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Franklin D. Roosevelt and civil rights

2010-04-07T03:35:44Z

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{{Expert-subject|politics|date=November 2008}}
'''[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s record on civil rights''' has been the subject of much controversy. Roosevelt needed the support of Southern Democrats for his new programs, and taking an aggressive position on the civil rights act could have threatened his ability to pass his highest priority programs. In addition, Roosevelt participated in the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II, and has been charged with not acting quickly or decisively enough to prevent or stop the [[Holocaust]].

==African-American civil rights==

Roosevelt's attitudes to race were tested by the issue of Black (or "[[Negro]]") service in the armed forces. The Democratic Party at this time was dominated by Southerners who were opposed to any concession to demands for racial equality. During the New Deal years, there had been a series of conflicts over whether African-Americans should be segregated in the various new government benefits and programs. Whenever a move was made to integrate the races Southern governors or congressmen would complain to Roosevelt, who would intervene to uphold segregation for the sake of keeping his party together. The [[Works Progress Administration]] and the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]], for example, segregated their work forces by race at Roosevelt's insistence after Southern governors protested at unemployed whites being required to work alongside blacks. Roosevelt's personal racial attitudes were conventional for his time and class. Some historians argue that he nevertheless played a major role in advancing the rights of blacks, and others say it was due to prodding from Eleanor Roosevelt and liberals such as Ickes, Perkins, Hopkins, [[Mary McLeod Bethune]], Aubrey Williams and [[Claude Pepper]].

Roosevelt explained his reluctance to support anti-[[lynching]] legislation in a conversation with [[Walter White]] of the [[NAACP]]. "I did not choose the tools with which I must work. Had I been permitted to choose then I would have selected quite different ones. But I've got to get legislation passed by Congress to save America. The Southerners by reason of the seniority rule in Congress are chairmen or occupy strategic places on most of the Senate and House committees. If I come out for the anti-lynching bill now, they will block every bill I ask Congress to pass to keep America from collapsing. I just can't take that risk." However, he did move Blacks into important advisory roles, brought them as delegates to the Democratic National Convention for the first time, abolished the two-thirds rule that gave the South veto power over presidential nominations, added a civil rights plank for the first time ever to the 1940 party platform, and included Blacks in the draft with the same rights and pay scales as whites.

In June 1941 Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, which created the Fair Employment Practices Committee ([[FEPC]]). It was the most important federal move in support of the rights of African Americans between Reconstruction and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The President's order stated that the federal government would not hire any person based on their race, color, creed, or national origin. The FEPC enforced the order to ban discriminatory hiring within the federal government and in corporations that received federal contracts. Millions of blacks and women achieved better jobs and better pay as a result. The war brought the race issue to the forefront. The Army and Navy had been segregated since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. But by 1940 the African-American vote had largely shifted from Republican to Democrat, and African-American leaders like [[Walter White]] of the [[NAACP]] and T. Arnold Hill of the [[National Urban League|Urban League]] had become recognized as part of the Roosevelt coalition. In June 1941, at the urging of [[A. Philip Randolph]], the leading African-American trade unionist, Roosevelt signed an executive order establishing the [[Fair Employment Practice Commission]] and prohibiting [[discrimination]] by any government agency, including the armed forces. In practice the services, particularly the Navy and the Marines, found ways to evade this order — the Marine Corps remained all-white until 1943. In September 1942, at Eleanor's instigation, Roosevelt met with a delegation of African-American leaders, who demanded full integration into the forces, including the right to serve in combat roles and in the Navy, the Marine Corps and the [[United States Army Air Forces]]. Roosevelt, with his usual desire to please everyone, agreed, but then did nothing to implement his promise. It was left to his successor, [[Harry S. Truman]], to fully desegregate the armed forces.

==Japanese American internment==
{{see also|Japanese American internment}}

[[Image:JapaneseRelocationNewspapers1942.gif|thumb|350px|right|Public sentiment was whipped up against Japanese Americans with the outbreak of war]]
Following the outbreak of the [[Pacific War]], the War Department demanded that all enemy nationals and Japanese American citizens be removed from war zones on the West Coast. The question became how to imprison the estimated 120,000 people of Japanese and American citizenship living in [[California]]. On February 11, 1942 Roosevelt met with Secretary of War Stimson, who persuaded him to approve an immediate forced evacuation. Roosevelt looked at the secret evidence available to him:<ref>Keith Robar, ''Intelligence, Internment & Relocation: Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066: How Top Secret "MAGIC" Intelligence Led to Evacuation'' (2000)
</ref> the Japanese in the Philippines had collaborated with the Japanese invasion troops; the Japanese in California had been strong supporters of Japan in the war against China. There was evidence of espionage compiled by [[Cryptanalysis|code-breakers]] that decrypted messages to Japan from agents in North America and [[Hawaii]] before and after [[Pearl Harbor]]. These [[Magic (cryptography)|MAGIC]] cables were kept secret from all but those with the highest clearance, such as Roosevelt, lest the Japanese discover the decryption and change their code. On February 19, 1942 Roosevelt signed [[Executive Order 9066]] which ordered [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]], and military commanders to designate military areas "from which any or all persons may be excluded." Roosevelt released the imprisoned Japanese in 1944. On February 1, 1943, when activating the [[442nd Regimental Combat Team]] -- a unit composed mostly of American citizens of Japanese descent living in Hawaii, he said, "No loyal citizen of the United States should be denied the democratic right to exercise the responsibilities of his citizenship, regardless of his ancestry. The principle on which this country was founded and by which it has always been governed is that Americanism is a matter of the mind and heart; Americanism is not, and never was, a matter of race or ancestry."

Interior Secretary Ickes lobbied Roosevelt through 1944 to release the Japanese American internees, but Roosevelt did not act until after the [[United States presidential election, 1944|November presidential election]]. A fight for Japanese American civil rights meant a fight with influential Democrats, the Army, and the Hearst press and would have endangered Roosevelt's chances of winning California in 1944. Critics of Roosevelt's actions believe they were motivated in part by [[racialism]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. In 1925 Roosevelt had written about Japanese immigration: "Californians have properly objected on the sound basic grounds that Japanese immigrants are not capable of assimilation into the American population... Anyone who has traveled in the Far East knows that the mingling of Asiatic blood with European and American blood produces, in nine cases out of ten, the most unfortunate results".
In 1944, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] upheld the legality of the executive order in the ''[[Korematsu v. United States]]'' case. The executive order remained in force until December of that year.

==The Holocaust and attitudes toward Jews==
Franklin's mother Sara shared anti-Semitic attitudes common among Americans at the time.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} Although anti-Semitism was common during the era, it is argued{{Fact|date=August 2008}} that FDR was not anti-Semitic. Some of his closest political associates, such as [[Felix Frankfurter]], [[Bernard Baruch]] and [[Samuel I. Rosenman]], were Jewish, and he happily cultivated the important Jewish vote in New York City. He appointed [[Henry Morgenthau, Jr.]] as the first Jewish [[Secretary of the Treasury]] and appointed Frankfurter to the Supreme Court. Historian [[Doris Kearns Goodwin]] cites statistics showing that FDR’s high level executive appointments favored Jews (15% of his top appointments at a time when Jews represented 3% of the U.S. population) which subjected Roosevelt to frequent criticism. The August, 1936 edition of "The White Knight" published an article referring to the [[New Deal]] as the “Jew Deal.” Pamphlets appeared such as "What Every Congressman Should Know" in 1940 (featuring a sketch of the Capitol building with a Star of David atop its dome) that proclaimed that the Jews were in control of the American government. Financier and FDR confidant [[Bernard Baruch]] was called the “Unofficial President” in the anti-Semitic literature of the time. The periodical Liberation, for example, accused FDR of loading his government with Jews. <ref>Irwin F. Gellman, Secret Affairs: Franklin Roosevelt, Cordell Hull, and Sumner Welles(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 150.</ref>

During his first term Roosevelt condemned [[Holocaust|Hitler's persecution of German Jews]]. As the Jewish exodus from Germany increased after 1937, Roosevelt was asked by American Jewish organizations and Congressmen to allow these refugees to settle in the U.S. At first he suggested that the Jewish refugees should be "resettled" elsewhere, and suggested [[Venezuela]], [[Ethiopia]] or [[West Africa]] — anywhere but the U.S. Morgenthau, Ickes and Eleanor pressed him to adopt a more generous policy but he was afraid of provoking the men such as [[Charles Lindbergh]] who exploited anti-Semitism as a means of attacking Roosevelt's policies.

In practice very few Jewish refugees came to the U.S. — only 22,000 German refugees were admitted in 1940, not all of them Jewish. The State Department official in charge of refugee issues, [[Breckinridge Long]], insisted on following the highly restrictive immigration laws to the letter. As one example, in 1939, the State Department under Roosevelt did not allow a boat of Jews fleeing from the Nazis into the United States. When the passenger ship ''St. Louis'' approached the coast of Florida with nearly a thousand German Jews fleeing persecution by Hitler, Roosevelt did not respond to telegrams from passengers requesting asylum, and the State Department refused entry to the ship. Forced to return to Antwerp, many of the passengers eventually died in concentration camps.<ref>See the on-line exhibit on the Voyage of the St. Louis at the U.S. Holocaust Museum.[http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/stlouis//story/voyage/index.htm]</ref>

After 1942, when Roosevelt was made aware of the Nazi extermination of the Jews by Rabbi [[Stephen Wise]], the Polish envoy [[Jan Karski]] and others, he told them that the best solution was to destroy Nazi Germany. At Casablanca in 1943 Roosevelt announced there would be no compromise whatever with Hitler. In May 1943 he wrote to Cordell Hull (whose wife was Jewish): "I do not think we can do other than strictly comply with the present immigration laws." In January 1944, however, Morgenthau succeeded in persuading Roosevelt to allow the creation of a [[War Refugee Board]] in the Treasury Department. This allowed an increasing number of Jews to enter the U.S. in 1944 and 1945. It also financed Swedish diplomat [[Raoul Wallenberg]]'s work in Budapest, where he and others helped to save 100,000+ Jews from deportation to death camps. By this time, however, the European Jewish communities had already been largely destroyed in Hitler's [[Holocaust]].

In any case, after 1945 the focus of Jewish aspirations shifted from migration to the U.S. to settlement in [[British mandate of Palestine]], where the [[Zionism|Zionist]] movement hoped to create a Jewish state. Roosevelt was also opposed to this idea. When he met King [[Ibn Saud]] of [[Saudi Arabia]] in February 1945, he assured him he did not support a Jewish state in [[British mandate of Palestine]].

==External links==
* [http

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Franklin D. Roosevelt|Civil rights]]

Amy Ferguson

2010-04-07T03:35:30Z

71.58.31.38: Reverted edit by 208.217.164.134 identified as vandalism using STiki

'''Amy Ferguson''' is an actress who appeared briefly as a character called Dana in a scene from the [[2004 in film|2004]] movie ''[[Garden State (film)|Garden State]]''. The movie was written, directed and starred [[Zach Braff]], it also featured [[Natalie Portman]]. Ferguson is currently working on other projects. She was in the [[2007 in film|2007]] film ''Weapons'' and appeared as Sally in the 2008 film "An American Crime". She is also due to appear in ''[[Tanner Hall (film)|Tanner Hall]]'', written, and directed by [[Tatiana von Fürstenberg]] and [[Francesca Gregorini]].

Ferguson has also worked as a model, and appeared in advertisements for [[American Eagle Outfitters]].<ref name="FMD">{{cite web|url=http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/amy_ferguson|title=Profile of Fashion Model Amy Ferguson|work=Fashion Model Directory|accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|1543212|Amy Ferguson}}
*[http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1809075135 Yahoo! Movies]
*[http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/amy_ferguson/photos/ Amy Ferguson Photo Gallery]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferguson, Amy}}
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Luminosity

2010-04-07T03:33:45Z

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{{unreferenced|date=November 2006}}
{{Lead too short|date=December 2009}}
{{Wiktionary}}
'''Luminosity''' is a [[measurement]] of [[brightness]].

==In photometry and color imaging==
{{main|luminance}}
In [[photometry]], ''luminosity'' is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to [[luminance]], which is the density of [[luminous intensity]] in a given direction. The [[SI]] unit for luminance is [[candela]] per [[square metre]].

{{main|luma (video)}}
In [[Adobe Photoshop]]'s imaging operations, ''luminosity'' is the term used incorrectly to refer to the [[luma (video)|luma]] component of a color image signal; that is, a weighted sum of the nonlinear red, green, and blue signals. It seems to be calculated with the Rec. 601 luma co-efficients (Rec. 601: Luma (Y’) = 0.299 R’ + 0.587 G’ + 0.114 B’).

{{main|HSL color space}}
The "L" in [[HSL color space]] is sometimes said incorrectly to stand for luminosity. "L" in this case is calculated as 1/2 (MAX + MIN), where MAX and MIN refer to the highest and lowest of the R'G'B' components to be converted into HSL color space.

{{main|Luminosity function}}
The ''luminosity function'' a.k.a. ''luminous efficiency function'' describes the average visual sensitivity of the human eye to light of different wavelengths. There are two luminosity functions in common use. For everyday light levels, the photopic luminosity function best approximates the response of the human eye. For low light levels, the response of the human eye changes, and the scotopic curve applies.

==In astronomy==
In [[astronomy]], '''luminosity''' is the amount of electromagnetic energy a body radiates per unit of time.

The luminosity of stars is measured in two forms: apparent (counting visible light only) and bolometric (total radiant energy); a [[bolometer]] is an instrument that measures radiant energy over a wide band by absorption and measurement of heating. When not qualified, luminosity means bolometric luminosity, which is measured in the [[SI]] units [[watt]]s, or in terms of [[solar luminosity|solar luminosities]], <math> L_{\odot} </math>; that is, how many times as much energy the object radiates than the [[Sun]], whose luminosity is 3.846×1026 W.

Luminosity is an intrinsic measurable property independent of distance, and is appraised as [[absolute magnitude]], corresponding to the apparent luminosity in visible light of a star as seen at the interstellar distance of 10 [[parsec]]s, or bolometric magnitude corresponding to bolometric luminosity. In contrast, apparent brightness is related to the distance by an inverse square law. Onto this brightness decrease from increased distance comes an extra linear decrease of brightness for [[extinction (astronomy)|interstellar "extinction"]] from intervening interstellar dust. Visible brightness is usually measured by [[apparent magnitude]]. Both absolute and apparent magnitudes are on an inverse logarithmic scale, where 5 magnitudes ''increase'' counterparts a 100:th part ''decrease'' in nonlogaritmic luminosity.

By measuring the width of certain absorption lines in the [[stellar classification|stellar spectrum]], it is often possible to assign a certain luminosity class to a star without knowing its distance. Thus a fair measure of its absolute magnitude can be determined without knowing its distance nor the interstellar extinction, and instead the distance and extinction can be determined without measuring it directly through the yearly [[parallax]]. Since the parallax is usually too small to be measured for many faraway stars, this is a common method of determining distances.

In measuring star brightnesses, visible luminosity (not total luminosity at all wave lengths), [[apparent magnitude]] (visible brightness), and [[distance]] are interrelated parameters. If you know two, you can determine the third. Since the sun's luminosity is the standard, comparing these parameters with the sun's apparent magnitude and distance is the easiest way to remember how to convert between them.

===Computing between brightness and luminosity===
Imagine a point source of light of luminosity <math>L</math> that radiates equally in all directions. A hollow [[sphere]] centered on the point would have its entire interior surface illuminated. As the radius increases, the surface area will also increase, and the constant luminosity has more surface area to illuminate, leading to a decrease in observed brightness.

:<math>F = \frac{L}{A}</math>
where
:<math>A</math> is the area of the illuminated surface.
:<math>F</math> is the [[Flux]] of the illuminated surface.

For stars and other point sources of light, <math>A = 4\pi r^2</math> so
:<math>F = \frac{L}{4\pi r^2} \,</math>
where
:<math>r</math> is the distance from the observer to the light source.

It has been shown that the luminosity of a star <math>L</math> (assuming the star is a [[black body]], which is a good approximation) is also related to temperature <math>T</math> and radius <math>R</math> of the star by the equation:
:<math>L = 4\pi R^2\sigma T^4 \,</math>
where
:σ is the [[Stefan-Boltzmann constant]] 5.67{{e|−8}} [[Watt|W]]·m-2·K-4

Dividing by the luminosity of the sun <math>L_{\odot}</math> and cancelling constants, we obtain the relationship

:<math>\frac{L}{L_{\odot}} = {\left ( \frac{R}{R_{\odot}} \right )}^2 {\left ( \frac{T}{T_{\odot}} \right )}^4</math>.

For stars on the [[main sequence]], luminosity is also related to mass:
:<math>\frac{L}{L_{\odot}} \sim {\left ( \frac{M}{M_{\odot}} \right )}^{3.9}</math>

The magnitude of a star is a logarithmic scale of observed visible brightness. The [[apparent magnitude]] is the observed visible brightness from [[Earth]], and the [[absolute magnitude]] is the [[apparent magnitude]] at a distance of 10 [[parsecs]].
Given a visible luminosity (not total luminosity), one can calculate the [[apparent magnitude]] of a star from a given distance:

:<math>m_{\rm star}=m_{\rm sun}-2.5\log_{10}\left({ L_{\rm star} \over L_{\odot} } \cdot \left(\frac{ r_{\rm sun} }{ r_{\rm star} }\right)^2\right)</math>

where
:''m''star is the apparent magnitude of the star (a pure number)
:''m''sun is the apparent magnitude of the sun (also a pure number)
:''L''star is the visible luminosity of the star
:<math>L_{\odot}</math> is the solar visible luminosity
:''r''star is the distance to the star
:''r''sun is the distance to the sun

Or simplified, given msun = −26.73, distsun = 1.58 × 10−5 lyr:
: mstar = − 2.72 − 2.5 · log(Lstar/diststar2)

Example:
:How bright would a star like the sun be from 4.3 light years away? (The distance to the next closest star system [[Alpha Centauri]])
::msun (@4.3lyr) = −2.72 − 2.5 · log(1/4.32) = 0.45
:0.45 magnitude would be a very bright star, but not quite as bright as Alpha Centauri.

Also you can calculate the luminosity given a distance and apparent magnitude:
:Lstar/<math>L_{\odot}</math> = (diststar/distsun)2 · 10[(msun −mstar) · 0.4]
:Lstar = 0.0813 · diststar2 · 10(−0.4 · mstar) · <math>L_{\odot}</math>
Example:

What is the luminosity of the star [[Sirius]]?
:Sirius is 8.6 lyr distant, and magnitude −1.47.
:LSirius = 0.0813 · 8.62 · 10−0.4·(−1.47) = 23.3 × <math>L_{\odot}</math>
:You can say that Sirius is 23 times brighter than the sun, or it radiates 23 suns.

A bright [[star]] with [[absolute magnitude|bolometric magnitude]] −10 has a luminosity of 106 <math>L_{\odot}</math>, whereas a dim star with bolometric magnitude +17 has luminosity of 10−5 <math>L_{\odot}</math>. Note that [[absolute magnitude]] is directly related to luminosity, but [[apparent magnitude]] is also a function of distance. Since only apparent magnitude can be measured observationally, an estimate of distance is required to determine the luminosity of an object.

===Computing between luminosity and magnitude===

The difference in absolute magnitude is related to the stellar luminosity ratio according to:
:<math>M_1 - M_2 = -2.5 \log_{10} {\frac{L_1}{L_2}}</math>

which makes by inversion:

:<math>\frac{L_1}{L_2} = 10^{(M_2 - M_1)/2.5}.</math>

==In scattering theory and accelerator physics==
In [[scattering theory]] and [[Particle accelerator|accelerator]] physics, '''luminosity''' is the number of particles per unit [[area]] per unit [[time]] times the [[Opacity (optics)|opacity]] of the target, usually expressed in either the [[cgs]] units [[centimetre|cm]]-2 [[second|s]]-1 or [[Barn (unit)|b]]-1 s-1. The integrated luminosity is the [[integral]] of the luminosity with respect to time. The luminosity is an important value to characterize the performance of an accelerator.

===Elementary relations for luminosity===
The following relations hold
: <math>L = \rho v \,</math> (if the target is perfectly opaque)
: <math>\frac{dN}{dt} = L \sigma</math>
: <math> N = \sigma \int L\ dt</math>
: <math>\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega} = \frac{1}{L} \frac{d^{2}N}{d\Omega \, dt}</math>
where
:<math> L\ </math> is the (instantaneous) luminosity.
:<math>\int L\ dt</math> is the integrated luminosity.
:<math> N\ </math> is the number of interactions.
:<math> \rho\ </math> is the number density of a particle beam.
:<math>\sigma</math> is the total [[Cross section (physics)|cross section]].
:<math>d\Omega</math> is the [[differential]] [[solid angle]].
:<math> \frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}</math> is the differential [[cross section (physics)|cross section]].

For an intersecting storage ring collider:
: <math>L = f n \frac{N_{1} N_{2}}{A}</math>

where
:<math>f</math> is the revolution frequency
:<math>n</math> is the number of bunches in one beam in the storage ring.
:<math>N_{i}</math> is the number of particles in each bunch
:<math>A</math> is the cross section of the beam.

[[Category:Astrophysics]]
[[Category:Physical quantities]]
[[Category:Photometry]]
[[Category:Particle accelerators]]
[[Category:Scattering theory]]

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Beck's petrel

2010-04-07T03:32:55Z

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{{Taxobox
| name = Beck's Petrel
| image =
| status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Procellariiformes]]
| familia = [[Procellariidae]]
| genus = ''[[Pseudobulweria]]''
| species = '''''P. becki'''''
| binomial = ''Pseudobulweria becki''
| binomial_authority = ([[Robert Cushman Murphy|Murphy]], 1928)
| synonyms = ''Pterodroma becki''
}}

'''Beck’s Petrel''', ''Pseudobulweria becki'', is a small, recently rediscovered [[gadfly petrel]]. It is dark brown above and on the head and throat. It is dark underneath the wings with a fairly distinct white wingbar. The belly and breast are white. It flies over open oceans with straight wings that are slightly bent back at the tips.

This bird is believed to nest on small islands with tall mountains around [[Melanesia]]. Its [[specific name]] commemorates the American [[ornithologist]] [[Rollo Beck]].

This bird used to be known from only two specimens – a female east of [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]] in 1928 and a male north-east of [[Rendova]], [[Solomon Islands]] in 1929. In 2006, a bird possibly of this species was photographed in [[Australia]]'s [[Coral Sea]] by birding tour guide Richard Baxter. He noted that it was definitely not the similar and much more common [[Tahiti Petrel]] because it is much smaller. He also noted the pale throat and shorter and broader wings. This record has not been officially accepted by the [[Birds Australia]] Rarities Committee, but given the new evidence this may eventually change.

In recent times, sightings of birds that may have been Beck's Petrels were reported from the [[Bismarck Archipelago]] and Solomon Islands. [[Hadoram Shirihai]], the [[Israel]]i ornithologist, finally managed to confirm the species' continuing existence. In 2003, he had made some of the tentative sightings, and returning to the area in July and August 2007, he observed and photographed some 30 birds, including juveniles and adults. Sightings were especially frequent near [[Cape St George]], [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]]. A bird that had recently died was collected as the third specimen, finally providing definite proof of the mysterious petrels' identity.

The breeding grounds are still undiscovered. While most of the data suggests a location in the southern Bismarck Archipelago, it must be remembered that petrels are notoriously migratory and move away from their breeding grounds after the young have fledged, often for considerable distances. It is still more likely than not that the species breeds in Melanesia southeast of [[New Guinea]], as was hypothesized at the species' discovery.

==References==
[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3879&m=0 BirdLife International (2006) Species factsheet: Pseudobulweria becki.] Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 26/6/2006

==External links==
* [http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2006/06/becks_petrel.html Beck’s is back: 2006 Sighting] Downloaded on 26/6/06
* [http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2008/03/becks_petrel_rediscovery_ns.html Beck’s Petrel flies back from extinction.] (BirdLife, 06/03/08)
* [http://www.birdlife.org/news/pr/2008/03/becks_petrel_rediscovery.html More information on rediscovery]
* {{IUCN2007|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=40267|title=Pseudobulweria becki|downloaded=09 March 2008}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered

[[Category:Birds of the Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Birds of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Pseudobulweria]]

[[es:Pseudobulweria becki]]
[[fr:Pétrel de Beck]]
[[ko:솔로몬바다제비]]
[[hr:Pseudobulweria becki]]
[[nl:Solomon-stormvogel]]
[[ja:ソロモンミズナギドリ]]
[[pt:Petrel-de-beck]]
[[fi:Salomoninviistäjä]]

Swift Creek (Wyoming)

2010-04-07T03:31:09Z

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'''Swift Creek''' is a creek in western Wyoming. Swift Creek rises in the [[Salt River Range]] and initially runs north before turning sharply westward. The creek then winds down through Swift Creek Canyon and passes through the town of [[Afton, Wyoming]] before emptying into the [[Salt River (Wyoming)|Salt River]].

{{Wyoming-geo-stub}}

{{coord missing|Wyoming}}