Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Langstaff Secondary School

2009-03-28T06:28:07Z

72.138.241.60: baseless, biased, and overall irrelevant information. do not readd.

{{Cleanup-school|date=March 2008}}
{{Infobox Education in Canada
|name= Langstaff Secondary School
|image= Langstaff logo.png
|motto=
|streetaddress= 106 Garden Avenue
|city= [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]]
|province= [[Ontario]]
|postalcode= L4C 6M1
|areacode= 905
|phone= 889-6266
|fax= 889-6676
|email= langstaff.ss@yrdsb.edu.on.ca
|url= [http://www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/ www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca]
|schoolnumber= 921661
|schoolboard= [[York Region District School Board]]
|affiliation= Secular
|principal= R. Swarup
|schooltype= [[High_school#Canada|High school]]
|grades= 9-12
|language= [[Canadian English|English]], [[French Immersion]]
|mascot= Bear
|teamname=
|colours= Blue and Yellow
|founded=
|enrollment= over 1600
|enrollment_as_of=2008
|lastupdate= [[June 21]], [[2006]]
|bgcolor_section= #F2CE38
|bgcolor_label= #E9D5A4
|bgcolor_value= #D6DFF9
|bgcolor_image= C9A249
|bgcolor_address= #D6DFF9
}}
'''Langstaff Secondary School''' (LSS) is a public [[high school]] in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] which teaches grades 9 through 12. LSS is located at 106 Garden Avenue across the street from Morgan Boyle Park and near [[Charles Howitt Public School]].

In 2003, the school underwent a major renovation/addition. This doubled the size of the school, adding many new facilities for the growing student population. The school currently has 3 floors.

==Facilities/layout==
The school has two gymnasiums, one located on the first floor, and the other located on the second floor. The larger gymnasium doubles as an auditorium. The school's original library was converted into a multi-purpose room used for special-education services, and various classes. There are two portables at the back of the school used for the growing number of classes. The school is split up into multiple halls, based on the subject. The science, technology, history and art halls are all located on the second floor, while music is located on the third. The English, geography, and math halls are located on the first floor. The cafeteria is also located there. The school is wheelchair accessible, with ramps and a working elevator. There is also a false rumor about a pool located under the cafeteria, with an entrance under the most South West stairs. There is another rumor that the school was built on a women's prison in the 1960s.

In May through July 2006 the school underwent a major roofing cleaning and change. This allowed the school to update almost all its air conditioning, plumbing, and other major building systems.

During July 2007, the school added tinted windows and in some hallways, latched windows. Also, the soccer field/track has been completely redone and is now fit for use.

==Clubs and Organizations==
Students at Langstaff are very active in their school and the community, which is quite evident in the number of clubs and organizations that exist within the school.

Some of these include:

Anime Ambassadors 
Announcement Team 
Art Club 
Astronomy 
Band 
Big Bear, Little Bear 
Book Club/White pines 
Breakdance 
BRIDGE (ESL social club) 
Cancer Society 
Chess 
Debate Union 
DECA 
Drama 
Fashion Show 
Free The Children 
G.I.L.L. 
G.S.A. (Gay-Straight Alliance) 
Habitat for Humanity 
History 
Improv Club 
Jazz Band 
LAFF (Film making) 
LEAF (Langstaff Environmental Activist Front) 
Mock Trial Team 
Multicultural 
Movie Club 
Niko (Christian Club) 
Philosophy Club 
Prefects 
Prom Committee 
R.A.C.E.(Racial Acceptance Cultural Equality) 
Reach for the Top 
Red Cross 
Science Olympics Team 
Sick Kids Hospital Foundation 
SOS Darfur 
Stephen Lewis Foundation (which includes Art for Aids) 
Student Council 
S.A.A. (Student Athletic Association) 
Tech Crew 
Tennis Club 
Video Games Club 
Weight Training 
Yearbook 

==Student Council==
The Langstaff S.S. Student Council is a group of elected members. Positions on the council include: president, treasurer, secretary, ambassador, athletic directors, spirit directors, social directors, communications directors, environmental minister, tech representative, and grade representatives. The Student Council is responsible for almost all events including Prom, dances, semi-formal, assemblies, caf games, registration, the Santa Claus parade float, Battle of the Bands, spirit days, intramurals, and Earthfest.

==Departments==

The departments at Langstaff Secondary School include:

Alternative Education,
Business,
Computer Science and Engineering,
Co-operative Education,
Dramatic Arts,
English,
Family Studies,
French,
Geography,
History,
Library,
Mathematics,
Moderns,
Music,
Physical Education,
Science,
Tech Studies,
Visual Arts.

==Athletics==
Langstaff has many sport teams and clubs, including some that are not generally played in many schools. Some athletes from Langstaff such as [[Gillian Ferrari]] and [[Jon D'Aversa]] have gone on to national and international sport teams and clubs.

The athletic teams and clubs at Langstaff include:

Alpine Skiing,
Archery,
Badminton,
Baseball,
Basketball,
Cheerleading,
Cross Country Running,
Field Hockey,
Football,
Golf,
Gymnastics,
Ice Hockey,
Lacrosse,
Nordic Skiing,
Rugby,
Snowboarding,
Soccer,
Softball,
Swimming,
Table Tennis,
Tennis,
Track & Field,
Ultimate Frisbee,
Volleyball.

In 2006, the varsity boys baseball team captured the York Regional Championships. Langstaff has had a strong showing in tennis, the girls doubles team finishing top 8th in Ontario.

In the winter of 2007, Langstaff put together a varsity mens hockey team. This is a very exciting time for the sports department at LSS as the team has been long awaited amongst the student body.

==Special programs==
LSS offers an integrative and diverse French Immersion program, allowing students to explore many areas of the French language, French Literature and Cinema, as well as pursuing other academic courses in Geography, Information Technology, and most recently, Spanish.

In addition, Langstaff's Music Department offers students the opportunity to pursue courses, including Beginner and Intermediate Instrumental, Vocal and Guitar.

==External links==
*[http://www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/ Official web site of Langstaff Secondary School]
*[http://www.yrdsb.edu.on.ca York Region District School Board homepage]

{{Yorkregionsecondaryschools}}
{{coord|43|50|14|N|79|26|21|W|display=title}}

[[Category:High schools in York Region]]
[[Category:Education in Richmond Hill, Ontario]]

Jack DeSena

2009-02-04T04:38:32Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Infobox actor
| image = Replace this image male.svg 
| name = Jack DeSena
| image caption = Jack DeSena At NickSplat
| birthname = John Patrick DeSena
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1987|12|6}}
| location = Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
| occupation = Actor / Voice Actor
| yearsactive = 2002 — present
| notable role = '''Himself''' in ''[[All That]]'' '''[[Sokka]]''' (voice) in ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]''
|}}

'''Jack DeSena''' (born December 6, 1987) is an American [[actor]] and [[voice actor]]. He is best known for his work on the sketch comedy series ''[[All That]]'', having joined the show's cast at the start of its 7th season in 2001. His family moved to [[Irvine, California]] in 1999 and he attended school there. He was a very active member of the international ''[[ComedySportz]]'' troupe (a comic improvisation team that participates in games as seen on ''[[Whose Line is it Anyway?]]'')

==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=January 2009}}
*Voiced [[Jimmy Olsen]] in the season 5 opener of [[The Batman (TV series)|The Batman]].
*DeSena was born '''John Patrick DeSena''' in [[Boston, Massachusetts]].
*In 2004, DeSenak began voice work on another [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] series as the young warrior [[Sokka]] in ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]'' alongside fellow child actors [[Mae Whitman]] and [[Zach Tyler Eisen]].
*Other external projects include a guest appearance at the Stars, Stripes and Skates skating gala at Madison Square Garden, NY (9/20/02), a TV commercial for [[Kraft Easy Mac]] (2003) and guest appearances on the hit TV Show ''[[Grounded for Life]]''
*He tied with [[Logan Lerman]] for the 2005 Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actor (for ''[[All That]]''.)
*He loves all the aspects of the entertainment industry.
*He loves to mistreat black people to the point where he forces them to leave a television production as a result of use of the term "nigger", refer to [[Bryan Hearne]]
*He attended his first San Diego Comic-Con in the summer of 2006, where he spoke at an ''Avatar: The Last Airbender'' panel along with castmate [[Dante Basco]].
*One of his favorite moments working on ''Avatar: The Last Airbender'' was voicing Sokka when the character was hallucinating on cactus juice.
*The [[University of Florida]] offered Jack a [[basketball]] scholarship to play D-1 Basketball in 2006. But Jack decided to focus on his acting career so he decided not to play basketball in college. If he would have accepted the scholarship, he would have been a part of the [[2007 NCAA Tournament]] championship team and he would have been teammates with future [[NBA]] players like [[Joakim Noah]], [[Al Horford]], [[Corey Brewer]], [[Chris Richard]]and he would have played for coach [[Billy Donovan]].
*It is stated in the Avatar Nick Mag Presents issue that the creators originally intended [[Sokka]] to be ''much'' more low-key, but when Jack came in and brought liveliness to his character, they began writing towards it.
*DeSena is currently filling the role of the character Shane in the online series [[Dorm Life]].
*He is also currently attending [[UCLA]] as a theater major.
DeSena grew up in Randolph Ma.

==External links==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desena, Jack}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:American actors]]
[[Category:American child actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American voice actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Boston, Massachusetts]]

[[fi:Jack DeSena]]

Justice (band)

2008-12-28T18:42:42Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Infobox Musical artist 
| Name = Justice
| Img = Justice2.jpg
| Img_capt = Gaspard Augé (left) and Xavier de Rosnay (right)
| Img_size = 250
| Landscape = yes
| Background = group_or_band
| Origin = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| Genre = [[Electronica]] [[Electronic rock]][[Electro House]][[Dance-punk]][[New rave]][[French touch]]
| Years_active = 2003–present
| Label = [[Ed Banger Records|Ed Banger]]
| URL = {{MySpace|etjusticepourtous|Justice}}
| Current_members = [[Gaspard Augé]] [[Xavier de Rosnay]]
| Past_members =
}}

'''Justice''' is a [[Grammy]]-nominated [[France|French]] electronic music duo consisting of [[Gaspard Augé]] (born 21 May 1979 in [[Besançon]]), [[Xavier de Rosnay]] (born 22 July 1982).<ref>Eric Dahan: Que justice soit fête. In: [[Libération]], 7 June 2007, and Julian Shovlin [http://www.liberation.fr/transversales/grandsangles/259524.FR.php online]</ref> The duo is the most successful group on [[Ed Banger Records]]<ref name="RAbanger" /> and is managed by the label's head, [[Pedro Winter]], who is better known as Busy P. Their debut album ''[[† (album)|†]]'' was released in June 2007 to critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.rollingstone.com/blogs/breaking/2007/06/-who-french-electronica-duo.php |title =Breaking Artist: French DJ Duo Justice Crosses the Atlantic With Body-Rocking Debut Album |accessdate = 2008-06-23 |publisher = [[Rolling Stone|RollingStone.com]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/justice/cross |title = Justice: Cross (2007): Reviews |accessdate = 2008-05-13 |publisher = [[Metacritic]] }}</ref> The album was later nominated for a [[Grammy Award]] for "Best Electronic/Dance Album" and came in at number 15 on [[Pitchfork Media|Pitchfork's]] Top 50 Albums of 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/47446-staff-list-top-50-albums-of-2007/page_4|title=Pitchfork Feature: Top 50 Albums of 2007}}</ref> and number 18 on [[Blender (magazine)|Blender's]] "25 Best Albums of 2007" list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blender.com/articles/default.aspx?key=10512&pg=1|title=The 25 Best Albums of 2007 :: Blender.com}}</ref> It was nominated for the 2007 [[Shortlist Prize]], losing out to ''[[The Reminder]]'' by [[Feist]]. Justice is known for incorporating a strong [[rock music|rock]] influence into their music and image.<ref name="NYT1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/arts/music/01herm.html?pagewanted=print|title=French Electronic Dance Music - New York Times}}</ref><ref name="RAbanger">{{cite web|url=http://www.residentadvisor.net/feature-read.aspx?id=821|title=RA: Ed Banger: Teaching the rock kids to dance again - Feature / Interview}}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:Gaspard Augé and Xavier de Rosnay (Justice).jpg|thumb|left|Gaspard Augé and Xavier de Rosnay 2007 in Paris]]

Justice first produced tracks together for Musclorvision's "Hits Up To You," a concept compilation where tracks were designed to sound like they were meant for the Eurovision song contest.<ref>{{cite web
| title =Musclorvision - Hits Up To You
| publisher =Discogs
| url =http://www.discogs.com/release/680532
| accessdate = 21 December 2008 }}</ref> The compilation included two of their songs, and a track by Augé's alter-ego Microloisir.<ref>{{cite web
| title =Microloisir
| publisher =Discogs
| url =http://www.discogs.com/artist/Microloisir
| accessdate = 21 December 2008 }}</ref> Justice first came to prominence through their 2003 remix of [[Simian (band)|Simian's]] track "We are Your Friends," created for a Paris college radio station's remix contest.<ref name="NYT1" /> The remix resulted in the group being signed to Ed Banger (who released it) and became a hit in clubs and on the internet.<ref name="NYT1" /> The song was re-released in 2004 on [[DJ Hell]]'s [[International DeeJay Gigolo Records]]<ref name="RAbio">{{cite web|url=http://www.residentadvisor.net/dj-profile.aspx?id=865|title=RA: DJ Justice Biography & Discography}}</ref> and eventually given a commercial release in the UK in the summer of 2006 under the title "We Are Your Friends," on Ten Records, a sub-label of [[Virgin Records]].

After the original release of "Never Be Alone," Justice worked on remixes<ref name="RAbio" /> for a number of French groups ([[Vicarious Bliss]], Scenario Rock, and Gambit) as well as for larger mainstream acts such as [[Britney Spears]],<ref name="RAbio" /> [[N*E*R*D]],<ref name="RAbio" /> [[Fatboy Slim]],<ref name="RAbio" /> and [[Daft Punk]].<ref name="RAbio" /> Justice's first solo single, "[[Waters of Nazareth]]," was released on [[Ed Banger Records]] in September 2005 and was championed by DJs such as [[Erol Alkan]], [[Tiga]], [[2 Many DJ's]], and [[Ivan Smagghe]]. The track was re-released in 2006 with additional remixes. The duo's prolific remix work continued, as they turned in mixes for [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]], [[Mystery Jets]], [[Soulwax]], and [[Mr. Oizo]].
[[Image:Justice @ Rock Werchter 2008.jpg|thumb|right|Justice at Rock Werchter 2008]]
Justice won the award for Best Video at the [[MTV Europe Music Awards]] 2006 for Justice vs. Simian - "We Are Your Friends." Augé and de Rosnay were not present at the ceremony, and the award was accepted by label art director "So Me" and video director Jérémie Rozan. So Me was famously interrupted mid-speech by [[rapping|rapper]] [[Kanye West]], who went onto the stage arguing that he should have won the award instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/channel/mtvuk/news/02112006/emas_shocker_kanye_stage_invasion|title=EMAs Shocker: Kanye Stage Invasion! | MTV UK}}</ref>

Their debut album, titled ''[[† (album)|†]],'' was released on Ed Banger Records on 11 June 2007. The album was released in the United States on Downtown/Ed Banger. The album was preceded by the ''[[D.A.N.C.E.]] EP,'' released on 28 May 2007, which featured the tracks "Phantom" and their own remix of "D.A.N.C.E." titled "B.E.A.T". "D.A.N.C.E." was nominated for "Video of the Year" at the [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]]. On 1 November, Justice received the "Video Star" award at the European Music Awards in Munich and was named the Best French Act of the Year. Justice was chosen to do a mix for the [[Fabriclive]] series in 2008, but Fabric rejected it. de Rosnay said that, "[T]hey weren't ready for something like this." Now titled "Justice Xmas Mix," the mix is available on the Internet.<ref> Pitchfork article http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/page/news/47956-update-rejected-justice-fabric-mix-turned-xmas-gift</ref>

Justice appeared as a [[Live PA]] at the 2008 [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival|Coachella]] festival; the [[Fuji Rock Festival]] in [[Niigata Prefecture|Niigata]], [[Japan]]; the [[Hultsfred Festival]] in [[Hultsfred]], [[Sweden]]; the [[Oxegen]] festival in [[Kildare]], [[Ireland]]; the [[Vieilles Charrues Festival]] in [[Carhaix]], [[France]]; the [[Roskilde Festival]] in [[Roskilde]], [[Denmark]]; [[Pukkelpop]] in [[Belgium]], at the "I LOVE TECHNO" festival in Ghent, [[Belgium]]; [[Dour Festival]] in Belgium; the [[Lowlands (music festival)|Lowlands]] festival in The Netherlands; at Tennents Vital in the Radio One Tent[[Belfast]]; at the [[Phoenix Park#Concerts|Phoenix Park Marquee]] in [[Dublin]]; and at the Benicassim music festival in Spain. Justice's performance at Coachella in 2008 was their first-ever live music performance per se.
The band's performances before Coachella had seen them DJ using either turntables or CD mixers.

Justice was nominated for Best Dance Recording (for "D.A.N.C.E.") and Best Electronic/Dance Album (for ''†'') at the 50th [[Grammy Award]]s.<ref>50th Annual Grammy Awards Nominations List http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/50th_Show/list.aspx</ref>

Justice uploaded their music video for "Stress" to [[YouTube]] on 1 May 2008, having had several TV stations boycott the video.{{Fact|date=December 2008}} The clip features a group of youths committing acts of vandalism and wearing jackets bearing the Justice cross on the back. Accused in some quarters of racism for its stereotypical depiction of youths of African descent from Paris’ socially deprived [[banlieues]], others saw the video as a critique of their portrayal in the French media.<ref>{{cite web
| title =Uproar Over French Music Video
| publisher =[[Time.com]]
| date = 19 May 2008
| url =http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1807724,00.html
| accessdate = 21 December 2008 }}</ref> Speaking in an interview with [[The Quietus]] website, Augé said, “We were expecting some fuss obviously, but definitely not on those topics… If people see racism in the video, it's definitely because they might have a problem with racism; because they only see black people beating up white people, which is not what happens.”<ref>{{cite web
| title =''A Cross The Universe'': Justice Interviewed
| publisher =[[The Quietus]]
| date = 28 October 2008
| url =http://thequietus.com/articles/00584-a-cross-the-universe-justice-interviewed
| accessdate = 21 December 2008 }}</ref>

On their [[MySpace]] page in late 2005, Justice described themselves as “electro-Christian-club” and used a crucifix as a logo. de Rosnay said, “Eighty percent of France is Christian. My Dad was a bit uncertain and thought it was bad taste, but I was like, 'This is what I want to do Dad.' It’s odd because in America we have received support from Christian groups thanking us for spreading the word. We do not invert the cross and I suppose they think we look like nice guys so there has not been a problem.” In an interview for Dummy in 2005, Justice said that they wanted a strong concept for each record they put out and with this one they wanted to keep people guessing.<ref>{{cite web
| title =From the Dummy Magazine Archive: Justice Interview
| publisher =Dummy Magazine Blog
| date = 9 January 2008
| url =http://dummymag.blogspot.com/2008/01/from-dummy-magazine-archive-justice.html
| accessdate = 21 December 2008 }}</ref>

[[Image:Justicecross1.jpg|thumb|left|Justice at [[Fabric (club)|Fabric]] with the huge lighted cross they typically perform alongside]]
On 1 June 2008, [[The Sun]] announced that Justice was chosen by [[Anthony Kiedis]] of the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] to produce the band's follow up to [[Stadium Arcadium]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nme.com/news/tabloid-hell/37771 |title =Justice to produce Red Hot Chili Peppers album – Tabloid Hell |accessdate = 2008-07-01 |publisher = [[NME|NME.com]] }}</ref> but this was quickly corrected by Ed Banger manager [[Pedro Winter]], as Anthony Kiedis had only stated he was a fan of Justice, not preparing for a collaboration.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mixmag.net/content/justice-not-producing-red-hot-chili-peppers-album |title =Justice not producing Red Hot Chili Peppers album |accessdate = 01/07/2008 |publisher = [[Mixmag|Mixmag.net]] }}</ref>

In July 2008, Justice was revealed to have done a mix for the [[Dior Homme]] Summer 2009 Fashion Show, much like [[Daft Punk]] did for [[Louis Vuitton]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asianmandan.blogspot.com/2008/07/jusice-x-dior-homme.html |title=Asian Dan: Justice x Dior Homme: Spring-Summer 09 Mix |accessdate = 2008-08-16 |publisher = Asian Dan|asianmandan.blogspot.com }}</ref>
The track, now known as Planisphere, was released in four parts on the band's MySpace page, with an extra final cut that did not make it into the fashion show mix (known as "Planisphere IV", or "Planisphere Final").

On 25 August 2008, the band announced via Myspace that their next major release would be a DVD documentary/concert film titled ''[[A Cross the Universe]]''. The announcement was also tied in with an invitation for fans to email photos, images and artwork to an address so that the received photos could be compiled for use as artwork for the release.

While doing a DJ tour for the release of ''A Cross the Universe'' in November 2008, controversy arose when a photograph of Augé DJing with an unplugged [[Akai]] MPD24 surfaced. The photograph sparked accusations that Justice's live sets were faked. Augé has since said that the equipment was unplugged very briefly before being re-attached and the band has put a three-photo set of the incident on their Myspace.<ref>{{cite web
| title =Justice Unplugged
| publisher =URB
| date = 2008-11-18
| url =http://www.urb.com/permalink/4148/Justice-Unplugged.html
| accessdate = 2008-12-19 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=37697_0_2_0_C Justice (don't) fake DJ set - (false) panic in technoland]</ref>

==Musical style==
Their style has been thought of as having some heavy metal influence<ref> New York Times review [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/22/arts/music/22just.html]</ref> and combines cut-up bass lines with a compressed and distorted synth sound. Their music often includes [[Slapping|bass slapping]], which results in an [[electro house]] style. Additionally, Justice uses samples of other songs to add to the effect, as with their song "Tthhee Ppaarrttyy," featuring [[Uffie]].

Equipment used by Justice in their productions include an [[Apogee]] Ensemble Recording Interface; a [[Power Mac G5]] computer; their custom synthesizer, "Valentine," (as well as several other analogue synthesizers); and [[Logic Studio]] software.<ref name="gear">{{cite web |url = http://remixmag.com/artists/electronic/remix_justice/ |title = Cross Examinations |accessdate = 2008-05-13 |author = Sterling, Scott T. |date = 2007-08-01 |publisher = ''Remix'' }}</ref> Their live setup includes a large analog synthesizer (Valentine), which also serves as the centerpiece of their performance, three JazzMutant [[Lemur Input Device]]s, two [[MacBook]] Pro's running [[Ableton Live]], a [[Korg MicroKorg]], an AKAI MPD24, a Korg ZERO8 and a Pioneer DJM800. On each side of "Valentine" are nine stacked Marshall cabinets, adding up to a total of 18. Because their live shows have such an emotional impact on fans, they are often described as a "Spiritual experience." <ref> Behind the Scenes with Justice in Rio [http://createdigitalmusic.com/2008/10/02/behind-the-scenes-with-justice-in-rio/]</ref> Their DJ setup includes two Pioneer [[CDJ]]-1000MK3's and a Pioneer DJM800.<ref name="digitaldj">{{cite web |url = http://digitaldj.wordpress.com/2008/09/17/justice-electro-music-with-punk-attitude/ |title = Justice - Electro Music With Punk Attitude}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{main|Justice discography}}
* ''[[† (album)|†]]''
* ''Xmas Mix'' (rejected Fabric Mix)
* ''[[A Cross the Universe]]''
* ''Planisphère EP''
* ''Dj Mix Leur Selection''

==Filmography==
* [[A Cross the Universe]]

==See also==
* [[List of Justice awards]]
* [[Ed Banger Records]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons|Justice (French band)|Justice}}
* {{MySpace|etjusticepourtous|Justice}}
* {{Allmusicguide|label=Justice|id=11:wxfexqudldse}}
* {{last.fm|Justice|Justice}}
* {{Discogs artist|artist=Justice+(3)|name=Justice}}
* {{MusicBrainz artist|id=860b2707-6153-4e3a-aa57-74d2b42c55b5|name=Justice}}
* [http://www.spoonfed.co.uk/spooners/tom-699/justice-at-the-astoria-200/ Justice at London Astoria]

{{Justice (band)}}

[[Category:Musical groups established in 2003]]
[[Category:French electronic music groups]]
[[Category:French dance musicians]]
[[Category:Club DJs]]
[[Category:Remixers]]
[[Category:2000s music groups]]
[[Category:Electronic music duos]]
[[Category:Dance-punk musical groups]]
[[Category:Ableton Live users]]

[[bg:Джъстис]]
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[[it:Justice (gruppo musicale francese)]]
[[ka:ჯასთისი (ფრანგული ჯგუფი)]]
[[lmo:Justice]]
[[nl:Justice (Franse band)]]
[[ja:ジャスティス (バンド)]]
[[pl:Justice (francuski zespół)]]
[[pt:Justice (dupla)]]
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[[tr:Justice]]

808s & Heartbreak

2008-12-14T19:15:42Z

72.138.241.60: STOP tagging the genre of this album as pop rap. This album so OBVIOUSLY does not include any elements of pop rap. You know what type of music qualifies as pop rap? MC Hammer. THIS IS NOT MC HAMMER.

{{Infobox Album 
|Name = 808s & Heartbreak
|Type = studio
|Artist = [[Kanye West]]
|Cover =‎ 808nheartbreakcover.jpg
|Released = November 24, 2008 December 16, 2008 (KAWS re-release)
|Recorded = 2008
|Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[synthpop]], [[electronica]]
|Length = 52:01
|Label = [[Roc-A-Fella Records|Roc-A-Fella]], [[The Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]]
|Producers = Kanye West, [[No I.D.]], Jeff Bhasker, Plain Pat & Mr. Hudson
|Reviews = 
*[[Allmusic]] {{rating|2|5}} [http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kcfixz9kldhe~T1 2008]
*''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' (favorable) [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/content_display/reviews/albums/e3i3727898fb2739b046d7e84f65a5f5c6c 2008]
*''[[The Guardian]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak 2008]
*''[[NME]]'' (7/10) [http://www.nme.com/reviews/kanye-west/10009 2008]
*''[[Newsday]]'' (A) [http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etdrops5939921nov25b,0,7310415.story 2008]
*''[[Pitchfork Media]]'' (7.6/10) [http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/147813-kanye-west-808s-and-heartbreak 2008]
*''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{rating|3.5|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/24024301/review/24597774/808s__heartbreak 2008]
*''[[The Times]]'' {{rating|5|5}} [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article5199113.ece 2008]
*''[[USA Today]]'' {{Rating|4|4}} [http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2008-11-23-kanye-west-808s-heartbreak_N.htm?csp=34 2008]
*''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' (favorable) [http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_and_heartbreak/ 2008]
|Last album = ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'' (2007)
|This album = '''''808s & Heartbreak''''' (2008)''
|Next album =
| Misc = {{Extra album cover 2
| Upper caption = Alternate cover
| Lower caption = Artwork redesigned by [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]]
| Type = [[Studio album]]
| Cover = KAWS 808s & Heartbreak.jpg
}}
{{Singles
|Name = 808s & Heartbreak
|Type = studio
|single 1 = [[Love Lockdown]]
|single 1 date = September 18, 2008
|single 2 = [[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]
|single 2 date = November 4, 2008
}}
}}

'''''808s & Heartbreak''''' is the fourth [[studio album]] by American [[hip hop music|hip hop]] artist [[Kanye West]], released November 24, 2008 on [[Roc-A-Fella Records]]. The album was originally scheduled for a December 16 release, but was pushed forward to increase sales during the holiday season. The album debuted at number one on the [[Billboard 200]] chart.

==Conception==
Following the release of his third studio album ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'', the remainder of 2007 and the following year featured events that emotionally affected Kanye West. On November 10, 2007, West's mother Donda West died due to complications arising from [[cosmetic surgery]] involving a tummy tuck and breast reduction procedure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glover |first=Scott |title= Doctor Talks About Donda West's Death |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/20/local/me-west20 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2008-11-20|accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> Months later, West broke off his engagement and separated from his fiancée Alexis Phifer.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West's Fiancée 'Sad' Over Breakup |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20193726,00.html?xid=rss-topheadlines |publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> At the same time, West displayed struggle in adapting to his newfound pop star status he had once strived to achieve, often becoming the subject of media scrutiny. The loss, loneliness and longing for companionship and a sense of normality served to inspire the conception ''808s & Heartbreak''. West stated that "This album was therapeutic — it's lonely at the top."<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Opens Up His Hear |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/channel/mtvuk/news/460118-kanye-west-opens-his-heart |publisher=[[MTV UK]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref>

West felt that the emotions he felt within his heart could not be fully expressed simply through rapping, saying that aside from the fact that rapping had limitations, there were "melodies that were in me — what was in me I couldn't stop."<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Inspires The Question: Should Rappers Sing? |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1599993/20081121/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> West went to classify ''808s & Heartbreak'' as a [[pop music|pop]] album, stating his disdain towards the contemporary backlash to the concept of pop music and expressed admiration for what some pop stars have accomplished in their careers.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320023/i-think-pop-has-a-bad-name-right-now.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> He later stated that he wishes to present the music as a new genre called "pop art", not to be confused with the visual art movement [[pop art|of the same name]].<ref>[http://www.kanyelive.com/talk/index.php?topic=78812.0 Kanye creating new genre called "Pop-Art"]. Simple Machines LLC. Accessed on October 12, 2008.</ref>

==Production==
The album was recorded in under two weeks in Hawaii. As implied by its title, ''808s & Heartbreak'' prominently features the [[Roland TR-808]] drum machine. West felt that the 808 is an important instrument that can be used to evoke emotion; the concept was introduced to him by [[Jon Brion]]. According to West, the fact that Hawaii's area code was "808" was coincidental, as he had already developed the album's title before being informed.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Visits Big Boy's Neighborhood |url=http://vimeo.com/2013751?pg=embed&sec=2013751 |publisher=Vimeo |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The realization inspired him to pursue his direction with the album, however.<ref>{{cite news | last = Macia | first = Peter | title = FADER 58: Kanye West Cover Story and Interview | publisher = ''[[The Fader]]'' | url = http://www.thefader.com/features/2008/11/25/fader-58-kanye-west-cover-story-and-interview | accessdate = 2008-11-25}}</ref> In terms of musical direction, West's intentions, according to [[Mike Dean (producer)|Mike Dean]], were to go against the typical sound of hip hop beat, instead evoking the presence of tribal drums.<ref name="Dean">{{Cite news |last=Shaheem |first=Reid |title= Kanye West's 808s & Heartbreak Album Preview: More Drums, More Singing, 'No Typical Hip-Hop Beats' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597139/20081015/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=MTV |date=2008-10-15|accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> Overall, West maintained a "[[minimalism|minimal]] but functional" approach towards the album's studio production.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320022/im-just-getting-more-polished.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>

The album relies heavily on the voice audio processor technology of [[Auto-Tune]]. "We were working on the remixes for [[Lil Wayne]]'s "[[Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)|Lollipop]]" and [[Young Jeezy]]'s "[[Put On]]" and he fell in love with the Auto-Tune," Dean explained.<ref name="Dean"/> Towards this end, West enlisted [[T-Pain]] for coaching on how to properly utilize Auto-Tune.<ref name=1013mixtapemonday>{{Cite news |last=Shaheem |first=Reid |title= T-Pain Describes His Involvement On New Kanye West LP; Fat Joe Salutes Lil Wayne's Carter IV Rock Edge: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596829/20081010/t_pain.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=2008-10-13 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> West himself openly stated that he loves using Auto-Tune and is dismayed that the term has been commonly associated with being "wack." He considers the technology "the funnest thing to use" and compared the situation to when he was a child and thought the color pink was cool until someone told him "it was gay." He went on to state how the views of society can rob people of their confidence and self-esteem.<ref name="RapUp">{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Bares All at Album Listening |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/10/15/kanye-west-bares-all-at-album-listening/ |publisher=Rap Up |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> He later went on to state that he enjoyed the electronic feel produced by Auto-Tune and sought out to juxtapose the mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of [[taiko drum]]s and [[choir monk]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Video: Kanye West Visits Conan O’Brien |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/11/26/video-kanye-west-visits-conan-obrien/ |publisher=Rap Up |accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref>

Rap artist [[Kid Cudi]], who had recently signed onto West's [[G.O.O.D. Music]] label, revealed that he would be featured on two of the songs on the album.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perkins |first=Brandon |title= Kid Cudi speaks on 808's & Heartbreak |url=http://www.urb.com/permalink/3685/Kid-Cudi-speaks-on-808%27s-&-Heartbreak.html |work=[[URB (magazine)|URB]] |date=2008-10-01 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> [[Young Jeezy]] contributed a rap verse on the track "Amazing" while "[[See You in My Nightmares]]" is comprised of a duet with [[Lil Wayne]]. Singer-songwriter [[Esthero]] provided the few female vocals found the album.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanye West examines real vs. fake, puppet vs. human on '808s and Heartbreak' |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2008/11/kanye-west-exam.html |publisher="[[Los Angeles Times]]" |date=2008-11-21 |accessdate=2008-11-22}}</ref> When "RoboCop" appeared on the Internet, West denied responsibility and was upset that the leak had occurred as the track was an unfinished version.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Swears He Didn't Leak 'Robocop' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597934/20081027/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> At an album preview event, West candidly expressed that the track "is maybe the biggest wreck on the album."<ref>[http://www.youth.sg/content/view/6436/54/ Youth.SG :: Singapore - Yes, Kanye West wants to be the best]. Youth.SG. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> Mike Dean had previously stated that the track was expected to receive additional treatment by [[Herbie Hancock]] before the album's release.<ref name="Dean"/>

==Release and promotion==
===Imagery===
On October 14, West, in collaboration with [[Italy|Italian]] artist [[Vanessa Beecroft]], hosted a promotional album listening event at the Ace Gallery in Los Angeles in which over 700 guests were invited to preview the entirety of ''808s & Heartbreak''. Under Beecroft's guidance, the event featured approximately forty nude women wearing nothing besides wool masks who silently stood in the center of the room. The women were illuminated by multicolored lights that would change as the music progressed. When it came time for him to speak, West stated that he'd been a fan of Beecroft's work and strong imagery, saying that he liked idea of nudity because "society told us to wear clothes at a certain point". Beecroft had been contacted a month prior and conceptualized and generated the installation in a week. Beecroft admitted that while he had caught her offguard, she had the opportunity to hear the album for herself and heard things that touched her own life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanye West’s Listening Party: Lights, Heartbreak, Nudity |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/10/15/kanye-wests-listening-party-lights-heartbreak-nudity/ |publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]'' |date=2008-10-15 |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The living art installation touched on West's primary objective with the album, emotional nakedness, the freedom to express oneself without heed of what others will inevitably think.<ref name="RapUp"/>

On October 19, promotional photos for the album by photographer Willy Vanderperre were released. The images portrayed West wearing a grey [[glen plaid]] suit, large browline glasses, and a heart-shaped pin.<ref>{{Cite news |title= http://www.theclones.fr/?en/1203-kanyes-808s-heartbreak-promo-shots |publisher=The Clones |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The heart-related theme is reflected in the artwork of the album, which features a deflated balloon resembling a heart shape.

===Releases===
The first single from the album was "[[Love Lockdown]]", which had been performed live and aired on the radio.<ref>[http://www.allaccess.com/ Top 40/M Future Releases] Accessed September 9, 2008</ref> The official version of the song was posted onto West's blog on September 16 and is being played by radio stations. The song was premiered at the 2008 [[MTV Video Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |title= It's Britney Spears' Night At The VMAs, While Kanye West Ends The Show With A Bang |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1594283/20080908/spears_britney.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=2008-09-08 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> The second single announced was "[[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]".<ref name="blogspot">[http://amajanese.blogspot.com/2008/10/kanye-west-performs-heartless.html Kanye confirms Heartless as second single and November 25, 2008 release date]. The Amajanese Blog. Accessed November 17, 2008.</ref> Another song revealed was "Welcome to Heartbreak", which appeared on a poster for an ''808s & Heartbreak'' listening event that took place on October 14.<ref name=listeningevent>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=209615_-1__0_~0_-1_10_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161= 808s & Heartbreak listening event poster.] ''Kanye West's Blog.'' Accessed October 12, 2008.</ref>

On September 24, West announced that he had finished the album and would be releasing it sometime in November. In his blog, he wrote "I changed my album to November something cause I finished the album and I felt like it..I want yall to hear it as soon as possible".<ref name=blognovember>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/index.php?em3106=207365_-1__0_~0_-1_9_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161 808s & Heartbreak coming soon....] ''www.kanyeuniversecity.com.'' Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> West later stated that the album would be released on November 25, 2008.<ref name="blogspot"/> The album was originally announced for a December 16 release, but [[Island Def Jam]], the distributing label, brought the date forward three weeks to capitalize on [[Thanksgiving]] weekend.<ref name="Sales">[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598986/20081110/west_kanye.jhtml New Albums From Kanye West, Ludacris, Killers To Get Rare Monday Release On November 24.] MTV Networks. Accessed October 12, 2008.</ref> A limited edition in a digipak case was first released in Germany on November 21, 2008.<ref name="Discogs">[http://www.discogs.com/release/1543307 ''808s & Heartbreak'' at Discogs.com]. Discogs. Accessed November 16, 2008.</ref> A special Christmas packaging of the album will be released on December 16 and will feature album artwork redone by [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]].<ref>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=214025_-1__0_~0_-1_11_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161=#ugcForm announcement of special Christmas edition]. ''www.kanyeuniversecity.com''. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> The artwork is also available with the album at the [[iTunes Store]]. ''808s & Heartbreak'' served as West's first release without a [[Parental Advisory]] label.

On October 16, West released an excerpt of "Coldest Winter" on the radio station [[KPWR|Power 106]] in Los Angeles. The track recreates elements of the song "Memories Fade" by the band [[Tears for Fears]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Canwest News Service |title= Kanye West gives us more 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/arts/story.html?id=108e7f2d-e871-4469-bad5-375bb97a4a5b |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |date=2008-10-18 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> The song "Paranoid" later leaked onto the Internet and features [[Mr Hudson & The Library|Mr. Hudson]] in the chorus. Also appearing prior to the release date were "Amazing" featuring [[Young Jeezy]], "See You in My Nightmares" featuring [[Lil Wayne]], "Street Lights", "Say You Will", "Welcome to Heartbreak" and "Bad News". An additional track, "Pinocchio Story" is a freestyle recorded at a live concert in Singapore. It was included in the album at the request of [[Beyoncé Knowles]].<ref name="Review">[http://www.thehiphopchronicle.com/2008/11/12/kanye-west-808-hearbreak-album-review/ Kanye West - 808’s & Hearbreak (Album Review)]. The Hip Hop Chronicle UK. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref>

On December 4, 2008, "Street Lights" appeared at the completion of an episode of ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]''.

==Reception==
===Initial reaction===

The reaction to ''808s & Heartbreak'' around the time of its conception was mixed, ranging from anticipation to bewilderment to indifference. Upon the unveiling of the lead single "Love Lockdown" at the 2008 [[Video Music Awards]], music audiences were taken back by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of [[Auto-Tune]].<ref>{{Cite news |title= Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak|work=''[[The Observer]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> The negative feedback intensified when West eventually revealed that the entire album would be primarily sung with Auto-Tune rather than rapped and would focus heavily on themes of love and heartache.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Inspires The Question: Should Rappers Sing? |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1599993/20081121/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | |title= Kanye West - 808s & Heartbreak |url=http://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/kanye-west |work=''[[Clash]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> Numerous hip hop fans and certain rappers mocked West for becoming "sappy" while others deemed the upcoming LP as a throwaway experimental album.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Visits Big Boy's Neighborhood |url=http://vimeo.com/2013751?pg=embed&sec=2013751 |publisher=Vimeo |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> Comparisons were drawn to ''[[Electric Circus (album)|Electric Circus]]'', an album made by West's labelmate and close friend [[Common (rapper)|Common]]. MTV eventually interviewed Common to share his thoughts and views on the artistic direction of the album. Common expressed both his understanding and his support for West's intentions, stating:

{{quote|I love it. Let me tell you, as an artist, you wanna be free. You gotta do what you feel. You can't just cater to the audience. You gotta say, 'Hey, y'all, this is where I'm at.' For him to do an album called ''808s and Heartbreak'', you know that's where he is at this moment. I heard some songs, and I think it's fresh. I think the people are ready for it.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Common Praises Kanye's Singing; Lupe Fiasco Plays CEO: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596254/20081003/common.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>}}

West received similar approval from [[Lil Wayne]] and [[Young Jeezy]], both of whom contribute to the album. During an interview, when asked what music today inspires him, Wayne replied:

{{quote|Everybody's doing their thing, but they're not exciting. Everybody is doing the same thing. That's terrible. Do I love the music that's out right now? I love it with a passion. Does it motivate me? Not one bit. That's because ''808s & Heartbreak'' isn't out yet.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Lil Wayne Isn't Inspired By Today's Music; Rick Ross Borrows Beats From Jay-Z, T.I., M.I.A. For New Tape: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598384/20081031/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>}}

Despite the approval from the rap superstars, as well as the record-breaking chart performances of the first two singles, hip hop audiences remained indifferent towards the album, predicting it would flop.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak|work=''[[The Observer]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> Responding to reviews, West stated that he didn't care about sales or getting good ratings, saying that it came from the heart and that's all that matters to him. When asked about the current state of hip hop, West compared it to a high school, stating that hip hop used to be all about being fearless and standing out, and that now it is about being afraid and fitting in.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320021/hip-hop-is-like-a-big-high-school.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref>

===Commercial performance===
In its first week of sales, ''808s & Heartbreak'' reached the number one spot on [[Billboard 200]] with 450,145 units.<ref>[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.8192 HipHopDX.com - Hip Hop Album Sales]. ''HipHopDX.com''. Accessed December 3, 2008.</ref> The album has spawned two singles (Love Lockdown and Heartless) which have both reached the top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. In the second week, it dropped down to number 4, selling 143,000 copies. It has currently sold just over 600,000.

===Critical response===
''808s & Heartbreak'' received generally positive reviews from critics. Reviews commented specifically on the change of style from previous West releases. ''[[USA Today]]'' gave the album a perfect 4 out of 4 stars saying, "West deftly uses the 808 drum machine and Auto-Tune vocal effect to channel his feelings of hurt, anger and doubt through his well-crafted lyrics."<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2008-11-23-kanye-west-808s-heartbreak_N.htm/ Kanye West - 808’s & Hearbreak]. ''USA Today''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Times]]'' also gave the album a perfect rating claiming, "This so should not work...Yet 808s & Heartbreak is a triumph, recklessly departing from the commercially copper-bottomed script and venturing far beyond West’s comfort zone."<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article5199113.ece Kanye West: 808s & Heartbreak - the Sunday Times review]. Times Newspapers Ltd. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' expressed that "Kanye has created his greatest album to date,"<ref>http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_and_heartbreak/</ref> while ''[[The Washington Post]]'' celebrated the album's cultural themes and emotional honesty, calling it "an information-age masterpiece about falling into the depths of loneliness while a nation of millions checks your blog for updates," and anointed it "the best album released this year." <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/23/AR2008112302506.html/ Kanye West, in Perfect Auto-Tune]. ''Washington Post''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

''[[Newsday]]'' gave the album an A rating, calling the album "austere and disciplined",<ref>[http://www.newsday.com/services/newspaper/printedition/tuesday/partii/ny-etdrops5939921nov25,0,3044487.story/ Newsday - 808s & Heartbreak]. ''Newsday''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> while ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'' praised the album's oddities, saying, "But as strange and even tedious as "808s and Heartbreak" might strike some listeners, it's not just a puppet show. Or rather, it is, and all the more fascinating for that."<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2008/11/kanye-west-exam.html/ Kanye West examines real vs. fake, puppet vs. human on '808s and Heartbreak']. ''LA Times''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' gave a favorable review, stating that "Sonically, West pushes the envelope by relying on the drum machine from which the album takes its title, as well as the ever-popular vocoder."<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/content_display/reviews/albums/e3i3727898fb2739b046d7e84f65a5f5c6c Billboard.com - 808s & Heartbreak]. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Observer]]'' gave a 4 out of 5 star rating, finding that West's personal lows made for a good album, stating, "It might seem harsh but let's hope he doesn't find too much happiness in the meantime. Loneliness is proving quite the muse."<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak/ Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak]. Guardian News and Media Ltd. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

''[[The Chicago Sun Times]]'' thought the album had more potential than was reached, but still gave a positive critique, "If West had interspersed the more mechanical tracks with some that were the exact opposite--say, simple piano interludes provided by his old collaborators John Legend or Jon Brion--he might have made a masterpiece. Instead, he's merely given us an extremely intriguing, sporadically gripping, undeniably fearless and altogether unexpected piece of his troubled soul."<ref>[http://blogs.suntimes.com/derogatis/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_heartbreak_roc.html Kanye West, "808s & Heartbreak" (Roc-a-Fella/Def Jam)]. Sun-Times News Group. Accessed November 25, 2008.</ref> The British publication ''[[NME]]'' gave a 7/10 rating, and concluded in its review, "The resounding verdict is that it’s a surprising, but bold and brave progression from last year’s confused ''<nowiki>‘</nowiki>Graduation<nowiki>’</nowiki>''."<ref>[http://www.nme.com/reviews/kanye-west/10009/ NME.com: Album Reviews - 808s And Heartbreak]. IPC Media. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

Negative criticism of ''808s & Heartbreak'' came from Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]], who gave the album a 2/5 stars rating, while stating in a review, "For anyone sifting through a broken relationship and self-letdown, this could all be therapeutic. Otherwise, no matter its commendable fearlessness, the album is a listless, bleary trudge along West's permafrost."<ref>[http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kcfixz9kldhe/ allmusic: 808s & Heartbreak]. All Media Guide, LLC. Accessed November 26, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' wrote a negative review of the album, writing that West "relies so heavily on Auto-Tune, the du jour studio trick that dominates Top 40 urban radio, that you don't get a real sense of his vocal chops," and describing the lyrics as "not strong enough to build into full-blown choruses."<ref>[http://www.boston.com/ae/music/cd_reviews/articles/2008/11/24/kanye_west_bursts_into_song____not_exactly_music_to_our_ears/ Kanye West bursts into song -- not exactly music to our ears]. NY Times Co. Accessed November 24, 2008.</ref> Wilson McBee of [[Slant Magazine]] criticized his singing voice, writing that "West would be unbearable without Auto-Tune, and even with the computer enhancement he sounds only a little better than the average drunk at a karaoke bar or halfway-serious ''American Idol'' reject."<ref>[http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=1596 Slant Magazine Music Review: Kanye West: 808s & Heartbreak]. Slant Magazine. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' concurred with this sentiment in a largely negative review stating, "Mr. West can’t sing, and it is that weakness for which this album will ultimately be remembered, some solid songs notwithstanding. For him, using Auto-Tune, the pitch-correction software with the robotic vocal effect, is a true crutch."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/arts/music/25kany.html?pagewanted=2&hp Kanye West’s ‘808s and Heartbreak’ Chills on the Frills - NYTimes.com]. The New York Times Company. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>


==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| extra_column = Producer
| title1 = Say You Will
| extra1 = Kanye West
| length1 = 6:18
| title2 = Welcome to Heartbreak
| extra2 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, Plain Pat*
| length2 = 4:23
| note2 = feat. [[Kid Cudi]]
| title3 = [[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]
| extra3 = Kanye West, [[No I.D.]]*
| length3 = 3:31
| title4 = Amazing
| extra4 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*
| length4 = 3:58
| note4 = feat. [[Young Jeezy]]
| title5 = [[Love Lockdown]]
| extra5 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*
| length5 = 4:30
| title6 = Paranoid
| extra6 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, Plain Pat*
| length6 = 4:38
| note6 = feat. [[Mr Hudson & The Library|Mr Hudson]]
| title7 = RoboCop
| extra7 = Kanye West
| length7 = 4:34
| title8 = Street Lights
| extra8 = Kanye West, Mr. Hudson*
| length8 = 3:10
| title9 = Bad News
| extra9 = Kanye West
| length9 = 3:59
| title10 = [[See You in My Nightmares]]
| extra10 = Kanye West, No I.D.*
| length10 = 4:18
| note10 = feat. [[Lil Wayne]]
| title11 = Coldest Winter
| extra11 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, No I.D.*
| length11 = 2:44
| title12 = Pinocchio Story
| note12 = freestyle live in [[Singapore]], [[hidden track]]
| extra12 = Kanye West
| length12 = 6:02
}}
*Co-producer

==Personnel==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!#
!Title
!Notes
|-
|1
|"Say You Will"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Young Jeezy]], [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]]
 Additional vocals: Mr. Hudson, Tony Williams, The Kadockadee Kwire
|-
|2
|"Welcome to Heartbreak"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Kid Cudi]], Plain Pat
 Additional vocals: Jeff Bhasker
|-
|3
|"Heartless"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Kid Cudi]], Jones, [[No I.D.]]

|-
|4
|"Amazing"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Young Jeezy]]
 Additional vocals: Mr. Hudson, Tony Williams
|-
|5
|"Love Lockdown"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Esthero]], Jeff Bhasker, Jones, Menzies
|-
|6
|"Paranoid"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]], [[Kid Cudi]], Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams, Plain Pat
 Additional vocals: [[Kid Cudi]]
|-
|7
|"RoboCop"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[T-Pain]], [[Esthero]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]], [[Young Jeezy]], Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams, Jones
 Additional vocals: Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams
 Samples: "Kissing in the Rain" by [[Patrick Doyle]]
|-
|8
|"Street Lights"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Esthero]], Tony Williams, McIldowie
 Additional vocals: [[Esthero]], Tony Williams
|-
|9
|"Bad News"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Bass
 Samples: "See Line Woman" by [[Nina Simone]]
|-
|10
|"See You in My Nightmares"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Lil Wayne]], Jeff Bhasker, [[No I.D.]]
|-
|11
|"Coldest Winter"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Roland Orzabal]], [[No I.D.]]
 Recreates elements of "Memories Fade" by [[Tears for Fears]]
|-
|12
|"Pinocchio Story"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West
|-
|}

==Chart history==
{|class="wikitable"
!align="center"|Chart (2008)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref>http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=The+Billboard+200</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]]<ref>http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Albums&f=Top+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Albums</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Australian Albums Chart]]<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_album.asp?chart=1G50 Australian ARIA Charts] Official Peak Posistion. Retrieved on [[November 30]], [[2008]]</ref>
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Albums Chart]]<ref>http://acharts.us/album/40644</ref>
|align="center"|11
|-
|align="left"|[[RIANZ|New Zealand Albums Chart]] <ref>http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp</ref>
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]<ref>http://acharts.us/album/40644</ref>
|align="center"|11
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Albums Chart <ref>http://hitparade.ch/weekchart.asp?cat=a</ref>
|align="center"|13
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Albums Chart]]<ref>http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|Belgium Albums Chart<ref>http://acharts.us/album/40644</ref>
|align="center"|21
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Albums Chart<ref>http://acharts.us/album/40644</ref>
|align="center"|19
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Albums Chart<ref>http://acharts.us/album/40644</ref>
|align="center"|42
|-
|align="left"|Austrian Albums Chart<ref>http://acharts.us/album/40644</ref>
|align="center"|50
|-
|align="left"|[[European Top 100 Albums]]<ref>http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=European+Top+100+Albums&pageNumber=Top+11-50&g=Albums</ref>
|align="center"|23
|-
|align="left"|Italian Albums Chart<ref>http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_artisti.php</ref>
|align="center"|65
|-
|align="left"|French Albums Chart<ref>http://acharts.us/album/40644</ref>
|align="center"|52
|-
|align="left"|German Albums Chart<ref>http://acharts.us/album/40644</ref>
|align="center"|30
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = ''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' by [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]
| title = [[United States|U.S.]] [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] [[Number-one albums of 2008 (U.S.)|number-one album]]
| years = December 13, 2008 - December 20, 2008
| after = ''[[Circus (Britney Spears album)|Circus]]'' by [[Britney Spears]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{Kanye West}}

[[Category:2008 albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Kanye West]]
[[Category:Kanye West albums]]
[[Category:Def Jam Recordings albums]]

[[cs:808s & Heartbreak]]
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[[fr:808s and Heartbreak]]
[[lt:808's & Heartbreak]]
[[nl:808s & Heartbreak]]
[[pl:808s & Heartbreak]]
[[pt:808s & Heartbreak]]
[[simple:808s & Heartbreak]]
[[fi:808s & Heartbreak]]
[[tr:808s & Heartbreak]]

808s & Heartbreak

2008-12-06T17:59:52Z

72.138.241.60: Please stop including pop-rap/hip-pop as a genre. This album doesn't include any of its elements, look at its wiki. I'm reincluding hip hop because there are non-pop hip hop elements in the album.

{{Infobox Album 
|Name = 808s & Heartbreak
|Type = studio
|Artist = [[Kanye West]]
|Cover =‎ 808nheartbreakcover.jpg
|Released = November 24, 2008 December 16, 2008 (KAWS re-release)
|Recorded = 2008
|Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Synthpop]], [[Electronica]], [[Hip Hop]]
|Length = 52:01
|Label = [[Roc-A-Fella Records|Roc-A-Fella]], [[The Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]]
|Producers = Kanye West, [[No I.D.]], Jeff Bhasker, Plain Pat & Mr. Hudson
|Reviews = 
*[[Allmusic]] {{rating|2|5}} [http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kcfixz9kldhe~T1 2008]
*''[[The Guardian]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak 2008]
*''[[NME]]'' (7/10) [http://www.nme.com/reviews/kanye-west/10009 2008]
*''[[Newsday]]'' (A) [http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etdrops5939921nov25b,0,7310415.story 2008]
*''[[Pitchfork Media]]'' (7.6/10) [http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/147813-kanye-west-808s-and-heartbreak 2008]
*''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{rating|3.5|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/24024301/review/24597774/808s__heartbreak 2008]
*''[[The Times]]'' {{rating|5|5}} [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article5199113.ece 2008]
*''[[USA Today]]'' {{Rating|4|4}} [http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2008-11-23-kanye-west-808s-heartbreak_N.htm?csp=34 2008]
*''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' (favorable) [http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_and_heartbreak/ 2008]
*''[[Slant Magazine]]'' {{rating|2|5}} [http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=1596 link]
|Last album = ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'' (2007)
|This album = '''''808s & Heartbreak''''' (2008)''
|Next album =
| Misc = {{Extra album cover 2
| Upper caption = Alternate cover
| Lower caption = Artwork redesigned by [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]]
| Type = [[Studio album]]
| Cover = KAWS 808s & Heartbreak.jpg
}}
{{Singles
|Name = 808s & Heartbreak
|Type = studio
|single 1 = [[Love Lockdown]]
|single 1 date = September 18, 2008
|single 2 = [[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]
|single 2 date = November 4, 2008
|single 3 = [[See You in My Nightmares]]
|single 3 date = December 13, 2008
}}
}}

'''''808s & Heartbreak''''' is the fourth [[studio album]] by American [[hip hop music|hip hop]] artist [[Kanye West]], released November 24, 2008 on [[Roc-A-Fella Records]]. The album was originally scheduled for a December 16 release, but was pushed forward to increase sales during the holiday season. The album debuted at number one on the [[Billboard 200]] chart.

==Conception==
Following the release of his third studio album ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'', the remainder of 2007 and the following year featured events that emotionally affected Kanye West. On November 10, 2007, West's mother Donda West died due to complications arising from [[cosmetic surgery]] involving a tummy tuck and breast reduction procedure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glover |first=Scott |title= Doctor Talks About Donda West's Death |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/20/local/me-west20 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2008-11-20|accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> Months later, West broke off his engagement and separated with his fiancée Alexis Phifer.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West's Fiancée 'Sad' Over Breakup |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20193726,00.html?xid=rss-topheadlines |publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> At the same time, West displayed struggle in adapting to his newfound pop star status he had once strived to achieve, often becoming the subject of media scrutiny. The loss, loneliness and longing for companionship and a sense of normalcy served to inspire the conception ''808s & Heartbreak''. West stated that "This album was therapeutic — it's lonely at the top."<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Opens Up His Hear |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/channel/mtvuk/news/460118-kanye-west-opens-his-heart |publisher=[[MTV UK]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref>

West felt that the emotions he felt within his heart could not be fully expressed simply through rapping, saying that aside from the fact that rapping had limitations, there were "melodies that were in me — what was in me I couldn't stop."<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Inspires The Question: Should Rappers Sing? |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1599993/20081121/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> West went to classify ''808s & Heartbreak'' as a [[pop music|pop]] album, stating his disdain towards the contemporary backlash to the concept of pop music and expressed that some greatest musicians of all time, particularly [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], were pop artists.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320023/i-think-pop-has-a-bad-name-right-now.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> He later stated that he wishes to present the music as a new genre called "pop art", not to be confused with the visual art movement [[pop art|of the same name]].<ref>[http://www.kanyelive.com/talk/index.php?topic=78812.0 Kanye creating new genre called "Pop-Art"]. Simple Machines LLC. Accessed on October 12, 2008.</ref>

==Production==
The album was recorded in under two weeks in Hawaii. As implied by its title, ''808s & Heartbreak'' prominently features the [[Roland TR-808]] drum machine. West felt that the 808 is an important instrument that can be used to evoke emotion; the concept was introduced to him by [[Jon Brion]]. According to West, the fact that Hawaii's area code was "808" was incidental, as he had already developed the album's title before being informed.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Visits Big Boy's Neighborhood |url=http://vimeo.com/2013751?pg=embed&sec=2013751 |publisher=Vimeo |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The realization inspired him to pursue his direction with the album, however.<ref>{{cite news | last = Macia | first = Peter | title = FADER 58: Kanye West Cover Story and Interview | publisher = ''[[The Fader]]'' | url = http://www.thefader.com/features/2008/11/25/fader-58-kanye-west-cover-story-and-interview | accessdate = 2008-11-25}}</ref> In terms of musical direction, West's intentions, according to [[Mike Dean (producer)|Mike Dean]], were to go against the typical sound of hip hop beat, instead evoking the presence of tribal drums.<ref name="Dean">{{Cite news |last=Shaheem |first=Reid |title= Kanye West's 808s & Heartbreak Album Preview: More Drums, More Singing, 'No Typical Hip-Hop Beats' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597139/20081015/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=MTV |date=2008-10-15|accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> Overall, West maintained a "[[minimalism|minimal]] but functional" approach towards the album's studio production.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320022/im-just-getting-more-polished.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>

The album relies heavily on the voice audio processor technology of [[Auto-Tune]]. "We were working on the remixes for [[Lil Wayne]]'s "[[Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)|Lollipop]]" and [[Young Jeezy]]'s "[[Put On]]" and he fell in love with the Auto-Tune," Dean explained.<ref name="Dean"/> Towards this end, West enlisted [[T-Pain]] for coaching on how to properly utilize Auto-Tune.<ref name=1013mixtapemonday>{{Cite news |last=Shaheem |first=Reid |title= T-Pain Describes His Involvement On New Kanye West LP; Fat Joe Salutes Lil Wayne's Carter IV Rock Edge: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596829/20081010/t_pain.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=2008-10-13 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> West himself openly stated that he loves using Auto-Tune and is dismayed that the term has been commonly associated with being "wack." He considers the technology "the funnest thing to use" and compared the situation to when he was a child and thought the color pink was cool until someone told him "it was gay." He went on to state how the views of society can rob people of their confidence and self-esteem.<ref name="RapUp">{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Bares All at Album Listening |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/10/15/kanye-west-bares-all-at-album-listening/ |publisher=Rap Up |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> He later went on to state that he enjoyed the electronic feel produced by Auto-Tune and sought out to juxtapose the mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of [[taiko drum]]s and [[choir monk]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Video: Kanye West Visits Conan O’Brien |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/11/26/video-kanye-west-visits-conan-obrien/ |publisher=Rap Up |accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref>

Rap artist [[Kid Cudi]], who had recently signed onto West's [[G.O.O.D. Music]] label, revealed that he would be featured on two of the songs on the album.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perkins |first=Brandon |title= Kid Cudi speaks on 808's & Heartbreak |url=http://www.urb.com/permalink/3685/Kid-Cudi-speaks-on-808%27s-&-Heartbreak.html |work=[[URB (magazine)|URB]] |date=2008-10-01 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> [[Young Jeezy]] contributed a rap verse on the track "Amazing" while "[[See You in My Nightmares]]" is comprised of a duet with [[Lil Wayne]]. Singer-songwriter [[Esthero]] provided the few female vocals found the album.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanye West examines real vs. fake, puppet vs. human on '808s and Heartbreak' |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2008/11/kanye-west-exam.html |publisher="[[Los Angeles Times]]" |date=2008-11-21 |accessdate=2008-11-22}}</ref> When "RoboCop" appeared on the Internet, West denied responsibility and was upset that the leak had occurred as the track was an unfinished version.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Swears He Didn't Leak 'Robocop' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597934/20081027/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> At an album preview event, West candidly expressed that the track "is maybe the biggest wreck on the album."<ref>[http://www.youth.sg/content/view/6436/54/ Youth.SG :: Singapore - Yes, Kanye West wants to be the best]. Youth.SG. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> Mike Dean had previously stated that the track was expected to receive additional treatment by [[Herbie Hancock]] before the album's release.<ref name="Dean"/>

==Release and promotion==
===Imagery===
On October 14, West, in collaboration with [[Italy|Italian]] artist [[Vanessa Beecroft]], hosted a promotional album listening event at the Ace Gallery in Los Angeles in which over 700 guests were invited to preview the entirety of ''808s & Heartbreak''. Under Beecroft's guidance, the event featured approximately forty nude women wearing nothing besides wool masks who silently stood in the center of the room. The women were illuminated by multicolored lights that would change as the music progressed. When it came time for him to speak, West stated that he'd been a fan of Beecroft's work and strong imagery, saying that he liked idea of nudity because "society told us to wear clothes at a certain point". Beecroft had been contacted a month prior and conceptualized and generated the installation in a week. Beecroft admitted that while he had caught her offguard, she had the opportunity to hear the album for herself and heard things that touched her own life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanye West’s Listening Party: Lights, Heartbreak, Nudity |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/10/15/kanye-wests-listening-party-lights-heartbreak-nudity/ |publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]'' |date=2008-10-15 |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The living art installation touched on West's primary objective with the album, emotional nakedness, the freedom to express oneself without heed of what others will inevitably think.<ref name="RapUp"/>

On October 19, promotional photos for the album by photographer Willy Vanderperre were released. The images portrayed West wearing a grey [[glen plaid]] suit, large browline glasses, and a heart-shaped pin.<ref>{{Cite news |title= http://www.theclones.fr/?en/1203-kanyes-808s-heartbreak-promo-shots |publisher=The Clones |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The heart-related theme is reflected in the artwork of the album, which features a deflated balloon resembling a heart shape.

===Releases===
The first single from the album was "[[Love Lockdown]]", which had been performed live and aired on the radio.<ref>[http://www.allaccess.com/ Top 40/M Future Releases] Accessed September 9, 2008</ref> The official version of the song was posted onto West's blog on September 16 and is being played by radio stations. The song was premiered at the 2008 [[MTV Video Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |title= It's Britney Spears' Night At The VMAs, While Kanye West Ends The Show With A Bang |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1594283/20080908/spears_britney.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=2008-09-08 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> The second single announced was "[[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]".<ref name="blogspot">[http://amajanese.blogspot.com/2008/10/kanye-west-performs-heartless.html Kanye confirms Heartless as second single and November 25, 2008 release date]. The Amajanese Blog. Accessed November 17, 2008.</ref> Another song revealed was "Welcome to Heartbreak", which appeared on a poster for an ''808s & Heartbreak'' listening event that took place on October 14.<ref name=listeningevent>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=209615_-1__0_~0_-1_10_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161= 808s & Heartbreak listening event poster.] ''Kanye West's Blog.'' Accessed October 12, 2008.</ref>

On September 24, West announced that he had finished the album and would be releasing it sometime in November. In his blog, he wrote "I changed my album to November something cause I finished the album and I felt like it..I want yall to hear it as soon as possible".<ref name=blognovember>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/index.php?em3106=207365_-1__0_~0_-1_9_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161 808s & Heartbreak coming soon....] ''www.kanyeuniversecity.com.'' Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> West later stated that the album would be released on November 25, 2008.<ref name="blogspot"/> The album was originally announced for a December 16 release, but [[Island Def Jam]], the distributing label, brought the date forward three weeks to capitalize on [[Thanksgiving]] weekend.<ref name="Sales">[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598986/20081110/west_kanye.jhtml New Albums From Kanye West, Ludacris, Killers To Get Rare Monday Release On November 24.] MTV Networks. Accessed October 12, 2008.</ref> A limited edition in a digipak case was first released in Germany on November 21, 2008.<ref name="Discogs">[http://www.discogs.com/release/1543307 ''808s & Heartbreak'' at Discogs.com]. Discogs. Accessed November 16, 2008.</ref> A special Christmas packaging of the album will be released on December 16 and will feature album artwork redone by [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]].<ref>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=214025_-1__0_~0_-1_11_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161=#ugcForm announcement of special Christmas edition]. ''www.kanyeuniversecity.com''. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> The artwork is also available with the album at the [[iTunes Store]]. ''808s & Heartbreak'' served as West's first release without a [[Parental Advisory]] label.

On October 16, West released an excerpt of "Coldest Winter" on the radio station [[KPWR|Power 106]] in Los Angeles. The track recreates elements of the song "Memories Fade" by the band [[Tears for Fears]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Canwest News Service |title= Kanye West gives us more 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/arts/story.html?id=108e7f2d-e871-4469-bad5-375bb97a4a5b |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |date=2008-10-18 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> The song "Paranoid" later leaked onto the Internet and features [[Mr Hudson & The Library|Mr. Hudson]] in the chorus. Also appearing prior to the release date were "Amazing" featuring [[Young Jeezy]], "See You in My Nightmares" featuring [[Lil Wayne]], "Street Lights", "Say You Will", "Welcome to Heartbreak" and "Bad News". An additional track, "Pinocchio Story" is a freestyle recorded at a live concert in Singapore. It was included in the album at the request of [[Beyoncé Knowles]].<ref name="Review">[http://www.thehiphopchronicle.com/2008/11/12/kanye-west-808-hearbreak-album-review/ Kanye West - 808’s & Hearbreak (Album Review)]. The Hip Hop Chronicle UK. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref>

On December 4, 2008 "Street Lights" appeared at the completion of an episodes of Grey's Anatomy

==Reception==
===Initial reaction===

The reaction to ''808s & Heartbreak'' around the time of its conception was mixed, ranging from anticipation to bewilderment to indifference. Upon the unveiling of the lead single "Love Lockdown" at the 2008 [[Video Music Awards]], music audiences were taken back by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto-Tune.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak|work=''[[The Observer]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> The negative feedback intensified when West eventually revealed that the entire album would be primarily sung with Auto-Tune rather than rapped and would focus heavily on themes of love and heartache.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Inspires The Question: Should Rappers Sing? |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1599993/20081121/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | |title= Kanye West - 808s & Heartbreak |url=http://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/kanye-west |work=''[[Clash]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> Numerous hip hop fans and certain rappers mocked West for becoming "sappy" while others deemed the upcoming LP as a throwaway experimental album.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Visits Big Boy's Neighborhood |url=http://vimeo.com/2013751?pg=embed&sec=2013751 |publisher=Vimeo |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> Comparisons were drawn to ''[[Electric Circus (album)|Electric Circus]]'', an album made by West's labelmate and close friend [[Common (rapper)|Common]]. MTV eventually interviewed Common to share his thoughts and views on the artistic direction of the album. Common expressed both his understanding and his support for West's intentions, stating:

{{quote|I love it. Let me tell you, as an artist, you wanna be free. You gotta do what you feel. You can't just cater to the audience. You gotta say, 'Hey, y'all, this is where I'm at.' For him to do an album called ''808s and Heartbreak'', you know that's where he is at this moment. I heard some songs, and I think it's fresh. I think the people are ready for it.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Common Praises Kanye's Singing; Lupe Fiasco Plays CEO: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596254/20081003/common.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>}}

West received similar approval from [[Lil Wayne]] and [[Young Jeezy]], both of whom contribute to the album. During an interview, when asked what music today inspires him, Wayne replied:

{{quote|Everybody's doing their thing, but they're not exciting. Everybody is doing the same thing. That's terrible. Do I love the music that's out right now? I love it with a passion. Does it motivate me? Not one bit. That's because ''808s & Heartbreak'' isn't out yet.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Lil Wayne Isn't Inspired By Today's Music; Rick Ross Borrows Beats From Jay-Z, T.I., M.I.A. For New Tape: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598384/20081031/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>}}

Despite the approval from the rap superstars, as well as the record-breaking chart performances of the first two singles, hip hop audiences remained indifferent towards the album, predicting it would flop.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak|work=''[[The Observer]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> Responding to reviews, West stated that he didn't care about sales or getting good ratings, saying that it came from the heart and that's all that matters to him. When asked about the current state of hip hop, West compared it to a high school, stating that hip hop used to be all about being fearless and standing out, and that now it is about being afraid and fitting in.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320021/hip-hop-is-like-a-big-high-school.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''808s & Heartbreak'' received generally positive reviews from critics. Reviews commented specifically on the change of style from previous West releases. ''[[USA Today]]'' gave the album a perfect 4 out of 4 stars saying, "West deftly uses the 808 drum machine and Auto-Tune vocal effect to channel his feelings of hurt, anger and doubt through his well-crafted lyrics."<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2008-11-23-kanye-west-808s-heartbreak_N.htm/ Kanye West - 808’s & Hearbreak]. ''USA Today''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Times]]'' also gave the album a perfect rating claiming, "This so should not work...Yet 808s & Heartbreak is a triumph, recklessly departing from the commercially copper-bottomed script and venturing far beyond West’s comfort zone."<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article5199113.ece Kanye West: 808s & Heartbreak - the Sunday Times review]. Times Newspapers Ltd. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' expressed that "Kanye has created his greatest album to date,"<ref>http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_and_heartbreak/</ref> while ''[[The Washington Post]]'' celebrated the album's cultural themes and emotional honesty, calling it "an information-age masterpiece about falling into the depths of loneliness while a nation of millions checks your blog for updates," and anointed it "the best album released this year." <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/23/AR2008112302506.html/ Kanye West, in Perfect Auto-Tune]. ''Washington Post''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

''[[Newsday]]'' gave the album an A rating, calling the album "austere and disciplined",<ref>[http://www.newsday.com/services/newspaper/printedition/tuesday/partii/ny-etdrops5939921nov25,0,3044487.story/ Newsday - 808s & Heartbreak]. ''Newsday''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> while ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'' praised the album's oddities, saying, "But as strange and even tedious as "808s and Heartbreak" might strike some listeners, it's not just a puppet show. Or rather, it is, and all the more fascinating for that."<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2008/11/kanye-west-exam.html/ Kanye West examines real vs. fake, puppet vs. human on '808s and Heartbreak']. ''LA Times''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' gave a favorable review, stating that "Sonically, West pushes the envelope by relying on the drum machine from which the album takes its title, as well as the ever-popular vocoder."<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/content_display/reviews/albums/e3i3727898fb2739b046d7e84f65a5f5c6c Billboard.com - 808s & Heartbreak]. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Observer]]'' gave a 4 out of 5 star rating, finding that West's personal lows made for a good album, stating, "It might seem harsh but let's hope he doesn't find too much happiness in the meantime. Loneliness is proving quite the muse."<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak/ Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak]. Guardian News and Media Ltd. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

''[[The Chicago Sun Times]]'' thought the album had more potential than was reached, but still gave a positive critique, "If West had interspersed the more mechanical tracks with some that were the exact opposite--say, simple piano interludes provided by his old collaborators John Legend or Jon Brion--he might have made a masterpiece. Instead, he's merely given us an extremely intriguing, sporadically gripping, undeniably fearless and altogether unexpected piece of his troubled soul."<ref>[http://blogs.suntimes.com/derogatis/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_heartbreak_roc.html Kanye West, "808s & Heartbreak" (Roc-a-Fella/Def Jam)]. Sun-Times News Group. Accessed November 25, 2008.</ref> The British publication ''[[NME]]'' gave a 7/10 rating, and concluded in its review, "The resounding verdict is that it’s a surprising, but bold and brave progression from last year’s confused ''<nowiki>‘</nowiki>Graduation<nowiki>’</nowiki>''."<ref>[http://www.nme.com/reviews/kanye-west/10009/ NME.com: Album Reviews - 808s And Heartbreak]. IPC Media. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

Negative criticism of ''808s & Heartbreak'' came from Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]], who gave the album a 2/5 stars rating, while stating in a review, "For anyone sifting through a broken relationship and self-letdown, this could all be therapeutic. Otherwise, no matter its commendable fearlessness, the album is a listless, bleary trudge along West's permafrost."<ref>[http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kcfixz9kldhe/ allmusic: 808s & Heartbreak]. All Media Guide, LLC. Accessed November 26, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' wrote a negative review of the album, writing that West "relies so heavily on Auto-Tune, the du jour studio trick that dominates Top 40 urban radio, that you don't get a real sense of his vocal chops," and describing the lyrics as "not strong enough to build into full-blown choruses."<ref>[http://www.boston.com/ae/music/cd_reviews/articles/2008/11/24/kanye_west_bursts_into_song____not_exactly_music_to_our_ears/ Kanye West bursts into song -- not exactly music to our ears]. NY Times Co. Accessed November 24, 2008.</ref> Wilson McBee of [[Slant Magazine]] criticized his singing voice, writing that "West would be unbearable without Auto-Tune, and even with the computer enhancement he sounds only a little better than the average drunk at a karaoke bar or halfway-serious ''American Idol'' reject."<ref>[http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=1596 Slant Magazine Music Review: Kanye West: 808s & Heartbreak]. Slant Magazine. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' concurred with this sentiment in a largely negative review stating, "Mr. West can’t sing, and it is that weakness for which this album will ultimately be remembered, some solid songs notwithstanding. For him, using Auto-Tune, the pitch-correction software with the robotic vocal effect, is a true crutch."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/arts/music/25kany.html?pagewanted=2&hp Kanye West’s ‘808s and Heartbreak’ Chills on the Frills - NYTimes.com]. The New York Times Company. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>


==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| extra_column = Producer
| title1 = Say You Will
| extra1 = Kanye West
| length1 = 6:18
| title2 = Welcome to Heartbreak
| extra2 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, Plain Pat*
| length2 = 4:23
| note2 = feat. [[Kid Cudi]]
| title3 = [[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]
| extra3 = Kanye West, [[No I.D.]]*
| length3 = 3:31
| title4 = Amazing
| extra4 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*
| length4 = 3:58
| note4 = feat. [[Young Jeezy]]
| title5 = [[Love Lockdown]]
| extra5 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*
| length5 = 4:30
| title6 = Paranoid
| extra6 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, Plain Pat*
| length6 = 4:38
| note6 = feat. [[Mr Hudson & The Library|Mr Hudson]]
| title7 = RoboCop
| extra7 = Kanye West, [[Phil Elverum]]
| length7 = 4:34
| title8 = Street Lights
| extra8 = Kanye West, Mr. Hudson*
| length8 = 3:10
| title9 = Bad News
| extra9 = Kanye West
| length9 = 3:59
| title10 = [[See You in My Nightmares]]
| extra10 = Kanye West, No I.D.*
| length10 = 4:18
| note10 = feat. [[Lil Wayne]]
| title11 = Coldest Winter
| extra11 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, No I.D.*
| length11 = 2:44
| title12 = Pinocchio Story
| note12 = freestyle live in [[Singapore]], [[hidden track]]
| extra12 = Kanye West
| length12 = 6:02
}}
*Co-producer

==Personnel==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!#
!Title
!Notes
|-
|1
|"Say You Will"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Young Jeezy]], [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]]
 Additional vocals: Mr. Hudson, Tony Williams, The Kadockadee Kwire
|-
|2
|"Welcome to Heartbreak"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Kid Cudi]], Plain Pat
 Additional vocals: Jeff Bhasker
|-
|3
|"Heartless"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Kid Cudi]], Jones, [[No I.D.]]
|-
|4
|"Amazing"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Young Jeezy]]
 Additional vocals: Mr. Hudson, Tony Williams
|-
|5
|"Love Lockdown"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Esthero]], Jeff Bhasker, Jones, Menzies
|-
|6
|"Paranoid"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]], [[Kid Cudi]], Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams, Plain Pat
 Additional vocals: [[Kid Cudi]]
|-
|7
|"RoboCop"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[T-Pain]], [[Esthero]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]], [[Young Jeezy]], Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams, Jones
 Additional vocals: Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams
 Samples: "Kissing in the Rain" by [[Patrick Doyle]]
|-
|8
|"Street Lights"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Esthero]], Tony Williams, McIldowie
 Additional vocals: [[Esthero]], Tony Williams
|-
|9
|"Bad News"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Bass
 Samples: "See Line Woman" by [[Nina Simone]]
|-
|10
|"See You in My Nightmares"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Lil Wayne]], Jeff Bhasker, [[No I.D.]]
|-
|11
|"Coldest Winter"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Roland Orzabal]], [[No I.D.]]
 Recreates elements of "Memories Fade" by [[Tears for Fears]]
|-
|12
|"Pinocchio Story"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West
|-
|}

==Chart performance==
In its first week of sales, ''808s & Heartbreak'' reached the number one spot on [[Billboard 200]] with 451,396 units.<ref>[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.8192 HipHopDX.com - Hip Hop Album Sales]. ''HipHopDX.com''. Accessed December 3, 2008.</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!align="center"|Chart (2008)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Australian Albums Chart]]<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_album.asp?chart=1G50 Australian ARIA Charts] Official Peak Posistion. Retrieved on [[November 30]], [[2008]]</ref>
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand Albums Chart <ref>http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp</ref>
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Albums Chart <ref>http://hitparade.ch/weekchart.asp?cat=a</ref>
|align="center"|13
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = ''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' by [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]
| title = [[United States|U.S.]] [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] [[Number-one albums of 2008 (U.S.)|number-one album]]
| years = December 1, 2008
| after = incumbent
}}
{{end box}}

{{Kanye West}}

[[Category:2008 albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Kanye West]]
[[Category:Kanye West albums]]
[[Category:Def Jam Recordings albums]]

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[[fr:808s and Heartbreak]]
[[lt:808's & Heartbreak]]
[[nl:808s & Heartbreak]]
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808s & Heartbreak

2008-12-04T03:47:08Z

72.138.241.60: This album quite obviously is under the electronica umbrella, and even more obviously draws from the synthpop scene (Coldest Winter *borrows* the chorus from Tears for Fears' Memories Fade)

{{Infobox Album 
|Name = 808s & Heartbreak
|Type = studio
|Artist = [[Kanye West]]
|Cover =‎ 808nheartbreakcover.jpg
|Released = November 24, 2008 December 16, 2008 (KAWS re-release)
|Recorded = 2008
|Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Synthpop]], [[Electronica]]
|Length = 52:01
|Label = [[Roc-A-Fella Records|Roc-A-Fella]], [[The Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]]
|Producers = Kanye West, [[No I.D.]], Jeff Bhasker, Plain Pat & Mr. Hudson
|Reviews = *[[Allmusic]] {{rating|2|5}} [http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kcfixz9kldhe~T1 2008]
*''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' (favorable) [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/reviews-album/808s-heartbreak-1003895511.story 2008]
*''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' (A–) [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20242628,00.html 2008]
*''[[The Guardian]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak 2008]
*''[[NME]]'' (7/10) [http://www.nme.com/reviews/kanye-west/10009 2008]
*''[[Newsday]]'' (A) [http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etdrops5939921nov25b,0,7310415.story 2008]
*''[[Pitchfork Media]]'' (7.6/10) [http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/147813-kanye-west-808s-and-heartbreak 2008]
*''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{rating|3.5|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/24024301/review/24597774/808s__heartbreak 2008]
*''[[The Times]]'' {{rating|5|5}} [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article5199113.ece 2008]
*''[[USA Today]]'' {{Rating|4|4}} [http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2008-11-23-kanye-west-808s-heartbreak_N.htm?csp=34 2008]
*''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' (favorable) [http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_and_heartbreak/ 2008]
|Last album = ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'' (2007)
|This album = '''''808s & Heartbreak''''' (2008)''
|Next album =
| Misc = {{Extra album cover 2
| Upper caption = Alternate cover
| Lower caption = Artwork redesigned by [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]]
| Type = [[Studio album]]
| Cover = KAWS 808s & Heartbreak.jpg
}}
{{Singles
|Name = 808s & Heartbreak
|Type = studio
|single 1 = [[Love Lockdown]]
|single 1 date = September 18, 2008
|single 2 = [[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]
|single 2 date = November 4, 2008
}}
}}

'''''808s & Heartbreak''''' is the fourth [[studio album]] by American [[hip hop music|hip hop]] artist [[Kanye West]], released November 24, 2008 on [[Roc-A-Fella Records]]. The album was originally scheduled for a December 16 release, but was pushed forward to increase sales during the holiday season.

==Conception==
Following the release of his third studio album ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'', the remainder of 2007 and the following year featured events that emotionally affected Kanye West. On November 10, 2007, West's mother Donda West died due to complications arising from [[cosmetic surgery]] involving a tummy tuck and breast reduction procedure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glover |first=Scott |title= Doctor Talks About Donda West's Death |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/20/local/me-west20 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2008-11-20|accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> Months later, West broke off his engagement and separated with his fiancée Alexis Phifer.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West's Fiancée 'Sad' Over Breakup |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20193726,00.html?xid=rss-topheadlines |publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> At the same time, West displayed struggle in adapting to his newfound pop star status he had once strived to achieve, often becoming the subject of media scrutiny. The loss, loneliness and longing for companionship and a sense of normalcy served to inspire the conception ''808s & Heartbreak''. West stated that "This album was therapeutic — it's lonely at the top."<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Opens Up His Hear |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/channel/mtvuk/news/460118-kanye-west-opens-his-heart |publisher=[[MTV UK]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref>

West felt that the emotions he felt within his heart could not be fully expressed simply through rapping, saying that aside from the fact that rapping had limitations, there were "melodies that were in me — what was in me I couldn't stop."<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Inspires The Question: Should Rappers Sing? |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1599993/20081121/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> West went to classify ''808s & Heartbreak'' as a [[pop music|pop]] album, stating his disdain towards the contemporary backlash to the concept of pop music and expressed that some greatest musicians of all time, particularly [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], were pop artists.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320023/i-think-pop-has-a-bad-name-right-now.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> He later stated that he wishes to present the music as a new genre called "pop art", not to be confused with the visual art movement [[pop art|of the same name]].<ref>[http://www.kanyelive.com/talk/index.php?topic=78812.0 Kanye creating new genre called "Pop-Art"]. Simple Machines LLC. Accessed on October 12, 2008.</ref>

==Production==
The album was recorded in under two weeks in Hawaii. As implied by its title, ''808s & Heartbreak'' prominently features the [[Roland TR-808]] drum machine. West felt that the 808 is an important instrument that can be used to evoke emotion; the concept was introduced to him by [[Jon Brion]]. According to West, the fact that Hawaii's area code was "808" was incidental, as he had already developed the album's title before being informed.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Visits Big Boy's Neighborhood |url=http://vimeo.com/2013751?pg=embed&sec=2013751 |publisher=Vimeo |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The realization inspired him to pursue his direction with the album, however.<ref>{{cite news | last = Macia | first = Peter | title = FADER 58: Kanye West Cover Story and Interview | publisher = ''[[The Fader]]'' | url = http://www.thefader.com/features/2008/11/25/fader-58-kanye-west-cover-story-and-interview | accessdate = 2008-11-25}}</ref> In terms of musical direction, West's intentions, according to [[Mike Dean (producer)|Mike Dean]], were to go against the typical sound of hip hop beat, instead evoking the presence of tribal drums.<ref name="Dean">{{Cite news |last=Shaheem |first=Reid |title= Kanye West's 808s & Heartbreak Album Preview: More Drums, More Singing, 'No Typical Hip-Hop Beats' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597139/20081015/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=MTV |date=2008-10-15|accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> Overall, West maintained a "[[minimalism|minimal]] but functional" approach towards the album's studio production.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320022/im-just-getting-more-polished.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>

The album relies heavily on the voice audio processor technology of [[Auto-Tune]]. "We were working on the remixes for [[Lil Wayne]]'s "[[Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)|Lollipop]]" and [[Young Jeezy]]'s "[[Put On]]" and he fell in love with the Auto-Tune," Dean explained.<ref name="Dean"/> Towards this end, West enlisted [[T-Pain]] for coaching on how to properly utilize Auto-Tune.<ref name=1013mixtapemonday>{{Cite news |last=Shaheem |first=Reid |title= T-Pain Describes His Involvement On New Kanye West LP; Fat Joe Salutes Lil Wayne's Carter IV Rock Edge: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596829/20081010/t_pain.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=2008-10-13 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> West himself openly stated that he loves using Auto-Tune and is dismayed that the term has been commonly associated with being "wack." He considers the technology "the funnest thing to use" and compared the situation to when he was a child and thought the color pink was cool until someone told him "it was gay." He went on to state how the views of society can rob people of their confidence and self-esteem.<ref name="RapUp">{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Bares All at Album Listening |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/10/15/kanye-west-bares-all-at-album-listening/ |publisher=Rap Up |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> He later went on to state that he enjoyed the electronic feel produced by Auto-Tune and sought out to juxtapose the mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of [[taiko drum]]s and [[choir monk]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Video: Kanye West Visits Conan O’Brien |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/11/26/video-kanye-west-visits-conan-obrien/ |publisher=Rap Up |accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref>

Rap artist [[Kid Cudi]], who had recently signed onto West's [[G.O.O.D. Music]] label, revealed that he would be featured on two of the songs on the album.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perkins |first=Brandon |title= Kid Cudi speaks on 808's & Heartbreak |url=http://www.urb.com/permalink/3685/Kid-Cudi-speaks-on-808%27s-&-Heartbreak.html |work=[[URB (magazine)|URB]] |date=2008-10-01 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> [[Young Jeezy]] contributed a rap verse on the track "Amazing" while "See You in My Nightmares" is comprised of a duet with [[Lil Wayne]]. Singer-songwriter [[Esthero]] provided the few female vocals found the album.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanye West examines real vs. fake, puppet vs. human on '808s and Heartbreak' |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2008/11/kanye-west-exam.html |publisher="[[Los Angeles Times]]" |date=2008-11-21 |accessdate=2008-11-22}}</ref> When "RoboCop" appeared on the Internet, West denied responsibility and was upset that the leak had occurred as the track was an unfinished version.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Swears He Didn't Leak 'Robocop' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597934/20081027/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> At an album preview event, West candidly expressed that the track "is maybe the biggest wreck on the album."<ref>[http://www.youth.sg/content/view/6436/54/ Youth.SG :: Singapore - Yes, Kanye West wants to be the best]. Youth.SG. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> Mike Dean had previously stated that the track was expected to receive additional treatment by [[Herbie Hancock]] before the album's release.<ref name="Dean"/>

==Release and promotion==
===Imagery===
On October 14, West, in collaboration with [[Italy|Italian]] artist [[Vanessa Beecroft]], hosted a promotional album listening event at the Ace Gallery in Los Angeles in which over 700 guests were invited to preview the entirety of ''808s & Heartbreak''. Under Beecroft's guidance, the event featured approximately forty nude women wearing nothing besides wool masks who silently stood in the center of the room. The women were illuminated by multicolored lights that would change as the music progressed. When it came time for him to speak, West stated that he'd been a fan of Beecroft's work and strong imagery, saying that he liked idea of nudity because "society told us to wear clothes at a certain point". Beecroft had been contacted a month prior and conceptualized and generated the installation in a week. Beecroft admitted that while he had caught her offguard, she had the opportunity to hear the album for herself and heard things that touched her own life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanye West’s Listening Party: Lights, Heartbreak, Nudity |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/10/15/kanye-wests-listening-party-lights-heartbreak-nudity/ |publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]'' |date=2008-10-15 |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The living art installation touched on West's primary objective with the album, emotional nakedness, the freedom to express oneself without heed of what others will inevitably think.<ref name="RapUp"/>

On October 19, promotional photos for the album by photographer Willy Vanderperre were released. The images portrayed West wearing a grey [[glen plaid]] suit, large browline glasses, and a heart-shaped pin.<ref>{{Cite news |title= http://www.theclones.fr/?en/1203-kanyes-808s-heartbreak-promo-shots |publisher=The Clones |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The heart-related theme is reflected in the artwork of the album, which features a deflated balloon resembling a heart shape.

===Releases===
The first single from the album was "[[Love Lockdown]]", which had been performed live and aired on the radio.<ref>[http://www.allaccess.com/ Top 40/M Future Releases] Accessed September 9, 2008</ref> The official version of the song was posted onto West's blog on September 16 and is being played by radio stations. The song was premiered at the 2008 [[MTV Video Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |title= It's Britney Spears' Night At The VMAs, While Kanye West Ends The Show With A Bang |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1594283/20080908/spears_britney.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=2008-09-08 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> The second single announced was "[[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]".<ref name="blogspot">[http://amajanese.blogspot.com/2008/10/kanye-west-performs-heartless.html Kanye confirms Heartless as second single and November 25, 2008 release date]. The Amajanese Blog. Accessed November 17, 2008.</ref> Another song revealed was "Welcome to Heartbreak", which appeared on a poster for an ''808s & Heartbreak'' listening event that took place on October 14.<ref name=listeningevent>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=209615_-1__0_~0_-1_10_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161= 808s & Heartbreak listening event poster.] ''Kanye West's Blog.'' Accessed October 12, 2008.</ref>

On September 24, West announced that he had finished the album and would be releasing it sometime in November. In his blog, he wrote "I changed my album to November something cause I finished the album and I felt like it..I want yall to hear it as soon as possible".<ref name=blognovember>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/index.php?em3106=207365_-1__0_~0_-1_9_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161 808s & Heartbreak coming soon....] ''www.kanyeuniversecity.com.'' Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> West later stated that the album would be released on November 25, 2008.<ref name="blogspot"/> The album was originally announced for a December 16 release, but [[Island Def Jam]], the distributing label, brought the date forward three weeks to capitalize on [[Thanksgiving]] weekend.<ref name="Sales">[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598986/20081110/west_kanye.jhtml New Albums From Kanye West, Ludacris, Killers To Get Rare Monday Release On November 24.] MTV Networks. Accessed October 12, 2008.</ref> A limited edition in a digipak case was first released in Germany on November 21, 2008.<ref name="Discogs">[http://www.discogs.com/release/1543307 ''808s & Heartbreak'' at Discogs.com]. Discogs. Accessed November 16, 2008.</ref> A special Christmas packaging of the album will be released on December 16 and will feature album artwork redone by [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]].<ref>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=214025_-1__0_~0_-1_11_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161=#ugcForm announcement of special Christmas edition]. ''www.kanyeuniversecity.com''. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> The artwork is also available with the album at the [[iTunes Store]]. ''808s & Heartbreak'' served as West's first release without a [[Parental Advisory]] label.

On October 16, West released an excerpt of "Coldest Winter" on the radio station [[KPWR|Power 106]] in Los Angeles. The track recreates elements of the song "Memories Fade" by the band [[Tears for Fears]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Canwest News Service |title= Kanye West gives us more 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/arts/story.html?id=108e7f2d-e871-4469-bad5-375bb97a4a5b |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |date=2008-10-18 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> The song "Paranoid" later leaked onto the Internet and features [[Mr Hudson & The Library|Mr. Hudson]] in the chorus. Also appearing prior to the release date were "Amazing" featuring [[Young Jeezy]], "See You in My Nightmares" featuring [[Lil Wayne]], "Street Lights", "Say You Will", "Welcome to Heartbreak" and "Bad News". An additional track, "Pinocchio Story" is a freestyle recorded at a live concert in Singapore. It was included in the album at the request of [[Beyoncé Knowles]].<ref name="Review">[http://www.thehiphopchronicle.com/2008/11/12/kanye-west-808-hearbreak-album-review/ Kanye West - 808’s & Hearbreak (Album Review)]. The Hip Hop Chronicle UK. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref>

==Reception==
===Initial reaction===

The reaction to ''808s & Heartbreak'' around the time of its conception was mixed, ranging from anticipation to bewilderment to indifference. Upon the unveiling of the lead single "Love Lockdown" at the 2008 [[Video Music Awards]], music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto-Tune.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak|work=''[[The Observer]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> The negative feedback intensified when West eventually revealed that the entire album would be primarily sung with Auto-Tune rather than rapped and would focus heavily on themes of love and heartache.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Inspires The Question: Should Rappers Sing? |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1599993/20081121/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | |title= Kanye West - 808s & Heartbreak |url=http://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/kanye-west |work=''[[Clash]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> Numerous hip hop fans and certain rappers mocked West for becoming "sappy" while others deemed the upcoming LP as a throwaway experimental album.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Visits Big Boy's Neighborhood |url=http://vimeo.com/2013751?pg=embed&sec=2013751 |publisher=Vimeo |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> Comparisons were drawn to ''[[Electric Circus (album)|Electric Circus]]'', an album made by West's labelmate and close friend [[Common (rapper)|Common]]. MTV eventually interviewed Common to share his thoughts and views on the artistic direction of the album. Common expressed both his understanding and his support for West's intentions, stating:

{{quote|I love it. Let me tell you, as an artist, you wanna be free. You gotta do what you feel. You can't just cater to the audience. You gotta say, 'Hey, y'all, this is where I'm at.' For him to do an album called ''808s and Heartbreak'', you know that's where he is at this moment. I heard some songs, and I think it's fresh. I think the people are ready for it.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Common Praises Kanye's Singing; Lupe Fiasco Plays CEO: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596254/20081003/common.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>}}

West received similar approval from [[Lil Wayne]] and [[Young Jeezy]], both of whom contribute to the album. During an interview, when asked what music today inspires him, Wayne replied:

{{quote|Everybody's doing their thing, but they're not exciting. Everybody is doing the same thing. That's terrible. Do I love the music that's out right now? I love it with a passion. Does it motivate me? Not one bit. That's because ''808s & Heartbreak'' isn't out yet.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Lil Wayne Isn't Inspired By Today's Music; Rick Ross Borrows Beats From Jay-Z, T.I., M.I.A. For New Tape: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598384/20081031/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>}}

Despite the approval from the rap superstars, as well as the record-breaking chart performances of the first two singles, hip hop audiences remained indifferent towards the album, predicting it would flop.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak|work=''[[The Observer]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> Responding to reviews, West stated that he didn't care about sales or getting good ratings, saying that it came from the heart and that's all that matters to him. When asked about the current state of hip hop, West compared it to a high school, stating that hip hop used to be all about being fearless and standing out, and that now it is about being afraid and fitting in.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320021/hip-hop-is-like-a-big-high-school.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''808s & Heartbreak'' received generally positive reviews from critics. Reviews commented specifically on the change of style from previous West releases. ''[[USA Today]]'' gave the album a perfect 4 out of 4 stars saying, "West deftly uses the 808 drum machine and Auto-Tune vocal effect to channel his feelings of hurt, anger and doubt through his well-crafted lyrics."<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2008-11-23-kanye-west-808s-heartbreak_N.htm/ Kanye West - 808’s & Hearbreak]. ''USA Today''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Times]]'' also gave the album a perfect rating claiming, "This so should not work...Yet 808s & Heartbreak is a triumph, recklessly departing from the commercially copper-bottomed script and venturing far beyond West’s comfort zone."<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article5199113.ece Kanye West: 808s & Heartbreak - the Sunday Times review]. Times Newspapers Ltd. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' expressed that "Kanye has created his greatest album to date,"<ref>http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_and_heartbreak/</ref> while ''[[The Washington Post]]'' celebrated the album's cultural themes and emotional honesty, calling it "an information-age masterpiece about falling into the depths of loneliness while a nation of millions checks your blog for updates," and anointed it "the best album released this year." <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/23/AR2008112302506.html/ Kanye West, in Perfect Auto-Tune]. ''Washington Post''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

''[[Newsday]]'' gave the album an A rating, calling the album "austere and disciplined",<ref>[http://www.newsday.com/services/newspaper/printedition/tuesday/partii/ny-etdrops5939921nov25,0,3044487.story/ Newsday - 808s & Heartbreak]. ''Newsday''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> while ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'' praised the album's oddities, saying, "But as strange and even tedious as "808s and Heartbreak" might strike some listeners, it's not just a puppet show. Or rather, it is, and all the more fascinating for that."<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2008/11/kanye-west-exam.html/ Kanye West examines real vs. fake, puppet vs. human on '808s and Heartbreak']. ''LA Times''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' gave a favorable review, stating that "Sonically, West pushes the envelope by relying on the drum machine from which the album takes its title, as well as the ever-popular vocoder."<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/content_display/reviews/albums/e3i3727898fb2739b046d7e84f65a5f5c6c Billboard.com - 808s & Heartbreak]. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Observer]]'' gave a 4 out of 5 star rating, finding that West's personal lows made for a good album, stating, "It might seem harsh but let's hope he doesn't find too much happiness in the meantime. Loneliness is proving quite the muse."<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak/ Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak]. Guardian News and Media Ltd. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

''[[The Chicago Sun Times]]'' thought the album had more potential than was reached, but still gave a positive critique, "If West had interspersed the more mechanical tracks with some that were the exact opposite--say, simple piano interludes provided by his old collaborators John Legend or Jon Brion--he might have made a masterpiece. Instead, he's merely given us an extremely intriguing, sporadically gripping, undeniably fearless and altogether unexpected piece of his troubled soul."<ref>[http://blogs.suntimes.com/derogatis/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_heartbreak_roc.html Kanye West, "808s & Heartbreak" (Roc-a-Fella/Def Jam)]. Sun-Times News Group. Accessed November 25, 2008.</ref> The British publication ''[[NME]]'' gave a 7/10 rating, and concluded in its review, "The resounding verdict is that it’s a surprising, but bold and brave progression from last year’s confused ''<nowiki>‘</nowiki>Graduation<nowiki>’</nowiki>''."<ref>[http://www.nme.com/reviews/kanye-west/10009/ NME.com: Album Reviews - 808s And Heartbreak]. IPC Media. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

Negative criticism of ''808s & Heartbreak'' came from Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]], who gave the album a 2/5 stars rating, while stating in a review, "For anyone sifting through a broken relationship and self-letdown, this could all be therapeutic. Otherwise, no matter its commendable fearlessness, the album is a listless, bleary trudge along West's permafrost."<ref>[http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kcfixz9kldhe/ allmusic: 808s & Heartbreak]. All Media Guide, LLC. Accessed November 26, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' wrote a negative review of the album, writing that West "relies so heavily on Auto-Tune, the du jour studio trick that dominates Top 40 urban radio, that you don't get a real sense of his vocal chops," and describing the lyrics as "not strong enough to build into full-blown choruses."<ref>[http://www.boston.com/ae/music/cd_reviews/articles/2008/11/24/kanye_west_bursts_into_song____not_exactly_music_to_our_ears/ Kanye West bursts into song -- not exactly music to our ears]. NY Times Co. Accessed November 24, 2008.</ref> Wilson McBee of [[Slant Magazine]] criticized his singing voice, writing that "West would be unbearable without Auto-Tune, and even with the computer enhancement he sounds only a little better than the average drunk at a karaoke bar or halfway-serious ''American Idol'' reject."<ref>[http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=1596 Slant Magazine Music Review: Kanye West: 808s & Heartbreak]. Slant Magazine. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' concurred with this sentiment in a largely negative review stating, "Mr. West can’t sing, and it is that weakness for which this album will ultimately be remembered, some solid songs notwithstanding. For him, using Auto-Tune, the pitch-correction software with the robotic vocal effect, is a true crutch."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/arts/music/25kany.html?pagewanted=2&hp Kanye West’s ‘808s and Heartbreak’ Chills on the Frills - NYTimes.com]. The New York Times Company. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>


==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| extra_column = Producer
| title1 = Say You Will
| extra1 = Kanye West
| length1 = 6:18
| title2 = Welcome to Heartbreak
| extra2 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, Plain Pat*
| length2 = 4:23
| note2 = feat. [[Kid Cudi]]
| title3 = [[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]
| extra3 = Kanye West, [[No I.D.]]*
| length3 = 3:31
| title4 = Amazing
| extra4 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*
| length4 = 3:58
| note4 = feat. [[Young Jeezy]]
| title5 = [[Love Lockdown]]
| extra5 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*
| length5 = 4:30
| title6 = Paranoid
| extra6 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, Plain Pat*
| length6 = 4:38
| note6 = feat. [[Mr Hudson & The Library|Mr Hudson]]
| title7 = RoboCop
| extra7 = Kanye West
| length7 = 4:34
| title8 = Street Lights
| extra8 = Kanye West, Mr. Hudson*
| length8 = 3:10
| title9 = Bad News
| extra9 = Kanye West
| length9 = 3:59
| title10 = See You in My Nightmares
| extra10 = Kanye West, No I.D.*
| length10 = 4:18
| note10 = feat. [[Lil Wayne]]
| title11 = Coldest Winter
| extra11 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, No I.D.*
| length11 = 2:44
| title12 = Pinocchio Story
| note12 = freestyle live in [[Singapore]], [[hidden track]]
| extra12 = Kanye West
| length12 = 6:02
}}
*Co-producer

==Personnel==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!#
!Title
!Notes
|-
|1
|"Say You Will"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Young Jeezy]], [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]]
 Additional vocals: Mr. Hudson, Tony Williams, The Kadockadee Kwire
|-
|2
|"Welcome to Heartbreak"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Kid Cudi]], Plain Pat
 Additional vocals: Jeff Bhasker
|-
|3
|"Heartless"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Kid Cudi]], Jones, [[No I.D.]]
|-
|4
|"Amazing"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Young Jeezy]]
 Additional vocals: Mr. Hudson, Tony Williams
|-
|5
|"Love Lockdown"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Esthero]], Jeff Bhasker, Jones, Menzies
|-
|6
|"Paranoid"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]], [[Kid Cudi]], Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams, Plain Pat
 Additional vocals: [[Kid Cudi]]
|-
|7
|"RoboCop"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[T-Pain]], [[Esthero]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]], [[Young Jeezy]], Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams, Jones
 Additional vocals: Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams
 Samples: "Kissing in the Rain" by [[Patrick Doyle]]
|-
|8
|"Street Lights"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Esthero]], Tony Williams, McIldowie
 Additional vocals: [[Esthero]], Tony Williams
|-
|9
|"Bad News"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Bass
 Samples: "See Line Woman" by [[Nina Simone]]
|-
|10
|"See You in My Nightmares"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Lil Wayne]], Jeff Bhasker, [[No I.D.]]
|-
|11
|"Coldest Winter"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Roland Orzabal]], [[No I.D.]]
 Recreates elements of "Memories Fade" by [[Tears for Fears]]
|-
|12
|"Pinocchio Story"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West
|-
|}

==Chart performance==
In its first week of sales, ''808s & Heartbreak'' reached the number one spot on [[Billboard 200]] with 451,395 units.<ref>[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.8192 HipHopDX.com - Hip Hop Album Sales]. ''HipHopDX.com''. Accessed December 3, 2008.</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!align="center"|Chart (2008)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Australian Albums Chart]]<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_album.asp?chart=1G50 Australian ARIA Charts] Official Peak Posistion. Retrieved on [[November 30]], [[2008]]</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand Albums Chart <ref>http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp</ref>
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{metacritic album|id=westkanye/808sandheartbreak|title=808s & Heartbreak}}

{{Kanye West}}

[[Category:2008 albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Kanye West]]
[[Category:Kanye West albums]]
[[Category:Def Jam Recordings albums]]

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808s & Heartbreak

2008-12-04T03:40:52Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Infobox Album 
|Name = 808s & Heartbreak
|Type = studio
|Artist = [[Kanye West]]
|Cover =‎ 808nheartbreakcover.jpg
|Released = November 24, 2008 December 16, 2008 (KAWS re-release)
|Recorded = 2008
|Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[pop rap]]
|Length = 52:01
|Label = [[Roc-A-Fella Records|Roc-A-Fella]], [[The Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]]
|Producers = Kanye West, [[No I.D.]], Jeff Bhasker, Plain Pat & Mr. Hudson
|Reviews = *[[Allmusic]] {{rating|2|5}} [http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kcfixz9kldhe~T1 2008]
*''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' (favorable) [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/reviews-album/808s-heartbreak-1003895511.story 2008]
*''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' (A–) [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20242628,00.html 2008]
*''[[The Guardian]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak 2008]
*''[[NME]]'' (7/10) [http://www.nme.com/reviews/kanye-west/10009 2008]
*''[[Newsday]]'' (A) [http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etdrops5939921nov25b,0,7310415.story 2008]
*''[[Pitchfork Media]]'' (7.6/10) [http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/147813-kanye-west-808s-and-heartbreak 2008]
*''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{rating|3.5|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/24024301/review/24597774/808s__heartbreak 2008]
*''[[The Times]]'' {{rating|5|5}} [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article5199113.ece 2008]
*''[[USA Today]]'' {{Rating|4|4}} [http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2008-11-23-kanye-west-808s-heartbreak_N.htm?csp=34 2008]
*''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' (favorable) [http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_and_heartbreak/ 2008]
|Last album = ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'' (2007)
|This album = '''''808s & Heartbreak''''' (2008)''
|Next album =
| Misc = {{Extra album cover 2
| Upper caption = Alternate cover
| Lower caption = Artwork redesigned by [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]]
| Type = [[Studio album]]
| Cover = KAWS 808s & Heartbreak.jpg
}}
{{Singles
|Name = 808s & Heartbreak
|Type = studio
|single 1 = [[Love Lockdown]]
|single 1 date = September 18, 2008
|single 2 = [[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]
|single 2 date = November 4, 2008
}}
}}

'''''808s & Heartbreak''''' is the fourth [[studio album]] by American [[hip hop music|hip hop]] artist [[Kanye West]], released November 24, 2008 on [[Roc-A-Fella Records]]. The album was originally scheduled for a December 16 release, but was pushed forward to increase sales during the holiday season.

==Conception==
Following the release of his third studio album ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'', the remainder of 2007 and the following year featured events that emotionally affected Kanye West. On November 10, 2007, West's mother Donda West died due to complications arising from [[cosmetic surgery]] involving a tummy tuck and breast reduction procedure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glover |first=Scott |title= Doctor Talks About Donda West's Death |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/20/local/me-west20 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2008-11-20|accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> Months later, West broke off his engagement and separated with his fiancée Alexis Phifer.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West's Fiancée 'Sad' Over Breakup |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20193726,00.html?xid=rss-topheadlines |publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> At the same time, West displayed struggle in adapting to his newfound pop star status he had once strived to achieve, often becoming the subject of media scrutiny. The loss, loneliness and longing for companionship and a sense of normalcy served to inspire the conception ''808s & Heartbreak''. West stated that "This album was therapeutic — it's lonely at the top."<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Opens Up His Hear |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/channel/mtvuk/news/460118-kanye-west-opens-his-heart |publisher=[[MTV UK]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref>

West felt that the emotions he felt within his heart could not be fully expressed simply through rapping, saying that aside from the fact that rapping had limitations, there were "melodies that were in me — what was in me I couldn't stop."<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Inspires The Question: Should Rappers Sing? |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1599993/20081121/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> West went to classify ''808s & Heartbreak'' as a [[pop music|pop]] album, stating his disdain towards the contemporary backlash to the concept of pop music and expressed that some greatest musicians of all time, particularly [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], were pop artists.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320023/i-think-pop-has-a-bad-name-right-now.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> He later stated that he wishes to present the music as a new genre called "pop art", not to be confused with the visual art movement [[pop art|of the same name]].<ref>[http://www.kanyelive.com/talk/index.php?topic=78812.0 Kanye creating new genre called "Pop-Art"]. Simple Machines LLC. Accessed on October 12, 2008.</ref>

==Production==
The album was recorded in under two weeks in Hawaii. As implied by its title, ''808s & Heartbreak'' prominently features the [[Roland TR-808]] drum machine. West felt that the 808 is an important instrument that can be used to evoke emotion; the concept was introduced to him by [[Jon Brion]]. According to West, the fact that Hawaii's area code was "808" was incidental, as he had already developed the album's title before being informed.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Visits Big Boy's Neighborhood |url=http://vimeo.com/2013751?pg=embed&sec=2013751 |publisher=Vimeo |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The realization inspired him to pursue his direction with the album, however.<ref>{{cite news | last = Macia | first = Peter | title = FADER 58: Kanye West Cover Story and Interview | publisher = ''[[The Fader]]'' | url = http://www.thefader.com/features/2008/11/25/fader-58-kanye-west-cover-story-and-interview | accessdate = 2008-11-25}}</ref> In terms of musical direction, West's intentions, according to [[Mike Dean (producer)|Mike Dean]], were to go against the typical sound of hip hop beat, instead evoking the presence of tribal drums.<ref name="Dean">{{Cite news |last=Shaheem |first=Reid |title= Kanye West's 808s & Heartbreak Album Preview: More Drums, More Singing, 'No Typical Hip-Hop Beats' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597139/20081015/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=MTV |date=2008-10-15|accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> Overall, West maintained a "[[minimalism|minimal]] but functional" approach towards the album's studio production.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320022/im-just-getting-more-polished.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>

The album relies heavily on the voice audio processor technology of [[Auto-Tune]]. "We were working on the remixes for [[Lil Wayne]]'s "[[Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)|Lollipop]]" and [[Young Jeezy]]'s "[[Put On]]" and he fell in love with the Auto-Tune," Dean explained.<ref name="Dean"/> Towards this end, West enlisted [[T-Pain]] for coaching on how to properly utilize Auto-Tune.<ref name=1013mixtapemonday>{{Cite news |last=Shaheem |first=Reid |title= T-Pain Describes His Involvement On New Kanye West LP; Fat Joe Salutes Lil Wayne's Carter IV Rock Edge: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596829/20081010/t_pain.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=2008-10-13 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> West himself openly stated that he loves using Auto-Tune and is dismayed that the term has been commonly associated with being "wack." He considers the technology "the funnest thing to use" and compared the situation to when he was a child and thought the color pink was cool until someone told him "it was gay." He went on to state how the views of society can rob people of their confidence and self-esteem.<ref name="RapUp">{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Bares All at Album Listening |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/10/15/kanye-west-bares-all-at-album-listening/ |publisher=Rap Up |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> He later went on to state that he enjoyed the electronic feel produced by Auto-Tune and sought out to juxtapose the mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of [[taiko drum]]s and [[choir monk]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Video: Kanye West Visits Conan O’Brien |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/11/26/video-kanye-west-visits-conan-obrien/ |publisher=Rap Up |accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref>

Rap artist [[Kid Cudi]], who had recently signed onto West's [[G.O.O.D. Music]] label, revealed that he would be featured on two of the songs on the album.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perkins |first=Brandon |title= Kid Cudi speaks on 808's & Heartbreak |url=http://www.urb.com/permalink/3685/Kid-Cudi-speaks-on-808%27s-&-Heartbreak.html |work=[[URB (magazine)|URB]] |date=2008-10-01 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> [[Young Jeezy]] contributed a rap verse on the track "Amazing" while "See You in My Nightmares" is comprised of a duet with [[Lil Wayne]]. Singer-songwriter [[Esthero]] provided the few female vocals found the album.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanye West examines real vs. fake, puppet vs. human on '808s and Heartbreak' |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2008/11/kanye-west-exam.html |publisher="[[Los Angeles Times]]" |date=2008-11-21 |accessdate=2008-11-22}}</ref> When "RoboCop" appeared on the Internet, West denied responsibility and was upset that the leak had occurred as the track was an unfinished version.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Swears He Didn't Leak 'Robocop' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597934/20081027/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> At an album preview event, West candidly expressed that the track "is maybe the biggest wreck on the album."<ref>[http://www.youth.sg/content/view/6436/54/ Youth.SG :: Singapore - Yes, Kanye West wants to be the best]. Youth.SG. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> Mike Dean had previously stated that the track was expected to receive additional treatment by [[Herbie Hancock]] before the album's release.<ref name="Dean"/>

==Release and promotion==
===Imagery===
On October 14, West, in collaboration with [[Italy|Italian]] artist [[Vanessa Beecroft]], hosted a promotional album listening event at the Ace Gallery in Los Angeles in which over 700 guests were invited to preview the entirety of ''808s & Heartbreak''. Under Beecroft's guidance, the event featured approximately forty nude women wearing nothing besides wool masks who silently stood in the center of the room. The women were illuminated by multicolored lights that would change as the music progressed. When it came time for him to speak, West stated that he'd been a fan of Beecroft's work and strong imagery, saying that he liked idea of nudity because "society told us to wear clothes at a certain point". Beecroft had been contacted a month prior and conceptualized and generated the installation in a week. Beecroft admitted that while he had caught her offguard, she had the opportunity to hear the album for herself and heard things that touched her own life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanye West’s Listening Party: Lights, Heartbreak, Nudity |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/10/15/kanye-wests-listening-party-lights-heartbreak-nudity/ |publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]'' |date=2008-10-15 |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The living art installation touched on West's primary objective with the album, emotional nakedness, the freedom to express oneself without heed of what others will inevitably think.<ref name="RapUp"/>

On October 19, promotional photos for the album by photographer Willy Vanderperre were released. The images portrayed West wearing a grey [[glen plaid]] suit, large browline glasses, and a heart-shaped pin.<ref>{{Cite news |title= http://www.theclones.fr/?en/1203-kanyes-808s-heartbreak-promo-shots |publisher=The Clones |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The heart-related theme is reflected in the artwork of the album, which features a deflated balloon resembling a heart shape.

===Releases===
The first single from the album was "[[Love Lockdown]]", which had been performed live and aired on the radio.<ref>[http://www.allaccess.com/ Top 40/M Future Releases] Accessed September 9, 2008</ref> The official version of the song was posted onto West's blog on September 16 and is being played by radio stations. The song was premiered at the 2008 [[MTV Video Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |title= It's Britney Spears' Night At The VMAs, While Kanye West Ends The Show With A Bang |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1594283/20080908/spears_britney.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=2008-09-08 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> The second single announced was "[[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]".<ref name="blogspot">[http://amajanese.blogspot.com/2008/10/kanye-west-performs-heartless.html Kanye confirms Heartless as second single and November 25, 2008 release date]. The Amajanese Blog. Accessed November 17, 2008.</ref> Another song revealed was "Welcome to Heartbreak", which appeared on a poster for an ''808s & Heartbreak'' listening event that took place on October 14.<ref name=listeningevent>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=209615_-1__0_~0_-1_10_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161= 808s & Heartbreak listening event poster.] ''Kanye West's Blog.'' Accessed October 12, 2008.</ref>

On September 24, West announced that he had finished the album and would be releasing it sometime in November. In his blog, he wrote "I changed my album to November something cause I finished the album and I felt like it..I want yall to hear it as soon as possible".<ref name=blognovember>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/index.php?em3106=207365_-1__0_~0_-1_9_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161 808s & Heartbreak coming soon....] ''www.kanyeuniversecity.com.'' Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> West later stated that the album would be released on November 25, 2008.<ref name="blogspot"/> The album was originally announced for a December 16 release, but [[Island Def Jam]], the distributing label, brought the date forward three weeks to capitalize on [[Thanksgiving]] weekend.<ref name="Sales">[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598986/20081110/west_kanye.jhtml New Albums From Kanye West, Ludacris, Killers To Get Rare Monday Release On November 24.] MTV Networks. Accessed October 12, 2008.</ref> A limited edition in a digipak case was first released in Germany on November 21, 2008.<ref name="Discogs">[http://www.discogs.com/release/1543307 ''808s & Heartbreak'' at Discogs.com]. Discogs. Accessed November 16, 2008.</ref> A special Christmas packaging of the album will be released on December 16 and will feature album artwork redone by [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]].<ref>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=214025_-1__0_~0_-1_11_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161=#ugcForm announcement of special Christmas edition]. ''www.kanyeuniversecity.com''. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> The artwork is also available with the album at the [[iTunes Store]]. ''808s & Heartbreak'' served as West's first release without a [[Parental Advisory]] label.

On October 16, West released an excerpt of "Coldest Winter" on the radio station [[KPWR|Power 106]] in Los Angeles. The track recreates elements of the song "Memories Fade" by the band [[Tears for Fears]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Canwest News Service |title= Kanye West gives us more 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/arts/story.html?id=108e7f2d-e871-4469-bad5-375bb97a4a5b |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |date=2008-10-18 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> The song "Paranoid" later leaked onto the Internet and features [[Mr Hudson & The Library|Mr. Hudson]] in the chorus. Also appearing prior to the release date were "Amazing" featuring [[Young Jeezy]], "See You in My Nightmares" featuring [[Lil Wayne]], "Street Lights", "Say You Will", "Welcome to Heartbreak" and "Bad News". An additional track, "Pinocchio Story" is a freestyle recorded at a live concert in Singapore. It was included in the album at the request of [[Beyoncé Knowles]].<ref name="Review">[http://www.thehiphopchronicle.com/2008/11/12/kanye-west-808-hearbreak-album-review/ Kanye West - 808’s & Hearbreak (Album Review)]. The Hip Hop Chronicle UK. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref>

==Reception==
===Initial reaction===

The reaction to ''808s & Heartbreak'' around the time of its conception was mixed, ranging from anticipation to bewilderment to indifference. Upon the unveiling of the lead single "Love Lockdown" at the 2008 [[Video Music Awards]], music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto-Tune.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak|work=''[[The Observer]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> The negative feedback intensified when West eventually revealed that the entire album would be primarily sung with Auto-Tune rather than rapped and would focus heavily on themes of love and heartache.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Inspires The Question: Should Rappers Sing? |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1599993/20081121/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | |title= Kanye West - 808s & Heartbreak |url=http://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/kanye-west |work=''[[Clash]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> Numerous hip hop fans and certain rappers mocked West for becoming "sappy" while others deemed the upcoming LP as a throwaway experimental album.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Visits Big Boy's Neighborhood |url=http://vimeo.com/2013751?pg=embed&sec=2013751 |publisher=Vimeo |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> Comparisons were drawn to ''[[Electric Circus (album)|Electric Circus]]'', an album made by West's labelmate and close friend [[Common (rapper)|Common]]. MTV eventually interviewed Common to share his thoughts and views on the artistic direction of the album. Common expressed both his understanding and his support for West's intentions, stating:

{{quote|I love it. Let me tell you, as an artist, you wanna be free. You gotta do what you feel. You can't just cater to the audience. You gotta say, 'Hey, y'all, this is where I'm at.' For him to do an album called ''808s and Heartbreak'', you know that's where he is at this moment. I heard some songs, and I think it's fresh. I think the people are ready for it.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Common Praises Kanye's Singing; Lupe Fiasco Plays CEO: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596254/20081003/common.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>}}

West received similar approval from [[Lil Wayne]] and [[Young Jeezy]], both of whom contribute to the album. During an interview, when asked what music today inspires him, Wayne replied:

{{quote|Everybody's doing their thing, but they're not exciting. Everybody is doing the same thing. That's terrible. Do I love the music that's out right now? I love it with a passion. Does it motivate me? Not one bit. That's because ''808s & Heartbreak'' isn't out yet.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Lil Wayne Isn't Inspired By Today's Music; Rick Ross Borrows Beats From Jay-Z, T.I., M.I.A. For New Tape: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598384/20081031/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>}}

Despite the approval from the rap superstars, as well as the record-breaking chart performances of the first two singles, hip hop audiences remained indifferent towards the album, predicting it would flop.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak|work=''[[The Observer]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> Responding to reviews, West stated that he didn't care about sales or getting good ratings, saying that it came from the heart and that's all that matters to him. When asked about the current state of hip hop, West compared it to a high school, stating that hip hop used to be all about being fearless and standing out, and that now it is about being afraid and fitting in.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320021/hip-hop-is-like-a-big-high-school.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''808s & Heartbreak'' received generally positive reviews from critics. Reviews commented specifically on the change of style from previous West releases. ''[[USA Today]]'' gave the album a perfect 4 out of 4 stars saying, "West deftly uses the 808 drum machine and Auto-Tune vocal effect to channel his feelings of hurt, anger and doubt through his well-crafted lyrics."<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2008-11-23-kanye-west-808s-heartbreak_N.htm/ Kanye West - 808’s & Hearbreak]. ''USA Today''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Times]]'' also gave the album a perfect rating claiming, "This so should not work...Yet 808s & Heartbreak is a triumph, recklessly departing from the commercially copper-bottomed script and venturing far beyond West’s comfort zone."<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article5199113.ece Kanye West: 808s & Heartbreak - the Sunday Times review]. Times Newspapers Ltd. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' expressed that "Kanye has created his greatest album to date,"<ref>http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_and_heartbreak/</ref> while ''[[The Washington Post]]'' celebrated the album's cultural themes and emotional honesty, calling it "an information-age masterpiece about falling into the depths of loneliness while a nation of millions checks your blog for updates," and anointed it "the best album released this year." <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/23/AR2008112302506.html/ Kanye West, in Perfect Auto-Tune]. ''Washington Post''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

''[[Newsday]]'' gave the album an A rating, calling the album "austere and disciplined",<ref>[http://www.newsday.com/services/newspaper/printedition/tuesday/partii/ny-etdrops5939921nov25,0,3044487.story/ Newsday - 808s & Heartbreak]. ''Newsday''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> while ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'' praised the album's oddities, saying, "But as strange and even tedious as "808s and Heartbreak" might strike some listeners, it's not just a puppet show. Or rather, it is, and all the more fascinating for that."<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2008/11/kanye-west-exam.html/ Kanye West examines real vs. fake, puppet vs. human on '808s and Heartbreak']. ''LA Times''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' gave a favorable review, stating that "Sonically, West pushes the envelope by relying on the drum machine from which the album takes its title, as well as the ever-popular vocoder."<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/content_display/reviews/albums/e3i3727898fb2739b046d7e84f65a5f5c6c Billboard.com - 808s & Heartbreak]. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Observer]]'' gave a 4 out of 5 star rating, finding that West's personal lows made for a good album, stating, "It might seem harsh but let's hope he doesn't find too much happiness in the meantime. Loneliness is proving quite the muse."<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak/ Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak]. Guardian News and Media Ltd. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

''[[The Chicago Sun Times]]'' thought the album had more potential than was reached, but still gave a positive critique, "If West had interspersed the more mechanical tracks with some that were the exact opposite--say, simple piano interludes provided by his old collaborators John Legend or Jon Brion--he might have made a masterpiece. Instead, he's merely given us an extremely intriguing, sporadically gripping, undeniably fearless and altogether unexpected piece of his troubled soul."<ref>[http://blogs.suntimes.com/derogatis/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_heartbreak_roc.html Kanye West, "808s & Heartbreak" (Roc-a-Fella/Def Jam)]. Sun-Times News Group. Accessed November 25, 2008.</ref> The British publication ''[[NME]]'' gave a 7/10 rating, and concluded in its review, "The resounding verdict is that it’s a surprising, but bold and brave progression from last year’s confused ''<nowiki>‘</nowiki>Graduation<nowiki>’</nowiki>''."<ref>[http://www.nme.com/reviews/kanye-west/10009/ NME.com: Album Reviews - 808s And Heartbreak]. IPC Media. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

Negative criticism of ''808s & Heartbreak'' came from Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]], who gave the album a 2/5 stars rating, while stating in a review, "For anyone sifting through a broken relationship and self-letdown, this could all be therapeutic. Otherwise, no matter its commendable fearlessness, the album is a listless, bleary trudge along West's permafrost."<ref>[http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kcfixz9kldhe/ allmusic: 808s & Heartbreak]. All Media Guide, LLC. Accessed November 26, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' wrote a negative review of the album, writing that West "relies so heavily on Auto-Tune, the du jour studio trick that dominates Top 40 urban radio, that you don't get a real sense of his vocal chops," and describing the lyrics as "not strong enough to build into full-blown choruses."<ref>[http://www.boston.com/ae/music/cd_reviews/articles/2008/11/24/kanye_west_bursts_into_song____not_exactly_music_to_our_ears/ Kanye West bursts into song -- not exactly music to our ears]. NY Times Co. Accessed November 24, 2008.</ref> Wilson McBee of [[Slant Magazine]] criticized his singing voice, writing that "West would be unbearable without Auto-Tune, and even with the computer enhancement he sounds only a little better than the average drunk at a karaoke bar or halfway-serious ''American Idol'' reject."<ref>[http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=1596 Slant Magazine Music Review: Kanye West: 808s & Heartbreak]. Slant Magazine. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' concurred with this sentiment in a largely negative review stating, "Mr. West can’t sing, and it is that weakness for which this album will ultimately be remembered, some solid songs notwithstanding. For him, using Auto-Tune, the pitch-correction software with the robotic vocal effect, is a true crutch."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/arts/music/25kany.html?pagewanted=2&hp Kanye West’s ‘808s and Heartbreak’ Chills on the Frills - NYTimes.com]. The New York Times Company. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>


==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| extra_column = Producer
| title1 = Say You Will
| extra1 = Kanye West
| length1 = 6:18
| title2 = Welcome to Heartbreak
| extra2 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, Plain Pat*
| length2 = 4:23
| note2 = feat. [[Kid Cudi]]
| title3 = [[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]
| extra3 = Kanye West, [[No I.D.]]*
| length3 = 3:31
| title4 = Amazing
| extra4 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*
| length4 = 3:58
| note4 = feat. [[Young Jeezy]]
| title5 = [[Love Lockdown]]
| extra5 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*
| length5 = 4:30
| title6 = Paranoid
| extra6 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, Plain Pat*
| length6 = 4:38
| note6 = feat. [[Mr Hudson & The Library|Mr Hudson]]
| title7 = RoboCop
| extra7 = Kanye West
| length7 = 4:34
| title8 = Street Lights
| extra8 = Kanye West, Mr. Hudson*
| length8 = 3:10
| title9 = Bad News
| extra9 = Kanye West
| length9 = 3:59
| title10 = See You in My Nightmares
| extra10 = Kanye West, No I.D.*
| length10 = 4:18
| note10 = feat. [[Lil Wayne]]
| title11 = Coldest Winter
| extra11 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, No I.D.*
| length11 = 2:44
| title12 = Pinocchio Story
| note12 = freestyle live in [[Singapore]], [[hidden track]]
| extra12 = Kanye West
| length12 = 6:02
}}
*Co-producer

==Personnel==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!#
!Title
!Notes
|-
|1
|"Say You Will"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Young Jeezy]], [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]]
 Additional vocals: Mr. Hudson, Tony Williams, The Kadockadee Kwire
|-
|2
|"Welcome to Heartbreak"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Kid Cudi]], Plain Pat
 Additional vocals: Jeff Bhasker
|-
|3
|"Heartless"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Kid Cudi]], Jones, [[No I.D.]]
|-
|4
|"Amazing"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Young Jeezy]]
 Additional vocals: Mr. Hudson, Tony Williams
|-
|5
|"Love Lockdown"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Esthero]], Jeff Bhasker, Jones, Menzies
|-
|6
|"Paranoid"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]], [[Kid Cudi]], Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams, Plain Pat
 Additional vocals: [[Kid Cudi]]
|-
|7
|"RoboCop"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[T-Pain]], [[Esthero]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]], [[Young Jeezy]], Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams, Jones
 Additional vocals: Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams
 Samples: "Kissing in the Rain" by [[Patrick Doyle]]
|-
|8
|"Street Lights"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Esthero]], Tony Williams, McIldowie
 Additional vocals: [[Esthero]], Tony Williams
|-
|9
|"Bad News"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Bass
 Samples: "See Line Woman" by [[Nina Simone]]
|-
|10
|"See You in My Nightmares"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Lil Wayne]], Jeff Bhasker, [[No I.D.]]
|-
|11
|"Coldest Winter"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Roland Orzabal]], [[No I.D.]]
 Recreates elements of "Memories Fade" by [[Tears for Fears]]
|-
|12
|"Pinocchio Story"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West
|-
|}

==Chart performance==
In its first week of sales, ''808s & Heartbreak'' reached the number one spot on [[Billboard 200]] with 451,395 units.<ref>[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.8192 HipHopDX.com - Hip Hop Album Sales]. ''HipHopDX.com''. Accessed December 3, 2008.</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!align="center"|Chart (2008)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Australian Albums Chart]]<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_album.asp?chart=1G50 Australian ARIA Charts] Official Peak Posistion. Retrieved on [[November 30]], [[2008]]</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand Albums Chart <ref>http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp</ref>
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{metacritic album|id=westkanye/808sandheartbreak|title=808s & Heartbreak}}

{{Kanye West}}

[[Category:2008 albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Kanye West]]
[[Category:Kanye West albums]]
[[Category:Def Jam Recordings albums]]

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808s & Heartbreak

2008-12-04T03:36:07Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Infobox Album 
|Name = 808s & Heartbreak
|Type = studio
|Artist = [[Kanye West]]
|Cover =‎ 808nheartbreakcover.jpg
|Released = November 24, 2008 December 16, 2008 (KAWS re-release)
|Recorded = 2008
|Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[pop rap]], [[Electronica]]
|Length = 52:01
|Label = [[Roc-A-Fella Records|Roc-A-Fella]], [[The Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]]
|Producers = Kanye West, [[No I.D.]], Jeff Bhasker, Plain Pat & Mr. Hudson
|Reviews = *[[Allmusic]] {{rating|2|5}} [http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kcfixz9kldhe~T1 2008]
*''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' (favorable) [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/reviews-album/808s-heartbreak-1003895511.story 2008]
*''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' (A–) [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20242628,00.html 2008]
*''[[The Guardian]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak 2008]
*''[[NME]]'' (7/10) [http://www.nme.com/reviews/kanye-west/10009 2008]
*''[[Newsday]]'' (A) [http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etdrops5939921nov25b,0,7310415.story 2008]
*''[[Pitchfork Media]]'' (7.6/10) [http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/147813-kanye-west-808s-and-heartbreak 2008]
*''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{rating|3.5|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/24024301/review/24597774/808s__heartbreak 2008]
*''[[The Times]]'' {{rating|5|5}} [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article5199113.ece 2008]
*''[[USA Today]]'' {{Rating|4|4}} [http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2008-11-23-kanye-west-808s-heartbreak_N.htm?csp=34 2008]
*''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' (favorable) [http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_and_heartbreak/ 2008]
|Last album = ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'' (2007)
|This album = '''''808s & Heartbreak''''' (2008)''
|Next album =
| Misc = {{Extra album cover 2
| Upper caption = Alternate cover
| Lower caption = Artwork redesigned by [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]]
| Type = [[Studio album]]
| Cover = KAWS 808s & Heartbreak.jpg
}}
{{Singles
|Name = 808s & Heartbreak
|Type = studio
|single 1 = [[Love Lockdown]]
|single 1 date = September 18, 2008
|single 2 = [[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]
|single 2 date = November 4, 2008
}}
}}

'''''808s & Heartbreak''''' is the fourth [[studio album]] by American [[hip hop music|hip hop]] artist [[Kanye West]], released November 24, 2008 on [[Roc-A-Fella Records]]. The album was originally scheduled for a December 16 release, but was pushed forward to increase sales during the holiday season.

==Conception==
Following the release of his third studio album ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'', the remainder of 2007 and the following year featured events that emotionally affected Kanye West. On November 10, 2007, West's mother Donda West died due to complications arising from [[cosmetic surgery]] involving a tummy tuck and breast reduction procedure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glover |first=Scott |title= Doctor Talks About Donda West's Death |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/20/local/me-west20 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2008-11-20|accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> Months later, West broke off his engagement and separated with his fiancée Alexis Phifer.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West's Fiancée 'Sad' Over Breakup |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20193726,00.html?xid=rss-topheadlines |publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> At the same time, West displayed struggle in adapting to his newfound pop star status he had once strived to achieve, often becoming the subject of media scrutiny. The loss, loneliness and longing for companionship and a sense of normalcy served to inspire the conception ''808s & Heartbreak''. West stated that "This album was therapeutic — it's lonely at the top."<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Opens Up His Hear |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/channel/mtvuk/news/460118-kanye-west-opens-his-heart |publisher=[[MTV UK]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref>

West felt that the emotions he felt within his heart could not be fully expressed simply through rapping, saying that aside from the fact that rapping had limitations, there were "melodies that were in me — what was in me I couldn't stop."<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Inspires The Question: Should Rappers Sing? |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1599993/20081121/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> West went to classify ''808s & Heartbreak'' as a [[pop music|pop]] album, stating his disdain towards the contemporary backlash to the concept of pop music and expressed that some greatest musicians of all time, particularly [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], were pop artists.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320023/i-think-pop-has-a-bad-name-right-now.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> He later stated that he wishes to present the music as a new genre called "pop art", not to be confused with the visual art movement [[pop art|of the same name]].<ref>[http://www.kanyelive.com/talk/index.php?topic=78812.0 Kanye creating new genre called "Pop-Art"]. Simple Machines LLC. Accessed on October 12, 2008.</ref>

==Production==
The album was recorded in under two weeks in Hawaii. As implied by its title, ''808s & Heartbreak'' prominently features the [[Roland TR-808]] drum machine. West felt that the 808 is an important instrument that can be used to evoke emotion; the concept was introduced to him by [[Jon Brion]]. According to West, the fact that Hawaii's area code was "808" was incidental, as he had already developed the album's title before being informed.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Visits Big Boy's Neighborhood |url=http://vimeo.com/2013751?pg=embed&sec=2013751 |publisher=Vimeo |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The realization inspired him to pursue his direction with the album, however.<ref>{{cite news | last = Macia | first = Peter | title = FADER 58: Kanye West Cover Story and Interview | publisher = ''[[The Fader]]'' | url = http://www.thefader.com/features/2008/11/25/fader-58-kanye-west-cover-story-and-interview | accessdate = 2008-11-25}}</ref> In terms of musical direction, West's intentions, according to [[Mike Dean (producer)|Mike Dean]], were to go against the typical sound of hip hop beat, instead evoking the presence of tribal drums.<ref name="Dean">{{Cite news |last=Shaheem |first=Reid |title= Kanye West's 808s & Heartbreak Album Preview: More Drums, More Singing, 'No Typical Hip-Hop Beats' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597139/20081015/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=MTV |date=2008-10-15|accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> Overall, West maintained a "[[minimalism|minimal]] but functional" approach towards the album's studio production.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320022/im-just-getting-more-polished.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>

The album relies heavily on the voice audio processor technology of [[Auto-Tune]]. "We were working on the remixes for [[Lil Wayne]]'s "[[Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)|Lollipop]]" and [[Young Jeezy]]'s "[[Put On]]" and he fell in love with the Auto-Tune," Dean explained.<ref name="Dean"/> Towards this end, West enlisted [[T-Pain]] for coaching on how to properly utilize Auto-Tune.<ref name=1013mixtapemonday>{{Cite news |last=Shaheem |first=Reid |title= T-Pain Describes His Involvement On New Kanye West LP; Fat Joe Salutes Lil Wayne's Carter IV Rock Edge: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596829/20081010/t_pain.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=2008-10-13 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> West himself openly stated that he loves using Auto-Tune and is dismayed that the term has been commonly associated with being "wack." He considers the technology "the funnest thing to use" and compared the situation to when he was a child and thought the color pink was cool until someone told him "it was gay." He went on to state how the views of society can rob people of their confidence and self-esteem.<ref name="RapUp">{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Bares All at Album Listening |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/10/15/kanye-west-bares-all-at-album-listening/ |publisher=Rap Up |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> He later went on to state that he enjoyed the electronic feel produced by Auto-Tune and sought out to juxtapose the mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of [[taiko drum]]s and [[choir monk]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Video: Kanye West Visits Conan O’Brien |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/11/26/video-kanye-west-visits-conan-obrien/ |publisher=Rap Up |accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref>

Rap artist [[Kid Cudi]], who had recently signed onto West's [[G.O.O.D. Music]] label, revealed that he would be featured on two of the songs on the album.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perkins |first=Brandon |title= Kid Cudi speaks on 808's & Heartbreak |url=http://www.urb.com/permalink/3685/Kid-Cudi-speaks-on-808%27s-&-Heartbreak.html |work=[[URB (magazine)|URB]] |date=2008-10-01 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> [[Young Jeezy]] contributed a rap verse on the track "Amazing" while "See You in My Nightmares" is comprised of a duet with [[Lil Wayne]]. Singer-songwriter [[Esthero]] provided the few female vocals found the album.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanye West examines real vs. fake, puppet vs. human on '808s and Heartbreak' |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2008/11/kanye-west-exam.html |publisher="[[Los Angeles Times]]" |date=2008-11-21 |accessdate=2008-11-22}}</ref> When "RoboCop" appeared on the Internet, West denied responsibility and was upset that the leak had occurred as the track was an unfinished version.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Swears He Didn't Leak 'Robocop' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597934/20081027/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> At an album preview event, West candidly expressed that the track "is maybe the biggest wreck on the album."<ref>[http://www.youth.sg/content/view/6436/54/ Youth.SG :: Singapore - Yes, Kanye West wants to be the best]. Youth.SG. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> Mike Dean had previously stated that the track was expected to receive additional treatment by [[Herbie Hancock]] before the album's release.<ref name="Dean"/>

==Release and promotion==
===Imagery===
On October 14, West, in collaboration with [[Italy|Italian]] artist [[Vanessa Beecroft]], hosted a promotional album listening event at the Ace Gallery in Los Angeles in which over 700 guests were invited to preview the entirety of ''808s & Heartbreak''. Under Beecroft's guidance, the event featured approximately forty nude women wearing nothing besides wool masks who silently stood in the center of the room. The women were illuminated by multicolored lights that would change as the music progressed. When it came time for him to speak, West stated that he'd been a fan of Beecroft's work and strong imagery, saying that he liked idea of nudity because "society told us to wear clothes at a certain point". Beecroft had been contacted a month prior and conceptualized and generated the installation in a week. Beecroft admitted that while he had caught her offguard, she had the opportunity to hear the album for herself and heard things that touched her own life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanye West’s Listening Party: Lights, Heartbreak, Nudity |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/10/15/kanye-wests-listening-party-lights-heartbreak-nudity/ |publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]'' |date=2008-10-15 |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The living art installation touched on West's primary objective with the album, emotional nakedness, the freedom to express oneself without heed of what others will inevitably think.<ref name="RapUp"/>

On October 19, promotional photos for the album by photographer Willy Vanderperre were released. The images portrayed West wearing a grey [[glen plaid]] suit, large browline glasses, and a heart-shaped pin.<ref>{{Cite news |title= http://www.theclones.fr/?en/1203-kanyes-808s-heartbreak-promo-shots |publisher=The Clones |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The heart-related theme is reflected in the artwork of the album, which features a deflated balloon resembling a heart shape.

===Releases===
The first single from the album was "[[Love Lockdown]]", which had been performed live and aired on the radio.<ref>[http://www.allaccess.com/ Top 40/M Future Releases] Accessed September 9, 2008</ref> The official version of the song was posted onto West's blog on September 16 and is being played by radio stations. The song was premiered at the 2008 [[MTV Video Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |title= It's Britney Spears' Night At The VMAs, While Kanye West Ends The Show With A Bang |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1594283/20080908/spears_britney.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=2008-09-08 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> The second single announced was "[[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]".<ref name="blogspot">[http://amajanese.blogspot.com/2008/10/kanye-west-performs-heartless.html Kanye confirms Heartless as second single and November 25, 2008 release date]. The Amajanese Blog. Accessed November 17, 2008.</ref> Another song revealed was "Welcome to Heartbreak", which appeared on a poster for an ''808s & Heartbreak'' listening event that took place on October 14.<ref name=listeningevent>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=209615_-1__0_~0_-1_10_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161= 808s & Heartbreak listening event poster.] ''Kanye West's Blog.'' Accessed October 12, 2008.</ref>

On September 24, West announced that he had finished the album and would be releasing it sometime in November. In his blog, he wrote "I changed my album to November something cause I finished the album and I felt like it..I want yall to hear it as soon as possible".<ref name=blognovember>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/index.php?em3106=207365_-1__0_~0_-1_9_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161 808s & Heartbreak coming soon....] ''www.kanyeuniversecity.com.'' Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> West later stated that the album would be released on November 25, 2008.<ref name="blogspot"/> The album was originally announced for a December 16 release, but [[Island Def Jam]], the distributing label, brought the date forward three weeks to capitalize on [[Thanksgiving]] weekend.<ref name="Sales">[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598986/20081110/west_kanye.jhtml New Albums From Kanye West, Ludacris, Killers To Get Rare Monday Release On November 24.] MTV Networks. Accessed October 12, 2008.</ref> A limited edition in a digipak case was first released in Germany on November 21, 2008.<ref name="Discogs">[http://www.discogs.com/release/1543307 ''808s & Heartbreak'' at Discogs.com]. Discogs. Accessed November 16, 2008.</ref> A special Christmas packaging of the album will be released on December 16 and will feature album artwork redone by [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]].<ref>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=214025_-1__0_~0_-1_11_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161=#ugcForm announcement of special Christmas edition]. ''www.kanyeuniversecity.com''. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> The artwork is also available with the album at the [[iTunes Store]]. ''808s & Heartbreak'' served as West's first release without a [[Parental Advisory]] label.

On October 16, West released an excerpt of "Coldest Winter" on the radio station [[KPWR|Power 106]] in Los Angeles. The track recreates elements of the song "Memories Fade" by the band [[Tears for Fears]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Canwest News Service |title= Kanye West gives us more 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/arts/story.html?id=108e7f2d-e871-4469-bad5-375bb97a4a5b |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |date=2008-10-18 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> The song "Paranoid" later leaked onto the Internet and features [[Mr Hudson & The Library|Mr. Hudson]] in the chorus. Also appearing prior to the release date were "Amazing" featuring [[Young Jeezy]], "See You in My Nightmares" featuring [[Lil Wayne]], "Street Lights", "Say You Will", "Welcome to Heartbreak" and "Bad News". An additional track, "Pinocchio Story" is a freestyle recorded at a live concert in Singapore. It was included in the album at the request of [[Beyoncé Knowles]].<ref name="Review">[http://www.thehiphopchronicle.com/2008/11/12/kanye-west-808-hearbreak-album-review/ Kanye West - 808’s & Hearbreak (Album Review)]. The Hip Hop Chronicle UK. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref>

==Reception==
===Initial reaction===

The reaction to ''808s & Heartbreak'' around the time of its conception was mixed, ranging from anticipation to bewilderment to indifference. Upon the unveiling of the lead single "Love Lockdown" at the 2008 [[Video Music Awards]], music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto-Tune.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak|work=''[[The Observer]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> The negative feedback intensified when West eventually revealed that the entire album would be primarily sung with Auto-Tune rather than rapped and would focus heavily on themes of love and heartache.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Inspires The Question: Should Rappers Sing? |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1599993/20081121/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | |title= Kanye West - 808s & Heartbreak |url=http://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/kanye-west |work=''[[Clash]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> Numerous hip hop fans and certain rappers mocked West for becoming "sappy" while others deemed the upcoming LP as a throwaway experimental album.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Visits Big Boy's Neighborhood |url=http://vimeo.com/2013751?pg=embed&sec=2013751 |publisher=Vimeo |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> Comparisons were drawn to ''[[Electric Circus (album)|Electric Circus]]'', an album made by West's labelmate and close friend [[Common (rapper)|Common]]. MTV eventually interviewed Common to share his thoughts and views on the artistic direction of the album. Common expressed both his understanding and his support for West's intentions, stating:

{{quote|I love it. Let me tell you, as an artist, you wanna be free. You gotta do what you feel. You can't just cater to the audience. You gotta say, 'Hey, y'all, this is where I'm at.' For him to do an album called ''808s and Heartbreak'', you know that's where he is at this moment. I heard some songs, and I think it's fresh. I think the people are ready for it.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Common Praises Kanye's Singing; Lupe Fiasco Plays CEO: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596254/20081003/common.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>}}

West received similar approval from [[Lil Wayne]] and [[Young Jeezy]], both of whom contribute to the album. During an interview, when asked what music today inspires him, Wayne replied:

{{quote|Everybody's doing their thing, but they're not exciting. Everybody is doing the same thing. That's terrible. Do I love the music that's out right now? I love it with a passion. Does it motivate me? Not one bit. That's because ''808s & Heartbreak'' isn't out yet.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Lil Wayne Isn't Inspired By Today's Music; Rick Ross Borrows Beats From Jay-Z, T.I., M.I.A. For New Tape: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598384/20081031/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>}}

Despite the approval from the rap superstars, as well as the record-breaking chart performances of the first two singles, hip hop audiences remained indifferent towards the album, predicting it would flop.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak|work=''[[The Observer]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> Responding to reviews, West stated that he didn't care about sales or getting good ratings, saying that it came from the heart and that's all that matters to him. When asked about the current state of hip hop, West compared it to a high school, stating that hip hop used to be all about being fearless and standing out, and that now it is about being afraid and fitting in.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320021/hip-hop-is-like-a-big-high-school.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''808s & Heartbreak'' received generally positive reviews from critics. Reviews commented specifically on the change of style from previous West releases. ''[[USA Today]]'' gave the album a perfect 4 out of 4 stars saying, "West deftly uses the 808 drum machine and Auto-Tune vocal effect to channel his feelings of hurt, anger and doubt through his well-crafted lyrics."<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2008-11-23-kanye-west-808s-heartbreak_N.htm/ Kanye West - 808’s & Hearbreak]. ''USA Today''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Times]]'' also gave the album a perfect rating claiming, "This so should not work...Yet 808s & Heartbreak is a triumph, recklessly departing from the commercially copper-bottomed script and venturing far beyond West’s comfort zone."<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article5199113.ece Kanye West: 808s & Heartbreak - the Sunday Times review]. Times Newspapers Ltd. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' expressed that "Kanye has created his greatest album to date,"<ref>http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_and_heartbreak/</ref> while ''[[The Washington Post]]'' celebrated the album's cultural themes and emotional honesty, calling it "an information-age masterpiece about falling into the depths of loneliness while a nation of millions checks your blog for updates," and anointed it "the best album released this year." <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/23/AR2008112302506.html/ Kanye West, in Perfect Auto-Tune]. ''Washington Post''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

''[[Newsday]]'' gave the album an A rating, calling the album "austere and disciplined",<ref>[http://www.newsday.com/services/newspaper/printedition/tuesday/partii/ny-etdrops5939921nov25,0,3044487.story/ Newsday - 808s & Heartbreak]. ''Newsday''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> while ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'' praised the album's oddities, saying, "But as strange and even tedious as "808s and Heartbreak" might strike some listeners, it's not just a puppet show. Or rather, it is, and all the more fascinating for that."<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2008/11/kanye-west-exam.html/ Kanye West examines real vs. fake, puppet vs. human on '808s and Heartbreak']. ''LA Times''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' gave a favorable review, stating that "Sonically, West pushes the envelope by relying on the drum machine from which the album takes its title, as well as the ever-popular vocoder."<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/content_display/reviews/albums/e3i3727898fb2739b046d7e84f65a5f5c6c Billboard.com - 808s & Heartbreak]. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Observer]]'' gave a 4 out of 5 star rating, finding that West's personal lows made for a good album, stating, "It might seem harsh but let's hope he doesn't find too much happiness in the meantime. Loneliness is proving quite the muse."<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak/ Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak]. Guardian News and Media Ltd. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

''[[The Chicago Sun Times]]'' thought the album had more potential than was reached, but still gave a positive critique, "If West had interspersed the more mechanical tracks with some that were the exact opposite--say, simple piano interludes provided by his old collaborators John Legend or Jon Brion--he might have made a masterpiece. Instead, he's merely given us an extremely intriguing, sporadically gripping, undeniably fearless and altogether unexpected piece of his troubled soul."<ref>[http://blogs.suntimes.com/derogatis/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_heartbreak_roc.html Kanye West, "808s & Heartbreak" (Roc-a-Fella/Def Jam)]. Sun-Times News Group. Accessed November 25, 2008.</ref> The British publication ''[[NME]]'' gave a 7/10 rating, and concluded in its review, "The resounding verdict is that it’s a surprising, but bold and brave progression from last year’s confused ''<nowiki>‘</nowiki>Graduation<nowiki>’</nowiki>''."<ref>[http://www.nme.com/reviews/kanye-west/10009/ NME.com: Album Reviews - 808s And Heartbreak]. IPC Media. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

Negative criticism of ''808s & Heartbreak'' came from Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]], who gave the album a 2/5 stars rating, while stating in a review, "For anyone sifting through a broken relationship and self-letdown, this could all be therapeutic. Otherwise, no matter its commendable fearlessness, the album is a listless, bleary trudge along West's permafrost."<ref>[http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kcfixz9kldhe/ allmusic: 808s & Heartbreak]. All Media Guide, LLC. Accessed November 26, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' wrote a negative review of the album, writing that West "relies so heavily on Auto-Tune, the du jour studio trick that dominates Top 40 urban radio, that you don't get a real sense of his vocal chops," and describing the lyrics as "not strong enough to build into full-blown choruses."<ref>[http://www.boston.com/ae/music/cd_reviews/articles/2008/11/24/kanye_west_bursts_into_song____not_exactly_music_to_our_ears/ Kanye West bursts into song -- not exactly music to our ears]. NY Times Co. Accessed November 24, 2008.</ref> Wilson McBee of [[Slant Magazine]] criticized his singing voice, writing that "West would be unbearable without Auto-Tune, and even with the computer enhancement he sounds only a little better than the average drunk at a karaoke bar or halfway-serious ''American Idol'' reject."<ref>[http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=1596 Slant Magazine Music Review: Kanye West: 808s & Heartbreak]. Slant Magazine. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' concurred with this sentiment in a largely negative review stating, "Mr. West can’t sing, and it is that weakness for which this album will ultimately be remembered, some solid songs notwithstanding. For him, using Auto-Tune, the pitch-correction software with the robotic vocal effect, is a true crutch."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/arts/music/25kany.html?pagewanted=2&hp Kanye West’s ‘808s and Heartbreak’ Chills on the Frills - NYTimes.com]. The New York Times Company. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>


==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| extra_column = Producer
| title1 = Say You Will
| extra1 = Kanye West
| length1 = 6:18
| title2 = Welcome to Heartbreak
| extra2 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, Plain Pat*
| length2 = 4:23
| note2 = feat. [[Kid Cudi]]
| title3 = [[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]
| extra3 = Kanye West, [[No I.D.]]*
| length3 = 3:31
| title4 = Amazing
| extra4 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*
| length4 = 3:58
| note4 = feat. [[Young Jeezy]]
| title5 = [[Love Lockdown]]
| extra5 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*
| length5 = 4:30
| title6 = Paranoid
| extra6 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, Plain Pat*
| length6 = 4:38
| note6 = feat. [[Mr Hudson & The Library|Mr Hudson]]
| title7 = RoboCop
| extra7 = Kanye West
| length7 = 4:34
| title8 = Street Lights
| extra8 = Kanye West, Mr. Hudson*
| length8 = 3:10
| title9 = Bad News
| extra9 = Kanye West
| length9 = 3:59
| title10 = See You in My Nightmares
| extra10 = Kanye West, No I.D.*
| length10 = 4:18
| note10 = feat. [[Lil Wayne]]
| title11 = Coldest Winter
| extra11 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, No I.D.*
| length11 = 2:44
| title12 = Pinocchio Story
| note12 = freestyle live in [[Singapore]], [[hidden track]]
| extra12 = Kanye West
| length12 = 6:02
}}
*Co-producer

==Personnel==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!#
!Title
!Notes
|-
|1
|"Say You Will"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Young Jeezy]], [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]]
 Additional vocals: Mr. Hudson, Tony Williams, The Kadockadee Kwire
|-
|2
|"Welcome to Heartbreak"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Kid Cudi]], Plain Pat
 Additional vocals: Jeff Bhasker
|-
|3
|"Heartless"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Kid Cudi]], Jones, [[No I.D.]]
|-
|4
|"Amazing"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Young Jeezy]]
 Additional vocals: Mr. Hudson, Tony Williams
|-
|5
|"Love Lockdown"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Esthero]], Jeff Bhasker, Jones, Menzies
|-
|6
|"Paranoid"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]], [[Kid Cudi]], Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams, Plain Pat
 Additional vocals: [[Kid Cudi]]
|-
|7
|"RoboCop"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[T-Pain]], [[Esthero]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]], [[Young Jeezy]], Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams, Jones
 Additional vocals: Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams
 Samples: "Kissing in the Rain" by [[Patrick Doyle]]
|-
|8
|"Street Lights"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Esthero]], Tony Williams, McIldowie
 Additional vocals: [[Esthero]], Tony Williams
|-
|9
|"Bad News"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Bass
 Samples: "See Line Woman" by [[Nina Simone]]
|-
|10
|"See You in My Nightmares"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Lil Wayne]], Jeff Bhasker, [[No I.D.]]
|-
|11
|"Coldest Winter"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Roland Orzabal]], [[No I.D.]]
 Recreates elements of "Memories Fade" by [[Tears for Fears]]
|-
|12
|"Pinocchio Story"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West
|-
|}

==Chart performance==
In its first week of sales, ''808s & Heartbreak'' reached the number one spot on [[Billboard 200]] with 451,395 units.<ref>[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.8192 HipHopDX.com - Hip Hop Album Sales]. ''HipHopDX.com''. Accessed December 3, 2008.</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!align="center"|Chart (2008)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Australian Albums Chart]]<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_album.asp?chart=1G50 Australian ARIA Charts] Official Peak Posistion. Retrieved on [[November 30]], [[2008]]</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand Albums Chart <ref>http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp</ref>
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{metacritic album|id=westkanye/808sandheartbreak|title=808s & Heartbreak}}

{{Kanye West}}

[[Category:2008 albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Kanye West]]
[[Category:Kanye West albums]]
[[Category:Def Jam Recordings albums]]

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808s & Heartbreak

2008-12-04T03:00:23Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Infobox Album 
|Name = 808s & Heartbreak
|Type = studio
|Artist = [[Kanye West]]
|Cover =‎ 808nheartbreakcover.jpg
|Released = November 24, 2008 December 16, 2008 (KAWS re-release)
|Recorded = 2008
|Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Electronica|Electronica]]
|Length = 52:01
|Label = [[Roc-A-Fella Records|Roc-A-Fella]], [[The Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]]
|Producers = Kanye West, [[No I.D.]], Jeff Bhasker, Plain Pat & Mr. Hudson
|Reviews = *[[Allmusic]] {{rating|2|5}} [http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kcfixz9kldhe~T1 2008]
*''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' (favorable) [http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/reviews-album/808s-heartbreak-1003895511.story 2008]
*''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' (A–) [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20242628,00.html 2008]
*''[[The Guardian]]'' {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak 2008]
*''[[NME]]'' (7/10) [http://www.nme.com/reviews/kanye-west/10009 2008]
*''[[Newsday]]'' (A) [http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etdrops5939921nov25b,0,7310415.story 2008]
*''[[Pitchfork Media]]'' (7.6/10) [http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/147813-kanye-west-808s-and-heartbreak 2008]
*''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{rating|3.5|5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/24024301/review/24597774/808s__heartbreak 2008]
*''[[The Times]]'' {{rating|5|5}} [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article5199113.ece 2008]
*''[[USA Today]]'' {{Rating|4|4}} [http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2008-11-23-kanye-west-808s-heartbreak_N.htm?csp=34 2008]
*''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' (favorable) [http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_and_heartbreak/ 2008]
|Last album = ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'' (2007)
|This album = '''''808s & Heartbreak''''' (2008)''
|Next album =
| Misc = {{Extra album cover 2
| Upper caption = Alternate cover
| Lower caption = Special Christmas/iTunes cover by [[KAWS (artist)]]
| Type = [[Studio album]]
| Cover = KAWS 808s & Heartbreak.jpg
}}
{{Singles
|Name = 808s & Heartbreak
|Type = studio
|single 1 = [[Love Lockdown]]
|single 1 date = September 18, 2008
|single 2 = [[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]
|single 2 date = November 4, 2008
}}
}}

'''''808s & Heartbreak''''' is the fourth [[studio album]] by American [[hip hop music|hip hop]] artist [[Kanye West]], released November 24, 2008 on [[Roc-A-Fella Records]]. The album was originally scheduled for a December 16 release, but was pushed forward to increase sales during the holiday season.

==Conception==
Following the release of his third studio album ''[[Graduation (album)|Graduation]]'', the remainder of 2007 and the following year featured events that emotionally affected Kanye West. On November 10, 2007, West's mother Donda West died due to complications arising from [[cosmetic surgery]] involving a tummy tuck and breast reduction procedure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glover |first=Scott |title= Doctor Talks About Donda West's Death |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/20/local/me-west20 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2008-11-20|accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> Months later, West broke off his engagement and separated with his fiancée Alexis Phifer.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West's Fiancée 'Sad' Over Breakup |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20193726,00.html?xid=rss-topheadlines |publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> At the same time, West displayed struggle in adapting to his newfound pop star status he had once strived to achieve, often becoming the subject of media scrutiny. The loss, loneliness and longing for companionship and a sense of normalcy served to inspire the conception ''808s & Heartbreak''. West stated that "This album was therapeutic — it's lonely at the top."<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Opens Up His Hear |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/channel/mtvuk/news/460118-kanye-west-opens-his-heart |publisher=[[MTV UK]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref>

West felt that the emotions he felt within his heart could not be fully expressed simply through rapping, saying that aside from the fact that rapping had limitations, there were "melodies that were in me — what was in me I couldn't stop."<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Inspires The Question: Should Rappers Sing? |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1599993/20081121/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> West went to classify ''808s & Heartbreak'' as a [[pop music|pop]] album, stating his disdain towards the contemporary backlash to the concept of pop music and expressed that some greatest musicians of all time, particularly [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], were pop artists.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320023/i-think-pop-has-a-bad-name-right-now.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> He later stated that he wishes to present the music as a new genre called "pop art", not to be confused with the visual art movement [[pop art|of the same name]].<ref>[http://www.kanyelive.com/talk/index.php?topic=78812.0 Kanye creating new genre called "Pop-Art"]. Simple Machines LLC. Accessed on October 12, 2008.</ref>

==Production==
The album was recorded in under two weeks in Hawaii. As implied by its title, ''808s & Heartbreak'' prominently features the [[Roland TR-808]] drum machine. West felt that the 808 is an important instrument that can be used to evoke emotion; the concept was introduced to him by [[Jon Brion]]. According to West, the fact that Hawaii's area code was "808" was incidental, as he had already developed the album's title before being informed.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Visits Big Boy's Neighborhood |url=http://vimeo.com/2013751?pg=embed&sec=2013751 |publisher=Vimeo |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The realization inspired him to pursue his direction with the album, however.<ref>{{cite news | last = Macia | first = Peter | title = FADER 58: Kanye West Cover Story and Interview | publisher = ''[[The Fader]]'' | url = http://www.thefader.com/features/2008/11/25/fader-58-kanye-west-cover-story-and-interview | accessdate = 2008-11-25}}</ref> In terms of musical direction, West's intentions, according to [[Mike Dean (producer)|Mike Dean]], were to go against the typical sound of hip hop beat, instead evoking the presence of tribal drums.<ref name="Dean">{{Cite news |last=Shaheem |first=Reid |title= Kanye West's 808s & Heartbreak Album Preview: More Drums, More Singing, 'No Typical Hip-Hop Beats' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597139/20081015/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=MTV |date=2008-10-15|accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> Overall, West maintained a "[[minimalism|minimal]] but functional" approach towards the album's studio production.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320022/im-just-getting-more-polished.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>

The album relies heavily on the voice audio processor technology of [[Auto-Tune]]. "We were working on the remixes for [[Lil Wayne]]'s "[[Lollipop (Lil Wayne song)|Lollipop]]" and [[Young Jeezy]]'s "[[Put On]]" and he fell in love with the Auto-Tune," Dean explained.<ref name="Dean"/> Towards this end, West enlisted [[T-Pain]] for coaching on how to properly utilize Auto-Tune.<ref name=1013mixtapemonday>{{Cite news |last=Shaheem |first=Reid |title= T-Pain Describes His Involvement On New Kanye West LP; Fat Joe Salutes Lil Wayne's Carter IV Rock Edge: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596829/20081010/t_pain.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=2008-10-13 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> West himself openly stated that he loves using Auto-Tune and is dismayed that the term has been commonly associated with being "wack." He considers the technology "the funnest thing to use" and compared the situation to when he was a child and thought the color pink was cool until someone told him "it was gay." He went on to state how the views of society can rob people of their confidence and self-esteem.<ref name="RapUp">{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Bares All at Album Listening |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/10/15/kanye-west-bares-all-at-album-listening/ |publisher=Rap Up |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> He later went on to state that he enjoyed the electronic feel produced by Auto-Tune and sought out to juxtapose the mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of [[taiko drum]]s and [[choir monk]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Video: Kanye West Visits Conan O’Brien |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/11/26/video-kanye-west-visits-conan-obrien/ |publisher=Rap Up |accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref>

Rap artist [[Kid Cudi]], who had recently signed onto West's [[G.O.O.D. Music]] label, revealed that he would be featured on two of the songs on the album.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perkins |first=Brandon |title= Kid Cudi speaks on 808's & Heartbreak |url=http://www.urb.com/permalink/3685/Kid-Cudi-speaks-on-808%27s-&-Heartbreak.html |work=[[URB (magazine)|URB]] |date=2008-10-01 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> [[Young Jeezy]] contributed a rap verse on the track "Amazing" while "See You in My Nightmares" is comprised of a duet with [[Lil Wayne]]. Singer-songwriter [[Esthero]] provided the few female vocals found the album.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanye West examines real vs. fake, puppet vs. human on '808s and Heartbreak' |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2008/11/kanye-west-exam.html |publisher="[[Los Angeles Times]]" |date=2008-11-21 |accessdate=2008-11-22}}</ref> When "RoboCop" appeared on the Internet, West denied responsibility and was upset that the leak had occurred as the track was an unfinished version.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Swears He Didn't Leak 'Robocop' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1597934/20081027/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> At an album preview event, West candidly expressed that the track "is maybe the biggest wreck on the album."<ref>[http://www.youth.sg/content/view/6436/54/ Youth.SG :: Singapore - Yes, Kanye West wants to be the best]. Youth.SG. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> Mike Dean had previously stated that the track was expected to receive additional treatment by [[Herbie Hancock]] before the album's release.<ref name="Dean"/>

==Release and promotion==
===Imagery===
On October 14, West, in collaboration with [[Italy|Italian]] artist [[Vanessa Beecroft]], hosted a promotional album listening event at the Ace Gallery in Los Angeles in which over 700 guests were invited to preview the entirety of ''808s & Heartbreak''. Under Beecroft's guidance, the event featured approximately forty nude women wearing nothing besides wool masks who silently stood in the center of the room. The women were illuminated by multicolored lights that would change as the music progressed. When it came time for him to speak, West stated that he'd been a fan of Beecroft's work and strong imagery, saying that he liked idea of nudity because "society told us to wear clothes at a certain point". Beecroft had been contacted a month prior and conceptualized and generated the installation in a week. Beecroft admitted that while he had caught her offguard, she had the opportunity to hear the album for herself and heard things that touched her own life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanye West’s Listening Party: Lights, Heartbreak, Nudity |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/10/15/kanye-wests-listening-party-lights-heartbreak-nudity/ |publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]'' |date=2008-10-15 |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The living art installation touched on West's primary objective with the album, emotional nakedness, the freedom to express oneself without heed of what others will inevitably think.<ref name="RapUp"/>

On October 19, promotional photos for the album by photographer Willy Vanderperre were released. The images portrayed West wearing a grey [[glen plaid]] suit, large browline glasses, and a heart-shaped pin.<ref>{{Cite news |title= http://www.theclones.fr/?en/1203-kanyes-808s-heartbreak-promo-shots |publisher=The Clones |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The heart-related theme is reflected in the artwork of the album, which features a deflated balloon resembling a heart shape.

===Releases===
The first single from the album was "[[Love Lockdown]]", which had been performed live and aired on the radio.<ref>[http://www.allaccess.com/ Top 40/M Future Releases] Accessed September 9, 2008</ref> The official version of the song was posted onto West's blog on September 16 and is being played by radio stations. The song was premiered at the 2008 [[MTV Video Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |title= It's Britney Spears' Night At The VMAs, While Kanye West Ends The Show With A Bang |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1594283/20080908/spears_britney.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=2008-09-08 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> The second single announced was "[[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]".<ref name="blogspot">[http://amajanese.blogspot.com/2008/10/kanye-west-performs-heartless.html Kanye confirms Heartless as second single and November 25, 2008 release date]. The Amajanese Blog. Accessed November 17, 2008.</ref> Another song revealed was "Welcome to Heartbreak", which appeared on a poster for an ''808s & Heartbreak'' listening event that took place on October 14.<ref name=listeningevent>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=209615_-1__0_~0_-1_10_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161= 808s & Heartbreak listening event poster.] ''Kanye West's Blog.'' Accessed October 12, 2008.</ref>

On September 24, West announced that he had finished the album and would be releasing it sometime in November. In his blog, he wrote "I changed my album to November something cause I finished the album and I felt like it..I want yall to hear it as soon as possible".<ref name=blognovember>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/index.php?em3106=207365_-1__0_~0_-1_9_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161 808s & Heartbreak coming soon....] ''www.kanyeuniversecity.com.'' Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> West later stated that the album would be released on November 25, 2008.<ref name="blogspot"/> The album was originally announced for a December 16 release, but [[Island Def Jam]], the distributing label, brought the date forward three weeks to capitalize on [[Thanksgiving]] weekend.<ref name="Sales">[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598986/20081110/west_kanye.jhtml New Albums From Kanye West, Ludacris, Killers To Get Rare Monday Release On November 24.] MTV Networks. Accessed October 12, 2008.</ref> A limited edition in a digipak case was first released in Germany on November 21, 2008.<ref name="Discogs">[http://www.discogs.com/release/1543307 ''808s & Heartbreak'' at Discogs.com]. Discogs. Accessed November 16, 2008.</ref> A special Christmas packaging of the album will be released on December 16 and will feature album artwork redone by [[KAWS (artist)|KAWS]].<ref>[http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=214025_-1__0_~0_-1_11_2008_0_0&em3281=&em3161=#ugcForm announcement of special Christmas edition]. ''www.kanyeuniversecity.com''. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref> The artwork is also available with the album at the [[iTunes Store]]. ''808s & Heartbreak'' served as West's first release without a [[Parental Advisory]] label.

On October 16, West released an excerpt of "Coldest Winter" on the radio station [[KPWR|Power 106]] in Los Angeles. The track recreates elements of the song "Memories Fade" by the band [[Tears for Fears]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Canwest News Service |title= Kanye West gives us more 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/arts/story.html?id=108e7f2d-e871-4469-bad5-375bb97a4a5b |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |date=2008-10-18 |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> The song "Paranoid" later leaked onto the Internet and features [[Mr Hudson & The Library|Mr. Hudson]] in the chorus. Also appearing prior to the release date were "Amazing" featuring [[Young Jeezy]], "See You in My Nightmares" featuring [[Lil Wayne]], "Street Lights", "Say You Will", "Welcome to Heartbreak" and "Bad News". An additional track, "Pinocchio Story" is a freestyle recorded at a live concert in Singapore. It was included in the album at the request of [[Beyoncé Knowles]].<ref name="Review">[http://www.thehiphopchronicle.com/2008/11/12/kanye-west-808-hearbreak-album-review/ Kanye West - 808’s & Hearbreak (Album Review)]. The Hip Hop Chronicle UK. Accessed September 24, 2008.</ref>

==Reception==
===Initial reaction===

The reaction to ''808s & Heartbreak'' around the time of its conception was mixed, ranging from anticipation to bewilderment to indifference. Upon the unveiling of the lead single "Love Lockdown" at the 2008 [[Video Music Awards]], music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto-Tune.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak|work=''[[The Observer]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> The negative feedback intensified when West eventually revealed that the entire album would be primarily sung with Auto-Tune rather than rapped and would focus heavily on themes of love and heartache.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Inspires The Question: Should Rappers Sing? |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1599993/20081121/west_kanye.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | |title= Kanye West - 808s & Heartbreak |url=http://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/kanye-west |work=''[[Clash]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> Numerous hip hop fans and certain rappers mocked West for becoming "sappy" while others deemed the upcoming LP as a throwaway experimental album.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanye West Visits Big Boy's Neighborhood |url=http://vimeo.com/2013751?pg=embed&sec=2013751 |publisher=Vimeo |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> Comparisons were drawn to ''[[Electric Circus (album)|Electric Circus]]'', an album made by West's labelmate and close friend [[Common (rapper)|Common]]. MTV eventually interviewed Common to share his thoughts and views on the artistic direction of the album. Common expressed both his understanding and his support for West's intentions, stating:

{{quote|I love it. Let me tell you, as an artist, you wanna be free. You gotta do what you feel. You can't just cater to the audience. You gotta say, 'Hey, y'all, this is where I'm at.' For him to do an album called ''808s and Heartbreak'', you know that's where he is at this moment. I heard some songs, and I think it's fresh. I think the people are ready for it.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Common Praises Kanye's Singing; Lupe Fiasco Plays CEO: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1596254/20081003/common.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>}}

West received similar approval from [[Lil Wayne]] and [[Young Jeezy]], both of whom contribute to the album. During an interview, when asked what music today inspires him, Wayne replied:

{{quote|Everybody's doing their thing, but they're not exciting. Everybody is doing the same thing. That's terrible. Do I love the music that's out right now? I love it with a passion. Does it motivate me? Not one bit. That's because ''808s & Heartbreak'' isn't out yet.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Lil Wayne Isn't Inspired By Today's Music; Rick Ross Borrows Beats From Jay-Z, T.I., M.I.A. For New Tape: Mixtape Monday |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1598384/20081031/ross__rick__rap_.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV]] |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>}}

Despite the approval from the rap superstars, as well as the record-breaking chart performances of the first two singles, hip hop audiences remained indifferent towards the album, predicting it would flop.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak|work=''[[The Observer]]'' |accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref> Responding to reviews, West stated that he didn't care about sales or getting good ratings, saying that it came from the heart and that's all that matters to him. When asked about the current state of hip hop, West compared it to a high school, stating that hip hop used to be all about being fearless and standing out, and that now it is about being afraid and fitting in.<ref>{{Cite news |title= MTV News RAW: Kanye West |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/news/320021/hip-hop-is-like-a-big-high-school.jhtml#id=1599789 |publisher=MTV |accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''808s & Heartbreak'' received generally positive reviews from critics. Reviews commented specifically on the change of style from previous West releases. ''[[USA Today]]'' gave the album a perfect 4 out of 4 stars saying, "West deftly uses the 808 drum machine and Auto-Tune vocal effect to channel his feelings of hurt, anger and doubt through his well-crafted lyrics."<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2008-11-23-kanye-west-808s-heartbreak_N.htm/ Kanye West - 808’s & Hearbreak]. ''USA Today''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Times]]'' also gave the album a perfect rating claiming, "This so should not work...Yet 808s & Heartbreak is a triumph, recklessly departing from the commercially copper-bottomed script and venturing far beyond West’s comfort zone."<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article5199113.ece Kanye West: 808s & Heartbreak - the Sunday Times review]. Times Newspapers Ltd. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]'' expressed that "Kanye has created his greatest album to date,"<ref>http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_and_heartbreak/</ref> while ''[[The Washington Post]]'' celebrated the album's cultural themes and emotional honesty, calling it "an information-age masterpiece about falling into the depths of loneliness while a nation of millions checks your blog for updates," and anointed it "the best album released this year." <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/23/AR2008112302506.html/ Kanye West, in Perfect Auto-Tune]. ''Washington Post''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

''[[Newsday]]'' gave the album an A rating, calling the album "austere and disciplined",<ref>[http://www.newsday.com/services/newspaper/printedition/tuesday/partii/ny-etdrops5939921nov25,0,3044487.story/ Newsday - 808s & Heartbreak]. ''Newsday''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> while ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'' praised the album's oddities, saying, "But as strange and even tedious as "808s and Heartbreak" might strike some listeners, it's not just a puppet show. Or rather, it is, and all the more fascinating for that."<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2008/11/kanye-west-exam.html/ Kanye West examines real vs. fake, puppet vs. human on '808s and Heartbreak']. ''LA Times''. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' gave a favorable review, stating that "Sonically, West pushes the envelope by relying on the drum machine from which the album takes its title, as well as the ever-popular vocoder."<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/content_display/reviews/albums/e3i3727898fb2739b046d7e84f65a5f5c6c Billboard.com - 808s & Heartbreak]. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Observer]]'' gave a 4 out of 5 star rating, finding that West's personal lows made for a good album, stating, "It might seem harsh but let's hope he doesn't find too much happiness in the meantime. Loneliness is proving quite the muse."<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/09/kanye-west-hip-hop-808s-heartbreak/ Urban review: Kanye West, 808s and Heartbreak]. Guardian News and Media Ltd. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

''[[The Chicago Sun Times]]'' thought the album had more potential than was reached, but still gave a positive critique, "If West had interspersed the more mechanical tracks with some that were the exact opposite--say, simple piano interludes provided by his old collaborators John Legend or Jon Brion--he might have made a masterpiece. Instead, he's merely given us an extremely intriguing, sporadically gripping, undeniably fearless and altogether unexpected piece of his troubled soul."<ref>[http://blogs.suntimes.com/derogatis/2008/11/kanye_west_808s_heartbreak_roc.html Kanye West, "808s & Heartbreak" (Roc-a-Fella/Def Jam)]. Sun-Times News Group. Accessed November 25, 2008.</ref> The British publication ''[[NME]]'' gave a 7/10 rating, and concluded in its review, "The resounding verdict is that it’s a surprising, but bold and brave progression from last year’s confused ''<nowiki>‘</nowiki>Graduation<nowiki>’</nowiki>''."<ref>[http://www.nme.com/reviews/kanye-west/10009/ NME.com: Album Reviews - 808s And Heartbreak]. IPC Media. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>

Negative criticism of ''808s & Heartbreak'' came from Andy Kellman of [[Allmusic]], who gave the album a 2/5 stars rating, while stating in a review, "For anyone sifting through a broken relationship and self-letdown, this could all be therapeutic. Otherwise, no matter its commendable fearlessness, the album is a listless, bleary trudge along West's permafrost."<ref>[http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:kcfixz9kldhe/ allmusic: 808s & Heartbreak]. All Media Guide, LLC. Accessed November 26, 2008.</ref> ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' wrote a negative review of the album, writing that West "relies so heavily on Auto-Tune, the du jour studio trick that dominates Top 40 urban radio, that you don't get a real sense of his vocal chops," and describing the lyrics as "not strong enough to build into full-blown choruses."<ref>[http://www.boston.com/ae/music/cd_reviews/articles/2008/11/24/kanye_west_bursts_into_song____not_exactly_music_to_our_ears/ Kanye West bursts into song -- not exactly music to our ears]. NY Times Co. Accessed November 24, 2008.</ref> Wilson McBee of [[Slant Magazine]] criticized his singing voice, writing that "West would be unbearable without Auto-Tune, and even with the computer enhancement he sounds only a little better than the average drunk at a karaoke bar or halfway-serious ''American Idol'' reject."<ref>[http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/music_review.asp?ID=1596 Slant Magazine Music Review: Kanye West: 808s & Heartbreak]. Slant Magazine. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' concurred with this sentiment in a largely negative review stating, "Mr. West can’t sing, and it is that weakness for which this album will ultimately be remembered, some solid songs notwithstanding. For him, using Auto-Tune, the pitch-correction software with the robotic vocal effect, is a true crutch."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/arts/music/25kany.html?pagewanted=2&hp Kanye West’s ‘808s and Heartbreak’ Chills on the Frills - NYTimes.com]. The New York Times Company. Accessed November 10, 2008.</ref>


==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| extra_column = Producer
| title1 = Say You Will
| extra1 = Kanye West
| length1 = 6:18
| title2 = Welcome to Heartbreak
| extra2 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, Plain Pat*
| length2 = 4:23
| note2 = feat. [[Kid Cudi]]
| title3 = [[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]
| extra3 = Kanye West, [[No I.D.]]*
| length3 = 3:31
| title4 = Amazing
| extra4 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*
| length4 = 3:58
| note4 = feat. [[Young Jeezy]]
| title5 = [[Love Lockdown]]
| extra5 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*
| length5 = 4:30
| title6 = Paranoid
| extra6 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, Plain Pat*
| length6 = 4:38
| note6 = feat. [[Mr Hudson & The Library|Mr Hudson]]
| title7 = RoboCop
| extra7 = Kanye West
| length7 = 4:34
| title8 = Street Lights
| extra8 = Kanye West, Mr. Hudson*
| length8 = 3:10
| title9 = Bad News
| extra9 = Kanye West
| length9 = 3:59
| title10 = See You in My Nightmares
| extra10 = Kanye West, No I.D.*
| length10 = 4:18
| note10 = feat. [[Lil Wayne]]
| title11 = Coldest Winter
| extra11 = Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker*, No I.D.*
| length11 = 2:44
| title12 = Pinocchio Story
| note12 = freestyle live in [[Singapore]], [[hidden track]]
| extra12 = Kanye West
| length12 = 6:02
}}
*Co-producer

==Personnel==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!#
!Title
!Notes
|-
|1
|"Say You Will"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Young Jeezy]], [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]]
 Additional vocals: Mr. Hudson, Tony Williams, The Kadockadee Kwire
|-
|2
|"Welcome to Heartbreak"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Kid Cudi]], Plain Pat
 Additional vocals: Jeff Bhasker
|-
|3
|"Heartless"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Kid Cudi]], Jones, [[No I.D.]]
|-
|4
|"Amazing"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Jeff Bhasker, [[Young Jeezy]]
 Additional vocals: Mr. Hudson, Tony Williams
|-
|5
|"Love Lockdown"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Esthero]], Jeff Bhasker, Jones, Menzies
|-
|6
|"Paranoid"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]], [[Kid Cudi]], Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams, Plain Pat
 Additional vocals: [[Kid Cudi]]
|-
|7
|"RoboCop"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[T-Pain]], [[Esthero]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[Consequence (rapper)|Consequence]], [[Young Jeezy]], Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams, Jones
 Additional vocals: Jeff Bhasker, Tony Williams
 Samples: "Kissing in the Rain" by [[Patrick Doyle]]
|-
|8
|"Street Lights"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Esthero]], Tony Williams, McIldowie
 Additional vocals: [[Esthero]], Tony Williams
|-
|9
|"Bad News"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, Bass
 Samples: "See Line Woman" by [[Nina Simone]]
|-
|10
|"See You in My Nightmares"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Lil Wayne]], Jeff Bhasker, [[No I.D.]]
|-
|11
|"Coldest Winter"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West, [[Roland Orzabal]], [[No I.D.]]
 Recreates elements of "Memories Fade" by [[Tears for Fears]]
|-
|12
|"Pinocchio Story"
|
Songwriters: Kanye West
|-
|}

==Chart performance==
In its first week of sales, ''808s & Heartbreak'' reached the number one spot on [[Billboard 200]] with 451,395 units.<ref>[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.8192 HipHopDX.com - Hip Hop Album Sales]. ''HipHopDX.com''. Accessed December 3, 2008.</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!align="center"|Chart (2008)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Australian Albums Chart]]<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_album.asp?chart=1G50 Australian ARIA Charts] Official Peak Posistion. Retrieved on [[November 30]], [[2008]]</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand Albums Chart <ref>http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp</ref>
|align="center"|15
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{metacritic album|id=westkanye/808sandheartbreak|title=808s & Heartbreak}}

{{Kanye West}}

[[Category:2008 albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Kanye West]]
[[Category:Kanye West albums]]
[[Category:Def Jam Recordings albums]]

[[cs:808s & Heartbreak]]
[[de:808s & Heartbreak]]
[[fr:808s and Heartbreak]]
[[lt:808's & Heartbreak]]
[[nl:808s & Heartbreak]]
[[pl:808s & Heartbreak]]
[[pt:808s & Heartbreak]]
[[simple:808s & Heartbreak]]
[[fi:808s & Heartbreak]]
[[tr:808s & Heartbreak]]

Langstaff Secondary School

2008-11-05T02:24:03Z

72.138.241.60: Do not vandalise other club names to promote your own.

{{Cleanup-school|date=March 2008}}
{{Infobox Education in Canada
|name= Langstaff Secondary School
|image= Langstaff logo.png
|motto=
|streetaddress= 106 Garden Avenue
|city= [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]]
|province= [[Ontario]]
|postalcode= L4C 6M1
|areacode= 905
|phone= 889-6266
|fax= 889-6676
|email= langstaff.ss@yrdsb.edu.on.ca
|url= [http://www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/ www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca]
|schoolnumber= 921661
|schoolboard= [[York Region District School Board]]
|affiliation= Secular
|principal= R. Swarup
|schooltype= [[High_school#Canada|High school]]
|grades= 9-12
|language= [[Canadian English|English]], [[French Immersion]]
|mascot= Bear
|teamname=
|colours= Blue and Yellow
|founded=
|enrollment= over 1600
|enrollment_as_of=2008
|lastupdate= [[June 21]], [[2006]]
|bgcolor_section= #F2CE38
|bgcolor_label= #E9D5A4
|bgcolor_value= #D6DFF9
|bgcolor_image= C9A249
|bgcolor_address= #D6DFF9
}}
'''Langstaff Secondary School''' (LSS) is a public [[high school]] in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] which teaches grades 9 through 12. LSS is located at 106 Garden Avenue across the street from Morgan Boyle Park and near [[Charles Howitt Public School]].

In 2003, the school underwent a major renovation/addition. This doubled the size of the school, adding many new facilities for the growing student population. The school currently has 3 floors.

==Facilities/layout==
The school has two gymnasiums, one located on the first floor, and the other located on the second floor. The larger gymnasium doubles as an auditorium. The school's original library was converted into a multi-purpose room used for special-education services, and various classes. There are two portables at the back of the school used for the growing number of classes. The school is split up into multiple halls, based on the subject. The science, technology, history and art halls are all located on the second floor, while music is located on the third. The English, geography, and math halls are located on the first floor. The cafeteria is also located there. The school is wheelchair accessible, with ramps and a working elevator. There is also a false rumor about a pool located under the cafeteria, with an entrance under the most South West stairs.=)

In May through July 2006 the school underwent a major roofing cleaning and change. This allowed the school to update almost all its air conditioning, plumbing, and other major building systems.

During July 2007, the school added tinted windows and in some hallways, latched windows. Also, the soccer field/track has been completely redone and is now fit for use.

==Clubs and Organizations==
Students at Langstaff are very active in their school and the community, which is quite evident in the number of clubs and organizations that exist within the school.

Some of these include:

Anime Ambassadors 
Announcement Team 
Art Club 
Astronomy 
Band 
Big Bear, Little Bear 
Book Club/White pines 
Breakdance 
BRIDGE (ESL social club) 
Cancer Society 
Chess 
Debate Union 
DECA 
Drama 
Fashion Show 
Free The Children 
G.I.L.L. 
G.S.A. (Gay-Straight Alliance) 
Habitat for Humanity 
History 
Improv Team 
Jazz Band 
LAFF (Film making) 
LEAF (Langstaff Environmental Activist Front) 
Mock Trial Team 
Multicultural 
Movie Club 
Niko (Christian Club) 
Philosophy Club 
Prefects 
Prom Committee 
R.A.C.E.(Racial Acceptance Cultural Equality) 
Reach for the Top 
Red Cross 
Science Olympics Team 
Sick Kids Hospital Foundation 
SOS Darfur 
Stephen Lewis Foundation (which includes Art for Aids) 
Student Council
S.A.A. (Student Athletic Association) 
Tech Crew 
Tennis Club 
Video Games Club 
Weight Training 
Yearbook 

==Student Council==
The Langstaff S.S. Student Council is a group of elected members. Positions on the council include: president, treasurer, secretary, ambassador, athletic directors, spirit directors, social directors, communications directors, environmental minister, tech representative, and grade representatives. The Student Council is responsible for almost all events including Prom, dances, semi-formal, assemblies, caf games, registration, the Santa Claus parade float, Battle of the Bands, spirit days, intramurals, and Earthfest.

==Departments==

The departments at Langstaff Secondary School include:

Alternative Education,
Business,
Computer Science and Engineering,
Co-operative Education,
Dramatic Arts,
English,
Family Studies,
French,
Geography,
History,
Library,
Mathematics,
Moderns,
Music,
Physical Education,
Science,
Tech Studies,
Visual Arts.

==Athletics==
Langstaff has many sport teams and clubs, including some that are not generally played in many schools. Some athletes from Langstaff such as [[Gillian Ferrari]] and [[Jon D'Aversa]] have gone on to national and international sport teams and clubs.

The athletic teams and clubs at Langstaff include:

Alpine Skiing,
Archery,
Badminton,
Baseball,
Basketball,
Cheerleading,
Cross Country Running,
Field Hockey,
Football,
Golf,
Gymnastics,
Ice Hockey,
Lacrosse,
Nordic Skiing,
Rugby,
Snowboarding,
Soccer,
Softball,
Swimming,
Table Tennis,
Tennis,
Track & Field,
Ultimate Frisbee,
Volleyball.

In 2006, the varsity boys baseball team captured the York Regional Championships. Langstaff has had a strong showing in tennis, the girls doubles team finishing top 8th in Ontario.

In the winter of 2007, Langstaff put together a varsity mens hockey team. This is a very exciting time for the sports department at LSS as the team has been long awaited amongst the student body.

==Special programs==
LSS offers an integrative and diverse French Immersion program, allowing students to explore many areas of the French language, French Literature and Cinema, as well as pursuing other academic courses in Geography, Information Technology, and most recently, Spanish.

In addition, Langstaff's Music Department offers students the opportunity to pursue a wide variety of courses, including Beginner and Intermediate Instrumental, Vocal and Guitar. Over the years, the music department has delivered wonderful concerts and performances, featuring a variety of soloists, bands and ensembles. Moreover, Langstaff's musicians have participated in various charitable causes and performed at York Central Hospital, as well as other charity functions.

==External links==
*[http://www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/ Official web site of Langstaff Secondary School]
*[http://www.yrdsb.edu.on.ca York Region District School Board homepage]

{{Yorkregionsecondaryschools}}
{{coord|43|50|14|N|79|26|21|W|display=title}}

[[Category:High schools in York Region]]
[[Category:Education in Richmond Hill, Ontario]]

Ron Perlman

2008-10-25T21:23:23Z

72.138.241.60:

{{for|the business executive|Ronald Perelman}}
{{Infobox actor
| image = Ron Perlman.jpg
| image_caption = Photo: Alan Light
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| birthname = Ronald Francis Perlman
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1950|4|13}}
| birthplace = New York City, New York
| spouse = Opal Perlman (1981-)
| goldenglobeawards = '''[[Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series - Drama|Best Actor - Drama Series]]''' 1989 ''[[Beauty and the Beast (TV series)|Beauty and the Beast]]''
}}

'''Ronald Francis "Ron" Perlman''' (born April 13, 1950) was an American [[television]], [[film]] and [[voice acting|voice over]] actor and is currently a go-go dancer working at the local discotheque.

==Biography==
===Personal life===
Perlman was born in [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]], New York. His mother, Dorothy, is a municipal employee, and his father is a [[jazz]] drummer and repairman.<ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/18/Ron-Perlman.html Ron Perlman Biography (1950-)]</ref> Perlman is [[Jewish]]. He has been married to Opal Perlman since February 14, 1981, and he has two children, Blake Amanda (born 1984), and Brandon Avery (born 1990).

He attended [[George Washington High School (New York City)|George Washington High School]] and later [[Lehman College]] in New York City in 1971, where he received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Theatre. He also attended the [[University of Minnesota]], where he graduated with a master's degree in theater arts.
Perlman has volunteered as an actor with the [[Young storytellers program|Young Storytellers Program]].

===Career===
Perlman made his feature film debut in [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]]'s film ''[[Quest for Fire (film)|Quest for Fire]]'' (1981). After various minor and supporting roles in films and television series, his breakthrough role came when he played Vincent in the TV series ''[[Beauty and the Beast (TV series)|Beauty and the Beast]]'', opposite [[Linda Hamilton]] from 1987 to 1990. This earned him a [[Golden Globe]] for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series in 1989<ref>[http://www.hfpa.org/browse/member/30108 Golden Globe Awards official website], last accessed October 22, 2007.</ref> and a large fanbase.

He went on to play roles in many films and television series throughout the 1980s and 1990s as well as the 2000s. His most notable film appearances were in films such as ''[[The Name of the Rose (film)|The Name of the Rose]]'' (1986), ''[[Romeo is Bleeding]]'' (1993), ''[[The Adventures of Huck Finn (1993 film)|The Adventures of Huck Finn]]'' (1993), ''[[The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996 film)|The Island of Dr. Moreau]]'' (1996), ''[[Alien: Resurrection]]'' (1997), ''[[Enemy at the Gates]]'' (2001) and ''[[Blade II]]'' (2002). His appearances in television series include ''[[Highlander: The Series]]'', ''[[The Outer Limits]]'' and ''[[The Magnificent Seven (TV series)|The Magnificent Seven]]''.

He played his first leading film role in 1995, when he played the gargantuan [[oaf]] "One" in [[Jean-Pierre Jeunet]] and [[Marc Caro]]'s ''[[La Cité des enfants perdus|The City of Lost Children]]''. He finally got another leading film role in 2004 when he played the title role in the [[comic book]] adaptation ''[[Hellboy (film)|Hellboy]]''. The director [[Guillermo del Toro]], who worked with him previously on ''[[Cronos (film)|Cronos]]'' and ''Blade II'', had to fight to secure the role, as the studio wanted someone more well-known such as [[Vin Diesel]]. Perlman reprised his role as Hellboy in ''[[Hellboy II: The Golden Army]]'', released on July 11, 2008.

In 2008, Perlman joined the cast of the TV show ''[[Sons of Anarchy]]'' on [[FX (TV network)|FX]]. He plays Clay, the president of the motorcycle gang and stepfather of the main character.<ref>http://www.moviehole.net/2008/07/12/interview-ron-perlman-2/</ref>

Perlman took part in an award-winning commercial for [[Stella Artois]] [[beer]]. This commercial, which was called "Devil's Island", won a Gold Award at the [[British Advertising Awards]].<ref>[http://www.theperlmanpages.i12.com/news/stella.htm theperlmanpages]; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6OKw3_XTvro Advert on YouTube]</ref>

Another note of special interest is that he has played in two Stephen King story-to-movie adaptations, Sleepwalkers and Desperation.

====Roles that required make-up====
[[Image:Hellboy Shot 2.jpg|thumb|right|Ron Perlman as [[Hellboy]].]]
He is known for playing roles which require make-up, some to the point where his entire body is covered or his face requires full facial prosthetics, such as ''The Beauty and The Beast'', where he plays a man with the face of a half-man half-lion-like beast, ''The Island of Dr. Moreau'' where he plays a half man/half animal and the ''[[Hellboy (film)|Hellboy films]]'' where he plays a [[demon]]. He even gave his ''Beauty and The Beast'' co-star [[Armin Shimerman]] advice when the latter was going to be in full-facial prosthetics for ''[[Star Trek]]''. He also might play the role of the character "Larson" for Guillermo del Toro's film adaptation of the [[H. P. Lovecraft]] story ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]''. Del Toro, in a chat session discussing his plans for the Hobbit movies, has indicated that Perlman will have some role in the films.<ref>[http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2008/05/24/28882-hobbit-chat-peppered-with-big-news-and-little-details/ Hobbit chat with Peter Jackson and G. del Toro peppered with big news (and little details about both films) | Hobbit Movie News and Rumors | TheOneRing.net™ | The Hobbit and L...]</ref>

====Voice-over work====
As well as onscreen acting, Perlman has lent his voice to numerous video games and animated series. These include Vice Principal Lancer in ''[[Danny Phantom]]'', Justice in ''[[Afro Samurai]]'' and various characters in [[DC Comics]] based series such as [[Deathstroke the Terminator|Slade]] in the ''[[Teen Titans (TV series)|Teen Titans]]'', [[Clayface]] in ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'', Jax-Ur in ''[[Superman: The Animated Series]]'', [[Orion (comics)|Orion]] in ''[[Justice League (TV series)|Justice League]]'' and ''[[Justice League Unlimited]]'', [[Killer Croc]], [[List of The Batman villains#Rumor|Rumor]], and at one point even [[Bane (comics)|Bane]] in ''[[The Batman (TV series)|The Batman]]''.

His video game credits include [[List of Halo characters#Fleet Admiral Hood|Lord Terrence Hood]], Fleet Admiral in command of Earth's space defenses against the [[Covenant (Halo)|Covenant]] in the games ''[[Halo 2]]'' and ''[[Halo 3]]'', Jagger Valance in ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay]]'', ''[[Justice League Heroes]]'' as Batman, and most recently, ''[[Hellboy: Blood and Iron]]''. He is well-known by ''[[Fallout series|Fallout]]'' fans for narrating the introductory movies in the series, including uttering the famous phrase "War. War never changes". He voices Slade in the 2008 ''Turok'' game.

Perlman is soon to be the voice of [[Conan the Barbarian]] in the upcoming animated film of [[Robert E. Howard]]'s ''[[Red Nails]]''. He provides the voice to the same character in the video game ''[[Conan (2007 video game)|Conan]]''.

==Filmography==
===Films===
*''[[Quest for Fire (film)|Quest for Fire]]'' (''La Guerre du feu'') (1981) — Amoukar
*''[[The Ice Pirates]]'' (1984) — Zeno
*''[[The Name of the Rose (film)|The Name of the Rose]]'' (1986) — Salvatore
*''[[Beauty and the Beast (TV series)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' (1987-1990, TV series) — Vincent
*''[[Sleepwalkers (film)|Sleepwalkers]]'' (1992) — Captain Soames
*''[[Double Exposure]]'' (1993) — John McClure
*''[[When the Bough Breaks]]'' (1993) — Dr. Douglas Eben
*''[[Cronos (film)|Cronos]] (La Invención de Cronos)'' (1993) — Angel De La Guardia
*''[[Romeo is Bleeding]]'' (1993) — Jack's attorney
*''[[The Adventures of Huck Finn (1993 film)|The Adventures of Huck Finn]]'' (1993) — Pap Finn
*''[[Police Academy: Mission to Moscow]]'' (1994) — Konstantine Konali
*''Sensation'' (1995) — Detective Pantella
*''[[The City of Lost Children]]'' (1995) — One
*''[[The Adventures of Captain Zoom in Outer Space]]'' (1995) — Lord Vox
*''[[The Last Supper (1995 film)|The Last Supper]]'' (1995) — Norman Arbuthnot
*''[[Fluke (film)|Fluke]]'' (1995) — Sylvester
*''[[The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996 film)|The Island of Dr. Moreau]]'' (1996) — Sayer of the Law
*''[[Highlander: The Series]]'' (1996) — The Messenger (Season 5, Episode 9)
*''Betty'' (1997) — Donnie Shank
*''Tinseltown'' (1997) — Cliff
*''[[Prince Valiant]]'' (1997) — Boltar
*''[[Alien: Resurrection]]'' (1997) — Johner
*''Frogs for Snakes'' (1998) — Gascone
*''[[The Protector (1985 film)|The Protector]]'' (1998) — Dr. Ramsey Krago
*''[[I Woke Up Early the Day I Died]]'' (1998) — Cemetery Caretaker
*''[[The Magnificent Seven (TV series)|The Magnificent Seven]]'' (1998-2000) — Josiah Sanchez
*''[[Happy, Texas (film)|Happy, Texas]]'' (1999) — Marshal Nalhober
*''[[Primal Force]]'' (1999, TV Movie) — Frank Brodie
*''The King's Guard'' (2000) — Lord Morton
*''Price of Glory'' (2000) — Nick Everson
*''Night Class'' (2001) — Morgan
*''[[The Tick (live action TV series)|The Tick]]'' (2001) — Fiery Blaze (one episode)
*''[[Down (film)|Down]]'' (2001, aka The Shaft) — Mitchell
*''[[Enemy at the Gates]]'' (2001) — Koulikov
*''[[Blade II]]'' (2002) — Dieter Reinhardt
*''[[Crime and Punishment]]'' (2002) — Dusharo
*''[[Star Trek Nemesis]]'' (2002) — Reman Viceroy
*''Absolon'' (2003) — Murchison
*''Rats'' (2003) — Dr. William Winslow
*''Hoodlum & Son'' (2003) — 'Ugly' Jim McCrae
*''[[Two Soldiers]]'' (2003) — Colonel McKellog
*''[[Looney Tunes: Back in Action]]'' (2003) — VP for Never Learning
*''[[Hellboy (film)|Hellboy]]'' (2004) — [[Hellboy]]
*''Quiet Kill'' (2004) — Sergeant Perry
*''The Second Front'' (2005) — General von Binding
*''[[Missing in America]]'' (2005) — Red
*''[[Local Color (film)|Local Color]]'' (2006) — Curtis Sunday
*''[[The Last Winter]]'' (2006) — Ed Pollack
*''[[Desperation#TV movie|Desperation]]'' (2006) — Deputy Collie Entragian
*''How to Go Out on a Date in Queens'' (2006) — Vito
*''[[5ive Girls]]'' (2006) — Father Drake
*''[[In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale]]'' (2007) — Norick
*''[[Hellboy II: The Golden Army]]'' (2008) — Hellboy
*''[[Mutant Chronicles (film)|Mutant Chronicles]]'' (2008) — Brother Samuel
*''[[Outlander (film)|Outlander]]'' (2008) — Gunnar
*''[[Sons of Anarchy]]'' (2008-present, TV series)
*''I Sell the Dead'' (2008) — Priest
*''Acts of Violence'' (2008) — Priest Bill
*''Killer by Nature'' (2008) — Dr. Julian
*''Uncross the Stars'' (2008) — Bobby
*''Untitled Gehenna Project'' (2009) — Wesley
*''[[The Dark Country]]'' (2009) — TBA
*''[[Bunraku (film)|Bunraku]]'' (2009) — Nicola
*''[[The Job (2009 film)|The Job]]'' (2009) — Jim

===Voiceography===
*''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' (1992-1993, TV series, voice) — Clayface
*''[[Animaniacs]]'' (1993) — Satan, Sgt. Sweete
*''[[Phantom 2040]]'' (1994, TV series, voice) — Graft
*''[[Mortal Kombat: The Animated Series]]'' (1995, TV series, voice) [[Stryker (Mortal Kombat)|Kurtis Stryker]]
*''[[Fantastic Four (1994 TV series)|Fantastic Four: The Animated Series]]'' (1995, TV series, voice) — [[Wizard (Marvel Comics)|Wizard]], [[Hulk (comics)|Hulk]]
*''[[Aladdin (TV series)|Aladdin (1994 TV Series)]]'' — [[Arbutus (Aladdin)|Arbutus]]
*''[[Iron Man (TV series)|Iron Man: The Animated Series]]'' (1995, TV series, voice) — [[Hulk (comics)|Dr. Bruce Banner/The Hulk]]
*''[[Chronomaster]]'' (1995, video game, voice) — Rene Korda
*''[[Hey Arnold]]'' (1996), TV series, voice) — Mickey Kaline
*''[[Fallout (computer game)|Fallout]]'' (1997, video game, voice) — Butch Harris, narrator
*''[[The New Batman Adventures]]'' (1997-1998, TV series, voice) — Clayface
*''[[Fallout 2]]'' (1998, video game, voice) — Narrator
*''[[Superman: The Animated Series]]'' (1999, TV series, voice) — [[Jax-Ur]]
*''[[Titan A.E.]] [[animated]] [[science fiction]] [[adventure film]] - [[voice acting]] of Professor Sam Tucker
*''[[Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel]]'' (2001, video game, voice) — Narrator
*''[[Icewind Dale: Heart of Winter]]'' (2001, video game, voice) — Wylfdene
*''[[Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu]]'' (2003, video game, voice) — [[Clayface]]
*''[[Justice League Unlimited]]'' (2004-2006, TV series, voice) — [[Clayface]], [[Orion (comics)|Orion]]
*''[[Teen Titans (TV series)|Teen Titans]]'' (2004-2006, TV series, voice) — [[Deathstroke|Slade]]
*''[[The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay]]'' (2004, video game, voice) — Jagger Valance
*''[[Danny Phantom]]'' (2004-2007, TV series)- Mr. Lancer
*''[[Halo 2]]'' (2004, video game, voice) — Fleet Admiral Lord Terrence Hood
*''[[Gun (video game)|Gun]]'' (2005, video game, voice) — [[Hoodoo Brown|Mayor Hoodoo Brown]]
*''[[Tarzan II]]'' (2005, voice) — Kago
*''[[The Incredible Hulk: Ultimate Destruction]]'' (2005, video game, voice) — [[Abomination (comics)|Emil Blonsky/The Abomination]]
*''[[The Outfit (video game)|The Outfit]]'' (2005, video game, voice)
*''[[Justice League Heroes]]'' (2006, video game, voice) — [[Batman|Bruce Wayne/Batman]]
*''[[Hellboy: Sword of Storms]]'' (2006, TV, voice) — Hellboy
*''[[Hellboy: Blood and Iron]]'' (2007, TV, voice) — Hellboy
*''[[Halo 3]]'' (2007, video game, voice) — Fleet Admiral Lord Terrence Hood
*''[[Afro Samurai]]'' (2007) — Justice
*''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]'' (2007) — Fire Lord Sozin
*''[[Conan]]'' (2007, video game, voice) — Conan of Cimmeria
*''[[Hellboy: The Science of Evil]]'' (2008, video game, voice) — Hellboy
*''[[Fallout 3]]'' (2008, video game, voice) — Narrator
*''[[The Spiderwick Chronicles]] (2008, voice) Redcap
*''[[Turok (2008 video game)|Turok]]'' (2008, video game, voice) — Slade
*''[[Spirit of the Forest (film)|Spirit of the Forest]]'' (2008, voice) — Oak
*''The Legend of Secret Pass'' (2008, voice) — Parker
*''Conan: Red Nails'' (2008, animated movie, voice) — Conan of Cimmeria

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Ron Perlman}}
*{{imdb name|id=0000579|name=Ron Perlman}}
{{memoryalpha}}
*[http://television.aol.com/tv-celebrity-interviews/ron-perlman Ron Perlman interview]
*[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/ron_perlman/ Ron Perlman at Rotten Tomatoes]



{{Batman in popular media}}

{{Persondata
|NAME= Perlman, Ron
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Perlman, Ronald Francis
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Actor
|DATE OF BIRTH= 1950-4-13
|PLACE OF BIRTH= New York City, New York
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Perlman, Ron}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American voice actors]]
[[Category:Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (television) winners]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from New York City]]
[[Category:University of Minnesota alumni]]

[[ar:رون بيرلمان]]
[[de:Ron Perlman]]
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[[sv:Ron Perlman]]

Spanglish (film)

2008-10-25T18:19:16Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Infobox Film | name = Spanglish
| image = Spanglish poster.jpg
| caption = A comedy with a language all its own.
| director = [[James L. Brooks]]
| producer = Julie Ansell James L. Brooks [[Richard Sakai]]
| writer = [[James L. Brooks]]
| starring = [[Paz Vega]] [[Adam Sandler]] [[Téa Leoni]] [[Cloris Leachman]] [[Thomas Haden Church]] |
| music = [[Hans Zimmer]]
| cinematography = [[John Seale]]
| editing = [[Richard Marks]]
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released = [[December 17]], [[2004]]
| runtime = 131 min.
| language = [[English language|English]] [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| budget = [[United States dollar|$]]80,000,000
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| imdb_id = 0371246
}}
'''''Spanglish''''' is a [[2004 in film|2004]] [[United States|American]] [[film]] written and directed by [[James L. Brooks]], and starring [[Adam Sandler]], [[Téa Leoni]], [[Penelope Cruz]], and [[Cloris Leachman]]. [[Hans Zimmer]] was nominated for a [[Golden Globe Award]] for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]. It was released in other countries over the first several months of 2005. It was released in the United States on December 17, 2004 by [[Columbia Pictures]].

The taglines for this movie were: ''Every family has a hero.'' and ''A comedy with a language all its own.''

==Plot summary==

The movie opens showing a Princeton University admissions board reviewing freshman applications and reading the essays that accompany them. The question for the essay is, Who has been the most influential person in your life? Most are met with unremarkable answers and uninteresting explanations, but one essay stands out: that of Cristina Moreno (Shelbie Bruce), who cites her mother, Flor (Penelope Cruz), as the most influential person in her life. Cristina proceeds to explain, and the movie begins to unfold.

Flor Moreno, a single mother from Mexico, has illegally crossed the border into the United States with her young daughter Cristina, in search of a better life after being abandoned by her husband. Flor’s cousin, already in the States, helps her find an apartment and two low-paying jobs. Cristina attends school and over time becomes fluent in the English language. Flor, on the other hand, who is nervous about living in a foreign country in which most of its people speak an alien language, has chosen to seclude herself in the Hispanic community as she lacks the confidence to break the language barrier. As a result, she continues to conduct her entire American life in Spanish.

Eventually, however, it becomes clear that Flor cannot simply lock herself and Cristina in their own world forever, and so she begins to look for a single job that can provide them with more income. Again, with the help of her cousin as an interpreter, Flor finds a high-paying position as housekeeper in Los Angeles. She finds herself working in the home of the well-to-do Clasky family, which is composed of a successful chef named John (Adam Sandler), his rather stressed-out and unemployed, wife, Deborah (Tea Leoni), their two children Bernice (Sarah Steele) and Georgie (Ian Hyland), and Deborah's mother, retired singer Evelyn Wright (Cloris Leachman). John enjoys his job and wants to maintain its three-star status, rather than moving up to four-star status. While he has the talent for this, he laments that the fame would take away from family activities. Alternately, Deborah is highly ambitious, though uncertain of how to focus this energy after dutifully quitting her job for the family. This, consequently, is the source of friction with Bernice who shares her father's easygoing nature.

Immediately Flor is welcomed into the Clasky household. She thinks she is filling the motherly void that she feels Deborah is failing to provide to Bernice and Georgie. Her welcoming presence enlightens Evelyn, and her striking good looks and understanding demeanor make her very attractive to John. Deborah, however, sees Flor as a housekeeper there to do her job around the house. Flor feels she is disregarding her emotions. In addition, Cristina and Deborah begin to connect to everyone's chagrin; Cristina is infatuated with Deborah's attention to glamour, fashion, and money, while Deborah fawns over Cristina's wit, enthusiasm, and ambition. Deborah and Cristina begin to treat the other as idealized versions of mother and daughter, their bonding starts cracking the fragile family politics. Cristina appears taken with the family, but Flor struggles to deal with the extremely drippy personalities that all the members of the Clasky family except Evelyn have.

Though the Claskys and Flor cannot understand one another because of the language barrier, Flor tries to help out around the house as best she can, even helping Bernice and Georgie during Deborah’s frenetic, outbursts. Her job as a housekeeper begins to transform into a live-out domestic work position. These difficulties are exacerbated by the necessity of using Cristina for most of the work in translating between her mother and the rest of the household, and she becomes increasingly resentful of this position while subtly manipulating conversations to her advantage.

Flor learns that as rich as the Claskys are, they have issues that are equal to, if not worse than, her own. She learns that John is an emotional man (a far cry from the tough, macho Latino men she is accustomed to). To make matters worse, Deborah and John’s marriage is on the rocks. She manages to keep herself aloof from the family’s drama, however this changes when the family decides to rent a summer beach house, requiring Flor to move in with them.

To move in with the Claskys is a big decision for Flor. She wants to keep her independence from the family, however she is in desperate need of the money. Moreover, Flor is proud of her Mexican roots, and does not wish to forget her heritage or the values instilled in her and is determined to instill a Mexican identity in her daughter at any cost, regardless of the fact that Cristina has already spent most of her childhood in the USA. Wishing for her daughter to be as proud of her roots as she is, she has a hard time taking Cristina from the world she knows, and exposing her to the white, upper-class, American life. Flor and Cristina’s relationship is put to the test when Flor reluctantly agrees to accept the live-in domestic position, requiring her to take Cristina with her.

The Claskys immediately take to Cristina and treat her like their own. While the children treat her like a sibling and John with good-natured cheer, Deborah butters Cristina up and often heaps flattery on her at the expense of her own daughter, whom she has trouble getting through to. Cristina marvels at all that the Claskys have, while Flor watches, forcing herself to be happy for her daughter, but watchful of the intrusion into her personal sphere and worried about the outgoing, highly social, impressionable Cristina being taken by Deborah's flattery, glamorous appearance, charm, and wealth.

The real problems begin to surface when Deborah begins to poach on Flor's maternal rights. First, Deborah takes Cristina on a shopping trip without Flor’s permission, and hurts Bernice’s feeling while doing so. John proceeds to give Cristina a large sum of money for sea glass she found on the beach (though as John and Cristina explain, she honestly worked for it). Through Cristina’s interpreting, for the first time Flor expresses her discontent with the situation. John is contrite about his error and makes amends to Flor while Deborah is not and only comes up with lame excuses for her behavior, while criticizing Flor.

After recognizing the difficulty in expressing herself to the Claskys verbally, Flor finally decides to learn English to better express herself and to better understand her employers, for Deborah makes minimal effort to understand her. John tries, but does not speak Spanish very well, and Deborah is often jealous and resentful of John treating Flor like the person that she is. Flor and John manage to clear the air when she puts her English lessons to the test and confronts him about one of Deborah's indiscretions with Cristina. After establishing some ground rules and apologies, the two begin opening up to each other about their frustrations. Flor's hitherto hidden emotions take John by surprise, but the two establish themselves as equals and the two form an immediate respect for the other's parenting style. As the conversation draws to a close, John gratefully says that it was "nice to meet you," feeling that the conversation marked their first real connection.

In the interim, Deborah manipulates her social connections to get Cristina a scholarship to a very expensive private school, the same school Bernice attends. When Cristina learns this, she is delighted, but Flor is appalled, though Deborah managed to hide the fact that the US$20,000 scholarship was her doing.

When Deborah allows Cristina to sleep over with her friends rather than attending a family affair with her mother, as Cristina had originally promised, Flor decides she has had enough and leaves to get her daughter immediately.

Meanwhile, John goes home after work that night to have Deborah reveal that she has been having an affair and is sleeping with their real estate agent. An emotionally shattered John trudges out of the house where he meets Flor, who intended to go to the Clasky household to pick up Cristina and quit her job. The two end up getting into a car and head to John’s restaurant, and it proves an ultimate test for both when they are tempted to engage in an affair. Flor refuses with great difficulty, but not before telling John she loves him. John also expresses his feelings for Flor. Meanwhile, Evelyn is at the house trying to support her daughter in her time of need, being brutally honest in the process. After John and Deborah have a weak "reconciliation," Flor arrives to take Cristina, and after a tearful farewell, Cristina asks her mother if she could stay with the Claskys longer. Flor tells Cristina no, and continues to say that she cannot go to the private school anymore. In turn; Cristina becomes extremely angry with her mother and yells at her on the way to the bus stop. After a moment of silence, Flor tearfully asks Cristina a question that will define the rest of her life: "Is what you want for yourself to become something very different than me?" This line is a microcosm of Flor's attitudes throughout much of the film i.e. her realization that Cristina is developing an identity that is not entirely Mexican and her consequent resentment.

Cristina responds by silently boarding the bus with her mother. She initially sits away from Flor, then comes close to her mother again and ends up embracing her for the duration of their ride. As this scene plays, Cristina as an adult narrates, acknowledging that “all she is today” rests on the simple fact that she is her mother’s daughter.

==Cast==
*[[Penelope Cruz]] .... Flor Moreno
*[[Adam Sandler]] .... John Clasky
*[[Téa Leoni]] .... Deborah Clasky
*[[Cloris Leachman]] .... Evelyn Wright
*[[Shelbie Bruce]] .... Cristina Moreno, age 12
*[[Sarah Steele]] .... Bernice "Bernie" Clasky
*[[Ian Hyland II]] .... George "Georgie" Clasky
*[[Victoria Luna]] .... Cristina Moreno, age 6
*[[Cecilia Suárez]] .... Monica
*[[Aimee Garcia]] .... Narrator (Adult Cristina Moreno)

==Critical Reception==
Critical opinion remains somewhat mixed (52% at [[RottenTomatoes.com]]). Its proponents champion the film as a moving portrayal of the difficulty of communication across cultural boundaries. However, its detractors describe it as "uneven," "awkward," and "mean-spirited."

== Awards ==
=== [[Premio Juventud]] ===
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! '''Year''' || '''Category''' || '''Person''' || '''Result'''
|-
|2005||colspan=2|[[Película más padre]]||'''Winner'''
|}

=== [[Golden Globe Award]] ===
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! '''Year''' || '''Category''' || '''Person''' || '''Result'''
|-
|2005||[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]||[[Hans Zimmer]]||Nominated
|}

==Box office==
This film grossed $55,041,367 worldwide, significantly less than the $80 million production budget.

==External links==
*[http://www.sonypictures.com/movies/spanglish/ Official ''Spanglish'' Website]
*[http://www.infocusmag.com/05February/brooksuncut.htm In Focus interview with James L. Brooks]
*{{imdb title|id=0371246|title=Spanglish}}
*{{mojo title|id=spanglish|title=Spanglish}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|id=spanglish|title=Spanglish}}
*[http://members.cox.net/jjschnebel/SpangSand.html How To Make The World's Greatest Sandwich - Spanglish BLT]

{{James Brooks Films}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:Comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Spanish-language films]]

[[de:Spanglish (Film)]]
[[es:Spanglish (película)]]
[[fr:Spanglish (film)]]
[[it:Spanglish - Quando in famiglia sono in troppi a parlare]]
[[ja:スパングリッシュ太陽の国から来たママのこと]]
[[pt:Spanglish (filme)]]
[[ru:Испанский английский (фильм)]]
[[sv:Spanglish]]

He-Man

2008-09-11T06:32:40Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Infobox He-Man/She-Ra Character|
Image=[[Image:He-Man.JPG|200px|centre|He-Man]]He-Man, as he appears on the UK DVD release of ''[[He-Man and She-Ra: A Christmas Special]]''.|
Title=He-Man|
Alliance=#87CEFA|
Name=He-Man|
Secret=[[Prince Adam]]|
Status=Alive|
Affiliation=[[Castle Grayskull]], [[Sorceress of Castle Grayskull|Sorceress]], [[Teela]], [[Man-At-Arms]], [[Cringer]], various others|
Family=[[King Miro]] (''grandfather'') [[King Randor]] (''father'') [[Queen Marlena]] (''mother'') [[She-Ra]] (''twin sister'')|
Powers=[[Superhuman strength]] Highly resistant to damage Superhuman speed and agility Super breath Telepathic contact with the [[Sorceress of Grayskull]] Exceptional tactician All his powers are derived from the mystical power of Grayskull|
Weapons=Usually only [[the Power Sword]] (although before it became He-Man's, he carried an axe and a shield instead) Other weapons tend to be mission- or incarnation-specific (Thunder Punch, Battle Armor, Laser Power etc.)|
Actor=[[John Erwin]] in ''[[He-Man and the Masters of the Universe]]'' [[Gary Chalk (actor)|Gary Chalk]] in ''[[The New Adventures of He-Man]]'' [[Cam Clarke]] in ''[[He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002)]]''|}}
[[Image:He-man.jpg|right|thumb|He-Man as seen in a [[DC Comics|DC]] comic from December, [[1982]], one of his earliest appearances and preceding the debut of his animated series.]]

He-Man is actually a tremendous jackass and not really that powerful. He hangs out with a bunch of jerks like Peela and Dorko, He has a cat who is also dumb and

Langstaff Secondary School

2008-09-11T06:23:15Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Cleanup-school|date=March 2008}}
{{Infobox Education in Canada
|name= Langstaff Secondary School
|image= Langstaff logo.png
|motto=
|streetaddress= 106 Garden Avenue
|city= [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]]
|province= [[Ontario]]
|postalcode= L4C 6M1
|areacode= 905
|phone= 889-6266
|fax= 889-6676
|email= langstaff.ss@yrdsb.edu.on.ca
|url= [http://www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/ www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca]
|schoolnumber= 921661
|schoolboard= [[York Region District School Board]]
|affiliation= Secular
|principal= R. Swarup
|schooltype= [[High_school#Canada|High school]]
|grades= 9-12
|language= [[Canadian English|English]], [[French Immersion]]
|mascot= Bear
|teamname=
|colours= Blue and Yellow
|founded=
|enrollment= over 1600
|enrollment_as_of=2008
|lastupdate= [[June 21]], [[2006]]
|bgcolor_section= #F2CE38
|bgcolor_label= #E9D5A4
|bgcolor_value= #D6DFF9
|bgcolor_image= C9A249
|bgcolor_address= #D6DFF9
}}
'''Langstaff Secondary School''' (LSS) is a public [[high school]] in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] which teaches grades 9 through 12. LSS is located at 106 Garden Avenue across the street from Morgan Boyle Park and near [[Charles Howitt Public School]].

In 2003, the school underwent a major renovation/addition. This doubled the size of the school, adding many new facilities for the growing student population. The school currently has 3 floors.

==Facilities/layout==
The school has two gymnasiums, one located on the first floor, and the other located on the second floor. The larger gymnasium doubles as an auditorium. The school's original library was converted into a multi-purpose room used for special-education services, and various classes. There are two portables at the back of the school used for the growing number of classes. The school is split up into multiple halls, based on the subject. The science, technology, history and art halls are all located on the second floor, while music is located on the third. The English, geography, and math halls are located on the first floor. The cafeteria is also located there. The school is wheelchair accessible, with ramps and a working elevator. There is also a pool located under the cafetaria.

In May through July 2006 the school underwent a major roofing cleaning and change. This allowed the school to update almost all its air conditioning, plumbing, and other major building systems.

During July 2007, the school added tinted windows and in some hallways, latched windows. Also, the soccer field/track has been completely redone and is now fit for use.

==Clubs and Organizations==
Students at Langstaff are very active in their school and the community, which is quite evident in the number of clubs and organizations that exist within the school.

Some of these include:

Anime Ambassadors 
Announcement Team 
Art Club 
Astronomy 
Band 
Big Bear, Little Bear 
Book Club/White pines 
Breakdance 
BRIDGE (ESL social club) 
Cancer Society 
Chess 
Debate Union 
DECA 
Drama 
Fashion Show 
Free The Children 
G.I.L.L. 
G.S.A. (Gay-Straight Alliance) 
Habitat for Humanity 
History 
Improv Team 
Jazz Band 
LAFF (Film making) 
LEAF (Langstaff Environmental Activist Front) 
Mock Trial Team 
Multicultural 
Movie Club 
Niko (Christian Club) 
Philosophy Club 
Prefects 
Prom Committee 
R.A.C.E.(Racial Acceptance Cultural Equality) 
Reach for the Top 
Red Cross 
Science Olympics Team 
Sick Kids Hospital Foundation 
SOS Darfur 
Stephen Lewis Foundation (which includes Art for Aids) 
Student Council 
S.A.A. (Student Athletic Association) 
Tech Crew 
Tennis Club 

----

'''''Video Games Club '''''

----

Weight Training 
Yearbook 

==Student Council==
The Langstaff S.S. Student Council is a group of elected and one non-elected member, the tech representative. Positions on the council include: president, treasurer, secretary, ambassador, athletic directors, spirit directors, social directors, communications directors, environmental minister, tech representative, and grade representatives. The Student Council is responsible for almost all events including Prom, dances, semi-formal, assemblies, caf games, registration, the Santa Claus parade float, Battle of the Bands, spirit days, intramurals, and Earthfest.

==Departments==

The departments at Langstaff Secondary School include:

Alternative Education,
Business,
Computer Science and Engineering,
Co-operative Education,
Dramatic Arts,
English,
Family Studies,
French,
Geography,
History,
Library,
Mathematics,
Moderns,
Music,
Physical Education,
Science,
Tech Studies,
Visual Arts.

==Athletics==
Langstaff has many sport teams and clubs, including some that are not generally played in many schools. Some athletes from Langstaff such as [[Gillian Ferrari]] and [[Jon D'Aversa]] have gone on to national and international sport teams and clubs.

The athletic teams and clubs at Langstaff include:

Alpine Skiing,
Archery,
Badminton,
Baseball,
Basketball,
Cheerleading,
Cross Country Running,
Field Hockey,
Football,
Golf,
Gymnastics,
Ice Hockey,
Lacrosse,
Nordic Skiing,
Rugby,
Snowboarding,
Soccer,
Softball,
Swimming,
Table Tennis,
Tennis,
Track & Field,
Ultimate Frisbee,
Volleyball.

In 2006, the varsity boys baseball team captured the York Regional Championships. Langstaff has had a strong showing in tennis, the girls doubles team finishing top 8th in Ontario.

In the winter of 2007, Langstaff put together a varsity mens hockey team. This is a very exciting time for the sports department at LSS as the team has been long awaited amongst the student body.

==Special programs==
LSS offers an integrative and diverse French Immersion program, allowing students to explore many areas of the French language, French Literature and Cinema, as well as pursuing other academic courses in Geography, Information Technology, and most recently, Spanish.

In addition, Langstaff's Music Department offers students the opportunity to pursue a wide variety of courses, including Beginner and Intermediate Instrumental, Vocal and Guitar. Over the years, the music department has delivered wonderful concerts and performances, featuring a variety of soloists, bands and ensembles. Moreover, Langstaff's musicians have participated in various charitable causes and performed at York Central Hospital, as well as other charity functions.

==External links==
*[http://www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/ Official web site of Langstaff Secondary School]
*[http://www.yrdsb.edu.on.ca York Region District School Board homepage]

{{Yorkregionsecondaryschools}}
{{coord|43|50|14|N|79|26|21|W|display=title}}

[[Category:High schools in York Region]]
[[Category:Education in Richmond Hill, Ontario]]

Langstaff Secondary School

2008-09-08T06:14:44Z

72.138.241.60: don't put your own fucking name in notable alumni you noobs. unless you're jalal.

{{Cleanup-school|date=March 2008}}
{{Infobox Education in Canada
|name= Langstaff Secondary School
|image= Langstaff logo.png
|motto=
|streetaddress= 106 Garden Avenue
|city= [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]]
|province= [[Ontario]]
|postalcode= L4C 6M1
|areacode= 905
|phone= 889-6266
|fax= 889-6676
|email= langstaff.ss@yrdsb.edu.on.ca
|url= [http://www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/ www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca]
|schoolnumber= 921661
|schoolboard= [[York Region District School Board]]
|affiliation= Secular
|principal= R. Swarup
|schooltype= [[High_school#Canada|High school]]
|grades= 9-12
|language= [[Canadian English|English]], [[French Immersion]]
|mascot= Bear
|teamname=
|colours= Blue and Yellow
|founded=
|enrollment= over 1600
|enrollment_as_of=2008
|lastupdate= [[June 21]], [[2006]]
|bgcolor_section= #F2CE38
|bgcolor_label= #E9D5A4
|bgcolor_value= #D6DFF9
|bgcolor_image= C9A249
|bgcolor_address= #D6DFF9
}}
'''Langstaff Secondary School''' (LSS) is a public [[high school]] in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] which teaches grades 9 through 12. LSS is located at 106 Garden Avenue across the street from Morgan Boyle Park and near [[Charles Howitt Public School]].

In 2003, the school underwent a major renovation/addition. This doubled the size of the school, adding many new facilities for the growing student population. The school currently has 3 floors.

==Facilities/layout==
The school has two gymnasiums, one located on the first floor, and the other located on the second floor. The larger gymnasium doubles as an auditorium. The school's original library was converted into a multi-purpose room used for special-education services, and various classes. There are two portables at the back of the school used for the growing number of classes. The school is split up into multiple halls, based on the subject. The science, technology, history and art halls are all located on the second floor, while music is located on the third. The English, geography, and math halls are located on the first floor. The cafeteria is also located there. The school is wheelchair accessible, with ramps and a working elevator. There is also a pool located under the cafetaria.

In May through July 2006 the school underwent a major roofing cleaning and change. This allowed the school to update almost all its air conditioning, plumbing, and other major building systems.

During July 2007, the school added tinted windows and in some hallways, latched windows. Also, the soccer field/track has been completely redone and is now fit for use.

==Clubs and Organizations==
Students at Langstaff are very active in their school and the community, which is quite evident in the number of clubs and organizations that exist within the school.

Some of these include:

Anime Ambassadors 
Announcement Team 
Art Club 
Astronomy 
Band 
Big Bear, Little Bear 
Book Club/White pines 
Breakdance 
BRIDGE (ESL social club) 
Cancer Society 
Chess 
Debate Union 
DECA 
Drama 
Fashion Show 
Free The Children 
G.I.L.L. 
G.S.A. (Gay-Straight Alliance) 
Habitat for Humanity 
History 
Improv Team 
Jazz Band 
LAFF (Film making) 
LEAF (Langstaff Environmental Activist Front) 
Mock Trial Team 
Multicultural 
Movie Club 
Niko (Christian Club) 
Philosophy Club 
Prefects 
Prom Committee 
R.A.C.E.(Racial Acceptance Cultural Equality) 
Reach for the Top 
Red Cross 
Science Olympics Team 
Sick Kids Hospital Foundation 
SOS Darfur 
Stephen Lewis Foundation (which includes Art for Aids) 
Student Council 
S.A.A. (Student Athletic Association) 
Tech Crew 
Tennis Club 
'''''Video Games Club '''''
Weight Training 
Yearbook 

==Student Council==
The Langstaff S.S. Student Council is a group of elected and one non-elected member, the tech representative. Positions on the council include: president, treasurer, secretary, ambassador, athletic directors, spirit directors, social directors, communications directors, environmental minister, tech representative, and grade representatives. The Student Council is responsible for almost all events including Prom, dances, semi-formal, assemblies, caf games, registration, the Santa Claus parade float, Battle of the Bands, spirit days, intramurals, and Earthfest.

==Departments==

The departments at Langstaff Secondary School include:

Alternative Education,
Business,
Computer Science and Engineering,
Co-operative Education,
Dramatic Arts,
English,
Family Studies,
French,
Geography,
History,
Library,
Mathematics,
Moderns,
Music,
Physical Education,
Science,
Tech Studies,
Visual Arts.

==Athletics==
Langstaff has many sport teams and clubs, including some that are not generally played in many schools. Some athletes from Langstaff such as [[Gillian Ferrari]] and [[ Jon D'Aversa]] have gone on to national and international sport teams and clubs.

The teams and clubs at Langstaff include:

Alpine Skiing,
Archery,
Badminton,
Baseball,
Basketball,
Cross Country Running,
Field Hockey,
Football,
Golf,
Gymnastics,
Ice Hockey ,
Lacrosse,
Nordic Skiing,
Rugby,
Snowboarding,
Soccer,
Softball,
Swimming,
Table Tennis,
Tennis,
Track & Field,
Ultimate Frisbee,
Volleyball,
Cheerleading

In 2006, the varsity boys baseball team captured the York Regional Championships. Langstaff has had a strong showing in tennis, the girls doubles team finishing top 8th in Ontario.

In the winter of 2007, Langstaff put together a varsity men's hockey team. This is a very exciting time for the sports department at LSS as the team has been long awaited amongst the student body.

==Special programs==
LSS offers an integrative and diverse French Immersion program, allowing students to explore many areas of the French language, French Literature and Cinema, as well as pursuing other academic courses in Geography, Information Technology, and most recently, Spanish.

In addition, Langstaff's Music Department offers students the opportunity to pursue a wide variety of courses, including Beginner and Intermediate Instrumental, Vocal and Guitar. Over the years, the music department has delivered wonderful concerts and performances, featuring a variety of soloists, bands and ensembles. Moreover, Langstaff's musicians have participated in various charitable causes and performed at York Central Hospital, as well as other charity functions.

==External links==
*[http://www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/ Official web site of Langstaff Secondary School]
*[http://www.yrdsb.edu.on.ca York Region District School Board homepage]

{{Yorkregionsecondaryschools}}
{{coord|43|50|14|N|79|26|21|W|display=title}}

[[Category:High schools in York Region]]
[[Category:Education in Richmond Hill, Ontario]]

Be With

2008-09-06T04:54:41Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Infobox Album | 
Name = Be With |
Type = [[Compilation album]] |
Artist = [[Koushik]] |
Cover = BeWith.jpg |
Released = [[July 26]], [[2005]] |
Recorded = 2000 to 2004 |
Genre = [[Jazz]] [[Hip hop]] [[ambient music|Ambient]] [[Psychedelic pop]] |
Length = |
Label = [[Stones Throw]] |
Producer = [[Koushik]] |
Reviews = *[[Allmusic]] {{rating-5|3.5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:qlaxqj3eojsa link] |
Last album = ''[[The Hip Hop Remixes]]'' (2004) |
This album = '''''Be With''''' (2005) |
Next album = |
}}

'''''Be With''''' is a [[compilation album]] by [[Koushik]], a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[hip hop music|hip hop]] musician. Serving as Koushik's first major release, the album compiles tracks from three of Koushik's old [[EP]]s: ''[[Battle Times]]'', ''Be With'' and ''[[One In A Day]]''. The ''Be With'' EP was released as a 12" vinyl. The album is intended to be reminiscent of 1960s psych-pop. Koushik also provides singing vocals to the tracks.

==Track listing==
# "Be With" ([[Koushik|K. Ghosh]]) – 4:12
#* Produced by [[Koushik]]
# "Homage" (K. Ghosh) – 0:59
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Pretty Soon" (K. Ghosh) – 1:58
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Take It Back (Interlude)" (K. Ghosh) – 0:30
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Winter Sun" (K. Ghosh) – 0:22
#* Produced by Koushik
# "One In A Day" (K. Ghosh) – 3:33
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Back To The End" (K. Ghosh) – 1:28
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Too Many Ways" (K. Ghosh) – 2:12
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Ride Out" (K. Ghosh) – 0:50
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Ride It Out" (K. Ghosh) – 1:47
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Battle Rhymes For Battles Times" (K. Ghosh) – 2:42
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Younger Than Today, Pt. 1" (K. Ghosh) – 1:39
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Ew" (K. Ghosh) – 2:28
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Only Dreaming" (K. Ghosh) – 1:22
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Untitled Track" (K. Ghosh) – 1:43
#* Produced by Koushik

==Album notes==
* Tracks 1 to 4 appear on the ''Be With'' EP.
* Tracks 5 to 10 appear on the ''[[One In A Day]]'' EP.
* Tracks 11 to 14 appear on the ''[[Battle Times]]'' EP.

==Credits==
* Executive producer: [[Peanut Butter Wolf]]
* Mastering: Dave Cooley

== External links ==
* [http://www.stonesthrow.com/koushik Koushik on Stones Throw]
* [http://www.stonesthrow.com/ Stones Throw Records official site]
 
{{Stones Throw Records}}

[[Category:2005 albums]]
[[Category:Koushik albums]]
[[Category:Stones Throw Records albums]]

Be With

2008-09-06T04:53:58Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Infobox Album | 
Name = Be With |
Type = [[Compilation album]] |
Artist = [[Koushik]] |
Cover = BeWith.jpg |
Released = [[July 26]], [[2005]] |
Recorded = 2000 to 2004 |
Genre = [[Jazz]] [[Hip Hop]] [[ambient music|Ambient]] [[Psychedelic pop]] |
Length = |
Label = [[Stones Throw]] |
Producer = [[Koushik]] |
Reviews = *[[Allmusic]] {{rating-5|3.5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:qlaxqj3eojsa link] |
Last album = ''[[The Hip Hop Remixes]]'' (2004) |
This album = '''''Be With''''' (2005) |
Next album = |
}}

'''''Be With''''' is a [[compilation album]] by [[Koushik]], a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[hip hop music|hip hop]] musician. Serving as Koushik's first major release, the album compiles tracks from three of Koushik's old [[EP]]s: ''[[Battle Times]]'', ''Be With'' and ''[[One In A Day]]''. The ''Be With'' EP was released as a 12" vinyl. The album is intended to be reminiscent of 1960s psych-pop. Koushik also provides singing vocals to the tracks.

==Track listing==
# "Be With" ([[Koushik|K. Ghosh]]) – 4:12
#* Produced by [[Koushik]]
# "Homage" (K. Ghosh) – 0:59
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Pretty Soon" (K. Ghosh) – 1:58
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Take It Back (Interlude)" (K. Ghosh) – 0:30
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Winter Sun" (K. Ghosh) – 0:22
#* Produced by Koushik
# "One In A Day" (K. Ghosh) – 3:33
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Back To The End" (K. Ghosh) – 1:28
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Too Many Ways" (K. Ghosh) – 2:12
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Ride Out" (K. Ghosh) – 0:50
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Ride It Out" (K. Ghosh) – 1:47
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Battle Rhymes For Battles Times" (K. Ghosh) – 2:42
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Younger Than Today, Pt. 1" (K. Ghosh) – 1:39
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Ew" (K. Ghosh) – 2:28
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Only Dreaming" (K. Ghosh) – 1:22
#* Produced by Koushik
# "Untitled Track" (K. Ghosh) – 1:43
#* Produced by Koushik

==Album notes==
* Tracks 1 to 4 appear on the ''Be With'' EP.
* Tracks 5 to 10 appear on the ''[[One In A Day]]'' EP.
* Tracks 11 to 14 appear on the ''[[Battle Times]]'' EP.

==Credits==
* Executive producer: [[Peanut Butter Wolf]]
* Mastering: Dave Cooley

== External links ==
* [http://www.stonesthrow.com/koushik Koushik on Stones Throw]
* [http://www.stonesthrow.com/ Stones Throw Records official site]
 
{{Stones Throw Records}}

[[Category:2005 albums]]
[[Category:Koushik albums]]
[[Category:Stones Throw Records albums]]

House music

2008-08-31T21:10:55Z

72.138.241.60: Undid revision 234624393 by 75.120.52.249 (talk)

{{Nofootnotes|article|date=February 2008}}

{{Infobox Music genre
|name=House
|bgcolor=red
|color=black
|stylistic_origins=[[Electro (music)|Electro]], [[Funk]], [[Disco]], [[Synthpop]], [[Soul music|Soul]]|instruments=[[Synthesizer]] - [[Drum machine]] - [[Music sequencer|Sequencer]] - [[Keyboard instrument|Keyboard]] - [[Sampler (musical instrument)|Sampler]]
|cultural_origins=Late 1970s, [[Chicago|CHI]], [[US]]
|popularity=Large, especially late 1980s and early 1990s [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]]. Still popular among American, Western European, Australian and South African club goers.
|derivatives=[[Rave music|Rave]] - [[Nu jazz]] - [[Madchester]]|subgenrelist=List of electronic music genres
|subgenres=[[Acid house]] - [[Click house]] - [[Deep house]] - [[Funky house]] - [[Microhouse]] - [[Progressive electronic music#Progressive house|Progressive house]] - [[Electro house]] - [[Dream house]] - [[Hard house]] - [[Minimal house]] - [[Pumpin' house]] - [[Tribal house]] - [[Disco house]] - [[Vocal house|Vocal]]
|fusiongenres=[[Ambient house]] - [[Ghetto house]] - [[Hip house]] - [[Latin house]] - [[Tech house]]
|regional_scenes=[[Chicago house]] - [[French house]] - [[Italo house]] - [[New York house]] - [[UK Hard house]]
|other_topics=[[List of house music artists|Notable artists and DJs]] - [[Styles of house music]]
}}

'''House music''' is a style of [[electronic dance music]] that was developed in [[African-American]], [[Latino]] and [[Gay|gay]] communities of Chicago<ref name="Out_In_Culture">{{citation|title=Out in Culture|last=Creekmur|first=Corey|last2=Doty|first2=Alexander|pages=440-442|isbn=9780822315414|year=1995|publisher=Duke University Press}}</ref> (see [[Chicago house]]), influenced by early to mid-1970s dance music as spun by DJs in [[Chicago]] and spread to Detroit, New York, and eventually Europe. House music is strongly influenced by elements of the early to mid 1970s soul- and funk-infused dance music style of [[disco]]. House music takes disco's use of a prominent bass drum on every beat and developed a new [[style]] by mixing in a heavy electronic [[synthesizer]] bassline, [[electronic drums]], electronic effects, funk and pop [[sampling (music)|samples]], and [[reverb]]- or delay-enhanced vocals.

==Musical elements==
The common element of house music is a prominent [[bass drum|kick drum]] on every beat (also known as a [[four-to-the-floor]] beat), usually generated by a [[drum machine]] or [[Sampler (musical instrument)|sampler]]. The [[kick drum]] sound is augmented by various kick fills and extended dropouts. The drum track is filled out with [[hihat]] cymbal patterns on the [[eighth-note]] offbeats, and a [[snare drum]] or clap sound on beats two and four of every bar. This pattern is derived from so-called "[[four-on-the-floor (music)|four-on-the-floor]]" dance drumbeats of the 1960s and especially the 1970s [[disco]] drummers. Producers commonly layer sampled drum sounds to achieve a more complex sound, filling out the audio spectrum and tailoring the mix for large club sound systems.
House music is [[uptempo]] music for dancing and has a tempo range of between 118 and 135 [[beats per minute|bpm]]. Producers use many different sound sources for bass sounds in house music, from continuous, repeating electronically-generated lines sequenced on a synthesizer such as a [[Roland TB-303]] to studio recordings or samples of live electric bassists, or simply filtered-down samples from whole stereo recordings (from classic funk tracks or any other song). Electronically-generated sounds and [[sampling (music)|samples]] of recordings from genres such as [[jazz]], [[blues]] and [[synth pop]] are often added to the foundation of the drum beat and synth bass line. House songs may also include [[disco]] or [[Soul music|soul]]-style and [[gospel music|gospel]] vocals and additional percussion. [[Techno music|Techno]] and [[trance music|trance]], which developed alongside house music, share this basic beat infrastructure, but they usually eschew house's live-music-influenced feel and [[African American music|Black]] or [[Latin American music|Latin music]] influences in favor of more synthetic sound sources and approach.

==History==
===Precursors ===
[[Image:Paradise garage.jpg|thumb|right|The Paradise Garage nightclub in New York City]]
House music is the descendant of the 1970s dance style of [[disco]], which blended [[soul music|soul]], [[R&B]], [[funk]], [[Salsa music|salsa]], rock and pop with a progressive, pro-diversity message. In the late 1970s, disco songs began incorporating electronic sounds, such as [[Giorgio Moroder]]'s landmark production of [[Donna Summer]]'s hit single "[[I Feel Love]]" from [[1977 in music|1977]]. In the same year, [[Kraftwerk]]'s album ''[[Trans-Europe Express (album)|Trans-Europe Express]]'' began being played in [[New York]] discos; this album contains a number of the elements and samples that later appeared in [[techno]] and [[drum and bass]].

In the early 1980's, DJs in Chicago first started to experiment with house music by mixing double copies of disco music together at the same time. By using this double copy technique, DJs could repeat verses, skip bridges and extend choruses, making essentially a remix of the original disco track. This double-copy remixing eventually led to producers creating their own beats for djs to spin, as opposed to remixing old disco tracks.

In 1984, [[Lime (band)|Lime]] released an album with a style dubbed "[[HiNRG]]", which moulded the late 1970s sounds of [[Giorgio Moroder]] and [[Kraftwerk]] into a catchy club style with [[beatbox]] programming and [[Break (music)|breakdown section]]s. [[M and M]]'s club mixes and [[Jesse Saunders]] - "On and On" (1984/1985) had many elements of electronic dance music that developed into the house music sound, such as synths (including the [[Roland TB-303|303]]) and minimal vocals. "On and On" was the first recognised house release to be pressed and sold to the general public and often cited as the 'first house music record',<ref>[http://www.4clubbers.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=125 Marshell Jefferson - 4clubbers.net]</ref><ref>http://www.flyglobalmusic.com/fly/archives/uscanada_features/finding_jesse_-.html</ref> although other examples from the same time period, such as J.M. Silk's "Music is the Key" (1985) have also been cited.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Dance Music Report|date=[[1989-12-16]]|title=Back To Basics|last=Paoletta|first=Michael|page=12}}</ref> House music also incorporated other influences, such as [[New Wave (music)|New Wave]], [[Reggae]], European [[synthpop]], [[industrial music|industrial]] and [[punk rock|punk]] as well as the emerging [[hip hop music|hip hop]] style. House music [[DJ]]s experimented with new editing techniques and electronic instruments, such as [[remix]]ing, [[Sampling (music)|sampling]], [[synthesizer]]s, and [[Music sequencer|sequencers]].

====Etymology====
The origins of the term "house music" are disputed. The term may have its origin from a club called the ''[[Warehouse (nightclub)|The Warehouse]]'', which was one of the [[nightclub]]s that became popular among the teenagers living in the Chicago area in the late 1970s and early 1980s. ''The Warehouse'' was patronized primarily by gay, black and Latino men,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9097024/house | title=House | publisher=Encyclopaedia Brittanica | accessdate = May 1 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> who came to dance to [[DJ]] [[Frankie Knuckles]]' mix of classic disco, European synthpop, new wave, industrial, and punk recordings. Knuckles released his dance tracks and mixes on [[D.J. International Records]] as well as on the [[Trax Records]] label. These dance tracks became known as ''house'' music. The legendary club gained considerable fame in the mid 70s and grew tremendously towards the end the 70s. Knuckles production's increased at that time, and his mix of the [[Jamie Principle]] song "Your Love" is considered by many the track that was the launching pad for house.

[[Chip E.]]'s recording "It's House" may also have helped to define this new form of electronic music.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pump Up the Volume: A History of House Music|last=Bidder|first=Sean |isbn= 0752219863|isbn= 978-0752219868}}</ref> Chip E. claims the name came from methods of labelling records at the Imports Etc. record store, where he worked in the early 1980s; music that DJ Knuckles played at the Warehouse nightclub was labelled in the store "As Heard At The Warehouse", which was shortened to simply "House music".<ref>{{cite video|people=Chip E. (interviewee); Hindmarch, Carl (director)|title=Pump Up The Volume|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0847411/|publisher=[[Channel 4|Channel Four]]|year2=2001|quote=If you were a DJ in Chicago, if you wanted to have 'the' records, there was only one place to go and that was Imports. This is where Imports was. People come in, they're looking for 'Warehouse music', and we would put, you know, 'As heard at the Warehouse' or 'As played at the Warehouse', and then eventually we just shortened that down to - because people also just in the vernacular, they started saying 'yeah, what's up with that 'House music' - now at this time they were talkin' about the old, old classics, the Salsoul, the Philly classics and such - so we put on the labels for the bins, we'd say 'House music'. And people would start comin' in eventually and just start askin', 'yeah, where's the ''new'' House music?'}}</ref>

[[Larry Heard]], aka "Mr. Fingers", claims{{Fact|date=August 2007}} that the term "house" reflected the fact that many early DJs created music in their own homes, using synthesizers and drum machines, including the Roland [[Roland TR-808|TR-808]], [[Roland TR-909|TR-909]], and the [[Roland TB-303|TB 303]] Bassline synthesizer-sequencer. These synthesizers were used to create a house music subgenre called [[acid house]].<ref>{{cite news | first=Andrew | last=Cowen | coauthors= | title= SOUNDS AMAZING!; MUSIC LIVE Andrew Cowen previews the giant show at the NEC which offers great new ideas for musicians of all styles and all levels. | date=1999-10-30 | publisher= | url =http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-60489757.html | work =The Birmingham Post (UK) | pages = | accessdate = 2007-08-11 | language = }}</ref>

[[Juan Atkins]], an originator of Detroit [[techno]] music, claims the term "house" reflected the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular DJs; those tracks were their "house" records (much like a restaurant might have a "house" salad dressing).<ref name=atkins>{{citation|url=http://www.mobeus.org/archives/juanatkins/|title=Future Shock (Juan Atkins Interview)|publication=Music Technology Magazine|last=Trask|first=Simon|date=December 1988|accessdate=2008-04-05}}</ref>

===Chicago years: early 1980s - late 1980s ===
{{main|Chicago house}}
{{quotation|''Not everyone understands House music; it's a spiritual thing; a body thing; a soul thing.''|From a track produced by [[Eddie Amador]] [[media:Eddie Amador-House Music.ogg|listen to 22 s sample (488Kb)]]}}
House music was developed in the houses, garages and clubs of [[Chicago]] and [[Detroit]], and it was produced for local club-goers in the "underground" club scenes, rather than for widespread commercial release. As a result, the recordings were much more conceptual, longer than the music usually played on commercial radio. House, [[techno music|techno]], [[electro (music)|electro]] and [[hip hop music|hip-hop]] musicians used [[analog synthesizer]]s and sequencers to create and arrange the electronic elements and [[samples]] on their [[Song|tracks]].

House music "humanized" the new electronic instruments by combining live traditional instruments and percussion and soulful vocals with preprogrammed electronic synthesizers and "beat-boxes".

Main stream record stores often did not carry these 12 inch vinyl singles, as they were not available through the major record distributors. In Chicago, records stores such as Importes Etc., State Street Records, JR’s Music shop and Gramaphone Records were the primary suppliers of this music. The record-store Importes Etc, is believed to be where the term “house” was introduced as a shortening of "Warehouse".

The music was still essentially disco until the early 1980s when the first stand-alone [[drum machine]]s were invented. House tracks could now be given an edge with the use of a mixer and drum machine. This was an added boost to the prestige of the individual DJs. Underground club DJs like [[Ron Hardy]] and radio jocks [[The Hot Mix 5]] played Italo Disco tracks like "[[Dirty Talk]]" and the "MBO Theme" by [[Klein M.B.O.]], Early B-Boy Hip Hop tracks such as [[Man Parrish]]'s "[[Hip Hop Be Bop]]" and [[Afrika Bambaataa | Afrika Bambaataa and the Soul Sonic Force]]'s [[Planet Rock]] and [[Looking for the Perfect Beat]] as well as electronic music by [[Kraftwerk]]; these genres were influential to the Chicago genre of House.

[[Jesse Saunders]] “[[Jes Say Records]]” who had club hits with more “B-boy Hip Hop” oriented tracks like “Come to Me” by Gwendolyn and “Dum Dum” as well as the Italo Disco influenced “Under Cover” by Dr. Derelict released the first Chicago home made house hit, “On and On” (1984) which had hypnotic lyrics, driving bassline, and [[percussion instrument|percussion]]. This was the first house record pressed and sold to the general public and presaged many later genres of [[electronic dance music]] such as [[acid trance]].

In 1985, [[Larry Heard|Mr Fingers]]'s landmark "[[Can You Feel It?]]"/"Washing Machine"/"Mystery of Love" showed a [[jazz]]-influenced, lush, sound that was created using a [[Roland TR-707]] and [[Juno 6]] synthesizer. This song helped to start the trend for the [[Deep house]] genre, which had a slower beat of 110-125 bpm. In the same year, [[Chip E.]]'s "It's House" is a good example of the [[Chicago]] House Music style. In 1986, [[Phuture]]'s "Acid Trax" (1986)
showed the development of a house music subgenre called [[acid house]] which arose from experiments with a [[Roland TB-303|303]] machine by [[Chicago]] musicians such as [[DJ Pierre]].

Early house recordings were [[Jamie Principle]] and Frankie Knuckles' [[Your Love (Frankie Knuckles song)|"Your Love"]]; "On and On" by Jesse Saunders (1985) and Chip E.'s "The Jack Trax" featuring the songs “It’s House” and “Time to Jack”, which used complex rhythms, simple bassline, [[sampling]] technology, and minimalist vocals. By 1985, house music dominated the clubs of Chicago, largely in part due to the radio play the music received on 102.7 FM WBMX which was the brainchild of Program director Lee Michaels through WBMX's resident DJ team, the Hot Mix 5.

[[Image:TB-303.jpg|thumb|right|The Roland [[Roland TB-303|TB-303]] bass synthesizer]] The music and movement was also aided by the electronic music revolution - the arrival of cheap and compact music sequencers, drum machines (the Roland [[Roland TR-909|TR-909]], [[Roland TR-808|TR-808]] and [[Roland TR-707|TR-707]], and Latin percussion machine the [[Roland TR-727|TR-727]]) and bass modules (such as the Roland [[Roland TB-303|TB-303]]) gave House music creators even wider possibilities in creating their own sound. The [[acid house]] subgenre was developed from the experiments by [[DJ Pierre]], [[Larry Heard]] ([[Mr. Fingers]]), and [[Marshall Jefferson]] with the new drum and rhythm machines.

Many of the songs that defined the Chicago house music sound were released by DJ International Records and Trax Records. In 1985, Trax released "Jack the Bass" and "Funkin' with the Drums Again" by Farley Jackmaster Funk. In 1986, Trax released "No Way Back" by [[Adonis]], Larry Heard's (as Fingers Inc.) "Can You Feel It?" and "Washing Machine", and an early house anthem in 1986, "Move Your Body" by [[Marshall Jefferson]], which helped to boost the popularity of the style outside of Chicago.

In 1987, [[Steve 'Silk' Hurley]]'s "Jack Your Body" was the first House track to reach No.1 in the UK Top 40 pop chart. 1987 also saw [[MARRS|M/A/R/R/S]]' "Pump Up The Volume" reach No.1 in the UK Top 40 pop chart. In 1989 Hurley transformed [[Roberta Flack]]'s soft ballad "Uh Oh Look Out" into a boisterous dance track. [[S'Express]]'s "Theme from S'Express" (1988)is an example of a [[disco]]-influenced, [[funk]]y [[acid house]] tune. It uses samples from [[Rose Royce]]'s song "Is it Love You're After" over a Roland 303 bassline. In 1989, [[Black Box]] - "Ride on time" (which sampled [[Loleatta Holloway]]'s 1980 disco hit, Love Sensation) hit number 1 in the UK top 40 and [[Technotronic]]'s song "[[Pump Up the Jam]]" (1989) was one of the early house records to break the top 10 on the US pop charts. A year later, [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]'s "[[Vogue (song)|Vogue]]" went to number one on charts worldwide, becoming the highest selling single on [[Warner-Elektra-Atlantic|WEA]] up to that time. In 1992, [[Leftfield]]'s song "[[Release the Pressure]]" helped to introduce a new subgenre of house called [[progressive house]].

House music also had an influence of relaying political messages to people who were considered to be outcast of society. It offered for those who didn't fit into mainstream American society, especially celebrated by many black gays. Frankie Knuckles made a good comparison of House saying it was like "church for people who have fallen from grace" and Marshall Jefferson compared it to "old-time religion in the way that people just get happy and screamin'" (30). Deep house was similar to many of the messages of freedom for the black community. Both House CDs by Joe Smooth, "Promised Land" and Db "I Have a Dream" give similar messages of Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech. House was also very sexual and had much mystic in it. It went so far as to have a "eroto-mystic delirium" (31). Jamie Principle's "Baby Wants to Ride" begins in a prayer but surprisingly is about a dominatrix who seduces a man to "ride" her through the rest of the song.
House dance itself is a lot older than house music, which arose in the late 1970s upon the end of the disco era during the times of such nightclubs as Chicago's Warehouse and New York's [[The Loft|Loft]] and [[Paradise Garage]]. House dance takes from many different dance elements such as the Lindy era, African, Latin, Brazilian, jazz, tap, and even modern.

House dance has been debatingly broken down in 3 styles: Footwork, Jacking, and Lofting. It includes a variety of techniques and sub-styles that include skating, stomping, and shuffling. It also incorporates movements from many other sources such as whacking, voguing, Capoeira, tap, and Latin dances such as salsa. A wide variety of the movements came from jazz and bebop styles and even from African and Latin descent.

One of the primary elements in house dancing is a technique that came from Chicago that involves moving the torso forward and backward in a rippling motion, as if a wave were passing through it. When this movement is repeated and sped up to match the beat of a song it is called jacking, or "the jack." All footwork in house dancing is said to initiate from the way the jack moves the center of gravity through space

House music especially Deep House was a jarring kind of genre in music which brought the immoral and different aspect of the sexual and minority in the forefront. House was definitely concerned with the sensuality of the body and setting oneself free-- without the worry of outside barriers.<ref>Reynolds, Simon. ''Generation Ecstasy'', Pages 029-031</ref>

===Detroit techno: mid 1980s - early 1990s ===

{{main|Detroit techno}}
''See also [[Techno#History|Techno]]''

Detroit techno was developed in the mid 1980s. Though Detroit techno is a distinct musical form, its pioneers were also instrumental in forwarding house music internationally. Detroit techno developed as the legendary disc jockey [[The Electrifying Mojo]] conducted his own radio program at this time, influencing the fusion of eclectic sounds into the signature Detroit techno sound. This sound, heavily influenced by European Electronica (Kraftwerk, [[Art of Noise]]), early [[B-boy]] [[hip-hop music|Hip-Hop]] ([[Man Parrish]], [[Soul Sonic Force]]) and [[Italo Disco]] ([[Doctor's Cat]], Ris, [[Klein M.B.O.]]), was further pioneered by [[Juan Atkins]], [[Derrick May (musician)|Derrick May]], and [[Kevin Saunderson]] the "godfathers" of [[Detroit Techno]].

Juan Atkins released "NO UFO's" on [[Metroplex Records]], which was very well received in Chicago and is considered a classic. He followed with the 1986 release of the track "Technicolor".

[[Derrick May (musician)|Derrick May]] aka "MAYDAY" released "Nude Photo" in 1986 on his label "[[Transmat Records]]", which helped kickstart the Detroit techno music scene and was put in heavy rotation on Chicago's Hot Mix 5 Radio dj mix show and in many Chicago clubs. A year later releasing what was to become one of techno's classic anthems, the seminal track "Strings of Life", "Transmat Records" went on to have many more successful releases such as 1988's "Wiggin". As well, Derrick May had successful releases on Kool Kat Records and many remixes for a host of underground and mainstream recording artist.

Kevin Saunderson's company [[KMS Records]] contributed many releases that were as much House Music as they were Techno, these tracks were well received in Chicago and played on Chicago radio and in clubs. [[Blake Baxter]]'s 1986 recording, "When we Used to Play / Work your Body", 1987's "Bounce Your Body to the Box" and "Force Field", "The Sound / How to Play our Music" and “the Groove that Won't Stop” and a remix of "Grooving Without a Doubt". In 1988, as house music became more popular among general audiences, Kevin Saunderson’s group Inner City with Paris Gray released the 1988 hits "Big Fun" and "[[Good Life (Inner City song)|Good Life]]", which eventually were picked up by Virgin Records. Each EP / 12 inch single sported remixes by Mike "Hitman" Wilson and Steve "Silk" Hurley of Chicago and Derrick "Mayday" May and Juan Atkins of Detroit. In 1989, KMS had another hit release of "Rock to the Beat" which was a theme in Chicago dance clubs.

===UK: late 1980s - early 1990s ===

In [[United Kingdom|Britain]] the growth of house can be divided around the "[[Second Summer of Love|Summer of Love]]" in 1988/9. House had a presence in Britain almost as early as it appeared in Chicago; however there was a strong divide between the House music as part of the gay scene and "straight" music.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} House grew in northern England, the Midlands and the South East. Founded in 1982 by [[Factory Records]] [[Fac 51 Hacienda|the Hacienda]] in [[Manchester]] became an extension of the "[[Northern Soul]]" genre and was one of the early, key English dance music clubs.

Until 1986 the club was financially troubled; the crowds only started to grow when the resident DJs (Pickering, Park and Da Silva) started to play house music. Many underground venues and DJ nights also took place across the UK, such as the private parties hosted by an early [[Miss Moneypenny's]] contingent in [[Birmingham]] and many [[London]] venues. House was boosted in the UK by the tour in the same year of Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) and Adonis as the DJ International Tour. One of the early anthemic tunes, "Promised Land" by Joe Smooth, was covered and charted within a week by the [[Style Council]]. The first English House tune came out in 1986 - "Carino" by [[T-Coy]]. Europeans embraced house music, and began booking legendary American House DJs to play at the big clubs, such as [[Ministry of Sound]], whose resident, [[DJ Harvey]] brought in [[Larry Levan]].

The house scene in cities such as [[Birmingham]], [[Manchester]] and [[London]] were also provided with many underground [[Pirate Radio]] stations and DJs alike which helped bolster an already contagious, but otherwise ignored by the mainstream, music genre. One of the earliest and most influential UK house and techno record labels was [[Network Records]] (otherwise known as Kool Kat records) who helped introduce Italian and US dance music to Britain as well as promoting select UK dance music acts.

But house was also developing on [[Ibiza]]. In the 1970s Ibiza was a hippie stop-over for the rich party crowd. By the mid-1980s a distinct [[Balearic Beat|Balearic]] mix of house was discernible. Several clubs like Amnesia with DJ Alfredo were playing a mix of rock, pop, disco and house. These clubs, fueled by their distinctive sound and [[ecstasy (drug)|Ecstasy]], began to have an influence on the British scene. By late 1987 DJs like [[Paul Oakenfold]] and [[Danny Rampling]] were bringing the Ibiza sound to UK clubs like Shoom in Southwark ([[London]]), Heaven, Future, Spectrum and Purple Raines in [[Birmingham]].

In the US, the music was being developed to create a more sophisticated sound, moving beyond just drum loops and short samples. New York-based performers such as [[Mateo & Matos]] and [[Blaze]] had slickly produced disco-house crossover tracks. In Chicago, Marshall Jefferson had formed the house group Ten City (from "intensity"). In [[Detroit]] a proto-[[techno music]] sound began to emerge with the recordings of Juan Atkins, Derrick May and Kevin Saunderson.

Atkins, a former member of [[Cybotron]], released Model 500 "No UFOs" in 1985, which became a regional hit, followed by dozens of tracks on Transmat, Metroplex and Fragile. One of the most unusual was "Strings of Life" by [[Derrick May]], a darker, more intellectual strain of house. "Techno-Scratch" was released by the [[Knights Of The Turntable]] in 1984 which had a similar techno sound to Cybotron. The manager of the Factory nightclub, Tony Wilson, also promoted [[acid house]] culture on his weekly TV show. The Midlands also embraced the late 1980s House scene with underground venues such as multi storey car parks and more legal dance stations such as the [[Digbeth Institute]] (now the 'Sanctuary' and home to [[Sundissential]]).

===US - late 1980s to early 1990s===
Back in America the scene had still not progressed beyond a small number of clubs in [[Chicago]], [[Detroit]] and [[New York]]. Paradise Garage in [[New York City]] was still a top club, although they now had [[Todd Terry]], his cover of Class Action's Larry Levan mixed "Weekend" demonstrated the continuum from the underground disco to a new House sound with hip-hop influences evident in the quicker sampling and the more rugged bass-line. While [[hip hop music|hip-hop]] had made it onto radio play-lists, the only other choices were Rock, Country & Western or R & B. Other notable New York producers and DJs of the time were [[Bobby Konders]], [[Tommy Musto]], [[Frankie Bones]] all of whom had their work licensed internationally in the 1980s. In fact, many of the recordings on the nascent [[XL Recordings]] (UK) came from those artists.

Other influences from New York came from the hip-hop, reggae, and Latin community, and many of the [[New York City]] super producers/DJs began surfacing for the first time (Erick Morillo, Roger Sanchez, [[Junior Vasquez]], [[Danny Tenaglia]], Jonathan Peters) with unique sounds that would evolve into other genres (tribal house, progressive house, funky house). Producers such as [[Masters At Work]] and [[Kerri Chandler]] also started pioneering a richer Garage sound that was picked up on by 'outsiders' from the worlds of jazz, hip-hop and downbeat as much as it was by House aficionados.

In the late 80's [[Nu Groove Records]] prolonged, if not launched the careers of [[Rheji Burrell]] & [[Rhano Burrell]], collectively known as Burrell (after a brief stay on Virgin America via [[Timmy Registford]] and [[Frank Mendez]]), along with basically every relevant DJ and Producer in the NY underground scene. The Burrell's are responsible for the "New York Underground" sound and are the undisputed champions of this style of house music. Their 30+ releases on this label alone seems to support that fact. In today's market Nu Groove Record releases like the Burrells' enjoy a cult-like following and mint vinyl can fetch $100 US or more in the open market.

Influential [[gospel music|gospel]]/[[R&B]]-influenced Aly-us released "Time Passes On" in 1993 ([[Strictly Rhythm]]), then later, "Follow Me" which received radio airplay as well as being played in clubs. Another US hit which received radio play was the single "Time for the Perculator" by [[Cajmere]], which became the prototype of [[Ghettohouse]] sub-genre. [[Cajmere]] started the Cajual and Relief labels (amongst others). By the early 1990s artists such as [[Cajmere]] himself (under that name as well as [[Green Velvet]] and as producer for [[Dajae]]), [[DJ Sneak]], [[Glenn Underground]] and others did many recordings. Artists from the also recently-revitalised [[Dance Mania]] such as [[DJ Rush]], [[Robert Armani]] and his cousin [[Paul Johnson (DJ)|Paul Johnson]] recorded for both and did DJing in the European club circuit. [[Derrick Carter]] was active as a producer and DJ during this period.

Detroit's labels included [[430 West]], [[KMS]] and [[Serious Grooves]] with producers such as [[Kevin Saunderson]], [[Marc Kinchen]], [[Octave One]]. [[Underground Resistance]] produced garage tracks and electro tracks. A [[Los Angeles]]-area scene developed with parties organised by Hardkiss and UK expatriates like DIY and [[Charles Webster (musician)|Charles Webster]].

===UK: Early 1990s to mid-1990s===
{{deviation}}
In Britain, further experiments in the genre boosted its appeal. House and [[rave]] clubs like Lakota, Miss Moneypenny's and [[C.R.E.A.M.]] emerged across Britain, hosting house and dance scene events. The 'chilling out' concept developed in Britain with [[ambient house]] albums such as [[The KLF]]'s ''[[Chill Out]]'' and "Analogue BubbleBath" by [[Aphex Twin]]. [[Chillout music]] is often defined as a different genres, such as [[Ambient music|Ambient]], or [[downtempo]] (later on) or [[New Age]] (older). The unifying feature of Chill Out electronica is long sustained tones and a smoother sound, rather than the noisy, percussive sound of other styles.

At the same time, a new indie dance scene emerged, with groups such as [[Happy Mondays]], [[The Shamen]], [[New Order]], [[Meat Beat Manifesto]], [[Renegade Soundwave]], [[EMF (band)|EMF]], [[The Grid]] and [[The Beloved]]. In New York, bands such as [[Deee-Lite]] furthered house music's international influence. Two distinctive tracks from this era were [[the Orb|the Orb's]] "Little Fluffy Clouds" (with a distinctive vocal sample from [[Rickie Lee Jones]]) and the [[Happy Mondays]]' "Wrote for Luck" ("WFL") which was transformed into a dance hit by [[Paul Oakenfold]].

The UK [[Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994]] was a government attempt to ban large rave dance events featuring music with "repetitive beats". There were a number of abortive "Kill the Bill" demonstrations. Although the bill became law, in November 1994, it had little effect. The music continued to grow and change, as typified by the emergence of acts like [[Leftfield]] with "Release the Pressure", which introduced dub and [[reggae]] into the house music sound. In more commercial recordings, a mix of R&B with stronger basslines was used. The house music scene was shaped by a variety of inflences, including the club culture scene. Like the 1970s [[disco]] [[discotheque|club scene]], the house music club scene was associated with a number of drugs which club-goers used to enhance the dancing experience, such as amyl nitrite "[[poppers]]", [[MDMA]], [[ketamine]], and [[gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid|GHB]].

As well, like the disco scene that preceded it, the house music club scene attracted a mix of cultural and racial groups. Tunes like "The Bouncer" from Kicks Like a Mule used sped-up hip-hop [[breakbeat]]s. With [[SL2]]'s "On A Ragga Tip" they gave the foundations to what would become [[drum and bass]] and [[jungle (music)|jungle]]. Initially called [[breakbeat hardcore]], it found popularity in London clubs like Rage as an "inner city" music. Labels like [[Moving Shadow]] and [[Reinforced]] became underground favorites.

"London Hardcore [[Techno]]" was a style of music that [[Moonshine music]] released with an increased tempo of around 160 [[beats per minute|bpm]]. [[UK garage]] developed later, designed more for dancing than for listening, it found its way into mainstream acts like [[Liberty X]] and [[Victoria Beckham]]. The [[4 Hero]] subgenre adopted [[Soul music|soul]] and [[jazz]] influences, and some used a full orchestral section to create a more "sophisticated" sound. Later, this led directly to the West London scene known as [[Broken beat]] or [[Breakbeat]].

A new generation of clubs like Miss Moneypenny's, [[Liverpool]]'s [[Cream (nightclub)|Cream]] (as opposed to the original underground night, [[C.R.E.A.M.]]) and the [[Ministry of Sound]] were opened to provide a venue for more commercial sounds. Major record companies began to open "[[superclub]]s" promoting their own acts. These superclubs entered into sponsorship deals initially with fast food, soft drinks, and clothing companies. Flyers in clubs in [[Ibiza]] often sported many corporate logos. A new sub-genre, Chicago Hard House, was developed by DJs such as [[Bad Boy Bill]], [[DJ Lynnwood]], [[DJ Irene]], [[Richard "Humpty" Vission]] and [[DJ Enrie]].

===2000s===

Chicago Mayor [[Richard M. Daley]] acknowledged Chicago's role as the birthplace of house by proclaiming August 10, 2005 to be House Unity Day in Chicago in celebration of House Music's 21st anniversary. DJs such as [[Frankie Knuckles]], [[Marshall Jefferson]], [[Paul Johnson (DJ)|Paul Johnson]] and [[Mickey Oliver]] celebrated the proclamation at the [[Summer Dance Series]] event organized by Chicago's ''Department of Cultural Affairs''. Two newer forms of house called [[Ghetto House]] and Juke.[http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/arts/chi-0608190286aug20,1,2328097.story?coll=chi-photo-front&ctrack=1&cset=true.]


== Further reading ==
*Sean Bidder 2002 ''Pump Up the Volume: A History of House Music'', MacMillan. ISBN 0-7522-1986-3
*Sean Bidder 1999 ''The Rough Guide to House Music'', Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-432-5
*Bill Brewster & Frank Broughton 2000 ''Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey'', Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3688-5 and in UK: 1999 / 2006, Headline.
*Kai Fikentscher 2000 "'You Better Work!' Underground Dance Music in New York City". Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6404-4
*Hewitt, Michael. ''Music Theory for Computer Musicians''. 1st Ed. USA. Cengage Learning, 2008. ISBN 13-978-1-59863-503-4]
*Chris Kempster (Ed) 1996 ''History of House'', Castle Communications. ISBN 1-86074-134-7 (A reprinting of magazine articles from the 1980s and 90s)
*Simon Reynolds 1998 ''Energy Flash: a Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture'', (UK title, Pan Macmillan. ISBN 0-330-35056-0), also released in US as ''Generation Ecstasy : Into the World of Techno and Rave Culture'' (US title, Routledge, 1999, ISBN 0-415-92373-5)
* Hillegonda C. Rietveld 1998 ''This is our House: House Music, Cultural Spaces and Technologies'', Ashgate. ISBN 1-85742-242-2
* Silcott Mireille. ''Rave America: New School Dancescapes'' (1999), ECW Press. ISBN 1550223836

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
# [[Peter Shapiro]] (2000) ''Modulations: A History of Electronic Music: Throbbing Words on Sound''. ISBN 1-891024-06-X
# [http://www.house-keeping.com/2004/03/05/the-history-of-house/ The History of House] (2004) ''HouseKeeping: Funky House DJs from the UK''

== See also ==

* [[Styles of house music]]
* [[List of house music artists]]
* [[House dance]]
* [[List of electronic music genres]]

==External links==

* {{Dmoz|Arts/Music/Styles/D/Dance/House|House music}}

{{House_music-footer}}

[[Category:House music| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Chicago, Illinois]]
[[Category:Culture of New York City]]
[[Category:Electronic music genres]]
[[Category:Dance music]]
[[Category:Music genres]]
[[Category:African American music]]
[[Category:Musical subcultures]]

[[be-x-old:Гаўс]]
[[bs:House muzika]]
[[bg:Хаус]]
[[ca:House (música)]]
[[cs:House Music]]
[[cy:House]]
[[da:House]]
[[de:House]]
[[et:House]]
[[es:House (música)]]
[[eo:Haŭzo]]
[[fr:House (musique)]]
[[gl:House (música)]]
[[ko:하우스]]
[[hr:House glazba]]
[[it:Musica house]]
[[he:האוס]]
[[ka:ჰაუსი]]
[[la:House]]
[[lv:Hausmūzika]]
[[lmo:Müsega house]]
[[hu:House]]
[[nl:House (muziekstijl)]]
[[ja:ハウス (音楽)]]
[[no:House]]
[[oc:House]]
[[pl:House]]
[[pt:House music]]
[[ro:Muzică House]]
[[qu:House]]
[[ru:Хаус]]
[[simple:House music]]
[[sk:House (hudba)]]
[[sr:Хаус музика]]
[[fi:House]]
[[sv:House (musikstil)]]
[[th:เฮาส์ (แนวดนตรี)]]
[[uk:Хауз]]
[[zh:浩室音乐]]

Oracular Spectacular

2008-08-28T23:18:27Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Infobox Album 
| Cover = Oracular Spectacular 2008.jpg
| Name = Oracular Spectacular
| Released = October 2, 2007 (digital) January 22, 2008 (retail) March 10th, 2008 (UK hard re-release)
| Recorded =
| Type = studio
| Genre = [[Indie rock]]/[[Indie pop|pop]] [[Psychedelic]] [[Electronica]] [[Synth pop]]
| Length = 40:18
| Label = [[Sony Records]]/[[Columbia Records]]
| Producer = [[Dave Fridmann]]
| Reviews =
* [[Allmusic]] {{rating-5|4}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:axfuxzehldhe link]
* [[IGN]] (9.6/10) [http://music.ign.com/articles/852/852383p1.html link]
* [[NME]] (8/10) [http://www.nme.com/reviews/mgmt/9519 link]
* [[Pitchfork Media]] (6.8/10) [http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/46197-oracular-spectacular link]
* [[Prefix]] {{rating-5|4}} [http://www.prefixmag.com/reviews/mgmt/oracular-spectacular/16336/ link]
*''[[Rolling Stone]]'' {{rating-5|3.5}} [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/16604436/review/18057359/oracular_spectacular link]
* [[The Skinny]] {{rating-5|4}} [http://www.skinnymag.co.uk/content/view/6750/141/ link]
| Last album = '''''[[Time To Pretend EP]]''''' (2005)
| This album = ''[[Oracular Spectacular]]'' (2007-2008)
| Next album = 
| Misc = {{Extra album cover 2
| Upper caption = Alternate cover
| Type = album
| Cover = MGMT_Oracular_Spectacular.jpg‎
| Lower caption = 2007 Digital Cover}}
| Artist = [[MGMT]]
}}

'''''Oracular Spectacular''''' is the first major label studio album by [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]] [[indie rock]] band [[MGMT]], released digitally October 2, 2007 on [[Columbia Records]], available in CD & LP formats from January 22, 2008.<ref name="Amazon.com">{{cite web | url = http://www.amazon.com/Oracular-Spectacular-MGMT/dp/B0010VD7EO | title = Oracular Spectacular on Amazon | work = [[Amazon.com]] | accessdate = 2008-01-01 }}</ref> The album features new versions of both "Kids" and "[[Time to Pretend]]", songs from their previous release, ''[[Time To Pretend EP]]'' (2005), the opening track serving as a "mission statement" and theme continued through the proceeding tracks. [[Pitchfork Media]] compared [[MGMT]] to [[Muse (band)|Muse]] and [[Mew (band)|Mew]], but weaving in an early 90s Britpop sound.<ref name="Pitchfork Review">{{cite web | url = http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/46197-oracular-spectacular | title = Oracular Spectacular: Review | work = [[Pitchfork Media]] | first = Eric | last = Harvey | accessdate = 2007-10-22 }}</ref> Prefix Magazine said the album "sounds like a college-dorm experiment gone horribly right."<ref name="Prefix album review">{{cite web | url = http://www.prefixmag.com/reviews/mgmt/oracular-spectacular/16336/ | title = Oracular Spectacular: Album review | work = Prefix Magazine | first = Jeremy | last = Goldmeier | accessdate = 2007-11-26 }}</ref>

==Track listing==
# "[[Time to Pretend]]" – 4:21
# "Weekend Wars" – 4:12
# "The Youth" – 3:48
# "[[Electric Feel]]" – 3:49
# "Kids" – 5:02
# "4th Dimensional Transition" – 3:58
# "Pieces of What" – 2:43
# "Of Moons, Birds & Monsters" – 4:46
# "The Handshake" – 3:39
# "Future Reflections" – 4:00

==Quotes==
*"Knowing that the ''[[Almost Famous]]'' notion of stardom doesn't exist anymore (if it ever did), the duo of Andrew Vanwyngarden and Ben Goldwasser realize they're "fated to pretend." It's a charming idea-- making a career out of fantasizing-- and on ''Oracular Spectacular'', they not only accept their playacting destiny, they demonstrate that, just maybe, it's a path more people should take." - Eric Harvey, [[Pitchfork Media]] 

*"This space-rock gem mocks the clichéd coke-and-hookers rock-star lifestyle, over big synth whooshes." - Kevin O'Donnell of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' on the single '[[Time to Pretend]].'<ref name="Artist to Watch">{{cite web | url = http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17323914/artist_to_watch_mgmt | title = Artist to Watch: MGMT | work = [[Rolling Stone]] | first = Kevin | last = O'Donnell | accessdate = 2007-11-14 }}</ref> 

*"We redid a lot of our songs that sounded too polished... Dave (producer [[David Fridmann]]) ended up running the tracks through this thing that crushed them and made them sound really gross again. They're a lot better now." - Ben Goldwasser in ''[[Rolling Stone]]''<ref name="Artist to Watch">{{cite web | url = http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17323914/artist_to_watch_mgmt | title = Artist to Watch: MGMT | work = [[Rolling Stone]] | first = Kevin | last = O'Donnell | accessdate = 2007-11-14 }}</ref> 

*"A bloated, uncomfortable, saturated throwback to no genre, time period, or movement in particular." - Dom Sinacola, Cokemachineglow 

*"The apocalypse is in the zeitgeist... but it doesn't have to be about death and destruction; it could be the shattering of a mass hallucination…where the human race realizes its true potential!" - Andrew Vanwyngarden in [[Spin magazine|Spin]].com <ref name="Breaking Out: MGMT">{{cite web
|url = http://www.spin.com/features/magazine/2007/11/0712_mgmt/
|title = Breaking Out: MGMT
|last = Marchese
|first = David
|publisher = [[Spin]].com
|date = [[2007-11-23]]
|accessdate = 2007-11-23
}}</ref>

==Music Videos==
* [http://www.youtube.com/profile?user=mgmtmusic ''Electric Feel'' - Interactive Music Video Game] - a collection of screen captures of people playing the interactive music video game on [[YouTube]]. ([http://whoismgmt.com/efvideo/ Download]) 

*''[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVnRzEjpUmE ''Time to Pretend'' - Official Music Video] - [[YouTube]])<ref name="Time To Pretend">{{cite web | url = http://208.65.153.238/watch?v=XVnRzEjpUmE | title = Time To Pretend video | work = [[YouTube]] | accessdate = 2008-02-06 }}</ref>

==Charts==
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2008)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]
|align="center"|87
|-
|align="left"|[[Billboard charts|Billboard]] [[Top Heatseekers]]<ref name="Billboard charts">{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/searchResult.jsp?configType=BBCOM_SIMPLEDEFAULT&pubList=Billboard&an=bbcom&action=Submit&kw=&exposeNavigation=true&keyword=mgmt&searchType=ARTICLE_SEARCH&submit.x=34&submit.y=18 | title = Oracular Spectacular Top Heatseeker | work = [[Billboard_charts|Billboard]] | accessdate = 2008-04-08 }}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Albums Chart]] <ref name="Irish Album Chart 13th March 2008">{{cite web | url = http://www.chart-track.com/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2008&year=2008&week=11 | title = Irish Album Chart 13th March 2008 | accessdate = 2008-04-03 }}</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|[[FIMI|Italian Albums Chart]]
|align="center"|85
|-
|align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Albums Chart]]<ref name="ARIA Album Chart 13th May 2008">{{cite web | url = http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1G50 | title = Oracular Spectacular ARIA Albums | work = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Albums Chart]] | accessdate = 2008-05-13 }}</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|align="left"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Albums Chart]]<ref name="New Zealand Albums Chart">{{cite web | url = http://charts.org.nz/search.asp?cat=a&search=mgmt| title = Oracular Spectacular RIANZ Albums | work = charts.org.nz | accessdate = 2008-07-23 }}</ref>
|align="center"|22
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oracular Spectacular}}
[[Category:2007 albums]]
[[Category:Columbia Records albums]]
[[Category:MGMT albums]]

[[es:Oracular Spectacular]]
[[pl:Oracular Spectacular]]

The Old Prince

2008-08-21T18:41:10Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Infobox Album 
| Name = The Old Prince
| Type = studio
| Artist = [[Shad (rapper)|Shad]]
| Cover = The Old Prince.jpg
| Released = 2007
| Recorded =
| Genre =
| Length =
| Label = [[Black Box Recordings]]
| Producer =
| Reviews = *[[Okayplayer]] {{rating-5|4}} [http://www.okayplayer.com/reviews/index.php/weblog/more/the_old_prince/ link]
| Last album = ''[[When This Is Over]]'' (2005)
| This album = '''''The Old Prince''''' (2007)
| Next album =
}}
'''''The Old Prince''''' is the second album by [[Canada|Canadian]] rapper [[Shad (rapper)|Shad]], released in 2007 on [[Black Box Recordings]].

The album was nominated, but lost for [[Juno Award for Rap Recording of the Year|Rap Recording of the Year]] at the [[Juno Awards of 2008|2008 Juno Awards]]. The track "The Old Prince Still Lives at Home" reached #1 on [[CBC Radio 3]]'s ''[[The R3-30|R3-30]]'' chart for two weeks, on [[February 28]] and [[March 6]], [[2008]].

Videos have been made for three tracks from the album, ''I Don't Like To'', ''Brother (Watching)'', and ''The Old Prince Still Lives At Home''.

The album is currently a nominee for the [[2008 Polaris Music Prize]].<ref>[http://www.polarismusicprize.ca/ Polaris Music Prize]</ref>

==Track listing==
# Intro: Quest for Glory
# I Don’t Like To
# What We All Want (ft. [[Kamau]] and [[Relic the Oddity]])
# Brother (Watching) (ft. B and F Kabango)
# Now A Daze
# The Old Prince Still Lives At Home
# Out of Love Pt. 2
# The Last Three Years Interlude
# I Heard You Had a Voice Like An Angel / Psalm 137
# Compromise
# Exile
# Get Up
# Outro (ft. Kamau)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Old Prince, The}}
[[Category:2007 albums]]
[[Category:Shad albums]]

{{hiphop-album-stub}}

The Old Prince

2008-08-08T17:47:30Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Infobox Album 
| Name = The Old Prince
| Type = studio
| Artist = [[Shad (rapper)|Shad]]
| Cover = The Old Prince.jpg
| Released = 2007
| Recorded =
| Genre =
| Length =
| Label = [[Black Box Recordings]]
| Producer =
| Reviews = *[[Okayplayer]] {{rating-5|4}} [http://www.okayplayer.com/reviews/index.php/weblog/more/the_old_prince/ link]
| Last album = ''[[When This Is Over]]'' (2005)
| This album = '''''The Old Prince''''' (2007)
| Next album =
}}
'''''The Old Prince''''' is the second album by [[Canada|Canadian]] rapper [[Shad (rapper)|Shad]], released in 2007 on [[Black Box Recordings]].

The album was nominated, but lost for [[Juno Award for Rap Recording of the Year|Rap Recording of the Year]] at the [[Juno Awards of 2008|2008 Juno Awards]]. The track "The Old Prince Still Lives at Home" reached #1 on [[CBC Radio 3]]'s ''[[The R3-30|R3-30]]'' chart for two weeks, on [[February 28]] and [[March 6]], [[2008]].

Videos have been made for two tracks from the album, ''I Don't Like To'' and ''Brother (Watching)''.

The album is currently a nominee for the [[2008 Polaris Music Prize]].<ref>[http://www.polarismusicprize.ca/ Polaris Music Prize]</ref>

==Track listing==
# Intro: Quest for Glory
# I Don’t Like To
# What We All Want (ft. [[Kamau]] and [[Relic the Oddity]])
# Brother (Watching) (ft. B and F Kabango)
# Now A Daze
# The Old Prince Still Lives At Home
# Out of Love Pt. 2
# The Last Three Years Interlude
# I Heard You Had a Voice Like An Angel / Psalm 137
# Compromise
# Exile
# Get Up
# Outro (ft. Kamau)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Old Prince, The}}
[[Category:2007 albums]]
[[Category:Shad albums]]

{{hiphop-album-stub}}

Langstaff Secondary School

2008-07-04T06:36:58Z

72.138.241.60: i lol'd! but no vandalism pls.

{{Cleanup-school|date=March 2008}}
{{Infobox Education in Canada
|name= Langstaff Secondary School
|image= Langstaff logo.png
|motto=
|streetaddress= 106 Garden Avenue
|city= [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]]
|province= [[Ontario]]
|postalcode= L4C 6M1
|areacode= 905
|phone= 889-6266
|fax= 889-6676
|email= langstaff.ss@yrdsb.edu.on.ca
|url= [http://www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/ www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca]
|schoolnumber= 921661
|schoolboard= [[York Region District School Board]]
|affiliation= Secular
|principal= R. Swarup
|schooltype= [[High_school#Canada|High school]]
|grades= 9-12
|language= [[Canadian English|English]], [[French Immersion]]
|mascot= Bear
|teamname=
|colours= Blue and Yellow
|founded=
|enrollment= over 1600
|enrollment_as_of=2008
|lastupdate= [[June 21]], [[2006]]
|bgcolor_section= #F2CE38
|bgcolor_label= #E9D5A4
|bgcolor_value= #D6DFF9
|bgcolor_image= C9A249
|bgcolor_address= #D6DFF9
}}
'''Langstaff Secondary School''' (LSS) is a public [[high school]] in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] which teaches grades 9 through 12. LSS is located at 106 Garden Avenue across the street from Morgan Boyle Park and near [[Charles Howitt Public School]].

In 2003, the school underwent a major renovation/addition. This doubled the size of the school, adding many new facilities for the growing student population. The school currently has 3 floors.

==Facilities/layout==
The school has two gymnasiums, one located on the first floor, and the other located on the second floor. The larger gymnasium doubles as an auditorium. The school's original library was converted into a multi-purpose room used for special-education services, and various classes. There are two portables at the back of the school used for the growing number of classes. The school is split up into multiple halls, based on the subject. The science, technology, history and art halls are all located on the second floor, while music is located on the third. The English, geography, and math halls are located on the first floor. The cafeteria is also located there. The school is wheelchair accessible, with ramps and a working elevator. The rumours of a pool located under the cafeteria are largely part of Langstaff heritage, and they are true. An inside source witnessed the famous 'blue door under the stairs' wide open, behind it were stairs leading down to the basement where the pool is located. The previous line is a lie. I think. Who knows. I doubt there's actually a pool. Why would there be a pool and everybody hide the fact that it exists? That would just be mean.

In May through July 2006 the school underwent a major roofing cleaning and change. This allowed the school to update almost all its air conditioning, plumbing, and other major building systems.

During July 2007, the school added tinted windows and in some hallways, latched windows. Also, the soccer field/track has been completely redone and is now fit for use.

==Clubs and Organizations==
Students at Langstaff are very active in their school and the community, which is quite evident in the number of clubs and organizations that exist within the school.

Some of these include:

Anime Ambassadors 
Announcement Team 
Art Club 
Astronomy 
Band 
Big Bear, Little Bear 
Book Club/White pines 
Breakdance 
BRIDGE (ESL social club) 
Cancer Society 
Chess 
Debate Union 
DECA 
Drama 
Fashion Show 
Free The Children 
G.S.A. (Gay-Straight Alliance) 
Habitat for Humanity 
History 
Improv Team 
Jazz Band 
LAFF (Film making) 
LEAF (Langstaff Environmental Activist Front) 
Mock Trial Team 
Movie Club 
Philosophy Club 
Prefects 
Prom Committee 
R.A.C.E.(Racial Acceptance Cultural Equality) 
Reach for the Top 
Red Cross 
Science Olympics Team 
Sick Kids Hospital Foundation 
SOS Darfur 
Stephen Lewis Foundation (which includes Art for Aids) 
Student Council 
S.A.A. (Student Athletic Association) 
Tech Crew 
'''Video Games Club '''
Weight Training 
Yearbook

==Student Council==
The Langstaff S.S. Student Council is a group of elected and one non-elected member, the tech representative. Positions on the council include: president, treasurer, secretary, ambassador, athletic directors, spirit directors, social directors, communications directors, environmental minister, tech representative, and grade representatives. The Student Council is responsible for almost all events including Prom, dances, semi-formal, assemblies, caf games, registration, the Santa Claus parade float, Battle of the Bands, spirit days, intramurals, and Earthfest.

==Departments==

The departments at Langstaff Secondary School include:

Alternative Education,
Business,
Computer Science and Engineering,
Co-operative Education,
Dramatic Arts,
English,
Family Studies,
French,
Geography,
History,
Library,
Mathematics,
Moderns,
Music,
Physical Education,
Science,
Tech Studies,
Visual Arts.

==Athletics==
Langstaff has many sport teams and clubs, including some that are not generally played in many schools. Some athletes from Langstaff such as [[Gillian Ferrari]] and [[ Jon D'Aversa]] have gone on to national and international sport teams and clubs.

The teams and clubs at Langstaff include:

Alpine Skiing,
Archery,
Badminton,
Baseball,
Basketball,
Cross Country Running,
Field Hockey,
Football,
Golf,
Gymnastics,
Ice Hockey ,
Lacrosse,
Nordic Skiing,
Rugby,
Snowboarding,
Soccer,
Softball,
Swimming,
Table Tennis,
Tennis,
Track & Field,
Ultimate Frisbee,
Volleyball

In 2006, the varsity boys baseball team captured the York Regional Championships. Langstaff has had a strong showing in tennis, the girls doubles team finishing top 8th in Ontario.

In the winter of 2007, Langstaff put together a varsity men's hockey team. This is a very exciting time for the sports department at LSS as the team has been long awaited amongst the student body.

==Special programs==
LSS offers an integrative and diverse French Immersion program, allowing students to explore many areas of the French language, French Literature and Cinema, as well as pursuing other academic courses in Geography, Information Technology, and most recently, Spanish.

In addition, Langstaff's Music Department offers students the opportunity to pursue a wide variety of courses, including Beginner and Intermediate Instrumental, Vocal and Guitar. Over the years, the music department has delivered wonderful concerts and performances, featuring a variety of soloists, bands and ensembles. Moreover, Langstaff's musicians have participated in various charitable causes and performed at York Central Hospital, as well as other charity functions.

==Notable alumni==
Nobody will ever be loved

==External links==
*[http://www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/ Official web site of Langstaff Secondary School]
*[http://www.yrdsb.edu.on.ca York Region District School Board homepage]

{{Yorkregionsecondaryschools}}
{{coord|43|50|14|N|79|26|21|W|display=title}}

[[Category:High schools in York Region, Ontario]]
[[Category:Education in Richmond Hill, Ontario]]

Cowboy Bebop Blue

2008-06-30T00:14:21Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Unreferenced|date=January 2008}}

{{Infobox Album | 
Name = Cowboy Bebop Blue |
Type = [[Soundtrack]] |
Artist = [[The Seatbelts]] |
Cover = Cowboy Bebop Blue cover.jpg|
Released = [[May 1]] [[1999]] |
Recorded = [[Rudy Van Gelder|Van Gelder Studios]]|
Genre = [[Blues]], [[Jazz]], [[Drum and Bass]] |
Length = 68:23 |
Label = [[Victor Entertainment]] |
Producer = [[Yoko Kanno]] |
Reviews =
| Last album = ''[[Cowboy Bebop No Disc|No Disc]]'' (1998)
| This album = ''Blue'' (1999)
| Next album = ''[[Cowboy Bebop Remixes: Music for Freelance|Remixes: Music for Freelance]]'' (1999)
}}
'''''Cowboy Bebop Blue''''' is the third [[Cowboy Bebop]] soundtrack album recorded by [[The Seatbelts]]. This album features many vocal pieces, including a version of ''[[Ellens dritter Gesang|Ave Maria]]'', performed by the [[Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra]] and conducted by [[Anthony Inglis]].

{| class="collapsible wikitable expanded" style="clear:none; font-size:90%; padding:0 auto; width:61%;" align="top"
! align="center" colspan="4" | ''Cowboy Bebop Blue'' Tracklist
|-
! !! Track name !! Length !! Notes
|-
| 1. || "Blue" || 5:04 ||
*Vocals: [[Mai Yamane]]
*Chorus: Soichiro Otsuka, [[Gabriela Robin]]
*Lyrics: [[Tim Jensen]]
|-
| 2. || "Words That We Couldn't Say" || 3:29 ||
*Vocals: [[Steve Conte]]
*Lyrics: [[Tim Jensen]]
|-
| 3. || "Autumn in Ganymede" || 3:54 || N/A
|-
| 4. || "Mushroom Hunting" || 3:19 ||
*Vocals: [[Tulivu-Donna Cumberbatch]]
*Played by [[The Seatbelts#New York musicians|The Seatbelts' New York Musicians]]
|-
| 5. || "Go Go Cactus Man" || 2:37 || N/A
|-
| 6. || "Chicken Bone" || 4:56 ||
*Vocals: SYDNEY with [[Gabriela Robin|Sister R]]
*Lyrics: [[Gabriela Robin]]
|-
| 7. || "The Real Man" || 4:00 ||
*Bass: Bakabon Suzuki
|-
| 8. || "N.Y. Rush" || 5:30 ||
*Played by [[The Seatbelts#New York musicians|The Seatbelts' New York Musicians]]
|-
| 9. || "Adieu" || 5:39 ||
*Vocals: [[Emily Bindiger]]
*Lyrics: Brian Richy
|-
| 10. || "Call Me, Call Me" || 4:43 ||
*Vocals: Steve Conte
*Lyrics: Tim Jensen
|-
| 11. || ""[[Ellens dritter Gesang|Ave Maria]]"" || 5:49 ||
*Vocals: [[Jerzy Knetig]]
*Performed by the [[Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra]]
|-
| 12. || "Stella By Moor" || 1:08 || N/A
|-
| 13. || "Flying Teapot" || 3:32 ||
*Vocals: [[Emily Bindiger]]
*Piano: Mark Soskin
*Trumpet and vocals: Steven Bernstein
*Lyrics: Tomoko Tane
|-
| 14. || "Wo Qui Non Coin" || 3:43 ||
*Vocals: [[Aoi Tada]] (seiyū of [[Edward Wong Hau Pepelu Tivrusky IV|Ed]])
*Lyrics: [[Gabriela Robin]]
|-
| 15. || "Road To The West" || 2:56 || N/A
|-
| 16. || "Farewell Blues" || 5:31 ||
*Played by [[The Seatbelts#New York musicians|The Seatbelts' New York Musicians]]
|-
| 17. || (Hidden Track) "See You Space Cowboy" || 5:55 ||
*Vocals: [[Mai Yamane]]
*Lyrics: [[Yoko Kanno]]
*Played by [[The Seatbelts#New York musicans|The Seatbelts' New York Musicians]]
|}
{{-}}

==External links==
* {{MusicBrainz release|id=0f7b8c0c-72c7-499f-86e3-d98552212bf9|name=Cowboy Bebop: Blue}}

{{Cowboy Bebop}}

[[Category:1999 albums]]
[[Category:Cowboy Bebop albums]]

[[fr:Cowboy Bebop: Blue]]

The Dusty Foot on the Road

2008-06-11T02:03:50Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Infobox Album | 
Name = The Dusty Foot On The Road |
Type = live |
Artist = [[K'Naan]] |
Cover = Dustyfoot roadcover.jpg |
Released = [[June 25, 2007]] |
Recorded = 2005–2007 |
Genre = [[Hip-Hop]]/[[Folk Music|Folk]]/[[Poetry]] |
Length = |
Label = [[Wrasse Records]] |
Producer = |
Reviews =
*''[[The Guardian]]'' {{rating-5|4}}[http://arts.guardian.co.uk/filmandmusic/story/0,,2108402,00.html link] |
Last album = ''[[The Dusty Foot Philosopher]]'' (2005)|
This album = '''''The Dusty Foot on the Road''''' (2007)|
Next album = |
}}

'''''The Dusty Foot on the Road''''' is a live album by [[Somalia]]n-[[Canada|Canadian]] rapper [[K'naan]], released in 2007 on [[Wrasse Records]].

==Track listing==
# "Wash it Down"
# "African Way"
# "Hardcore?"
# "In the Beginning"
# "Smile"
# "Struggling"
# "Be Free"
# "Until the Lion"
# "Voice in my Head"
# "Is it a Myth?"
# "My God" feat [[Mos Def]]
# "By the End of the Day"
# "Soobax"

[[Category:2007 albums]]
[[Category:K'naan albums]]

{{2000s-hiphop-album-stub}}

Nintendo DS Lite

2008-05-27T04:47:00Z

72.138.241.60:

{{redirect|NDSL|the internet connection|Naked DSL}}
{{Infobox CVG system
|title=Nintendo DS Lite
|logo=
|image=[[Image:DSLite white trans.png|250px|right]]
|manufacturer = [[Nintendo]]
|family = [[Nintendo DS]]
|type = [[Handheld game console]]
|generation = [[History of video game consoles (seventh generation)|Seventh generation era]]
|lifespan = {{vgrelease|JP=[[March 2]], [[2006]]}}{{vgrelease|AUS=[[June 1]], [[2006]]}}{{vgrelease|NA=[[June 11]], [[2006]]}}{{vgrelease|EU=[[June 23]], [[2006]]}}
|CPU=67 MHz [[ARM946E-S]] and 33 MHz [[ARM7TDMI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Nintendo DS Lite|url=http://www.ds-lite.com|accessdate=2006-05-22}}</ref>
|media=[[Game Boy Advance|GBA]] cartridges [[Nintendo DS#Media specifications|Nintendo DS Game Card]]s
|storage=Cartridge save, 4 MB [[Random access memory|RAM]]
|connectivity=[[Wi-Fi]], [[Local area network|LAN]]
|onlineservice=[[Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection]]
|unitssold=Worldwide: 51.78 million (as of [[March 31]] [[2008]]) ([[Nintendo DS Lite#Sales|details]])
|topgame=''[[Nintendogs]]'', 18.67 million, all versions combined (as of [[March 31]] [[2008]])<ref name="080425e">{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2008/080425e.pdf#page=6 |title=Financial Results Briefing for Fiscal Year Ended March 2008 |publisher=[[Nintendo]] |date=2008-04-25 |format=[[PDF]] |pages=6 |accessdate=2008-04-25}}</ref> ''[[New Super Mario Bros.]]'', {{nowrap|14.16 million}} (as of [[March 31]] [[2008]])<ref name="080425e"/>
|predecessor = [[Nintendo DS]] (concurrent)
}}

The '''Nintendo DS Lite''' (sometimes abbreviated '''DSLite''') is a dual-screen [[handheld game console]] developed and manufactured by [[Nintendo]]. It is a slimmer, brighter, and more lightweight redesign of the [[Nintendo DS]], designed to be aesthetically sleeker while taking styling cues from the [[Game Boy Advance SP]], and to appeal to broader commercial audiences. It was announced on [[January 26]] [[2006]], more than a month before its first launch in Japan on [[March 2]] [[2006]] due to overwhelming demand for the original model.<ref name="reggie_interview">{{cite web|last=Rojas|first=Peter|date =2006-02-20| url= http://www.engadget.com/2006/02/20/the-engadget-interview-reggie-fils-aime-executive-vice-preside/|title= The Engadget Interview: Reggie Fils-Aime, Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Nintendo|publisher= Engadget|accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref> It has been released in Japan, Australia, North America, Europe, New Zealand, Singapore, and defined regions in South America, the Middle East and Korea. As of [[March 31]] [[2008]], sales of the DS Lite have reached 51.78 million units worldwide.<ref name="earnings release Q1 2008"/>

==Features==
*Capable of receiving [[Wi-Fi]] signals from other Nintendo DS Lite systems, the original Nintendo DS, Nintendo's [[Wii]] and Wi-Fi access points. [[Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP]] encrypted and unencrypted networks are supported. [[Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA]] encryption is not supported.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nintendo - Customer Service|url= http://www.nintendo.com/consumer/wfc/en_na/customersupport/glossary.jsp|accessdate=2007-01-15}}</ref>

===Differences in the DS Lite over the original DS===
*Weight: 218 g / 7.69 oz (21% lighter than the DS).

*Dimensions: 133 mm × 73.9 mm × 21.5 mm (vs. 148.7 mm × 84.7 mm × 28.9 mm - 42% less volume than the DS). In Imperial units, the DS Lite is 5.24 in × 2.9 in × 0.85 in.
*Extended battery life compared to the DS. With a full three-hour charge the battery will last fifteen to nineteen hours on the lowest brightness setting and five to eight hours on the highest brightness setting (both are dependent on the type of game activity).<ref name="battery">{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendo.com/consumer/systems/dslite/battery_faq.jsp#last |title=Nintendo DS Lite Rechargeable Battery Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Nintendo |accessdate=2007-07-24}}</ref> After 500 charges, battery life can be expected to drop.<ref name="battery"/> The DS was supplied with a 850mAh battery, while the DS Lite has a 1000mAh battery.
*Brighter, more durable top and bottom LCD screens, with four levels of brightness. Designed to be more resistant to shock.<ref name="dseng">{{cite web|url=http://uk.gamespot.com/news/6147089.html?sid=6147089 | title=DS Lite engineers speak | publisher=CNET|work=GameSpot|date=2006-06-11}}</ref>
*Larger stylus, making it easier to hold<ref name="dseng" /> (stylus dimensions: length 87.5 mm × 4.9 mm vs. 75.0 mm × 4.0 mm of the DS). The stylus is now also side-loaded and located next to the power switch, making it easier to reach when needed.
*In Japan, the wrist strap no longer includes a thumb stylus; in North America, Australia and Europe, the wrist strap is no longer included at all, though there is still a place to attach it.
*The [[D-pad]] was reduced to 18.6 mm across (16% smaller than the DS), but the A, B, X, and Y buttons retain the same dimensions. There are lines on the D-pad, a design shared with the [[Wii Remote]] and [[Game Boy Micro]].
*The Start and Select buttons have been relocated under the A, B, X, and Y buttons, and are smaller than the original buttons.
*Eight colors: Ice Blue, Enamel Navy, Polar White (Crystal White in Japan), Coral Pink (Noble Pink in Japan), Onyx/Black (Jet Black in Japan), Metallic Rose, Gloss Silver, Crimson/Onyx, and Cobalt/Black (see [[Nintendo DS Lite#Colors|Colors]] below).
*Different external extension connection, rendering it incompatible to accessories for the [[Game Boy Advance]] EXT2 port (power cords and headphone adapters). The new connector is used for the power cord only.
*The power button is now a power slider and is relocated to the right side of the device.
*The redesign of the system has caused Game Boy Advance games to protrude out of the system by 1 cm. In addition, to provide a seamless surface and to keep out dirt, dust, and other debris, a filler cartridge is included.
*The processors are the same as the DS, but made on a smaller custom process so they require less power.
*The built-in microphone is now located between the top and bottom screens of the DS Lite.

==Criticism==
[[Image:Broken_Hinge_DS.jpg|right|thumbnail|Several consumers have reported minuscule, irrelevant hinge problems with the Nintendo DS Lite]]
Upon intitial release of the unit, there have been a number of growing complaints concerning the hinge stability of the Nintendo DS Lite. Many consumers have reported the joint that holds the top screen to the console becomes brittle, even after casual use, resulting in cracks that eventually leave the unit unplayable.<ref>http://www.gamespot.com/news/6154389.html</ref>

Nintendo has confirmed the defect, but claim the percentage of such flaws is only 0.02% of all Nintendo DS Lites sold. Repairs for cracked hinges are now covered under the Nintendo warranty and will be fixed free of charge.<ref>http://www.engadget.com/2006/07/21/nintendo-fesses-up-to-ds-lite-hinge-defect-will-fix-for-free/</ref>

==Colors and limited editions==
===Colors===
Nintendo revealed the color schemes of the Nintendo DS Lite set for launch in Japan: Crystal White, Ice Blue and Enamel Navy.<ref name="colorja">{{cite web | url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ds/lite/color/index.html |title=Nintendo DS Lite Color Variations | publisher=Nintendo | accessdate=2007-08-08 |language=Japanese}}</ref> However, due to manufacturing problems only the Crystal White was available at its launch; the other two colors arrived on [[March 11]] [[2006]]. Nintendo released a Noble Pink version in the region on [[July 20]] [[2006]], and a Jet Black version on [[September 2]] [[2006]].<ref name="colorja"/> On [[May 30]] [[2007]], during a retail conference,{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Nintendo announced two new colors for Japan: Metallic Rose and Gloss Silver, which were launched on [[June 23]], [[2007]].<ref name="colorja"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japannewsreview.com/entertainment/games/20070531page_id=9 |title=Nintendo releases 2 new colors for DS Lite |accessdate=2007-08-08 |date=2007-05-31|publisher=Japan News Review}}</ref> These new colors have also been launched in South Korea on [[July 7]] [[2007]]. <ref name="Metallic Rose and Gloss Silver in South Korea">{{cite web | url=http://www.nintendo.co.kr/www/intro/eng_intro1.php?link=dstopics | title=Metallic Rose and Gloss Silver in South Korea | date=2007-06-23}}</ref> There are no plans to release the Gloss Silver color in other regions.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}

In Australia, the DS Lite was also only available in white (Polar White) at launch. On [[September 21]] [[2006]], the Jet Black (Onyx) color was released. On [[October 16]] [[2006]], [[Nintendo Australia]] announced that the Coral Pink color (renamed ''Pink Nintendo DS Lite'') would be released on [[November 2]] [[2006]], alongside ''[[Nintendogs|Nintendogs: Dalmatian & Friends]]''. On [[May 22]] [[2007]], Nintendo Australia stated that the Ice Blue color would be released in the region for a limited amount of time, starting on [[July 19]] [[2007]].<ref name="ice_blue_ds">{{cite web|url= http://www.vooks.net/modules.php?module=article&id=11773|title=Ice Blue DS Lite to be released in Australia|accessdate=2007-06-04|date=2007-05-22}}</ref>

In North America, the Nintendo DS Lite was only available in white (renamed "Polar White" for the region) at launch.<ref name="litemario"/> On [[August 24]] [[2006]], Nintendo of America announced two new model colors, Onyx (Jet Black) and Coral Pink (Noble Pink). They were released in North America on [[September 12]] [[2006]].<ref name="black and pink NA">{{cite press release |title=Nintendo Launches New DS Lite Colors Amid Strong Game Sales |publisher=Nintendo of America |date=[[2006-08-24]] |url=http://www.nintendo.com/newsarticle?articleid=jKp8smG6e-wlzSewL4uWRV6gGIu6X5js |accessdate=2006-08-27 }}</ref> On [[August 21]] [[2007]], a [[Crimson]]/Onyx DS Lite was released in a bundle with ''[[Brain Age 2: More Training in Minutes a Day!]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/p6YV_H74y2x8JQibfas6FxvBRZAW42VD |title=New Nintendo DS Color Comes Bundled with Brain Age 2 |publisher=[[Nintendo]] |accessdate=2007-12-12 |date=2007-08-08}}</ref> Nintendo confirmed this bundle after it was listed by Canadian retail outlet [[Future Shop]]. The listing was picked up and featured on many major online gaming websites such as [[IGN]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gear.ign.com/articles/807/807141p1.html |title=Canadians To Get Crimson-Black DS Lite? With Brain Age 2 Combo Pack. |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=2007-08-08 |date=2007-07-20}}</ref> As of [[October 2]], [[2007]], the Crimson/Onyx DS Lite is available for purchase individually.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/-CnDUo2gIf-euc-KjYdB_BjOLcikhpwC |title=Nintendo Goes Fashion Forward with New Crimson/Onyx Nintendo DS |publisher=Nintendo |accessdate=2007-12-12 |date=2007-10-02}}</ref> The Crimson/Onyx DS Lite was supposedly discontinued only a few months after its release in January 2008.<ref>[http://gonintendo.com/?p=33089 GoNintendo » Blog Archive » Crimson/Black DS Lite discontinued?- What are you waiting for?]</ref><ref>[http://www.thetanooki.com/2008/01/11/crimsononyx-ds-lite-discontinued-cobalt-blue-coming-soon/ The Tanooki » Crimson/Onyx DS Lite discontinued- Cobalt Blue coming soon?]</ref> On [[February 2]] [[2008]], Nintendo of America announced that the Cobalt/Black DS Lite will be released on [[February 10]] [[2008]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/t1mytPWJ2toKtCMAlD4q8_O9114EM9H1 |title=Nintendo DS Gets a Fashion-Forward New Color Scheme: Cobalt/Black |accessdate=2008-02-06 |date=2008-02-01 |work=Nintendo |publisher=Nintendo}}</ref> in North America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ds.ign.com/articles/849/849131p1.html |title=New DS Lite Color Confirmed |accessdate=2008-02-06 |author=Jack DeVries |date=2008-02-01 |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=IGN Entertainment}}</ref>

In Europe, in addition to the white version, a black version (named "Smart Black") was available at launch, a color unique to the region at the time. On [[October 27]] [[2006]], the Coral Pink (Noble Pink) edition was released in Europe. On [[12 October]] [[2007]], a silver (Platinum) DS Lite was released in Europe. <ref>[http://www.amazon.fr/dp/B000W007Y2 Amazon.fr : Console Nintendo DS Lite - Coloris Argent: Jeux vidéo]</ref>. On [[June 13]] [[2008]] three new colors, red, green and turquoise, will be released in European countries<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendo.co.uk/NOE/en_GB/news/2008/new_ds_colours_and_cooking_guide_on_the_way_8529.html |title= New DS colours and cooking guide on the way|accessdate=2008-05-21 |date=2008-05-21 |work=Nintendo |publisher=Nintendo}}</ref>.

===Limited editions===
*'''''Final Fantasy III'' edition''': Announced on [[July 12]], [[2006]], and released in conjunction with the [[Final Fantasy III (Nintendo DS)|''Final Fantasy III'' remake]] in Japan. These featured a Crystal White Nintendo DS Lite, with ''Final Fantasy III'' artwork by [[Akihiko Yoshida]]. It is priced at [[Japanese yen|JPY¥]]22,780 ([[United States dollar|US$]]193.76).
*'''Pokémon DAISUKI Club edition:''' On [[July 13]], [[2006]], it was revealed that, in conjunction with the promotion for [[Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (video games)|''Pokémon Diamond'' and ''Pearl'']], a limited run of special Nintendo DS Lites would be available through a drawing open to members of the Japanese "Pokémon DAISUKI Club". These featured Crystal White Nintendo DS Lites with the popular ''[[Pokémon]]'' character [[Pikachu]] artwork on the front.<ref name="pokemon_DS">{{cite web |url=http://www.pokemon.jp/portal/daisuki/ds.cfm|title=Official website for Pokemon |publisher=[[Nintendo]]|language=Japanese|accessdate=2006-07-29}}</ref>
*'''Pokémon Dialga and Palkia edition:''' A Jet Black [[Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (video games)|''Pokémon Diamond'' and ''Pearl'']] DS Lite featuring a glitter design of the two legendary Pokémon, [[Dialga]] and [[Palkia]] on the front, was released in [[Pokémon Center#Real-world Pokémon Centers|Pokémon Center]] stores on [[September 28]], [[2006]]. It retails for JPY¥16,800 (US$142.89).<ref name="pokemon_ds_two">{{cite web|url=http://www.cubed3.com/news/5847 |title=News article detailing Diamond & Pearl DS Lite |publisher= |accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref> This DS Lite launched in the U.S. at the [[Nintendo World Store]] in [[New York City]] at a price of US$219.99 in conjunction with ''Pokémon Diamond'' and ''Pearl''. On [[May 15]], [[2007]]{{Fact|date=February 2008}}, the special DS Lite was released in a Bundle Pak that includes both games, a Prima Strategy Guide, and three pins each featuring Dialga, Palkia, and the three starters Piplup, Turtwig, and Chimchar for US$329.95.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pokemoncenter.com/invt/4892 |title=Pokémon Diamond & Pokémon Pearl DS Lite Bundle}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=February 2008}} This version of the DS Lite is the power poll prize in v217 of ''[[Nintendo Power]]''.
*'''''Jump Ultimate Stars'' bundle:''' A limited edition DS Lite with the game ''[[Jump Ultimate Stars]]''. It has the words "JUMP ULTIMATE STARS" printed on its case, along with the ''[[Weekly Jump]]'' mascot, the Jump Pirate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://img101.imagevenue.com/img.php?image=23892_date22554_122_469lo.jpg |title=Jump Ultimate Stars DS Lite}}</ref>
*'''''Love and Berry'' bundle:''' A limited edition DS Lite bundle based on a popular Japanese arcade game, ''[[Oshare Majo: Love and Berry|Love and Berry]]''. It is metallic pink and comes with a card reader and cards.
*'''''Winning Eleven'' bundle:''' A limited edition Jet Black DS Lite bundle, which comes with the [[Association Football|soccer]] game ''Winning Eleven''.
*'''''Mario vs. Donkey Kong'' edition:''' [[K-Zone]] had a competition in between [[March 7]] [[2007]] and [[March 19]] [[2007]] that had twenty ''[[Mario vs. Donkey Kong 2: March of the Minis]]'' DS Lites as prizes.<ref>http://au.blogs.yahoo.com/kzone/916/k-zone-winnersmarch/ The competition is mentioned on the official K-Zone website</ref>
*'''''Final Fantasy XII Revenant Wings'' Sky Pirates edition''': A ''[[Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings]]'' bundle was released in Japan on [[April 26]], [[2007]].
*'''''MapleStory'' edition:''' It has been announced that a Nintendo DS Lite bundle will be released at the end of 2007 with the release of ''[[MapleStory DS]]''. This DS Lite bundle will launch in Korea first.{{Fact|date=May 2007}}
*'''''Pirates of the Caribbean'' edition:''' At the world premiere of ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End]]'' on [[May 19]] [[2007]], models with a [[Pirates of the Caribbean|Pirates]] skull and crossbones on the front and Captain Jack Sparrow in front of a castle on the rear. Also on the back it says "Where the adventure comes to life". These were only released to ticket holders at the ''Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End'' premiere at Disneyland. Limited to 1500.{{Fact|date=May 2007}} [[HMV]] Canada is holding a contest from [[August 21]] [[2007]] to [[October 1]] [[2007]] called "HMV Underground", where one of the prizes is a Disney Limited edition DS game system and a ''Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End'' game.<ref>[http://www.hmvunderground.ca/rules.php]</ref>
*'''Seattle Mariners edition''': White DS Lites emblazoned with the [[Seattle Mariners]] logo are available at [[Safeco Field]].<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|authorlink=|coauthors=|date=|year=|month=|url=http://www.dsfanboy.com/2007/05/18/seattle-mariners-ds-exactly-what-the-us-market-needs/|title=Seattle Mariners DS: exactly what the US market needs|publisher=DSFanboy.com|accessdate=2007-05-23}}</ref>
*'''Pokémon Center Pikachu edition''': Yellow DS Lites which features [[Pikachu]] on the front cover were released in Japan. Buyers had to visit a [[Pokémon Center#Real-world Pokémon Centers|Pokémon Center]] in Japan between [[June 1]] [[2007]] and [[July 1]] [[2007]] and fill in an application form for a chance to win a right to buy the console for [[Japanese yen|JPY¥]]16,800.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokemon.co.jp/info/pokemon/p070601_02.html|title=Pokemon Center Pikachu Edition|accessdate=2007-06-01}}</ref> On [[November 17]] [[2007]], the special DS Lite was released in a bundle pack for US$345.95.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pokemoncenter.com/invt/5012 |title=Pikachu DS Lite Ultimate Bundle}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=February 2008}}
*'''RX-93 ν Gundam edition''': White DS Lites which feature the same red branding seen on [[Amuro Ray]]'s [[RX-93 Nu Gundam|RX-93 ν Gundam]] in the animated film, ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack]]''. The red logo appears on the left and the wording "RX-93 ν Gundam Mobile Suit Gundam Char's Counterattack" printed on the right. This edition goes on sale in Japan on [[August 9]], [[2007]] and retails at [[Japanese yen|JPY¥]]21,840, with game. Released by [[Namco Bandai Games|Bandai Namco]].<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|authorlink=|coauthors=|date=|year=|month=|url=http://www.ggene.jp/goods.html|title=RX-93 ν Gundam edition|accessdate=2007-05-11}}</ref>
*'''''Wonderful World'' edition''': Gloss Silver DS Lites feature the black ''[[The World Ends With You|It's a Wonderful World]]'' logo on the left with the title of the game printed on the right. This edition goes on sale in Japan on [[July 27]] [[2007]]. Released by [[Square Enix]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/game/docs/20070531/suba.htm|title=Wonderful World edition|accessdate=2007-06-01}}</ref>
* '''''Kirby: Squeak Squad'' edition''': [[K-Zone]] held a competition in between [[April 16]] [[2007]] and [[July 9]] [[2007]] that had forty ''[[Kirby: Squeak Squad]]'' DS Lites as prizes.
* '''''Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: Ring of Fates'' Gemini edition''': Being released on [[August 23]], [[2007]] in conjunction with ''[[Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: Ring of Fates]]'' in Japan. This features a Crystal White Nintendo DS Lite with ''Ring of Fates'' line art on the right and the title of the game on the left. It is priced at [[Japanese yen|JPY¥]]21,840 ([[United States dollar|US$]]176).<ref name="ffcc_DS">{{cite web |url=http://ds.qj.net/The-Final-Fantasy-Crystal-Chronicles-Ring-of-Fates-DS-bundle-and-screenshots/pg/49/aid/95764 |title=Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicle: Ring of Fates bundle |publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=2007-06-22}}</ref>
*'''Nintendo Connection Tour '07 edition:''' During June and July 2007, [[Nintendo Australia]] gave out a very limited edition Black DS Lite with an engraving of "Nintendo DS Connection Tour '07 Champion". There are only 15 in the world - one for each champion at each of the [[Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (video games)|''Pokémon Diamond'' and ''Pearl'']] tournaments during the Australia-wide tour.
*'''''Wario: Master of Disguise'' edition''': Continuing their DS Lite promotion, [[K-Zone]] held a competition up until [[September 10]], [[2007]] that had forty ''[[Wario: Master of Disguise]]'' DS Lites as prizes. <ref>http://au.blogs.yahoo.com/kzone/959/wario-master-of-disguise-ds-lite-promo/ The Wario: MoD/K-Zone competition</ref>
*'''''Super Mario 64 DS'' iQue DS edition''': In [[China]], another edition of the DS Lite will be released under the iQue name.<ref>http://gonintendo.com/?p=28842 Limited Edition Super Mario 64DS iQue DS Lite</ref>
[[Image:Zeldagold ds closed.jpg|150px|thumb|Zelda Triforce gold edition]]
*'''''The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass'' edition''': On [[November 20]], [[2007]], Nintendo announced a special edition gold DS Lite bundled with ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass]]'', which was released in the [[United States]] on [[November 23]] [[2007]] ([[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]]).<ref name="pcworld">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,139803/article.html |title=Nintendo Offers New DS Bundles for the Holidays |publisher=[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]] |accessdate=2007-11-21 |date=[[2007-11-20]]}}</ref> It is a gold-colored DS Lite with a Triforce image in the bottom-right corner on the top of the outside.
*'''''Nintendogs'' edition''': On [[November 20]], [[2007]], Nintendo also announced a special edition metallic pink DS Lite bundled with ''[[Nintendogs: Best Friends]]'', which was released in the [[United States]] on [[November 23]] [[2007]] (Black Friday).<ref name="pcworld"/> It has a pink image of a paw in the bottom-right corner of the outside of the DS Lite's top screen.
*'''''Warhammer 40,000: Squad Command'' edition''': [[THQ]] announced a competition to win a special edition DS Lite bearing a design similar to the power armor worn by the [[Ultramarines]]. The design was created in conjunction with Games Workshop and a team of modelers. The design is limited to only six systems.<ref name="THQ">{{cite web |url=http://www.thq-games.com/uk/news/show/3067http://www.thq-games.com/uk/news/show/3067 |title=THQ UK - News: Exclusive competition! Win a Limited Edition Warhammer 40,000: Squad Command DS |publisher=[[THQ]] |accessdate=2007-12-18 |date=2007-12-18}}</ref>
*'''Crimson/Black Dragon iQue DS'' edition''': In China, with laser-etched dragons on the cover <ref>http://gonintendo.com/?p=32067 iQue Crinsom/Black Dragon Edition DS Lite</ref>
*'''Bape Milo edition''': Released in Japan on April 1st 2008, by Japanese Fashion Designer Nigo, A Bathing Ape <ref>http://rinkya.blogspot.com/2008/02/nintendo-ds-lite-bape.html Bape Milo DS Edition</ref>
*'''Honeyee x Fragment Design''': Sold in the in the honeyee online store between march 19th and 21th 2008, designed by Hiroshi Fujiwara, <ref>http://www.kix-files.com/2008/03/honeyee-fragment-design-nintendo-ds-lite/ Honeyee x Fragment Design</ref>

==Launch==
===Japan===
The Nintendo DS Lite was released on [[March 2]] [[2006]] in Japan, with the [[suggested retail price]] of [[Japanese yen|¥]]16,800, but due to [[Economic shortage|lack of supply and excessive demand]] of Nintendo DS systems at retail price following the Nintendo DS Lite's launch in Japan, many Asian electronics distributors raised the retail price of the redesigned handheld console to ¥23,300. On some Japanese auction sites it was being offered for prices as high as ¥40,000.<ref name="auctions_ja">{{cite web|url=http://search.auctions.yahoo.co.jp/search?sb=desc&desc=nintendo+ds+lite&auccat=0&acc=jp&apg=&f=0x12&s1=cbids&o1=d&alocale=0jp&mode=0 | title=Yahoo! Japan DS Auctions | publisher=Yahoo! | accessdate=2006-05-23}}</ref>
Even though Nintendo managed to release 550,000 units in March 2006 (which was above their initial projections), many excited Japanese gamers were left empty-handed soon afterward. The shortage was supposed to be eased after Nintendo released 700,000 Nintendo DS Lites during April 2006. However, retailers in [[Tokyo]] sold out yet again by late May 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dannychoo.com/blog_entry/eng/528/Japan+DS+Lite/ | title=Japan DS Lite | author=Danny Choo | accessdate=2006-06-11}}</ref> This shortage would last for most of 2006 and 2007 with retailers all around the country having permanent ads apologizing for the shortage and announcing the ignorance of when a restock would arrive. When the product arrived, it would sell out within days. Since restocking was erratic, looking for the product often involved several visits to different retailers, and most of the time without finding the product. This was still the case in Japan as of [[April 25]] [[2007]], with stores turning away potential customers every day and selling out quickly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=13669 |title=Analyst Predicts Wii Shortages Into 2009 |accessdate=2007-04-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/pcworld/20070426/tc_pcworld/131243 |title=Nintendo Sales Up, but Wii Misses Target |accessdate=2007-04-26 }}</ref>

===Australia===
The Nintendo DS Lite was released in Australia on [[June 1]], [[2006]], for [[Australian dollar|AU$]]199.95. A demo of ''[[Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!|Dr. Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain?]]'' was bundled with the DS Lite at launch.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}

===North America===
The Nintendo DS Lite was released on [[June 11]], [[2006]], for [[United States dollar|US$]]129.99 in the United States, and [[Canadian dollar|CA$]]149.99 in [[Canada]].<ref name="litemario">{{cite web|date=2006-05-04 |url=http://www.nintendo.com/newsarticle?articleid=Og1MrMU-BTmhVNcRMku_yhCWtXhjFheh |title=New Nintendo DS Lites The Way For Mario|publisher=Nintendo|accessdate=2006-06-01}}</ref>

There have been various reports of North American [[Target Corporation|Target]], [[Wal-Mart]], [[Kmart]], and [[Meijer]] stores having sold Nintendo DS Lite units as early as [[May 30]] [[2006]], breaking the official launch date.<ref name="rumor_early">{{cite web|author=Polybren|date=2006-05-31|url=http://www.gamespot.com/pages/news/show_blog_entry.php?topic_id=24673325|title=DS Lite launches early?| publisher=GameSpot |accessdate=2006-05-31|accessyear=|curly=}}</ref>

On [[June 12]] [[2006]] [[GameSpot]] reported that North American Nintendo DS Lites had sold out at major online retailers, as well as several [[Brick and mortar business|brick-and-mortar stores]].<ref name="US sellout">{{cite web|last=Surette|first=Tim |date=2006-06-12|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6152621.html |title=DS Lites up US retailers |work=GameSpot |publisher=CNET|accessdate=2006-05-31}}</ref>

On [[June 13]] [[2006]] Nintendo announced that 136,500 units were sold in two days since the DS Lite went on sale in North America, and seemed to be on pace to the 500,000 sold by the original Nintendo DS in its first ten days.<ref name="twodays">{{cite web | date=2006-06-12 | url=http://press.nintendo.com/articles.jsp?id=9872 | title=Nintendo news: Nintendo DS continues to dominate portable video games | publisher=Nintendo|accessdate=2006-06-14 |archiveurl=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/newsArt.cfm?artid=11723 |archivedate=2006-06-12 }}</ref>

===Europe===
The Nintendo DS Lite was officially released in Europe on [[June 23]] [[2006]], for [[pound sterling|£]]99.99 in the UK, [[Euro|€]]149.99 in the [[Eurozone]]. In [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]], the DS Lite was released on [[June 22]], [[2006]], due to [[Midsummer#Finland|Midsummer]]. In just 10 days, Nintendo announced it had sold 200,000 Nintendo DS Lites in Europe.<ref name="launch Europe">{{cite web | url=http://www.nintendo-europe.com/NOE/en/GB/news/article.do?elementId=7ag5OAeR36oL-ebBmcOm0xEA7xMSCfAg| title=Lite up your life!|accessdate=2006-06-23|publisher=Nintendo}}</ref>

As of April 2006, the "Nintendo DS: in touch with original comedy" advertisements shown in the UK on [[Channel 4]] have been changed to include the Nintendo DS Lite.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}

During [[October]] [[2006]], Nintendo launched a promotion of the Nintendo DS Lite in the [[United Kingdom]] which consisted mainly of bus shelter advertisements, as well as a new [[television]] promotion, which ended with the release of a pink version of the Nintendo DS Lite on [[October 27]], [[2006]].{{Fact|date=January 2008}}

Following the wake of the [[Wii]] home console, the DS Lite has experienced a surge in popularity, more notably the black version of the system. In the run up to Christmas 2006, DS Lites were sold out in most retailers and even online, leading to marked up units being sold on [[eBay]] and [[Amazon.com|Amazon]]'s marketplace. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6161717.stm BBC NEWS | Technology | Wii shortages frustrating gamers]</ref>

The same thing happened again a year after, with even more demand than the year before.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7094069.stm BBC NEWS | Technology | Nintendo warns of Wii shortages]</ref> Nintendo UK even considered pulling Wii TV ads as it would only increase demand which couldn't be met.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7132935.stm BBC NEWS | Business | Nintendo mulls pulling Wii TV ads]</ref>

===China===
On [[June 12]] [[2006]], Chinese media organization [[Sina.com]] reported that a container intended for shipment to Europe was stolen, which contained [[Hong Kong dollar|HK$]]18 million ([[United States dollar|US$]]2.32 million) worth of goods, including black Nintendo DS Lites and games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://games.sina.com.cn/t/n/2006-06-12/1526154872.shtml |title=Robbers steal 18 million worth of NDSL handheld (AP)|accessdate=2008-01-07 |date=2006-06-12 |publisher=[[Sina.com]] |language=Chinese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.play-gadgets.com/2006/06/14/232-million-of-black-nintendo-ds-lite-gone-missing/ | title=$2.32 Million of Black Nintendo DS Lite Gone Missing | publisher=Play Gadgets | accessdate=2008-01-06 |date=2006-06-14}}</ref> Later, [[Eurogamer#GamesIndustry.biz|GamesIndustry.biz]] reported that Nintendo had indeed confirmed that "A number of White DS Lite made for the UK market were stolen in [[Hong Kong]]."<ref>{{cite web |last=Gibson |first=Ellie |date=2006-06-19 |url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/content_page.php?aid=17777|title=Nintendo confirms theft of DS Lite shipment |publisher=GamesIndustry.biz |accessdate=2008-01-06}}</ref>

On [[June 29]] [[2006]], [[iQue]] company officially released the Nintendo DS Lite as the "iQue DS Lite" in China, for [[Renminbi|CNҰ]]1198.

===South Korea===
Nintendo opened its latest subsidiary, Nintendo of Korea, led by Mineo Kouda, on [[July 20]], [[2006]]. The DS Lite is the first system to be released in South Korea by the subsidiary,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thewiire.com/news/358/1/Nintendo_Opens_Korean_Offices | title=Nintendo Opens Korean Offices | publisher=The Wiire | accessdate=2006-12-22}}</ref> being released on [[January 18]], [[2007]] for [[South Korean won|₩]]150,000.<ref>[http://www.nintendo.co.kr/www/intro/eng_intro1.php Nintendo Korea's DS page]</ref> Popular Korean actor [[Jang Dong-gun]] has been enlisted to help promote the system. Nintendo Korea stated that they have sold more than one million units in the first year of sale with around 1.4 million sold as of April 2008.<ref>[http://www.nintendo.co.kr/DS/PressRelease.php Nintendo Korea Press Release]</ref><ref>[http://www.nintendo.co.kr/Wii/Wii_launching/launching02_01.php Wii Launching Conference]</ref>

==Accessories==
{{main|Nintendo DS accessories}}
Although the secondary port on the Nintendo DS does accept and support Game Boy Advance cartridges (but not Game Boy or Game Boy Color cartridges), Nintendo has emphasized that its main intention for its inclusion was to allow a wide variety of accessories to be released for the system, the Game Boy Advance compatibility being a logical extension.

Nintendo announced at [[E3]] 2005 that it would launch "Headset Accessories" for [[VoIP]] enabled games. (This will plug into the VoIP plug next to the Ear Phone jack, ''not'' the Game Boy Advance slot.)

===Rumble Pak===
{{main|Rumble Pak}}
The Rumble Pak was the first official expansion slot accessory. In the form of a Game Boy Advance cartridge, the Rumble Pak vibrates to reflect the action in compatible games, such as when the player bumps into an obstacle or loses a life. It was released in North America and Japan in 2005, as a separate accessory and bundled with ''[[Metroid Prime Pinball]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://store.nintendo.com/ | title=Nintendo Online Store | accessdate=2006-04-02}}</ref>
A specially designed Rumble Pak was released in Japan in late May 2006 for the Nintendo DS Lite<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ds/online/ds_shindou/index.html | title=Nintendo Japan Product Page | accessdate=2006-06-14}}</ref> The cartridge is the same size as the dust cover that comes with the DS Lite, to prevent it from protruding out of the Nintendo DS Lite as standard Game Boy Advance cartridges do.

===Nintendo DS Headset===
The Nintendo DS Headset is the official headset for the Nintendo DS. It plugs into the headset port (which is a combination of a standard 3.5mm headphone connector and a proprietary microphone connector) on the bottom of the system. It features one earphone and a microphone, and is compatible with all games that use the internal microphone. It was released in Japan on [[September 14]] [[2006]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.spong.com/article/10473?cb=525 | title=Official DS Headset – Pics of New Must-Have | publisher=Spong | accessdate=2006-11-26}}</ref> The headset was released on [[April 22]] [[2007]] in North America, alongside [[Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (video games)|''Pokémon Diamond'' and ''Pearl'']], two of the few games to have built in voice chat. It was released in Australia on [[June 21]] [[2007]], also alongside ''Pokémon Diamond'' and ''Pearl''.

===Nintendo DS Browser===
{{main|Nintendo DS Browser}}
On [[February 15]] [[2006]], Nintendo announced a version of the [[cross-platform]] web browser [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]] for the DS system.<ref name="Opera PR">{{cite press release | url=http://www.opera.com/pressreleases/en/2006/02/15 | title=Giving gamers two windows to the Web: The Opera Browser for Nintendo DS |date=2006-02-15| publisher=Opera Software|accessdate=2006-04-02}}</ref> The browser can use one screen as an overview, a zoomed portion of which appears on the other screen, or both screens together to present a single tall view of the page.<ref name="Opera Berit">{{cite web|last=Hanson|first=Berit|authorlink=|coauthors=|date=[[2006-02-16]]|year=|month=|url=http://my.opera.com/berit/blog/show.dml/146280|title=Opera for Nintendo DS|format=|work=Berit's Blog|pages=|publisher=|language=|accessdate=2006-07-03|accessyear=|curly=}}</ref> The browser went on sale in Japan and Europe in 2006,<ref name="Opera Japan">{{cite press release|publisher=Opera Software ASA|date=2006-06-21|title=Mark your calendars: Opera announces Nintendo DS browser release date in Japan|url=http://opera.com/announcements/en/2006/06/21/|accessdate=2006-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.4colorrebellion.com/archives/2006/07/17/new-release-dates-for-europe/ | title=Japan: Nintendo DS Press Conference | author=Chris Playo | publsher=NintendoDS Advanced | accessdate=2006-04-02}}</ref> and in North America on [[June 4]], [[2007]].<reF>http://ds.ign.com/articles/771/771323p1.html</reF>

===Nintendo Wi-Fi USB Connector===
{{main|Nintendo Wi-Fi USB Connector}}
This USB-flash-disk-sized accessory plugs into a PC's [[USB]] port and creates a miniature [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|hotspot]], allowing up to five Nintendo DS units to connect to the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service through the host computer's Internet connection. The only operating systems supported by the Wi-Fi USB Connector's software are Microsoft [[Windows XP]] and [[Windows Vista]] (patch download needed).

===Slide controller===
The "slide controller" comes packaged with the game ''[[Slide Adventure: Mag Kid]]'', which was released in Japan on [[August 2]] [[2007]]. The slide controller plugs into the Game Boy Advance game slot of the DS, and is placed below the DS, on a plain surface. The DS can be moved around to control a game, since the slide controller will pick up the motions, just as when a player would press a button.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japannewsreview.com/entertainment/games/20070726page_id=1078 |title='Slide Controller' peripheral to be released for the Nintendo DS | accessdate=2007-08-05|date=2007-07-26|publisher= Japan News Review}}</ref>

===Camera===
On [[July 4]] [[2007]], Nintendo unveiled a "facening scan" camera attachment for the DS Lite, which comes bundled with ''[[Otona No DS Kao Training]]''. It was released in Japan, on [[August 2]] [[2007]].<ref>[http://ds.ign.com/articles/801/801492p1.html IGN: DS Snaps Up Camera]</ref> The camera plugs into the GBA cartridge slot of the DS Lite, and protrudes slightly to allow the lens to be visible.

=== Paddle Controller ===
Released alongside [[Taito]]'s [[Arkanoid DS]] in Japan, the paddle controller plugs into the GBA slot of the Nintendo DS. The controller resembles the classic 'knob'-based [[Paddle (game controller)|paddle controllers]] for such video games as [[Pong]] or [[Arkanoid]]. So far it is only compatible with Arkanoid DS and [[Space Invaders Extreme]].

===Guitar grip controller===
[[Image:Gh on tour grip.jpg|thumb|125px|right|The "Guitar Grip" fits into the GBA slot on the Nintendo DS Lite to simulate the guitar controller.]]
The Guitar grip controller comes packaged with the upcoming game ''[[Guitar Hero: On Tour]]'' and is plugged into the GBA game slot. It features four colored buttons just like the ones that can be found on regular ''[[Guitar Hero (series)|Guitar Hero]]'' guitar controllers for the stationary consoles, though it lacks the fifth orange button found on the guitar controllers. The DS Guitar Hero controller comes with a small "pick-stylus" (which is shaped like a guitar pick, as the name suggests) that can be put away into a small slot on the controller. It also features a hand strap. [[GameSpot]] has stated that the game will work with both the Nintendo DS Lite and the original Nintendo DS.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/ds/action/guitarhero/news.html?sid=6189175 |title=Guitar Hero: On Tour First Look |author=Brian Ekberg |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |date=2008-04-14 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref>

==Sales==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ Life-to-date number of units sold
|-
! Date
! Japan
! Americas
! Other
! Total
|-
! [[2006-03-31]]<ref name="earnings release Q1 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2006/060525e.pdf#page=30 |title=Consolidated financial highlights |accessdate=2007-04-26|publisher=Nintendo|pages=30}}</ref>
| 0.58 million || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center>
! 0.58 million
|-
! [[2006-06-30]]<ref name="earnings release Q2 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2006/060724e.pdf#page=8 |title=Consolidated financial highlights |accessdate=2007-01-25|date=2006-07-24|format=PDF|publisher=Nintendo}}</ref>
| 2.72 million || 0.68 million || 0.76 million
! 4.15 million
|-
! [[2006-09-30]]<ref name="earnings release Q3 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2006/061026e.pdf#page=28 |title=Consolidated financial highlights |accessdate=2007-01-25|date=2006-10-26|format=PDF|publisher=Nintendo|pages=28}}</ref>
| 4.97 million || 2.23 million || 1.86 million
! 9.06 million
|-
! [[2006-12-31]]<ref name="earnings release Q4 2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2007/070125e.pdf|title= Consolidated Financial Highlights | accessdate=2007-01-25|date=2007-01-25|format=PDF|publisher=Nintendo|pages=8}}</ref>
| 7.89 million || 4.84 million || 4.60 million
! 17.33 million
|-
! [[2007-03-31]]<ref name="earnings release Q1 2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2007/070426e.pdf#page=21 | title=Consolidated Financial Highlights|accessdate=2007-04-26|date=2007-04-26|format=PDF|publisher=Nintendo|pages=8}}</ref>
| 9.48 million || 6.41 million || 5.96 million
! 21.85 million
|-
! [[2007-06-30]]<ref name="earnings release Q2 2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2007/070725e.pdf#page=8 | title=Consolidated Financial Highlights|accessdate=2007-07-25|date=2007-07-25|format=PDF|publisher=Nintendo|pages=8}}</ref>
| 11.56 million || 8.81 million || 8.32 million
! 28.69 million
|-
! [[2007-09-30]]<ref name="earnings release Q3 2007">{{cite web | url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2007/071025e.pdf#page=22 | title=Consolidated Financial Highlights | accessdate=2007-10-25 | date=2007-10-25| format=PDF | publisher=Nintendo| pages=22}}</ref>
| 13.16 million || 10.73 million || 11.04 million
! 34.93 million
|-
! [[2007-12-31]]<ref name="earnings release Q4 2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2008/080124e.pdf#page=8 | title=Consolidated Financial Highlights | accessdate=2007-01-24|date=2007-01-24|format=PDF|publisher=Nintendo|pages=8}}</ref>
| 15.12 million || 14.85 million || 16.00 million
! 45.97 million
|-
! [[2008-03-31]]<ref name="earnings release Q1 2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2008/080424e.pdf#page=22 |format=[[PDF]] |accessdate=2008-04-24 |date=2008-04-24 |title=Consolidated Financial Statements |publisher=Nintendo |pages=22}}</ref>
| 15.84 million || 17.06 million || 18.88 million
! 51.78 million
|}

==Image gallery==
<center>
<gallery>
Image:Nintendo DS Lite (closed).jpg|The Nintendo DS Lite closed.
Image:Nintendo DS Lite (top open on).jpg|The Nintendo DS Lite turned on and fully open.
Image:Nintendo DS Lite (closeup buttons).jpg|The start and select buttons have been moved below the A/B/X/Y button group.
Image:Nintendo DS Lite (front).jpg|The front with volume on left side, headphones on the right and Game Boy Advance slot in the middle.
Image:Nintendo DS Lite (right side).jpg|Remodeled stylus and relocated power switch.
Image:Nintendo DS Lite (top with pen and cart).jpg|The Game Boy Advance filler cart and stylus below the Nintendo DS Lite.
Image:Ds lite brightness comparison.gif|Brightness Level Comparison of the Nintendo DS Lite and the original Nintendo DS.
Image:NDSLblack Closed.jpg|An onyx Nintendo DS Lite closed.
</gallery>
</center>

== See also ==
{{portal|Nintendo|}}
* [[List of handhelds with Wi-Fi connectivity]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
; Official sites
*[http://dslite.nintendo.com.au/ Official Nintendo DS Lite Website (Australia)]
*[http://www.nintendo.ca/cgi-bin/usersite/display_info.cgi?pageNum=1&lang=en Official Nintendo DS Lite Website (Canada)]
*[http://ms.nintendo-europe.com/dslite/ Official Nintendo DS Lite Website (Europe)]
*[http://www.nintendo.com/channel/ds Official Nintendo DS Lite Website (United States)]

; Unofficial sites
*[http://www.ntsc-uk.com/feature.php?featuretype=hdw&fea=DSLite Nintendo DS Lite Feature by NTSC-uk]
*[http://www.engadget.com/2006/06/11/nintendos-ds-lite-launch-party-in-new-york/ Nintendo's DS Lite launch party in New York]

{{Nintendo hardware|DS}}
{{dedicated video game handheld consoles}}

[[Category:Nintendo DS| Nintendo DS Lite]]
[[Category:Wi-Fi devices]]
[[Category:2006 introductions]]
[[Category:Backward compatible video game consoles]]

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Whoopi Goldberg

2008-04-19T17:44:58Z

72.138.241.60: Undid revision 206715247 by KongminRegent (talk)

{{Infobox actor
| name = Whoopi Goldberg
| image = Whoopi Comic Relief cropped.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Whoopi Goldberg at Comic Relief 2006
| birthname = Caryn Elaine Johnson
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1955|11|13}}
| birthplace = [[New York City, New York]], [[United States]]
| occupation = [[actor|actress]], [[comedian]], radio [[disc jockey|DJ]], [[author]], [[singer]], [[rapper]], [[talk show]] host
| yearsactive = 1970–present
| spouse=Alvin Martin (1973–1979) David Claessen (1986–1988) Lyle Trachtenberg (1994–1995)
| website = http://www.whoopi.com/
| academyawards = '''[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]''' 1990 ''[[Ghost (film)|Ghost]]''
| baftaawards = '''[[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]''' 1990 ''[[Ghost (film)|Ghost]]''
| emmyawards = '''Daytime Emmy - Outstanding Special Class''' 2002 ''Beyond Tara: The Extraordinary Life of [[Hattie McDaniel]]''
| goldenglobeawards = '''[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama|Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama]]''' 1986 ''[[The Color Purple (film)|The Color Purple]]'' '''[[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture]]''' 1991 ''[[Ghost (film)|Ghost]]''
| grammyawards = '''[[Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album|Best Comedy Album]]''' 1985 ''Whoopi Goldberg: Direct From Broadway''
| naacpimageawards = '''[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture]]''' 1988 ''[[The Color Purple (film)|The Color Purple]]'' 1990 ''[[Fatal Beauty]]'' 1992 ''[[Ghost (film)|Ghost]]'' 1993 ''[[The Long Walk Home]]'' 1994 ''[[Sister Act]]'' '''[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture]]''' 1999 ''[[How Stella Got Her Groove Back]]'' '''[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special|Outstanding Actress in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Dramatic Special]]''' 2004 ''[[Good Fences]]''
| tonyawards = '''[[Tony Award for Best Musical|Best Musical]]''' 2002 ''Thoroughly Modern Milly (musical)|Thoroughly Modern Millie''
| awards = '''[[National Board of Review Award for Best Actress|NBR Award for Best Actress]]''' 1985 ''[[The Color Purple (film)|The Color Purple]]'' '''[[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress (film)]]''' 1990 ''[[Ghost (film)|Ghost]]''
}}

'''Whoopi Goldberg''' (born '''Caryn Elaine Johnson''' [[November 13]], [[1955]]) is an [[Academy Award]] winning [[United States|American]] [[actress]], [[comedian]], [[radio host]], [[TV personality]]/[[talk show]] host, [[game show host]], [[singer]], [[rapper]] and [[author]].

She is one of only thirteen [[List of people who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award|individuals who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar, and a Tony Award]], counting [[Daytime Emmy Award]]s. She is the second [[African American]] female performer to win an Academy Award for acting (the first being [[Hattie McDaniel]]). She has won two [[Golden Globe Award]]s and two [[Saturn Awards]] for her performances in ''[[Star Trek Generations]]'' and ''[[Ghost (film)|Ghost]]''.

On the [[August 1]] [[2007]] broadcast of ''[[The View]]'', [[Barbara Walters]] introduced her as the show's new moderator as of [[September 4]]. [[Meredith Vieira]] and [[Rosie O'Donnell]] previously held the position.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/TV/08/01/view.whoopi/index.html?eref=rss_mostpopular CNN: Whoopi Goldberg joins 'The View']</ref>

In October 2007, she announced on ''[[Larry King Live]]'' that she would be retiring from acting because she is no longer sent scripts: "You know, there's no room for the very talented Whoopi. There's no room right now in the marketplace of cinema. Being a Black intellectual with a Jewish surname finally caught up to me," Goldberg told King.<ref>[http://imdb.com/news/wenn/2007-10-04/ IMDB Movie/TV News: Goldberg Retires From Acting]</ref>

==Early life==
Whoopi Goldberg was born '''Caryn Elaine Johnson''' in [[New York City]], the daughter of Emma ([[married and maiden names|née]] Harris), a [[nurse]] and teacher, and Robert James Johnson, a [[clergyman]].<ref name="clergyman">{{cite book|last=Clark Hine|first=Darlene|authorlink=|coauthors=|title=Black Women in America|publisher=University of Michigan|date=2005|location=Michigan|pages=531|month=|url=|id=}}</ref><ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/film/92/Whoopi-Goldberg.html Whoopi Goldberg Biography (1955-)]</ref> Goldberg's mother was a "stern, strong and wise woman" who raised her as a single mother after Goldberg's father had left the family.<ref name="cigar">Chutkow, Paul. [http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,830,00.html "Whoopi's Revenge.] Cigar Aficionado Archives</ref> Her stage name was taken from "[[whoopee cushion]]", which she initially used as her stage name; she stated that "If you get a little gassy, you've got to let it go. So people used to say to me, 'You're like a whoopee cushion.' And that's where the name came from."<ref>Interview, [[August 20]], [[2006]] Sunday [[New York Times Magazine]]</ref> She chose the surname "Goldberg" after [[Jew]]ish ancestors of hers who bore the surname, having said that "Goldberg's a part of my family somewhere".<ref name="cigar"/><ref name="goldbergsurname">{{cite book|last=Lyman|first=Darryl|authorlink=|coauthors=|title=Great African-American Women|publisher=Jonathan David Company, Inc.|date=2005|location=|pages=94|month=|url=|id=ISBN0824604598}}</ref> In a 1991 interview, Goldberg referred to herself as a "Jewish-[[Catholic]] girl from New York";<ref name="1993int">{{cite news|last=Huffhines|first=Kathy|coauthors=|title=Whoopi reins herself in for a role She feels her character in `Long Walk Home' brings a big message|pages=|publisher=The Dallas Morning News|date=[[1991-04-01]]|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=doc&p_docid=0ED56209266BB2F0&p_docnum=1&s_accountid=AC0107121104421922107&s_orderid=NB0107121104413022831&s_dlid=DL0107121104423322126&s_ecproduct=DOC&s_ecprodtype=&s_username=mikef46l4l6&s_accountid=AC0107121104421922107&s_upgradeable=no|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> in a 1993 ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' piece, she stated that her mother is Jewish<ref name="chicagosuntimes">{{cite news|last=Strauss|first=Bob|coauthors=|title=Oh, Sister! Goldberg Gets Her `Act' Together|pages=|publisher=Chicago Sun-Times|date=[[1993-12-12]]|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=doc&p_docid=0EB4216A9AEA5469&p_docnum=1&s_accountid=AC0107121104460622310&s_orderid=NB0107121104453501371&s_dlid=DL0107121104462022327&s_ecproduct=DOC&s_ecprodtype=&s_username=mikef46l4l6&s_accountid=AC0107121104460622310&s_upgradeable=no|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> and referred to herself as a "[[Jewish-American Princess]]" in an interview for ''[[The Fresno Bee]]''.<ref name="fresnobee">{{cite news|last=|first=|coauthors=|title=WHOOPI: NO MORE "SIS' FILMS * THE ACTRESS ALSO TAKES SHOTS AT THE MEDIA AND OTHERS WHO DO NOT UNDERSTAND HER BRAND OF HUMOR|pages=|publisher=The Fresno Bee|date=[[1993-12-11]]|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FB&p_theme=fb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAE86FC079CF81A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> A [[DNA]] test, broadcast in the 2006 [[PBS]] documentary ''[[African American Lives]]'', traced most of her ancestry to the Papel and Bayote people of modern-day [[Guinea-Bissau]]. Her racial admixture test revealed her genetic makeup to be 92% sub-Saharan African and 8% European.<ref>[http://www.geneticsandhealth.com/2007/02/10/whoopi-goldbergs-dna-hails-from-w-africa/ Whoopi Goldberg’s DNA Hails from W. Africa]</ref><ref>[http://www.pr-inside.com/rss/goldberg-refuses-invite-to-african-ancestral-state-r56623.htm GOLDBERG REFUSES INVITE TO AFRICAN ANCESTRAL STATE]</ref><ref>[http://74.6.146.244/search/cache?ei=UTF-8&p=Whoopi+Goldberg+++descended+tribes&rd=r1&meta=vc%3Dsg&fr=yfp-t-501&fp_ip=SG&u=www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/02/26/whoopi_goldberg_turns_down_invite_to_anc&w=whoopi+goldberg+descended+tribes+tribe&d=Bz0tP-rnO0OR&icp=1&.intl=us Whoopi Goldberg Turns Down Invite To Ancestral Home in Africa]</ref>

In an anecdote told by [[Nichelle Nichols]] in the documentary film ''[[Trekkies (film)|Trekkies]]'', a young Goldberg was watching ''[[Star Trek TOS|Star Trek]]'', and upon seeing Nichols' character [[Uhura]], exclaimed, "Momma! There's a black lady on TV and she ain't no maid!".<ref>{{cite video| people = Nichelle Nichols| title = Trekkies | medium = DVD | publisher = Neo Motion Pictures | date = 1997 }}</ref> This spawned life-long fandom of ''Star Trek'' for Goldberg, who would eventually achieve a recurring guest-starring role in 1987's ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]''.

==Career==
Goldberg's on-screen talent first emerged in 1981-82 in ''[[Citizen: I'm Not Losing My Mind, I'm Giving It Away (film)|Citizen : I'm Not Losing My Mind, I'm Giving It Away]]'', an avant-garde ensemble feature by San Francisco filmmaker William Farley. Goldberg created ''The Spook Show'', a one-woman show devised of different character monologues, in 1983. Director [[Mike Nichols]] was instantly impressed and offered to bring the show to [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]. The self-titled show ran from [[October 24]], [[1984]] to [[March 10]], [[1985]] for a total of 156 sold-out performances. While performing on Broadway, Goldberg's performance caught the eye of director [[Steven Spielberg]]. He was about to direct the [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning novel, ''[[The Color Purple]]'' written by [[Alice Walker]]. Having read the novel, she was ecstatic at being offered a lead role in her first motion picture. Goldberg received compliments on her acting from Spielberg, Walker, and music consultant [[Quincy Jones]]. ''The Color Purple'' was released in the late autumn of 1985 and was a critical and commercial success. It was later nominated for 11 [[Academy Award]]s including a nomination for Goldberg as [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Leading Actress]]. The movie did not win any of its Academy Award nominations, but Goldberg won the [[Golden Globe Award]].

===A comedic and dramatic balance, 1986-2007===
Goldberg starred in [[Penny Marshall]]'s directorial debut, 1986's ''[[Jumpin' Jack Flash (film)|Jumpin' Jack Flash]]'', and she began a relationship with David Claessen, a director of photography on the set, and the couple married later that year. The movie was a success and during the next two years three additional motion pictures featured Goldberg, ''[[Burglar (film)|Burglar]]'', ''[[Fatal Beauty]]'', and ''The Telephone''. Though not as successful as her prior motion pictures, Goldberg still garnered awards from the N.A.A.C.P. Image Awards. Claessen and Goldberg divorced after the box office failure of ''The Telephone'' which Goldberg was under contract to star in. She tried to sue the producers but with no luck. The 1988 movie, ''[[Clara's Heart]]'', was critically acclaimed and featured a young [[Neil Patrick Harris]]. As the 1980s concluded, she participated in the numerous HBO specials of ''[[Comic Relief (charity)|Comic Relief]]'' with fellow comedians [[Robin Williams]] and [[Billy Crystal]].

In January 1990, Goldberg starred with [[Jean Stapleton]] in the TV situation comedy ''[[Bagdad Café]]''. The show ran for two seasons on [[CBS]]. Simultaneously, Goldberg starred in ''[[The Long Walk Home]]'', portraying a woman in the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. She played a psychic in the 1990 film ''[[Ghost (film)|Ghost]]'', and became the first African-American female to win the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in nearly 50 years. ''[[Premiere Magazine]]'' named her character, Oda Mae Brown, the 95th best movie character of all time.<ref>Borgeson, Kelly, et al. [http://www.premiere.com/features/1539/the-100-greatest-movie-characters-of-all-time-page12.html The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time]</ref>

Goldberg starred in ''[[Soapdish]]'' and had a recurring role on ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' as [[Guinan]] which she would reprise in two ''Star Trek'' movies. On [[May 29]], [[1992]], ''[[Sister Act]]'' was released. The motion pictured grossed well over $100 million dollars and Goldberg was nominated for a [[Golden Globe]]. Next, she starred in ''[[Sarafina!]]''. During the next year, she hosted a late-night talk show, ''The Whoopi Goldberg Show'' and starred in two more motion pictures ''[[Made in America (film)|Made in America]]'' and ''[[Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit]]''. From 1994 to 1995, Whoopi appeared in ''[[Corrina, Corrina (film)|Corrina, Corrina]]'', ''[[The Lion King]]'' (voice), ''[[The Pagemaster]]'' (voice), ''[[Boys on the Side]]'', and ''Moonlight and Valentino''. Goldberg became the first African-American female to host the Academy Awards in 1994.<ref>[[List of Academy Awards ceremonies]]</ref> She hosted the Awards again in 1996, 1999, and 2002. Goldberg released four motion pictures in 1996: ''[[Bogus]]'' (with [[Gerard Depardieu]] and [[Haley Joel Osment]]), ''[[Eddie (film)|Eddie]]'', ''[[The Associate]]'' with [[Dianne Wiest]]) and ''[[Ghosts of Mississippi]]'' (with [[Alec Baldwin]] and [[James Woods]]). During the filming of Eddie, Goldberg began dating co-star [[Frank Langella]], a relationship which lasted until early 2000.

Goldberg wrote ''Book'' in October 1997, a collection featuring insights and opinions. In November and December of 2005, Goldberg revived her one-woman show on Broadway at the [[Lyceum Theatre]] in honor of its 20th anniversary.

From 1998 to 2001, Goldberg took supporting roles in the [[Angela Bassett]] [[Star vehicle|vehicle]] ''[[How Stella Got Her Groove Back]]'' and ''[[Kingdom Come (2001 film)|Kingdom Come]]''. She starred in the successful ABC versions of ''[[Cinderella]]'', ''[[A Knight in Camelot]]'', and the TNT Original Movie, ''[[Call Me Claus]]''. In 1998, she gained a new audience when she became the "Center Square" on ''[[Hollywood Squares]]'', which was hosted by [[Tom Bergeron]]. She also served as Executive Producer, for which she was nominated for 4 [[Emmy]]s. She left the show in 2002, and "Center Squares" were filled in with celebrities for the last two seasons on-air without Goldberg. In 2003, Goldberg returned to television starring in the NBC comedy, ''[[Whoopi]]'', which was cancelled after one season. On her 48th birthday, Goldberg was honored with a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]. During the next two years, she became a spokeswoman for [[Slim Fast]] and produced two television sitcoms: Lifetime's original drama ''[[Strong Medicine]]'' which ran for six seasons and ''Whoopi's Littleburg'', a [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] show for younger children. Goldberg made guest appearances on the Hit [[CW Network]] comedy, ''[[Everybody Hates Chris]]'', as an elderly character named Louise Clarkson. She produced the [[Noggin (TV channel)|Noggin]] sitcom ''[[Just For Kicks]]'', in early 2006. She was a guest at [[Elton John]]'s 60th birthday bash and concert at [[Madison Square Garden]] on [[March 25]], [[2007]].

Goldberg has recently announced her retirement from acting. She said in interviews that she wants to focus on ''[[The View]]'' and her broadcasting career.

===''The View''===
On [[September 4]] [[2007]], Goldberg became the new moderator and co-host of ''[[The View]]'', replacing [[Rosie O'Donnell]]. O'Donnell stated on her official blog<ref>[http://www.rosie.com Rosie.com]</ref> that she wanted Goldberg to assume her role as [[Master of Ceremonies|moderator]].

Goldberg's first appearance on the show was controversial when she made statements about [[Michael Vick]]'s [[Bad Newz Kennels dog fighting investigation|dogfighting]] as being "part of his cultural upbringing" and "not all that unusual" in parts of the South.<ref name=Vick>{{cite news | last = | first = | coauthors = | title = Goldberg defends Vick in `View' debut | work = | pages = | language = | publisher = Associated Press | date = 2007-09-04 | url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070904/ap_en_ce/tv_goldberg_vick_1;_ylt=AvApJZx.846jCKZLM4k5ad4E1vAI
| accessdate = 2007-09-04 }}</ref><ref> {{cite web
| last= Gorman
| first= Steve
| url= http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070905/tv_nm/nfl_vick_whoopi_dc
| title= Whoopi Goldberg defends Vick's dog-fighting role
| publisher= [[Reuters]]
| date= 2007 Sep 4, 9:30 PM ET
| accessdate=
}}</ref> Another comment that stirred controversy was the statement that the Chinese "have a very different relationship to cats" and that "you and I would be very pissed if somebody ate kitty."<ref>Menon, Venay. [http://www.thestar.com/article/253182 The new View? No big whoop] September 5, 2007.</ref>

Some defended Goldberg, including her co-host [[Elisabeth Hasselbeck]], saying that her comments were taken out of context by the press, because she repeated several times that she did not condone what Vick did.<ref>de Moraes, Lisa. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/05/AR2007090502493.html Whoopi on 'The View,' Day Two: She Doesn't Condone Michael Vick's Dogfighting] September 6, 2007</ref>

On more than one occasion, Goldberg has expressed strong disagreement and irritation with different remarks made by Elisabeth Hasselbeck. On [[October 3]] [[2007]], Hasselbeck and ''The View'' co-host Whoopi Goldberg were involved in a discussion about [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]]'s new $5000 baby entitlement. The discussion became a little heated due to Hasselbeck's commenting on how it would lead to fewer abortions because of women wanting to keep the money. Goldberg told Hasselbeck to "back off a little bit" and asked her if she "had ever been in that position to make that decision." Goldberg added, "Most people do not want to have abortions. Most women do not have them with some sort of party going on. It is the hardest decision that a woman ever- wait- ever has to make. So, when you talk about it, a little bit of reverence to the women out there who have had to make this horrible decision. And one of the reasons that we have had to make this decision is because so many women were found bleeding, dead, with hangers in their bodies because they were doing it themselves. The idea of this was to make it safe and clean. That was the reason the law came into effect. That was why it was done."<ref>[http://www.accesshollywood.com/news/ah6972.shtml Access Hollywood story]</ref><ref>Jancelewicz, Chris. [http://channels.netscape.ca/home/article.adp?id=20071004094909990016 Whoopi, Elisabeth Butt Heads Over Abortion.]</ref><ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21118402/ MSNBC.com]</ref>

Since Goldberg's debut on ''The View'', the ratings for the show have been higher than the show's ratings when [[Rosie O'Donnell]] was moderator.<ref>Learmonth, Michael. [http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117972516.html?categoryid=1275&cs=1 ''View on top. Whoopi-led show tops Rosie's ratings.''] Variety.com. 23 September 2007.</ref>

==Personal life==
At age 18, following Goldberg's marriage to Alvin Martin (who was 26), their first and only child Alexandrea was born c.1973. After Goldberg's divorce from Martin, she moved to California and helped found the San Diego Repertory Company, where she used the stage name ''Whoopi Cushion''. Before succeeding as an actress, she worked as a bank teller, a bricklayer, and in a mortuary. Goldberg later went on to marry David Claessen, but they divorced in 1988. Whoopi later married Lyle Trachtenberg, but their marriage lasted only one year. In 2000, Whoopi broke up with her boyfriend of five years, [[Frank Langella]].

Goldberg has three grandchildren through her daughter, Alexandrea Martin. The eldest, named Amarah Skye, was born on [[November 13]], [[1989]], Goldberg's birthday.

In 1993, Goldberg was briefly involved with [[Ted Danson]], who was married at the time and caring for his wife, who had survived a stroke. There was controversy following a comedy routine at a [[Friars Club]] roast that was performed in [[blackface]]. The fact that Goldberg herself had written the script was often overlooked.

On Friday, [[December 7]] [[2007]], Goldberg stated on ''[[The View]]'' that she has been married and divorced four times.

Goldberg is currently a [[UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador]].

==Awards==
Goldberg has received two [[Academy Award]] nominations, for ''[[The Color Purple (film)|The Color Purple]]'' and ''[[Ghost (film)|Ghost]]'', winning for ''Ghost''. She has received five [[Daytime Emmy Award|Daytime Emmy]] nominations, winning one. She has received five [[Emmy Award|Emmy]] nominations. She has received three [[Golden Globe]] nominations, winning two. She won a [[Grammy Award]] in 1985 and a [[Tony Award]] as a producer of the Broadway musical ''[[Thoroughly Modern Millie (musical)|Thoroughly Modern Millie]]''. She has won three [[People's Choice Award]]s. In 1999, she received the [[Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]] Vanguard Award for her continued work in supporting the gay and lesbian community. She has been nominated for five [[American Comedy Awards]] with two wins. In 2001, she won the prestigious [[Mark Twain Prize for American Humor]] at the [[Kennedy Center]].

Goldberg is one of few to [[List of people who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award|win an Oscar, a Grammy, a Tony, and an Emmy]]. She has starred in over 150 films, and during a period in the 1990s, Whoopi was the highest-paid actress of all time. Her humanitarian efforts include working for ''[[Comic Relief (charity)|Comic Relief]]'', recently reuniting with [[Billy Crystal]] and [[Robin Williams]] for the 20th Anniversary of ''Comic Relief''.

In February 2002, Goldberg sent her Oscar statuette from ''[[Ghost (film)|Ghost]]'' to the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] to be cleaned and replated. During this time, the statuette was taken from its shipping container, and later retrieved by the shipping company, [[United Parcel Service|UPS]].<ref name="Oscar: Lost & Fo">{{cite web
| last = Silverman
| first =Stephen M.
| title=Whoopi Goldberg's Oscar: Lost & Found
| date= [[6 February]] [[2002]]
| publisher = [[People (magazine)|]]
| url
=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,623471,00.html
| accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref>

==Other media appearances==
Goldberg performed the role of [[Califia]], the Queen of [[Island of California|California]], for a theater presentation called ''[[Golden Dreams]]'' at [[Disney's California Adventure]], the second gate at the [[Disneyland Resort]], in 2000. The show, which explains the [[history]] of the [[Golden State]] ([[California]]), opened on [[February 8]], [[2001]], with the rest of the park.

Goldberg hosted a short ''[[Peanuts]]'' documentary called, "The Making Of [[A Charlie Brown Christmas]]" (2001). In July 2006, Goldberg became the main host of the [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] Backlot Tour, in which she appears multiple times in video clips shown to the guests on monitors placed on the [[trams]].

Goldberg made a guest appearance on the hit TV show, ''[[30 Rock]]'', in which she played herself. She is shown as endorsing her own workout video.

Lack of eyebrows is one of her trademarks.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000155/bio Goldberg's IMDB biography]</ref>

From August 2006 to March 2008, Goldberg hosted [[Wake Up With Whoopi]], a nationally syndicated morning radio program.

==Filmography==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"
|- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Other notes
|-
| rowspan=1 | 1982 || ''[[Citizen : I'm Not Losing My Mind, I'm Giving It Away (film)|Citizen : I'm Not Losing My Mind, I'm Giving It Away]]'' || || Film debut
|-
| 1985 || ''[[The Color Purple (film)|The Color Purple]]'' || Celie Harris || [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] nomination, [[Golden Globe]] - Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Jumpin' Jack Flash (film)|Jumpin' Jack Flash]]'' || Terri Dolittle ||
|-
|rowspan=2 | 1987 || ''[[Burglar (film)|Burglar]]'' || Bernice 'Bernie' Rhodenbarr ||
|-
| ''[[Fatal Beauty]]'' || Rita Rizzoli ||
|-
|rowspan=2 | 1988 || ''The Telephone'' || Vashti Blue ||
|-
| ''[[Clara's Heart]]'' || Clara Mayfield ||
|-
|rowspan=3 | 1989 || ''Comicitis'' || Herself || Short subject
|-
| ''[[Beverly Hills Brats]]'' || Herself || Cameo
|-
| ''Homer & Eddie'' || Eddie Cervi ||
|-
|rowspan=2 | 1990 || ''[[Ghost (film)|Ghost]]'' || Oda Mae Brown || [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]], [[Golden Globe]] - Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture
|-
| ''[[The Long Walk Home]]'' || Odessa Cotter ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1991 || ''Wisecracks'' || Herself || documentary
|-
| ''Blackbird Fly'' || Herself || short subject
|-
| ''[[Soapdish]]'' || Rose Schwartz ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1992 || ''[[Sister Act]]'' || Dolores Van Cartier/Sister Mary Clarence || [[Golden Globe]] - Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy/Musical nomination
|-
| ''[[The Player]]'' || Detective Susan Avery ||
|-
| ''[[Sarafina|Sarafina!]]'' || Mary Masembuko ||
|-
| ''The Magical World of Chuck Jones'' || Herself || documentary
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1993 || ''[[National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon]]'' || Sgt. Billy York ||
|-
| ''[[Naked in New York]]'' || Tragedy Mask on Theater Wall ||
|-
| ''[[Made in America (film)|Made in America]]'' || Sarah Mathews ||
|-
| ''[[Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit]]'' || Dolores Van Cartier/Sister Mary Clarence ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1994 || ''[[Liberation]]'' || || documentary narrator
|-
| ''[[The Lion King]]'' || Shenzi the Hyena || voice
|-
| ''[[The Little Rascals (1994 film)|The Little Rascals]]'' || Buckwheat's mom ||
|-
| ''[[Corrina, Corrina (film)|Corrina, Corrina]]'' || Corrina Washington ||
|-
| ''[[Star Trek Generations]]'' || Guinan || uncredited
|-
| ''[[The Pagemaster]]'' || Fantasy || voice
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1995 || ''[[Boys on the Side]]'' || Jane Deluca ||
|-
| ''[[The Celluloid Closet]]'' || herself || documentary
|-
| ''[[Moonlight and Valentino]]'' || Sylvie Morrow ||
|-
| ''[[Theodore Rex]]'' || Katie Coltrane ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1996 || ''[[Eddie (film)|Eddie]]'' || Edwina 'Eddie' Franklin ||
|-
| ''[[Bordello of Blood]]'' || Hospital Patient || uncredited
|-
| ''[[Bogus]]'' || Harriet Franklin ||
|-
| ''[[VR Troopers]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[The Associate]]'' || Laurel Ayres/Robert S. Cutty ||
|-
| ''[[Ghosts of Mississippi]]'' || Myrlie Evers ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1997 || ''[[Pitch]]'' || Herself || Documentary, uncredited
|-
| ''Mary Pickford: A Life on Film'' || Host/narrator || documentary
|-
| ''A Christmas Carol'' || The Ghost of Christmas Past || voice
|-
| ''[[Destination Anywhere]]'' || Cabbie ||
|-
| ''[[In & Out]]'' || Herself || Special thanks
|-
| ''[[In the Gloaming]]'' || Nurse Myrna ||
|-
| ''[[An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn]]'' || Herself || Special Appearance
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1998 || ''Titey'' || The Iceberg (voice) || short subject
|-
| ''[[Alegría]]'' || Baby Clown ||
|-
| ''A Knight in Camelot'' || Dr. Vivien Morgan ||
|-
| ''[[How Stella Got Her Groove Back]]'' || Delilah Abraham ||
|-
| ''Junket Whore'' || Herself || documentary
|-
| ''Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie'' || Stormella, The Evil Ice Queen (voice) ||
|-
| ''[[The Rugrats Movie]]'' || Ranger Margaret (voice) ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1999 || ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1999 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' || Cheshire Cat (voice) ||
|-
| ''[[The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns]] || The Grand Banshee ||
|-
| ''Get Bruce'' || Herself || documentary
|-
| ''[[The Deep End of the Ocean (film)|The Deep End of the Ocean]]'' || Candy Bliss ||
|-
| ''[[Girl, Interrupted (film)|Girl, Interrupted]]'' || Valerie Owens, RN ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2000 || ''[[The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle]]'' || Judge Cameo || uncredited
|-
| ''A Second Chance at Life'' || Narrator || documentary
|-
| ''More Dogs Than Bones'' || Cleo ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2001 || ''[[Golden Dreams]]'' || Calafia, the Queen of California (Narrator) || short subject
|-
| ''[[Kingdom Come (2001 film)|Kingdom Come]]'' || Raynelle Slocumb ||
|-
| ''[[Monkeybone]]'' || Death ||
|-
| ''[[Rat Race (film)|Rat Race]]'' || Vera Baker ||
|-
| ''[[The Hollywood Sign]]'' (2001) || One of the women throwing dirt on coffin at funeral scene || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Call Me Claus]]'' || Lucy ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2002 || ''[[Searching for Debra Winger]]'' || Herself || documentary
|-
| ''[[Showboy]]'' || Herself || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Star Trek Nemesis]]'' || Guinan || Uncredited
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2003 || ''Unchained Memories: Readings from the Slave Narratives'' || Narrator || documentary
|-
| ''[[Pauly Shore Is Dead]]'' || Herself || documentary
|-
| ''[[Bitter Jester]]'' || Herself || documentary
|-
| ''Beyond the Skyline'' || Herself || short subject
|-
| ''[[Blizzard]]'' || Blizzard (voice) ||
|-
| ''[[Good Fences]]'' || Mabel Spader ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2004 || ''[[Pinocchio 3000]]'' || Cyberina (voice) ||
|-
| ''[[The N-Word]]'' || Herself || documentary
|-
| ''[[SuperBabies: Baby Geniuses 2]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| ''[[Jiminy Glick in Lalawood]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| ''[[The Lion King 1 1/2]]'' || Shenzi (voice) ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2005 || ''[[The Aristocrats (film)|The Aristocrats]]'' || Herself || documentary
|-
| ''[[Racing Stripes]]'' || Frannie (voice) ||
|-
| ''[[The Magic Roundabout]]'' || Ermintrude ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2006 ||''[[Doogal]]'' || Ermintrude (voice) ||
|-
| ''[[Everyone's Hero]]'' || Darlin' (voice) ||
|-
| ''[[Farce of the Penguins]] || Helen (voice) ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2007 || ''Homie Spumoni'' || Thelma ||
|-
| ''[[If I Had Known I Was a Genius]]'' || Mom ||
|-
| ''Nuremberg: A Vision Restored'' || Herself || documentary
|-
| ''[[Mr. Warmth: The Don Rickles Project]]'' || Herself || documentary
|-
| ''Our Country USA to Z'' || Herself (voice) || short subject
|-
| ''The Sophisticated Misfit'' || Herself || documentary
|-
| 2008 || ''Stream'' || Jodi ||
|-
|}

==TV work==
*''Whoopi Goldberg: Direct from Broadway'' (1985)
*''Carol, Carl, Whoopi, and Robin'' (1987)
*''Whoopi Goldberg: Fontaine... Why Am I Straight?'' (1988) (also writer)
*''[[Pee-wee's Playhouse Christmas Special]] (guest star 1988)
*''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' (recurring guest star from 1988-1993 as [[Guinan]])
*''My Past Is My Own'' (1989)
*''Kiss Shot'' (1989)
*''Tales from the Whoop: Hot Rod Brown Class Clown'' (1990)
*''[[Bagdad Cafe]]'' (1990 - 1991)
*''[[Tales From The Crypt]]'' (Dead Wait) (1991)
*''[[Captain Planet and the Planeteers]]'' (1990 - 1993) (voice)
*''[[Defenders of Dynatron City]]'' (1992) (voice)
*''The Whoopi Goldberg Show'' (1992 - 1993)
*''Yuletide in the 'hood'' (1993) (voice)
*''A Cool Like That Christmas'' (1994) (voice)
*''Denver the Last Dinosaur'' (1994) (voice)
*''[[The Sunshine Boys]]'' (1995) (Cameo)
*''[[Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child]]'' (1995 - 1999) (voice)
*''Mother Goose: A Rappin' and Rhymin' Special'' (1997) (voice)
*''[[Cinderella (TV)|Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella]](For Disney Channel)'' (1997)
*''[[A Knight in Camelot]]'' (1998)
*''[[The Hollywood Squares|Hollywood Squares]]'' (center square from 1998-2002) (also producer)
*''[[Alice in Wonderland]]'' (1999)
*''Jackie's Back!'' (1999)
*''[[Foxbusters]]'' (1999 - 2000) (voice)
*''[[Celebrity Dish]]'' (2000)
*''[[Whose Line Is It Anyway?]]'' (2000)
*''[[The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns]]'' (1999)
*''What Makes a Family'' (2001) (also executive producer)
*''Call Me Claus'' (2001) (also executive producer)
*''Madeline: My Fair Madeline'' (2002) (voice)
*''[[It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie]]'' (2002)
*''[[Absolutely Fabulous]] - "Gay"'', Christmas special (2002)
*''[[Good Fences]]'' (2003) (also producer)
*''[[Whoopi]]'' (2003 - 2004) (also executive producer)
*''Littleburg'' (2004) (canceled after five episodes)
*''Whoopi: Back to Broadway - the 20th Anniversary'' (2005) (also executive producer and writer)
*''[[Just for Kicks]]'' (2006) (developer and executive producer)
*''[[Dawn French's Girls Who Do Comedy]]'' (2006) (three part British TV series)
*''[[Law & Order: Criminal Intent]]'' (2006)
*''[[Everybody Hates Chris]]'' (2006)
*''[[30 Rock]]'' (2007)
*''[[The View]]'' (2007-present)
*"[[Snow Buddies]] (2008)
She has made numerous guest appearances on ''[[Sesame Street]]'', and guest hosting ''[[Live with Regis and Kelly]]'' and ''[[The View]]''.

==Literary works==
*Goldberg, Whoopi. ''Whoopi's Big Book of Manners'', Hyperion Books for Children, 2006 - ISBN 078685295X
*Goldberg, Whoopi. ''Book'', Bantam Books, 1996 - ISBN 068815252X (hardcover) / ISBN 0380729792 (paper back)
*Goldberg, Whoopi. ''Alice'', Bantam Books, 1992 - ISBN 0553089900

== Discography ==
*''Whoopi: Original Broadway Recording'' (1985)
*''Whoopi Goldberg: Fontaine... Why Am I Straight?'' (1988)
*''[[Sister Act]] - [[Soundtrack]]'' (1992)
*''[[Sister Act 2]] - [[Soundtrack]]'' (1993)
*''Whoopi: The 20th Anniversary Show'' (2005)

==See also==
*[[List of people who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award]]
*[[List of black Academy Award winners and nominees]]
==References==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons|Category:Whoopi Goldberg|Whoopi Goldberg}}
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*Adams, Mary Agnes. ''Whoopi Goldberg'', Silver Burdett Press, 1996 - ISBN 0382394976
*Caper, William. ''Whoopi Goldberg: Comedian and Movie Star'', Enslow Publishers, Incorporated, 1999 - ISBN 0766012050
*DeBoer, Judy. ''Whoopi Goldberg'', The Creative Company, 1999 - ISBN 0886826969
*Gaines, Ann. ''Whoopi Goldberg'', Facts On File, Inc., 1999 - ISBN 0791049388
*Parish, James Robert. ''Whoopi Goldberg: Her Journey from Poverty to Megastardom'', Carol Pub. Group, 1997 - ISBN 1559724315
==External links==
*[http://www.whoopi.com/ Whoopi.com]
*{{imdb name|id=0000155|name=Whoopi Goldberg}}
{{Memoryalpha}}
*[http://www.dyslexiaonline.com/famous/famous.htm Interview with Whoopi about dyslexia]

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{{succession box|title=[[Oscars]] [[List of Academy Awards ceremonies|host]]|before=[[David Letterman]] [[67th Academy Awards]]|after=[[Billy Crystal]] [[69th Academy Awards]]|years=[[68th Academy Awards]]}}
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{{succession box
| title=[[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| years=1990 '''for ''[[Ghost (film)|Ghost]]'' '''
| before=[[Michelle Pfeiffer]] for ''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]''
| after=[[Kate Nelligan]] for ''[[Frankie and Johnny (1991 film)|Frankie and Johnny]]''
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{{succession box |title=[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama]]
|years=1986 '''for ''[[The Color Purple (film)|The Color Purple]]'' '''| before=[[Sally Field]] for ''[[Places in the Heart]]'' |after=[[Marlee Matlin]] for ''[[Children of a Lesser God]]''}}
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{{AcademyAwardBestSupportingActress 1981-2000}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Goldberg, Whoopi}}
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[[Category:BAFTA winners (people)]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
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[[Category:LGBT rights activists from the United States]]
[[Category:Liberals]]
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Rhombus

2008-04-16T04:06:14Z

72.138.241.60: Undid revision 205949282 by 138.107.12.24 (talk)

{{otheruses}}
[[Image:Rhombus.svg|frame|right|Two rhombi.]]
In [[geometry]], a '''rhombus''' (from [[Ancient Greek]] '''''ῥόμβος''''' - rrhombos, “rhombus, spinning top”), (plural '''rhombi''' or '''rhombuses''') or '''rhomb''' (plural '''rhombs''') is an [[equilateral polygon|equilateral]] [[quadrilateral]]. In other words, it is a four-sided polygon in which every side has the same length.

The rhombus is often casually called a diamond, after the [[Diamonds (suit)|diamonds]] suit in playing cards, or a [[lozenge]], because those shapes are rhombi (though not all rhombi are actually diamonds or lozenges). However, anyone who refers to a Rhombus in this fashion, to put it simply, sucks on far too many penises. Rhombi are unique in their ability to cure cancer and simultaneously have sex with three women.

===Supersets===
In any rhombus, opposite sides are [[parallel (geometry)|parallel]]. Thus, the rhombus is a special case of the [[parallelogram]]. One analogy holds that the rhombus is to the parallelogram as the square is to the rectangle.

A rhombus is also a special case of a [[kite (geometry)|kite]] (a quadrilateral with two distinct pairs of adjacent sides of equal lengths). The opposite sides of a kite are not parallel unless the kite is also a rhombus.

===Area===
The [[area]] of any rhombus is half the product of the lengths of its [[diagonal]]s: 

<math>Area=\frac{D_1 \times D_2}{2}</math> 

Because the rhombus is a [[parallelogram]], the area also equals the length of a side (B) multiplied by the perpendicular distance between two opposite sides(H)

<math>Area=B \times H</math> 

The area also equals the square of the side multiplied by the sine of any of the interior angles: 

<math>Area={a^2 \sin\theta}</math> 

where a is the length of the side and <math>\theta</math> is the angle between two sides.

===A proof that the diagonals are perpendicular===
One of the five 2D [[lattice (group)|lattice]] types is the rhombic lattice, also called centered rectangular lattice.

If A, B, C and D were the [[vertex (geometry)|vertices]] of the rhombus, named in agreement with the figure (higher on this page). Using <math>\overrightarrow{AB}</math> to represent the [[Vector (spatial)|vector]] from A to B, one notices that
 <math>\overrightarrow{AC} = \overrightarrow{AB} + \overrightarrow{BC}</math>
 <math>\overrightarrow{BD} = \overrightarrow{BC}+ \overrightarrow{CD}= \overrightarrow{BC}- \overrightarrow{AB}</math>. 
The last equality comes from the parallelism of CD and AB.
Taking the [[inner product]],
:<math>
<\overrightarrow{AC}, \overrightarrow{BD}> = <\overrightarrow{AB} + \overrightarrow{BC}, \overrightarrow{BC} - \overrightarrow{AB}></math>
::<math>= <\overrightarrow{AB}, \overrightarrow{BC}> - <\overrightarrow{AB}, \overrightarrow{AB}> + <\overrightarrow{BC}, \overrightarrow{BC}> - <\overrightarrow{BC}, \overrightarrow{AB}></math>
::<math> = 0</math>
since the norms of AB and BC are equal and since the inner product is [[bilinear]] and symmetric. The inner product of the diagonals is zero [[if and only if]] they are [[perpendicular]].

== Origin ==
The word ''rhombus'' is from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for something that spins. [[Euclid]] used ''ρόμβος'' (''rhombos''), from the verb ''ρέμβω'' (''rhembo''), meaning "to turn round and round" <ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392686 '''Rhombos''', "A Greek-English Lexicon", Liddel and Scott, at Perseus]</ref><ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2392296 '''Rhembo''', "A Greek-English Lexicon", Liddel and Scott, at Perseus]</ref>. [[Archimedes]] used the term "solid rhombus" for two right circular [[cone (geometry)|cone]]s sharing a common base.<ref>http://www.pballew.net/rhomb.html MathWords web page for Rhombus</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wiktionary}}
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.elsy.at/kurse/index.php?kurs=Parallelogram+and+Rhombus&status=public Parallelogram and Rhombus - Animated course (Construction, Circumference, Area)]
*[http://www.mathopenref.com/rhombus.html Rhombus definition. Math Open Reference] With interactive applet.
*[http://www.mathopenref.com/rhombusarea.html Rhombus area. Math Open Reference] Shows three different ways to compute the area of a rhombus, with interactive applet.

[[Category:Quadrilaterals]]

[[ar:دالتون(رياضيات)]]
[[ast:Rombu]]
[[az:Romb]]
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[[ca:Rombe]]
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[[fr:Losange]]
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[[hr:Romb]]
[[it:Rombo (geometria)]]
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[[li:Roet]]
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[[mn:Ромб]]
[[nl:Ruit (meetkunde)]]
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[[pl:Romb]]
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[[qu:Puytu]]
[[ru:Ромб]]
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[[vls:Rute]]
[[zh:菱形]]

Rhombus

2008-04-16T03:50:35Z

72.138.241.60:

He-Man

2008-02-19T08:42:19Z

72.138.241.60:

{{redirect|He Man|the Yellow Turban commander|He Man (Three Kingdoms)}}
{{Infobox He-Man/She-Ra Character|
Image=[[Image:He-Man.JPG|200px|centre|He-Man]]He-Man, as he appears on the English DVD release of ''A Christmas Special''|
Title=He-Man|
Alliance=#87CEFA|
Name=He-Man|
Secret=[[Prince Adam]]|
Status=Alive|
Affiliation=[[Castle Grayskull]], [[Sorceress of Castle Grayskull|Sorceress]], [[Teela]], [[Man-At-Arms]], [[Cringer]], various others|
Family=[[King Miro]] (''grandfather'') [[King Randor]] (''father'') [[Queen Marlena]] (''mother'') [[She-Ra]] (''twin sister'')|
Powers=[[Superhuman strength]] Highly resistant to damage Superhuman speed and agility Super breath Telepathic contact with the [[Sorceress of Grayskull]] Exceptional tactician All his powers are derived from the mystical Power of Grayskull|
Weapons=[[The Power Sword]], axe, and shield|
Actor=[[John Erwin]] - 1983 [[Gary Chalk]] - 1989 & [[Cam Clarke]] - 2002|}}
[[Image:He-man.jpg|right|thumb|He-Man as seen in a [[DC Comics|DC]] comic from December, [[1982]], one of his earliest appearances and preceding the debut of his animated series.]]

He-Man is actually a tremendous jackass and not really that powerful. He hangs out with a bunch of jerks like Peela and Dorko, He has a cat who is also dumb and

==Overview==
===Fictional character biography===
As with many parts of the ''[[Masters of the Universe]]'' story, He-Man background and origins are somewhat [[retcon]]ned in successive versions of the story and it is sometimes difficult to reconcile the various versions.

In the earliest series of [[minicomic]]s released with the original toys, He-Man is a wandering [[barbarian]] on the world of [[Eternia]], which is dealing with the aftermath of a Great War that has devastated the civilizations that once ruled supreme over all lesser beings, but has left behind advanced machinery and weaponry. The [[Sorceress of Castle Grayskull]], called "The Goddess" in some early appearances, gives He-Man special powers and weapons, and he sets out to defend the secrets of [[Castle Grayskull]] from the evil villain [[Skeletor]].

Starting with the third series of mini-comics, the scenario is somewhat revised: He-Man's true identity is [[Prince Adam]], the son of [[King Randor]] (called King Miro in early literature, a name that would later be given to Adam's grandfather) and [[Queen Marlena]], the rulers of the planet [[Eternia]], who live in the Kingdom of Eternos. Marlena is later stated in the Filmation cartoon series to be from the planet Earth, making He-Man only half-Eternian.

In the new version of events, The Sorceress of Castle Grayskull endows [[Prince Adam]] with the power to transform into He-Man by holding aloft his magic sword (called the "Sword of Power", or the "Power Sword") and proclaiming, "By the power of Grayskull...I have the power!". In these early revised versions, the Sword of Power has been split into two halves, with one half entrusted to He-Man, and [[Skeletor]] searching for, or occasionally possessing the other half, desperate to possess both halves as it will give him the power to conquer [[Castle Grayskull]]. As events were revised further, the concept of the two halves of the Sword of Power was dropped, although it lingered on in some media, with the Sword of Power being one. This was carried over into the 2002 series.

Prince Adam's pet is a cowardly green [[tiger]] named [[Cringer]]. When Adam changes to He-Man, Cringer becomes a giant, brave [[armor]]ed green tiger named [[Battle Cat]] when filled with the magical power cast from He-Man's sword. [[Battle Cat]], like He-Man, had existed prior to his alter ego, also serves as He-Man's steed and fierce fighting companion.

Adam is friendly with the beautiful and strong-willed [[Teela]], the female Captain of the Royal Guard and adoptive daughter of his mentor [[Man-At-Arms|Duncan]]. Adam and Teela grew up together, and now as the Captain of the Guard, Teela is entrusted to protect the Prince, something that she does loyally, although she often sees Adam as lazy and cowardly, not aware of his dual identity as He-Man. Teela is revealed to be the only daughter of The Sorceress, and the future inheritor of Grayskull - however, The Sorceress gave her up for adoption when she was just a baby after her father died.

Duncan—also known as [[Man-At-Arms]]—is the Eternian royal family's innovator of technology and weapons. In many episodes, Man-At-Arms unveils new and fantastic weapons that help He-Man and his friends.

[[Castle Grayskull]], which resembles a gigantic [[skull]], is the source of He-Man's powers. Inside the Castle lives the Sorceress, who grants [[Prince Adam]] his transformative abilities, and communicates [[telepathy|telepathically]] with He-Man. She also created He-Man's harness from a rare Eternian mineral called Korodite, which adds to his physical strength.

To protect his family, He-Man keeps his double identity secret, sharing the knowledge only with Man-At-Arms, [[Orko]], Cringer/Battle Cat, and the Sorceress; with the advent of the ''[[She-Ra: Princess of Power]]'' series, this list is expanded to also include Adora/She-Ra, Spirit/Swift Wind, [[Light Hope]], [[Loo-Kee]], [[Madame Razz]], and [[Kowl]]. The original cartoon series also includes the [[dragon]] [[Granamyr]], the cosmic enforcer [[Zodak]] and at the end of a later episode, "The Rainbow Warrior" it is lightly hinted, although never confirmed or played on, that Queen Marlena may possibly also know his secret. He-Man is usually accompanied by an assortment of allies in his battles, such as [[Ram-Man]] and [[Stratos]].

Later, it is revealed that Adam has a twin sister named [[Princess Adora|Adora]], theoretically the Princess of [[Eternia]], but in fact a leader in [[The Great Rebellion]] against [[Hordak]] on the planet [[Etheria (She-Ra)|Etheria]]. Adora, like Adam, has been given the gift of the power of Grayskull and has her own sword which she uses to transform into [[She-Ra]], Princess of Power. He-Man makes a number of appearances in the ''[[She-Ra: Princess of Power]]'' television series.

He-Man's chief adversary is [[Skeletor]], a blue-skinned sorcerer with a skull for a head, wearing a cowl. He is skilled in [[black magic]] as well as all forms of combat. Skeletor's weapon of choice is his Havoc Staff, a ram's skull atop a large rod, which serves to channel his magic and amplify his powers. The Havok Staff also allows [[Skeletor]] to engage in the [[remote viewing]] of events on and around Eternia. Though his origin is mysterious, and the cartoon describes him only as a "demon from another dimension," a tie-in [[Masters of the Universe (comics)|comic]] implies that Skeletor's true identity is Prince Keldor, younger brother of King Randor, thus making him He-Man's uncle. It is revealed in the He-Man motion picture ''He-Man and She-Ra: The Secret of the Sword'' that [[Skeletor]] was Hordak's right-hand man up until his capture, and supposed release.

Skeletor's base of operations is [[Snake Mountain]], a fortress made of polished black [[basalt]],{{Fact|date=June 2007}} which has a giant stone snake coiled around it. [[Snake Mountain]] is located on the Dark Hemisphere of [[Eternia]]. [[Skeletor]] leads a motley crew of henchmen against He-Man and his associates; the most popular are the sorceress [[Evil-Lyn]], the bumbling lord of the animal world [[Beast Man]], the bionic [[Trap-Jaw]], multi-sighted [[Tri-Klops]], and fish lord [[Mer-Man]].

In the 1980s series, He-Man/Adam is voiced by [[John Erwin]], for many the definitive He-man, a congenial hero with an endless supply of one liners. In the 1987 [[Masters of the Universe (film)|live-action feature film]], he is played by [[Dolph Lundgren]]. [[Gary Chalk (actor)|Gary Chalk]] provides the voice of He-Man for the 1989 series ''[[The New Adventures of He-Man]]'', and later the voice of Man-At-Arms for the 2002 series. He does not provide the voice of [[Prince Adam]]; Adam is instead voiced by Doug Parker, unlike the 1983 and 2002 series, where Adam and He-Man were voiced by the same actor. In the 2002 series, He-Man is voiced by [[Cam Clarke]].

According to Lou Scheimer, executive producer of the Filmation animated series, the idea of He-Man having a teenage alter-ego was derived by from the Fawcett/DC Comics character Captain Marvel, about whom Filmation had already produced two TV series: Shazam! and The Kid Superpower Hour with Shazam!. He-Man's twin sister She-Ra was created as a female spin-off, as Captain Marvel's twin sister Mary Marvel had been. <ref>Latchem, John (2006). "Filmation Nation". Agent DVD Online. Retrieved from http://agentdvdonline.com/agentdvd/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=439045 on July 30, 2006. Interview with Lou Scheimer. Excerpt from Scheimer: "[The dual identity for He-Man] was really inspired by Billy Batson and Captain Marvel, from the 1970s “Shazam” show. It was this kid who became a superhero. His background is really more interesting than Superman’s. One of the reasons I like Captain Marvel is it really empowered kids. So on He-Man, we’re going from an 18-year-old kid to He-Man." </ref>

===He-Man and Conan connection===
{{Inappropriate tone|date=December 2007}}

Originally, the He-Man action figures were designed as a toy line for the ''[[Conan The Barbarian]]'' movie, but Mattel president Ray Wagner decided instead to come up with a new proprietary male action line, for possibly one or two reasons:
#So as to avoid paying royalties to another company
#After seeing the movie and all its violence and sexuality, they knew that few children would be allowed to view it, and would be a marketing disaster.<ref>[http://www.cedmagic.com/featured/he-man/he-man.html He-Man and the Masters of the Universe] from CED Magic</ref> So they put a mop of blonde hair on the figures and changed his name to He-Man.
The toys that had already been put into production were changed and combined with the ideas of Ray Wagner.{{Fact|date=August 2007}}

Wagner wanted a strong line to compete with the then popular ''Star Wars'' line of toys; a license that he had ironically rejected purchasing for Mattel in 1977. In an attempt to fulfill Wagner's request, the ''He-Man'' concept came into existence, with Roger Sweet heading its development.

Sweet's hard work resulted in the "He-Man trio", three 9½ inch tall prototype figures created using "[[Big Jim]]" molds. One was a barbarian fantasy themed figure, one a military toy in the vein of ''G.I. Joe'' and one was a Star Wars-esque space man, complete with jet-pack.

Several months of development work occurred at Mattel before the new ''Masters Of The Universe'' line began to hit the market in late 1981. Filmation writers and many other varied personnel joined in to contribute greatly to the success of the line.

==History of the He-Man action figure==
[[Image:Smeraldo.cc heman01.jpg|right|thumb|250px|He-Man & [[Battle Cat]] (1982)]]
===The Original "Masters of the Universe" toy line===
The first He-Man action figure was released by Mattel in 1981, and had a twist waist and power punch action. The figure came with the power sword, a [[battle axe]] and a shield, together with a removable harness. In 1982 the figure was also released in a set with either [[Battle Cat]] or the [[Wind Raider]] vehicle. The He-Man figure was released again in 1983 together with Teela and [[Ram-Man]]; and the figure was also released in 1986 together with the [[Jet Sled]] vehicle.

Starting with the third wave of figures in 1984, a different He-Man variant, and corresponding [[Skeletor]] variant, was released with each new wave. The first alternate version was entitled ''Battle Armor He-Man''. The chest contained a springloaded rotating drum bearing three "damage indicators". As before, the power sword and battle axe were included. The figure was also re-released the same year, in a two-pack with ''Battle Armor Skeletor'', and the figure was also available packaged with the [[Road Ripper]] vehicle. In 1986, the figure was released again, together with ''Battle Armor Skeletor'' and Orko.

Another alternate version was released in 1985, with the name ''Thunder Punch He-Man''. The toy was powered with caps to make a bang when he threw a punch. The power sword, colored mustard gold with this version of the character, and shield were released with the figure, together with some red caps. The same year, ''Battle Armor He-Man'' was re-released with Battle Cat, and again in a collector's pack with Man-at-Arms and [[Man-E-Faces]].

1986 saw the release of another version, named ''Flying Fists He-Man''. The figure's arms moved as his waist rotated. The figure included a spinning [[trident]] mace and a rotating shield. A double-pack was later released containing both ''Flying Fists He-Man'' and ''Terror Claws Skeletor''.

In 1988, a final version was released for the original toy line, entitled ''Laser Power He-Man'', which lit up He-Man's Power Sword powered by batteries inserted into the back of the figure. The figure was limited to releases in [[Italy]] and [[Spain]], although it also appeared in some major department stores in [[London]], [[England]], and is one of the rarest and most highly sought after figures of the toy-line due to its limited release. This figure is also notable in that, whereas previous alternate versions had stuck to the basic original He-Man head, this new version had a completely new head sculpt, inspired in part by He-Man's appearance in the 1987 movie.

It should also be noted that He-Man, along with all of the early figures, was originally released with a hollow rubber 'squeezable' head. In the later days of the line, the He-Man figure, as with a number of the early figures, was altered to have a solid head. The soft head version is the far more common of the two, with the hard head version being relatively scarce. ''Thunder Punch He-Man'' and ''Flying Fists He-Man'' were released with hard heads; ''Battle Armor He-Man'', like the original version, was originally released with a soft head, but later also appeared with a hard head. Not all countries of production adopted the later hard head alteration.

==He-Man in live action==

In 1987, [[Cannon Films]] produced a [[Live-action]] film ''[[Masters of the Universe (film)|Masters of the Universe]]'' which features [[Dolph Lundgren]] in the role of He-Man. Although the film was not received well upon its release, it has developed a strong [[cult following]] over recent years. Despite accusations that Lundgren was "embarrassed" about the movie, he has repeatedly stated his pride in his work in the movie.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Although generally portrayed in much the same manner as other media, there were several notable differences in the character of He-Man within the movie. His use of a [[gun]] in several scenes, rather than his characteristic sword, caused controversy among fans. Also, there was no mention of his secret identity of Prince Adam within the film, implying the makers envisioned him as having only one permanent identity, as is the case in the early mini-comics. There was not even any direct indication that his powers came from Castle Grayskull; nor that he possessed any superhuman abilities, save for a few depictions of enormous strength; such as overpowering Beast Man in a fight and pushing over a giant statue. He is portrayed generally as a standard hero, although widely recognized and regarded as a great leader and Eternia's best hope of survival. However, at the climax of the story he does retrieve his sword from Skeletor and cries "I have the power!", seemingly replenishing his strength. It has also been suggested by fans that, as the movie starts partway into the story, with Skeletor already having captured the Sorceress and taken control of Castle Grayskull, that Prince Adam could have transformed into He-Man prior to the events we see on-screen, and simply did not transform back into Adam during the story due to the critical nature of the situation.

==Powers and abilities==
He-Man is characterized by his immense strength. In the intro sequence of the 1980s cartoon series he claims to be ''"The Most Powerful Man in the Universe"''. Similar wording is also used in early packaging of He-Man toys. He-Man's strength is an issue rarely tackled and seems to vary depending on the adaptation. In his first DC comics appearance he was able to trade punches with ''[[Superman]]''. Typical of most adaptations is that He-Man is often shown successfully attempting feats deemed impossible by other characters. Episodes of the original cartoon also depict him as being able to swim at a far faster rate than is humanly possible. It is unknown if there is a limit to how long He-Man can remain He-Man before he reverts back to his original form of Adam, but in the 2002 series, He-Man is shown enduring the brunt of at least two large explosions, which he survives, but reverts back to Adam in the process, suggesting that even He-Man has a limit as to how much abuse he can endure before his superhuman strength and stamina is exhausted.

His physical prowess is not limited to strength, however, and he is also depicted as being extremely fast and [[acrobatics|acrobatic]]. These traits do not show themselves in He-Man's movie appearance, but this may had been due to budgetary reasons, as well as the fact that Dolph Lundgren, in the absence of a fitting [[stunt double]], was forced to perform all his own stunts.

On the other hand, He-Man as a character is largely non-violent and usually only resorts to combat as a last resort, usually preferring to outsmart his adversaries, his most violent actions usually consist of picking up an enemy and tossing him away like a rag doll, though the 1987 film and 2002 series show him fighting more aggressively. He-Man is also depicted as a leader, most noticeably in the movie adaptation where he is referred to as the ''leader'' of the resistance. Sometimes He-Man's intellect appears to cross a point not within his character, but this usually happened in the original 80s cartoon.

He-Man's primary weapon is his sword, but he also uses other weapons, such as a laser-gun in the film, and equipment while battling his foes. His sword is able to deflect bolts of energy both magical and technological. Originally He-Man's primary weapon was an axe. His chest harness is made of an Etherian mineral called Korodite that helps add to his physical strength.

Due to his costume he can rarely carry large items with him. The 1980s cartoon depicts He-Man sometimes carrying items in his chest-plate and in some cases in his belt. This has caused some irritation with fans who consider the latter cases as embarrassing to the character. The ''He-Man and the Masters of the Universe'' cartoon by Filmation also gives He-Man a number of powers many fans considered silly or over-cartoonish and which in result have not appeared in other versions. Such powers include:
*He-Man being able to blow, using the full-capacity of his lungs, a gust of wind powerful enough to knock over most opponents (similar to [[Superman]]'s "[[Powers and abilities of Superman#Silver/Bronze Age (Pre-Crisis) Superman|super-breath]]").
*Able to transform himself into a human tornado (sometimes with the aid of spinning his sword) to divert objects, or even fly short distances on rare occasions ("Evilseed" and "The Shadow of Skeletor" being two such examples).
*Able to run at high speed, creating a vacuum ("The Once and Future Duke")
*Able to rub his hands together fast enough to turn sand into glass (as seen in "Temple of the Sun")
*Punch a falling moon (on a collision course with Eternia) and shatter it to a billion{{Fact|date=February 2008}} pieces with his bare fist.

There are also dubious feats specific to plot, such as an inexplicable ability to fix a broken chain by merely connecting its both ends ("Evil-Lyn's Plot"), and to adjust the course of one of Eternia's moons by flying a Wind Raider to it and pushing it ("Eternal Darkness").

==Other media==
* A He-Man parody, He-Bro, appeared in 2006 on the TV show ''[[Wonder Showzen]]'' which portrays He-Man as a Jewish black man who can stretch his muscles like [[Plastic Man]]. The feature stays true to the actual Filmation style.
* He-Man was briefly spoofed in the fifth season ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[The Front (The Simpsons episode)|The Front]]". An animation awards ceremony included a clip of 'Strong-Dar: Master of Akom: The Wedding Episode'. There were physical similarities between the two characters, primarily being blond and muscular.
* He-Man was parodied in an episode of [[Round the Bend]] (a children's TV show shown on CITV in the UK), as Wee-Man and The Masters of The Loo-nyverse.
* He-Man was briefly seen in the 4th season of ''[[Family Guy]]'' episode "[[Brian the Bachelor]]" jumping on a donkey as Prince Adam, then changing into He-Man, complete with the appropriate music and sound effects and voiced by the original He-Man, John Erwin.
* He-Man appeared in the ''[[Robot Chicken]]'' episode "Toy Meets Girl" voiced by [[Adam Talbot]]. In the "Where Are They Now" segment, He-Man is shown as a security guard. [[Tom Root]] voices He-Man in the episode "Shoe" where He-Man is accidentally killed by Beast Man.
[[Image:Penny Arcade comic-20051216h.jpg|right|thumb|200px|''[[Penny Arcade (webcomic)|Penny Arcade]]'' satirizes [[Wikipedia]] with [[Skeletor]].]]
* He-Man was satirized by [[Penny Arcade (webcomic)|Penny Arcade]] where [[Skeletor]] vandalized his [[Wikipedia]] entry.
* He-Man makes a cameo in the ''[[Drawn Together]]'' episode "Breakfast Food Killer." He is among the characters seen auditioning to become the next cereal mascot. He is missing his [[cross pattée]] here.
* As well as appearing in every [[List of Masters of the Universe minicomics| Master of the Universe and New Adventures minicomic]] he also appeared in [[The Story of She-Ra]], the first [[She-Ra]] minicomic.
* Filipino-comedian Joey De Leon starred in a parody movie entitled She-Man: Mistress of the Universe, which portrays He-Man as a gay warrior equiped with a powerful scepter that magically turns into a sword, a folding fan that can generate powerful winds, shotgun, umbrella and at one time a brightly colored umbrella. Battlecat was replaced by a large colorful butterly that serves as She-Man's mode of transportation.

== See also ==
*''[[He-Man and the Masters of the Universe]]'' (1983 series)
*''[[The New Adventures of He-Man]]
*''[[He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002)]]''
*[[Masters of the Universe]]
*''[[Masters of the Universe (film)]]''
*[[She-Ra]]
*[[List of Masters of the Universe characters]]
*[[List of Masters of the Universe vehicles]]
*[[Mattel]]

==Notes==
<references />

== External links ==
*{{imdb title|id=0126158|title=He-Man and the Masters of the Universe}} (1983–1985 series)
*{{imdb title|id=0093507|title=Masters of the Universe}} (1987 live action film)
*{{imdb title|id=0169477|title=The New Adventures of He-Man}} (1990–1991 series)
*{{imdb title|id=0331744|title=He-Man and the Masters of the Universe}} (2002 series)

{{Masters of the Universe}}

[[Category:Masters of the Universe]]
[[Category:Masters of the Universe Heroic Warriors]]
[[Category:Toys of the 1980s]]
[[Category:Action figures]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with superhuman strength]]
[[Category:Extraterrestrial superheroes]]
[[Category:Fictional twins]]
[[Category:Fictional princes]]
[[Category:Fictional swordsmen]]
[[bs:He-Man]]
[[de:He-Man]]
[[es:Amos del Universo]]
[[fr:Musclor]]
[[it:He-Man]]
[[he:הי-מן ושליטי היקום]]
[[nl:He-Man]]
[[pl:He-Man]]
[[pt:He-Man]]
[[fi:He-man]]
[[sv:He-Man]]
[[tr:He-Man]]

Langstaff Secondary School

2008-02-14T06:29:40Z

72.138.241.60:

{{cleanup-school}}
{{Infobox Education in Canada
|name= Langstaff Secondary School
|image= Langstaff logo.png
|motto=
|streetaddress= 106 Garden Avenue
|city= [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]]
|province= [[Ontario]]
|postalcode= L4C 6M1
|areacode= 905
|phone= 889-6266
|fax= 889-6676
|email= langstaff.ss@yrdsb.edu.on.ca
|url= [http://www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/ www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca]
|schoolnumber= 921661
|schoolboard= [[York Region District School Board]]
|affiliation= Secular
|principal= Rashmi Swarup
|schooltype= [[High_school#Canada|High school]]
|grades= 9-12
|language= [[Canadian English|English]], [[French Immersion]]
|mascot= Bear
|teamname=
|colours= Blue and Yellow
|founded=
|enrollment= over 1500
|enrollment_as_of=2007
|lastupdate= [[June 21]], [[2006]]
|bgcolor_section= #F2CE38
|bgcolor_label= #E9D5A4
|bgcolor_value= #D6DFF9
|bgcolor_image= C9A249
|bgcolor_address= #D6DFF9
}}
'''Langstaff Secondary School''' (LSS) is a public [[high school]] in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] which teaches grades 9 through 12. LSS is located at 106 Garden Avenue across the street from Morgan Boyle Park and near [[Charles Howitt Public School]].

In 2003, the school underwent a major renovation/addition. This doubled the size of the school, adding many new facilities for the growing student population. The school currently has 3 floors.

==Facilities/layout==
The school has two gymnasiums, one located on the first floor, and the other located on the second floor. The larger gymnasium doubles as an auditorium. The school's original library was converted into a multi-purpose room used for special-education services, and various classes. There are two portables at the back of the school used for the growing number of classes. The school is split up into multiple halls, based on the subject. The science, technology, history and art halls are all located on the second floor, while music is located on the third. The English, geography, and math halls are located on the first floor. The cafeteria is also located there. The school is wheelchair accessible, with ramps and a working elevator.

In May through July 2006 the school underwent a major roofing cleaning and change. This allowed the school to update almost all its air conditioning, plumbing, and other major building systems.

During July 2007, the school added tinted windows and in some hallways, latched windows. Also, the soccer field is currently being rescaped and is unavailable for Physical Education classes.

==Clubs and Organizations==
Students at Langstaff are very active in their school and the community, which is quite evident in the number of clubs and organizations that exist within the school.

Some of these include:

Anime Ambassadors 
Announcement Team 
Art Club 
Astronomy 
Band 
Big Bear, Litte Bear 
Book Club/White pines 
Breakdance 
BRIDGE (ESL social club) 
Cancer Society 
Chess 
Debate Union 
DECA 
Drama 
Fashion Show 
Free The Children 
G.S.A. (Gay-Straight Alliance) 
Habitat for Humanity 
History 
Improv Team 
Jazz Band 
LAFF (Film making) 
LEAF (Langstaff Environmental Activist Front) 
Mock Trial Team 
Movie Club 
Philosophy Club 
Prefects 
Prom Committee 
R.A.C.E.(Racial Acceptance Cultural Equality) 
Reach for the Top 
Red Cross 
Science Olympics Team 
Sick Kids Hospital Foundation 
SOS Darfur 
Stephen Lewis Foundation (which includes Art for Aids) 
S.A.A. (Student Athletic Association) 
Tech Crew 
Video Game Club 
Weight Training 
Yearbook 

==Student Council==
The Langstaff S.S. Student Council is a group of elected and one non-elected member, the tech representative. Positions on the council include: president, treasurer, secretary, ambassador, athletic directors, spirit directors, social directors, communications directors, environmental minister, tech representative, and grade representatives. The Student Council is responsible for almost all events including Prom, dances, semi-formal, assemblies, caf games, registration, the Santa Claus parade float, Battle of the Bands, spirit days, intra-murals, and Earthfest.

==Departments==

The departments at Langstaff Secondary School include:

Alternative Education,
Business,
Computer Science and Engineering,
Co-operative Education,
Dramatic Arts,
English,
Family Studies,
French,
Geography,
History,
Library,
Mathematics,
Moderns,
Music,
Physical Education,
Science,
Tech Studies,
Visual Arts.

==Athletics==
Langstaff has many sport teams and clubs, including some that are not generally played in many schools. Some athletes from Langstaff such as [[Gillian Ferrari]] and [[Jonathan D'Aversa]] have gone on to national and international sport teams and clubs.

The teams and clubs at Langstaff include:

Alpine Skiing,
Archery,
Badminton,
Baseball,
Basketball,
Cross Country Running,
Field Hockey,
Football,
Golf,
Gymnastics,
Ice Hockey ,
Lacrosse,
Nordic Skiing,
Rugby,
Snowboarding,
Soccer,
Softball,
Swimming,
Table Tennis,
Tennis,
Track & Field,
Ultimate Frisbee,
Volleyball

In 2006, the varsity boys baseball team captured the York Regional Championships. Langstaff has had a strong showing in tennis, the girls doubles team finishing top 8th in Ontario.

Starting this winter, Langstaff will put together a varsity men's hockey team. This is a very exciting time for the sports department at LSS as the team has been long awaited amongst the student body.

==Special programs==
LSS offers an integrative and diverse French Immersion program, allowing students to explore many areas of the French language, French Literature and Cinema, as well as pursuing other academic courses in Geography, Information Technology, and most recently, Spanish.

In addition, Langstaff's Music Department offers students the opportunity to pursue a wide variety of courses, including Beginner and Intermediate Instrumental, Vocal and Guitar. Over the years, the music department has delivered wonderful concerts and performances, featuring a variety of soloists, bands and ensembles. Moreover, Langstaff's musicians have participated in various charitable causes and performed at York Central Hospital, as well as other charity functions.

==Notable alumni==

==External links==
*[http://www.langstaff.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/ Official web site of Langstaff Secondary School]
*[http://www.yrdsb.edu.on.ca York Region District School Board homepage]

{{Yorkregionsecondaryschools}}
{{coord|43|50|14|N|79|26|21|W|display=title}}

[[Category:High schools in York Region, Ontario]]
[[Category:Education in Richmond Hill, Ontario]]

Selected Ambient Works Volume II

2008-01-23T01:08:55Z

72.138.241.60:

{{Infobox Album | 
Name = Selected Ambient Works Volume II |
Type = [[Album]] |
Artist = [[Aphex Twin]] |
Cover = Cover_colour.jpg |
Released = [[March 7]], [[1994]]|
Recorded = ??? |
Genre = [[Ambient music|Ambient]] |
Length = 156:51 |
Label = [[Warp Records]] WARP021 (Europe) [[Sire Records|Sire]]/[[Warner Bros. Records]] 45482 (US and the rest of the world)|
Producer = [[Aphex Twin|Richard D. James]] |
Reviews = *[[All Music Guide]] {{rating-5|4}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:ahdfyl68xpnb~T1 link] |
Last album = ''[[On (EP)|On]]'' (1993) |
This album = ''Selected Ambient Works Volume II'' (1994) |
Next album = ''[[Classics (Aphex Twin album)|Classics]]'' (1994) |}}

'''''Selected Ambient Works Volume II''''' ('''''SAW2'''''), released in 1994, is an [[Ambient music|ambient]] [[double album]] by Richard D. James under his [[Aphex Twin]] [[moniker]]. It is a follow-up to 1992's ''[[Selected Ambient Works 85-92]]''.

==History==
''Volume II'' differs significantly from the [[Selected Ambient Works 85-92|first volume in the series]], in that the first volume is mostly [[Beat (music)|beat]]-oriented, with complex instrumental [[rhythmic]] patterns and heavy [[bass (musical term)|bass]] frequencies. In contrast to the fast, club-inspired ambient music of its predecessor, ''Volume II'' consists of slow, moody pieces, performed much like ambient pioneer [[Brian Eno]]; in fact, "[lichen]" is reminiscent of Eno's ''[[Discreet Music]]''. Many of the tracks feature almost no percussion, and have strong [[synth]] textures. James said that the album is "''like being in a power station on [[LSD|acid]]''."

Richard D. James has stated in interviews that the sounds in this music were inspired by [[lucid dreaming|lucid dreams]], and that upon awaking, he would attempt to re-create the sounds and record them. He claimed that he has natural [[synesthesia|synaesthesia]], which contributed to this album.

On [[August 3]], [[2006]], many releases from the back catalogue of [[Warp Records]] were made available on the digital download site [[Beatport]]. Both CDs of ''Selected Ambient Works II'' are now available for digital download in their full complete forms in remastered mp3, mp4, and wav formats. As this release is based on the UK CD version and not the vinyl version, the track "[stone in focus]" is not part of the release.

==Track listing==

Volume II'' originally consisted of 25 [[song]]s, all untitled except for the song "Blue [[Calx]]." Every song matches with a specific [[photograph]] taken by James himself (except for a solid blue [[emblem]] representing the first track of the second CD, "Blue Calx"). The graphics are part of an [[encode]]d track-listing system that uses circles and [[pie diagram]]s—present in varying forms among the different releases—to represent each track (indeed, it may even be the case that the diagrams themselves are the actual track names). The lack of written titles for the tracks on this release provided impetus for fans of the album to come up with their own. Officially, however, the songs are still referred to by their track numbers. The most widely accepted track names are below:

{| cellspacing=2
|-
! !!
!Duration !! CD !!/!!align=left|VINYL
|-
| 01 || [cliffs]
| 07:21 || 1-01 ||/|| A-1
|-
| 02 || [radiator]
| 06:27 || 1-02 ||/|| A-2
|-
| 03 || [rhubarb]
| 07:44 || 1-03 ||/|| A-3
|-
| 04 || [hankie]
| 04:31 || 1-04 ||/|| A-4 ''(Warp CD only, not the US edition)''
|-
| 05 || [grass]
| 08:51 || 1-05 ||/|| B-1
|-
| 06 || [mould] 
| 03:27 || 1-06 ||/|| B-2
|-
| 07 || [ropes] ''aka'' [curtains]
| 08:42 || 1-07 ||/|| B-3
|-
| 08 || [blur]
| 05:02 || 1-08 ||/|| B-4
|-
| 09 || [weathered stone]
| 06:45 || 1-09 ||/|| C-1
|-
| 10 || [tree]
| 09:48 || 1-10 ||/|| C-2
|-
| 11 || [domino]
| 07:09 || 1-11 ||/|| C-3
|-
| 12 || [white blur 1]
| 02:37 || 1-12 ||/|| C-4
|-
| 13 || Blue Calx
| 07:16 || 2-01 ||/|| D-1
|-
| 14 || [parallel stripes]
| 07:55 || 2-02 ||/|| D-2
|-
| 15 || [shiny metal rods]
| 05:29 || 2-03 ||/|| D-3
|-
| 16 || [grey stripe] 
| 04:38 || 2-04 ||/|| D-4
|-
| 17 || [z twig]
| 02:01 || 2-05 ||/|| D-5
|-
| 18 || [windowsill] 
| 07:13 || 2-06 ||/|| E-1
|-
| 19 || [stone in focus] ''a.k.a.'' #19
| 10:05 || - ||/|| E-2 ''(Limited Edition vinyl only — see Notes)''
|-
| 20 || [hexagon]
| 05:50 || 2-07 ||/|| E-3
|-
| 21 || [lichen]
| 04:07 || 2-08 ||/|| E-4
|-
| 22 || [spots]
| 07:03 || 2-09 ||/|| F-1
|-
| 23 || [tassels]
| 07:24 || 2-10 ||/|| F-2
|-
| 24 || [white blur 2]
| 11:21 || 2-11 ||/|| F-3
|-
| 25 || [matchsticks] 
| 05:36 || 2-12 ||/|| F-4
|}

== Notes ==
There were several editions of ''SAW2'' available for purchase. The most complete, with all 25 tracks, were the Limited Edition [[United Kingdom|UK]] vinyl, which was pressed on brown vinyl and limited to a press run of 10,000 copies and the UK cassette edition, released simultaneously with the vinyl and CD. Both of these are out of print. The second most complete versions are the regular vinyl release and the Warp Records (UK) CD release, which has every track except for "[stone in focus]", omitted due to the capacity limit of the CD format. The third most complete version is the Sire Records (US) CD release, which ''also'' omits "[hankie]". The only hard-copy digital form of "[stone in focus]" can be found on the [[Astralwerks]] compilation ''[[Excursions In Ambience: The Third Dimension]]''. On this compilation, it has been given the name "#19" and appears as track number 10. [http://www.discogs.com/release/59922]

The names for the tracks listed, as aforementioned, are interpretations of the photographs on the labels for the [[vinyl]] copies and inlay for the double [[compact disc|CD]] release. On the Sire Records (US) editions, various photos were altered, either by showing unblurred photographs or by changing the image altogether. The image representing "[stone in focus]" was removed entirely on the US version, leaving behind an empty white box. The image for "Blue Calx", it being the only explicitly named track, is a blue box that says, sure enough, "Blue Calx".

"Blue Calx" originally appeared on the [[Applied Rhythmic Technology]] compilation album ''[[The Philosophy Of Sound And Machine]]'' under the artist name Blue Calx, which was released in cooperation with [[Rephlex Records]].

The front cover for this album features the textual Aphex Twin logo that was used on the earlier ''[[Xylem Tube EP]]'', albeit in a broken, incomplete form.

If one plays notes from certain songs from this album on a keyboard, such as "Blue Calx" and "[hexagon]", the notes played are very similar.

== Remixes ==

* ''SAW2 CD1 TRK2 (Original Mix)'' (aka "[radiator]"), available on the compilation album ''[[26 Mixes for Cash]]''. Originally recorded for Richard's [[John Peel|Peel Session]] in 1995.

* ''SAW2 CD1 TRK7'' (aka "[curtains]" aka "[ropes]"), jointly remixed with [[LFO (band)|LFO]]'s ''Simon from Sidney'', remixed by [[Pram (band)|Pram]] for the [[Warp Records|Warp]] 10th anniversary compilation ''[[Warp 10: Influences, Classics, Remixes|10+3 Remixes]]''.

* ''SAW2 CD1 TRK1'' (aka "[cliffs]"), remixed by [[Four Tet]] for the [[Warp Records|Warp]] 10th anniversary compilation ''10+3 Remixes''.

* ''SAW2 CD1 TRK1'' (aka "[cliffs]"), ''SAW2 CD1 TRK3'' (aka "[rhubarb]"), ''SAW2 CD2 TRK5'' (aka "[z twig]") and ''SAW CD2 TRK8'' (aka "[lichen]") remixed by [[Wisp]] on "Selected Ambient Works 2: Reworked", released April 30th 2004 on TavCOM Records.

== Notes of interest ==

Numerous tracks from ''Selected Ambient Works Volume II'' are used in the ambient comedy series [[Blue Jam]] and [[Jam (TV series)|Jam]].

The album is referenced by name in the song Pretentious Jenny by band Visually Impaired Placenta.

Track number 3, "rhubarb" was used as the soundtrack for 'Q&A', a film used by the BBC on Digital TV test transmissions. Also, "rhubarb" and "stone in focus" are featured several times in the animated flash series [[Salad Fingers]] and [[Spoilsbury Toast Boy]], respectively, both of which are by animator [[David Firth]].

"Rhubarb" "Curtain" "Window Sill" and "Radiator" were featured on a BBC Documentary about the philosophy of "Time".

"Shiny Metal Rods" was used in a "Saab" Commercial and in a channel 4 advertisement for a TV programme.

"Rhubarb" was featured on the 2007 award winning Canadian documentary ''Sharkwater''.

Cover versions of “Blue Calx” and "Cliffs" played on acoustic instruments by the Western classical new-music ensemble [[Alarm Will Sound]] appeared on its album ''Acoustica''—an album of Aphex Twin pieces rescored for chamber ensemble.

== External links ==
*[http://xltronic.com/nostalgia/aphextwin.nu/v4/learn/98491895499398.shtml The SAW II GRAPHICAL F.A.Q]
*[http://xltronic.com/discography/alias/1/aphex-twin Complete Aphex Twin discography]
*[http://www.warprecords.com/ography/release.php?cat=WARP21 ''Selected Ambient Works Volume II''] at the Warp Records discography (features audio clips).
*[http://xltronic.com/discography/release/196/selected-ambient-works-ii-warp-lp21ltd Brown Vinyl scans]
*[http://www.discogs.com/release/54978 More pictures of the brown vinyl edition]
*[http://www.discogs.com/release/59922 Information on ''Excursions In Ambience: The Third Dimension'']

{{Richard David James}}

[[Category:Aphex Twin albums]]
[[Category:1994 albums]]
[[Category:Warp Records albums]]
[[Category:Ambient techno albums]]
[[Category:Double albums]]

[[fr:Selected Ambient Works Volume II]]