[[The Bugle Sounds]]'' (1942) as Col. Jack Lawton
* ''[[The Courtship of Andy Hardy]]'' (1942) as Judge James K. Hardy
* ''[[Andy Hardy's Double Life]]'' (1942) as Judge James K. Hardy
* ''[[Plan for Destruction]]'' (1943, short) as Himself – Commentator
* ''[[Andy Hardy's Blonde Trouble]]'' (1944) as Judge James K. Hardy
* ''[[The Hoodlum Saint]]'' (1946) as Father Nolan
* ''[[Three Wise Fools (1946 film)|Three Wise Fools]]'' (1946) as Judge James Trumbell
* ''[[Love Laughs at Andy Hardy]]'' (1946) as Judge James K. Hardy
* ''[[State of the Union (film)|State of the Union]]'' (1948) as Sam Thorndyke
* ''[[The Sun Comes Up]]'' (1949) as Arthur Norton
* ''[[Any Number Can Play]]'' (1949) as Ben Gavery Snelerr
* ''[[Key to the City (film)|Key to the City]]'' (1950) as Judge Silas Standish
* ''[[Stars in My Crown (film)|Stars in My Crown]]'' (1950) as Dr. Daniel Kalbert Harris, Sr.
* ''[[Grounds for Marriage]]'' (1951) as Dr. Carleton Radwin Young
* ''[[Night Into Morning]]'' (1951) as Dr. Horace Snyder
* ''[[Angels in the Outfield (1951 film)|Angels in the Outfield]]'' (1951) as Commissioner Arnold P. Hapgood
* ''[[Bannerline]]'' (1951) as Josh
* ''[[The Unknown Man]]'' (1951) as Judge James V. Hulbrook
* ''[[It's a Big Country]]'' (1951) as Church Sexton
* ''[[Just This Once (film)|Just This Once]]'' (1952) as Judge Samuel Coulter
* ''[[Talk About a Stranger]]'' (1952) as Mr. Wardlaw
* ''[[Scaramouche (1952 film)|Scaramouche]]'' (1952) as Georges de Valmorin
* ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda (1952 film)|The Prisoner of Zenda]]'' (1952) as The Cardinal
* ''[[All the Brothers Were Valiant]]'' (1953) as Capt. Holt
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of actors with Academy Award nominations]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Lewis Stone}}
* {{IMDb name|0832011}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{Find a Grave|6675512}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030803180124/http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=68484 Lewis Stone] at ''The New York Times Movies''
* [http://www.cyranos.ch/spston-e.htm Lewis Stone] at The International Silent Movie
* [http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=896 Photographs of Lewis Stone]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stone, Lewis}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:United States Army Cavalry Branch personnel]]
[[Category:Male actors from Worcester, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male silent film actors]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:Burials at Kensico Cemetery]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Spanish–American War]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]

Arizona State Route 143

2022-09-30T23:39:22Z

68.231.42.248: /* Construction timeline */

{{Short description|Expressway/Freeway in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox road
|state=AZ
|type=SR
|route=143
|alternate_name=Hohokam Expressway
|map={{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=290|frame-lat=33.436|frame-long=-111.978|zoom=11|type=line|raw={{Wikipedia:Map data/Wikipedia KML/Arizona State Route 143}}}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=SR 143 highlighted in red
|length_mi=3.93
|length_round=2
|length_ref=<ref name="highway log">{{cite web |url=https://www.azdot.gov/docs/default-source/planning/2013shslog.pdf?sfvrsn=2 |title=2013 State Highway System Log |format=PDF |date=December 31, 2013 |author=Roadway Inventory Management Section, Multimodal Planning Division |publisher=[[Arizona Department of Transportation]] |accessdate=January 16, 2016}}</ref>
|established=1957
|direction_a=South
|terminus_a={{jct|state=AZ|I|10}} in [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]
|junction={{jct|state=AZ|Loop|202}} in Phoenix
|direction_b=North
|terminus_b=McDowell Road in Phoenix
|counties=[[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa]]
|previous_type=Loop
|previous_route=101
|next_type=SR
|next_route=169
}}

'''Arizona State Route 143''', also known as '''SR 143''' and the '''Hohokam Expressway''', is a north–south and access-controlled freeway in [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]], Arizona, that runs from a junction with [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] at 48th Street in [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] to McDowell Road. The only other major junction along the {{convert|3.93|mi|km|adj=on}} route is with [[State Route 202 (Arizona)|Loop 202]], which is located one half-mile south of McDowell Road and the northern terminus.

The road lies directly to the east of [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport]]. Along with the [[Sky Harbor Expressway]] (former SR 153), SR 143's primary purpose is to provide East [[Valley of the Sun|Valley]] residents with access to Sky Harbor from westbound [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] and [[US 60 in Arizona|US 60]]. This removes the need to travel longer on frequently congested I-10 and avoid the junction with [[Interstate 17|Interstate 17's]] southern terminus.

==Route description== 
The Hohokam Expressway begins at an [[intersection (road)|intersection]] with McDowell Road in [[Phoenix, AZ|Phoenix]].<ref name= "bing">{{bing maps|url=http://www.bing.com/maps/#JmNwPTMzLjQzODI0OTUyODQwODAzNn4tMTExLjk3ODM2OTM1NTIwMTcyJmx2bD0xMyZzdHk9ciZydHA9cG9zLjMzLjQ2NjYyNDU0MDAzNzE5NV8tMTExLjk4MzE0MDg5NjU4MDI3X25lYXIlMjBFJTIwQ29yb25hZG8lMjBSZCUyQyUyMFBob2VuaXglMkMlMjBBWiUyMDg1MDA4X19fYV9+di4zMy40MTY5NzQ1OTA0MDJfLTExMS45Nzg5NzAxNzAwMjEwNl9TUi0xNDMlMjBTb3V0aCUyMCUyRiUyMEhvaG9rYW0lMjBFeHB5fnYuMzMuNDEzMzkyNDM4MjI4MzY0Xy0xMTEuOTc5MTQxODMxMzk4MDFfU1ItMTQzJTIwU291dGglMjAlMkYlMjBIb2hva2FtJTIwRXhweX52LjMzLjQxNTY4NTAzMjY0MTIzXy0xMTEuOTc4NDU1MTg1ODkwMl9TUi0xNDMlMjBOb3J0aCUyMCUyRiUyMEhvaG9rYW0lMjBFeHB5fnBvcy4zMy40MTE5MDQ0NDExNjcyN18tMTExLjk3OTYyMTgzODM1MjczX25lYXIlMjAxQiUyQyUyMFBob2VuaXglMkMlMjBBWiUyMDg1MDQwX19fYV8mbW9kZT1EJnJ0b3A9MH4wfjB+|title=SR 143|accessdate=2010-07-18}}</ref> The freeway continues southward to an ornately designed junction with the Red Mountain portion of [[Arizona State Route 202|Loop 202]]. Commuters are then allotted access to [[Sky Harbor International Airport]] prior to the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]] crossing.

The southern half of SR 143 begins with the original interchange with University Drive, and then one with [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] and [[U.S. Route 60 in Arizona|US 60]]. After these two interchanges, the freeway ends by transitioning into 48th Street, a surface street.

==History==
[[File:SR 143 2016.jpg|thumb|Arizona State Route 143 (SR 143) - November 16, 2016]]
The Hohokam Expressway has a long history and gestation period. The road was first planned in 1957 as SR 143 as part of the 1960 Phoenix Freeway plan as a collector road for traffic from the east side of [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], as well as a proposed eastern exit from [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Sky Harbor Airport]]. The present-day interchange with [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] was for 48th Street, completed in 1967 as part of the original I-10 freeway construction through the southeast sections of the [[Valley of the Sun|valley]] such as the [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]] and [[Chandler, Arizona|Chandler]] suburbs.<ref name="Hohokam Expressway">{{cite web
| url = http://www.aaroads.com/guide.php?page=s0143az
| title = Hohokam Expressway
| publisher = AARoads
| accessdate = 2013-04-04}}</ref>

The final design was released in 1974, when SR 143 was not yet a freeway, but a [[parkway]] with [[traffic signal]]s and [[Intersection (road)|intersections]]. The design portrayed the new parkway leaving [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] north along 48th Street corridor, then angling across the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]] to reach 44th Street where it was planned to end at Washington St. When it opened in 1978, it included the vital eastern access to Sky Harbor Airport, replacing the old 40th Street entrance that was eliminated when 40th Street was demolished to make way for a new airport [[Airport terminal|terminal]] and [[runway]] expansions.<ref name="Hohokam Expressway" />

The new parkway rapidly earned a reputation as a constantly [[traffic congestion|congested]] road, despite having only three traffic signals. As an attempt at decreasing congestion, a grade-separated interchange at University Drive was built in 1985. The bridge was built to handle two lanes of traffic in each direction though without a shoulder or emergency lane. (This has been identified as a reason of the traffic backups still seen today, as the rest of the freeway is now built to three lanes on either side, thus creating a [[bottleneck (traffic)|bottleneck]] at the University Drive overpass.)

In 1985, the route was surveyed as part of the new [[Maricopa Association of Governments]] 1985 Freeway Plan, and was added to the system with a reroute and upgrade to freeway status. Business Loop I-10 was renamed to SR 143 and was realigned to meet up with the under-construction [[Arizona State Route 202|Loop 202]] at 48th Street, as opposed to the old 44th Street alignment.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.aaroads.com/guide.php?page=s0143az
| title = Arizona 143 - Hohokam Expressway
| publisher = AARoads
| accessdate = 2013-04-04}}</ref> Eventually the route from Sky Harbor Blvd. to Loop 202 was moved onto an entirely new path along the Old Cross Cut Canal right-of-way, roughly paralleling 46th St. beginning at Washington St. Draft plans also included extending the route 2 miles further north along the relatively narrow 48th Street/canal corridor, curving over McDowell Rd. and ending abruptly at Indian School Rd. The route, which is almost entirely residential, met with significant neighborhood opposition and was eventually dropped, although the north-bound exit and south-bound entrance at McDowell Rd. was retained.

===Construction timeline===
* February 1991: University Drive to Sky Harbor Boulevard
* November 1991: Sky Harbor Boulevard to Washington Street
* February 1992: Washington Street to McDowell Road
* January 2011: Major interchange improvements at Loop 202
* 2021-2024: Interchange improvements as a part of the I-10/Broadway Curve expansion

==Safety concerns==
[[File:AZ Route 143 Phoenix.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Southern terminus of SR 143.]]At the southern terminus of the freeway, SR 143 begins at the intersection of 48th Street and Broadway, climbing over Interstate 10 on the original 48th Street bridge built without any shoulder lanes in 1967. Traffic heading southbound at this point is warned of a traffic signal that hides over the [[optical]] horizon of the overpass to most traffic. To combat safety issues raised by the lack of visibility of the main traffic signals, a second traffic signal was installed at a higher elevation so that it is visible to traffic on the northern approach of the overpass. At one point, the second signal included a high-intensity [[strobe light|strobe]] embedded in the red signal; however, the strobe has since been removed. In addition to the strobing signal light, [[rumble strips]] have been cut into the bridge deck at several intervals, and there is a sign that turns on if the signal is red and the speed limit is reduced, further alerting traffic that the freeway is ending.[http://www.aaroads.com/west/az-143.html]

Part of the bridge deck is shared with an exit-only lane leading to a [[cloverleaf interchange|cloverleaf ramp]] to Interstate 10/US 60 Eastbound to [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], which has a ramp speed limit of only {{convert|25|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} to access the freeway. Traffic is frequently backed up to University Drive from this exit, and has raised additional safety concerns of the intersection and highway junction. Also, the Broadway Road intersection is less than one quarter mile south of I-10. Traffic is currently backing up from that intersection to I-10, causing further delays and potential accidents due to the visibility and design of the bridge over I-10. [[Arizona Department of Transportation|ADOT]] is currently studying the redesign of the southern section of SR 143, including the infamous bridge, to the Sky Harbor Airport exit in an attempt to fix the numerous safety issues with the addition of [[collector/distributor road|collector-distributor lanes]] when the freeway is widened in the near future. C/D lanes are also known to split a freeway into "local" and "express" lanes. Because SR 143 connects the Red Mountain Freeway (Loop 202) to Interstate 10, this route is popular with local [[commuting|commuters]] seeking to bypass a stretch of Interstate 10 and US 60 between the [[Mini Stack]] and the [[Broadway Curve]], adding to additional traffic overload and safety issues at the interchange with SR 143/I-10/US 60. The speed limit on I-10 throughout the city of Phoenix is currently {{convert|65|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. Many other [[Metropolitan Phoenix Freeways|area freeways]] have limits of {{convert|65|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, notable exceptions being the [[Sky Harbor Expressway]] with {{convert|45|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, [[Arizona State Route 51|Arizona 51]] south of Glendale Rd with 55 mph, and [[Interstate 17]] with {{convert|55|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.aaroads.com/west/az-143.html
| title = SR 143
| publisher = AARoads
| accessdate = 2008-01-22| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080121182041/http://www.aaroads.com/west/az-143.html| archivedate= January 21, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==Exit list==
{{jcttop|exit|state=AZ|county=Maricopa|length_ref=<ref name="highway log"/>}}
{{AZint|exit
|location1=Phoenix
|location2=Tempe
|lspan=4
|mile=0.00
|exit=
|road=48th Street south
|notes=Continuation beyond southern terminus
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=0.00
|mile2=0.14
|exit=1
|road={{jct|state=AZ|I|10|US|60|location1=[[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]|city2=Tucson}}
|notes=Southern terminus; signed as exits 1A (east) and 1B (west); I-10 exit 153A
}}
{{AZint|exit
|type=unbuilt
|mile=
|exit=
|road={{jct|state=AZ|I|10|US|60|dir2=east}}
|notes=Planned HOV interchange; to be southbound exit and northbound entrance<ref>{{cite web |title=Interstate 10 Broadway Curve: Interstate 17 (Split) to Loop 202 (Santan Freeway) |url=https://azdot.gov/planning/transportation-studies/interstate-10-broadway-curve-interstate-17-split-loop-202-santan |website=[[Arizona Department of Transportation]] |publisher=ADOT |accessdate=May 1, 2020}}</ref>
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=1.01
|exit=2
|road=University Drive}}
{{jctbridge|exit
|location_special=[[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]]
|mile=1.66
|bridge=Bridge
}}
{{AZint|exit
|location=Phoenix
|lspan=5
|mile=2.01
|exit=3A
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=AZ|Loop|202|dir1=east}}
|notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance via SR 202 Spur; Loop 202 exit 5
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=2.44
|exit=3B
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|extra=airport}} [[Sky Harbor International Airport|Sky Harbor Airport]]
|notes=No northbound entrance
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=2.81
|exit=4
|type=incomplete
|road=Washington Street
|notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=3.06
|mile2=3.52
|exit=5
|road={{jct|state=AZ|Loop|202|dir1=west|I|10|SR|51|to2=yes}}
|notes=Loop 202 exit 3
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=4.04
|exit=
|road=McDowell Road
|notes=[[At-grade intersection]]; northern terminus
}}
{{jctbtm|keys=incomplete,unbuilt}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Attached KML|display=title,inline}}
* [http://www.azdot.gov/Highways/Valley_Freeways/Freeway_Maps/SR143.asp SR 143 Construction Projects]

==See also==
* [[Hohokam]]
* [[Sky Harbor International Airport]]
* [[List of Arizona State Routes]]
* [[Arizona State Route 153]] (a highway that used to run immediately parallel to SR 143, carrying some adjacent traffic)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Freeways in the Phoenix metropolitan area|143]]
[[Category:State highways in Arizona|143]]
[[Category:Transportation in Maricopa County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Interstate 10]]
[[Category:Transportation in Tempe, Arizona]]

Arizona State Route 143

2022-09-30T23:30:53Z

68.231.42.248: /* History */

{{Short description|Expressway/Freeway in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox road
|state=AZ
|type=SR
|route=143
|alternate_name=Hohokam Expressway
|map={{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=290|frame-lat=33.436|frame-long=-111.978|zoom=11|type=line|raw={{Wikipedia:Map data/Wikipedia KML/Arizona State Route 143}}}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=SR 143 highlighted in red
|length_mi=3.93
|length_round=2
|length_ref=<ref name="highway log">{{cite web |url=https://www.azdot.gov/docs/default-source/planning/2013shslog.pdf?sfvrsn=2 |title=2013 State Highway System Log |format=PDF |date=December 31, 2013 |author=Roadway Inventory Management Section, Multimodal Planning Division |publisher=[[Arizona Department of Transportation]] |accessdate=January 16, 2016}}</ref>
|established=1957
|direction_a=South
|terminus_a={{jct|state=AZ|I|10}} in [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]
|junction={{jct|state=AZ|Loop|202}} in Phoenix
|direction_b=North
|terminus_b=McDowell Road in Phoenix
|counties=[[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa]]
|previous_type=Loop
|previous_route=101
|next_type=SR
|next_route=169
}}

'''Arizona State Route 143''', also known as '''SR 143''' and the '''Hohokam Expressway''', is a north–south and access-controlled freeway in [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]], Arizona, that runs from a junction with [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] at 48th Street in [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] to McDowell Road. The only other major junction along the {{convert|3.93|mi|km|adj=on}} route is with [[State Route 202 (Arizona)|Loop 202]], which is located one half-mile south of McDowell Road and the northern terminus.

The road lies directly to the east of [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport]]. Along with the [[Sky Harbor Expressway]] (former SR 153), SR 143's primary purpose is to provide East [[Valley of the Sun|Valley]] residents with access to Sky Harbor from westbound [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] and [[US 60 in Arizona|US 60]]. This removes the need to travel longer on frequently congested I-10 and avoid the junction with [[Interstate 17|Interstate 17's]] southern terminus.

==Route description== 
The Hohokam Expressway begins at an [[intersection (road)|intersection]] with McDowell Road in [[Phoenix, AZ|Phoenix]].<ref name= "bing">{{bing maps|url=http://www.bing.com/maps/#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|title=SR 143|accessdate=2010-07-18}}</ref> The freeway continues southward to an ornately designed junction with the Red Mountain portion of [[Arizona State Route 202|Loop 202]]. Commuters are then allotted access to [[Sky Harbor International Airport]] prior to the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]] crossing.

The southern half of SR 143 begins with the original interchange with University Drive, and then one with [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] and [[U.S. Route 60 in Arizona|US 60]]. After these two interchanges, the freeway ends by transitioning into 48th Street, a surface street.

==History==
[[File:SR 143 2016.jpg|thumb|Arizona State Route 143 (SR 143) - November 16, 2016]]
The Hohokam Expressway has a long history and gestation period. The road was first planned in 1957 as SR 143 as part of the 1960 Phoenix Freeway plan as a collector road for traffic from the east side of [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], as well as a proposed eastern exit from [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Sky Harbor Airport]]. The present-day interchange with [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] was for 48th Street, completed in 1967 as part of the original I-10 freeway construction through the southeast sections of the [[Valley of the Sun|valley]] such as the [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]] and [[Chandler, Arizona|Chandler]] suburbs.<ref name="Hohokam Expressway">{{cite web
| url = http://www.aaroads.com/guide.php?page=s0143az
| title = Hohokam Expressway
| publisher = AARoads
| accessdate = 2013-04-04}}</ref>

The final design was released in 1974, when SR 143 was not yet a freeway, but a [[parkway]] with [[traffic signal]]s and [[Intersection (road)|intersections]]. The design portrayed the new parkway leaving [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] north along 48th Street corridor, then angling across the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]] to reach 44th Street where it was planned to end at Washington St. When it opened in 1978, it included the vital eastern access to Sky Harbor Airport, replacing the old 40th Street entrance that was eliminated when 40th Street was demolished to make way for a new airport [[Airport terminal|terminal]] and [[runway]] expansions.<ref name="Hohokam Expressway" />

The new parkway rapidly earned a reputation as a constantly [[traffic congestion|congested]] road, despite having only three traffic signals. As an attempt at decreasing congestion, a grade-separated interchange at University Drive was built in 1985. The bridge was built to handle two lanes of traffic in each direction though without a shoulder or emergency lane. (This has been identified as a reason of the traffic backups still seen today, as the rest of the freeway is now built to three lanes on either side, thus creating a [[bottleneck (traffic)|bottleneck]] at the University Drive overpass.)

In 1985, the route was surveyed as part of the new [[Maricopa Association of Governments]] 1985 Freeway Plan, and was added to the system with a reroute and upgrade to freeway status. Business Loop I-10 was renamed to SR 143 and was realigned to meet up with the under-construction [[Arizona State Route 202|Loop 202]] at 48th Street, as opposed to the old 44th Street alignment.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.aaroads.com/guide.php?page=s0143az
| title = Arizona 143 - Hohokam Expressway
| publisher = AARoads
| accessdate = 2013-04-04}}</ref> Eventually the route from Sky Harbor Blvd. to Loop 202 was moved onto an entirely new path along the Old Cross Cut Canal right-of-way, roughly paralleling 46th St. beginning at Washington St. Draft plans also included extending the route 2 miles further north along the relatively narrow 48th Street/canal corridor, curving over McDowell Rd. and ending abruptly at Indian School Rd. The route, which is almost entirely residential, met with significant neighborhood opposition and was eventually dropped, although the north-bound exit and south-bound entrance at McDowell Rd. was retained.

===Construction timeline===
* February 1991: University Drive to Sky Harbor Boulevard
* November 1991: Sky Harbor Boulevard to Washington Street
* February 1992: Washington Street to McDowell Road
* January 2011: Major interchange improvements at Loop 202

==Safety concerns==
[[File:AZ Route 143 Phoenix.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Southern terminus of SR 143.]]At the southern terminus of the freeway, SR 143 begins at the intersection of 48th Street and Broadway, climbing over Interstate 10 on the original 48th Street bridge built without any shoulder lanes in 1967. Traffic heading southbound at this point is warned of a traffic signal that hides over the [[optical]] horizon of the overpass to most traffic. To combat safety issues raised by the lack of visibility of the main traffic signals, a second traffic signal was installed at a higher elevation so that it is visible to traffic on the northern approach of the overpass. At one point, the second signal included a high-intensity [[strobe light|strobe]] embedded in the red signal; however, the strobe has since been removed. In addition to the strobing signal light, [[rumble strips]] have been cut into the bridge deck at several intervals, and there is a sign that turns on if the signal is red and the speed limit is reduced, further alerting traffic that the freeway is ending.[http://www.aaroads.com/west/az-143.html]

Part of the bridge deck is shared with an exit-only lane leading to a [[cloverleaf interchange|cloverleaf ramp]] to Interstate 10/US 60 Eastbound to [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], which has a ramp speed limit of only {{convert|25|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} to access the freeway. Traffic is frequently backed up to University Drive from this exit, and has raised additional safety concerns of the intersection and highway junction. Also, the Broadway Road intersection is less than one quarter mile south of I-10. Traffic is currently backing up from that intersection to I-10, causing further delays and potential accidents due to the visibility and design of the bridge over I-10. [[Arizona Department of Transportation|ADOT]] is currently studying the redesign of the southern section of SR 143, including the infamous bridge, to the Sky Harbor Airport exit in an attempt to fix the numerous safety issues with the addition of [[collector/distributor road|collector-distributor lanes]] when the freeway is widened in the near future. C/D lanes are also known to split a freeway into "local" and "express" lanes. Because SR 143 connects the Red Mountain Freeway (Loop 202) to Interstate 10, this route is popular with local [[commuting|commuters]] seeking to bypass a stretch of Interstate 10 and US 60 between the [[Mini Stack]] and the [[Broadway Curve]], adding to additional traffic overload and safety issues at the interchange with SR 143/I-10/US 60. The speed limit on I-10 throughout the city of Phoenix is currently {{convert|65|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. Many other [[Metropolitan Phoenix Freeways|area freeways]] have limits of {{convert|65|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, notable exceptions being the [[Sky Harbor Expressway]] with {{convert|45|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, [[Arizona State Route 51|Arizona 51]] south of Glendale Rd with 55 mph, and [[Interstate 17]] with {{convert|55|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.aaroads.com/west/az-143.html
| title = SR 143
| publisher = AARoads
| accessdate = 2008-01-22| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080121182041/http://www.aaroads.com/west/az-143.html| archivedate= January 21, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==Exit list==
{{jcttop|exit|state=AZ|county=Maricopa|length_ref=<ref name="highway log"/>}}
{{AZint|exit
|location1=Phoenix
|location2=Tempe
|lspan=4
|mile=0.00
|exit=
|road=48th Street south
|notes=Continuation beyond southern terminus
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=0.00
|mile2=0.14
|exit=1
|road={{jct|state=AZ|I|10|US|60|location1=[[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]|city2=Tucson}}
|notes=Southern terminus; signed as exits 1A (east) and 1B (west); I-10 exit 153A
}}
{{AZint|exit
|type=unbuilt
|mile=
|exit=
|road={{jct|state=AZ|I|10|US|60|dir2=east}}
|notes=Planned HOV interchange; to be southbound exit and northbound entrance<ref>{{cite web |title=Interstate 10 Broadway Curve: Interstate 17 (Split) to Loop 202 (Santan Freeway) |url=https://azdot.gov/planning/transportation-studies/interstate-10-broadway-curve-interstate-17-split-loop-202-santan |website=[[Arizona Department of Transportation]] |publisher=ADOT |accessdate=May 1, 2020}}</ref>
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=1.01
|exit=2
|road=University Drive}}
{{jctbridge|exit
|location_special=[[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]]
|mile=1.66
|bridge=Bridge
}}
{{AZint|exit
|location=Phoenix
|lspan=5
|mile=2.01
|exit=3A
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=AZ|Loop|202|dir1=east}}
|notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance via SR 202 Spur; Loop 202 exit 5
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=2.44
|exit=3B
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|extra=airport}} [[Sky Harbor International Airport|Sky Harbor Airport]]
|notes=No northbound entrance
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=2.81
|exit=4
|type=incomplete
|road=Washington Street
|notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=3.06
|mile2=3.52
|exit=5
|road={{jct|state=AZ|Loop|202|dir1=west|I|10|SR|51|to2=yes}}
|notes=Loop 202 exit 3
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=4.04
|exit=
|road=McDowell Road
|notes=[[At-grade intersection]]; northern terminus
}}
{{jctbtm|keys=incomplete,unbuilt}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Attached KML|display=title,inline}}
* [http://www.azdot.gov/Highways/Valley_Freeways/Freeway_Maps/SR143.asp SR 143 Construction Projects]

==See also==
* [[Hohokam]]
* [[Sky Harbor International Airport]]
* [[List of Arizona State Routes]]
* [[Arizona State Route 153]] (a highway that used to run immediately parallel to SR 143, carrying some adjacent traffic)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Freeways in the Phoenix metropolitan area|143]]
[[Category:State highways in Arizona|143]]
[[Category:Transportation in Maricopa County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Interstate 10]]
[[Category:Transportation in Tempe, Arizona]]

Arizona State Route 143

2022-09-30T23:29:53Z

68.231.42.248: /* History */

{{Short description|Expressway/Freeway in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox road
|state=AZ
|type=SR
|route=143
|alternate_name=Hohokam Expressway
|map={{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=290|frame-lat=33.436|frame-long=-111.978|zoom=11|type=line|raw={{Wikipedia:Map data/Wikipedia KML/Arizona State Route 143}}}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=SR 143 highlighted in red
|length_mi=3.93
|length_round=2
|length_ref=<ref name="highway log">{{cite web |url=https://www.azdot.gov/docs/default-source/planning/2013shslog.pdf?sfvrsn=2 |title=2013 State Highway System Log |format=PDF |date=December 31, 2013 |author=Roadway Inventory Management Section, Multimodal Planning Division |publisher=[[Arizona Department of Transportation]] |accessdate=January 16, 2016}}</ref>
|established=1957
|direction_a=South
|terminus_a={{jct|state=AZ|I|10}} in [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]
|junction={{jct|state=AZ|Loop|202}} in Phoenix
|direction_b=North
|terminus_b=McDowell Road in Phoenix
|counties=[[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa]]
|previous_type=Loop
|previous_route=101
|next_type=SR
|next_route=169
}}

'''Arizona State Route 143''', also known as '''SR 143''' and the '''Hohokam Expressway''', is a north–south and access-controlled freeway in [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]], Arizona, that runs from a junction with [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] at 48th Street in [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] to McDowell Road. The only other major junction along the {{convert|3.93|mi|km|adj=on}} route is with [[State Route 202 (Arizona)|Loop 202]], which is located one half-mile south of McDowell Road and the northern terminus.

The road lies directly to the east of [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport]]. Along with the [[Sky Harbor Expressway]] (former SR 153), SR 143's primary purpose is to provide East [[Valley of the Sun|Valley]] residents with access to Sky Harbor from westbound [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] and [[US 60 in Arizona|US 60]]. This removes the need to travel longer on frequently congested I-10 and avoid the junction with [[Interstate 17|Interstate 17's]] southern terminus.

==Route description== 
The Hohokam Expressway begins at an [[intersection (road)|intersection]] with McDowell Road in [[Phoenix, AZ|Phoenix]].<ref name= "bing">{{bing maps|url=http://www.bing.com/maps/#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|title=SR 143|accessdate=2010-07-18}}</ref> The freeway continues southward to an ornately designed junction with the Red Mountain portion of [[Arizona State Route 202|Loop 202]]. Commuters are then allotted access to [[Sky Harbor International Airport]] prior to the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]] crossing.

The southern half of SR 143 begins with the original interchange with University Drive, and then one with [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] and [[U.S. Route 60 in Arizona|US 60]]. After these two interchanges, the freeway ends by transitioning into 48th Street, a surface street.

==History==
[[File:SR 143 2016.jpg|thumb|Arizona State Route 143 (SR 143) - November 16, 2016]]
The Hohokam Expressway has a long history and gestation period. The road was first planned in 1957 as SR 143 as part of the 1960 Phoenix Freeway plan as a collector road for traffic from the east side of [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], as well as a proposed eastern exit from [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Sky Harbor Airport]]. The present-day interchange with [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] was for 48th Street completed in 1967 as part of the original I-10 freeway construction through the southeast sections of the [[Valley of the Sun|valley]] such as the [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]] and [[Chandler, Arizona|Chandler]] suburbs.<ref name="Hohokam Expressway">{{cite web
| url = http://www.aaroads.com/guide.php?page=s0143az
| title = Hohokam Expressway
| publisher = AARoads
| accessdate = 2013-04-04}}</ref>

The final design was released in 1974, when SR 143 was not yet a freeway, but a [[parkway]] with [[traffic signal]]s and [[Intersection (road)|intersections]]. The design portrayed the new parkway leaving [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] north along 48th Street corridor, then angling across the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]] to reach 44th Street where it was planned to end at Washington St. When it opened in 1978, it included the vital eastern access to Sky Harbor Airport, replacing the old 40th Street entrance that was eliminated when 40th Street was demolished to make way for a new airport [[Airport terminal|terminal]] and [[runway]] expansions.<ref name="Hohokam Expressway" />

The new parkway rapidly earned a reputation as a constantly [[traffic congestion|congested]] road, despite having only three traffic signals. As an attempt at decreasing congestion, a grade-separated interchange at University Drive was built in 1985. The bridge was built to handle two lanes of traffic in each direction though without a shoulder or emergency lane. (This has been identified as a reason of the traffic backups still seen today, as the rest of the freeway is now built to three lanes on either side, thus creating a [[bottleneck (traffic)|bottleneck]] at the University Drive overpass.)

In 1985, the route was surveyed as part of the new [[Maricopa Association of Governments]] 1985 Freeway Plan, and was added to the system with a reroute and upgrade to freeway status. Business Loop I-10 was renamed to SR 143 and was realigned to meet up with the under-construction [[Arizona State Route 202|Loop 202]] at 48th Street, as opposed to the old 44th Street alignment.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.aaroads.com/guide.php?page=s0143az
| title = Arizona 143 - Hohokam Expressway
| publisher = AARoads
| accessdate = 2013-04-04}}</ref> Eventually the route from Sky Harbor Blvd. to Loop 202 was moved onto an entirely new path along the Old Cross Cut Canal right-of-way, roughly paralleling 46th St. beginning at Washington St. Draft plans also included extending the route 2 miles further north along the relatively narrow 48th Street/canal corridor, curving over McDowell Rd. and ending abruptly at Indian School Rd. The route, which is almost entirely residential, met with significant neighborhood opposition and was eventually dropped, although the north-bound exit and south-bound entrance at McDowell Rd. was retained.

===Construction timeline===
* February 1991: University Drive to Sky Harbor Boulevard
* November 1991: Sky Harbor Boulevard to Washington Street
* February 1992: Washington Street to McDowell Road
* January 2011: Major interchange improvements at Loop 202

==Safety concerns==
[[File:AZ Route 143 Phoenix.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Southern terminus of SR 143.]]At the southern terminus of the freeway, SR 143 begins at the intersection of 48th Street and Broadway, climbing over Interstate 10 on the original 48th Street bridge built without any shoulder lanes in 1967. Traffic heading southbound at this point is warned of a traffic signal that hides over the [[optical]] horizon of the overpass to most traffic. To combat safety issues raised by the lack of visibility of the main traffic signals, a second traffic signal was installed at a higher elevation so that it is visible to traffic on the northern approach of the overpass. At one point, the second signal included a high-intensity [[strobe light|strobe]] embedded in the red signal; however, the strobe has since been removed. In addition to the strobing signal light, [[rumble strips]] have been cut into the bridge deck at several intervals, and there is a sign that turns on if the signal is red and the speed limit is reduced, further alerting traffic that the freeway is ending.[http://www.aaroads.com/west/az-143.html]

Part of the bridge deck is shared with an exit-only lane leading to a [[cloverleaf interchange|cloverleaf ramp]] to Interstate 10/US 60 Eastbound to [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], which has a ramp speed limit of only {{convert|25|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} to access the freeway. Traffic is frequently backed up to University Drive from this exit, and has raised additional safety concerns of the intersection and highway junction. Also, the Broadway Road intersection is less than one quarter mile south of I-10. Traffic is currently backing up from that intersection to I-10, causing further delays and potential accidents due to the visibility and design of the bridge over I-10. [[Arizona Department of Transportation|ADOT]] is currently studying the redesign of the southern section of SR 143, including the infamous bridge, to the Sky Harbor Airport exit in an attempt to fix the numerous safety issues with the addition of [[collector/distributor road|collector-distributor lanes]] when the freeway is widened in the near future. C/D lanes are also known to split a freeway into "local" and "express" lanes. Because SR 143 connects the Red Mountain Freeway (Loop 202) to Interstate 10, this route is popular with local [[commuting|commuters]] seeking to bypass a stretch of Interstate 10 and US 60 between the [[Mini Stack]] and the [[Broadway Curve]], adding to additional traffic overload and safety issues at the interchange with SR 143/I-10/US 60. The speed limit on I-10 throughout the city of Phoenix is currently {{convert|65|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. Many other [[Metropolitan Phoenix Freeways|area freeways]] have limits of {{convert|65|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, notable exceptions being the [[Sky Harbor Expressway]] with {{convert|45|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, [[Arizona State Route 51|Arizona 51]] south of Glendale Rd with 55 mph, and [[Interstate 17]] with {{convert|55|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.aaroads.com/west/az-143.html
| title = SR 143
| publisher = AARoads
| accessdate = 2008-01-22| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080121182041/http://www.aaroads.com/west/az-143.html| archivedate= January 21, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==Exit list==
{{jcttop|exit|state=AZ|county=Maricopa|length_ref=<ref name="highway log"/>}}
{{AZint|exit
|location1=Phoenix
|location2=Tempe
|lspan=4
|mile=0.00
|exit=
|road=48th Street south
|notes=Continuation beyond southern terminus
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=0.00
|mile2=0.14
|exit=1
|road={{jct|state=AZ|I|10|US|60|location1=[[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]|city2=Tucson}}
|notes=Southern terminus; signed as exits 1A (east) and 1B (west); I-10 exit 153A
}}
{{AZint|exit
|type=unbuilt
|mile=
|exit=
|road={{jct|state=AZ|I|10|US|60|dir2=east}}
|notes=Planned HOV interchange; to be southbound exit and northbound entrance<ref>{{cite web |title=Interstate 10 Broadway Curve: Interstate 17 (Split) to Loop 202 (Santan Freeway) |url=https://azdot.gov/planning/transportation-studies/interstate-10-broadway-curve-interstate-17-split-loop-202-santan |website=[[Arizona Department of Transportation]] |publisher=ADOT |accessdate=May 1, 2020}}</ref>
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=1.01
|exit=2
|road=University Drive}}
{{jctbridge|exit
|location_special=[[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]]
|mile=1.66
|bridge=Bridge
}}
{{AZint|exit
|location=Phoenix
|lspan=5
|mile=2.01
|exit=3A
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=AZ|Loop|202|dir1=east}}
|notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance via SR 202 Spur; Loop 202 exit 5
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=2.44
|exit=3B
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|extra=airport}} [[Sky Harbor International Airport|Sky Harbor Airport]]
|notes=No northbound entrance
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=2.81
|exit=4
|type=incomplete
|road=Washington Street
|notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=3.06
|mile2=3.52
|exit=5
|road={{jct|state=AZ|Loop|202|dir1=west|I|10|SR|51|to2=yes}}
|notes=Loop 202 exit 3
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=4.04
|exit=
|road=McDowell Road
|notes=[[At-grade intersection]]; northern terminus
}}
{{jctbtm|keys=incomplete,unbuilt}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Attached KML|display=title,inline}}
* [http://www.azdot.gov/Highways/Valley_Freeways/Freeway_Maps/SR143.asp SR 143 Construction Projects]

==See also==
* [[Hohokam]]
* [[Sky Harbor International Airport]]
* [[List of Arizona State Routes]]
* [[Arizona State Route 153]] (a highway that used to run immediately parallel to SR 143, carrying some adjacent traffic)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Freeways in the Phoenix metropolitan area|143]]
[[Category:State highways in Arizona|143]]
[[Category:Transportation in Maricopa County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Interstate 10]]
[[Category:Transportation in Tempe, Arizona]]

Arizona State Route 143

2022-09-30T22:52:16Z

68.231.42.248: /* History */

{{Short description|Expressway/Freeway in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox road
|state=AZ
|type=SR
|route=143
|alternate_name=Hohokam Expressway
|map={{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=290|frame-lat=33.436|frame-long=-111.978|zoom=11|type=line|raw={{Wikipedia:Map data/Wikipedia KML/Arizona State Route 143}}}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=SR 143 highlighted in red
|length_mi=3.93
|length_round=2
|length_ref=<ref name="highway log">{{cite web |url=https://www.azdot.gov/docs/default-source/planning/2013shslog.pdf?sfvrsn=2 |title=2013 State Highway System Log |format=PDF |date=December 31, 2013 |author=Roadway Inventory Management Section, Multimodal Planning Division |publisher=[[Arizona Department of Transportation]] |accessdate=January 16, 2016}}</ref>
|established=1957
|direction_a=South
|terminus_a={{jct|state=AZ|I|10}} in [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]
|junction={{jct|state=AZ|Loop|202}} in Phoenix
|direction_b=North
|terminus_b=McDowell Road in Phoenix
|counties=[[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa]]
|previous_type=Loop
|previous_route=101
|next_type=SR
|next_route=169
}}

'''Arizona State Route 143''', also known as '''SR 143''' and the '''Hohokam Expressway''', is a north–south and access-controlled freeway in [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]], Arizona, that runs from a junction with [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] at 48th Street in [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] to McDowell Road. The only other major junction along the {{convert|3.93|mi|km|adj=on}} route is with [[State Route 202 (Arizona)|Loop 202]], which is located one half-mile south of McDowell Road and the northern terminus.

The road lies directly to the east of [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport]]. Along with the [[Sky Harbor Expressway]] (former SR 153), SR 143's primary purpose is to provide East [[Valley of the Sun|Valley]] residents with access to Sky Harbor from westbound [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] and [[US 60 in Arizona|US 60]]. This removes the need to travel longer on frequently congested I-10 and avoid the junction with [[Interstate 17|Interstate 17's]] southern terminus.

==Route description== 
The Hohokam Expressway begins at an [[intersection (road)|intersection]] with McDowell Road in [[Phoenix, AZ|Phoenix]].<ref name= "bing">{{bing maps|url=http://www.bing.com/maps/#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|title=SR 143|accessdate=2010-07-18}}</ref> The freeway continues southward to an ornately designed junction with the Red Mountain portion of [[Arizona State Route 202|Loop 202]]. Commuters are then allotted access to [[Sky Harbor International Airport]] prior to the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]] crossing.

The southern half of SR 143 begins with the original interchange with University Drive, and then one with [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] and [[U.S. Route 60 in Arizona|US 60]]. After these two interchanges, the freeway ends by transitioning into 48th Street, a surface street.

==History==
[[File:SR 143 2016.jpg|thumb|Arizona State Route 143 (SR 143) - November 16, 2016]]
The Hohokam Expressway has a long history and gestation period. The road was first planned in 1957 as SR 143 as part of the 1960 Phoenix Freeway plan as a collector road for traffic from the east side of [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], as well as a proposed eastern exit from [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Sky Harbor Airport]]. The present-day interchange with [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] was for 48th Street completed in 1967 as part of the original I-10 freeway construction through the southeast sections of the [[Valley of the Sun|valley]] such as the [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]] and [[Chandler, Arizona|Chandler]] suburbs.<ref name="Hohokam Expressway">{{cite web
| url = http://www.aaroads.com/guide.php?page=s0143az
| title = Hohokam Expressway
| publisher = AARoads
| accessdate = 2013-04-04}}</ref>

The final design was released in 1974, when SR 143 was not yet a freeway, but a [[parkway]] with [[traffic signal]]s and [[Intersection (road)|intersections]]. The design portrayed the new parkway leaving [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|Interstate 10]] north along 48th Street corridor, then angling across the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]] to reach 44th Street where it was planned to end at Washington St. When it opened in 1978, it included the vital eastern access to Sky Harbor Airport, replacing the old 40th Street entrance that was eliminated when 40th Street was demolished to make way for a new airport [[Airport terminal|terminal]] and [[runway]] expansions.<ref name="Hohokam Expressway" />

The new parkway rapidly earned a reputation as a constantly [[traffic congestion|congested]] road, despite having only three traffic signals. As an attempt at decreasing congestion, a grade-separated interchange at University Drive was built in 1985. The bridge was built to handle two lanes of traffic in each direction though without a shoulder or emergency lane. (This has been identified as a reason of the traffic backups still seen today, as the rest of the freeway is now built to three lanes on either side, thus creating a [[bottleneck (traffic)|bottleneck]] at the University Drive overpass.)

In 1985, the route was surveyed as part of the new [[Maricopa Association of Governments]] 1985 Freeway Plan, and was added to the system with a reroute and upgrade to freeway status. Business Loop I-10 was renamed to SR 143 and was realigned to meet up with the under-construction [[Arizona State Route 202|Loop 202]] at 48th Street, as opposed to the old 44th Street alignment.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.aaroads.com/guide.php?page=s0143az
| title = Arizona 143 - Hohokam Expressway
| publisher = AARoads
| accessdate = 2013-04-04}}</ref>

===Construction timeline===
* February 1991: University Drive to Sky Harbor Boulevard
* November 1991: Sky Harbor Boulevard to Washington Street
* February 1992: Washington Street to McDowell Road
* January 2011: Major interchange improvements at Loop 202

==Safety concerns==
[[File:AZ Route 143 Phoenix.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Southern terminus of SR 143.]]At the southern terminus of the freeway, SR 143 begins at the intersection of 48th Street and Broadway, climbing over Interstate 10 on the original 48th Street bridge built without any shoulder lanes in 1967. Traffic heading southbound at this point is warned of a traffic signal that hides over the [[optical]] horizon of the overpass to most traffic. To combat safety issues raised by the lack of visibility of the main traffic signals, a second traffic signal was installed at a higher elevation so that it is visible to traffic on the northern approach of the overpass. At one point, the second signal included a high-intensity [[strobe light|strobe]] embedded in the red signal; however, the strobe has since been removed. In addition to the strobing signal light, [[rumble strips]] have been cut into the bridge deck at several intervals, and there is a sign that turns on if the signal is red and the speed limit is reduced, further alerting traffic that the freeway is ending.[http://www.aaroads.com/west/az-143.html]

Part of the bridge deck is shared with an exit-only lane leading to a [[cloverleaf interchange|cloverleaf ramp]] to Interstate 10/US 60 Eastbound to [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], which has a ramp speed limit of only {{convert|25|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} to access the freeway. Traffic is frequently backed up to University Drive from this exit, and has raised additional safety concerns of the intersection and highway junction. Also, the Broadway Road intersection is less than one quarter mile south of I-10. Traffic is currently backing up from that intersection to I-10, causing further delays and potential accidents due to the visibility and design of the bridge over I-10. [[Arizona Department of Transportation|ADOT]] is currently studying the redesign of the southern section of SR 143, including the infamous bridge, to the Sky Harbor Airport exit in an attempt to fix the numerous safety issues with the addition of [[collector/distributor road|collector-distributor lanes]] when the freeway is widened in the near future. C/D lanes are also known to split a freeway into "local" and "express" lanes. Because SR 143 connects the Red Mountain Freeway (Loop 202) to Interstate 10, this route is popular with local [[commuting|commuters]] seeking to bypass a stretch of Interstate 10 and US 60 between the [[Mini Stack]] and the [[Broadway Curve]], adding to additional traffic overload and safety issues at the interchange with SR 143/I-10/US 60. The speed limit on I-10 throughout the city of Phoenix is currently {{convert|65|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. Many other [[Metropolitan Phoenix Freeways|area freeways]] have limits of {{convert|65|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, notable exceptions being the [[Sky Harbor Expressway]] with {{convert|45|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, [[Arizona State Route 51|Arizona 51]] south of Glendale Rd with 55 mph, and [[Interstate 17]] with {{convert|55|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.aaroads.com/west/az-143.html
| title = SR 143
| publisher = AARoads
| accessdate = 2008-01-22| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080121182041/http://www.aaroads.com/west/az-143.html| archivedate= January 21, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==Exit list==
{{jcttop|exit|state=AZ|county=Maricopa|length_ref=<ref name="highway log"/>}}
{{AZint|exit
|location1=Phoenix
|location2=Tempe
|lspan=4
|mile=0.00
|exit=
|road=48th Street south
|notes=Continuation beyond southern terminus
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=0.00
|mile2=0.14
|exit=1
|road={{jct|state=AZ|I|10|US|60|location1=[[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]|city2=Tucson}}
|notes=Southern terminus; signed as exits 1A (east) and 1B (west); I-10 exit 153A
}}
{{AZint|exit
|type=unbuilt
|mile=
|exit=
|road={{jct|state=AZ|I|10|US|60|dir2=east}}
|notes=Planned HOV interchange; to be southbound exit and northbound entrance<ref>{{cite web |title=Interstate 10 Broadway Curve: Interstate 17 (Split) to Loop 202 (Santan Freeway) |url=https://azdot.gov/planning/transportation-studies/interstate-10-broadway-curve-interstate-17-split-loop-202-santan |website=[[Arizona Department of Transportation]] |publisher=ADOT |accessdate=May 1, 2020}}</ref>
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=1.01
|exit=2
|road=University Drive}}
{{jctbridge|exit
|location_special=[[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]]
|mile=1.66
|bridge=Bridge
}}
{{AZint|exit
|location=Phoenix
|lspan=5
|mile=2.01
|exit=3A
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=AZ|Loop|202|dir1=east}}
|notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance via SR 202 Spur; Loop 202 exit 5
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=2.44
|exit=3B
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|extra=airport}} [[Sky Harbor International Airport|Sky Harbor Airport]]
|notes=No northbound entrance
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=2.81
|exit=4
|type=incomplete
|road=Washington Street
|notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=3.06
|mile2=3.52
|exit=5
|road={{jct|state=AZ|Loop|202|dir1=west|I|10|SR|51|to2=yes}}
|notes=Loop 202 exit 3
}}
{{AZint|exit
|mile=4.04
|exit=
|road=McDowell Road
|notes=[[At-grade intersection]]; northern terminus
}}
{{jctbtm|keys=incomplete,unbuilt}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Attached KML|display=title,inline}}
* [http://www.azdot.gov/Highways/Valley_Freeways/Freeway_Maps/SR143.asp SR 143 Construction Projects]

==See also==
* [[Hohokam]]
* [[Sky Harbor International Airport]]
* [[List of Arizona State Routes]]
* [[Arizona State Route 153]] (a highway that used to run immediately parallel to SR 143, carrying some adjacent traffic)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Freeways in the Phoenix metropolitan area|143]]
[[Category:State highways in Arizona|143]]
[[Category:Transportation in Maricopa County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Interstate 10]]
[[Category:Transportation in Tempe, Arizona]]

The Jack Benny Program

2022-08-02T06:28:57Z

68.231.42.248: /* Main cast */Added character name

{{short description|US radio–TV comedy series}}
{{lead too short|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Radio Show
| name = The Jack Benny Program
| image = Jack Benny Cast.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| caption = [[Jack Benny]], [[Mary Livingstone]], and [[Eddie "Rochester" Anderson|Eddie Anderson]] (Rochester) in a group portrait
| other_names = ''The Jack Benny Show'' ''The Canada Dry Program'' ''The Chevrolet Program'' ''The General Tire Revue'' ''The Jell-O Program'' ''The Grape Nuts Flakes Program'' ''The Lucky Strike Program''
|format = Comedy
| runtime = 30 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| home_station = [[NBC]] ([[Blue Network|Blue]]) (05/02/32–10/26/32) [[CBS]] (10/30/32–1/26/33) NBC (Red) (03/03/33–09/28/34) NBC (Blue) (10/14/34–06/21/36) NBC (Red) (10/04/36–12/26/48) CBS (01/02/49–05/22/55)
| syndicates =
| television = ''[[The Jack Benny Program#Television|The Jack Benny Program]]'' ([[1950 in television|1950]]–[[1965 in television|1965]])
| announcer = [[Don Wilson (announcer)|Don Wilson]]
| starring = [[Jack Benny]] [[Mary Livingstone]] [[Eddie Anderson (comedian)|Eddie Anderson]] [[Phil Harris]] [[Dennis Day]] [[Kenny Baker (singer/actor)|Kenny Baker]] [[Mel Blanc]] [[Frank Nelson (actor)|Frank Nelson]] [[Artie Auerbach]] [[Bea Benaderet]] [[Sara Berner]] [[Joseph Kearns]] [[Sheldon Leonard]]
| writer = Harry Conn [[Al Boasberg]] [[William Morrow (screenwriter)|William Morrow]] [[Edmund Beloin]] [[Hugh Wedlock Jr.]] [[Howard Snyder]] [[George Balzer]] [[Sam Perrin]] [[Milt Josefsberg]] [[John Tackaberry]] [[Al Gordon (screenwriter)|Al Gordon]] [[Hal Goldman]]
| director =
| producer = Hilliard Marks (1946–'55)
| executive_producer =
| narrated =
| record_location =
| first_aired = May 2, [[1932 in radio|1932]]
| last_aired = May 22, [[1955 in radio|1955]]
| num_series =
| num_episodes = 931
| audio_format =
| opentheme = ''[[Love in Bloom (song)|Love in Bloom]]/[[The Yankee Doodle Boy]]''
| endtheme = ''[[Hooray for Hollywood (song)|Hooray for Hollywood]]'' "The J & M Stomp"
| website =
| podcast =
}}

'''''The Jack Benny Program''''', starring [[Jack Benny]], is a radio-TV comedy series that ran for more than three decades and is generally regarded as a high-water mark in 20th century American comedy.<ref name=dun>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/onairencyclop00dunn|title=On the air : the encyclopedia of old-time radio|first1=John|last1=Dunning|date=June 4, 1998|publisher=New York : Oxford University Press|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> He played one role throughout his radio and television careers, a caricature of himself as a minimally talented musician and penny pincher who was the butt of all the jokes. Producer Hilliard Marks was the brother of Benny's wife Mary Livingstone.

== Format ==
On both television and radio, ''The Jack Benny Program'' used a loose [[show-within-a-show]] format,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cynthia|first=Burkhead|title=Dreams in American Television Narratives: From Dallas to Buffy|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1441125231|location=London|oclc=843187620|quote=The Jack Benny program, which self-referentially presented the story of producing a variety show, a show within a show...}}</ref> wherein the main characters were playing versions of themselves.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hilmes|first=Michele|title=Only Connect : a Cultural History of Broadcasting in the United States|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2013|isbn=978-1133307303|edition=Fourth|page=107|oclc=844216841}}</ref> The show often broke the [[fourth wall]], with the characters interacting with the audience and commenting on the program and its advertisements.<ref name=":0" />

In his first years on radio (c. 1932–1935), Jack Benny followed the format of many other radio comedians, standing at the microphone, telling jokes and stories, and introducing band numbers. As the characters of Jack and his cast became more defined, the show took on a "variety show" format, blending sketch comedy and musical interludes.

The show usually opened with announcer [[Don Wilson (announcer)|Don Wilson]] doing a commercial for the sponsor (e.g. [[Jell-O]] or [[Grape-Nuts|Grape Nuts Flakes]]), accompanied by a musical number from the orchestra. Wilson would then introduce Jack Benny as the "Master of Ceremonies," and banter with him. Gradually, the rest of the cast members – including [[Mary Livingstone]], bandleader [[Phil Harris]], and tenor [[Kenny Baker (American performer)|Kenny Baker]] or [[Dennis Day]] – would "walk on" to join the conversation. The banter between Benny and the regulars generally covered the news of the day, Jack's latest exchange in his ongoing feud with [[Fred Allen]], or one of the running jokes on the program, such as Jack's stinginess, his age, or his vanity, Phil's habitual drunkenness, egotism, or illiteracy, Don's obesity, Dennis' stupidity, or Mary's letters from her mother.<ref name="dun" />

As the show progressed, Jack might be interrupted by a phone call from his valet, Rochester ([[Eddie "Rochester" Anderson|Eddie Anderson]]), reporting some problem at Benny's home (e.g. with Jack's pet polar bear, Carmichael, or with his crazy wartime boarder, Mr. Billingsley). Occasionally, [[Andy Devine]] or the Jewish character, Schlepperman (Sam Hearn), would make an appearance. At some point, Jack would tell the tenor it was time for their singing number ("Sing, Kenny!" or "Dennis, let's have your song."). Don Wilson would insert another commercial for the sponsor, and the band would do a "Big Band" number (ostensibly led by Phil Harris, although conductor Mahlon Merrick actually led the band).

The second half of the show would be devoted to a comedy sketch. Jack might leave the studio and go home to handle some problem (e.g. getting Carmichael to take his medicine). Or there would be a miniplay (e.g. "Buck Benny Rides Again," or a murder mystery starring Jack as Police Captain O'Benny), or a satire of a current movie (e.g. "Snow White and the Seven Gangsters"). In some episodes, Jack closed the show with brief instructions to his band leader ("Play, Phil."), and the band would play a final musical number, as Don Wilson did a final commercial.

Over the years, ''The Jack Benny Program'' evolved into the modern domestic situation comedy form, crafting particular situations and scenarios from the fictionalized life of Jack Benny, the radio star. The sitcom shows often took place in Jack's house in [[Beverly Hills]], with the story revolving around some aspect of Benny's life. For example, an entire show might be devoted to Jack taking a violin lesson, instructed by his harried violin teacher, Professor LeBlanc (played by [[Mel Blanc]]). Common situations included hosting parties, income-tax time, nights on the town, "backstage" interactions between Jack and his cast during show rehearsals at the radio studio, contract negotiations, traveling in the Maxwell, or traveling by train or plane to and from Jack's many personal appearances throughout the country (hence the "Train leaving on track five" running gag).

The sitcom shows usually opened with Jack handling some common domestic task (e.g. Spring cleaning or organizing the pantry), with help from Rochester. As the show progressed, Jack would receive visits or phone calls from Mary Livingstone, Phil Harris or [[Bob Crosby]] (who replaced Harris as the radio show's "band leader" in 1952), and Dennis Day. Following an exchange with Day, Benny would order him to "rehearse" a song ("Let's hear the song that you're going to sing on my show tomorrow night."), and Dennis would sing a number. Don Wilson would bring the Sportsmen Quartet over to Jack's house, to sing a new commercial for the sponsor, [[Lucky Strike]] Cigarettes, to Benny's consternation.<ref name="dun" />

Later in the show, Jack might step out to handle some common errand, such as going to the dentist, or visiting a store to buy a new suit, where the dentist or store clerk would inevitably turn out to be [[Frank Nelson (actor)|Frank Nelson]]. While on these errands, he might encounter Mr. Kitzel ([[Artie Auerbach]]), the race track tout ([[Sheldon Leonard]]) or John L.C. Sivoney ([[Frankie Fontaine]]). In other shows, Jack might fall asleep while reading a book in his study (e.g. "I Stand Condemned" or "The Search for the Elephant's Graveyard"), and dream that he was the star of the story he was reading.

In the 1950s, as ''The Jack Benny Program'' gravitated to television, the "domestic sitcom" became the show's standard format, often with Benny introducing the episode onstage. Scripts and storylines from radio show episodes were re-used and adapted for TV episodes, with the writers using visual gags and settings (e.g. Jack's underground vault) that had previously been described on air and left to the radio listeners' imaginations.<ref name=O'Neil>{{Cite book|last=O'Neill|first=Eileen|title=Jack Benny: The Radio and Television Work|publisher=HarperPerrennial (The Museum of Television and Radio)|year=1991|isbn=978-0060552091|location=New York|oclc=474906931}}</ref>

==Radio==
[[File:Jack Benny in Korea 1951.jpg|thumb|Benny was part of a USO show entertaining US troops in Korea. Here, he relaxes between shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myoldradio.com/old-radio-episodes/jack-benny-show-jack-returns-from-a-korean-uso-e774/49|title=Jack Returns from a USO Tour|date=September 16, 1951|access-date=March 22, 2014}}</ref>]]
Jack Benny first appeared on radio as a guest of [[Ed Sullivan]] in March 1932.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{citation |title=Encyclopedia of Radio |author=C. Sterling |pages=250–254 |isbn=978-1579582494 |year=2003}}</ref> He was then given his own show later that year, with [[Canada Dry Ginger Ale]] as a sponsor – ''The Canada Dry Ginger Ale Program'', beginning May 2, 1932, on the NBC [[Blue Network]] and continuing there for six months until October 26, moving the show to [[CBS]] on October 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The biographical encyclopedia of American radio|last=Sterling|first=Christopher H.|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415995498|location=New York|oclc=528397631}}</ref> With [[Ted Weems]] leading the band, Benny stayed on CBS until January 26, 1933.<ref name=dun/>

Arriving at [[NBC]] on March 3,<ref>''Variety'', March 3, 1933, p. 36</ref> Benny did ''The Chevrolet Program'' until April 1, 1934, with Frank Black leading the band. He continued with ''The General Tire Revue'' for the rest of that season, and in the fall of 1934, for [[General Foods]] as ''The Jell-O Program Starring Jack Benny'' (1934–42), and when sales of [[Jell-O]] were affected by sugar rationing during [[World War II]], ''The Grape Nuts Flakes Program Starring Jack Benny'' (later the ''Grape Nuts and Grape Nuts Flakes Program'') (1942–44).<ref name=":1" />

On October 1, 1944, the show became ''The Lucky Strike Program Starring Jack Benny'', when [[American Tobacco]]'s [[Lucky Strike]] cigarettes took over as his radio sponsor, through to the mid-1950s. By that time, the practice of using the sponsor's name as the title began to fade.

The show returned to CBS on January 2, 1949, as part of CBS president [[William S. Paley]]'s "raid" of NBC talent in 1948–49. There it stayed for the remainder of its radio run, which ended on May 22, 1955.<ref name=":1" /> CBS aired repeats of previous 1953–55 radio episodes from 1956 to 1958 as ''The Best of Benny''<ref name=dun/> for [[State Farm Insurance]], which later sponsored his television program from 1960 through 1965.

In October, 1934, [[General Foods]] agreed to take up sponsorship from the struggling tire-maker, using the show (now airing on the Blue network) to promote its low-selling [[Jell-O]] desserts. Beginning from this point, Benny was heard Sunday evenings at 7, at the time seen as a "graveyard slot". However, this was eventually associated with Benny, who appeared in that very time spot for his remaining 21 years on radio (counting his TV shows, he would broadcast on Sundays for a record 28 consecutive years).

In the fall of 1935, [[Don Bestor]] was replaced by [[Johnny Green]] as the maestro, while Parker was replaced by Michael Bartlett, who himself left after 13 weeks, with [[Kenny Baker (American performer)|Kenny Baker]] taking over. In early 1936, Harry Conn left the program after creative conflicts with Benny, who had to resort to vaudeville writers [[Al Boasberg]] and [[Edmund Beloin]] through the end of the season.

In 1936, after a few years of broadcasting from New York, Benny moved the show to Los Angeles, allowing him to bring in guests from among his show-business friends, including [[Frank Sinatra]], [[James Stewart]], [[Judy Garland]], [[Barbara Stanwyck]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Burns and Allen]] (George Burns was Benny's closest friend), and many others. Burns, Allen, and [[Orson Welles]] guest-hosted several episodes in March and April 1943 when Benny was ill with pneumonia, while [[Ronald Colman]] and his wife [[Benita Hume]] appeared often in the 1940s as Benny's long-suffering neighbors.

The 1936–37 season brought many changes instrumental to the development of the show. Aside from having a new writing team (Beloin and [[William Morrow (screenwriter)|Bill Morrow]], with script doctoring by Boasberg), Benny returned to the NBC Red Network and established the program in Hollywood. Benny had already done a number of shows on the West Coast for two years{{snd}}featuring Jimmie Grier as guest conductor{{snd}}whenever he was doing movie work. Green was replaced by [[Phil Harris]].

During this period, the Benny character gradually became that of the vain, miserly, untalented performer for which he would be recognized, while the "ditzy" role went from Mary to Kenny, and Don Wilson would become the target of jokes about his weight. Halfway through the season, the famous "feud" with [[Fred Allen]] began, climaxing with a visit to New York, after which [[Eddie "Rochester" Anderson|Eddie Anderson]] was cast as a porter. His character was so well received that it was decided to have Anderson join the cast as Rochester, Benny's valet. In 1939, Baker chose to leave the show and was replaced by Dennis Day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cohn |first1=Art |author-link1=Art Cohn |title=Kenny Baker's Gamble Removes "Jerk" Label |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/415362704 |access-date=August 3, 2020 |work=[[Marysville, Ohio#Media|The Evening Tribune]] |agency=[[International News Service]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |date=November 1, 1943 |publication-place=[[Marysville, Ohio]] |page=1}}</ref>

In 1941, NBC celebrated Benny's 10th anniversary in radio in an unprecedented manner, broadcasting part of a banquet dedicated to him, in which the network conceded the Sunday 7:00 to 7:30 pm slot to Benny instead of the sponsor, as it was the custom during the [[Golden Age of Radio]].

In 1942, General Foods switched the sponsor product from Jell-O to [[Grape-Nuts]]. [[World War II]] affected the show as Harris joined the Merchant Marines, being absent from the program from December 1942 until March 1943. That fall, Morrow joined the Army and Beloin left the show; they were replaced by [[Milt Josefsberg]], [[John Tackaberry]], [[George Balzer]], and Cy Howard, the latter of whom was soon replaced by [[Sam Perrin]]. Day enlisted in the Navy in early 1944, not returning until 1946. The new writers emphasized sitcom situations instead of the film parodies prevalent in earlier years.

After 10 years with General Foods, American Tobacco's Lucky Strike became Benny's sponsor from October 1944, an association that lasted until 1959.

The show switched networks to CBS on January 2, 1949, as part of CBS president [[William S. Paley]]'s notorious "raid" on NBC talent in 1948–49. It stayed there for the remainder of its radio run, ending on May 22, 1955. In 1952, Harris was replaced by [[Bob Crosby]]. CBS aired repeat episodes from 1956 to 1958 as ''The Best of Benny''.

=== Sponsors ===
In the early days of radio and in the early television era, airtime was owned by the sponsor, and Benny incorporated the commercials into the body of the show. Sometimes, the sponsors were the butt of jokes, though Benny did not use this device as frequently as his friend and "rival" Fred Allen did then, or as cast member Phil Harris later did on his [[The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show|successful radio sitcom]]. Nevertheless, for years, Benny insisted in contract negotiations that his writers pen the sponsor's commercial in the middle of the program (leaving the sponsor to provide the opening and closing spots) and the resulting ads were cleverly and wittily worked into the storyline of the show. For example, on one program, Don Wilson accidentally misread Lucky Strike's slogan ("Be happy, go Lucky") as "Be Lucky, go happy", prompting a story arc over several weeks that had Wilson unable to appear on the show due to being traumatized by the error.

In fact, the radio show was generally not announced as ''The Jack Benny Program''. Instead, the primary name of the show tied to the sponsor. Benny's first sponsor was Canada Dry Ginger Ale from 1932 to 1933. Benny's sponsors included [[Chevrolet]] from 1933 to 1934, [[General Tire]] in 1934, and Jell-O from 1934 to 1942.

''The Jell-O Program Starring Jack Benny'' was so successful in selling Jell-O, that General Foods could not manufacture it quickly enough when sugar shortages arose in the early years of World War II, and the company stopped advertising the dessert mix. General Foods switched the Benny program from Jell-O to Grape-Nuts from 1942 to 1944, and it was ''The Grape Nuts Program Starring Jack Benny''. Benny's longest-running sponsor, was the American Tobacco Company's Lucky Strike cigarettes, from 1944 to 1955, when the show was usually announced as ''The Lucky Strike Program starring Jack Benny''.

=== Writers ===
Benny employed a small group of writers, most of whom stayed with him for many years. This was in contrast to many successful radio or television comedians, such as [[Bob Hope]], who changed writers frequently. One of Benny's writers, [[George Balzer]], noted: "One of the nice things about writing for Jack Benny was that he never denied your existence. On the contrary, he publicized it{{snd}}not just in conversations, but in interviews and on the air."<ref>Balzer, George. ''They'll Break Your Heart'' (unpublished autobiography, undated), p. 170. Available in PDF form at: <nowiki>http://www.jackbenny.org/</nowiki></ref>

Historical accounts like those by longtime Benny writer [[Milt Josefsberg]] indicate that Benny's role was essentially as head writer and director of his radio programs, though he was not credited in either capacity. In contrast to Fred Allen, who initially wrote his own radio scripts and extensively rewrote scripts produced in later years by a writing staff, Jack Benny was often described by his writers as a consummate comedy editor rather than a writer ''per se''. [[George Burns]] described Benny as "the greatest editor of material in the business. He's got the knack of cutting out all the weak slush and keeping in only the strong, punchy lines."<ref>Quoted in Zolotow, Maurice. "Jack Benny: the fine art of self-disparagement" in Zolotow, ''No People Like Show People'', Random House (New York: 1951); rpt Bantam Books (New York: 1952), p. 171.</ref>

Jack Benny has a reputation as a master of timing. Since his days in radio, he often explored the limits of timing for comedic purposes, like pausing a disproportionate amount of time before answering a question.<ref name="Bergerp41">Berger, Arthur Asa (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=RlILAQAAMAAJ ''Jewish jesters: a study in American popular comedy''] p. 41</ref><ref>Norman R. Shapiro – (2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=boOrA_TRn7IC&pg=PA475 ''Labiche & co: fourteen one-acts by a French comic master''] p. 475</ref> Balzer described writing material for Benny as similar to composing music, with one element being the rhythm of delivery as equivalent to musical tempo.<ref>Balzer, p. 169.</ref>

=== Theme music ===
During his early radio shows, no recurring theme was used, with the program instead opening each week with a different then-current popular song. Throughout the Jell-O and Grape-Nuts years, announcer Don Wilson would announce the name of the show, some of the cast, then state "The orchestra opens the program with [name of song]." The orchestra number would continue softly as background for Don Wilson's opening commercial.

Starting in the Lucky Strike era, Benny adopted a medley of "[[Yankee Doodle Dandy]]" and "[[Love in Bloom (song)|Love in Bloom]]" as his theme music, opening every show. "Love in Bloom" was later the theme of his television show. His radio shows often ended with the orchestra playing "[[Hooray for Hollywood]]". The TV show ended with one of two bouncy instrumentals written for the show by his musical arranger and conductor, [[Mahlon Merrick]].

Benny sometimes joked about the propriety of "Love in Bloom" as his theme song. On a segment often played in ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson|Tonight Show]]'' retrospectives, Benny talks with [[Johnny Carson]] about this. Benny says he has no objections to the song in and of itself, only as ''his theme.'' Proving his point, he begins reciting the lyrics slowly and deliberately: "Can it be the ''trees.'' That fill the ''breeze''. With rare and magic perfume. Now what the hell has that got to do with ''me?''"

===Racial attitudes===
Eddie Anderson was the first black man to have a recurring role in a national radio show, which was significant because at the time, black characters were not uncommonly played by white actors in [[blackface]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/kate-kelly/eddie-anderson-created-ro_b_4691017.html|title=Eddie Anderson Broke Racial Barriers With Role of 'Rochester' on The Jack Benny Program|last=Kelly|first=Kate|date=2014-01-29|website=Huffington Post}}</ref> Although Eddie Anderson's Rochester may be considered a [[stereotype]] by some, his attitudes were unusually sardonic for such a role. As was typical at the time in depicting class distinctions, Rochester always used a formal mode of address to the other (White) characters ("Mr. Benny", "Miss Livingstone") and they always used a familiar mode in speaking to him ("Rochester"), but the formal mode when speaking to him about another White character ("Mr. Benny" when speaking to Rochester but "Jack" when speaking to Jack).

In many routines, Rochester gets the better of Benny, often pricking his boss' ego, or simply outwitting him. The show's portrayal of black characters could be seen as advanced for its time. In a 1956 episode, African American actor [[Roy Glenn]] plays a friend of Rochester's, and he is portrayed as a well-educated, articulate man<ref>In this episode, he knows how to tell a fine violin: {{cite episode|network=CBS|series=The Jack Benny Program|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cX5uLZ7zESY&t=04m31s|title=How Jack Found Mary|airdate=31 October 1954|season=5|number=3}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref> not as the typical "darkie stereotype" seen in many films of the time.

Glenn's role was a recurring one on the series, where he was often portrayed as having to support two people on one unemployment check (i.e., himself and Rochester). Black talent was also showcased, with several guest appearances by [[The Ink Spots]] and others. Once, when Benny and his cast and crew were doing a series of shows in New York, the entire cast, including Eddie Anderson, stayed in a prominent New York hotel. Shortly after they decamped at the hotel, a manager told Benny that some White guests from Mississippi had complained to him about Anderson staying in the hotel. He asked Benny to please "do something about it." Benny assured him that he would fix the matter. That evening, Benny moved all his people into another hotel, where Anderson would not be made to feel unwelcome.

=== Line flubs ===
In the Golden Age of Radio, line flubs were common during live broadcasts, especially on a show like ''The Jack Benny Program'', which used sophisticated humor and complex, well-written scripts. When they happened, Jack would laugh along with the audience, ad lib a joke or two, and continue on with the show, although the line flubs clearly annoyed him. When Eddie Anderson, who had a habit of missing rehearsals, would flub his lines on the air, Jack would sometimes shout in mock indignation, "Just ''one'' rehearsal! That's ''all'' I ask!"

As professional as he was, even Jack himself was not immune to flubs. On the November 6, 1949 episode, in a sketch where he was on a yacht cruise, Jack told the boat captain that he had been "on the Navy" during World War I, instead of "in the Navy." The episode featured so many line flubs that the following week's episode, November 13, was built around Jack calling a meeting of his cast to discuss their mistakes in the previous week's episode.

Mary Livingstone had several flubs that became notorious running gags for weeks after they happened. On the October 27, 1946 episode, during a lunch counter sketch, Mary mistakenly ordered a "chiss sweeze sandwich," instead of a "Swiss cheese sandwich." On the December 3, 1950 episode, Jack told the story of how he met his valet, Rochester. According to Jack, he was driving his car, made a turn into a garage owned by [[Amos 'n' Andy]], and accidentally hit Rochester's car – while it was up on the grease rack. At the end of the show, Mary asked Jack, "How could you possibly hit a car when it was up on the grass reek?"

Unfortunately, these line flubs may have contributed to Mary Livingstone developing a bad case of "mike fright." In the radio show's final years (1952–1955), Mary's character appeared less and less. When the show was transcribed (pre-recorded), Mary's daughter, Joan Benny, would fill in for her mother when the cast recorded the episode in front of a live studio audience, and Mary would later dub in her lines from the safety of her living room at home.

On the broadcast of January 8, 1950, journalist [[Drew Pearson (journalist)|Drew Pearson]] was the subject of a joke gone wrong. Announcer Don Wilson was supposed to say he heard that Jack bought a new suit on Drew Pearson's broadcast, but accidentally said "Dreer Pooson". Later in the show, comedic actor Frank Nelson was asked by Benny if he was the doorman. Changing his original response at the suggestion of the writers, Nelson said, "Well, who do you think I am, Dreer Pooson?" The audience laughed for almost 30 seconds.

(According to several sources on the show, including writer Sam Perrin, Jack collapsed in laughter on hearing Nelson's ad lib, and it was several minutes before he could continue. On the recording of the January 8, 1950 episode, Jack's laughter is not heard. However, since the show was transcribed, it may have been edited out of the final broadcast.)<ref name=O'Neil />

The line flubs would occasionally cause the show to run overtime. When this happened, Jack would cut the "coda joke" at the end of the episode, and sign off with the customary statement, "We're a little late, so good night, folks."

=== Running gags ===
[[File:Jack Benny rehearsal.jpg|thumb|Jack Benny rehearses with members of the California Junior Symphony Orchestra, 1959]]
Benny teamed with Fred Allen for the best-remembered running gag in classic radio history, in terms of character dialogue. Benny alone sustained a classic repertoire of running gags in his own right, though, including his skinflint radio and television persona, regular cast members' and guest stars' reference to his "baby blue" eyes, always sure to elicit a self-satisfied smirk or patently false attempt at modesty from Benny, perpetually giving his age as 39, and ineptitude at violin playing, most frequently demonstrated by futile attempts to perform [[Rodolphe Kreutzer]]'s [[42 études ou caprices|Étude No. 2 in C major]].

In fact, Benny was a quite good violinist who achieved the illusion of a bad one, not by deliberately playing poorly, but by striving to play pieces that were too difficult for his skill level. In one of his show's skits, Benny is a USO performer in the Pacific playing his violin when he comes under fire; Benny still plays his violin when two Japanese surrender to him–all the other enemy soldiers committed suicide rather than endure listening to Benny's terrible music.

A skit heard numerous times on radio, and seen many times on television, had [[Mel Blanc]] as a Mexican in a [[sombrero]] and [[serape]] sitting on a bench. Jack Benny sits down and begins a conversation. To each question asked by Benny, Blanc replies ''Sí''. When Benny asks his name, Blanc replies ''Sy'', which would prompt t'' for a living (''Sew?'', ''Sí.'').

A running gag was Benny age always being 39-a guest on the show was [[Rod Serling]] who is the mayor of a town where no one recognzies Benny; Jack runs off screaming for help while Serling [[breaks the fourth wall]] and remarks to the audience that anyone who has been 39 for as long as Benny has is a resident of this "Zone" [I.E. [[The Twilight Zone|Twilight Zone]])

A running gag in Benny's private life concerned George Burns. To Benny's eternal frustration, he could never get Burns to laugh. Burns, though, could crack Benny up with the least effort. An example of this occurred at a party when Benny pulled out a match to light a cigar. Burns announced to all, "Jack Benny will now perform the famous match trick!" Benny had no idea what Burns was talking about, so he proceeded to light up. Burns observed, "Oh, a new ending!" and Benny collapsed in helpless laughter.

Benny even had a sound-based running gag of his own: his famous basement vault alarm, allegedly installed by [[Spike Jones]], ringing off with a shattering cacophony of whistles, sirens, bells, and blasts before ending invariably with the sound of a foghorn. The alarm rang even when Benny opened his safe with the correct combination. The vault also featured a guard named Ed (voiced by [[Joseph Kearns]]) who had been on post down below, apparently, before the end of the Civil War, the end of the Revolutionary War, the founding of Los Angeles, on Jack's 38th birthday and even the beginning of humanity.

In one appearance, Ed asked Benny, "By the way, Mr. Benny ... what's it like on the outside?" Benny responded, "... winter is nearly here, and the leaves are falling." Ed responded, "Hey, that must be exciting," to which Benny replied (in a stunningly risqué joke for the period), "Oh, no{{snd}}people are wearing clothes now."

In one episode of the Benny radio show, Ed the Guard actually agreed when Benny invited him to take a break and come back to the surface world, only to discover that modern conveniences and transportation, which had not been around the last time he had been to the surface, terrorized and confused him. (Ed thought a crosstown bus was "a red and yellow dragon".) Finally, Ed decides to return to his post fathoms below and stay there. The basement vault gag was also used in the cartoon ''[[The Mouse that Jack Built]]'' and an episode<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0637413/|title=Lucy Gets Jack Benny's Account|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref> of ''[[The Lucy Show]]''.

A separate sound gag involved a song Benny had written, "When You Say I Beg Your Pardon, Then I'll Come Back to You". Its inane lyrics and insipid melody guaranteed that it would never be published or recorded, but Benny continued to try to con, extort, or otherwise inveigle some of his musical guests (including [[The Smothers Brothers]] and [[Peter, Paul and Mary]]) to perform it. However, none ever made it all the way.

In keeping with his "stingy" [[schtick]], on one of his television specials he remarked that, to his way of looking at things, a "special" is when the price of coffee is marked down.

==== The orchestra ====
Another popular running gag concerned the social habits of Benny's on-air orchestra, who were consistently portrayed as a bunch of drunken ne'er-do-wells. Led first by [[Phil Harris]] and later by [[Bob Crosby]], the orchestra, and in particular band member Frank Remley, were jokingly portrayed as often being too drunk to play properly, using an overturned bass drum to play cards on just minutes before a show and so enamored of liquor that the sight of a glass of milk would make them sick. Remley was portrayed in various unflattering situations, such as being thrown into a garbage can by a road sweeper who had found him passed out in the street at 4 am, and on a wanted poster at the Beverly Hills police station.

Crosby also got consistent laughs by frequently joking about his more famous brother [[Bing Crosby]]'s vast wealth.

==== Christmas shopping ====
One popular scenario that became a tradition on ''The Jack Benny Program'' was the annual "Christmas Shopping" episode, in which Benny would go to a local department store to do his shopping. Each year, Benny would buy a ridiculously cheap Christmas gift for Don Wilson, from a harried store clerk played by Mel Blanc. Benny would then drive Blanc to insanity by exchanging the gift countless times throughout the episode.

In the 1946 Christmas episode, for example, Benny buys shoelaces for Don, and is unable to make up his mind whether to give Wilson shoelaces with plastic tips or metal tips. After exchanging them repeatedly, Mel Blanc is heard screaming insanely, "Plastic tips! Metal tips! I can't stand it anymore!"

A variation in 1948 was with an expensive wallet, but repeatedly changing the greeting card, prompting Blanc to shout, "I haven't run into anyone like you in 20 years! Oh, why did the governor have to give me that pardon!?" Benny then realizes that he should have gotten Don a wallet for $1.98, whereupon the store clerk responds by committing suicide.

Over the years, in the Christmas episodes, Benny bought and repeatedly exchanged cuff links, golf tees, a box of dates, a paint set (water colors or oils), and a gopher trap. In later years, Benny would encounter Mel Blanc's wife (played by [[Jean Vander Pyl]] or [[Bea Benaderet]]) or the clerk's psychiatrist at the store, and drive them crazy, as well.

One Christmas program had Crosby agonizing over what to get Remley: Benny: "Well, why don't you get him a cordial; like a bottle of Drambuie?" Crosby: "That's a nice thought, Jack, but Drambuie's an after-dinner drink." Benny: "So?" Crosby: "So Remley never quite makes it 'til after dinner."

==== The Maxwell ====
[[File:TrumanBennyMaxwell.jpg|thumb|Jack Benny shakes hands with [[Harry S. Truman]] from the seat of a ''circa'' 1908 Maxwell Roadster]]
Starting with the October 24, 1937, radio show, when Jack proudly announced the purchase of his car, a running joke began that Benny drove an old [[Maxwell automobile]], a brand that went out of business in 1925. Although some details such as the car's body style and its exact model year varied over the years, what remained constant was that Benny's old car was so worn out that it would barely run, but the miserly Benny insisted he could get a few more miles out of it.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last=Mott|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0N6rmCG6WIC&pg=PA122|title=Radio Sound Effects: Who Did It, and How, in the Era of Live Broadcasting|year=1993|isbn=978-0786422661|page=122|access-date=2016-01-25}}</ref>

Many of the sound effects for the car's clattering engine came from an actual old motor that the sound-effects shop had salvaged from a Los Angeles junkyard.<ref name="auto1"/> When a sound-effects man missed a cue for the automobile engine, [[Mel Blanc]] quickly improvised a vocal imitation of a sputtering car engine starting up noisily that was so funny, it became a regular feature of the show.

The ongoing saga of the Maxwell was initially interrupted after just five years, when on the October 18, 1942, broadcast, Jack took his car to a local junkyard and contributed it to the [[World War II]] junk salvage drive, receiving $7.50 in [[War bond#United States|war stamps]] in exchange. However, much of the radio audience may have remained unaware that the Maxwell was ever gone, because before long Benny was heard traveling around in a decrepit old car again, and by the end of the 1940s, his car was once more specifically identified as a Maxwell.

When the ''Jack Benny Program'' premiered on television in 1950, a 1916 Maxwell Model 25 [[Touring car|Tourer]] became one of the production's standard props. Benny's Maxwell later became a 1923 Tourer. Benny often made public appearances in Maxwells. He drove a Maxwell onto the stage in one of his last television specials.

By 1941, Jack Benny's Maxwell had become such a well-known aspect of popular culture that it was referenced in the Billy Mills song "I'm in Love with the Sound Effects Man" as heard on the June 17, 1941, ''[[Fibber McGee and Molly]]'' radio show and later performed on a 1943 recording by [[Spike Jones]]. The automobile was also featured in the 1943 Benny film ''[[The Meanest Man in the World]]''. Benny and his archaic auto were featured in a series of television and print ads for [[Texaco]] from the 1950s through the 1970s.

A series of gags was built around the premise that Benny appreciated the value of Sky Chief brand gasoline in keeping his car running smoothly, but was too cheap to buy more than one gallon at a time. In the classic cartoon "[[The Mouse that Jack Built]]", Benny and his wife are driven by Rochester in a sputtering Maxwell car. In another gag Benny comes home and Rochester reports that he has just reported to the Police that the Maxwell was stolen 3 hours after it happened. When Benny asks why he waited so long, Rochester replies that it was when he stopped laughing.

Many people believe that Benny appears behind the wheel of his Maxwell in the 1963 film ''[[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]]'', but in fact, it was a 1932 Cadillac.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imcdb.org/v061025.html|title=Cadillac in "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World"|website=IMCDb.org}}</ref> The long shots for the scene were shot months before Benny was cast{{snd}}with a stunt driver at the wheel{{snd}}and the role was intended for [[Stan Laurel]] (which is why the character wears a derby, which Benny almost never did). When Laurel ultimately passed on appearing, Jack agreed to play the role. According to the commentary on the Criterion edition of the film, his close-ups were filmed on a rear-projection stage at the Paramount studio.

==== The Benny{{ndash}}Allen feud ====
On April 5, 1936, Benny began his famous radio feud with rival Fred Allen when he satirized Allen's show.<ref name="dun" />{{Rp|359}}Allen kicked the feud off on his own show on December 30, 1936, after child violinist Stuart Canin gave a performance of [[François Schubert]]'s ''The Bee''<ref name="book2">{{cite book|last1=Benny|first1=Joan|url=https://archive.org/details/sundaynightsatse00benn|title=Sunday Nights at Seven: The Jack Benny Story|last2=Benny|first2=Jack|publisher=Warner Books|year=1990|isbn=978-0446515467|quote=There are a few things you should know in advance. In the first place, I was not born in Waukegan. I was born at the Mercy Hospital in Chicago...}}</ref>{{rp|131}} credibly enough that Allen wisecracked about "a certain alleged violinist" who should by comparison be ashamed of himself. Benny, who listened to the Allen show, answered in kind at the end of his January 3, 1937, show, and the two comedians were off and running.

For a decade, the two went at it back and forth, so convincingly that fans of either show could have been forgiven for believing they had become blood enemies. In reality, the two men were close friends and mutual admirers. Benny and Allen often appeared on each other's show during the ongoing feud; numerous surviving episodes of both comedians' radio shows feature each other, in both acknowledged guest spots and occasional cameos. On one Christmas program, Allen thanked Benny for sending him a Christmas tree, but then added that the tree had died. "Well, what do you expect," quipped Allen, "when the tree is in Brooklyn and the sap is in Hollywood."

Benny in his memoir (''Sunday Nights at Seven'') and Allen in his ''Treadmill to Oblivion'' later revealed that each comedian's writing staff often met together to plot future takes on the mock feud. If Allen zapped Benny with a satirization of Benny's show ("The Pinch Penny Program"), Benny shot back with a parody of Allen's ''[[Town Hall Tonight]]'' called "''Clown'' Hall Tonight", and their playful sniping ("Benny was born ignorant, and he's been losing ground ever since") was also advanced in the films ''[[Love Thy Neighbor (1940 film)|Love Thy Neighbor]]'' and ''[[It's in the Bag!]]''.

Perhaps the climax of the feud came during Fred Allen's parody of popular quiz-and-prize show ''[[Queen for a Day]]''. Calling the sketch "King for a Day", Allen played the host and Benny a contestant who sneaked onto the show using the alias Myron Proudfoot. Benny answered the prize-winning question correctly and Allen crowned him "king" and showered him with a passel of almost meaningless prizes.

Allen proudly announced, "Tomorrow night, in your ermine robe, you will be whisked by bicycle to Orange, New Jersey, where you will be the judge in a chicken-cleaning contest," to which Benny joyously declared, "I'm ''king'' for a day!" At this point a professional pressing-iron was wheeled on stage, to press Benny's suit properly. It didn't matter that Benny was still ''in'' the suit. Allen instructed his aides to remove Benny's suit, one item at a time, ending with his trousers, each garment's removal provoking louder laughter from the studio audience.

As his trousers began to come off, Benny howled, "Allen, you haven't seen the ''end'' of me!" At once Allen shot back, "It won't be long ''now!''" The laughter was so loud and chaotic at the chain of events that the Allen show announcer, [[Kenny Delmar]], was cut off the air while trying to read a final commercial and the show's credits. (Allen was notorious for running overtime often enough, largely thanks to his ad-libbing talent, and he overran the clock again this time.)

Benny was profoundly shaken when in 1956 Allen suddenly died at age 61 from a heart attack. In a statement released on the day after Allen's death, Benny said, "People have often asked me if Fred Allen and I were really friends in real life. My answer is always the same: You couldn't have such a long-running and successful feud as we did, without having a deep and sincere friendship at the heart of it." Allen himself wrote, "For years people have been asking me if Jack and I are friendly. I don't think that Jack Benny has an enemy in the world. ... He is my favorite comedian and I hope to be his friend until he is forty. That will be forever."<ref>Allen, Fred. ''Treadmill to Oblivion.'' Little Brown & Co (New York: 1954); reprint – Wildside Press (undated facsimile ed), p. 221.</ref>

=== Preservation ===
The radio series was one of the most extensively preserved programs of its era, with the archive almost complete from 1936 onward and several episodes existing from before that (including the 1932 premiere). {{clear|left}}

A few episodes from the series' later years remain missing, however, such as the shows from September 30 and October 7, 1951.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/jackbennyinthe1940s/jack-benny-in-the-1950s/1951-1952-season|title=Jack Benny in the 1940's – 1951–1952 Season|website=sites.google.com}}</ref>

The March 23, 1948 episode of the radio series was chosen by the [[Library of Congress]] as a 2004 selection for preservation in the [[National Recording Registry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2004 {{!}} View Registry by Induction Years {{!}} Recording Registry {{!}} National Recording Preservation Board {{!}} Programs {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/registry-by-induction-years/2004/ |website=Library of Congress|access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref>

==Television==
{{Infobox television
| image = Dennis Day Jack Benny Jack Benny Show 1963.JPG
| alt=Jack Benny Show, 1963
| caption = Jack Benny as Robinson Crusoe with [[Dennis Day]] as his man Friday, 1963
| runtime = 24–25 minutes
| creator =
| starring = Jack Benny
| composer = Mahlon Merrick
| company = [[CBS Television]] (1950–1955) J&M Productions, Inc. (1955–1965)
| distributor = [[NBCUniversal Television Distribution|MCA TV]]
| network = [[CBS]] (1950–1964) [[NBC]] (1964–1965)
| picture_format = [[Black-and-white]]
| audio_format = [[Monaural]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1950|10|28}}
| last_aired = {{End date|1965|04|16}}
| num_seasons = 15
| num_episodes = 260
| list_episodes = List of The Jack Benny Program episodes
}}

Jack Benny made his TV debut in 1949 with a local appearance on Los Angeles station [[KTTV]], then a [[CBS]] affiliate.<ref>April 4, 1949 Life Magazine article "Benny Tries TV", with photo and review</ref> On October 28, 1950, he made his full network debut over [[CBS]] Television.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-1950-jack-benny-hits-tv-gripes-a-lot-1.5320281|title=This Day in Jewish History // 1950: Jack Benny Takes Act to TV, Grumbling All the Way|last=Green|first=David B.|date=2014-10-28|work=Haaretz|language=en}}</ref> Benny's television shows were occasional broadcasts in his early seasons on TV, as he was still firmly dedicated to radio.

The regular and continuing ''Jack Benny Program'' was telecast on [[CBS]] from October 28, 1950, to September 15, 1964. It became a weekly show in the 1960–1961 season, and was on [[NBC]] from September 25, 1964, to September 10, 1965.

343 episodes were produced. His TV sponsors included [[American Tobacco]]'s [[Lucky Strike]] (1950–59), [[Lever Brothers]]' [[Lux (soap)|Lux]] (1959–60), [[State Farm Insurance]] (1960–65), [[Lipton]] Tea (1960–62), [[General Foods]]' [[Jell-O]] (1962–64), and [[Miles Laboratories]] (1964–65).

The television show was a seamless continuation of Benny's radio program, employing many of the same players, the same approach to situation comedy, and some of the same scripts. The suffix "Program" instead of "Show" was also a carryover from radio, where "program" rather than "show" was used frequently for presentations in the nonvisual medium. Occasionally, in several live episodes, the title card read ''The Jack Benny Show''.

The ''Jack Benny Program'' appeared infrequently during its first two years on CBS-TV. Benny moved into television slowly. In his first season (1950–1951), he only performed on four shows, but by the 1951–1952 season, he was ready to do one show roughly every six weeks. In the third season (1952–1953), the show was broadcast every four weeks. During the 1953–1954 season, the ''Jack Benny Program'' aired every three weeks.<ref name="auto">"[https://archive.org/details/JackBennys40thBirthdayCelebrationShowerOfStarsFeb131958 Jack Benny's 40th Birthday Celebration]." ''[[Shower of Stars]]'' (February 13, 1958). Retrieved December 2, 2019.</ref>

From 1954 to 1960, the program aired every other week, rotating with such shows as ''[[Private Secretary (TV series)|Private Secretary]]'' and ''[[Bachelor Father (US TV series)|Bachelor Father]]''. After the radio show ended in 1955, Benny took on another biweekly series, becoming a regular on ''[[Shower of Stars]]'', CBS's hourlong comedy/variety [[anthology series]]. He effectively appeared almost every week on one of the two series. On ''Shower of Stars'', Benny's character finally turned 40, throwing a large birthday party for the occasion.<ref name="auto"/>

Beginning in the 1960–1961 season, the ''Jack Benny Program'' began airing every week. The show moved from CBS to NBC prior to the 1964–65 season. During the 1953–54 season, a few episodes were filmed during the summer and the others were live, a schedule that allowed Benny to continue doing his radio show. In the 1953–1954 season, Dennis Day had his own short-lived comedy and variety show on NBC, ''[[The Dennis Day Show]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The complete directory to prime time network and cable TV shows, 1946–present|last1=Brooks|first1=Tim|last2=Marsh|first2=Earle|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|year=2009|isbn=978-0307483201|edition=Ninth|location=New York|pages=1127|oclc=430850832}}</ref>

Live episodes (and later live-on-tape episodes) of the ''Jack Benny Program'' were broadcast from CBS Television City with live audiences. Early filmed episodes were shot by [[Burns and Allen#McCadden Productions|McCadden Productions]] at [[General Service Studios|Hollywood Center Studios]] and later by [[Desilu Productions]] at [[Desilu Cahuenga Studio|Red Studios Hollywood]] with an audience brought in to watch the finished film for live responses. Benny's opening and closing monologues were filmed in front of a live audience. From the late 1950s until the last season on NBC, though, a [[laugh track]] was used to augment audience responses. By this time, all shows were filmed at [[Universal Television]].

In [[Jim Bishop]]'s book ''A Day in the Life of President Kennedy'', [[John F. Kennedy]] said that he was too busy to watch most television, but that he made the time to watch the ''Jack Benny Program'' each week.<ref>Bishop, Jim. ''A Day in the Life of President Kennedy''</ref>

Outside of North America (being also one of the most popular shows on the CBC), one episode reportedly aired first in the United Kingdom (where one episode was filmed). Benny had also been a familiar figure in Australia since the mid- to late 1930s with his radio show, and he made a special program for ATN-7 ''Jack Benny In Australia'' in March 1964, after a successful tour of Sydney and Melbourne.

=== End ===
[[James T. Aubrey]], the president of CBS Television and a man known for his abrasive and judgmental decision-making style, infamously told Benny in 1963, "you're through."<ref name=NYTmag72>Martin Kasindorf. "How now, Dick Daring?" ''[[The New York Times]] Magazine''. September 10, 1972. 54+.</ref> Benny was further incensed when CBS placed an untested new sitcom, the ''[[Beverly Hillbillies]]'' spinoff ''[[Petticoat Junction]]'', as his lead in. Benny had had a strong ratings surge the previous year when his series was moved to Tuesday nights with the popular ''[[Red Skelton]] Hour'' in the time slot prior to his.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1964/01/17/97160135.html?pageNumber=87|title=Benny Amenable on Time of Show ; Comedian Is Willing to Abide by What N.B.C. Decides|website=timesmachine.nytimes.com}}</ref>

He feared a separation of their two programs might prove fatal. Early that fall, he announced his show was moving back to NBC, where he was able to get the network to pick up another season.<ref name="auto2"/> Benny's fears proved to be unfounded; his ratings for the 1963–64 season remained strong, while ''Petticoat Junction'' emerged as the most popular new series that fall.

In his unpublished autobiography, ''I Always Had Shoes'' (portions of which were later incorporated by Benny's daughter, Joan, into her memoir of her parents, ''Sunday Nights at Seven''),<ref>{{Cite book|title=Children of Hollywood: Accounts of Growing Up as the Sons and Daughters of Stars|last=Vogel|first=Michelle|publisher=McFarland|year=2005|isbn=0786420464}}</ref> Benny said that he made the decision to end his TV series in 1965. He said that while the ratings were still good (he cited a figure of some 18 million viewers per week, although he qualified that figure by saying he never believed the ratings services were doing anything more than guessing), advertisers complained that commercial time on his show was costing nearly twice as much as what they paid for most other shows, and he had grown tired of what was called the "rat race".

===Syndication===
[[File:Jack Benny Bing Crosby Jack Benny Show 1954.JPG|thumb|180px|While Benny has [[Bing Crosby]] up a tree, thanks to Rochester's hammock invention, he uses the opportunity to bargain with Bing for a lower appearance fee, 1954.]]
[[File:Jack Benny Connie Francis Jack Benny Show 1963.JPG|thumb|180px|Benny as composer [[Stephen Foster]] and [[Connie Francis]] as his wife who nags him to write a successful song, 1963.]]
[[File:Jack Benny Eddie Anderson Jack Benny Program.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Jack Benny]] and [[Eddie "Rochester" Anderson|Eddie Anderson]] as Rochester from a 1977 special about Jack Benny's series; it used clips from earlier shows. ]]
As with the radio shows, most of the television series has lapsed into the [[public domain]], although several episodes (particularly those made from 1961 onward, including the entire NBC-TV run) remain under copyright. During his lone NBC season, CBS aired repeats on weekdays and Sunday afternoons. 104 episodes personally selected by Benny and [[Irving Fein]], Benny's associate since 1947,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-irving-fein-20120815-story.html|title=Irving Fein dies at 101; manager for Jack Benny, George Burns|last=McLellan|first=Dennis|date=15 August 2012|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> were placed into syndication in 1968 by [[NBCUniversal Television Distribution|MCA TV]]. Telecasts of the shows in the late evening were running as late as 1966.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Four early-1960s episodes were rerun on CBS during the summer of 1977. Edited 16mm prints ran on the [[CBN Cable Network]] in the mid-1980s. Restored versions first appeared on the short lived [[Ha! (TV channel)|HA!]] network in 1990. As of 2011, the series has run on [[Antenna TV]], part of a long-term official syndication distribution deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://antennatv.tv/shows/|title=Shows – Antenna TV|website=antennatv.tv}}</ref> The public domain television episodes have appeared on numerous stations, including PBS, while the radio series episodes have appeared in radio drama anthology series such as ''[[When Radio Was]]''.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

===Home media===
Public-domain episodes have been available on budget VHS/Beta tapes (and later DVDs) since the late 1970s. [[Universal Studios Home Entertainment|MCA Home Video]] issued a 1960 version of the classic "Christmas Shopping" show in 1982 and a VHS set of 10 filmed episodes in 1990. In 2008, 25 public-domain episodes of the show, long thought lost, were located in a CBS vault. The Jack Benny Fan Club, with the blessing of the Benny estate, offered to fund the [[digital preservation]] and release of these sealed episodes. CBS issued a press statement that any release was unlikely.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jackbenny.org/biography/other/cbs_permanently_seals_jack_benny.htm|title=CBS permanently seals Jack Benny television masters|website=www.jackbenny.org}}</ref>

June 2013 had the first official release of 18 rare live Benny programs from 1956 to 1964 by [[Shout! Factory]].<ref name=":4" /> This set, part of Benny's private collection at the UCLA film and television library, included guest shots by [[Jack Paar]], [[John Wayne]], [[Tony Curtis]], [[Gary Cooper]], [[Dick Van Dyke]], [[Rock Hudson]], [[Natalie Wood]], and President [[Harry Truman]], and the only TV appearance with longtime radio foe [[Ronald Colman]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shoutfactory.com/product/the-jack-benny-program-the-lost-episodes?product_id=1608|title=The Jack Benny Program: The Lost Episodes|website=www.shoutfactory.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref>

=== Television episodes ===
{{main|List of The Jack Benny Program episodes}}
{{:List of The Jack Benny Program episodes}}

==Cast and characters==
[[Image:Jack Benny group photo.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Group photograph of Eddie Anderson, Dennis Day, Phil Harris, Mary Livingstone, Jack Benny, Don Wilson, and Mel Blanc]]

=== Main cast ===
* [[Jack Benny]] as himself – The protagonist of the show, Benny is a comic, vain, penny-pinching miser, insisting on remaining 39 years old on stage despite his actual age, and often playing the violin badly.
* [[Eddie Anderson (comedian)|Eddie Anderson]] as Rochester Van Jones, Jack's valet and chauffeur – Early in the show's run, he often talked of gambling or going out with women. Later on, he complained about his salary.
* [[Don Wilson (announcer)|Don Wilson]] as himself – Don generally opened the show and also did the commercials. He was the target of Jack's jokes, mostly about his weight.
* Eugene McNulty  as [[Dennis Day]] – A vocalist perpetually in his 20s (by the time of the last television series, McNulty was 49 years old), he was sweet but not very bright. When called upon, he could use a wide variety of accents, which was especially useful in plays. He usually sang a song about 10 minutes into the program. If the episode was a flashback to a previous time, a ruse would be used such as Dennis singing his song for Jack so he could hear it before the show. McNulty adopted the name "Dennis Day" as his stage name for the rest of his career.
* Sadie Marks  as [[Mary Livingstone]] – A sarcastic comic foil, her varying roles all served as, to use the description of [[Fred Allen]], "a girl to insult (Jack)." Marks, who in real life was Benny's wife, later legally changed her name to "Mary Livingstone" in response to the character's popularity. Her role on the program was reduced in the 1950s due to increasing stage fright, and Livingstone finally retired from acting in 1958.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Benny, Jack and Joan, ''Sunday Nights At Seven''(1990) Warner Books</ref>
* [[Phil Harris]] as himself – A skirt-chasing, arrogant, hip-talking bandleader, he constantly put Jack down (in a mostly friendly way). He referred to Mary as "Livvy" or "Liv", and Jack as "Jackson".<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/13/obituaries/phil-harris-91-radio-sidekick-to-jack-benny.html|title=Phil Harris, 91, Radio Sidekick to Jack Benny|last=Thomas Jr.|first=Robert MCG.|date=1995|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> Harris explained this once by saying it's "as close as I can get to jackass and still be polite"<ref>{{cite episode|title=Jack's Screen Guild Theater Performance|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4OdT94fZiM&t=927s|series=The Jack Benny Program|network=NBC|airdate=15 January 1939}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref> Spun off into ''The Phil Harris–Alice Faye Show'' (1946–1954) with his wife, actress [[Alice Faye]].<ref name=":3" /> Harris left the radio show in 1952 and his character did not make the transition to television apart from a guest appearance.
* [[Mel Blanc]] as Carmichael the Polar Bear, Professor Pierre LeBlanc, Sy the Mexican, Polly (Jack's parrot), the Maxwell, and many other assorted voices<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tv.avclub.com/mel-blanc-stole-the-show-from-jack-benny-at-christmas-1798275294|title=Mel Blanc stole the show from Jack Benny at Christmas|last=Ihnat|first=Gwen|date=23 December 2014|work=AV/TV Club|language=en-US}}</ref> – An occasional running gag went along the lines of how the various characters Mel portrayed all looked alike. He was also the sound effects of Jack's barely functional [[Maxwell automobile]]{{snd}}a role he played again in the Warner Bros. cartoon ''The Mouse that Jack Built''. Another participating voice actor was [[Bert Gordon (comedian)|Bert Gordon]]. Mel also played a train-station announcer, whose catchphrase was, "Train leaving on Track Five for Anaheim, Azusa, and Cuc-amonga."{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[Frank Nelson (actor)|Frank Nelson]] as the "Yeeee-essss?" man – He was always the person who waited on Jack wherever he was, from the railroad-station agent, to the store clerk, to the doorman, to the waiter. Frank always delighted in aggravating Jack, as he was apparently constantly aggravated by Jack's presence.
* [[Sheldon Leonard]] – A racetrack [[tout]] (originated by [[Benny Rubin]]), he frequently offered unsolicited advice to Benny on a variety of racing-unrelated subjects. Ironically, he never gave out information on horse racing, unless Jack demanded it. One excuse the tout gave was, "Who knows about horses?" His [[catchphrase]] was "Hey, bud... c'mere a minute".<ref name="dun" />
* [[Joseph Kearns]] as Ed, the superannuated security guard in Jack's money vault – Ed had allegedly been guarding Jack's vault since (variously) the founding of Los Angeles (1781), the [[American Civil War]], the [[American Revolutionary War]], or when Jack had just turned 38 years old. [[Burt Mustin]] took over the role on television following Kearns' death in 1962. (In the 1959 cartoon ''The Mouse that Jack Built'', Mel Blanc played the part of Ed, who asks if the U.S. had won the war, then asks what would be done with the [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser]]). Kearns also played other roles, that of Dennis Day's father, that of a beleaguered IRS agent, his dentist, and often of a clerk when it was not necessary to have Frank Nelson antagonize Jack.
* [[Artie Auerbach]] as Mr. Kitzel – He originally appeared on [[Al Pearce]]'s radio show in the late 1930s, where his famous catch phrase was, "Hmmmm... eh, could be!", and several years later as a regular on ''The [[Abbott & Costello]] Show'', who originally started out as a Yiddish hot dog vendor selling hot dogs during the [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]]. In later episodes, he went on to lose his hot dog stand, and move on to various other jobs. A big part of his schtick involved garbling names with his accent, such as referring to [[Nat King Cole]] as "Nat King Cohen", or mentioning his favorite baseball player, "[[Rabbit Maranville|Rabbi Maranville]]". He often complained about his wife, an [[unseen character]] who was described as a large, domineering woman who, on one occasion, Kitzel visualized as "...from the front, she looks like Don Wilson from the side!" He often sang various permutations of his jingle, "Pickle in the middle and the mustard on top!" Kitzel was often heard to say, "Hoo-hoo-HOO!" in response to questions asked of him.
* [[Bob Crosby]] – In 1952, Crosby replaced Phil Harris as the bandleader, remaining until Benny retired the radio show in 1955. In joining the show, he became the leader of the same group of musicians who had played under Harris. Many of his running jokes focused on his apparent inability to pronounce "[[Manischewitz]]",<ref>In this episode, Crosby is unable to pronounce Manischewitz, hence starting a running joke: {{cite episode|title=Happy Time|url=http://otrrlibrary.org/OTRRLib/Library%20Files/J%20Series/Jack%20Benny/Jack%20Benny%20Program%2052-12-07%20(824)%20Happy%20Time.mp3|series=The Jack Benny Program|network=CBS|airdate=7 December 1952}}</ref> his own family, and the wealth and lifestyle of his older brother, Bing Crosby.
* [[Benny Rubin]] – Played a variety of characters on both the radio and television versions. His most memorable bit was as an information-desk attendant. Jack would ask a series of questions that Rubin would answer with an ever-increasingly irritated, "I don't know!" followed by the punchline {among them: "Well, if you ''don't'' know, why are you standing behind that counter?"/"I gotta stand behind something; somebody stole my pants; I missed a payment, and they nailed my shoes to the floor!"}.
* Dale White – Harlow Wilson, the son of Don and Lois Wilson, on television.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1862073/|title=Dale White|website=IMDb}}</ref> His catchphrase, "You never did like me!", is usually uttered when Jack and he end up embroiled in an argument, though he once said it to his own mother.
* [[Verna Felton]] as Mrs. Lucretia Day, Dennis' frighteningly domineering mother – She often came to near blows with Jack in her efforts to prevent him from taking advantage of Dennis, and she was often portrayed as working various masculine jobs such as a plumber, trucker, or karate instructor. Although she cares deeply for her son, Dennis' zany behavior aggravates her to no end, and the show has alluded to her hilariously myriad attempts at [[Filicide|killing]] and [[child abandonment|abandoning]] him.
* [[Bea Benaderet]] and [[Sara Berner]] as Gertrude Gearshift and Mabel Flapsaddle, a pair of [[telephone switchboard]] operators – They always traded barbs with Jack (and sometimes each other) when he tried to put through a call. Whenever the scene shifted to them, they subtly plugged a current picture in an insult such as "Mr. Benny's line is flashing!" "Oh, I wonder what [[Dial M For Murder|Dial M for Money]] wants now?" or "I wonder what [[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Schmoe Vadis]] wants now?"
* [[Jane Morgan (actress)|Jane Morgan]] and Gloria Gordon as Martha and Emily – A pair of elderly ladies, they were irresistibly attracted to Jack.
* [[Madge Blake]] and [[Jesslyn Fax]] were the president and vice president, respectively, of the Jack Benny Fan Club, Pasadena chapter.
* [[James Stewart]] and his wife, Gloria as themselves – Recurring guest stars on the radio and television series, they played Benny's often-imposed-upon neighbors, in roles similar to those performed by Ronald and Benita Colman.<ref name=dun/>
* [[Butterfly McQueen]] played Butterfly, the niece of Rochester. She worked as Mary Livingstone's maid.

=== Other cast members include ===
* [[Ronald Colman]] and his wife, [[Benita Hume|Benita]] as themselves – They were among Benny's most popular guest stars on the radio series, portraying his long-suffering next-door neighbors. On the show, the Colmans were often revolted by Jack's eccentricities and by the fact that he always borrowed odds and ends from them (at one point, leading Ronald to exclaim, "Butter? Butter, butter!!! Where does he think this is, [[Shangri-La]]?"). Dennis Day often impersonated Ronald Colman.
* [[Frank Parker (singer)|Frank Parker]] was the show's singer during the early seasons on radio from New York.
* [[Kenny Baker (singer/actor)|Kenny Baker]] – The show's tenor singer, he originally played the young, dopey character. He was replaced by Dennis Day.
* [[Andy Devine]] – Jack's raspy-voiced friend, he lived on a farm with his ma and pa. He usually told a story about his folks and life around the farm. His [[catchphrase]] was "Hiya, Buck!"
[[File:Sam Hearn 1935.jpg|thumb|150px|Sam Hearn as Schlepperman in 1935]]
* Sam Hearn as Schlepperman – A Jewish character, he spoke with a Yiddish accent (his catch phrase: "Hullo, Stranger!").<ref>{{Cite book|title=From radio to the big screen: Hollywood films featuring broadcast personalities and programs|last=Hal|first=Erickson|publisher=McFarland|year=2014|isbn=978-0786477579|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|pages=40|oclc=880579526}}</ref> He would return again as the "Hiya, Rube!" guy, a hick farmer from the town of [[Calabasas, California|Calabasas]], who always insisted on referring to Jack as "rube".{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}
* [[Edmund Beloin|Ed Beloin]] as Mr. Billingsley – He was Benny's polite but eccentric boarder. He appeared in the early 1940s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Jack Benny and the golden age of American radio comedy|last=Fuller-Seeley|first=Kathryn H.|year=2017|isbn=978-0520967946|location=Oakland, California|oclc=985447912}}</ref>
* Larry Stevens – A tenor singer, he substituted for Dennis Day from November 1944 to March 1946, when Dennis served in the Navy.<ref name=":0" />
* Mary Kelly  as the Blue Fairy – A clumsy, overweight fairy, she appeared in several storytelling episodes. Kelly had been an old flame of Jack's, who had fallen on hard times. Benny was unsure of whether to give Kelly a regular role and instead appealed to friend George Burns, who put her on his show in 1939 as Mary "Bubbles" Kelly, best friend to Gracie.<ref>{{Cite book|title=George Burns : An American life|last=Epstein|first=Lawrence J.|date=2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786458493|location=Jefferson, N.C.|oclc=714086527}}</ref>
* [[Gisele MacKenzie]] – A singer and violin player, she guest-starred seven times on the program.
* Blanche Stewart  contributed a variety of characters and animal sounds.<ref name=dun/>
* [[Barry Gordon]]  played Jack Benny as a child in a skit where Jack played his own father.
* [[Johnny Green]] was the band leader until 1936, when Phil Harris joined the show.

==See also==
* [[Jack Benny and the Golden Age of American Radio Comedy]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|0325639|The Jack Benny Program (TV pilot)}}
* {{IMDb title|0042116|The Jack Benny Program (TV series)}}
* [http://www.paleycenter.org/collection?advanced=1&q=jack+benny&c=all&f=all&x=11&y=13 Jack Benny Collection for Radio & Television – Paley Center for Media]
* {{EmmyTVLegends title|jack-benny-program-the}}

===Audio===
* [https://sites.google.com/site/jackbennyshows/ Collection of Jack Benny radio show.]
* [http://otrrlibrary.org/OTRRLib/Library%20Files/J%20Series/Jack%20Benny/ Jack Benny radio show collection]
* {{Internet Archive|OTRR_Jack_Benny_Singles|''The Jack Benny Program – all episodes''}}
* [http://zootradio.com/Jack_Benny.php Zoot Radio, 766 free old time radio show downloads of ''The Jack Benny'' radio show]
* [http://oldclassicradio.com/show/the-jack-benny-show Jack Benny radio show at oldclassicradio.com]
* [https://www.otroutlaws.com/artist/61/jack-benny Jack Benny radio show on Old Time Radio Outlaws]

{{Portal bar|Comedy|Radio|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jack Benny Program, The}}
[[Category:1950 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:1965 American television series endings]]
[[Category:1932 radio programme debuts]]
[[Category:1955 radio programme endings]]
[[Category:1930s American radio programs]]
[[Category:1930s in comedy]]
[[Category:1940s American radio programs]]
[[Category:1950s American radio programs]]
[[Category:1930s American television series]]
[[Category:1940s American television series]]
[[Category:American comedy radio programs]]
[[Category:Black-and-white American television shows]]
[[Category:CBS original programming]]
[[Category:English-language television shows]]
[[Category:NBC original programming]]
[[Category:Radio programs adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Television series about show business]]
[[Category:Television series based on radio series]]
[[Category:Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners]]
[[Category:United States National Recording Registry recordings]]
[[Category:CBS Radio programs]]
[[Category:NBC radio programs]]
[[Category:NBC Blue Network radio programs]]
[[Category:American live television series]]
[[Category:1950s American comedy television series]]
[[Category:1960s American comedy television series]]
[[Category:Television series by Universal Television]]

The Jack Benny Program

2022-08-02T06:04:56Z

68.231.42.248: /* Christmas shopping */Added reference

{{short description|US radio–TV comedy series}}
{{lead too short|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Radio Show
| name = The Jack Benny Program
| image = Jack Benny Cast.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| caption = [[Jack Benny]], [[Mary Livingstone]], and [[Eddie "Rochester" Anderson|Eddie Anderson]] (Rochester) in a group portrait
| other_names = ''The Jack Benny Show'' ''The Canada Dry Program'' ''The Chevrolet Program'' ''The General Tire Revue'' ''The Jell-O Program'' ''The Grape Nuts Flakes Program'' ''The Lucky Strike Program''
|format = Comedy
| runtime = 30 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| home_station = [[NBC]] ([[Blue Network|Blue]]) (05/02/32–10/26/32) [[CBS]] (10/30/32–1/26/33) NBC (Red) (03/03/33–09/28/34) NBC (Blue) (10/14/34–06/21/36) NBC (Red) (10/04/36–12/26/48) CBS (01/02/49–05/22/55)
| syndicates =
| television = ''[[The Jack Benny Program#Television|The Jack Benny Program]]'' ([[1950 in television|1950]]–[[1965 in television|1965]])
| announcer = [[Don Wilson (announcer)|Don Wilson]]
| starring = [[Jack Benny]] [[Mary Livingstone]] [[Eddie Anderson (comedian)|Eddie Anderson]] [[Phil Harris]] [[Dennis Day]] [[Kenny Baker (singer/actor)|Kenny Baker]] [[Mel Blanc]] [[Frank Nelson (actor)|Frank Nelson]] [[Artie Auerbach]] [[Bea Benaderet]] [[Sara Berner]] [[Joseph Kearns]] [[Sheldon Leonard]]
| writer = Harry Conn [[Al Boasberg]] [[William Morrow (screenwriter)|William Morrow]] [[Edmund Beloin]] [[Hugh Wedlock Jr.]] [[Howard Snyder]] [[George Balzer]] [[Sam Perrin]] [[Milt Josefsberg]] [[John Tackaberry]] [[Al Gordon (screenwriter)|Al Gordon]] [[Hal Goldman]]
| director =
| producer = Hilliard Marks (1946–'55)
| executive_producer =
| narrated =
| record_location =
| first_aired = May 2, [[1932 in radio|1932]]
| last_aired = May 22, [[1955 in radio|1955]]
| num_series =
| num_episodes = 931
| audio_format =
| opentheme = ''[[Love in Bloom (song)|Love in Bloom]]/[[The Yankee Doodle Boy]]''
| endtheme = ''[[Hooray for Hollywood (song)|Hooray for Hollywood]]'' "The J & M Stomp"
| website =
| podcast =
}}

'''''The Jack Benny Program''''', starring [[Jack Benny]], is a radio-TV comedy series that ran for more than three decades and is generally regarded as a high-water mark in 20th century American comedy.<ref name=dun>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/onairencyclop00dunn|title=On the air : the encyclopedia of old-time radio|first1=John|last1=Dunning|date=June 4, 1998|publisher=New York : Oxford University Press|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> He played one role throughout his radio and television careers, a caricature of himself as a minimally talented musician and penny pincher who was the butt of all the jokes. Producer Hilliard Marks was the brother of Benny's wife Mary Livingstone.

== Format ==
On both television and radio, ''The Jack Benny Program'' used a loose [[show-within-a-show]] format,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cynthia|first=Burkhead|title=Dreams in American Television Narratives: From Dallas to Buffy|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1441125231|location=London|oclc=843187620|quote=The Jack Benny program, which self-referentially presented the story of producing a variety show, a show within a show...}}</ref> wherein the main characters were playing versions of themselves.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hilmes|first=Michele|title=Only Connect : a Cultural History of Broadcasting in the United States|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2013|isbn=978-1133307303|edition=Fourth|page=107|oclc=844216841}}</ref> The show often broke the [[fourth wall]], with the characters interacting with the audience and commenting on the program and its advertisements.<ref name=":0" />

In his first years on radio (c. 1932–1935), Jack Benny followed the format of many other radio comedians, standing at the microphone, telling jokes and stories, and introducing band numbers. As the characters of Jack and his cast became more defined, the show took on a "variety show" format, blending sketch comedy and musical interludes.

The show usually opened with announcer [[Don Wilson (announcer)|Don Wilson]] doing a commercial for the sponsor (e.g. [[Jell-O]] or [[Grape-Nuts|Grape Nuts Flakes]]), accompanied by a musical number from the orchestra. Wilson would then introduce Jack Benny as the "Master of Ceremonies," and banter with him. Gradually, the rest of the cast members – including [[Mary Livingstone]], bandleader [[Phil Harris]], and tenor [[Kenny Baker (American performer)|Kenny Baker]] or [[Dennis Day]] – would "walk on" to join the conversation. The banter between Benny and the regulars generally covered the news of the day, Jack's latest exchange in his ongoing feud with [[Fred Allen]], or one of the running jokes on the program, such as Jack's stinginess, his age, or his vanity, Phil's habitual drunkenness, egotism, or illiteracy, Don's obesity, Dennis' stupidity, or Mary's letters from her mother.<ref name="dun" />

As the show progressed, Jack might be interrupted by a phone call from his valet, Rochester ([[Eddie "Rochester" Anderson|Eddie Anderson]]), reporting some problem at Benny's home (e.g. with Jack's pet polar bear, Carmichael, or with his crazy wartime boarder, Mr. Billingsley). Occasionally, [[Andy Devine]] or the Jewish character, Schlepperman (Sam Hearn), would make an appearance. At some point, Jack would tell the tenor it was time for their singing number ("Sing, Kenny!" or "Dennis, let's have your song."). Don Wilson would insert another commercial for the sponsor, and the band would do a "Big Band" number (ostensibly led by Phil Harris, although conductor Mahlon Merrick actually led the band).

The second half of the show would be devoted to a comedy sketch. Jack might leave the studio and go home to handle some problem (e.g. getting Carmichael to take his medicine). Or there would be a miniplay (e.g. "Buck Benny Rides Again," or a murder mystery starring Jack as Police Captain O'Benny), or a satire of a current movie (e.g. "Snow White and the Seven Gangsters"). In some episodes, Jack closed the show with brief instructions to his band leader ("Play, Phil."), and the band would play a final musical number, as Don Wilson did a final commercial.

Over the years, ''The Jack Benny Program'' evolved into the modern domestic situation comedy form, crafting particular situations and scenarios from the fictionalized life of Jack Benny, the radio star. The sitcom shows often took place in Jack's house in [[Beverly Hills]], with the story revolving around some aspect of Benny's life. For example, an entire show might be devoted to Jack taking a violin lesson, instructed by his harried violin teacher, Professor LeBlanc (played by [[Mel Blanc]]). Common situations included hosting parties, income-tax time, nights on the town, "backstage" interactions between Jack and his cast during show rehearsals at the radio studio, contract negotiations, traveling in the Maxwell, or traveling by train or plane to and from Jack's many personal appearances throughout the country (hence the "Train leaving on track five" running gag).

The sitcom shows usually opened with Jack handling some common domestic task (e.g. Spring cleaning or organizing the pantry), with help from Rochester. As the show progressed, Jack would receive visits or phone calls from Mary Livingstone, Phil Harris or [[Bob Crosby]] (who replaced Harris as the radio show's "band leader" in 1952), and Dennis Day. Following an exchange with Day, Benny would order him to "rehearse" a song ("Let's hear the song that you're going to sing on my show tomorrow night."), and Dennis would sing a number. Don Wilson would bring the Sportsmen Quartet over to Jack's house, to sing a new commercial for the sponsor, [[Lucky Strike]] Cigarettes, to Benny's consternation.<ref name="dun" />

Later in the show, Jack might step out to handle some common errand, such as going to the dentist, or visiting a store to buy a new suit, where the dentist or store clerk would inevitably turn out to be [[Frank Nelson (actor)|Frank Nelson]]. While on these errands, he might encounter Mr. Kitzel ([[Artie Auerbach]]), the race track tout ([[Sheldon Leonard]]) or John L.C. Sivoney ([[Frankie Fontaine]]). In other shows, Jack might fall asleep while reading a book in his study (e.g. "I Stand Condemned" or "The Search for the Elephant's Graveyard"), and dream that he was the star of the story he was reading.

In the 1950s, as ''The Jack Benny Program'' gravitated to television, the "domestic sitcom" became the show's standard format, often with Benny introducing the episode onstage. Scripts and storylines from radio show episodes were re-used and adapted for TV episodes, with the writers using visual gags and settings (e.g. Jack's underground vault) that had previously been described on air and left to the radio listeners' imaginations.<ref name=O'Neil>{{Cite book|last=O'Neill|first=Eileen|title=Jack Benny: The Radio and Television Work|publisher=HarperPerrennial (The Museum of Television and Radio)|year=1991|isbn=978-0060552091|location=New York|oclc=474906931}}</ref>

==Radio==
[[File:Jack Benny in Korea 1951.jpg|thumb|Benny was part of a USO show entertaining US troops in Korea. Here, he relaxes between shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myoldradio.com/old-radio-episodes/jack-benny-show-jack-returns-from-a-korean-uso-e774/49|title=Jack Returns from a USO Tour|date=September 16, 1951|access-date=March 22, 2014}}</ref>]]
Jack Benny first appeared on radio as a guest of [[Ed Sullivan]] in March 1932.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{citation |title=Encyclopedia of Radio |author=C. Sterling |pages=250–254 |isbn=978-1579582494 |year=2003}}</ref> He was then given his own show later that year, with [[Canada Dry Ginger Ale]] as a sponsor – ''The Canada Dry Ginger Ale Program'', beginning May 2, 1932, on the NBC [[Blue Network]] and continuing there for six months until October 26, moving the show to [[CBS]] on October 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The biographical encyclopedia of American radio|last=Sterling|first=Christopher H.|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415995498|location=New York|oclc=528397631}}</ref> With [[Ted Weems]] leading the band, Benny stayed on CBS until January 26, 1933.<ref name=dun/>

Arriving at [[NBC]] on March 3,<ref>''Variety'', March 3, 1933, p. 36</ref> Benny did ''The Chevrolet Program'' until April 1, 1934, with Frank Black leading the band. He continued with ''The General Tire Revue'' for the rest of that season, and in the fall of 1934, for [[General Foods]] as ''The Jell-O Program Starring Jack Benny'' (1934–42), and when sales of [[Jell-O]] were affected by sugar rationing during [[World War II]], ''The Grape Nuts Flakes Program Starring Jack Benny'' (later the ''Grape Nuts and Grape Nuts Flakes Program'') (1942–44).<ref name=":1" />

On October 1, 1944, the show became ''The Lucky Strike Program Starring Jack Benny'', when [[American Tobacco]]'s [[Lucky Strike]] cigarettes took over as his radio sponsor, through to the mid-1950s. By that time, the practice of using the sponsor's name as the title began to fade.

The show returned to CBS on January 2, 1949, as part of CBS president [[William S. Paley]]'s "raid" of NBC talent in 1948–49. There it stayed for the remainder of its radio run, which ended on May 22, 1955.<ref name=":1" /> CBS aired repeats of previous 1953–55 radio episodes from 1956 to 1958 as ''The Best of Benny''<ref name=dun/> for [[State Farm Insurance]], which later sponsored his television program from 1960 through 1965.

In October, 1934, [[General Foods]] agreed to take up sponsorship from the struggling tire-maker, using the show (now airing on the Blue network) to promote its low-selling [[Jell-O]] desserts. Beginning from this point, Benny was heard Sunday evenings at 7, at the time seen as a "graveyard slot". However, this was eventually associated with Benny, who appeared in that very time spot for his remaining 21 years on radio (counting his TV shows, he would broadcast on Sundays for a record 28 consecutive years).

In the fall of 1935, [[Don Bestor]] was replaced by [[Johnny Green]] as the maestro, while Parker was replaced by Michael Bartlett, who himself left after 13 weeks, with [[Kenny Baker (American performer)|Kenny Baker]] taking over. In early 1936, Harry Conn left the program after creative conflicts with Benny, who had to resort to vaudeville writers [[Al Boasberg]] and [[Edmund Beloin]] through the end of the season.

In 1936, after a few years of broadcasting from New York, Benny moved the show to Los Angeles, allowing him to bring in guests from among his show-business friends, including [[Frank Sinatra]], [[James Stewart]], [[Judy Garland]], [[Barbara Stanwyck]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Burns and Allen]] (George Burns was Benny's closest friend), and many others. Burns, Allen, and [[Orson Welles]] guest-hosted several episodes in March and April 1943 when Benny was ill with pneumonia, while [[Ronald Colman]] and his wife [[Benita Hume]] appeared often in the 1940s as Benny's long-suffering neighbors.

The 1936–37 season brought many changes instrumental to the development of the show. Aside from having a new writing team (Beloin and [[William Morrow (screenwriter)|Bill Morrow]], with script doctoring by Boasberg), Benny returned to the NBC Red Network and established the program in Hollywood. Benny had already done a number of shows on the West Coast for two years{{snd}}featuring Jimmie Grier as guest conductor{{snd}}whenever he was doing movie work. Green was replaced by [[Phil Harris]].

During this period, the Benny character gradually became that of the vain, miserly, untalented performer for which he would be recognized, while the "ditzy" role went from Mary to Kenny, and Don Wilson would become the target of jokes about his weight. Halfway through the season, the famous "feud" with [[Fred Allen]] began, climaxing with a visit to New York, after which [[Eddie "Rochester" Anderson|Eddie Anderson]] was cast as a porter. His character was so well received that it was decided to have Anderson join the cast as Rochester, Benny's valet. In 1939, Baker chose to leave the show and was replaced by Dennis Day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cohn |first1=Art |author-link1=Art Cohn |title=Kenny Baker's Gamble Removes "Jerk" Label |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/415362704 |access-date=August 3, 2020 |work=[[Marysville, Ohio#Media|The Evening Tribune]] |agency=[[International News Service]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |date=November 1, 1943 |publication-place=[[Marysville, Ohio]] |page=1}}</ref>

In 1941, NBC celebrated Benny's 10th anniversary in radio in an unprecedented manner, broadcasting part of a banquet dedicated to him, in which the network conceded the Sunday 7:00 to 7:30 pm slot to Benny instead of the sponsor, as it was the custom during the [[Golden Age of Radio]].

In 1942, General Foods switched the sponsor product from Jell-O to [[Grape-Nuts]]. [[World War II]] affected the show as Harris joined the Merchant Marines, being absent from the program from December 1942 until March 1943. That fall, Morrow joined the Army and Beloin left the show; they were replaced by [[Milt Josefsberg]], [[John Tackaberry]], [[George Balzer]], and Cy Howard, the latter of whom was soon replaced by [[Sam Perrin]]. Day enlisted in the Navy in early 1944, not returning until 1946. The new writers emphasized sitcom situations instead of the film parodies prevalent in earlier years.

After 10 years with General Foods, American Tobacco's Lucky Strike became Benny's sponsor from October 1944, an association that lasted until 1959.

The show switched networks to CBS on January 2, 1949, as part of CBS president [[William S. Paley]]'s notorious "raid" on NBC talent in 1948–49. It stayed there for the remainder of its radio run, ending on May 22, 1955. In 1952, Harris was replaced by [[Bob Crosby]]. CBS aired repeat episodes from 1956 to 1958 as ''The Best of Benny''.

=== Sponsors ===
In the early days of radio and in the early television era, airtime was owned by the sponsor, and Benny incorporated the commercials into the body of the show. Sometimes, the sponsors were the butt of jokes, though Benny did not use this device as frequently as his friend and "rival" Fred Allen did then, or as cast member Phil Harris later did on his [[The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show|successful radio sitcom]]. Nevertheless, for years, Benny insisted in contract negotiations that his writers pen the sponsor's commercial in the middle of the program (leaving the sponsor to provide the opening and closing spots) and the resulting ads were cleverly and wittily worked into the storyline of the show. For example, on one program, Don Wilson accidentally misread Lucky Strike's slogan ("Be happy, go Lucky") as "Be Lucky, go happy", prompting a story arc over several weeks that had Wilson unable to appear on the show due to being traumatized by the error.

In fact, the radio show was generally not announced as ''The Jack Benny Program''. Instead, the primary name of the show tied to the sponsor. Benny's first sponsor was Canada Dry Ginger Ale from 1932 to 1933. Benny's sponsors included [[Chevrolet]] from 1933 to 1934, [[General Tire]] in 1934, and Jell-O from 1934 to 1942.

''The Jell-O Program Starring Jack Benny'' was so successful in selling Jell-O, that General Foods could not manufacture it quickly enough when sugar shortages arose in the early years of World War II, and the company stopped advertising the dessert mix. General Foods switched the Benny program from Jell-O to Grape-Nuts from 1942 to 1944, and it was ''The Grape Nuts Program Starring Jack Benny''. Benny's longest-running sponsor, was the American Tobacco Company's Lucky Strike cigarettes, from 1944 to 1955, when the show was usually announced as ''The Lucky Strike Program starring Jack Benny''.

=== Writers ===
Benny employed a small group of writers, most of whom stayed with him for many years. This was in contrast to many successful radio or television comedians, such as [[Bob Hope]], who changed writers frequently. One of Benny's writers, [[George Balzer]], noted: "One of the nice things about writing for Jack Benny was that he never denied your existence. On the contrary, he publicized it{{snd}}not just in conversations, but in interviews and on the air."<ref>Balzer, George. ''They'll Break Your Heart'' (unpublished autobiography, undated), p. 170. Available in PDF form at: <nowiki>http://www.jackbenny.org/</nowiki></ref>

Historical accounts like those by longtime Benny writer [[Milt Josefsberg]] indicate that Benny's role was essentially as head writer and director of his radio programs, though he was not credited in either capacity. In contrast to Fred Allen, who initially wrote his own radio scripts and extensively rewrote scripts produced in later years by a writing staff, Jack Benny was often described by his writers as a consummate comedy editor rather than a writer ''per se''. [[George Burns]] described Benny as "the greatest editor of material in the business. He's got the knack of cutting out all the weak slush and keeping in only the strong, punchy lines."<ref>Quoted in Zolotow, Maurice. "Jack Benny: the fine art of self-disparagement" in Zolotow, ''No People Like Show People'', Random House (New York: 1951); rpt Bantam Books (New York: 1952), p. 171.</ref>

Jack Benny has a reputation as a master of timing. Since his days in radio, he often explored the limits of timing for comedic purposes, like pausing a disproportionate amount of time before answering a question.<ref name="Bergerp41">Berger, Arthur Asa (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=RlILAQAAMAAJ ''Jewish jesters: a study in American popular comedy''] p. 41</ref><ref>Norman R. Shapiro – (2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=boOrA_TRn7IC&pg=PA475 ''Labiche & co: fourteen one-acts by a French comic master''] p. 475</ref> Balzer described writing material for Benny as similar to composing music, with one element being the rhythm of delivery as equivalent to musical tempo.<ref>Balzer, p. 169.</ref>

=== Theme music ===
During his early radio shows, no recurring theme was used, with the program instead opening each week with a different then-current popular song. Throughout the Jell-O and Grape-Nuts years, announcer Don Wilson would announce the name of the show, some of the cast, then state "The orchestra opens the program with [name of song]." The orchestra number would continue softly as background for Don Wilson's opening commercial.

Starting in the Lucky Strike era, Benny adopted a medley of "[[Yankee Doodle Dandy]]" and "[[Love in Bloom (song)|Love in Bloom]]" as his theme music, opening every show. "Love in Bloom" was later the theme of his television show. His radio shows often ended with the orchestra playing "[[Hooray for Hollywood]]". The TV show ended with one of two bouncy instrumentals written for the show by his musical arranger and conductor, [[Mahlon Merrick]].

Benny sometimes joked about the propriety of "Love in Bloom" as his theme song. On a segment often played in ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson|Tonight Show]]'' retrospectives, Benny talks with [[Johnny Carson]] about this. Benny says he has no objections to the song in and of itself, only as ''his theme.'' Proving his point, he begins reciting the lyrics slowly and deliberately: "Can it be the ''trees.'' That fill the ''breeze''. With rare and magic perfume. Now what the hell has that got to do with ''me?''"

===Racial attitudes===
Eddie Anderson was the first black man to have a recurring role in a national radio show, which was significant because at the time, black characters were not uncommonly played by white actors in [[blackface]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/kate-kelly/eddie-anderson-created-ro_b_4691017.html|title=Eddie Anderson Broke Racial Barriers With Role of 'Rochester' on The Jack Benny Program|last=Kelly|first=Kate|date=2014-01-29|website=Huffington Post}}</ref> Although Eddie Anderson's Rochester may be considered a [[stereotype]] by some, his attitudes were unusually sardonic for such a role. As was typical at the time in depicting class distinctions, Rochester always used a formal mode of address to the other (White) characters ("Mr. Benny", "Miss Livingstone") and they always used a familiar mode in speaking to him ("Rochester"), but the formal mode when speaking to him about another White character ("Mr. Benny" when speaking to Rochester but "Jack" when speaking to Jack).

In many routines, Rochester gets the better of Benny, often pricking his boss' ego, or simply outwitting him. The show's portrayal of black characters could be seen as advanced for its time. In a 1956 episode, African American actor [[Roy Glenn]] plays a friend of Rochester's, and he is portrayed as a well-educated, articulate man<ref>In this episode, he knows how to tell a fine violin: {{cite episode|network=CBS|series=The Jack Benny Program|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cX5uLZ7zESY&t=04m31s|title=How Jack Found Mary|airdate=31 October 1954|season=5|number=3}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref> not as the typical "darkie stereotype" seen in many films of the time.

Glenn's role was a recurring one on the series, where he was often portrayed as having to support two people on one unemployment check (i.e., himself and Rochester). Black talent was also showcased, with several guest appearances by [[The Ink Spots]] and others. Once, when Benny and his cast and crew were doing a series of shows in New York, the entire cast, including Eddie Anderson, stayed in a prominent New York hotel. Shortly after they decamped at the hotel, a manager told Benny that some White guests from Mississippi had complained to him about Anderson staying in the hotel. He asked Benny to please "do something about it." Benny assured him that he would fix the matter. That evening, Benny moved all his people into another hotel, where Anderson would not be made to feel unwelcome.

=== Line flubs ===
In the Golden Age of Radio, line flubs were common during live broadcasts, especially on a show like ''The Jack Benny Program'', which used sophisticated humor and complex, well-written scripts. When they happened, Jack would laugh along with the audience, ad lib a joke or two, and continue on with the show, although the line flubs clearly annoyed him. When Eddie Anderson, who had a habit of missing rehearsals, would flub his lines on the air, Jack would sometimes shout in mock indignation, "Just ''one'' rehearsal! That's ''all'' I ask!"

As professional as he was, even Jack himself was not immune to flubs. On the November 6, 1949 episode, in a sketch where he was on a yacht cruise, Jack told the boat captain that he had been "on the Navy" during World War I, instead of "in the Navy." The episode featured so many line flubs that the following week's episode, November 13, was built around Jack calling a meeting of his cast to discuss their mistakes in the previous week's episode.

Mary Livingstone had several flubs that became notorious running gags for weeks after they happened. On the October 27, 1946 episode, during a lunch counter sketch, Mary mistakenly ordered a "chiss sweeze sandwich," instead of a "Swiss cheese sandwich." On the December 3, 1950 episode, Jack told the story of how he met his valet, Rochester. According to Jack, he was driving his car, made a turn into a garage owned by [[Amos 'n' Andy]], and accidentally hit Rochester's car – while it was up on the grease rack. At the end of the show, Mary asked Jack, "How could you possibly hit a car when it was up on the grass reek?"

Unfortunately, these line flubs may have contributed to Mary Livingstone developing a bad case of "mike fright." In the radio show's final years (1952–1955), Mary's character appeared less and less. When the show was transcribed (pre-recorded), Mary's daughter, Joan Benny, would fill in for her mother when the cast recorded the episode in front of a live studio audience, and Mary would later dub in her lines from the safety of her living room at home.

On the broadcast of January 8, 1950, journalist [[Drew Pearson (journalist)|Drew Pearson]] was the subject of a joke gone wrong. Announcer Don Wilson was supposed to say he heard that Jack bought a new suit on Drew Pearson's broadcast, but accidentally said "Dreer Pooson". Later in the show, comedic actor Frank Nelson was asked by Benny if he was the doorman. Changing his original response at the suggestion of the writers, Nelson said, "Well, who do you think I am, Dreer Pooson?" The audience laughed for almost 30 seconds.

(According to several sources on the show, including writer Sam Perrin, Jack collapsed in laughter on hearing Nelson's ad lib, and it was several minutes before he could continue. On the recording of the January 8, 1950 episode, Jack's laughter is not heard. However, since the show was transcribed, it may have been edited out of the final broadcast.)<ref name=O'Neil />

The line flubs would occasionally cause the show to run overtime. When this happened, Jack would cut the "coda joke" at the end of the episode, and sign off with the customary statement, "We're a little late, so good night, folks."

=== Running gags ===
[[File:Jack Benny rehearsal.jpg|thumb|Jack Benny rehearses with members of the California Junior Symphony Orchestra, 1959]]
Benny teamed with Fred Allen for the best-remembered running gag in classic radio history, in terms of character dialogue. Benny alone sustained a classic repertoire of running gags in his own right, though, including his skinflint radio and television persona, regular cast members' and guest stars' reference to his "baby blue" eyes, always sure to elicit a self-satisfied smirk or patently false attempt at modesty from Benny, perpetually giving his age as 39, and ineptitude at violin playing, most frequently demonstrated by futile attempts to perform [[Rodolphe Kreutzer]]'s [[42 études ou caprices|Étude No. 2 in C major]].

In fact, Benny was a quite good violinist who achieved the illusion of a bad one, not by deliberately playing poorly, but by striving to play pieces that were too difficult for his skill level. In one of his show's skits, Benny is a USO performer in the Pacific playing his violin when he comes under fire; Benny still plays his violin when two Japanese surrender to him–all the other enemy soldiers committed suicide rather than endure listening to Benny's terrible music.

A skit heard numerous times on radio, and seen many times on television, had [[Mel Blanc]] as a Mexican in a [[sombrero]] and [[serape]] sitting on a bench. Jack Benny sits down and begins a conversation. To each question asked by Benny, Blanc replies ''Sí''. When Benny asks his name, Blanc replies ''Sy'', which would prompt t'' for a living (''Sew?'', ''Sí.'').

A running gag was Benny age always being 39-a guest on the show was [[Rod Serling]] who is the mayor of a town where no one recognzies Benny; Jack runs off screaming for help while Serling [[breaks the fourth wall]] and remarks to the audience that anyone who has been 39 for as long as Benny has is a resident of this "Zone" [I.E. [[The Twilight Zone|Twilight Zone]])

A running gag in Benny's private life concerned George Burns. To Benny's eternal frustration, he could never get Burns to laugh. Burns, though, could crack Benny up with the least effort. An example of this occurred at a party when Benny pulled out a match to light a cigar. Burns announced to all, "Jack Benny will now perform the famous match trick!" Benny had no idea what Burns was talking about, so he proceeded to light up. Burns observed, "Oh, a new ending!" and Benny collapsed in helpless laughter.

Benny even had a sound-based running gag of his own: his famous basement vault alarm, allegedly installed by [[Spike Jones]], ringing off with a shattering cacophony of whistles, sirens, bells, and blasts before ending invariably with the sound of a foghorn. The alarm rang even when Benny opened his safe with the correct combination. The vault also featured a guard named Ed (voiced by [[Joseph Kearns]]) who had been on post down below, apparently, before the end of the Civil War, the end of the Revolutionary War, the founding of Los Angeles, on Jack's 38th birthday and even the beginning of humanity.

In one appearance, Ed asked Benny, "By the way, Mr. Benny ... what's it like on the outside?" Benny responded, "... winter is nearly here, and the leaves are falling." Ed responded, "Hey, that must be exciting," to which Benny replied (in a stunningly risqué joke for the period), "Oh, no{{snd}}people are wearing clothes now."

In one episode of the Benny radio show, Ed the Guard actually agreed when Benny invited him to take a break and come back to the surface world, only to discover that modern conveniences and transportation, which had not been around the last time he had been to the surface, terrorized and confused him. (Ed thought a crosstown bus was "a red and yellow dragon".) Finally, Ed decides to return to his post fathoms below and stay there. The basement vault gag was also used in the cartoon ''[[The Mouse that Jack Built]]'' and an episode<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0637413/|title=Lucy Gets Jack Benny's Account|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref> of ''[[The Lucy Show]]''.

A separate sound gag involved a song Benny had written, "When You Say I Beg Your Pardon, Then I'll Come Back to You". Its inane lyrics and insipid melody guaranteed that it would never be published or recorded, but Benny continued to try to con, extort, or otherwise inveigle some of his musical guests (including [[The Smothers Brothers]] and [[Peter, Paul and Mary]]) to perform it. However, none ever made it all the way.

In keeping with his "stingy" [[schtick]], on one of his television specials he remarked that, to his way of looking at things, a "special" is when the price of coffee is marked down.

==== The orchestra ====
Another popular running gag concerned the social habits of Benny's on-air orchestra, who were consistently portrayed as a bunch of drunken ne'er-do-wells. Led first by [[Phil Harris]] and later by [[Bob Crosby]], the orchestra, and in particular band member Frank Remley, were jokingly portrayed as often being too drunk to play properly, using an overturned bass drum to play cards on just minutes before a show and so enamored of liquor that the sight of a glass of milk would make them sick. Remley was portrayed in various unflattering situations, such as being thrown into a garbage can by a road sweeper who had found him passed out in the street at 4 am, and on a wanted poster at the Beverly Hills police station.

Crosby also got consistent laughs by frequently joking about his more famous brother [[Bing Crosby]]'s vast wealth.

==== Christmas shopping ====
One popular scenario that became a tradition on ''The Jack Benny Program'' was the annual "Christmas Shopping" episode, in which Benny would go to a local department store to do his shopping. Each year, Benny would buy a ridiculously cheap Christmas gift for Don Wilson, from a harried store clerk played by Mel Blanc. Benny would then drive Blanc to insanity by exchanging the gift countless times throughout the episode.

In the 1946 Christmas episode, for example, Benny buys shoelaces for Don, and is unable to make up his mind whether to give Wilson shoelaces with plastic tips or metal tips. After exchanging them repeatedly, Mel Blanc is heard screaming insanely, "Plastic tips! Metal tips! I can't stand it anymore!"

A variation in 1948 was with an expensive wallet, but repeatedly changing the greeting card, prompting Blanc to shout, "I haven't run into anyone like you in 20 years! Oh, why did the governor have to give me that pardon!?" Benny then realizes that he should have gotten Don a wallet for $1.98, whereupon the store clerk responds by committing suicide.

Over the years, in the Christmas episodes, Benny bought and repeatedly exchanged cuff links, golf tees, a box of dates, a paint set (water colors or oils), and a gopher trap. In later years, Benny would encounter Mel Blanc's wife (played by [[Jean Vander Pyl]] or [[Bea Benaderet]]) or the clerk's psychiatrist at the store, and drive them crazy, as well.

One Christmas program had Crosby agonizing over what to get Remley: Benny: "Well, why don't you get him a cordial; like a bottle of Drambuie?" Crosby: "That's a nice thought, Jack, but Drambuie's an after-dinner drink." Benny: "So?" Crosby: "So Remley never quite makes it 'til after dinner."

==== The Maxwell ====
[[File:TrumanBennyMaxwell.jpg|thumb|Jack Benny shakes hands with [[Harry S. Truman]] from the seat of a ''circa'' 1908 Maxwell Roadster]]
Starting with the October 24, 1937, radio show, when Jack proudly announced the purchase of his car, a running joke began that Benny drove an old [[Maxwell automobile]], a brand that went out of business in 1925. Although some details such as the car's body style and its exact model year varied over the years, what remained constant was that Benny's old car was so worn out that it would barely run, but the miserly Benny insisted he could get a few more miles out of it.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last=Mott|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0N6rmCG6WIC&pg=PA122|title=Radio Sound Effects: Who Did It, and How, in the Era of Live Broadcasting|year=1993|isbn=978-0786422661|page=122|access-date=2016-01-25}}</ref>

Many of the sound effects for the car's clattering engine came from an actual old motor that the sound-effects shop had salvaged from a Los Angeles junkyard.<ref name="auto1"/> When a sound-effects man missed a cue for the automobile engine, [[Mel Blanc]] quickly improvised a vocal imitation of a sputtering car engine starting up noisily that was so funny, it became a regular feature of the show.

The ongoing saga of the Maxwell was initially interrupted after just five years, when on the October 18, 1942, broadcast, Jack took his car to a local junkyard and contributed it to the [[World War II]] junk salvage drive, receiving $7.50 in [[War bond#United States|war stamps]] in exchange. However, much of the radio audience may have remained unaware that the Maxwell was ever gone, because before long Benny was heard traveling around in a decrepit old car again, and by the end of the 1940s, his car was once more specifically identified as a Maxwell.

When the ''Jack Benny Program'' premiered on television in 1950, a 1916 Maxwell Model 25 [[Touring car|Tourer]] became one of the production's standard props. Benny's Maxwell later became a 1923 Tourer. Benny often made public appearances in Maxwells. He drove a Maxwell onto the stage in one of his last television specials.

By 1941, Jack Benny's Maxwell had become such a well-known aspect of popular culture that it was referenced in the Billy Mills song "I'm in Love with the Sound Effects Man" as heard on the June 17, 1941, ''[[Fibber McGee and Molly]]'' radio show and later performed on a 1943 recording by [[Spike Jones]]. The automobile was also featured in the 1943 Benny film ''[[The Meanest Man in the World]]''. Benny and his archaic auto were featured in a series of television and print ads for [[Texaco]] from the 1950s through the 1970s.

A series of gags was built around the premise that Benny appreciated the value of Sky Chief brand gasoline in keeping his car running smoothly, but was too cheap to buy more than one gallon at a time. In the classic cartoon "[[The Mouse that Jack Built]]", Benny and his wife are driven by Rochester in a sputtering Maxwell car. In another gag Benny comes home and Rochester reports that he has just reported to the Police that the Maxwell was stolen 3 hours after it happened. When Benny asks why he waited so long, Rochester replies that it was when he stopped laughing.

Many people believe that Benny appears behind the wheel of his Maxwell in the 1963 film ''[[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]]'', but in fact, it was a 1932 Cadillac.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imcdb.org/v061025.html|title=Cadillac in "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World"|website=IMCDb.org}}</ref> The long shots for the scene were shot months before Benny was cast{{snd}}with a stunt driver at the wheel{{snd}}and the role was intended for [[Stan Laurel]] (which is why the character wears a derby, which Benny almost never did). When Laurel ultimately passed on appearing, Jack agreed to play the role. According to the commentary on the Criterion edition of the film, his close-ups were filmed on a rear-projection stage at the Paramount studio.

==== The Benny{{ndash}}Allen feud ====
On April 5, 1936, Benny began his famous radio feud with rival Fred Allen when he satirized Allen's show.<ref name="dun" />{{Rp|359}}Allen kicked the feud off on his own show on December 30, 1936, after child violinist Stuart Canin gave a performance of [[François Schubert]]'s ''The Bee''<ref name="book2">{{cite book|last1=Benny|first1=Joan|url=https://archive.org/details/sundaynightsatse00benn|title=Sunday Nights at Seven: The Jack Benny Story|last2=Benny|first2=Jack|publisher=Warner Books|year=1990|isbn=978-0446515467|quote=There are a few things you should know in advance. In the first place, I was not born in Waukegan. I was born at the Mercy Hospital in Chicago...}}</ref>{{rp|131}} credibly enough that Allen wisecracked about "a certain alleged violinist" who should by comparison be ashamed of himself. Benny, who listened to the Allen show, answered in kind at the end of his January 3, 1937, show, and the two comedians were off and running.

For a decade, the two went at it back and forth, so convincingly that fans of either show could have been forgiven for believing they had become blood enemies. In reality, the two men were close friends and mutual admirers. Benny and Allen often appeared on each other's show during the ongoing feud; numerous surviving episodes of both comedians' radio shows feature each other, in both acknowledged guest spots and occasional cameos. On one Christmas program, Allen thanked Benny for sending him a Christmas tree, but then added that the tree had died. "Well, what do you expect," quipped Allen, "when the tree is in Brooklyn and the sap is in Hollywood."

Benny in his memoir (''Sunday Nights at Seven'') and Allen in his ''Treadmill to Oblivion'' later revealed that each comedian's writing staff often met together to plot future takes on the mock feud. If Allen zapped Benny with a satirization of Benny's show ("The Pinch Penny Program"), Benny shot back with a parody of Allen's ''[[Town Hall Tonight]]'' called "''Clown'' Hall Tonight", and their playful sniping ("Benny was born ignorant, and he's been losing ground ever since") was also advanced in the films ''[[Love Thy Neighbor (1940 film)|Love Thy Neighbor]]'' and ''[[It's in the Bag!]]''.

Perhaps the climax of the feud came during Fred Allen's parody of popular quiz-and-prize show ''[[Queen for a Day]]''. Calling the sketch "King for a Day", Allen played the host and Benny a contestant who sneaked onto the show using the alias Myron Proudfoot. Benny answered the prize-winning question correctly and Allen crowned him "king" and showered him with a passel of almost meaningless prizes.

Allen proudly announced, "Tomorrow night, in your ermine robe, you will be whisked by bicycle to Orange, New Jersey, where you will be the judge in a chicken-cleaning contest," to which Benny joyously declared, "I'm ''king'' for a day!" At this point a professional pressing-iron was wheeled on stage, to press Benny's suit properly. It didn't matter that Benny was still ''in'' the suit. Allen instructed his aides to remove Benny's suit, one item at a time, ending with his trousers, each garment's removal provoking louder laughter from the studio audience.

As his trousers began to come off, Benny howled, "Allen, you haven't seen the ''end'' of me!" At once Allen shot back, "It won't be long ''now!''" The laughter was so loud and chaotic at the chain of events that the Allen show announcer, [[Kenny Delmar]], was cut off the air while trying to read a final commercial and the show's credits. (Allen was notorious for running overtime often enough, largely thanks to his ad-libbing talent, and he overran the clock again this time.)

Benny was profoundly shaken when in 1956 Allen suddenly died at age 61 from a heart attack. In a statement released on the day after Allen's death, Benny said, "People have often asked me if Fred Allen and I were really friends in real life. My answer is always the same: You couldn't have such a long-running and successful feud as we did, without having a deep and sincere friendship at the heart of it." Allen himself wrote, "For years people have been asking me if Jack and I are friendly. I don't think that Jack Benny has an enemy in the world. ... He is my favorite comedian and I hope to be his friend until he is forty. That will be forever."<ref>Allen, Fred. ''Treadmill to Oblivion.'' Little Brown & Co (New York: 1954); reprint – Wildside Press (undated facsimile ed), p. 221.</ref>

=== Preservation ===
The radio series was one of the most extensively preserved programs of its era, with the archive almost complete from 1936 onward and several episodes existing from before that (including the 1932 premiere). {{clear|left}}

A few episodes from the series' later years remain missing, however, such as the shows from September 30 and October 7, 1951.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/jackbennyinthe1940s/jack-benny-in-the-1950s/1951-1952-season|title=Jack Benny in the 1940's – 1951–1952 Season|website=sites.google.com}}</ref>

The March 23, 1948 episode of the radio series was chosen by the [[Library of Congress]] as a 2004 selection for preservation in the [[National Recording Registry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2004 {{!}} View Registry by Induction Years {{!}} Recording Registry {{!}} National Recording Preservation Board {{!}} Programs {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/registry-by-induction-years/2004/ |website=Library of Congress|access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref>

==Television==
{{Infobox television
| image = Dennis Day Jack Benny Jack Benny Show 1963.JPG
| alt=Jack Benny Show, 1963
| caption = Jack Benny as Robinson Crusoe with [[Dennis Day]] as his man Friday, 1963
| runtime = 24–25 minutes
| creator =
| starring = Jack Benny
| composer = Mahlon Merrick
| company = [[CBS Television]] (1950–1955) J&M Productions, Inc. (1955–1965)
| distributor = [[NBCUniversal Television Distribution|MCA TV]]
| network = [[CBS]] (1950–1964) [[NBC]] (1964–1965)
| picture_format = [[Black-and-white]]
| audio_format = [[Monaural]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1950|10|28}}
| last_aired = {{End date|1965|04|16}}
| num_seasons = 15
| num_episodes = 260
| list_episodes = List of The Jack Benny Program episodes
}}

Jack Benny made his TV debut in 1949 with a local appearance on Los Angeles station [[KTTV]], then a [[CBS]] affiliate.<ref>April 4, 1949 Life Magazine article "Benny Tries TV", with photo and review</ref> On October 28, 1950, he made his full network debut over [[CBS]] Television.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-1950-jack-benny-hits-tv-gripes-a-lot-1.5320281|title=This Day in Jewish History // 1950: Jack Benny Takes Act to TV, Grumbling All the Way|last=Green|first=David B.|date=2014-10-28|work=Haaretz|language=en}}</ref> Benny's television shows were occasional broadcasts in his early seasons on TV, as he was still firmly dedicated to radio.

The regular and continuing ''Jack Benny Program'' was telecast on [[CBS]] from October 28, 1950, to September 15, 1964. It became a weekly show in the 1960–1961 season, and was on [[NBC]] from September 25, 1964, to September 10, 1965.

343 episodes were produced. His TV sponsors included [[American Tobacco]]'s [[Lucky Strike]] (1950–59), [[Lever Brothers]]' [[Lux (soap)|Lux]] (1959–60), [[State Farm Insurance]] (1960–65), [[Lipton]] Tea (1960–62), [[General Foods]]' [[Jell-O]] (1962–64), and [[Miles Laboratories]] (1964–65).

The television show was a seamless continuation of Benny's radio program, employing many of the same players, the same approach to situation comedy, and some of the same scripts. The suffix "Program" instead of "Show" was also a carryover from radio, where "program" rather than "show" was used frequently for presentations in the nonvisual medium. Occasionally, in several live episodes, the title card read ''The Jack Benny Show''.

The ''Jack Benny Program'' appeared infrequently during its first two years on CBS-TV. Benny moved into television slowly. In his first season (1950–1951), he only performed on four shows, but by the 1951–1952 season, he was ready to do one show roughly every six weeks. In the third season (1952–1953), the show was broadcast every four weeks. During the 1953–1954 season, the ''Jack Benny Program'' aired every three weeks.<ref name="auto">"[https://archive.org/details/JackBennys40thBirthdayCelebrationShowerOfStarsFeb131958 Jack Benny's 40th Birthday Celebration]." ''[[Shower of Stars]]'' (February 13, 1958). Retrieved December 2, 2019.</ref>

From 1954 to 1960, the program aired every other week, rotating with such shows as ''[[Private Secretary (TV series)|Private Secretary]]'' and ''[[Bachelor Father (US TV series)|Bachelor Father]]''. After the radio show ended in 1955, Benny took on another biweekly series, becoming a regular on ''[[Shower of Stars]]'', CBS's hourlong comedy/variety [[anthology series]]. He effectively appeared almost every week on one of the two series. On ''Shower of Stars'', Benny's character finally turned 40, throwing a large birthday party for the occasion.<ref name="auto"/>

Beginning in the 1960–1961 season, the ''Jack Benny Program'' began airing every week. The show moved from CBS to NBC prior to the 1964–65 season. During the 1953–54 season, a few episodes were filmed during the summer and the others were live, a schedule that allowed Benny to continue doing his radio show. In the 1953–1954 season, Dennis Day had his own short-lived comedy and variety show on NBC, ''[[The Dennis Day Show]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The complete directory to prime time network and cable TV shows, 1946–present|last1=Brooks|first1=Tim|last2=Marsh|first2=Earle|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|year=2009|isbn=978-0307483201|edition=Ninth|location=New York|pages=1127|oclc=430850832}}</ref>

Live episodes (and later live-on-tape episodes) of the ''Jack Benny Program'' were broadcast from CBS Television City with live audiences. Early filmed episodes were shot by [[Burns and Allen#McCadden Productions|McCadden Productions]] at [[General Service Studios|Hollywood Center Studios]] and later by [[Desilu Productions]] at [[Desilu Cahuenga Studio|Red Studios Hollywood]] with an audience brought in to watch the finished film for live responses. Benny's opening and closing monologues were filmed in front of a live audience. From the late 1950s until the last season on NBC, though, a [[laugh track]] was used to augment audience responses. By this time, all shows were filmed at [[Universal Television]].

In [[Jim Bishop]]'s book ''A Day in the Life of President Kennedy'', [[John F. Kennedy]] said that he was too busy to watch most television, but that he made the time to watch the ''Jack Benny Program'' each week.<ref>Bishop, Jim. ''A Day in the Life of President Kennedy''</ref>

Outside of North America (being also one of the most popular shows on the CBC), one episode reportedly aired first in the United Kingdom (where one episode was filmed). Benny had also been a familiar figure in Australia since the mid- to late 1930s with his radio show, and he made a special program for ATN-7 ''Jack Benny In Australia'' in March 1964, after a successful tour of Sydney and Melbourne.

=== End ===
[[James T. Aubrey]], the president of CBS Television and a man known for his abrasive and judgmental decision-making style, infamously told Benny in 1963, "you're through."<ref name=NYTmag72>Martin Kasindorf. "How now, Dick Daring?" ''[[The New York Times]] Magazine''. September 10, 1972. 54+.</ref> Benny was further incensed when CBS placed an untested new sitcom, the ''[[Beverly Hillbillies]]'' spinoff ''[[Petticoat Junction]]'', as his lead in. Benny had had a strong ratings surge the previous year when his series was moved to Tuesday nights with the popular ''[[Red Skelton]] Hour'' in the time slot prior to his.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1964/01/17/97160135.html?pageNumber=87|title=Benny Amenable on Time of Show ; Comedian Is Willing to Abide by What N.B.C. Decides|website=timesmachine.nytimes.com}}</ref>

He feared a separation of their two programs might prove fatal. Early that fall, he announced his show was moving back to NBC, where he was able to get the network to pick up another season.<ref name="auto2"/> Benny's fears proved to be unfounded; his ratings for the 1963–64 season remained strong, while ''Petticoat Junction'' emerged as the most popular new series that fall.

In his unpublished autobiography, ''I Always Had Shoes'' (portions of which were later incorporated by Benny's daughter, Joan, into her memoir of her parents, ''Sunday Nights at Seven''),<ref>{{Cite book|title=Children of Hollywood: Accounts of Growing Up as the Sons and Daughters of Stars|last=Vogel|first=Michelle|publisher=McFarland|year=2005|isbn=0786420464}}</ref> Benny said that he made the decision to end his TV series in 1965. He said that while the ratings were still good (he cited a figure of some 18 million viewers per week, although he qualified that figure by saying he never believed the ratings services were doing anything more than guessing), advertisers complained that commercial time on his show was costing nearly twice as much as what they paid for most other shows, and he had grown tired of what was called the "rat race".

===Syndication===
[[File:Jack Benny Bing Crosby Jack Benny Show 1954.JPG|thumb|180px|While Benny has [[Bing Crosby]] up a tree, thanks to Rochester's hammock invention, he uses the opportunity to bargain with Bing for a lower appearance fee, 1954.]]
[[File:Jack Benny Connie Francis Jack Benny Show 1963.JPG|thumb|180px|Benny as composer [[Stephen Foster]] and [[Connie Francis]] as his wife who nags him to write a successful song, 1963.]]
[[File:Jack Benny Eddie Anderson Jack Benny Program.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Jack Benny]] and [[Eddie "Rochester" Anderson|Eddie Anderson]] as Rochester from a 1977 special about Jack Benny's series; it used clips from earlier shows. ]]
As with the radio shows, most of the television series has lapsed into the [[public domain]], although several episodes (particularly those made from 1961 onward, including the entire NBC-TV run) remain under copyright. During his lone NBC season, CBS aired repeats on weekdays and Sunday afternoons. 104 episodes personally selected by Benny and [[Irving Fein]], Benny's associate since 1947,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-irving-fein-20120815-story.html|title=Irving Fein dies at 101; manager for Jack Benny, George Burns|last=McLellan|first=Dennis|date=15 August 2012|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> were placed into syndication in 1968 by [[NBCUniversal Television Distribution|MCA TV]]. Telecasts of the shows in the late evening were running as late as 1966.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Four early-1960s episodes were rerun on CBS during the summer of 1977. Edited 16mm prints ran on the [[CBN Cable Network]] in the mid-1980s. Restored versions first appeared on the short lived [[Ha! (TV channel)|HA!]] network in 1990. As of 2011, the series has run on [[Antenna TV]], part of a long-term official syndication distribution deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://antennatv.tv/shows/|title=Shows – Antenna TV|website=antennatv.tv}}</ref> The public domain television episodes have appeared on numerous stations, including PBS, while the radio series episodes have appeared in radio drama anthology series such as ''[[When Radio Was]]''.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

===Home media===
Public-domain episodes have been available on budget VHS/Beta tapes (and later DVDs) since the late 1970s. [[Universal Studios Home Entertainment|MCA Home Video]] issued a 1960 version of the classic "Christmas Shopping" show in 1982 and a VHS set of 10 filmed episodes in 1990. In 2008, 25 public-domain episodes of the show, long thought lost, were located in a CBS vault. The Jack Benny Fan Club, with the blessing of the Benny estate, offered to fund the [[digital preservation]] and release of these sealed episodes. CBS issued a press statement that any release was unlikely.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jackbenny.org/biography/other/cbs_permanently_seals_jack_benny.htm|title=CBS permanently seals Jack Benny television masters|website=www.jackbenny.org}}</ref>

June 2013 had the first official release of 18 rare live Benny programs from 1956 to 1964 by [[Shout! Factory]].<ref name=":4" /> This set, part of Benny's private collection at the UCLA film and television library, included guest shots by [[Jack Paar]], [[John Wayne]], [[Tony Curtis]], [[Gary Cooper]], [[Dick Van Dyke]], [[Rock Hudson]], [[Natalie Wood]], and President [[Harry Truman]], and the only TV appearance with longtime radio foe [[Ronald Colman]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shoutfactory.com/product/the-jack-benny-program-the-lost-episodes?product_id=1608|title=The Jack Benny Program: The Lost Episodes|website=www.shoutfactory.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref>

=== Television episodes ===
{{main|List of The Jack Benny Program episodes}}
{{:List of The Jack Benny Program episodes}}

==Cast and characters==
[[Image:Jack Benny group photo.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Group photograph of Eddie Anderson, Dennis Day, Phil Harris, Mary Livingstone, Jack Benny, Don Wilson, and Mel Blanc]]

=== Main cast ===
* [[Jack Benny]] as himself – The protagonist of the show, Benny is a comic, vain, penny-pinching miser, insisting on remaining 39 years old on stage despite his actual age, and often playing the violin badly.
* [[Eddie Anderson (comedian)|Eddie Anderson]] as Rochester Van Jones, Jack's valet and chauffeur – Early in the show's run, he often talked of gambling or going out with women. Later on, he complained about his salary.
* [[Don Wilson (announcer)|Don Wilson]] as himself – Don generally opened the show and also did the commercials. He was the target of Jack's jokes, mostly about his weight.
* Eugene McNulty  as [[Dennis Day]] – A vocalist perpetually in his 20s (by the time of the last television series, McNulty was 49 years old), he was sweet but not very bright. When called upon, he could use a wide variety of accents, which was especially useful in plays. He usually sang a song about 10 minutes into the program. If the episode was a flashback to a previous time, a ruse would be used such as Dennis singing his song for Jack so he could hear it before the show. McNulty adopted the name "Dennis Day" as his stage name for the rest of his career.
* Sadie Marks  as [[Mary Livingstone]] – A sarcastic comic foil, her varying roles all served as, to use the description of [[Fred Allen]], "a girl to insult (Jack)." Marks, who in real life was Benny's wife, later legally changed her name to "Mary Livingstone" in response to the character's popularity. Her role on the program was reduced in the 1950s due to increasing stage fright, and Livingstone finally retired from acting in 1958.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Benny, Jack and Joan, ''Sunday Nights At Seven''(1990) Warner Books</ref>
* [[Phil Harris]] as himself – A skirt-chasing, arrogant, hip-talking bandleader, he constantly put Jack down (in a mostly friendly way). He referred to Mary as "Livvy" or "Liv", and Jack as "Jackson".<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/13/obituaries/phil-harris-91-radio-sidekick-to-jack-benny.html|title=Phil Harris, 91, Radio Sidekick to Jack Benny|last=Thomas Jr.|first=Robert MCG.|date=1995|work=The New York Times|language=en}}</ref> Harris explained this once by saying it's "as close as I can get to jackass and still be polite"<ref>{{cite episode|title=Jack's Screen Guild Theater Performance|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4OdT94fZiM&t=927s|series=The Jack Benny Program|network=NBC|airdate=15 January 1939}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref> Spun off into ''The Phil Harris–Alice Faye Show'' (1946–1954) with his wife, actress [[Alice Faye]].<ref name=":3" /> Harris left the radio show in 1952 and his character did not make the transition to television apart from a guest appearance.
* [[Mel Blanc]] as Carmichael the Polar Bear, Professor Pierre LeBlanc, Sy the Mexican, Polly (Jack's parrot), the Maxwell, and many other assorted voices<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tv.avclub.com/mel-blanc-stole-the-show-from-jack-benny-at-christmas-1798275294|title=Mel Blanc stole the show from Jack Benny at Christmas|last=Ihnat|first=Gwen|date=23 December 2014|work=AV/TV Club|language=en-US}}</ref> – An occasional running gag went along the lines of how the various characters Mel portrayed all looked alike. He was also the sound effects of Jack's barely functional [[Maxwell automobile]]{{snd}}a role he played again in the Warner Bros. cartoon ''The Mouse that Jack Built''. Another participating voice actor was [[Bert Gordon (comedian)|Bert Gordon]]. Mel also played a train-station announcer, whose catchphrase was, "Train leaving on Track Five for Anaheim, Azusa, and Cuc-amonga."{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[Frank Nelson (actor)|Frank Nelson]] as the "Yeeee-essss?" man – He was always the person who waited on Jack wherever he was, from the railroad-station agent, to the store clerk, to the doorman, to the waiter. Frank always delighted in aggravating Jack, as he was apparently constantly aggravated by Jack's presence.
* [[Sheldon Leonard]] – A racetrack [[tout]] (originated by [[Benny Rubin]]), he frequently offered unsolicited advice to Benny on a variety of racing-unrelated subjects. Ironically, he never gave out information on horse racing, unless Jack demanded it. One excuse the tout gave was, "Who knows about horses?" His [[catchphrase]] was "Hey, bud... c'mere a minute".<ref name="dun" />
* [[Joseph Kearns]] as Ed, the superannuated security guard in Jack's money vault – Ed had allegedly been guarding Jack's vault since (variously) the founding of Los Angeles (1781), the [[American Civil War]], the [[American Revolutionary War]], or when Jack had just turned 38 years old. [[Burt Mustin]] took over the role on television following Kearns' death in 1962. (In the 1959 cartoon ''The Mouse that Jack Built'', Mel Blanc played the part of Ed, who asks if the U.S. had won the war, then asks what would be done with the [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser]]). Kearns also played other roles, that of Dennis Day's father, that of a beleaguered IRS agent, his dentist, and often of a clerk when it was not necessary to have Frank Nelson antagonize Jack.
* [[Artie Auerbach]] as Mr. Kitzel – He originally appeared on [[Al Pearce]]'s radio show in the late 1930s, where his famous catch phrase was, "Hmmmm... eh, could be!", and several years later as a regular on ''The [[Abbott & Costello]] Show'', who originally started out as a Yiddish hot dog vendor selling hot dogs during the [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]]. In later episodes, he went on to lose his hot dog stand, and move on to various other jobs. A big part of his schtick involved garbling names with his accent, such as referring to [[Nat King Cole]] as "Nat King Cohen", or mentioning his favorite baseball player, "[[Rabbit Maranville|Rabbi Maranville]]". He often complained about his wife, an [[unseen character]] who was described as a large, domineering woman who, on one occasion, Kitzel visualized as "...from the front, she looks like Don Wilson from the side!" He often sang various permutations of his jingle, "Pickle in the middle and the mustard on top!" Kitzel was often heard to say, "Hoo-hoo-HOO!" in response to questions asked of him.
* [[Bob Crosby]] – In 1952, Crosby replaced Phil Harris as the bandleader, remaining until Benny retired the radio show in 1955. In joining the show, he became the leader of the same group of musicians who had played under Harris. Many of his running jokes focused on his apparent inability to pronounce "[[Manischewitz]]",<ref>In this episode, Crosby is unable to pronounce Manischewitz, hence starting a running joke: {{cite episode|title=Happy Time|url=http://otrrlibrary.org/OTRRLib/Library%20Files/J%20Series/Jack%20Benny/Jack%20Benny%20Program%2052-12-07%20(824)%20Happy%20Time.mp3|series=The Jack Benny Program|network=CBS|airdate=7 December 1952}}</ref> his own family, and the wealth and lifestyle of his older brother, Bing Crosby.
* [[Benny Rubin]] – Played a variety of characters on both the radio and television versions. His most memorable bit was as an information-desk attendant. Jack would ask a series of questions that Rubin would answer with an ever-increasingly irritated, "I don't know!" followed by the punchline {among them: "Well, if you ''don't'' know, why are you standing behind that counter?"/"I gotta stand behind something; somebody stole my pants; I missed a payment, and they nailed my shoes to the floor!"}.
* Dale White – Harlow Wilson, the son of Don and Lois Wilson, on television.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1862073/|title=Dale White|website=IMDb}}</ref> His catchphrase, "You never did like me!", is usually uttered when Jack and he end up embroiled in an argument, though he once said it to his own mother.
* [[Verna Felton]] as Mrs. Day", Dennis' frighteningly domineering mother – She often came to near blows with Jack in her efforts to prevent him from taking advantage of Dennis, and she was often portrayed as working various masculine jobs such as a plumber, trucker, or karate instructor. Although she cares deeply for her son, Dennis' zany behavior aggravates her to no end, and the show has alluded to her hilariously myriad attempts at [[Filicide|killing]] and [[child abandonment|abandoning]] him.
* [[Bea Benaderet]] and [[Sara Berner]] as Gertrude Gearshift and Mabel Flapsaddle, a pair of [[telephone switchboard]] operators – They always traded barbs with Jack (and sometimes each other) when he tried to put through a call. Whenever the scene shifted to them, they subtly plugged a current picture in an insult such as "Mr. Benny's line is flashing!" "Oh, I wonder what [[Dial M For Murder|Dial M for Money]] wants now?" or "I wonder what [[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Schmoe Vadis]] wants now?"
* [[Jane Morgan (actress)|Jane Morgan]] and Gloria Gordon as Martha and Emily – A pair of elderly ladies, they were irresistibly attracted to Jack.
* [[Madge Blake]] and [[Jesslyn Fax]] were the president and vice president, respectively, of the Jack Benny Fan Club, Pasadena chapter.
* [[James Stewart]] and his wife, Gloria as themselves – Recurring guest stars on the radio and television series, they played Benny's often-imposed-upon neighbors, in roles similar to those performed by Ronald and Benita Colman.<ref name=dun/>
* [[Butterfly McQueen]] played Butterfly, the niece of Rochester. She worked as Mary Livingstone's maid.

=== Other cast members include ===
* [[Ronald Colman]] and his wife, [[Benita Hume|Benita]] as themselves – They were among Benny's most popular guest stars on the radio series, portraying his long-suffering next-door neighbors. On the show, the Colmans were often revolted by Jack's eccentricities and by the fact that he always borrowed odds and ends from them (at one point, leading Ronald to exclaim, "Butter? Butter, butter!!! Where does he think this is, [[Shangri-La]]?"). Dennis Day often impersonated Ronald Colman.
* [[Frank Parker (singer)|Frank Parker]] was the show's singer during the early seasons on radio from New York.
* [[Kenny Baker (singer/actor)|Kenny Baker]] – The show's tenor singer, he originally played the young, dopey character. He was replaced by Dennis Day.
* [[Andy Devine]] – Jack's raspy-voiced friend, he lived on a farm with his ma and pa. He usually told a story about his folks and life around the farm. His [[catchphrase]] was "Hiya, Buck!"
[[File:Sam Hearn 1935.jpg|thumb|150px|Sam Hearn as Schlepperman in 1935]]
* Sam Hearn as Schlepperman – A Jewish character, he spoke with a Yiddish accent (his catch phrase: "Hullo, Stranger!").<ref>{{Cite book|title=From radio to the big screen: Hollywood films featuring broadcast personalities and programs|last=Hal|first=Erickson|publisher=McFarland|year=2014|isbn=978-0786477579|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|pages=40|oclc=880579526}}</ref> He would return again as the "Hiya, Rube!" guy, a hick farmer from the town of [[Calabasas, California|Calabasas]], who always insisted on referring to Jack as "rube".{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}
* [[Edmund Beloin|Ed Beloin]] as Mr. Billingsley – He was Benny's polite but eccentric boarder. He appeared in the early 1940s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Jack Benny and the golden age of American radio comedy|last=Fuller-Seeley|first=Kathryn H.|year=2017|isbn=978-0520967946|location=Oakland, California|oclc=985447912}}</ref>
* Larry Stevens – A tenor singer, he substituted for Dennis Day from November 1944 to March 1946, when Dennis served in the Navy.<ref name=":0" />
* Mary Kelly  as the Blue Fairy – A clumsy, overweight fairy, she appeared in several storytelling episodes. Kelly had been an old flame of Jack's, who had fallen on hard times. Benny was unsure of whether to give Kelly a regular role and instead appealed to friend George Burns, who put her on his show in 1939 as Mary "Bubbles" Kelly, best friend to Gracie.<ref>{{Cite book|title=George Burns : An American life|last=Epstein|first=Lawrence J.|date=2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786458493|location=Jefferson, N.C.|oclc=714086527}}</ref>
* [[Gisele MacKenzie]] – A singer and violin player, she guest-starred seven times on the program.
* Blanche Stewart  contributed a variety of characters and animal sounds.<ref name=dun/>
* [[Barry Gordon]]  played Jack Benny as a child in a skit where Jack played his own father.
* [[Johnny Green]] was the band leader until 1936, when Phil Harris joined the show.

==See also==
* [[Jack Benny and the Golden Age of American Radio Comedy]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|0325639|The Jack Benny Program (TV pilot)}}
* {{IMDb title|0042116|The Jack Benny Program (TV series)}}
* [http://www.paleycenter.org/collection?advanced=1&q=jack+benny&c=all&f=all&x=11&y=13 Jack Benny Collection for Radio & Television – Paley Center for Media]
* {{EmmyTVLegends title|jack-benny-program-the}}

===Audio===
* [https://sites.google.com/site/jackbennyshows/ Collection of Jack Benny radio show.]
* [http://otrrlibrary.org/OTRRLib/Library%20Files/J%20Series/Jack%20Benny/ Jack Benny radio show collection]
* {{Internet Archive|OTRR_Jack_Benny_Singles|''The Jack Benny Program – all episodes''}}
* [http://zootradio.com/Jack_Benny.php Zoot Radio, 766 free old time radio show downloads of ''The Jack Benny'' radio show]
* [http://oldclassicradio.com/show/the-jack-benny-show Jack Benny radio show at oldclassicradio.com]
* [https://www.otroutlaws.com/artist/61/jack-benny Jack Benny radio show on Old Time Radio Outlaws]

{{Portal bar|Comedy|Radio|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jack Benny Program, The}}
[[Category:1950 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:1965 American television series endings]]
[[Category:1932 radio programme debuts]]
[[Category:1955 radio programme endings]]
[[Category:1930s American radio programs]]
[[Category:1930s in comedy]]
[[Category:1940s American radio programs]]
[[Category:1950s American radio programs]]
[[Category:1930s American television series]]
[[Category:1940s American television series]]
[[Category:American comedy radio programs]]
[[Category:Black-and-white American television shows]]
[[Category:CBS original programming]]
[[Category:English-language television shows]]
[[Category:NBC original programming]]
[[Category:Radio programs adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Television series about show business]]
[[Category:Television series based on radio series]]
[[Category:Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners]]
[[Category:United States National Recording Registry recordings]]
[[Category:CBS Radio programs]]
[[Category:NBC radio programs]]
[[Category:NBC Blue Network radio programs]]
[[Category:American live television series]]
[[Category:1950s American comedy television series]]
[[Category:1960s American comedy television series]]
[[Category:Television series by Universal Television]]

Scott Caan

2022-07-08T14:21:49Z

68.231.42.248: /* Personal life */

{{Short description|American actor (born 1976)}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Scott Caan
| image = File:Scott-Caan.jpg
| caption = Scott Caan on the red carpet for CBS's ''Hawaii Five-0''
| birth_name = Scott Andrew Caan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|8|23}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| othername = Scotty Caan, Mad Skillz
| occupation = Actor, director, photographer, rapper, writer
| years_active = 1993–present
| father = [[James Caan]]
| partner = Kacy Byxbee
| children = 1
}}

'''Scott Andrew Caan''' (born August 23, 1976)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/scott-caan-p195366|title=Scott Caan|work=[[AllMovie]]|access-date=April 1, 2019}}</ref> is an American actor, director, photographer, writer, and former rapper. He starred as Detective Sergeant [[Danny "Danno" Williams]] in the [[CBS]] television series ''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0]]'' (2010–2020), for which he was nominated for a [[Golden Globe Award]]. Caan had a recurring role as manager Scott Lavin in the [[HBO]] television series ''[[Entourage (U.S. TV series)|Entourage]]'' (2009–2011). In the 1990s, he was a rapper and was a part of hip hop group [[The Whooliganz]] with [[The Alchemist (musician)|The Alchemist]], under the pseudonym '''Mad Skillz'''.

==Early life==
Caan was born on August 23, 1976, in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], the son of actor [[James Caan]] and Sheila Marie Ryan, an actress and former model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/obituaries/15360391-418/dated-elvis-beatty-stallone-married-james-caan.html|title=Chicago - Chicago : News : Politics : Things To Do : Sports|work=Chicago|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref> His paternal grandparents were [[Jewish]] immigrants from Germany.<ref name="Caan">{{cite web| last =Model| first =Betsy| title =The Ultimate Caan| work =Cigar Aficionado| url =http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,187,00.html| access-date =2006-12-13| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20061206221723/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,187,00.html| archive-date =2006-12-06}}</ref> He has an older half-sister and three younger half-brothers.

==Career==

Caan was a [[roadie]] for the [[hip hop music|hip hop]] groups [[Cypress Hill]] and [[House of Pain]]. Caan was also a member of the [[hip-hop]] group [[The Whooliganz]] as Mad Skillz (with [[Record producer|producer]] and fellow [[MC]] [[The Alchemist (musician)|The Alchemist]] as Mudfoot).<ref>The Alchemist Speaks on Relationship with Scott Caan [Video]</ref> The Alchemist and he, when performing as the rap duo the Whooliganz in the early 1990s, signed a record deal with Tommy Boy/Warner Bros. records. They recorded the album ''Make Way for the W'', but after their first single "Put Your Handz Up",<ref name=VanityFair>"It's Evening in America". ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''. May 2012. Page 155.</ref> the album was shelved and the duo was dropped by Tommy Boy. In 1995, the Whooliganz' song "Whooliganz" was released as a single in the UK, but Caan and the Alchemist had already parted ways. Caan reunited with his former partner The Alchemist in 2014 on the Step Brothers project ''[[Lord Steppington]]'', performing on the song "Byron G" with musician [[Evidence (musician)|Evidence]].

After enrolling at the Playhouse West acting school in Los Angeles, Caan began acting in the late 1990s, appearing in a number of [[independent film]]s and low-budget films. His first role in a major motion picture was that of Charlie Tweeder, a reckless [[philandering]] [[Texas]] [[high school football]] [[wide receiver]] in the [[teen movie]] ''[[Varsity Blues (film)|Varsity Blues]]'' ([[1999 in film|1999]]), alongside [[James Van Der Beek]] and [[Paul Walker]]. In the same year, he played the role of Drew in the film ''Saturn'' (also known as ''Speed of Life''). Caan subsequently appeared in several studio films, including ''[[Ready to Rumble]]'' (2000) co-starring [[David Arquette]], ''[[Boiler Room (film)|Boiler Room]]'' (2000) co-starring [[Vin Diesel]], ''[[Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)|Gone in 60 Seconds]]'' (2000) as Tumbler, and ''[[American Outlaws]]'' (2001) co-starring [[Colin Farrell]], in which Caan played 19th-century outlaw [[Cole Younger]]. In 2003, Caan made his directorial debut with the film ''[[Dallas 362]]'', which won a prize at the 2003 Las Vegas Film Festival.

Caan appeared in the feature film trilogy ''[[Ocean's Eleven]]'', ''[[Ocean's Twelve]]'', and ''[[Ocean's Thirteen]]''. In 2005, he co-starred with [[Paul Walker]] (with whom he had appeared in ''Varsity Blues'') in the action film ''[[Into the Blue (2005 film)|Into the Blue]]''. Caan wrote and directed the 2006 comedy ''[[The Dog Problem]],'' and appeared as a supporting character in the film as well. He appeared on the television series ''[[Entourage (U.S. TV series)|Entourage]]'' in a recurring role as talent manager Scott Lavin from seasons six to eight.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.tvguide.com/News/Entourage-Caan-Fichtner-1006707.aspx|title=Entourage Admits Caan, Fichtner, Letscher|publisher=TVGuide.com|access-date=2009-06-08}}</ref>

Caan played Detective [[Danny "Danno" Williams]] in ''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0]]'' (a re-imagining of the 1968 ''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)|Hawaii Five-O]]'' television series). The new series premiered on September 20, 2010, and in 2011 he was nominated for a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film]] for his performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/whats-alan-watching/posts/golden-globes-2011-analyzing-the-tv-nominations|title=Golden Globes 2011: Analyzing the TV nominations|work=HitFix|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref>

[[BuddyTV]] ranked him 95th on its list of "TV's Sexiest Men of 2011".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddytv.com/slideshows/white-collar/tvs-100-sexiest-men-of-2011-29104.aspx|title=TV's 100 Sexiest Men of 2011|publisher=[[BuddyTV]]|access-date=January 13, 2012}}</ref>

In addition to acting, Caan has also pursued a career in photography.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caan |first=Scott |title=Scott Caan Photography |url=http://www.scaanphoto.com |access-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507184808/http://www.scaanphoto.com/ |archive-date=May 7, 2011 }}</ref> Inspired and trained by cinematographer Phil Parmet while working together on the 2003 film ''Dallas 362'', Caan has been shooting ever since. "In preparing for the film," Caan said, "Phil inspired me to learn about lenses, lights, frames, and the operation of a 250 millimeter camera. By the time the film was over, I wanted to shoot the next one."<ref>{{cite web|last=Caan|first=Scott|title=Scott Caan Photographs 2003-2009 - Biography|url=http://www.scaanphoto.com/index2.html|access-date=16 May 2011}}</ref> In 2009, he published his first collection of photographs in a 256-page book titled ''Scott Caan Photographs, Vol. 1''. The book was edited and designed by Howard Nourmand, and includes an introduction by Steve Olson.<ref>{{cite book|title=Amazon|isbn=978-0981805603|last1=Caan|first1=Scott|year=2009}}</ref>

==Volunteer work==
Caan has been an Active Volunteer with Surfers Healing, an organization which introduces children with autism to the joy of surfing, as well as similar groups such as A Walk On Water, TheraSURF, and Life Rolls On.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abilitymagazine.com/scott-caan.html|title=''Ability Magazine: Scott Caan - Surf Therapy for Autism"'' (2009)|access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Caan has a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ego.globo.com/famosos/noticia/2014/02/scott-caan-astro-da-serie-havai-cinco-0-se-rende-ao-jiu-jitsu-brasileiro.html|title=EGO - Scott Caan, astro da série 'Havaí Cinco-0', se rende ao jiu-jítsu brasileiro - notícias de Famosos|date=18 February 2014|work=Ego|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref> In 2014, it was announced that Caan and his girlfriend, Kacy Byxbee, were expecting their first child; in July of that year their out-of wedlock daughter, Josie James, was born.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/scott-caans-girlfriend-pregnant-actor-kacy-byxbee-expecting-child--2014106|title=Scott Caan's Girlfriend Pregnant: Actor, Kacy Byxbee Expecting Child - Us Weekly|date=11 June 2014|work=usmagazine.com|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
[[Image:ScottCann06TIFF.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Caan at the [[2006 Toronto International Film Festival]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Film
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1994
| ''[[A Boy Called Hate]]''
| Steve / Hate
|
|-
| 1995
| ''Aaron Gillespie Will Make You a Star''
| Sean
|
|-
| 1995
| ''Last Resort''
| Strut
| Nominated – Critics Award at [[CineVegas]] (shared with Harvey Silver)
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Nowhere (film)|Nowhere]]''
| 'Ducky'
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Bongwater (film)|Bongwater]]''
| Bobby
|
|-
| 1998
| ''Nowhere to Go''
| Romeo
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Enemy of the State (film)|Enemy of the State]]''
| NSA Agent Jones
|
|-
| 1999
| ''Speed of Life''
| Drew
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Varsity Blues (film)|Varsity Blues]]''
| Charlie Tweeder
|
|-
| 1999
| ''Saturn''
| Drew
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Black and White (1999 drama film)|Black and White]]''
| Scotty
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Boiler Room (film)|Boiler Room]]''
| Richie O'Flaherty
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Ready to Rumble]]''
| Sean Dawkins
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)|Gone in 60 Seconds]]''
| Timmy 'Tumbler' Tummel
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[American Outlaws]]''
| [[Cole Younger]]
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Novocaine (film)|Novocaine]]''
| Duane Ivey
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Ocean's Eleven]]''
| Turk Malloy
| Nominated – [[MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo|MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Team]] Nominated – Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Acting Ensemble
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Sonny (film)|Sonny]]''
| Jesse
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Dallas 362]]''
| Dallas
| Also writer and director Critics Award at CineVegas
|-
| 2004
| ''[[In Enemy Hands (film)|In Enemy Hands]]''
| Lieutenant Commander Randall Sullivan
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Ocean's Twelve]]''
| Turk Malloy
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Into the Blue (2005 film)|Into the Blue]]''
| Bryce Dunn
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Friends with Money]]''
| Mike
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Lonely Hearts (2006 film)|Lonely Hearts]]''
| Detective Reilly
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[The Dog Problem]]''
| Casper
| Also writer and director
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Brooklyn Rules]]''
| Carmine Mancuso
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Ocean's Thirteen]]''
| Turk Malloy
| Nominated – [[Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Award]] for Choice Movie: Chemistry
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Stories USA]]''
| Hayden Field
| Segment "Life Makes Sense If You're Famous"
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Meet Dave]]''
| Officer Dooley
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Mercy (2009 film)|Mercy]]''
| Johnny Ryan
| Also writer and producer
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Deep in the Valley]]''
| Rod Cannon
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[A Beginner's Guide to Endings]]''
| Cal White
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[3 Geezers!]]''
| Scott
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Rock the Kasbah (film)|Rock the Kasbah]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/scott-caan-replaces-shia-labeouf-in-rock-the-kasbah-1201150802/|first=Dave|last=McNary |title=Scott Caan Replaces Shia LaBeouf in 'Rock the Kasbah' |date= March 31, 2014|work= Variety.com|access-date= April 1, 2014}}</ref>
| Jake
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Two for One (film)|Two for One]]''
| Alexander Clarke
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Untogether]]''
| Ellis
|
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Television
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2006
| ''Learning to Fly''
| Dick
| Unsold [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] pilot
|-
| 2009
| ''Cop House''
| Brian Ford
| Unsold [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] pilot
|-
| 2009–2011
| ''[[Entourage (American TV series)|Entourage]]''
| [[List of recurring Entourage characters#Scott Lavin|Scott Lavin]]
| 19 episodes
|-
| 2010–2020
| ''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0]]''
| rowspan="2"| Danny 'Danno' Williams
| Main cast; 240 episodes [[TV Guide|TV Guide Award]] for Favorite Bromance (shared with [[Alex O'Loughlin]]) (2013) Nominated – [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film]] (2011) Nominated – [[Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor Action|Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor: Action]] (2013)
|-
| 2012
| ''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]''
| Episode: "[[NCIS: Los Angeles (season 3)#ep69|Touch of Death]]"
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Vice Principals]]''
| Sweat Dogs Trainer
| Episode: "[[Vice Principals|Think Change]]"
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4790}}
* {{Amg name|195366}}
* {{Discogs artist|Scott Caan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caan, Scott}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jewish American male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American hip hop singers]]
[[Category:American people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Road crew]]
[[Category:Jewish rappers]]
[[Category:American male rappers]]
[[Category:Rappers from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Jewish American musicians]]
[[Category:American Ashkenazi Jews]]
[[Category:West Coast hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Beverly Hills, California]]
[[Category:American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu]]
[[Category:People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu]]
[[Category:21st-century American rappers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]