https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=72.218.62.58Wikipedia - User contributions [en]2024-10-21T02:41:25ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.0-wmf.27https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:2022_missile_explosion_in_Poland&diff=1208334581Talk:2022 missile explosion in Poland2024-02-17T03:31:55Z<p>72.218.62.58: /* Very impressive passive voice */</p>
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{{WikiProject International relations|importance=Low}}<br />
{{WikiProject Military history|class=C|European=y|Polish=y|Russian=y|Post-Cold-War=y|b1=yes|b2=no|b3=yes|b4=yes|b5=yes}}<br />
{{WikiProject Poland|importance=Low}}<br />
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{{WikiProject Ukraine|importance=mid}}<br />
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{{Merged-from|2022 Russian missile incursion into Poland}}<br />
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==Already?==<br />
Godd#mn you're fast. [[Special:Contributions/5.173.97.59|5.173.97.59]] ([[User talk:5.173.97.59|talk]]) 19:01, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:I gotta give it to y'all over here you really are fast. Unlike us Wikivoyagers [[User:I sell eggs|I sell eggs]] ([[User talk:I sell eggs|talk]]) 19:02, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Wikipedians don't sleep [[User:RPI2026F1|RPI2026F1]] ([[User talk:RPI2026F1|talk]]) 19:27, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::LOLđ [[User:Txkk|Txkk]] ([[User talk:Txkk|talk]]) 01:56, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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=== Against the rules of Wiki ===<br />
This is news, not confirmed information. Wikipedia is not about news and current events, there is a special place for it [[Special:Contributions/62.4.41.82|62.4.41.82]] ([[User talk:62.4.41.82|talk]]) 20:51, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Creating this article a mere hour after the news broke might or might not have been [[Wikipedia:BREAKING|jumping the gun]]. The advice on that page leads me to believe that what's done is done and we should just wait and see. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 20:55, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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::We could propose a title change to "explosion" rather than "missile strike". At least in the summary of [https://oko.press/ap-rosyjskie-rakiety-spadly-na-polske this article by] ''[[OKO.press]]'', the Polish security committee is not yet willing to say what caused the explosion - and the security services will work overnight (PL time) to try to determine what happened. Informally, are there any ''objections'' to changing from ''2022 missile strike on Poland'' to ''2022 explosion in south-east Poland''? or better proposals? (If rough consensus can be reached, we can leave a more formal title change to later.) [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 21:37, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::Further name discussion should go in the [[Talk:2022 missile strike on Poland#Name|section above]]. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 22:00, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I agree that a [[WP:NOTTHENEWS]]/[[WP:BREAKING]] criticism is fair to say. That being said, it's probably for the best that this page was made. [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] is a beast of an article already (~360k bytes). <span style="font-family:Papyrus; color:#800080;">[[User:Etriusus|'''''Etrius''''']] ([[User talk:Etriusus| Us]])</span> 22:12, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Name ==<br />
'''The name of the article at the time this thread started was [[2022 Russian missile strike on Poland]] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Russian_missile_strike_on_Poland&action=history logs]). It has since been moved to [[2022 missile strike on Poland]], and then [[2022 missile explosion in Poland]].'''<br />
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[[2022 missile explosion in Poland]] â ? - ''Template added to existing discussion; see discussion below'' [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 22:55, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:RM template removed - this is not an RM. It's a valid consensus-building exercise, but you might be better off starting again as the circumstances have changed and are changing. [[User:ProcrastinatingReader|ProcrastinatingReader]] ([[User talk:ProcrastinatingReader|talk]]) 21:35, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Yeah, the conversation is very divergent at this point. Not in a bad way, mind. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 21:41, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:I think that [[PrzewodĂłw incident]]/[[PrzewodĂłw explosion]]/[[PrzewodĂłw disaster]] or something along those lines would likely be the ideal title. [[User:Dunutubble|Dunutubble]] ([[User talk:Dunutubble|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Dunutubble|Contributions]]) 14:40, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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This is a bit presumptuous. See for example [https://www.benzinga.com/news/22/11/29735704/mariusz-gierszewski-polish-reporter-from-journalist-of-radio-zet-tweets-my-sources-in-the-services-c reports] from Poland that it may have not been a strike on Poland but rather the remnants of a shot down missile shot at Ukraine. <small style="border: 1px solid;padding:1px 3px;white-space:nowrap">'''[[User talk:Nableezy|<span style="color:#C11B17">nableezy</span>]]''' - 19:45, 15 November 2022 (UTC)</small><br />
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:If this bears out, then it should be moved. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 19:47, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Also, the current name may be technically accurate, but it implies that it was definitely purposeful. Until proven otherwise, it should be assumed to be an accident due to poor aiming, or the result of an unguided missile having been used too close to the border. [[User:GMRE|GMRE]] ([[User talk:GMRE|talk]]) 19:52, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Maybe it should move to [[2022 Russian missile incursion into Poland]]. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 19:55, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Or [[2022 Two Russian missiles striking Poland incident]]. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 20:24, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Or, [[2022 Russian missiles that struck Poland]]. The missile landed in Poland, but it was not necessarily a strike (aimed) at Poland.--On the other hand, a missile strike in Poland, conjures up a number of ideas. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 20:11, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I dont even know why this needs an article yet tbh. Which would obviate the need for a title. <small style="border: 1px solid;padding:1px 3px;white-space:nowrap">'''[[User talk:Nableezy|<span style="color:#C11B17">nableezy</span>]]''' - 20:14, 15 November 2022 (UTC)</small><br />
::Yeah, but we've got one anyway. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 20:19, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::So merge it ;) <small style="border: 1px solid;padding:1px 3px;white-space:nowrap">'''[[User talk:Nableezy|<span style="color:#C11B17">nableezy</span>]]''' - 20:42, 15 November 2022 (UTC)</small><br />
::::Let's wait for the bot to place the notice on the article and see if there are any objections. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 20:49, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::I don't agree with it. [[User:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#0099FF;">Super</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#800080;">Ψ</span>]] [[User talk:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#E60026;">Dro</span>]] 21:32, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Someone did a bold move to [[2022 missile strike on Poland]]. I think that's a better name. Still not sure if "strike" is appropriate since it seems unlikely that it was intentional, but I'm not going to push to change it. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 21:27, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
: Wikipedia's bureaucratic processes are not efficient for recent events. This is something that happened a few hours ago and information changes by the minute. What do we expect to do with a 7-day long process? Having an informal talk page discussion would have been much better. [[User:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#0099FF;">Super</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#800080;">Ψ</span>]] [[User talk:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#E60026;">Dro</span>]] 21:34, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::I just added the template because it seemed appropriate. I didn't realize it had to stay for 7 days. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 21:39, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::If you made a "mistake", then you can (try) to remove your "mistake". [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 21:46, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::I will avoid making any more {{huge|valign=normal|"}}'''mistakes'''{{huge|valign=normal|"}}. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 22:00, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Are there any objections to '''2022 explosion in south-east Poland''' as the new name (at least until/if the Polish security services declare that it was from a missile)? We only seem to have ''Associated Press'' making a direct claim of missiles (apart from unreliable sources like Twitter/[[Fediverse]]). ''2022 explosion in PrzewodĂłw'' would be more accurate, but many readers would think of "Poland" rather than the name of the village. [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 22:07, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Yes, there are objections. Weaselly non informative title.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 22:16, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Oppose. It is some kind of "missile incident": [[2022 Missile incident in Poland]]. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 22:18, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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At the moment sources are calling this event a "strike" so that's what we'll be calling it too. If sources report it differently we'll change the name then.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 22:21, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:[[2022 missile explosion in Poland]], is okay for now, in my opinion. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 22:26, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I concur. The U.S. State Department has said that establishing intent is very important. These are early days.<br />
https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-asia-63593855?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=63740a26f15ea55905e4238a%26US%20responds%20with%20caution%262022-11-15T21%3A55%3A20.071Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:37377b20-5896-4ea2-8dfc-2798c0956cdd&pinned_post_asset_id=63740a26f15ea55905e4238a&pinned_post_type=share<br />
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[[User:Kencf0618|kencf0618]] ([[User talk:Kencf0618|talk]]) 22:37, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::I find that misleading because it makes it sound like Poland launched some missiles which exploded. There is a reason why no source is describing it that way. It's simply bad writing that misinforms.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 22:41, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::By that reasoning, one might arrive at [[2022 missile incident in Poland]]. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 22:46, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::[[2022 Polish missile incident]] might work better. [[User:REDMAN 2019|<span style="color:#daa520">REDMAN 2019</span>]] ([[User talk:REDMAN 2019|<span style="color:#c0c0c0">talk</span>]]) 19:36, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::But then THAT makes it sound like it was "an incident with a Polish missile". <small>[[User:Paintspot|Paintspot Infez]] ([[User talk:Paintspot|talk]])</small> 20:39, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
{{collapse top|obsolete [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 18:34, 16 November 2022 (UTC)}}<br />
<strike>'''Wait'''. Let's try not to change the title again until information becomes more clear. Hopefully within a day or so, it will become clear what actually happened. At that point, we can have a longer-term title. For the moment, the present title has the advantage of making a statement that no country seems to be disputing, regardless of what more specific statement we are able to make when the information becomes more clear. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 01:10, 16 November 2022 (UTC)</strike><br />
:No, because this appears to be an accident. Independent analysts are saying that the wreckage belongs to S-300, i.e. an [Ukrainian] air defense missile. [[User:My very best wishes|My very best wishes]] ([[User talk:My very best wishes|talk]]) 15:58, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::S-300 is literally Russian. [[Special:Contributions/64.82.204.2|64.82.204.2]] ([[User talk:64.82.204.2|talk]]) 17:52, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::The article says that {{tq|S-300s were used by both combatants during the invasion both as surface-to-air and surface-to-surface missiles, primarily by Ukraine and Russia respectively}} [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 17:56, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
: In lieu of this being an accident, I think the current article name is fine for now. [[User:RPI2026F1|RPI2026F1]] ([[User talk:RPI2026F1|talk]]) 16:36, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
: My "wait" content was intended to mean that we should wait until we understood what actually happened. I think the events are sufficiently clear now, so the reason for my "wait" comment no longer applies. I have therefore struck it. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 18:30, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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=== Please don't invent stuff ===<br />
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What the hey is a "missile trespass"? Is there ANY source which uses this ridiculous language? Please don't just make stuff up.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 22:19, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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{{ping|Merangs}} please stop substituting your own personal made up original research for reliable sources. Sources are NOT calling this "missile trespassing". They're not calling these "missile explosions". They are calling it a STRIKE. Here is the original AP story: [https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-zelenskyy-kherson-9202c032cf3a5c22761ee71b52ff9d52 AP source: Russian missiles cross into Poland during '''strike''']. The title should reflect reliable sources not inventions of individual Wikipedia editors.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 22:25, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:{{ping|Volunteer Marek}} - Show me a reliable, backed-by-experts source saying it was a direct attack against Poland, thanks. Otherwise, it sounds like warmongering to me. Highly unprofessional. [[User:Merangs|Merangs]] ([[User talk:Merangs|talk]]) 22:27, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::First, we're not calling the article "Missile ATTACK against Poland" so don't even try it with the irrelevant strawman. Second, I ALREADY showed you a reliable source - AP - which calls it a strike. You have yet to produce a single source which calls this a "trespass". And cut it out with the personal attacks.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 22:29, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::What personal attacks? Calm down please. All I did is suggest that the word choice here is improper, from a personal point of view. Also, I am not the one who gets blocked for edit warring and wrong conduct here. [[User:Merangs|Merangs]] ([[User talk:Merangs|talk]]) 22:31, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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::::Calling my comments "warmongering" and referring to them as "unprofessional" are personal attacks. Telling other editors to "calm down" is also [[WP:INCIVIL]] as it is a form of passive aggressive insult and provocation (what in the world makes you think I'm not calm). Discuss content not editors. And on that note, please address the fact that reliable sources are calling this a "strike".<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 22:34, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::Your tone and use of random upper case is not helpful either. [[User:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#0099FF;">Super</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#800080;">Ψ</span>]] [[User talk:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#E60026;">Dro</span>]] 23:31, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::::My tone is fine and upper case has been used for emphasis before you were born. Not the same as typing EVERYTHING in all caps so don't even try.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 00:02, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:I agree, missile trespass sounds absolutely ridiculous and I've never heard any terminology like that used to describe similar events. [[User:PaulRKil|PaulRKil]] ([[User talk:PaulRKil|talk]]) 22:34, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::and the lead (per RSâs) says ''..reported that two missiles had '''struck''' the territory of [[Poland]]''- <small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:#40">'''GizzyCatBella'''</span>]][[User talk:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:transparent;text-shadow:0 0 0 red;font-size:80%">đ</span>]]</span></small> 22:37, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::The article needs to be moved back to itâs original title - <small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:#40">'''GizzyCatBella'''</span>]][[User talk:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:transparent;text-shadow:0 0 0 red;font-size:80%">đ</span>]]</span></small> 22:42, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::I am in favor of using "strike" too. [[User:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#0099FF;">Super</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#800080;">Ψ</span>]] [[User talk:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#E60026;">Dro</span>]] 23:31, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::: Any objections to '''2022 missile strike on Poland''' ? There seems to be an emerging consensus. (I personally don't see any RS pointing to evidence that the explosion was from missiles, but the rumours on Twitter certainly point that way.) [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 23:41, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::::Oppose. It is either a "'''missile incident'''" or "'''missile explosion'''". [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 23:57, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::This article should absolutely ''not'' be moved to the original title, which was [[2022 Russian missile strike on Poland]]. When this comment was made it was very unclear who had fired the missile, and now US Intel assessments, as noted in the article, state that the missile was likely fired by Ukrainian forces.<br />
::::https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-officials-initial-findings-suggest-missile-hit-poland-93382667 '''''[[User:Serafart|Serafart]]''''' ([[User_talk:Serafart|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Serafart|contributions]]) 05:22, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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=== âRussianâ missiles ===<br />
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Not confirmed to have been Russian, yet the title and description make it sound like it despite contradicting it lower in the article by saying Russia is âallegedâ to have been responsible. Wikipedia is not the place for rumors or unconfirmed reports. [[User:Tankpiggy18|Tankpiggy18]] ([[User talk:Tankpiggy18|talk]]) 20:56, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I'll make a bold move to [[2022 missile strike on Poland]]. [[User:Wikiexplorationandhelping|Wikiexplorationandhelping]] ([[User talk:Wikiexplorationandhelping|talk]]) 20:58, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Further name discussion should go in the [[Talk:2022 missile strike on Poland#Name|section above]]. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 21:02, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::{{re|Tankpiggy18}} The section [[Talk:2022 missile explosion in Poland#Move back to 2022 Russian missile strike on Poland/Sources for 'Russian'?]] analyses what sources we have for the claim that the missile was Russian: ''AP'' and ''The Hill'' make that claim without saying what their source is; prime minister Morawiecki stated half an hour ago that the reason for the explosion is being investigated, with the implication that there's no point speculating. [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 00:12, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:It is a fact that the missile is Russian. [[User:Euglenos sandara|Euglenos sandara]] ([[User talk:Euglenos sandara|talk]]) 17:41, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Wrong! It was a lie! [[Special:Contributions/93.87.23.96|93.87.23.96]] ([[User talk:93.87.23.96|talk]]) 18:14, 20 September 2023 (UTC)<br />
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=== Semi-Protection request ===<br />
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This article is getting swamped by users with IPs based in Russia trying to accuse Ukraine of this event. [[User:PaulRKil|PaulRKil]] ([[User talk:PaulRKil|talk]]) 21:07, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Use only verified information that is not subject to propaganda by one of the parties, the heading "2022 missile strike on Poland" is much fairer, the wiki is not about Ukrainian propaganda news, but about proven facts, for example, the Pentagon and the US government cannot confirm the origin of missiles [[Special:Contributions/188.243.183.111|188.243.183.111]] ([[User talk:188.243.183.111|talk]]) 21:14, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::+1 [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 21:17, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::The only person doing propaganda here is you, you made two deliberate edit attempts where you explicitly blamed Ukraine and said the explosion was caused by Ukrainian air defense missiles. [[User:PaulRKil|PaulRKil]] ([[User talk:PaulRKil|talk]]) 22:05, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/explosion-kills-two-poland-near-ukraine-border-2022-11-15/ [[Special:Contributions/188.243.183.111|188.243.183.111]] ([[User talk:188.243.183.111|talk]]) 21:15, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Well, they were right all along. Ukraine was responsible for it! [[Special:Contributions/93.87.23.96|93.87.23.96]] ([[User talk:93.87.23.96|talk]]) 18:16, 20 September 2023 (UTC)<br />
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=== Move back to 2022 Russian missile strike on Poland/Sources for 'Russian'? ===<br />
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We should begin a requested move back to the original title of 2022 Russian missile strike on Poland, now that it has been confirmed to have been two Russian missiles. [[User:Elijahandskip|Elijahandskip]] ([[User talk:Elijahandskip|talk]]) 23:16, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Confirmed by which source(s)? [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 23:30, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Further name discussion should go in the [[Talk:2022 missile strike on Poland#Name|section above]]. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 23:30, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Sure, but if there are ''any sources'' that {{u|Elijahandskip}} can point us to to support the claim that the explosion(s) are (were) caused by two Russian missiles, then this would be a good section to provide them, independently of the title debate. I can't see ''any'' RS for that. [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 23:38, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::[https://twitter.com/BNONews/status/1592654575525298176 BNO News (âRussian-made missileâ)], [https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-zelenskyy-kherson-9202c032cf3a5c22761ee71b52ff9d52 AP News (âRussian made missileâ)], [https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/3737169-biden-speaks-with-polish-president-duda-after-russia-missile-strike/ The Hill (âRussia missile strikeâ)]. I think that is enough international RS to support the move back. [[User:Elijahandskip|Elijahandskip]] ([[User talk:Elijahandskip|talk]]) 23:41, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::The [[BNO News]] toot is just one sentence, without even a hint of where the info is from.{{pb}}The AP news item appears to be the original "direct claim" that was made earlier than statements by Polish (and US) authorities; I think that this has to be attributed to ''AP'' - not enough to be stated as a fact without attribution.{{pb}}''The Hill'' doesn't say to what source it attributes Russian responsibility - again we would have to attribute the info to ''[[The Hill (newspaper)]]''.{{pb}}OK to put this in the text, but with attribution to ''AP'' and ''The Hill'' (and possibly BNO, though there's not much point in attributing to a toot/tweet). [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 23:58, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::[https://oko.press/ap-rosyjskie-rakiety-spadly-na-polske OKO.press] at around 00:40 CET 16 Nov = 23:40 UTC 15 Nov quotes prime minister Morawiecki saying ''{{tq|Pracujemy nad ustaleniem przyczyn tego zdarzenia}}'' = ''{{tq|We're working on determining the reason for the event.}}'' Unless we have something like a [[Bellingcat]] analysis, the official governmental statement is about the best source we have so far. [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 00:06, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Comfirmed that the missiles were Ukrainian! 18:17, 20 September 2023 (UTC) [[Special:Contributions/93.87.23.96|93.87.23.96]] ([[User talk:93.87.23.96|talk]]) 18:17, 20 September 2023 (UTC)<br />
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Poland president says no evidence of who fired the missiles, so we wait [[User:RandomPotato123|RandomPotato123]] ([[User talk:RandomPotato123|talk]]) 00:12, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Here's the [https://web.archive.org/web/20221116001327/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/no-concrete-evidence-who-fired-missile-polands-duda-says-2022-11-16 2022-11-16 00:13 (UTC) archived] reference with Duda's statement. [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 00:21, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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[[User:Elijahandskip]] Unfortuanately reports it was âRussian-madeâ is not sufficient evidence it was fired by Russia. Both Russia and Ukraine inherited plenty of Soviet weaponry commonly called âRussianâ and NATOâs and the US governmentâs initial conclusion is that it was in fact a Ukrainian missile fired in defence at a Russian one. [[User:Harsimaja|Harsimaja]] ([[User talk:Harsimaja|talk]]) 17:18, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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=== "PrzewodĂłw explosion", the name used by Polish-language Wikipedia ===<br />
What do you think about the name "PrzewodĂłw explosion" which is how Polish-language Wikipedia currently calls the article? [[User:Artemis Andromeda|Artemis Andromeda]] ([[User talk:Artemis Andromeda|talk]]) 13:05, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Best option so far, or at least "PrzewodĂłw incident" or "PrzewodĂłw disaster" [[User:Dunutubble|Dunutubble]] ([[User talk:Dunutubble|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Dunutubble|Contributions]]) 21:40, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Maybe we should wait and see what RS continue to refer to it as? [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 21:43, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Oppose. I have not seen English sources, to any significant degree, calling it "Pretzel-wood-wow" or PrzewodĂłw incident" or "PrzewodĂłw disaster" or "PrzewodĂłw explosion". [[Special:Contributions/46.15.31.185|46.15.31.185]] ([[User talk:46.15.31.185|talk]]) 21:59, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::: [https://www.google.com/search?q=eksplozja+w+przewodowie&source=lnms&tbm=nws&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_zPHwwLX7AhVL_SoKHdRmBMMQ_AUoAXoECAIQAw&biw=1536&bih=714&dpr=1.25 Here]. Shockingly, something that happened in non-English speaking country, is covered more in non-English media. [[User:Artemis Andromeda|Artemis Andromeda]] ([[User talk:Artemis Andromeda|talk]]) 15:16, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::[[2022 Lublin area explosion]], [[2022 Lublin explosion]], or 2022 '''Lublin Vojvodship explosion'''. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.24.77|46.15.24.77]] ([[User talk:46.15.24.77|talk]]) 16:31, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Poland is part of EU ==<br />
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I added mention on EU territory, but it was removed. Isn't it noteworthy?đ¤ [[User:Solarius|Solarius]] ([[User talk:Solarius|talk]]) 19:59, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Based on the edit summary it looks like it was an accident. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 20:02, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:{{re|Solarius}} I had an edit conflict with your addition, but decided to keep to mentioning NATO only, since NATO is the relevant intergovernmental body in the context of a military conflict. â<span style="font-style:monospace;">[[User:Overthrows|overthrows]]</span> 20:04, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Okay, going to re-add it then đ [[User:Solarius|Solarius]] ([[User talk:Solarius|talk]]) 20:06, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Ah, okay @overthrows! I am thinking that attack on EU is also important đ I try to think some other way to phrase it [[User:Solarius|Solarius]] ([[User talk:Solarius|talk]]) 20:08, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Someone from the EU leadership will comment on the incident. We could simply wait for that comment. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 20:26, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*{{Done}}. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.110.253|46.15.110.253]] ([[User talk:46.15.110.253|talk]]) 07:18, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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===European Union (sub-section)===<br />
European Union (section) says: <br />
"President of the European Council, Charles Michel, stated that he was "shocked" by reports of the incident, adding that "we stand with Poland."<br><br><br />
Please add: "'''(Poland is a member state of the European Union.)'''" [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 23:27, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Where should the editors put "Poland is a member state of the European Union." ? [[User:Gabriel Ziegler|Gabriel Ziegler]] ([[User talk:Gabriel Ziegler|talk]]) 23:35, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::At the end of the European Union (sub-section). Regards! [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 23:37, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::Done! Let's wait for response of editors. [[User:Gabriel Ziegler|Gabriel Ziegler]] ([[User talk:Gabriel Ziegler|talk]]) 23:49, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*{{Done}}. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.110.253|46.15.110.253]] ([[User talk:46.15.110.253|talk]]) 07:18, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Not the first strike ==<br />
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Technically the first strike was the on the German embassy as embassies are treated like a territory of their country. [[Special:Contributions/87.205.228.216|87.205.228.216]] ([[User talk:87.205.228.216|talk]]) 20:02, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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According to the [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-asia-63593855 live updated article] on [[BBC News]] site, Russia denies any involvement with the strike and calls the early reports a "deliberate provocation".<br />
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But let's wait a bit for more official info [[Special:Contributions/83.8.115.64|83.8.115.64]] ([[User talk:83.8.115.64|talk]]) 20:14, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:It isnt true about the German embassy being treated like German territory, thats a convention on jurisdiction, not sovereignty. See [[Diplomatic_mission#Extraterritoriality]] <small style="border: 1px solid;padding:1px 3px;white-space:nowrap">'''[[User talk:Nableezy|<span style="color:#C11B17">nableezy</span>]]''' - 20:16, 15 November 2022 (UTC)</small><br />
::{{re|nableezy}} Nice way of summarising the difference. I vaguely knew that there was a nuance there, but not quite exactly what it was. [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 21:27, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== ââŚmissiles deliberately struck Polish territory âby means of destruction.â ==<br />
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This is included in the reference. There was an edit made claiming it was not in the reference.<br />
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âRussia's defence ministry on Tuesday denied reports that Russian missiles had hit Polish territory, describing them as "a deliberate provocation aimed at escalating the situation".<br />
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It added in a statement: "No strikes on targets near the Ukrainian-Polish state border were made by Russian means of destruction."â [[Special:Contributions/2600:1000:B057:526A:6080:2111:79AF:365F|2600:1000:B057:526A:6080:2111:79AF:365F]] ([[User talk:2600:1000:B057:526A:6080:2111:79AF:365F|talk]]) 20:38, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:The "means of destruction" they are referring to are the missiles, by the way. "Russian means of destruction" means Russian weapons or Russian missiles. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 20:43, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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::They denied any kind of strikes in Poland by them in reference, calling it provocation. Your sentence implies that they may allow a chance it was their missile, although they are clear it wasn't. Maybe just don't use word ''deliberately''. --'''[[User:GreenZeb|<span style="color:#003300;">G</span><span style="color:#006600;">reen</span><span style="color:#003300;">Z</span><span style="color:#006600;">eb</span>]]''' <small>([[User talk:GreenZeb|talk]])</small> 20:44, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== "Nato" (sub-title) in Reactions (section) ==<br />
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Please consider removing that subtitle for now. Belgium does not speak on behalf of NATO - only NATO speaks on behalf of NATO. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 22:50, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:NATO '''countries''', should be the name of that sub-section (not merely ''NATO''). [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 23:02, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Yeah, I've renamed the subtitle to 'NATO countries', thanks. --[[User:Peralien|Peralien]] ([[User talk:Peralien|talk]]) 23:18, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*{{Done}}. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.110.253|46.15.110.253]] ([[User talk:46.15.110.253|talk]]) 07:19, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Possible Ukrainian S-300 involvement ==<br />
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There are already some evidences the missiles might actually belonged to the Ukrainian military as fragments found on the crash site indicates, it is the '''5V55K''', part of the [[S-300_missile_system#Land-based_S-300P_(SA-10)|S-300P]] missile system, employed also by the [[Ukrainian Armed Forces]]. It is very likely the missiles could have failed during interception of Russian cruise missiles targeting Western Ukraine infrastructure during the [[OctoberâNovember_2022_nationwide_missile_strikes_on_Ukraine#Fourth_wave_(15_November)|November 2022 nationwide missile strikes on Ukraine]] as pointed out by "The Drive" in their article.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/missile-hits-poland-after-crossing-ukraine-border-reports|title=Missile Hits Poland After Crossing Ukraine Border: Reports|website=thedrive.com|date=15 November 2022}}</ref><br />
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I tried to mention this in the article however, my edits are being deleted by the user [[User:Volunteer Marek|Volunteer Marek]] without any valid reason. The user claims its due to "The Drive" is an automotive publication, what is not true. The website is related also to defense, military technology and [[OSINT]] as seen in their "The War Zone" publication that is run by experienced editors, and thus does not conflict the [[WP:RS]], what [[User:Volunteer Marek|Volunteer Marek]] is obviously not aware of at all.<br />
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So if someone has any additional informations from reliable sources indicating this possible involvement from Ukrainian side, share it here so we can add it later into the article in correct and unbiased form. Thanks. [[User:BlackFlanker|BlackFlanker]] ([[User talk:BlackFlanker|talk]]) 23:01, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:The ''[[OKO.press]]'' reference with ''ref name="OKOpress_Przewodow_15Oct2022_2230"'' states that the hypothesis of the explosions being from a Ukrainian anti-missile defence rocket "is not excluded" (i.e. is one of the viable hypotheses). [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 23:29, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Reliable sources or it goes. Policy.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 23:49, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:AFAIK "The Drive" is a well known reliable source used over the Wikipedia for quite a time when it comes to military related stuffs. I had never a problem when citing anything from that website. Also you are not the one who decides what is a reliable source or what isn't based just on your own assumptions, as well as you have no right at all to remove a well cited content without a valid reason for it. Give other people a chance to express their opinion too if there is a dispute about anything in some article and stick to the Wikipedia policies and guidelines in the right way next time. Anyway, the article already mentions the possible S-300 involvement so you can consider this dispute as resolved. [[User:BlackFlanker|BlackFlanker]] ([[User talk:BlackFlanker|talk]]) 10:03, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
{{reflist-talk}}<!-- Add comments within this section *above* this reflist-talk tag. Thanks. New sections go below. --><br />
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== Semi-protected edit request on 15 November 2022 ==<br />
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{{Edit semi-protected|2022 missile explosion in Poland|answered=yes}}<br />
[[Special:Contributions/2A01:E11:2003:8230:864:C0B0:1F0C:CD5F|2A01:E11:2003:8230:864:C0B0:1F0C:CD5F]] ([[User talk:2A01:E11:2003:8230:864:C0B0:1F0C:CD5F|talk]]) 23:40, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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In the Page talk about Russian Missiles refering to a Twitter Page.<br />
In the same Twitter Page there is a link to a News that the Missiles are not Russian but Ukranian !<br />
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Ref: https://mobile.twitter.com/UAWeapons/status/1592629251161075712<br />
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:That's not a reliable source.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 23:51, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Linked on r/UkrainainConflict ==<br />
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This is just a heads up that this article was linked to by some reddit user on r/UkrainainConflict, which tends to be a very pro-UA biased community. We may want to temporarily EC protect it or something similar if suspicious heavily POV edits start coming in.<br />
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https://www.reddit.com/r/UkrainianConflict/comments/ywc23b/2022_missile_explosion_in_poland_as_of_2245_utc/ '''''[[User:Serafart|Serafart]]''''' ([[User_talk:Serafart|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Serafart|contributions]]) 00:14, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Interesting background information ==<br />
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Interesting background information (June 14, 2022): "Biden: U.S. to build silos on Poland border to export Ukrainian grain / U.S. and Western officials have been exploring efforts to build temporary silos in Ukraine and other nations as a means to quickly scale up grain storage capacity in Ukraine." Source: https://www.politico.com/news/2022/06/14/biden-u-s-to-build-silos-on-poland-border-to-export-ukrainian-grain-00039455 [[Special:Contributions/173.88.246.138|173.88.246.138]] ([[User talk:173.88.246.138|talk]]) 01:20, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Seems like SYNTH. --[[User:Calthinus|Calthinus]] ([[User talk:Calthinus|talk]]) 01:51, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== âŚfirst incident within NATO territory⌠==<br />
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How about [[2022 Zagreb Tu-141 crash]] from 'See also' section? Also, that page contains some information about drone crash in Romania. Judging by this, Poland missile explosion is at least the third incident in NATO during the Russian invasion. [[User:Semyon &#39;dicto&#39; Fedotov|Semyon &#39;dicto&#39; Fedotov]] ([[User talk:Semyon &#39;dicto&#39; Fedotov|talk]]) 06:14, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:I've shoehorned in ...(vis-a-vis prior UAV incursions)... If people don't know what a UAV is at this stage in the game, tough. [[User:Kencf0618|kencf0618]] ([[User talk:Kencf0618|talk]]) 07:28, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:: it was the âfirst instance of NATO citizens dying on NATO territoryâ --[[User:Joaziela|Joaziela]] ([[User talk:Joaziela|talk]]) 09:57, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::"NATO citizens" should be avoided. If the source says that at least one of the dead persons was Polish, then it would be something like "a citizen of a NATO member state". [[Special:Contributions/89.8.9.93|89.8.9.93]] ([[User talk:89.8.9.93|talk]]) 12:08, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Latitude of Kyiv, longitude of Lviv ==<br />
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It's been noted that the impact is at the longitude of Lviv and the latitude of Kyiv. The speculation is that someone swapped targeting coordinates. This is an easily verifiable fact, but it's not yet been reported in the media, so at the moment it can't go into the article: it's [[WP:SYNT]] until it is picked up and discussed in a reliable source. Still, interesting! --[[User:Slashme|Slashme]] ([[User talk:Slashme|talk]]) 08:53, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:I would argue this is very relevant and undeniable fact, and that it should be mentioned in the article without delay. (The latter is a subjective assesment, but - if there is policy requiring some media to publish it first, there be still has to be somebody's subjective choice about which sources are noteworthy.) --[[User:FDominec|FDominec]] ([[User talk:FDominec|talk]]) 10:16, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::The speculation (that someone swapped coordinates) would have to be done by a notable expert about military matters. (If [[Nostradamus]] wrote about mistakes being made in the realm between the realm of the bear and the realm of the eagle, then I think that we should still look for another military expert.) [[Special:Contributions/89.8.27.137|89.8.27.137]] ([[User talk:89.8.27.137|talk]]) 11:15, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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In the light of the fact that it was a Ukrainian missile, it's obviously just a coincidence, and therefore irrelevant unless it gets discussed to a notable extent. --[[User:Slashme|Slashme]] ([[User talk:Slashme|talk]]) 08:48, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::In other coincidences, if it was Ukr AA 1. It was released very late and should of been aborted pre-launch, 2. It missed and overshot the target, 3. It turned around and chased the target it was never going to catch, 4. It then headed direct to Lviv, veered off at the last minute, headed toward Poland, 5. Self destruct system failed. all seems a bit much. Further, we know Russian missiles were attacking Lviv, some S-300 have a much longer range nearer 200km, depending on several factors, we also know Russian motors and parts have been exported to both N Korea and Iran + others, both during and post sanctions, and some of their modifications added range and reduced payload, some of their local designs cannibalised components, the size of the crater compared to the damage at Freedom bridge or the children's playground in Kyiv does "seem" smaller in comparison, both N Korea and Iran have supplied Russia missiles, so I rate it 20% Ukr AA - 80% Rus modified S-300, from Blr, with co-ord errors, targetting the power station ~10km away. <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">â&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2404:4408:638C:5E00:55E2:C72C:5D7A:1B48|2404:4408:638C:5E00:55E2:C72C:5D7A:1B48]] ([[User talk:2404:4408:638C:5E00:55E2:C72C:5D7A:1B48#top|talk]]) 01:26, 18 November 2022 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
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I'd like to add that the coordinates of the hit mentioned in Wikipedia, when switched as it was mentioned, give the coordinates of the LVIV Airport (49.818, 23.921944), and the Antonov factory and its associated airfield (50.474444, 30.392). Do we need a military expert willing to mention that, given the fact that it is a geographical fact?[[Special:Contributions/186.122.216.53|186.122.216.53]] ([[User talk:186.122.216.53|talk]]) 01:54, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:If a '''claim''' is '''notable''', then that is a '''major''' part in having something stay in a wiki-article. (And a '''relevant''', notable expert has to comment the theory/ claim/ hypothesis.)--Your explanation above (with coordinates), would be Greek, to many persons.--There is a fair chance that an okay expert, will have something relevant to say (even if it was nothing more than s/he calling allegations of coordinate-switching - a "plausible conspiracy-theory etc."). [[Special:Contributions/46.15.26.64|46.15.26.64]] ([[User talk:46.15.26.64|talk]]) 03:46, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:This claim was dismissed by the Polish Ambassador to NATO[https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2022-11-17/tomasz-szatkowski-w-graffiti-ogladaj-w-polsat-news-i-polsatnews-pl-od-godz-740/] (in Polish):<br>"Dziennikarz zapytaĹ rĂłwnieĹź o teoriÄ gĹoszÄ cÄ , Ĺźe Rosjanie pomylili koordynaty ataku, ĹÄ czÄ c dane dla dwĂłch celĂłw w Ukrainie. PrzewodĂłw ma takÄ szerokoĹÄ geograficznÄ jak KijĂłw i dĹugoĹÄ geograficznÄ jak LwĂłw.<br>- Dane, ktĂłrymi dysponuje NATO, nie wskazujÄ na to - odparĹ Szatkowski. PowiadomiĹ, Ĺźe przeanalizowano kwestie zwiÄ zane z trajektoriÄ lotu, zasiÄgiem pociskĂłw i zbadano szczÄ tki w miejscu tragedii."<br>'''Google translation''' (with one correction):<br>"The journalist also asked about the theory that the Russians mixed up the coordinates of the attack by combining data for two targets in Ukraine. PrzewodĂłw has such latitude as Kyiv and longitude as Lviv.<br>- The data available to NATO does not indicate that - replied Szatkowski. He reported that issues related to the trajectory of the flight, the range of the missiles had been analyzed and the debris at the site of the tragedy had been examined." [[User:MarMi wiki|MarMi wiki]] ([[User talk:MarMi wiki|talk]]) 00:45, 20 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Surprised it hasn't been mentioned this would imply a high likelihood of it being a false flag by Ukraine, purposely setting those coordinates so they can say Russia accidentally put them in wrong; then foiled by it being able to be recognized as an S300 missile. <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">â&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/67.58.118.148|67.58.118.148]] ([[User talk:67.58.118.148#top|talk]]) 20:56, 20 November 2022 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
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== Mention of the Gleiwitz incident ==<br />
False-flag attack: notable accusations thereof? If any government claims that, then perhaps the article should say that. (Regarding "See also: Gleiwitz incident" - please have that removed. Relevance is not obvious.) 89.8.9.93 (talk) 12:15, 16 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">â&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/89.8.109.60|89.8.109.60]] ([[User talk:89.8.109.60#top|talk]]) </small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
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If any government claims that, then perhaps the article should say that. (Regarding "See also: [[Gleiwitz incident]]" - please have that removed. Relevance is not obvious.) [[Special:Contributions/89.8.9.93|89.8.9.93]] ([[User talk:89.8.9.93|talk]]) 12:15, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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In the related articles section is currently linked the Gleiwitz incident page. This has to do with a false provocation Nazi Germany used as an excuse to invade Poland at the onset of WWII. <br />
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This relation is based purely off of speculation. The origins of the projectile are still unresolved. Therefore, it is wrong to link it with a factually established deliberate false flag. <br />
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My resolution? Remove the link until we know more and all immediate investigations are completed. <br />
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Are others in agreement with me? [[User:Trad Cat123|Trad Cat123]] ([[User talk:Trad Cat123|talk]]) 12:17, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Yes. - <small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:#40">'''GizzyCatBella'''</span>]][[User talk:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:transparent;text-shadow:0 0 0 red;font-size:80%">đ</span>]]</span></small> 12:25, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Claiming that the see also must be removed on the basis of what you think is violation of assuming good faith. I oppose this change. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 12:41, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::User:Temp0000002 is the only one who has mentioned ''good faith'', and since the user is not a notable mind-reader, one should not add merit to that comment.--I have good faith in that the community will [[tar and feather]] ''the Gleiwitz incident'' and roll it out of "missile explosion" article. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.109.60|89.8.109.60]] ([[User talk:89.8.109.60|talk]]) 12:55, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::Pretending to know what a user implied is highly offensive and it's certainly not assuming good faith. I have faith that my opinion will be respected because I don't care about the incident in itself whether it will stay on the page or not. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 13:01, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::User:Temp0000002 said "what you think is violation of assuming good faith".--I do not respect that opinion of yours, which you leveled at a third-party wikipedian. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.109.60|89.8.109.60]] ([[User talk:89.8.109.60|talk]]) 13:13, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I am in agreement with user:Trad Cat123. Please be bold and remove that piece of innuendo. The sooner it's gone from the wiki-article, the better. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.109.60|89.8.109.60]] ([[User talk:89.8.109.60|talk]]) 13:16, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::Third-party Wikipedian equals more likely to be treated differently? You can disagree with my opinion but there is nothing to disagree in facts because it's not the mention I'm defending but the user you're assuming bad. This is my last comment on the topic. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 13:23, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
{{Done}} - the contested stuff, is gone from the article. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.109.60|89.8.109.60]] ([[User talk:89.8.109.60|talk]]) 13:50, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== False blame on Russia ==<br />
=== Is the statement false blame acceptable? ===<br />
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A user recently added the word "falsely" in President Zelensky's original statement about the explosion and explained their edit request with ''I added the fact that Ukraine falsely blamed Russia for the missiles, since they werent russian missiles at all''. <br />
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I think "falsely" is a loaded term for this article and implies he did this deliberately and that it wasn't the result of unclear information in the fog of war. I believe we should either replace the word "falsely" with "initially" or just delete it altogether. [[User:PaulRKil|PaulRKil]] ([[User talk:PaulRKil|talk]]) 14:02, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I want to say is that "falsely" doesn't mean lie, it means failing to be true in facts, including doing so by mistake. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 14:05, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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::Agreed. "falsely" has lots of connotations. It is more neutral without the word.<br />
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:::According to reliable sources, statement of president Zelensky that Russia is to blame for the missiles is factually incorrect and wikipedia should reflect that. Wikipedia doesn't care about your feelings but it reflects what reliable sources say.<br />
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:::Also it's common practise to assess if statement made by head of state is false. Examples from other pages:<br />
:::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine<br />
:::Putin espoused irredentist views, challenged Ukraine's right to statehood, and '''falsely claimed''' Ukraine was governed by neo-Nazis who persecuted the ethnic Russian minority.<br />
:::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump<br />
:::Trump lost the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden but refused to concede defeat,''' falsely claiming''' widespread electoral fraud<br />
:::I don't see any reason why we shouldn't state FACT that Zelensky made false claims. This is common practise on wikipedia, this is important and relevant information in this topic and is factually accurate. Removing word "falsely" will only mislead readers and further spread misinformation. [[User:Mintus590|Mintus590]] ([[User talk:Mintus590|talk]]) 14:26, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::Unlike Putin and Trump, Zelensky has not doubled down on his statement in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary, we should avoid using the term 'falsely' to describe an initial statement made in the fog of war, particularly when this war is incredibly politicized online. I already introduce a compromise which is to use the word "initially" in its place. [[User:PaulRKil|PaulRKil]] ([[User talk:PaulRKil|talk]]) 14:44, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::I agree to use the term initially but just to make it clear, read the 1st and 4th definition of wiktionary about the word "false" and you'll see that there's no mistake. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 14:46, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::::It's not even initial but ongoing claim. Last tweet of Zelensky is still blaming Russians: https://twitter.com/ZelenskyyUa. Did Zelensky retract his claims on some other information channel? [[User:Mintus590|Mintus590]] ([[User talk:Mintus590|talk]]) 14:52, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::::His last tweet was 16 hours ago, new developments have occurred since then. Thank you for looking out for objectivity though. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 15:02, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::::His last tweet was around 16 hrs ago at a point where it was still widely believed that this was Russian in origin. I'm certain that he would react rationally to developments related to this event. It is very likely he will still blame Russia, but won't claim the weapons were of Russian origin. [[User:PaulRKil|PaulRKil]] ([[User talk:PaulRKil|talk]]) 15:15, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::::: Well, "erroneously" might be better, after confirmation. Depends what RS say. [[User:Mellk|Mellk]] ([[User talk:Mellk|talk]]) 16:08, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
: '''Even though Ukraine fired the missile, it is still correct to blame Russia, because the entire situation is Russia's fault.''' We see this sort of thing in criminal law all the time. See [[Felony murder rule]]. Looking at Zelensky's actual statement in the source, he did not say that "Russia fired the missile" (which would have been false). What he said was {{tq|Russian aggression claimed the lives of two citizens of Poland.}}[https://cablefreetv.org/ukrainian-specialists-should-join-the-investigation-into-the-rocket-explosion-in-poland/] That's true, and it's the same theory that is routinely used in felony murder convictions in the US. Furthermore, I see that [[Jens Stoltenburg]] has made the same point.[https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/poland-ukraine-russia-missile/card/nato-blames-russian-actions-for-missile-strike-in-poland-LDwjhjFLMdjOiZPY3HgU] {{tq|"This is not Ukraine's fault," Mr. Stoltenberg said. "Russia bears ultimate responsibility" because it has attacked Ukraine, which was defending itself.}} [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 23:16, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::You missed the part where he called it "Russian missile terror"[https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/11/16/zelensky-offers-condolences-to-polands-duda-after-russian-missile-terror-a79386] and said "I have no doubt that this is not our missile".[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-63656664] [[User:Mellk|Mellk]] ([[User talk:Mellk|talk]]) 00:12, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::I was going by the source provided with the initial question. In that case, he got those statements wrong. Of those statements, "Russian missile terror" is still correct, while the other one was wrong. But unless he doubles down, we should say he "initially" said that. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 00:20, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::What RS say we should say. If they say "falsely" this should be reflected, though it is probably too early for something like that. But so far Ukraine has denied it was maybe caused by Ukrainian air defense and claimed it was a Russian missile. [[User:Mellk|Mellk]] ([[User talk:Mellk|talk]]) 00:30, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Going by your logic, virtually all the atrocities of WW2 should be blamed on Germany, just because it started the war. Correct?<br />
:::No, that was a more complex situation. But in this case, Russia both launched the war and launched the attack that was the immediate cause. So not much question here. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 03:15, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::On one hand you try to convince us that Russia vs Ukraine war is not complex, on the other hand you failed to provide reason why this war is even happening. [[User:Mintus590|Mintus590]] ([[User talk:Mintus590|talk]]) 08:12, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::The war is happening because [[Vladimir Putin]] decided to invade Ukraine. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 09:46, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::{{small|However, I'd be cautious with asserting that the missile was fired by Ukraine. I find it plausible that it had indeed been fired by Russia and malfunctioned. Russia never explicitly denied it, however NATO decided not to escalate for obvious reasons. Hence the geographically implausible "Ukrainian air defence" version. Yet not only does Ukraine not have any air defences in that region, but firing a counter-missile westwards would make zero sense.}} â [[User:Kashmiri|<span style="color:#30c;font:italic bold 1em 'Candara';text-shadow:#aaf 0.2em 0.2em 0.1em;">kashmÄŤrÄŤ</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Kashmiri|<sup style="color:#80f;font:'Candara';">TALK</sup>]] 00:24, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::I agree on caution, because the international disagreement is not resolved and investigations are in progress. But the above argument is flawed and the scenario is plausible. We donât know where Ukraine has any of its air defences, we donât know exactly where Russian missiles are fired from at what targets (although they are launched from Belarus and at Lviv, for example), and we canât know that the exact interception trajectory of a miss, failed self-destruction, and resulting overshoot wouldnât end up six kilometres into Poland. &nbsp;â''[[user:Mzajac|Michael]]&nbsp;[[user_talk:Mzajac|Z]].'' 16:17, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::I wonder: what had happen with 2nd [Russian] missile, one that this S-300 was supposed to target? What did it hit? [[User:My very best wishes|My very best wishes]] ([[User talk:My very best wishes|talk]]) 02:46, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Infobox says "Motive: Very likely to be an incident made by Ukranian air defense"==<br />
Infobox says "Motive: Very likely to be an incident made by Ukranian air defense", possibly not good enough English.--Not obvious that any notable expert of military affairs, has stated such; only when one reaches that point, does it matter what Al Jazeera and The Guardian publishes in respect to the "missil explosion" topic. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.109.60|89.8.109.60]] ([[User talk:89.8.109.60|talk]]) 14:13, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Ukraine claims to have proof that Russia is behind the explosion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gadzo |first=Edna Mohamed,Mersiha |title=Ukraine calls for âimmediate accessâ to Poland blast site |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2022/11/16/live-poland-blast-attempt-to-spark-nato-russia-clash-moscow |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> I want the article to be changed to say that. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 14:16, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:'''Be bold - remove Motivation''' from the infobox, until the "he said, she said" gets cleared up, and in that case gets written in clear English. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.109.60|89.8.109.60]] ([[User talk:89.8.109.60|talk]]) 14:29, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::I would have changed the article if it hadn't the extended protection. This only slows down the information and makes the article's information outdated. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 14:41, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::The ECP is frustrating. Many of us who helped build the article aren't extended-confirmed, but now we can no longer edit it. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 15:04, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::So true. It seems like the admins put it because they disagreed with my edits. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 15:07, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::I don't think so. There is a general sanction across the wiki to ECP all Russia/Ukraine war articles: [[WP:GS/RUSUKR]]. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 15:22, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:"Very likely to be an incident made by Ukranian air defense"... are there enough sources to make a consensus on this? [[User:675930s|675930s]] ([[User talk:675930s|talk]]) 15:28, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
Poland's Prime Minister said the missile could have been intentional.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-16 |title=Russia-Ukraine war live: missile strike in Poland likely an accident by Ukraine air defence, says Warsaw |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/nov/16/russia-ukraine-war-live-news-emergency-g20-meeting-after-russian-made-missiles-land-in-poland |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 16:18, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:{{Done}} - the contested stuff in infobox (about Motive), has been removed. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.31.185|46.15.31.185]] ([[User talk:46.15.31.185|talk]]) 21:41, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:the PM of Poland is not a military expert, he's a politician - wait for the NATO investigation to finalize [[User:HammerFilmFan|HammerFilmFan]] ([[User talk:HammerFilmFan|talk]]) 18:33, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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{{reflist-talk}}<!-- Add comments within this section *above* this reflist-talk tag. Thanks. New sections go below. --><br />
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== Removal of sourced content without explanation ==<br />
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/1122240530<br />
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not sure why it was removed [[User:RandomPotato123|RandomPotato123]] ([[User talk:RandomPotato123|talk]]) 15:52, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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{{Edit extended-protected|answered=yes}}<br />
: Please make the following change to the article: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Sandbox&diff=1122259458&oldid=1122259196 diff] [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 17:46, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::The same content is in the article, just in far less words because the quote was summarised. It's better to leave things in summary form IMO so I think that bit of the article is fine as is. [[User:Endwise|Endwise]] ([[User talk:Endwise|talk]]) 04:02, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== location ==<br />
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the explosion occurred outside the corn drying facility of a local company "Agrocom" Sp. z o.o., located at {{coord|50.47462|23.92311}} [[Special:Contributions/31.61.230.238|31.61.230.238]] ([[User talk:31.61.230.238|talk]]) 00:03, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== "claiming the missiles were the remains of a downed rocket" ==<br />
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Needs clarification (and I am not sure what needs clarifying first). Is this a claim that "the missiles" actually was an Anti-aircraft thingy which fell to the ground? [[Special:Contributions/46.15.27.171|46.15.27.171]] ([[User talk:46.15.27.171|talk]]) 04:08, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br><br />
An odd way of saying "a downed cruise-missile"? [[Special:Contributions/46.15.27.171|46.15.27.171]] ([[User talk:46.15.27.171|talk]]) 04:12, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Infobox. Remove "Motive: Unknown" ==<br />
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Please be bold, and remove "Motive: Unknown", from infobox. (Even if one were to write "Motive: Disputed", then the encyclopedic value is still sucky.) [[Special:Contributions/46.15.24.77|46.15.24.77]] ([[User talk:46.15.24.77|talk]]) 14:22, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I replaced it by "presumably an accident", which seems to reflect what sources say at this point. [[User:My very best wishes|My very best wishes]] ([[User talk:My very best wishes|talk]]) 17:41, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::@[[User:My very best wishes|My very best wishes]] Should be capitalised I think. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 18:27, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:{{Done}} - the aftermath is that various okay solutions have been put in place. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.24.77|46.15.24.77]] ([[User talk:46.15.24.77|talk]]) 18:57, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Ukraine reaction ==<br />
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The current[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_missile_explosion_in_Poland&oldid=1122468704] version of the Ukraine reaction section contains Zenskyy's Nov. 15 and 16 statements, while omitting his Nov. 17 statement. This is the wrong way to do it. But including all three statements would be a [[WP:UNDUE]] level of detail. Because the Nov. 15-16 statements were similar, while the Nov. 17 statement had evolved (Z said he did not know what had happened), it is more appropriate to include the Nov. 15 and 17 statements. Example here.[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_missile_explosion_in_Poland&oldid=1122459492#Ukraine] To avoid [[WP:EW]], I am not going to revert again, but I request that someone else take a look. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 19:27, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:The 16 November comments were made after the initial assessment by NATO unlike the one on 15 November, so this should be included.[https://news.sky.com/story/ukraine-war-joe-biden-disputes-volodymyr-zelenskyys-claim-the-missile-that-landed-in-poland-was-not-ukrainian-12749296][https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/17/ukraine-says-its-not-to-blame-for-poland-missile-strike.html] But the 17 November ones are a bit softened. [[User:Mellk|Mellk]] ([[User talk:Mellk|talk]]) 19:38, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Yes, I'm sure it's still [[WP:IMPERFECT]]. But it's definitely improved. Thanks. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 23:57, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Another option might be something like: "On 17 November, Zelensky said ... . On the previous days, his statements were different"<referenceOne. QuoteOne= ... ><referenceTwo. QuoteTwo= ... >.--'''Comment''': His latest view, should be quite valuable for this wiki-article (even if that view might have softened). [[Special:Contributions/46.15.26.64|46.15.26.64]] ([[User talk:46.15.26.64|talk]]) 01:00, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::He is going to keep saying things. [[User:Mellk|Mellk]] ([[User talk:Mellk|talk]]) 01:56, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::Yes, he is likely to keep on truckin'.--His views about the missile explosion, are important for the wiki-article. (At one extreme, one could choose to have one sub-section that has a chronology of his relevant statements.)--Looks like the wiki-article is going in a good direction. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.26.64|46.15.26.64]] ([[User talk:46.15.26.64|talk]]) 02:48, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== A Nato-secretary - a general by the name of ... ==<br />
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I suggest: "Secretary General '''of NATO''', jens stoltenberg". (He is not a general of any armed forces, in case any one got that impression.) [[Special:Contributions/46.15.26.64|46.15.26.64]] ([[User talk:46.15.26.64|talk]]) 01:17, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*{{Done}}. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.10.116|46.15.10.116]] ([[User talk:46.15.10.116|talk]]) 23:38, 22 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== See also (section): Remove "1989 Belgium MiG-23 crash" ==<br />
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That article is about an '''airplane''' crash. (The "See also" section, is not a place to link all articles which tells about airplane crashes which killed one person on the ground.) [[Special:Contributions/46.15.26.64|46.15.26.64]] ([[User talk:46.15.26.64|talk]]) 04:47, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
: {{done}} [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 14:47, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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[[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] In part, the lead it says "It was the first incident of a missile (vis-a-vis prior UAV incursions) landing and exploding within NATO territory during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine" please amend to "It is the first known incident of a munition* landing and exploding within NATO territory during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine." and add somewhere, something like (not sure fit for lead) "Prior Russian incursions include unauthorized and notified UAV incursions into Poland and also incursions into a Non-NATO member Moldova of both UAV's and Missile trajectories launched from the Black Sea, also targeting Lviv.", and re above "1989 Belgium MiG-23 crash" again, not all reported by USSR is "fact", we do know it flew for another 90minutes, auto-pilot worked etc, it may of been a test, it certainly was an incursion, it landed on NATO territory, it killed a member states citizen, it may have some relevance and may/should be noted somewhere, I do realise other incursions from both USSR and Rus Fed have taken place, no deaths resulted though and they were "Navigation issues"/"BLATANT TESTS" depending on source/view. Note re* I prefer munition here to a missile as "type" is irrelevant. Thoughts? <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">â&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2404:4408:638C:5E00:61B0:7B09:F269:6729|2404:4408:638C:5E00:61B0:7B09:F269:6729]] ([[User talk:2404:4408:638C:5E00:61B0:7B09:F269:6729#top|talk]]) 04:35, 19 November 2022 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
*Move "vis-a-vis prior UAV incursions", from lede to Background-section. (The background-section could also use other wording, such as "There had been <s>prior</s> UAV incursions into NATO countries during the invasion.")<br />
*Oppose mention of "Munition", for now. (Yeah, I get it: missiles are a subset of munitions. But why go from simple idea ("first missile") to first grenade-or-missile-or-other-explosionThingy, also called ''munitions'')? [[Special:Contributions/46.15.110.253|46.15.110.253]] ([[User talk:46.15.110.253|talk]]) 07:43, 19 November 2022 (UTC)/ [[Special:Contributions/46.15.110.253|46.15.110.253]] ([[User talk:46.15.110.253|talk]]) 08:38, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*:My thoughts were along the lines of it was the first anything, so clarifying here it was probably a missile does not conclusively and categorically indicate it was the first incident of this type. For example, there may be a first Grenade in the future, which would be the second munition. [[Special:Contributions/2404:4408:638C:5E00:147C:9916:3B1F:BEFF|2404:4408:638C:5E00:147C:9916:3B1F:BEFF]] ([[User talk:2404:4408:638C:5E00:147C:9916:3B1F:BEFF|talk]]) 12:42, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*::Mentioning the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|Last "train" of this conflict, from Crimea to Russia]], is a better idea. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.26.134|46.15.26.134]] ([[User talk:46.15.26.134|talk]]) 14:30, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*:::While I would love to see that report [[First shot memorial]] is still relevant. [[Special:Contributions/2404:4408:638C:5E00:1854:A8BB:219A:48D7|2404:4408:638C:5E00:1854:A8BB:219A:48D7]] ([[User talk:2404:4408:638C:5E00:1854:A8BB:219A:48D7|talk]]) 01:46, 20 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*::::"''R passports'' will need visas to visit the 2014 monument and the 2022 monument. The visa-office will be east of Crimea, at 'the monument for the bridge that was'."--That is the mother of all reports. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.10.181|46.15.10.181]] ([[User talk:46.15.10.181|talk]]) 07:28, 20 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*Oppose mention of 43-year old '''Soviet''' UAV-incursion that made it to Belgium. (Also oppose mention of [[Mathias Rust]] landing a half-ton non-'''munition''' in Russia's capital, some years ago.) [[Special:Contributions/46.15.110.253|46.15.110.253]] ([[User talk:46.15.110.253|talk]]) 08:13, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== See also (section): Remove "2022 Western Russia attacks" ==<br />
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This article is not about an '''Attack''' on Poland, or an '''attack''' on Eastern Nato-countries. (However, a link about [[Accident investigation]]s, might be something to consider.) [[Special:Contributions/46.15.110.253|46.15.110.253]] ([[User talk:46.15.110.253|talk]]) 08:29, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Remove is {{done}}. No opinion on the accident investigations part. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 16:51, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== My edit request ==<br />
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I made a edit request a couple days ago to update that the Ukrainian investigators are now at the explosion site, but I haven't got any updates if it was approved and it isnt in the article. Yall got my request right? (Im new to Wikipedia)[[User:Yogurtslavia|Yogurtslavia]] ([[User talk:Yogurtslavia|talk]]) 12:52, 21 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:You might've hit "[[Help:Show preview|Show preview]]" instead of saving your edit. [[User:Prolog|Prolog]] ([[User talk:Prolog|talk]]) 17:45, 21 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 22 November 2022 ==<br />
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{{edit extended-protected|2022 missile explosion in Poland|answered=yes}}<br />
Hi. I request an edit.<br />
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"Also on 17 November, Polish officials stated that Ukrainian investigators were likely to be granted access to the site of the explosion.[29]<br />
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On 21 November, it was reported that Ukrainian investigators will not be granted '''acess''' to the investigation by the Polish prosecutor's office.[30]"<br />
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As you can probably see, there is a spelling mistake. [[User:Ocemccool|Ocemccool]] ([[User talk:Ocemccool|talk]]) 11:39, 22 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Damn, I forgot. the word in Bold letters should be replace to "access". [[User:Ocemccool|Ocemccool]] ([[User talk:Ocemccool|talk]]) 11:41, 22 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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::{{done}}<!-- Template:EEp --> [[User:Prolog|Prolog]] ([[User talk:Prolog|talk]]) 12:46, 22 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 23 November 2022 ==<br />
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{{edit extended-protected|2022 missile explosion in Poland|answered=yes}}<br />
Reference [30] should link to https://www.rp.pl/polityka/art37450671-incydent-w-przewodowie-prokuratura-nie-zgodzi-sie-na-udzial-ukraincow-w-sledztwie instead of the [https://www.rp.pl/swiat/art37451741-wojna-rosji-z-ukraina-dzien-271 entire war relation from 21 November]. [[User:Noxian16|Noxian16]] ([[User talk:Noxian16|talk]]) 02:31, 23 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:{{done}}<!-- Template:EEp --> [[User:Prolog|Prolog]] ([[User talk:Prolog|talk]]) 08:25, 23 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Russia ... another missile (but this time hitting Moldova) ==<br />
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"'''Russia''' launched another wave of targeted missile strikes against Ukraine, '''another''' missile fell within the territory of Moldova".--Please remove the insinuation that Russia launched the missile that landed in Poland (before '''another''' missile hit Moldova). [[Special:Contributions/46.15.127.164|46.15.127.164]] ([[User talk:46.15.127.164|talk]]) 10:35, 2 January 2023 (UTC)<br />
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:source ? - <small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:#40">'''GizzyCatBella'''</span>]][[User talk:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:transparent;text-shadow:0 0 0 red;font-size:80%">đ</span>]]</span></small> 16:54, 2 January 2023 (UTC)<br />
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== This is just another example of what is wrong with Wikipedia ==<br />
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https://www.npr.org/2022/11/15/1136768133/kyiv-ukraine-missiles-russia<br />
'False blame on Russia' talk thread was well known at the time.<br />
Biden even said as much.<br />
You all know this article intentionally misleads its readers, yet it remains factually incorrect.<br />
This is why I no longer donate. [[Special:Contributions/101.53.218.247|101.53.218.247]] ([[User talk:101.53.218.247|talk]]) 06:31, 19 January 2023 (UTC)<br />
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:This is mentioned in the lede and in the article, what exactly do you suggest to change? [[User:Alaexis|Alaexis]]<sub>[[User_talk:Alaexis|Âżquestion?]]</sub> 08:22, 19 January 2023 (UTC)<br />
::The article is still categorized under **Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure**. [[User:Akusso|Akusso]] ([[User talk:Akusso|talk]]) 16:48, 28 September 2023 (UTC)<br />
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== The Polish investigation ==<br />
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Poland says it was a Ukrainian anti-aircraft missile. Perhaps the article should be rewritten with this information.[https://www.rp.pl/kraj/art39165861-coraz-blizej-prawdy-o-rakiecie-w-przewodowie-wiadomo-czyj-byl-pocisk] [[User:Mhorg|Mhorg]] ([[User talk:Mhorg|talk]]) 10:21, 26 September 2023 (UTC)<br />
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:It was a stray Ukrainian anti-aircraft missile. Ukraine does not enable to self-destruct switch on the S-300 missiles when they miss the target. [[User:Akusso|Akusso]] ([[User talk:Akusso|talk]]) 16:47, 28 September 2023 (UTC)<br />
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== Very impressive passive voice ==<br />
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A missile struck Poland? Why would a missile choose to do such a thing? [[Special:Contributions/72.218.62.58|72.218.62.58]] ([[User talk:72.218.62.58|talk]]) 03:31, 17 February 2024 (UTC)</div>72.218.62.58https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:2022_missile_explosion_in_Poland&diff=1208334461Talk:2022 missile explosion in Poland2024-02-17T03:31:18Z<p>72.218.62.58: /* Very impressive passive voice */ new section</p>
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<div>{{talkheader}}<br />
{{WikiProject banner shell|collapsed=y|class=C|<br />
{{WikiProject International relations|importance=Low}}<br />
{{WikiProject Military history|class=C|European=y|Polish=y|Russian=y|Post-Cold-War=y|b1=yes|b2=no|b3=yes|b4=yes|b5=yes}}<br />
{{WikiProject Poland|importance=Low}}<br />
{{WikiProject Russia|importance=Low|mil=y}}<br />
{{WikiProject Ukraine|importance=mid}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Ds/talk notice|e-e}}<br />
{{Merged-from|2022 Russian missile incursion into Poland}}<br />
{{Annual readership}}<br />
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==Already?==<br />
Godd#mn you're fast. [[Special:Contributions/5.173.97.59|5.173.97.59]] ([[User talk:5.173.97.59|talk]]) 19:01, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:I gotta give it to y'all over here you really are fast. Unlike us Wikivoyagers [[User:I sell eggs|I sell eggs]] ([[User talk:I sell eggs|talk]]) 19:02, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Wikipedians don't sleep [[User:RPI2026F1|RPI2026F1]] ([[User talk:RPI2026F1|talk]]) 19:27, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::LOLđ [[User:Txkk|Txkk]] ([[User talk:Txkk|talk]]) 01:56, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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=== Against the rules of Wiki ===<br />
This is news, not confirmed information. Wikipedia is not about news and current events, there is a special place for it [[Special:Contributions/62.4.41.82|62.4.41.82]] ([[User talk:62.4.41.82|talk]]) 20:51, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Creating this article a mere hour after the news broke might or might not have been [[Wikipedia:BREAKING|jumping the gun]]. The advice on that page leads me to believe that what's done is done and we should just wait and see. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 20:55, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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::We could propose a title change to "explosion" rather than "missile strike". At least in the summary of [https://oko.press/ap-rosyjskie-rakiety-spadly-na-polske this article by] ''[[OKO.press]]'', the Polish security committee is not yet willing to say what caused the explosion - and the security services will work overnight (PL time) to try to determine what happened. Informally, are there any ''objections'' to changing from ''2022 missile strike on Poland'' to ''2022 explosion in south-east Poland''? or better proposals? (If rough consensus can be reached, we can leave a more formal title change to later.) [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 21:37, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::Further name discussion should go in the [[Talk:2022 missile strike on Poland#Name|section above]]. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 22:00, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I agree that a [[WP:NOTTHENEWS]]/[[WP:BREAKING]] criticism is fair to say. That being said, it's probably for the best that this page was made. [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] is a beast of an article already (~360k bytes). <span style="font-family:Papyrus; color:#800080;">[[User:Etriusus|'''''Etrius''''']] ([[User talk:Etriusus| Us]])</span> 22:12, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Name ==<br />
'''The name of the article at the time this thread started was [[2022 Russian missile strike on Poland]] ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Russian_missile_strike_on_Poland&action=history logs]). It has since been moved to [[2022 missile strike on Poland]], and then [[2022 missile explosion in Poland]].'''<br />
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[[2022 missile explosion in Poland]] â ? - ''Template added to existing discussion; see discussion below'' [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 22:55, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:RM template removed - this is not an RM. It's a valid consensus-building exercise, but you might be better off starting again as the circumstances have changed and are changing. [[User:ProcrastinatingReader|ProcrastinatingReader]] ([[User talk:ProcrastinatingReader|talk]]) 21:35, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Yeah, the conversation is very divergent at this point. Not in a bad way, mind. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 21:41, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:I think that [[PrzewodĂłw incident]]/[[PrzewodĂłw explosion]]/[[PrzewodĂłw disaster]] or something along those lines would likely be the ideal title. [[User:Dunutubble|Dunutubble]] ([[User talk:Dunutubble|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Dunutubble|Contributions]]) 14:40, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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This is a bit presumptuous. See for example [https://www.benzinga.com/news/22/11/29735704/mariusz-gierszewski-polish-reporter-from-journalist-of-radio-zet-tweets-my-sources-in-the-services-c reports] from Poland that it may have not been a strike on Poland but rather the remnants of a shot down missile shot at Ukraine. <small style="border: 1px solid;padding:1px 3px;white-space:nowrap">'''[[User talk:Nableezy|<span style="color:#C11B17">nableezy</span>]]''' - 19:45, 15 November 2022 (UTC)</small><br />
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:If this bears out, then it should be moved. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 19:47, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Also, the current name may be technically accurate, but it implies that it was definitely purposeful. Until proven otherwise, it should be assumed to be an accident due to poor aiming, or the result of an unguided missile having been used too close to the border. [[User:GMRE|GMRE]] ([[User talk:GMRE|talk]]) 19:52, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Maybe it should move to [[2022 Russian missile incursion into Poland]]. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 19:55, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Or [[2022 Two Russian missiles striking Poland incident]]. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 20:24, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Or, [[2022 Russian missiles that struck Poland]]. The missile landed in Poland, but it was not necessarily a strike (aimed) at Poland.--On the other hand, a missile strike in Poland, conjures up a number of ideas. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 20:11, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I dont even know why this needs an article yet tbh. Which would obviate the need for a title. <small style="border: 1px solid;padding:1px 3px;white-space:nowrap">'''[[User talk:Nableezy|<span style="color:#C11B17">nableezy</span>]]''' - 20:14, 15 November 2022 (UTC)</small><br />
::Yeah, but we've got one anyway. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 20:19, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::So merge it ;) <small style="border: 1px solid;padding:1px 3px;white-space:nowrap">'''[[User talk:Nableezy|<span style="color:#C11B17">nableezy</span>]]''' - 20:42, 15 November 2022 (UTC)</small><br />
::::Let's wait for the bot to place the notice on the article and see if there are any objections. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 20:49, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::I don't agree with it. [[User:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#0099FF;">Super</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#800080;">Ψ</span>]] [[User talk:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#E60026;">Dro</span>]] 21:32, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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----<br />
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Someone did a bold move to [[2022 missile strike on Poland]]. I think that's a better name. Still not sure if "strike" is appropriate since it seems unlikely that it was intentional, but I'm not going to push to change it. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 21:27, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
: Wikipedia's bureaucratic processes are not efficient for recent events. This is something that happened a few hours ago and information changes by the minute. What do we expect to do with a 7-day long process? Having an informal talk page discussion would have been much better. [[User:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#0099FF;">Super</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#800080;">Ψ</span>]] [[User talk:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#E60026;">Dro</span>]] 21:34, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::I just added the template because it seemed appropriate. I didn't realize it had to stay for 7 days. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 21:39, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::If you made a "mistake", then you can (try) to remove your "mistake". [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 21:46, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::I will avoid making any more {{huge|valign=normal|"}}'''mistakes'''{{huge|valign=normal|"}}. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 22:00, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Are there any objections to '''2022 explosion in south-east Poland''' as the new name (at least until/if the Polish security services declare that it was from a missile)? We only seem to have ''Associated Press'' making a direct claim of missiles (apart from unreliable sources like Twitter/[[Fediverse]]). ''2022 explosion in PrzewodĂłw'' would be more accurate, but many readers would think of "Poland" rather than the name of the village. [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 22:07, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Yes, there are objections. Weaselly non informative title.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 22:16, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Oppose. It is some kind of "missile incident": [[2022 Missile incident in Poland]]. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 22:18, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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At the moment sources are calling this event a "strike" so that's what we'll be calling it too. If sources report it differently we'll change the name then.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 22:21, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:[[2022 missile explosion in Poland]], is okay for now, in my opinion. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 22:26, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I concur. The U.S. State Department has said that establishing intent is very important. These are early days.<br />
https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-asia-63593855?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=63740a26f15ea55905e4238a%26US%20responds%20with%20caution%262022-11-15T21%3A55%3A20.071Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:37377b20-5896-4ea2-8dfc-2798c0956cdd&pinned_post_asset_id=63740a26f15ea55905e4238a&pinned_post_type=share<br />
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[[User:Kencf0618|kencf0618]] ([[User talk:Kencf0618|talk]]) 22:37, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::I find that misleading because it makes it sound like Poland launched some missiles which exploded. There is a reason why no source is describing it that way. It's simply bad writing that misinforms.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 22:41, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::By that reasoning, one might arrive at [[2022 missile incident in Poland]]. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 22:46, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::[[2022 Polish missile incident]] might work better. [[User:REDMAN 2019|<span style="color:#daa520">REDMAN 2019</span>]] ([[User talk:REDMAN 2019|<span style="color:#c0c0c0">talk</span>]]) 19:36, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::But then THAT makes it sound like it was "an incident with a Polish missile". <small>[[User:Paintspot|Paintspot Infez]] ([[User talk:Paintspot|talk]])</small> 20:39, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
{{collapse top|obsolete [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 18:34, 16 November 2022 (UTC)}}<br />
<strike>'''Wait'''. Let's try not to change the title again until information becomes more clear. Hopefully within a day or so, it will become clear what actually happened. At that point, we can have a longer-term title. For the moment, the present title has the advantage of making a statement that no country seems to be disputing, regardless of what more specific statement we are able to make when the information becomes more clear. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 01:10, 16 November 2022 (UTC)</strike><br />
:No, because this appears to be an accident. Independent analysts are saying that the wreckage belongs to S-300, i.e. an [Ukrainian] air defense missile. [[User:My very best wishes|My very best wishes]] ([[User talk:My very best wishes|talk]]) 15:58, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::S-300 is literally Russian. [[Special:Contributions/64.82.204.2|64.82.204.2]] ([[User talk:64.82.204.2|talk]]) 17:52, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::The article says that {{tq|S-300s were used by both combatants during the invasion both as surface-to-air and surface-to-surface missiles, primarily by Ukraine and Russia respectively}} [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 17:56, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
: In lieu of this being an accident, I think the current article name is fine for now. [[User:RPI2026F1|RPI2026F1]] ([[User talk:RPI2026F1|talk]]) 16:36, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
: My "wait" content was intended to mean that we should wait until we understood what actually happened. I think the events are sufficiently clear now, so the reason for my "wait" comment no longer applies. I have therefore struck it. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 18:30, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
{{collapse bottom}}<br />
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=== Please don't invent stuff ===<br />
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What the hey is a "missile trespass"? Is there ANY source which uses this ridiculous language? Please don't just make stuff up.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 22:19, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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{{ping|Merangs}} please stop substituting your own personal made up original research for reliable sources. Sources are NOT calling this "missile trespassing". They're not calling these "missile explosions". They are calling it a STRIKE. Here is the original AP story: [https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-zelenskyy-kherson-9202c032cf3a5c22761ee71b52ff9d52 AP source: Russian missiles cross into Poland during '''strike''']. The title should reflect reliable sources not inventions of individual Wikipedia editors.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 22:25, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:{{ping|Volunteer Marek}} - Show me a reliable, backed-by-experts source saying it was a direct attack against Poland, thanks. Otherwise, it sounds like warmongering to me. Highly unprofessional. [[User:Merangs|Merangs]] ([[User talk:Merangs|talk]]) 22:27, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::First, we're not calling the article "Missile ATTACK against Poland" so don't even try it with the irrelevant strawman. Second, I ALREADY showed you a reliable source - AP - which calls it a strike. You have yet to produce a single source which calls this a "trespass". And cut it out with the personal attacks.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 22:29, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::What personal attacks? Calm down please. All I did is suggest that the word choice here is improper, from a personal point of view. Also, I am not the one who gets blocked for edit warring and wrong conduct here. [[User:Merangs|Merangs]] ([[User talk:Merangs|talk]]) 22:31, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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::::Calling my comments "warmongering" and referring to them as "unprofessional" are personal attacks. Telling other editors to "calm down" is also [[WP:INCIVIL]] as it is a form of passive aggressive insult and provocation (what in the world makes you think I'm not calm). Discuss content not editors. And on that note, please address the fact that reliable sources are calling this a "strike".<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 22:34, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::Your tone and use of random upper case is not helpful either. [[User:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#0099FF;">Super</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#800080;">Ψ</span>]] [[User talk:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#E60026;">Dro</span>]] 23:31, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::::My tone is fine and upper case has been used for emphasis before you were born. Not the same as typing EVERYTHING in all caps so don't even try.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 00:02, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:I agree, missile trespass sounds absolutely ridiculous and I've never heard any terminology like that used to describe similar events. [[User:PaulRKil|PaulRKil]] ([[User talk:PaulRKil|talk]]) 22:34, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::and the lead (per RSâs) says ''..reported that two missiles had '''struck''' the territory of [[Poland]]''- <small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:#40">'''GizzyCatBella'''</span>]][[User talk:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:transparent;text-shadow:0 0 0 red;font-size:80%">đ</span>]]</span></small> 22:37, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::The article needs to be moved back to itâs original title - <small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:#40">'''GizzyCatBella'''</span>]][[User talk:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:transparent;text-shadow:0 0 0 red;font-size:80%">đ</span>]]</span></small> 22:42, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::I am in favor of using "strike" too. [[User:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#0099FF;">Super</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#800080;">Ψ</span>]] [[User talk:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#E60026;">Dro</span>]] 23:31, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::: Any objections to '''2022 missile strike on Poland''' ? There seems to be an emerging consensus. (I personally don't see any RS pointing to evidence that the explosion was from missiles, but the rumours on Twitter certainly point that way.) [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 23:41, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::::Oppose. It is either a "'''missile incident'''" or "'''missile explosion'''". [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 23:57, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::This article should absolutely ''not'' be moved to the original title, which was [[2022 Russian missile strike on Poland]]. When this comment was made it was very unclear who had fired the missile, and now US Intel assessments, as noted in the article, state that the missile was likely fired by Ukrainian forces.<br />
::::https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/us-officials-initial-findings-suggest-missile-hit-poland-93382667 '''''[[User:Serafart|Serafart]]''''' ([[User_talk:Serafart|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Serafart|contributions]]) 05:22, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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=== âRussianâ missiles ===<br />
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Not confirmed to have been Russian, yet the title and description make it sound like it despite contradicting it lower in the article by saying Russia is âallegedâ to have been responsible. Wikipedia is not the place for rumors or unconfirmed reports. [[User:Tankpiggy18|Tankpiggy18]] ([[User talk:Tankpiggy18|talk]]) 20:56, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I'll make a bold move to [[2022 missile strike on Poland]]. [[User:Wikiexplorationandhelping|Wikiexplorationandhelping]] ([[User talk:Wikiexplorationandhelping|talk]]) 20:58, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Further name discussion should go in the [[Talk:2022 missile strike on Poland#Name|section above]]. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 21:02, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::{{re|Tankpiggy18}} The section [[Talk:2022 missile explosion in Poland#Move back to 2022 Russian missile strike on Poland/Sources for 'Russian'?]] analyses what sources we have for the claim that the missile was Russian: ''AP'' and ''The Hill'' make that claim without saying what their source is; prime minister Morawiecki stated half an hour ago that the reason for the explosion is being investigated, with the implication that there's no point speculating. [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 00:12, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:It is a fact that the missile is Russian. [[User:Euglenos sandara|Euglenos sandara]] ([[User talk:Euglenos sandara|talk]]) 17:41, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Wrong! It was a lie! [[Special:Contributions/93.87.23.96|93.87.23.96]] ([[User talk:93.87.23.96|talk]]) 18:14, 20 September 2023 (UTC)<br />
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=== Semi-Protection request ===<br />
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This article is getting swamped by users with IPs based in Russia trying to accuse Ukraine of this event. [[User:PaulRKil|PaulRKil]] ([[User talk:PaulRKil|talk]]) 21:07, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Use only verified information that is not subject to propaganda by one of the parties, the heading "2022 missile strike on Poland" is much fairer, the wiki is not about Ukrainian propaganda news, but about proven facts, for example, the Pentagon and the US government cannot confirm the origin of missiles [[Special:Contributions/188.243.183.111|188.243.183.111]] ([[User talk:188.243.183.111|talk]]) 21:14, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::+1 [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 21:17, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::The only person doing propaganda here is you, you made two deliberate edit attempts where you explicitly blamed Ukraine and said the explosion was caused by Ukrainian air defense missiles. [[User:PaulRKil|PaulRKil]] ([[User talk:PaulRKil|talk]]) 22:05, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/explosion-kills-two-poland-near-ukraine-border-2022-11-15/ [[Special:Contributions/188.243.183.111|188.243.183.111]] ([[User talk:188.243.183.111|talk]]) 21:15, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Well, they were right all along. Ukraine was responsible for it! [[Special:Contributions/93.87.23.96|93.87.23.96]] ([[User talk:93.87.23.96|talk]]) 18:16, 20 September 2023 (UTC)<br />
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=== Move back to 2022 Russian missile strike on Poland/Sources for 'Russian'? ===<br />
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We should begin a requested move back to the original title of 2022 Russian missile strike on Poland, now that it has been confirmed to have been two Russian missiles. [[User:Elijahandskip|Elijahandskip]] ([[User talk:Elijahandskip|talk]]) 23:16, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Confirmed by which source(s)? [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 23:30, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Further name discussion should go in the [[Talk:2022 missile strike on Poland#Name|section above]]. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 23:30, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Sure, but if there are ''any sources'' that {{u|Elijahandskip}} can point us to to support the claim that the explosion(s) are (were) caused by two Russian missiles, then this would be a good section to provide them, independently of the title debate. I can't see ''any'' RS for that. [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 23:38, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::[https://twitter.com/BNONews/status/1592654575525298176 BNO News (âRussian-made missileâ)], [https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-zelenskyy-kherson-9202c032cf3a5c22761ee71b52ff9d52 AP News (âRussian made missileâ)], [https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/3737169-biden-speaks-with-polish-president-duda-after-russia-missile-strike/ The Hill (âRussia missile strikeâ)]. I think that is enough international RS to support the move back. [[User:Elijahandskip|Elijahandskip]] ([[User talk:Elijahandskip|talk]]) 23:41, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::The [[BNO News]] toot is just one sentence, without even a hint of where the info is from.{{pb}}The AP news item appears to be the original "direct claim" that was made earlier than statements by Polish (and US) authorities; I think that this has to be attributed to ''AP'' - not enough to be stated as a fact without attribution.{{pb}}''The Hill'' doesn't say to what source it attributes Russian responsibility - again we would have to attribute the info to ''[[The Hill (newspaper)]]''.{{pb}}OK to put this in the text, but with attribution to ''AP'' and ''The Hill'' (and possibly BNO, though there's not much point in attributing to a toot/tweet). [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 23:58, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::[https://oko.press/ap-rosyjskie-rakiety-spadly-na-polske OKO.press] at around 00:40 CET 16 Nov = 23:40 UTC 15 Nov quotes prime minister Morawiecki saying ''{{tq|Pracujemy nad ustaleniem przyczyn tego zdarzenia}}'' = ''{{tq|We're working on determining the reason for the event.}}'' Unless we have something like a [[Bellingcat]] analysis, the official governmental statement is about the best source we have so far. [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 00:06, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Comfirmed that the missiles were Ukrainian! 18:17, 20 September 2023 (UTC) [[Special:Contributions/93.87.23.96|93.87.23.96]] ([[User talk:93.87.23.96|talk]]) 18:17, 20 September 2023 (UTC)<br />
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Poland president says no evidence of who fired the missiles, so we wait [[User:RandomPotato123|RandomPotato123]] ([[User talk:RandomPotato123|talk]]) 00:12, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Here's the [https://web.archive.org/web/20221116001327/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/no-concrete-evidence-who-fired-missile-polands-duda-says-2022-11-16 2022-11-16 00:13 (UTC) archived] reference with Duda's statement. [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 00:21, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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[[User:Elijahandskip]] Unfortuanately reports it was âRussian-madeâ is not sufficient evidence it was fired by Russia. Both Russia and Ukraine inherited plenty of Soviet weaponry commonly called âRussianâ and NATOâs and the US governmentâs initial conclusion is that it was in fact a Ukrainian missile fired in defence at a Russian one. [[User:Harsimaja|Harsimaja]] ([[User talk:Harsimaja|talk]]) 17:18, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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=== "PrzewodĂłw explosion", the name used by Polish-language Wikipedia ===<br />
What do you think about the name "PrzewodĂłw explosion" which is how Polish-language Wikipedia currently calls the article? [[User:Artemis Andromeda|Artemis Andromeda]] ([[User talk:Artemis Andromeda|talk]]) 13:05, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Best option so far, or at least "PrzewodĂłw incident" or "PrzewodĂłw disaster" [[User:Dunutubble|Dunutubble]] ([[User talk:Dunutubble|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Dunutubble|Contributions]]) 21:40, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Maybe we should wait and see what RS continue to refer to it as? [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 21:43, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Oppose. I have not seen English sources, to any significant degree, calling it "Pretzel-wood-wow" or PrzewodĂłw incident" or "PrzewodĂłw disaster" or "PrzewodĂłw explosion". [[Special:Contributions/46.15.31.185|46.15.31.185]] ([[User talk:46.15.31.185|talk]]) 21:59, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::: [https://www.google.com/search?q=eksplozja+w+przewodowie&source=lnms&tbm=nws&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_zPHwwLX7AhVL_SoKHdRmBMMQ_AUoAXoECAIQAw&biw=1536&bih=714&dpr=1.25 Here]. Shockingly, something that happened in non-English speaking country, is covered more in non-English media. [[User:Artemis Andromeda|Artemis Andromeda]] ([[User talk:Artemis Andromeda|talk]]) 15:16, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::[[2022 Lublin area explosion]], [[2022 Lublin explosion]], or 2022 '''Lublin Vojvodship explosion'''. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.24.77|46.15.24.77]] ([[User talk:46.15.24.77|talk]]) 16:31, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Poland is part of EU ==<br />
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I added mention on EU territory, but it was removed. Isn't it noteworthy?đ¤ [[User:Solarius|Solarius]] ([[User talk:Solarius|talk]]) 19:59, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Based on the edit summary it looks like it was an accident. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 20:02, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:{{re|Solarius}} I had an edit conflict with your addition, but decided to keep to mentioning NATO only, since NATO is the relevant intergovernmental body in the context of a military conflict. â<span style="font-style:monospace;">[[User:Overthrows|overthrows]]</span> 20:04, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Okay, going to re-add it then đ [[User:Solarius|Solarius]] ([[User talk:Solarius|talk]]) 20:06, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Ah, okay @overthrows! I am thinking that attack on EU is also important đ I try to think some other way to phrase it [[User:Solarius|Solarius]] ([[User talk:Solarius|talk]]) 20:08, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Someone from the EU leadership will comment on the incident. We could simply wait for that comment. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 20:26, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*{{Done}}. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.110.253|46.15.110.253]] ([[User talk:46.15.110.253|talk]]) 07:18, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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===European Union (sub-section)===<br />
European Union (section) says: <br />
"President of the European Council, Charles Michel, stated that he was "shocked" by reports of the incident, adding that "we stand with Poland."<br><br><br />
Please add: "'''(Poland is a member state of the European Union.)'''" [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 23:27, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Where should the editors put "Poland is a member state of the European Union." ? [[User:Gabriel Ziegler|Gabriel Ziegler]] ([[User talk:Gabriel Ziegler|talk]]) 23:35, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::At the end of the European Union (sub-section). Regards! [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 23:37, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::Done! Let's wait for response of editors. [[User:Gabriel Ziegler|Gabriel Ziegler]] ([[User talk:Gabriel Ziegler|talk]]) 23:49, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*{{Done}}. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.110.253|46.15.110.253]] ([[User talk:46.15.110.253|talk]]) 07:18, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Not the first strike ==<br />
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Technically the first strike was the on the German embassy as embassies are treated like a territory of their country. [[Special:Contributions/87.205.228.216|87.205.228.216]] ([[User talk:87.205.228.216|talk]]) 20:02, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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According to the [https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-asia-63593855 live updated article] on [[BBC News]] site, Russia denies any involvement with the strike and calls the early reports a "deliberate provocation".<br />
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But let's wait a bit for more official info [[Special:Contributions/83.8.115.64|83.8.115.64]] ([[User talk:83.8.115.64|talk]]) 20:14, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:It isnt true about the German embassy being treated like German territory, thats a convention on jurisdiction, not sovereignty. See [[Diplomatic_mission#Extraterritoriality]] <small style="border: 1px solid;padding:1px 3px;white-space:nowrap">'''[[User talk:Nableezy|<span style="color:#C11B17">nableezy</span>]]''' - 20:16, 15 November 2022 (UTC)</small><br />
::{{re|nableezy}} Nice way of summarising the difference. I vaguely knew that there was a nuance there, but not quite exactly what it was. [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 21:27, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== ââŚmissiles deliberately struck Polish territory âby means of destruction.â ==<br />
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This is included in the reference. There was an edit made claiming it was not in the reference.<br />
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âRussia's defence ministry on Tuesday denied reports that Russian missiles had hit Polish territory, describing them as "a deliberate provocation aimed at escalating the situation".<br />
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It added in a statement: "No strikes on targets near the Ukrainian-Polish state border were made by Russian means of destruction."â [[Special:Contributions/2600:1000:B057:526A:6080:2111:79AF:365F|2600:1000:B057:526A:6080:2111:79AF:365F]] ([[User talk:2600:1000:B057:526A:6080:2111:79AF:365F|talk]]) 20:38, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:The "means of destruction" they are referring to are the missiles, by the way. "Russian means of destruction" means Russian weapons or Russian missiles. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 20:43, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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::They denied any kind of strikes in Poland by them in reference, calling it provocation. Your sentence implies that they may allow a chance it was their missile, although they are clear it wasn't. Maybe just don't use word ''deliberately''. --'''[[User:GreenZeb|<span style="color:#003300;">G</span><span style="color:#006600;">reen</span><span style="color:#003300;">Z</span><span style="color:#006600;">eb</span>]]''' <small>([[User talk:GreenZeb|talk]])</small> 20:44, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== "Nato" (sub-title) in Reactions (section) ==<br />
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Please consider removing that subtitle for now. Belgium does not speak on behalf of NATO - only NATO speaks on behalf of NATO. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 22:50, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:NATO '''countries''', should be the name of that sub-section (not merely ''NATO''). [[Special:Contributions/89.8.70.65|89.8.70.65]] ([[User talk:89.8.70.65|talk]]) 23:02, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Yeah, I've renamed the subtitle to 'NATO countries', thanks. --[[User:Peralien|Peralien]] ([[User talk:Peralien|talk]]) 23:18, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*{{Done}}. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.110.253|46.15.110.253]] ([[User talk:46.15.110.253|talk]]) 07:19, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Possible Ukrainian S-300 involvement ==<br />
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There are already some evidences the missiles might actually belonged to the Ukrainian military as fragments found on the crash site indicates, it is the '''5V55K''', part of the [[S-300_missile_system#Land-based_S-300P_(SA-10)|S-300P]] missile system, employed also by the [[Ukrainian Armed Forces]]. It is very likely the missiles could have failed during interception of Russian cruise missiles targeting Western Ukraine infrastructure during the [[OctoberâNovember_2022_nationwide_missile_strikes_on_Ukraine#Fourth_wave_(15_November)|November 2022 nationwide missile strikes on Ukraine]] as pointed out by "The Drive" in their article.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/missile-hits-poland-after-crossing-ukraine-border-reports|title=Missile Hits Poland After Crossing Ukraine Border: Reports|website=thedrive.com|date=15 November 2022}}</ref><br />
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I tried to mention this in the article however, my edits are being deleted by the user [[User:Volunteer Marek|Volunteer Marek]] without any valid reason. The user claims its due to "The Drive" is an automotive publication, what is not true. The website is related also to defense, military technology and [[OSINT]] as seen in their "The War Zone" publication that is run by experienced editors, and thus does not conflict the [[WP:RS]], what [[User:Volunteer Marek|Volunteer Marek]] is obviously not aware of at all.<br />
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So if someone has any additional informations from reliable sources indicating this possible involvement from Ukrainian side, share it here so we can add it later into the article in correct and unbiased form. Thanks. [[User:BlackFlanker|BlackFlanker]] ([[User talk:BlackFlanker|talk]]) 23:01, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:The ''[[OKO.press]]'' reference with ''ref name="OKOpress_Przewodow_15Oct2022_2230"'' states that the hypothesis of the explosions being from a Ukrainian anti-missile defence rocket "is not excluded" (i.e. is one of the viable hypotheses). [[User:Boud|Boud]] ([[User talk:Boud|talk]]) 23:29, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Reliable sources or it goes. Policy.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 23:49, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:AFAIK "The Drive" is a well known reliable source used over the Wikipedia for quite a time when it comes to military related stuffs. I had never a problem when citing anything from that website. Also you are not the one who decides what is a reliable source or what isn't based just on your own assumptions, as well as you have no right at all to remove a well cited content without a valid reason for it. Give other people a chance to express their opinion too if there is a dispute about anything in some article and stick to the Wikipedia policies and guidelines in the right way next time. Anyway, the article already mentions the possible S-300 involvement so you can consider this dispute as resolved. [[User:BlackFlanker|BlackFlanker]] ([[User talk:BlackFlanker|talk]]) 10:03, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
{{reflist-talk}}<!-- Add comments within this section *above* this reflist-talk tag. Thanks. New sections go below. --><br />
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== Semi-protected edit request on 15 November 2022 ==<br />
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{{Edit semi-protected|2022 missile explosion in Poland|answered=yes}}<br />
[[Special:Contributions/2A01:E11:2003:8230:864:C0B0:1F0C:CD5F|2A01:E11:2003:8230:864:C0B0:1F0C:CD5F]] ([[User talk:2A01:E11:2003:8230:864:C0B0:1F0C:CD5F|talk]]) 23:40, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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In the Page talk about Russian Missiles refering to a Twitter Page.<br />
In the same Twitter Page there is a link to a News that the Missiles are not Russian but Ukranian !<br />
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Ref: https://mobile.twitter.com/UAWeapons/status/1592629251161075712<br />
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:That's not a reliable source.<small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:Volunteer Marek|<span style="color:orange;background:blue;font-family:sans-serif;">''' Volunteer Marek '''</span>]]</span></small> 23:51, 15 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Linked on r/UkrainainConflict ==<br />
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This is just a heads up that this article was linked to by some reddit user on r/UkrainainConflict, which tends to be a very pro-UA biased community. We may want to temporarily EC protect it or something similar if suspicious heavily POV edits start coming in.<br />
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https://www.reddit.com/r/UkrainianConflict/comments/ywc23b/2022_missile_explosion_in_poland_as_of_2245_utc/ '''''[[User:Serafart|Serafart]]''''' ([[User_talk:Serafart|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Serafart|contributions]]) 00:14, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Interesting background information ==<br />
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Interesting background information (June 14, 2022): "Biden: U.S. to build silos on Poland border to export Ukrainian grain / U.S. and Western officials have been exploring efforts to build temporary silos in Ukraine and other nations as a means to quickly scale up grain storage capacity in Ukraine." Source: https://www.politico.com/news/2022/06/14/biden-u-s-to-build-silos-on-poland-border-to-export-ukrainian-grain-00039455 [[Special:Contributions/173.88.246.138|173.88.246.138]] ([[User talk:173.88.246.138|talk]]) 01:20, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Seems like SYNTH. --[[User:Calthinus|Calthinus]] ([[User talk:Calthinus|talk]]) 01:51, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== âŚfirst incident within NATO territory⌠==<br />
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How about [[2022 Zagreb Tu-141 crash]] from 'See also' section? Also, that page contains some information about drone crash in Romania. Judging by this, Poland missile explosion is at least the third incident in NATO during the Russian invasion. [[User:Semyon &#39;dicto&#39; Fedotov|Semyon &#39;dicto&#39; Fedotov]] ([[User talk:Semyon &#39;dicto&#39; Fedotov|talk]]) 06:14, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:I've shoehorned in ...(vis-a-vis prior UAV incursions)... If people don't know what a UAV is at this stage in the game, tough. [[User:Kencf0618|kencf0618]] ([[User talk:Kencf0618|talk]]) 07:28, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:: it was the âfirst instance of NATO citizens dying on NATO territoryâ --[[User:Joaziela|Joaziela]] ([[User talk:Joaziela|talk]]) 09:57, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::"NATO citizens" should be avoided. If the source says that at least one of the dead persons was Polish, then it would be something like "a citizen of a NATO member state". [[Special:Contributions/89.8.9.93|89.8.9.93]] ([[User talk:89.8.9.93|talk]]) 12:08, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Latitude of Kyiv, longitude of Lviv ==<br />
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It's been noted that the impact is at the longitude of Lviv and the latitude of Kyiv. The speculation is that someone swapped targeting coordinates. This is an easily verifiable fact, but it's not yet been reported in the media, so at the moment it can't go into the article: it's [[WP:SYNT]] until it is picked up and discussed in a reliable source. Still, interesting! --[[User:Slashme|Slashme]] ([[User talk:Slashme|talk]]) 08:53, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:I would argue this is very relevant and undeniable fact, and that it should be mentioned in the article without delay. (The latter is a subjective assesment, but - if there is policy requiring some media to publish it first, there be still has to be somebody's subjective choice about which sources are noteworthy.) --[[User:FDominec|FDominec]] ([[User talk:FDominec|talk]]) 10:16, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::The speculation (that someone swapped coordinates) would have to be done by a notable expert about military matters. (If [[Nostradamus]] wrote about mistakes being made in the realm between the realm of the bear and the realm of the eagle, then I think that we should still look for another military expert.) [[Special:Contributions/89.8.27.137|89.8.27.137]] ([[User talk:89.8.27.137|talk]]) 11:15, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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In the light of the fact that it was a Ukrainian missile, it's obviously just a coincidence, and therefore irrelevant unless it gets discussed to a notable extent. --[[User:Slashme|Slashme]] ([[User talk:Slashme|talk]]) 08:48, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::In other coincidences, if it was Ukr AA 1. It was released very late and should of been aborted pre-launch, 2. It missed and overshot the target, 3. It turned around and chased the target it was never going to catch, 4. It then headed direct to Lviv, veered off at the last minute, headed toward Poland, 5. Self destruct system failed. all seems a bit much. Further, we know Russian missiles were attacking Lviv, some S-300 have a much longer range nearer 200km, depending on several factors, we also know Russian motors and parts have been exported to both N Korea and Iran + others, both during and post sanctions, and some of their modifications added range and reduced payload, some of their local designs cannibalised components, the size of the crater compared to the damage at Freedom bridge or the children's playground in Kyiv does "seem" smaller in comparison, both N Korea and Iran have supplied Russia missiles, so I rate it 20% Ukr AA - 80% Rus modified S-300, from Blr, with co-ord errors, targetting the power station ~10km away. <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">â&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2404:4408:638C:5E00:55E2:C72C:5D7A:1B48|2404:4408:638C:5E00:55E2:C72C:5D7A:1B48]] ([[User talk:2404:4408:638C:5E00:55E2:C72C:5D7A:1B48#top|talk]]) 01:26, 18 November 2022 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
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I'd like to add that the coordinates of the hit mentioned in Wikipedia, when switched as it was mentioned, give the coordinates of the LVIV Airport (49.818, 23.921944), and the Antonov factory and its associated airfield (50.474444, 30.392). Do we need a military expert willing to mention that, given the fact that it is a geographical fact?[[Special:Contributions/186.122.216.53|186.122.216.53]] ([[User talk:186.122.216.53|talk]]) 01:54, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:If a '''claim''' is '''notable''', then that is a '''major''' part in having something stay in a wiki-article. (And a '''relevant''', notable expert has to comment the theory/ claim/ hypothesis.)--Your explanation above (with coordinates), would be Greek, to many persons.--There is a fair chance that an okay expert, will have something relevant to say (even if it was nothing more than s/he calling allegations of coordinate-switching - a "plausible conspiracy-theory etc."). [[Special:Contributions/46.15.26.64|46.15.26.64]] ([[User talk:46.15.26.64|talk]]) 03:46, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:This claim was dismissed by the Polish Ambassador to NATO[https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2022-11-17/tomasz-szatkowski-w-graffiti-ogladaj-w-polsat-news-i-polsatnews-pl-od-godz-740/] (in Polish):<br>"Dziennikarz zapytaĹ rĂłwnieĹź o teoriÄ gĹoszÄ cÄ , Ĺźe Rosjanie pomylili koordynaty ataku, ĹÄ czÄ c dane dla dwĂłch celĂłw w Ukrainie. PrzewodĂłw ma takÄ szerokoĹÄ geograficznÄ jak KijĂłw i dĹugoĹÄ geograficznÄ jak LwĂłw.<br>- Dane, ktĂłrymi dysponuje NATO, nie wskazujÄ na to - odparĹ Szatkowski. PowiadomiĹ, Ĺźe przeanalizowano kwestie zwiÄ zane z trajektoriÄ lotu, zasiÄgiem pociskĂłw i zbadano szczÄ tki w miejscu tragedii."<br>'''Google translation''' (with one correction):<br>"The journalist also asked about the theory that the Russians mixed up the coordinates of the attack by combining data for two targets in Ukraine. PrzewodĂłw has such latitude as Kyiv and longitude as Lviv.<br>- The data available to NATO does not indicate that - replied Szatkowski. He reported that issues related to the trajectory of the flight, the range of the missiles had been analyzed and the debris at the site of the tragedy had been examined." [[User:MarMi wiki|MarMi wiki]] ([[User talk:MarMi wiki|talk]]) 00:45, 20 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Surprised it hasn't been mentioned this would imply a high likelihood of it being a false flag by Ukraine, purposely setting those coordinates so they can say Russia accidentally put them in wrong; then foiled by it being able to be recognized as an S300 missile. <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">â&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/67.58.118.148|67.58.118.148]] ([[User talk:67.58.118.148#top|talk]]) 20:56, 20 November 2022 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
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== Mention of the Gleiwitz incident ==<br />
False-flag attack: notable accusations thereof? If any government claims that, then perhaps the article should say that. (Regarding "See also: Gleiwitz incident" - please have that removed. Relevance is not obvious.) 89.8.9.93 (talk) 12:15, 16 November 2022 (UTC) <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">â&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/89.8.109.60|89.8.109.60]] ([[User talk:89.8.109.60#top|talk]]) </small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
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If any government claims that, then perhaps the article should say that. (Regarding "See also: [[Gleiwitz incident]]" - please have that removed. Relevance is not obvious.) [[Special:Contributions/89.8.9.93|89.8.9.93]] ([[User talk:89.8.9.93|talk]]) 12:15, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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In the related articles section is currently linked the Gleiwitz incident page. This has to do with a false provocation Nazi Germany used as an excuse to invade Poland at the onset of WWII. <br />
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This relation is based purely off of speculation. The origins of the projectile are still unresolved. Therefore, it is wrong to link it with a factually established deliberate false flag. <br />
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My resolution? Remove the link until we know more and all immediate investigations are completed. <br />
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Are others in agreement with me? [[User:Trad Cat123|Trad Cat123]] ([[User talk:Trad Cat123|talk]]) 12:17, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Yes. - <small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:#40">'''GizzyCatBella'''</span>]][[User talk:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:transparent;text-shadow:0 0 0 red;font-size:80%">đ</span>]]</span></small> 12:25, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Claiming that the see also must be removed on the basis of what you think is violation of assuming good faith. I oppose this change. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 12:41, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::User:Temp0000002 is the only one who has mentioned ''good faith'', and since the user is not a notable mind-reader, one should not add merit to that comment.--I have good faith in that the community will [[tar and feather]] ''the Gleiwitz incident'' and roll it out of "missile explosion" article. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.109.60|89.8.109.60]] ([[User talk:89.8.109.60|talk]]) 12:55, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::Pretending to know what a user implied is highly offensive and it's certainly not assuming good faith. I have faith that my opinion will be respected because I don't care about the incident in itself whether it will stay on the page or not. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 13:01, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::User:Temp0000002 said "what you think is violation of assuming good faith".--I do not respect that opinion of yours, which you leveled at a third-party wikipedian. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.109.60|89.8.109.60]] ([[User talk:89.8.109.60|talk]]) 13:13, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I am in agreement with user:Trad Cat123. Please be bold and remove that piece of innuendo. The sooner it's gone from the wiki-article, the better. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.109.60|89.8.109.60]] ([[User talk:89.8.109.60|talk]]) 13:16, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::Third-party Wikipedian equals more likely to be treated differently? You can disagree with my opinion but there is nothing to disagree in facts because it's not the mention I'm defending but the user you're assuming bad. This is my last comment on the topic. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 13:23, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
{{Done}} - the contested stuff, is gone from the article. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.109.60|89.8.109.60]] ([[User talk:89.8.109.60|talk]]) 13:50, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== False blame on Russia ==<br />
=== Is the statement false blame acceptable? ===<br />
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A user recently added the word "falsely" in President Zelensky's original statement about the explosion and explained their edit request with ''I added the fact that Ukraine falsely blamed Russia for the missiles, since they werent russian missiles at all''. <br />
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I think "falsely" is a loaded term for this article and implies he did this deliberately and that it wasn't the result of unclear information in the fog of war. I believe we should either replace the word "falsely" with "initially" or just delete it altogether. [[User:PaulRKil|PaulRKil]] ([[User talk:PaulRKil|talk]]) 14:02, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I want to say is that "falsely" doesn't mean lie, it means failing to be true in facts, including doing so by mistake. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 14:05, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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::Agreed. "falsely" has lots of connotations. It is more neutral without the word.<br />
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:::According to reliable sources, statement of president Zelensky that Russia is to blame for the missiles is factually incorrect and wikipedia should reflect that. Wikipedia doesn't care about your feelings but it reflects what reliable sources say.<br />
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:::Also it's common practise to assess if statement made by head of state is false. Examples from other pages:<br />
:::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine<br />
:::Putin espoused irredentist views, challenged Ukraine's right to statehood, and '''falsely claimed''' Ukraine was governed by neo-Nazis who persecuted the ethnic Russian minority.<br />
:::https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump<br />
:::Trump lost the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden but refused to concede defeat,''' falsely claiming''' widespread electoral fraud<br />
:::I don't see any reason why we shouldn't state FACT that Zelensky made false claims. This is common practise on wikipedia, this is important and relevant information in this topic and is factually accurate. Removing word "falsely" will only mislead readers and further spread misinformation. [[User:Mintus590|Mintus590]] ([[User talk:Mintus590|talk]]) 14:26, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::Unlike Putin and Trump, Zelensky has not doubled down on his statement in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary, we should avoid using the term 'falsely' to describe an initial statement made in the fog of war, particularly when this war is incredibly politicized online. I already introduce a compromise which is to use the word "initially" in its place. [[User:PaulRKil|PaulRKil]] ([[User talk:PaulRKil|talk]]) 14:44, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::I agree to use the term initially but just to make it clear, read the 1st and 4th definition of wiktionary about the word "false" and you'll see that there's no mistake. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 14:46, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::::It's not even initial but ongoing claim. Last tweet of Zelensky is still blaming Russians: https://twitter.com/ZelenskyyUa. Did Zelensky retract his claims on some other information channel? [[User:Mintus590|Mintus590]] ([[User talk:Mintus590|talk]]) 14:52, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::::His last tweet was 16 hours ago, new developments have occurred since then. Thank you for looking out for objectivity though. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 15:02, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::::His last tweet was around 16 hrs ago at a point where it was still widely believed that this was Russian in origin. I'm certain that he would react rationally to developments related to this event. It is very likely he will still blame Russia, but won't claim the weapons were of Russian origin. [[User:PaulRKil|PaulRKil]] ([[User talk:PaulRKil|talk]]) 15:15, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::::: Well, "erroneously" might be better, after confirmation. Depends what RS say. [[User:Mellk|Mellk]] ([[User talk:Mellk|talk]]) 16:08, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
: '''Even though Ukraine fired the missile, it is still correct to blame Russia, because the entire situation is Russia's fault.''' We see this sort of thing in criminal law all the time. See [[Felony murder rule]]. Looking at Zelensky's actual statement in the source, he did not say that "Russia fired the missile" (which would have been false). What he said was {{tq|Russian aggression claimed the lives of two citizens of Poland.}}[https://cablefreetv.org/ukrainian-specialists-should-join-the-investigation-into-the-rocket-explosion-in-poland/] That's true, and it's the same theory that is routinely used in felony murder convictions in the US. Furthermore, I see that [[Jens Stoltenburg]] has made the same point.[https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/poland-ukraine-russia-missile/card/nato-blames-russian-actions-for-missile-strike-in-poland-LDwjhjFLMdjOiZPY3HgU] {{tq|"This is not Ukraine's fault," Mr. Stoltenberg said. "Russia bears ultimate responsibility" because it has attacked Ukraine, which was defending itself.}} [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 23:16, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::You missed the part where he called it "Russian missile terror"[https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/11/16/zelensky-offers-condolences-to-polands-duda-after-russian-missile-terror-a79386] and said "I have no doubt that this is not our missile".[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-63656664] [[User:Mellk|Mellk]] ([[User talk:Mellk|talk]]) 00:12, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::I was going by the source provided with the initial question. In that case, he got those statements wrong. Of those statements, "Russian missile terror" is still correct, while the other one was wrong. But unless he doubles down, we should say he "initially" said that. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 00:20, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::What RS say we should say. If they say "falsely" this should be reflected, though it is probably too early for something like that. But so far Ukraine has denied it was maybe caused by Ukrainian air defense and claimed it was a Russian missile. [[User:Mellk|Mellk]] ([[User talk:Mellk|talk]]) 00:30, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Going by your logic, virtually all the atrocities of WW2 should be blamed on Germany, just because it started the war. Correct?<br />
:::No, that was a more complex situation. But in this case, Russia both launched the war and launched the attack that was the immediate cause. So not much question here. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 03:15, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::On one hand you try to convince us that Russia vs Ukraine war is not complex, on the other hand you failed to provide reason why this war is even happening. [[User:Mintus590|Mintus590]] ([[User talk:Mintus590|talk]]) 08:12, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::The war is happening because [[Vladimir Putin]] decided to invade Ukraine. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 09:46, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::{{small|However, I'd be cautious with asserting that the missile was fired by Ukraine. I find it plausible that it had indeed been fired by Russia and malfunctioned. Russia never explicitly denied it, however NATO decided not to escalate for obvious reasons. Hence the geographically implausible "Ukrainian air defence" version. Yet not only does Ukraine not have any air defences in that region, but firing a counter-missile westwards would make zero sense.}} â [[User:Kashmiri|<span style="color:#30c;font:italic bold 1em 'Candara';text-shadow:#aaf 0.2em 0.2em 0.1em;">kashmÄŤrÄŤ</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:Kashmiri|<sup style="color:#80f;font:'Candara';">TALK</sup>]] 00:24, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::I agree on caution, because the international disagreement is not resolved and investigations are in progress. But the above argument is flawed and the scenario is plausible. We donât know where Ukraine has any of its air defences, we donât know exactly where Russian missiles are fired from at what targets (although they are launched from Belarus and at Lviv, for example), and we canât know that the exact interception trajectory of a miss, failed self-destruction, and resulting overshoot wouldnât end up six kilometres into Poland. &nbsp;â''[[user:Mzajac|Michael]]&nbsp;[[user_talk:Mzajac|Z]].'' 16:17, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::I wonder: what had happen with 2nd [Russian] missile, one that this S-300 was supposed to target? What did it hit? [[User:My very best wishes|My very best wishes]] ([[User talk:My very best wishes|talk]]) 02:46, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Infobox says "Motive: Very likely to be an incident made by Ukranian air defense"==<br />
Infobox says "Motive: Very likely to be an incident made by Ukranian air defense", possibly not good enough English.--Not obvious that any notable expert of military affairs, has stated such; only when one reaches that point, does it matter what Al Jazeera and The Guardian publishes in respect to the "missil explosion" topic. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.109.60|89.8.109.60]] ([[User talk:89.8.109.60|talk]]) 14:13, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Ukraine claims to have proof that Russia is behind the explosion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gadzo |first=Edna Mohamed,Mersiha |title=Ukraine calls for âimmediate accessâ to Poland blast site |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2022/11/16/live-poland-blast-attempt-to-spark-nato-russia-clash-moscow |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> I want the article to be changed to say that. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 14:16, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:'''Be bold - remove Motivation''' from the infobox, until the "he said, she said" gets cleared up, and in that case gets written in clear English. [[Special:Contributions/89.8.109.60|89.8.109.60]] ([[User talk:89.8.109.60|talk]]) 14:29, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::I would have changed the article if it hadn't the extended protection. This only slows down the information and makes the article's information outdated. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 14:41, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::The ECP is frustrating. Many of us who helped build the article aren't extended-confirmed, but now we can no longer edit it. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 15:04, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::So true. It seems like the admins put it because they disagreed with my edits. [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 15:07, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::::I don't think so. There is a general sanction across the wiki to ECP all Russia/Ukraine war articles: [[WP:GS/RUSUKR]]. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 15:22, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:"Very likely to be an incident made by Ukranian air defense"... are there enough sources to make a consensus on this? [[User:675930s|675930s]] ([[User talk:675930s|talk]]) 15:28, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
Poland's Prime Minister said the missile could have been intentional.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-16 |title=Russia-Ukraine war live: missile strike in Poland likely an accident by Ukraine air defence, says Warsaw |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/nov/16/russia-ukraine-war-live-news-emergency-g20-meeting-after-russian-made-missiles-land-in-poland |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> [[User:Temp0000002|Temp0000002]] ([[User talk:Temp0000002|talk]]) 16:18, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:{{Done}} - the contested stuff in infobox (about Motive), has been removed. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.31.185|46.15.31.185]] ([[User talk:46.15.31.185|talk]]) 21:41, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:the PM of Poland is not a military expert, he's a politician - wait for the NATO investigation to finalize [[User:HammerFilmFan|HammerFilmFan]] ([[User talk:HammerFilmFan|talk]]) 18:33, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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{{reflist-talk}}<!-- Add comments within this section *above* this reflist-talk tag. Thanks. New sections go below. --><br />
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== Removal of sourced content without explanation ==<br />
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/1122240530<br />
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not sure why it was removed [[User:RandomPotato123|RandomPotato123]] ([[User talk:RandomPotato123|talk]]) 15:52, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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{{Edit extended-protected|answered=yes}}<br />
: Please make the following change to the article: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Sandbox&diff=1122259458&oldid=1122259196 diff] [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 17:46, 16 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::The same content is in the article, just in far less words because the quote was summarised. It's better to leave things in summary form IMO so I think that bit of the article is fine as is. [[User:Endwise|Endwise]] ([[User talk:Endwise|talk]]) 04:02, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== location ==<br />
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the explosion occurred outside the corn drying facility of a local company "Agrocom" Sp. z o.o., located at {{coord|50.47462|23.92311}} [[Special:Contributions/31.61.230.238|31.61.230.238]] ([[User talk:31.61.230.238|talk]]) 00:03, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== "claiming the missiles were the remains of a downed rocket" ==<br />
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Needs clarification (and I am not sure what needs clarifying first). Is this a claim that "the missiles" actually was an Anti-aircraft thingy which fell to the ground? [[Special:Contributions/46.15.27.171|46.15.27.171]] ([[User talk:46.15.27.171|talk]]) 04:08, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br><br />
An odd way of saying "a downed cruise-missile"? [[Special:Contributions/46.15.27.171|46.15.27.171]] ([[User talk:46.15.27.171|talk]]) 04:12, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Infobox. Remove "Motive: Unknown" ==<br />
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Please be bold, and remove "Motive: Unknown", from infobox. (Even if one were to write "Motive: Disputed", then the encyclopedic value is still sucky.) [[Special:Contributions/46.15.24.77|46.15.24.77]] ([[User talk:46.15.24.77|talk]]) 14:22, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I replaced it by "presumably an accident", which seems to reflect what sources say at this point. [[User:My very best wishes|My very best wishes]] ([[User talk:My very best wishes|talk]]) 17:41, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::@[[User:My very best wishes|My very best wishes]] Should be capitalised I think. [[User:Frogging101|Frogging101]] ([[User talk:Frogging101|talk]]) 18:27, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:{{Done}} - the aftermath is that various okay solutions have been put in place. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.24.77|46.15.24.77]] ([[User talk:46.15.24.77|talk]]) 18:57, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Ukraine reaction ==<br />
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The current[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_missile_explosion_in_Poland&oldid=1122468704] version of the Ukraine reaction section contains Zenskyy's Nov. 15 and 16 statements, while omitting his Nov. 17 statement. This is the wrong way to do it. But including all three statements would be a [[WP:UNDUE]] level of detail. Because the Nov. 15-16 statements were similar, while the Nov. 17 statement had evolved (Z said he did not know what had happened), it is more appropriate to include the Nov. 15 and 17 statements. Example here.[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_missile_explosion_in_Poland&oldid=1122459492#Ukraine] To avoid [[WP:EW]], I am not going to revert again, but I request that someone else take a look. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 19:27, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:The 16 November comments were made after the initial assessment by NATO unlike the one on 15 November, so this should be included.[https://news.sky.com/story/ukraine-war-joe-biden-disputes-volodymyr-zelenskyys-claim-the-missile-that-landed-in-poland-was-not-ukrainian-12749296][https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/17/ukraine-says-its-not-to-blame-for-poland-missile-strike.html] But the 17 November ones are a bit softened. [[User:Mellk|Mellk]] ([[User talk:Mellk|talk]]) 19:38, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Yes, I'm sure it's still [[WP:IMPERFECT]]. But it's definitely improved. Thanks. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 23:57, 17 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::Another option might be something like: "On 17 November, Zelensky said ... . On the previous days, his statements were different"<referenceOne. QuoteOne= ... ><referenceTwo. QuoteTwo= ... >.--'''Comment''': His latest view, should be quite valuable for this wiki-article (even if that view might have softened). [[Special:Contributions/46.15.26.64|46.15.26.64]] ([[User talk:46.15.26.64|talk]]) 01:00, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:::He is going to keep saying things. [[User:Mellk|Mellk]] ([[User talk:Mellk|talk]]) 01:56, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
::::Yes, he is likely to keep on truckin'.--His views about the missile explosion, are important for the wiki-article. (At one extreme, one could choose to have one sub-section that has a chronology of his relevant statements.)--Looks like the wiki-article is going in a good direction. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.26.64|46.15.26.64]] ([[User talk:46.15.26.64|talk]]) 02:48, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== A Nato-secretary - a general by the name of ... ==<br />
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I suggest: "Secretary General '''of NATO''', jens stoltenberg". (He is not a general of any armed forces, in case any one got that impression.) [[Special:Contributions/46.15.26.64|46.15.26.64]] ([[User talk:46.15.26.64|talk]]) 01:17, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*{{Done}}. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.10.116|46.15.10.116]] ([[User talk:46.15.10.116|talk]]) 23:38, 22 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== See also (section): Remove "1989 Belgium MiG-23 crash" ==<br />
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That article is about an '''airplane''' crash. (The "See also" section, is not a place to link all articles which tells about airplane crashes which killed one person on the ground.) [[Special:Contributions/46.15.26.64|46.15.26.64]] ([[User talk:46.15.26.64|talk]]) 04:47, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
: {{done}} [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 14:47, 18 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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[[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] In part, the lead it says "It was the first incident of a missile (vis-a-vis prior UAV incursions) landing and exploding within NATO territory during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine" please amend to "It is the first known incident of a munition* landing and exploding within NATO territory during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine." and add somewhere, something like (not sure fit for lead) "Prior Russian incursions include unauthorized and notified UAV incursions into Poland and also incursions into a Non-NATO member Moldova of both UAV's and Missile trajectories launched from the Black Sea, also targeting Lviv.", and re above "1989 Belgium MiG-23 crash" again, not all reported by USSR is "fact", we do know it flew for another 90minutes, auto-pilot worked etc, it may of been a test, it certainly was an incursion, it landed on NATO territory, it killed a member states citizen, it may have some relevance and may/should be noted somewhere, I do realise other incursions from both USSR and Rus Fed have taken place, no deaths resulted though and they were "Navigation issues"/"BLATANT TESTS" depending on source/view. Note re* I prefer munition here to a missile as "type" is irrelevant. Thoughts? <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">â&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2404:4408:638C:5E00:61B0:7B09:F269:6729|2404:4408:638C:5E00:61B0:7B09:F269:6729]] ([[User talk:2404:4408:638C:5E00:61B0:7B09:F269:6729#top|talk]]) 04:35, 19 November 2022 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
*Move "vis-a-vis prior UAV incursions", from lede to Background-section. (The background-section could also use other wording, such as "There had been <s>prior</s> UAV incursions into NATO countries during the invasion.")<br />
*Oppose mention of "Munition", for now. (Yeah, I get it: missiles are a subset of munitions. But why go from simple idea ("first missile") to first grenade-or-missile-or-other-explosionThingy, also called ''munitions'')? [[Special:Contributions/46.15.110.253|46.15.110.253]] ([[User talk:46.15.110.253|talk]]) 07:43, 19 November 2022 (UTC)/ [[Special:Contributions/46.15.110.253|46.15.110.253]] ([[User talk:46.15.110.253|talk]]) 08:38, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*:My thoughts were along the lines of it was the first anything, so clarifying here it was probably a missile does not conclusively and categorically indicate it was the first incident of this type. For example, there may be a first Grenade in the future, which would be the second munition. [[Special:Contributions/2404:4408:638C:5E00:147C:9916:3B1F:BEFF|2404:4408:638C:5E00:147C:9916:3B1F:BEFF]] ([[User talk:2404:4408:638C:5E00:147C:9916:3B1F:BEFF|talk]]) 12:42, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*::Mentioning the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|Last "train" of this conflict, from Crimea to Russia]], is a better idea. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.26.134|46.15.26.134]] ([[User talk:46.15.26.134|talk]]) 14:30, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*:::While I would love to see that report [[First shot memorial]] is still relevant. [[Special:Contributions/2404:4408:638C:5E00:1854:A8BB:219A:48D7|2404:4408:638C:5E00:1854:A8BB:219A:48D7]] ([[User talk:2404:4408:638C:5E00:1854:A8BB:219A:48D7|talk]]) 01:46, 20 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*::::"''R passports'' will need visas to visit the 2014 monument and the 2022 monument. The visa-office will be east of Crimea, at 'the monument for the bridge that was'."--That is the mother of all reports. [[Special:Contributions/46.15.10.181|46.15.10.181]] ([[User talk:46.15.10.181|talk]]) 07:28, 20 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
*Oppose mention of 43-year old '''Soviet''' UAV-incursion that made it to Belgium. (Also oppose mention of [[Mathias Rust]] landing a half-ton non-'''munition''' in Russia's capital, some years ago.) [[Special:Contributions/46.15.110.253|46.15.110.253]] ([[User talk:46.15.110.253|talk]]) 08:13, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== See also (section): Remove "2022 Western Russia attacks" ==<br />
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This article is not about an '''Attack''' on Poland, or an '''attack''' on Eastern Nato-countries. (However, a link about [[Accident investigation]]s, might be something to consider.) [[Special:Contributions/46.15.110.253|46.15.110.253]] ([[User talk:46.15.110.253|talk]]) 08:29, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Remove is {{done}}. No opinion on the accident investigations part. [[User:Adoring nanny|Adoring nanny]] ([[User talk:Adoring nanny|talk]]) 16:51, 19 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== My edit request ==<br />
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I made a edit request a couple days ago to update that the Ukrainian investigators are now at the explosion site, but I haven't got any updates if it was approved and it isnt in the article. Yall got my request right? (Im new to Wikipedia)[[User:Yogurtslavia|Yogurtslavia]] ([[User talk:Yogurtslavia|talk]]) 12:52, 21 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:You might've hit "[[Help:Show preview|Show preview]]" instead of saving your edit. [[User:Prolog|Prolog]] ([[User talk:Prolog|talk]]) 17:45, 21 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 22 November 2022 ==<br />
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{{edit extended-protected|2022 missile explosion in Poland|answered=yes}}<br />
Hi. I request an edit.<br />
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"Also on 17 November, Polish officials stated that Ukrainian investigators were likely to be granted access to the site of the explosion.[29]<br />
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On 21 November, it was reported that Ukrainian investigators will not be granted '''acess''' to the investigation by the Polish prosecutor's office.[30]"<br />
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As you can probably see, there is a spelling mistake. [[User:Ocemccool|Ocemccool]] ([[User talk:Ocemccool|talk]]) 11:39, 22 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:Damn, I forgot. the word in Bold letters should be replace to "access". [[User:Ocemccool|Ocemccool]] ([[User talk:Ocemccool|talk]]) 11:41, 22 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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::{{done}}<!-- Template:EEp --> [[User:Prolog|Prolog]] ([[User talk:Prolog|talk]]) 12:46, 22 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 23 November 2022 ==<br />
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{{edit extended-protected|2022 missile explosion in Poland|answered=yes}}<br />
Reference [30] should link to https://www.rp.pl/polityka/art37450671-incydent-w-przewodowie-prokuratura-nie-zgodzi-sie-na-udzial-ukraincow-w-sledztwie instead of the [https://www.rp.pl/swiat/art37451741-wojna-rosji-z-ukraina-dzien-271 entire war relation from 21 November]. [[User:Noxian16|Noxian16]] ([[User talk:Noxian16|talk]]) 02:31, 23 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:{{done}}<!-- Template:EEp --> [[User:Prolog|Prolog]] ([[User talk:Prolog|talk]]) 08:25, 23 November 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Russia ... another missile (but this time hitting Moldova) ==<br />
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"'''Russia''' launched another wave of targeted missile strikes against Ukraine, '''another''' missile fell within the territory of Moldova".--Please remove the insinuation that Russia launched the missile that landed in Poland (before '''another''' missile hit Moldova). [[Special:Contributions/46.15.127.164|46.15.127.164]] ([[User talk:46.15.127.164|talk]]) 10:35, 2 January 2023 (UTC)<br />
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:source ? - <small><span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;">[[User:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:#40">'''GizzyCatBella'''</span>]][[User talk:GizzyCatBella|<span style="color:transparent;text-shadow:0 0 0 red;font-size:80%">đ</span>]]</span></small> 16:54, 2 January 2023 (UTC)<br />
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== This is just another example of what is wrong with Wikipedia ==<br />
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https://www.npr.org/2022/11/15/1136768133/kyiv-ukraine-missiles-russia<br />
'False blame on Russia' talk thread was well known at the time.<br />
Biden even said as much.<br />
You all know this article intentionally misleads its readers, yet it remains factually incorrect.<br />
This is why I no longer donate. [[Special:Contributions/101.53.218.247|101.53.218.247]] ([[User talk:101.53.218.247|talk]]) 06:31, 19 January 2023 (UTC)<br />
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:This is mentioned in the lede and in the article, what exactly do you suggest to change? [[User:Alaexis|Alaexis]]<sub>[[User_talk:Alaexis|Âżquestion?]]</sub> 08:22, 19 January 2023 (UTC)<br />
::The article is still categorized under **Russian_strikes_against_Ukrainian_infrastructure**. [[User:Akusso|Akusso]] ([[User talk:Akusso|talk]]) 16:48, 28 September 2023 (UTC)<br />
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== The Polish investigation ==<br />
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Poland says it was a Ukrainian anti-aircraft missile. Perhaps the article should be rewritten with this information.[https://www.rp.pl/kraj/art39165861-coraz-blizej-prawdy-o-rakiecie-w-przewodowie-wiadomo-czyj-byl-pocisk] [[User:Mhorg|Mhorg]] ([[User talk:Mhorg|talk]]) 10:21, 26 September 2023 (UTC)<br />
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:It was a stray Ukrainian anti-aircraft missile. Ukraine does not enable to self-destruct switch on the S-300 missiles when they miss the target. [[User:Akusso|Akusso]] ([[User talk:Akusso|talk]]) 16:47, 28 September 2023 (UTC)<br />
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== Very impressive passive voice ==<br />
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A missle struck Poland? Why would a missle choose to do such a thing? [[Special:Contributions/72.218.62.58|72.218.62.58]] ([[User talk:72.218.62.58|talk]]) 03:31, 17 February 2024 (UTC)</div>72.218.62.58https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ifni_War&diff=1207706595Talk:Ifni War2024-02-15T13:57:39Z<p>72.218.62.58: /* Franco-Spanish victory? */ new section</p>
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I'm still not completely happy with this article's title. I would have gone with the more conventional '''Ifni War''' were it not that the conflict was never popularly known as such (or at all!). '''Spanish-Moroccan War''' seems a little heavy for a conflict in which no declaration of war was made and neither country invaded the other. <br />
But the current title has its problems as well. Ifni, for instance, was a distinct colony from Spanish Sahara. Secondly, the war lasted into 1958. <br />
Any suggestions?<br />
:Google has 390 results for "guerra de ifni". One (at least) calls it ''guerra de Ifni-Sahara''. -- [[User:Error|Error]] 01:52, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)<br />
::Interesting. Would this, in your opinion, justify a name change to '''Ifni War'''? [[User:Albrecht|Albrecht]] 03:43, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)<br />
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==El prĂncipe destronado==<br />
Is this war the background to [[El prĂncipe destronado]] by [[Miguel Delibes]]? -- [[User:Error|Error]] 01:52, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)<br />
:I'm afraid my knowledge of Spain doesn't extend far beyond historical and military spheres. Perhaps someone else can enlighten us both. [[User:Albrecht|Albrecht]] 03:43, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)<br />
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==POV==<br />
The whole article is phrased to give the idea that Sidi Ifni and Western Sahara were the same issue, hence portraying the Moroccan as "liberators" in their occupation of Western Sahara later on. I have therefore added a POV tag till this matter gets taken care of.<br />
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:I created the bulk of this article from the very limited English-language information on this subject available on the Internet. I certainly do not hold a pro-Moroccan bias; the Ifni&ndash;Western Sahara conflicts occurred roughly simultaneously between the same combatants and are therefore treated in the same article.<br />
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:Make changes as you see fit. Nothing will please me more. [[User:Albrecht|Albrecht]] 22:37, 2 October 2005 (UTC)<br />
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::There is what seems a good article in the Spanish Wikipedia "[[Guerra olvidada]]." Perhaps someone can check that article (which doesn't seem to have a "neutrality" issue) and make the necessary changes. Maybe even I could do at some point -whenever I have some more time. By the way, there the article is redirected from "Guerra de Ifni" which would mean that in Spanish the conflict it was known at some time as The Ifni War (of course time had to pass before they could start talking about it as "forgotten"). --[[User:Anagnorisis|Anagnorisis]] 6 October 2005<br />
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:::I just read the article in the Spanish Wiki. They are very similar. I didn't notice much of any bias. I made some minor changes; adding some information at the end (from the Spanish article). I would change the title of the article to the Ifni War and remove the "neutrality" thing.<br />
::::I think most would agree to this move (Ifni War); the current title was chosen long ago only in the absence of a workable alternative. Does someone care to request the move or carry it out? [[User:Albrecht|Albrecht]] 17:09, 11 February 2006 (UTC)<br />
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who are these French soldiers in the Spanish army??--[[User:Ismael76|Ismael76]] 20:18, 10 February 2006 (UTC)<br />
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===>'''I'm posting this on [[Talk:1957 invasion of Spanish Sahara]], and [[User talk:Ismael76]]'''<br />
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France had their soldiers fight to subdue the Sahrawis, because they were afraid of further uprisings in their adjacent colonies, [[Algeria]] and [[Mauritania]], in addition to further provocation from the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] [[Army of Liberation]]. See also Tony Hodges' ''Western Sahara: Roots of a Desert War''. -[[User:Koavf|Justin (koavf)]], [[User talk:Koavf|talk]] 21:49, 10 February 2006 (UTC)<br />
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==Moroccan casualties==<br />
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The question that I want to raise here is, is the number of Moroccan casualties correct? First of all, my father's uncles have fought in this war, namely around Sidi Ifni. They talked only about dozens casualties among the Moroccan Liberation Army. Furthermore, I can't find anywhere on the internet a citation which underlines these figures. Moreover, 8000 dead in an army of 30.000 is an extreme number when you look at it from a military perspective. Almost 1 out 3 would be dead. I suggest to give a reliable source, otherwise someone has to adjust this figure. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">â Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/81.205.86.10|81.205.86.10]] ([[User talk:81.205.86.10|talk]]) 13:53, 12 August 2011 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:Unsigned IP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
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== Franco-Spanish victory? ==<br />
<br />
There is no such thing as Franco-Spain. The regime lead by Franco was known as the Spanish state. The purpose of the misnomer is to assign sole responsibility for fascist atrocities to Franco himself, obfuscating the role of the wider Spanish right. [[Special:Contributions/72.218.62.58|72.218.62.58]] ([[User talk:72.218.62.58|talk]]) 13:57, 15 February 2024 (UTC)</div>72.218.62.58https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:China_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&diff=1201585240Talk:China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine2024-01-31T23:53:46Z<p>72.218.62.58: /* Netizens? */ new section</p>
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{{Old AfD multi |date=22 July 2023 |result='''keep''' |page=China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}<br />
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{{WikiProject China|class=C|importance=low}}<br />
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{{WikiProject Russia|class=C|importance=low|mil=yes|pol=yes}}<br />
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{{old move|date=1 April 2023|from=China during the Russo-Ukrainian War|destination=China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|result=moved|link=Special:Permalink/1149880518#Requested move 1 April 2023}}<br />
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== Use of CGTN sources ==<br />
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While I agree that CGTN is can be generally regarded as an unreliable source, I don't believe that any of the statements under the "Chinese state media" section are unsubstantiated (refer to the content of linked articles and videos).<br />
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Deprecated sources can be cited as a primary source when the source itself is the subject of discussion, according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Deprecated_sources#Acceptable_uses_of_deprecated_sources <!-- Template:Unsigned --><span class="autosigned" style="font-size:85%;">â&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Cren translator|Cren translator]] ([[User talk:Cren translator#top|talk]] ⢠[[Special:Contributions/Cren translator|contribs]]) 01:32, 1 May 2022 (UTC)</span> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
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Please consider starting discussions on the talk page instead of simply removing sections of text from other editors. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><span class="autosigned" style="font-size:85%;">â&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Cren translator|Cren translator]] ([[User talk:Cren translator#top|talk]] ⢠[[Special:Contributions/Cren translator|contribs]]) 15:47, 26 April 2022 (UTC)</span> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
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== The article needs an update ==<br />
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The article needs an update. Please include the recent statements from Chinese authorities in October. [[Special:Contributions/84.127.85.203|84.127.85.203]] ([[User talk:84.127.85.203|talk]]) 06:42, 31 October 2022 (UTC)<br />
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: Which statements? [[User:Kleinpecan|Kleinpecan]] ([[User talk:Kleinpecan|talk]]) 17:13, 31 October 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Neutrality of this article is disputed ==<br />
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"The Chinese government refused to condemn the Russian invasion of Ukraine, repeated Russian propaganda and disinformation about the war[...]". Claiming that everyone that doesn't support Kiev is spreading "Russian propaganda" and "disinformation" (by now, these have become laughable terms), is quite one-sided and typical for the way Western media has reported on the conflict in Ukraine. [[User:Schutsheer des Vaderlands|Schutsheer des Vaderlands]] ([[User talk:Schutsheer des Vaderlands|talk]]) 06:41, 30 March 2023 (UTC)<br />
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== Requested move 1 April 2023 ==<br />
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<div class="boilerplate mw-archivedtalk" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;"><!-- Template:RM top --><br />
:''The following is a closed discussion of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]] after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.''<br />
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The result of the move request was: '''moved.''' <small>([[Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover|closed by non-admin page mover]])</small> â &nbsp;â&nbsp;[[User:Maddy from Celeste|<b style="color:#C64600">Madeline</b>]]&nbsp;â&nbsp;â&nbsp;[[User talk:Maddy from Celeste|<b style="color:#613583">Part&nbsp;of&nbsp;me</b>]]&nbsp;''';''' 21:47, 15 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
----<br />
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[[:China during the Russo-Ukrainian War]] â {{no redirect|China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine}} â The [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] article was recently renamed at this [[Special:Permalink/1145982465#Requested move 14 March 2023|RM nomination]]. Not sure I would have favored that name but that was the consensus and this article should follow suit so readers know this was--arguably--the same war. (Also, "and the" is more common than "during the" for other articles under [[:Category:Russian invasion of Ukraine by country]].) [[User:RevelationDirect|RevelationDirect]] ([[User talk:RevelationDirect|talk]]) 19:35, 1 April 2023 (UTC) <small>â&nbsp;'''''Relisting.'''''&nbsp;<nowiki>{</nowiki>{ping&#124;[[User:ClydeFranklin|ClydeFranklin]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki> ([[User talk:ClydeFranklin|t]]/[[Special:Contributions/ClydeFranklin|c]]) 21:25, 8 April 2023 (UTC)</small><br />
*Pinging all participants from the related [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2023 March 29#Category:China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|CFD nomination]], regardless of iVote: {{ping|Marcocapelle|William Allen Simpson|Amigao}}. - [[User:RevelationDirect|RevelationDirect]] ([[User talk:RevelationDirect|talk]]) 19:41, 1 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
* '''Support''', "during" is just a wrong word, as it implies all events in China since the Russian invasion started irrespective of whether they are related to the invasion. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:23, 2 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
*:I donât think anyone will interpret this article as about an entire period of Chinaâs history. The proposed renaming has a much bigger significance than altering a preposition. &nbsp;â''[[user:Mzajac|Michael]]&nbsp;[[user_talk:Mzajac|Z]].'' 17:01, 2 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
*::By implication I am also fine with [[:Category:China and the Russo-Ukrainian War]] if that is what most of the discussion is about. I still maintain that it should be "and" instead of "during" because it is about how China ''relates'' to the war, rather than what happened in China during the war. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:37, 7 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
::: Note that it is also [[United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine]], not [[United States during the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. [[User:Marcocapelle|Marcocapelle]] ([[User talk:Marcocapelle|talk]]) 06:27, 12 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
::::And there is [[Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and [[:Category:Belarus in the Russian invasion of Ukraine]], and a couple of others. The category tree should be looked at, possibly with a move to or creation of a parent [[:Category:Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine]], because at least a few of the articlesâ scope transcends the February 2022 invasion. &nbsp;â''[[user:Mzajac|Michael]]&nbsp;[[user_talk:Mzajac|Z]].'' 14:27, 12 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
*'''Support''' â rare instance where we need to rename based upon matching its category.<br />[[User:William Allen Simpson|William Allen Simpson]] ([[User talk:William Allen Simpson|talk]]) 06:25, 2 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
*'''Oppose''' The current title covers events since 2014, the proposed one since 2022. I support the former option as 2014-2022 events are clearly interrelated with the 2022-present and if the latter have an article, why should the former not have one? [[User:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#0099FF;">Super</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#800080;">Ψ</span>]] [[User talk:Super Dromaeosaurus|<span style="color:#E60026;">Dro</span>]] 10:03, 2 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
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:'''Oppose'''. On the surface, the nominatorâs rationale doesnât make sense because the article about the nine-year [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] was not renamed. Although this article is currently restricted to material from the 13-month [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], it is an incomplete start-class article and even the addition of a âBackgroundâ section would increase its scope. For example, it should really cover the Russia-China agreement about âlimitless partnershipâ signed in the week before the invasion. &nbsp;â''[[user:Mzajac|Michael]]&nbsp;[[user_talk:Mzajac|Z]].'' 17:00, 2 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
:'''Support''' per above and for consistency. The inclusion of a background section does not change that the article is about the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. [[User:Mellk|Mellk]] ([[User talk:Mellk|talk]]) 04:19, 7 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
:'''Support''' as this is ''specifically'' about China and the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], not a broad treatment of events from 2014 onward. [[User:Amigao|Amigao]] ([[User talk:Amigao|talk]]) 21:33, 8 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
:'''Support''' precisely per Amigao [[User:Red Slash|<span style="color:#FF4131;">Red</span>]] [[User talk:Red Slash|<b><span style="color:#460121;">Slash</span></b>]] 01:03, 13 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
:'''Support''' per {{ping|Amigao}} - [[User:Jjpachano|Jjpachano]] ([[User talk:Jjpachano|talk]]) 01:03, 15 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
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<div style="padding-left: 1.6em; font-style: italic; border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1; margin: 0.5em 0; padding-top: 0.5em">The discussion above is closed. <b style="color: #FF0000;">Please do not modify it.</b> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.</div><!-- from [[Template:Archive bottom]] --><br />
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== unreasonable revert ==<br />
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[[user:Amigao|Amigao]], I find your accusation [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&diff=prev&oldid=1159957142 here] spurious. Go through the article history, I've added more content than removed. Most changes were verified with existing sources. The only major removal was about India, which I find too unrelated.<br />
{{blockquote|"Other commentators have stated that the Chinese response to the invasion has played a role in shaping the Indian response. Tanvi Madan of the Brookings Institution has argued that one of India's "foreign policy objectives is to keep Russia from getting even closer to China."}}<br />
[[User:CurryCity|CurryCity]] ([[User talk:CurryCity|talk]]) 23:08, 21 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
: The sentence {{tq|The Chinese government has been criticized for failing to condemn the invasion and impose sanctions on Russia}} has very weak support. The [https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/04/14/china-defends-stance-on-russia-after-us-criticism-a77358 only source] mentions only Janet Yellen, who did not criticize but "warned" China. [[User:CurryCity|CurryCity]] ([[User talk:CurryCity|talk]]) 03:31, 22 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Netizens? ==<br />
<br />
Why is the fact that âsome chinese netizens have taken a pro-Russia stanceâ even mentioned. Is the fact that a few Chinese(there are over a billion of them.)twitter users like Putin supposed to be indicative of Chinese foreign policy? [[Special:Contributions/72.218.62.58|72.218.62.58]] ([[User talk:72.218.62.58|talk]]) 23:53, 31 January 2024 (UTC)</div>72.218.62.58https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Prison&diff=1191990273DiyarbakÄąr Prison2023-12-27T00:32:30Z<p>72.218.62.58: /* Deaths in DiyarbakÄąr Prison */Corrected misinformation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Prison in DiyarbakÄąr, Turkey}}<br />
{{Infobox Prison<br />
|prison_name = DiyarbakÄąr Prison<br />
|image = DiyarbakÄąr Cezaevi VOA 03.webp<br />
|location = [[DiyarbakÄąr]], [[Turkey]]<br />
|coordinates =<br />
|status = Operational<br />
|classification = D-type and E-type<br />
|capacity = 688 (D-type), 744 (E-type)<br />
|opened = 1980<br />
|closed =<br />
|managed_by = Directorate General of Penitentiaries, [[Ministry of Justice (Turkey)|Ministry of Justice]]<br />
|director =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''DiyarbakÄąr Prison''' ({{lang-tr|DiyarbakÄąr Cezaevi}}; {{lang-ku|GirtĂŽgeha AmedĂŞ}}) is a prison located in [[DiyarbakÄąr]], southeastern [[Turkey]]. It was established in 1980 as an [[Prisons in Turkey#Prison types|E-type prison]] by the [[Ministry of Justice (Turkey)|Ministry of Justice]]. After the September 12, [[1980 Turkish coup d'ĂŠtat]], the facility was transferred to military administration and became a '''Martial Law Military Prison''' ({{lang-tr|SÄąkÄąyĂśnetim Askeri Cezaevi}}). Control of the prison was returned to the Ministry of Justice on May 8, 1988.<ref name=TBMM>{{cite web |url=http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/komisyon/insanhaklari/belge/kr_20DiyarbakirCezaevi.pdf |publisher=TBMM |title=DiyarbakÄąr Cezaevi Raporu |language=Turkish |accessdate=2010-02-03 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The capacity of DiyarbakÄąr E-type Prison is 744. However, the prison is sometimes overcrowded. When the Human Rights Commission in the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] (GNAT) visited the prison in October 1996 it had a capacity of 650 and was accommodating 942 prisoners.<ref name=TBMM/> DiyarbakÄąr [[Prisons in Turkey#Prison types|D-type prison]], which is provided for political prisoners can hold 688 people.<ref name=infaz>A list in excel format can be [http://www.cte.adalet.gov.tr/kurumlar/cik/cezaevi_liste.xls downloaded from the website of the General Directorate for Penal and Arrest Centres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017235537/http://www.cte.adalet.gov.tr/kurumlar/cik/cezaevi_liste.xls |date=2011-10-17 }} in the Ministry of Justice, said to be up-to-date as of 31 January 2011; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref><br />
<br />
What has been called "the period of barbarity" (tr: ''vahĹet dĂśnemi'') or "the hell of DiyarbakÄąr" (tr: ''DiyarbakÄąr cehennemi''), refers to the early and mid-1980s (in particular the years between 1981 and 1984) where the prisoners in the newly built DiyarbakÄąr Military Prison No. 5 were exposed to horrific acts of systematic torture.<ref name=welat>Welat ZeydanlÄąoÄlu: [http://www.diyarbakirzindani.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=215&Itemid=9 Torture and Turkification in the DiyarbakÄąr Military Prison] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829151453/http://www.diyarbakirzindani.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=215&Itemid=9 |date=August 29, 2009 }}, undated, accessed on 21 May 2011. More information on the author can be found at http://welatzeydanlioglu.wordpress.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805034548/http://welatzeydanlioglu.wordpress.com/ |date=2013-08-05 }}. Sites to download the report as pdf file include {{cite web |url=https://www.interdisciplinarypress.net/...torture/rights-citizenship-torture-download-introduction-pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-11-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082703/https://www.interdisciplinarypress.net/...torture/rights-citizenship-torture-download-introduction-pdf |archivedate=2016-03-05 }}</ref> According to ''[[The Times]]'', it is among the "ten most notorious jails in the world."<ref name=times>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3832983.ece | work=The Times | location=London | title=The ten most notorious jails in the world | first=Nico | last=Hines | date=2008-04-28 | accessdate=2010-05-01}}</ref> Between 1981 and 1984, 34 prisoners lost their lives.<ref name=cnn>[http://www.cnnturk.com/2009/turkiye/08/22/acilimda.ilk.adim.diyarbakir.cezaevi.tasiniyor/540274.0/index.html AçĹlÄąmda ilk adÄąm: DiyarbakÄąr Cezaevi taĹÄąnÄąyor] CNN TĂźrk of 22 August 2009; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref><br />
<br />
In August, 2009, plans were announced to convert the facility into a school.<ref name=cnn/> The idea was criticized by Kurdish activists who wanted the prison to become a museum of human rights abuses.<ref>[http://bianet.org/english/other/116637-turn-diyarbakir-prison-into-a-museum "Turn DiyarbakÄąr Prison into a Museum!"] Bianet of 25 August 2009; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref> Although construction on a larger prison outside of the city has already begun, no decision over what to do with the existing Diyarbakir prison has been made. Kurdish activists and politicians find their plans for a human rights museum, known as the "Museum of Shame," largely ignored by the state government. As of now, DiyarbakÄąr is still a functioning prison.<ref>{{cite web|last=Krajeski|first=Jenna Krajeski|title=Turkey's Museum of Shame|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/30/turkey_museum_of_shame|publisher=Foreign Policy|accessdate=2012-04-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
In the 19th century, DiyarbakÄąr prison was known throughout the Ottoman Empire as the home of harsh and based sentences given to political prisoners.<ref name=times/><br />
<br />
===Early 1980s===<br />
After the military coup of 12 September 1980, the generals abolished parliament, suspended the Constitution and banned all political parties and trade unions, and most other organizations.<ref name=ai>[http://ob.nubati.net/en/campaign.php Briefing on the Turkey Campaign] of [[Amnesty International]] in 1988; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref> Until the return of a democratic government in 1984,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marcus |first=Aliza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rcUCgAAQBAJ&dq=Prison+number+5+Diyarbakir&pg=PA112 |title=Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence |date=April 2009 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-9587-3 |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref> visits of civilians to prisoners, by family members as well as lawyers of the defense was prohibited.<ref>Hakyemez, Serra (2017). p.108</ref> Tens of thousands of men and women were taken into custody. More than 30,000 were jailed in the first four months after the coup. During the following years, [[Amnesty International]] received thousands of allegations of torture including reports of over 100 deaths as a result of torture.<ref name=ai/> DiyarbakÄąr Prison became one of the most lasting symbols of the coup due to the reports of hundreds of prisoners being subjected to torture and execution.<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkish-coup-victims-demand-their-torturers-on-trial-2011-04-15 Turkish coup victims demand their torturers be put on trial] HĂźrriyet Daily News of 15 April 2011; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref> At the time, it was not allowed to speak in another language than Turkish, a rule, which was also upheld during visits, and Kurds were thought to be [[Turkification|turkified]].<ref name=":0">Hakyemez, Serra (2017). p.114</ref> Inmates were obliged to memorize the [[Ä°stiklal MarĹÄą|Turkish national anthem]] and other Turkish nationalist songs.<ref name=":0" /> <br />
<br />
Among DiyarbakÄąr's better-known inmates are [[Democratic Society Party]] (DTP) leader [[Ahmet Turk]]; former DTP deputies [[Nurettin YÄąlmaz]],<ref>You can find a 35 minute film with the testimony of the then deputy of the [[Republican People's Party]] (CHP) at [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNb8Qj21ngU YouTube]; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref> [[Celal PaydaĹ]], and [[Mustafa Ăakmak]]; former mayor [[Mehdi Zana]]; Kurdish writer and intellectual [[Orhan MiroÄlu]]; and Kurdish poet [[YÄąlmaz OdabaĹÄą]]. Bedii Tan,<ref>An eyewitness describes the cause of death in the article [http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=79191 Ăç yÄąlÄąnÄą 'cehennem'de geçirdi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508024646/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=79191# |date=2012-05-08 }}, Daily Radikal of 23 June 2003; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref> the father of Kurdish writer [[Altan Tan]] lost his life in this prison as a result of torture.<ref>The death of Bedii Tan was [http://ob.nubati.net/en/dic_list.php listed by Amnesty International] as one of the cases in which torturers were convicted.</ref><br />
<br />
== Tortures ==<br />
The prison wards used terms usually employed for acts of diversion and cleanness such as disco, welcome, theatre or bathroom for the different styles of torture they practiced.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hakyemez|first=Serra|date=2017|title=Margins of the Archive: Torture, Heroism, and the Ordinary in Prison No. 5, Turkey|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44246138|journal=Anthropological Quarterly|volume=90|issue=1|pages=113â114|doi=10.1353/anq.2017.0004 |jstor=44246138 |s2cid=152237485 |issn=0003-5491|via=}}</ref> Among the most common practices were: severe and systematic beating; pulling of hair; being stripped naked; being blindfolded and hosed; solitary confinement; guards' insults; constant and relentless surveillance and intimidation; death threats; the obligation to salute Captain [[Esat Oktay YÄąldÄąran]]'s dog, a [[German shepherd]] called "Jo", which was trained to bite the genitals of naked prisoners; sleep, sensory, water and food deprivation for extensive periods; [[falaka]] (beating of the soles of feet), "[[Palestinian hanging]]s" (hanging by the arms); stress positions or forcing prisoners to stand for long durations; excessive exercise in extreme temperatures; stretching, squeezing or crushing of limbs and genitals; piling of naked prisoners on top of each other; [[asphyxia]] and mock execution; [[electric shocks]] (specifically electrodes attached to genitals); burning with cigarettes; extraction of nails and healthy teeth; sexual humiliation and assault; rectal examinations; forcing prisoners to beat/sexually humiliate/rape or urinate on each other; rape or threat of [[rape of prisoners]], or relatives of prisoners in their presence by prison guards; violent forcing of truncheon rectally; baths in prison sewers (referred to as "the disco" by the guards)."<ref name=welat/><br />
<br />
[[Mehdi Zana]], the former mayor of DiyarbakÄąr, who spent eleven years in the prison, explains: "''When a new prisoner arrived at the prison, Captain Esat met him at the entrance and then turned to a guard and said, 'Prepare him a bath; then take him to the dormitory.' This was a ritual. So almost twenty guards accompanied the prisoner. He received a good welcoming thrashing, and then he was dragged, unconscious, to the 'bath,' a bathtub full of shit in which they left him for a few hours''."<ref name=welat/> Businessman Selim Dindar said: "''Before our detention we thought that torture was applied during interrogation and that the wards in prison were comfortable. But in DiyarbakÄąr Prison we longed for the torture chambers of interrogation''."<ref>[http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=79191 Ăç yÄąlÄąnÄą 'cehennem'de geçirdi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508024646/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=79191# |date=2012-05-08 }}, Daily Radikal of 23 June 2003; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref> <br />
<br />
Among the large numbers of testimonies regarding that time only few have come from female prisoners staying in a separate ward. Nuran ĂamlÄą MaraĹlÄą is an example for it: "''We were 75 women in a ward for 25 prisoners. As women we are not equal to men, but in Diyarbekir dungeon we were equal relating to torture, isolation, military drill etc. For years we did in prison what soldiers do in their barracks''."<ref>Taken from part of her story [http://www.gelawej.net/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=134 DÄ°YARBEKÄ°R ZINDANINDA KADIN OLMAK], To be a woman in the dungeon of Diyarbekir, published on 5 November 2005; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref> Many books have been written on DiyarbakÄąr Prison.<ref>You can find [http://www.diyarbakirzindani.com/dz/kitap.php pictures of the covers] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311213405/http://www.diyarbakirzindani.com/dz/kitap.php |date=March 11, 2012 }} of some of it at diyarbakirzindani.com</ref> Testimonies have also been published on the Internet and in the media.<ref>You can search [https://www.youtube.com YouTube] for "Diyarbakir" and "zindan" to see a collection of films</ref> After the changes to the [[Constitution (Turkey)|1982 Constitution of Turkey]] in September 2010 hundreds of people who claim they were tortured at DiyarbakÄąr Prison in the wake of the 1980 military coup have filed a series of criminal complaints at the local prosecutor's office to open a case against their abusers.<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkish-coup-victims-demand-their-torturers-on-trial-2011-04-15 Turkish coup victims demand their torturers be put on trial]; HĂźrriyet Daily News of 15 April 2011; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref><br />
<br />
==Deaths in DiyarbakÄąr Prison==<br />
{{See also|Torture in Turkey#Deaths in custody}}Following the military coup of 1980 the number of people who died during interrogation or in prison increased.<ref name=ai/> As a result of the unsanitary conditions and torture in prisons, 299 people died while incarcerated. Fourteen died during hunger strikes, 16 were shot to death because they were supposedly trying to escape from prison and 43 people committed suicide.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=18B0C78FC7A66CD20D7D27596078A36C?newsId=224138 Victims seek legal redress for DiyarbakÄąr Prison atrocities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105114655/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action%3Bjsessionid%3D18B0C78FC7A66CD20D7D27596078A36C?newsId=224138 |date=2013-11-05 }} Today's Zaman of 12 October 2010; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref> On 18 May 1982, four young prisoners, Mahmut Zengin, EĹref AnyÄąk, Ferhat Kurtay and Necmi Ăner,<ref>Details on these persons, called "martyrs" are presented on a page entitled [https://web.archive.org/web/20120324103150/http://www.pkkonline.net/en/index.php?sys=article&artID=138 Children of fire and Sun: The Four] on an English page that appears to belong to the PKK; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref> rolled up in newspapers and sprayed with paint and holding hands, burned themselves alive in protest and have since become important figures in Kurdish collective memory and in the [[martyr]]dom discourse of the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]].<ref name=welat/> Like any other militant organization in Turkey the PKK calls all members who lose their lives in armed combat, but also in prison a martyr.<ref>Several pages and sites such as http://www.sehid.net/ and http://www.hpg-sehit.com/ have been devoted to the martyrs (tr: ''Ĺehitler'')</ref><br />
<br />
Not all prisoners who died in DiyarbakÄąr Prison between 1981 and 1984 belonged to the PKK. Bedii Tan was an employee of a company that had been blackmailed by the PKK.<ref>Details can be found in a book by Hasan Cemal, partly reproduced in the daily Vatan of 22 August 2009 under the heading of [http://haber.gazetevatan.com/Hasan_Cemal_Kurtler_kitabinda_nasil_anlatmisti_/255341/45/Haber Hasan Cemal âKĂźrtlerâ kitabÄąnda nasÄąl anlatmÄąĹtÄą?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810063437/http://haber.gazetevatan.com/Hasan_Cemal_Kurtler_kitabinda_nasil_anlatmisti_/255341/45/Haber |date=2011-08-10 }}; accessed on 23 May 2011</ref> [[Necmettin BĂźyĂźkkaya]], born in 1943 had started his political career in the [[Workers' Party of Turkey (1961)|Turkish Workers' Party (TÄ°P)]]. In 1969 he became the leader of the [[Revolutionary Cultural Eastern Hearths]] (tr: ''Devrimci DoÄu KĂźltĂźr OcaklarÄą'', DDKO). Later he joined the [[Kurdistan Democratic Party/North|KDP]] in Turkey (T-KDP).<ref>Details to be found under [http://www.rojinliyiz.net/kimdir/159416-necmettin-buyukkaya-kimdir/ Necmettin BĂźyĂźkkaya kimdir?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227011825/http://www.rojinliyiz.net/kimdir/159416-necmettin-buyukkaya-kimdir/ |date=December 27, 2015 }}; accessed on 23 May 2011</ref> Remzi AytĂźrk was affiliated to RizgarĂŽ ([[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] for Liberation) also known as [[Kurdistan Liberation Party]] (kr: ''Partiya Rizgariya KurdistanĂŞ'').<ref>The activities of Remzi AytĂźrk are described in Turkish by Ä°brahim GßçlĂź on pages of [http://www.rizgari.com/modules.php?name=Rizgari_Niviskar&cmd=read&id=1819 rizgari.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101122148/http://www.rizgari.com/modules.php?name=Rizgari_Niviskar&cmd=read&id=1819 |date=November 1, 2011 }}, dated 5 January 2009, accessed on 23 May 2011. Background on the organization can be found in German [http://ob.nubati.net/wiki/Rizgari Die Organisation Rizgari] or Turkish [http://www.rizgari.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=28903 KĂźrdistanâda ulusal ĂśrgĂźtlenme tarihi] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311211631/http://www.rizgari.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=28903 |date=March 11, 2012 }}, Ä°brahim GßçlĂź on 4 January 2011; accessed on 23 May 2011</ref> YÄąlmaz Demir was on trial for membership of "Freedom Road" (tr: ''ĂzgĂźrlĂźk Yolu'') later known as [[Socialist Party of Kurdistan]]. PSK (kr: ''Partiya Sosyaliste Kurdistana'') not to be confused with the [[Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan]], (kr: ''Partiya ĹoreĹa KĂźrdistan'' (PĹK) or even the PKK.<ref>Some details in Turkish can be found on a page about [http://www.cihanbeyli.com/cihanbeylikurtleri.htm Kurds] from [[Cihanbeyli]]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, no date, accessed on 23 May 2011</ref> Ä°smail KÄąran (surname sometimes spelled Karak) and Orhan Keskin were alleged members of [[Devrimci Yol]] (Revolutionary Path).<ref>Page entitled [http://seydunasahrud.blogcu.com/devrim-yol-sehitleri/3611560 Devrimci Yol Ĺehitleri], "Martyrs of Revolutionary Path", dated 29 May 2008; accessed on 23 May 2011</ref><br />
<br />
The prisoners that died in DiyarbakÄąr Prison between 1981 and 1984 are:<ref>The table was prepared using "File of Torture", Publication of the Human Rights Association, Ankara, March 1996, {{ISBN|975-7217-09-3}}, [http://ob.nubati.net/en/life/eylul12dic.xls the table prepared by Helmut Oberdiek], a page at diyarbakirzindani.com entitled [http://www.diyarbakirzindani.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=214&Itemid=1 D. BakÄąr ZindanÄąnda ĂślĂźmler] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311213409/http://www.diyarbakirzindani.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=214&Itemid=1 |date=March 11, 2012 }}, see also [http://www.saradistribution.com/birez.htm information provided by Mehdi Zana]</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Name!!Date of death!!Cause of death<br />
|-<br />
| Ali Erek ||1981-04-20||hunger strike<br />
|-<br />
| Abdurrahman Ăeçen||1981-04-27||tortured<br />
|-<br />
| Ali SarÄąbal ||1981-11-13||tortured<br />
|-<br />
| Ä°biĹ Ural ||1981-12-27||tortured<br />
|-<br />
| Cemal KĹlĹç||1982-02-23||tortured<br />
|-<br />
| Ănder Demirok||1982-03-08||tortured<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mazlum DoÄan]] ||1982-03-21||suicide in protest at torture<br />
|-<br />
| Kenan Ăiftçi||1982-04-21||tortured<br />
|-<br />
| Mahmut Zengin||1982-05-17||set himself on fire<br />
|-<br />
| EĹref AnyÄąk||1982-05-17||set himself on fire<br />
|-<br />
| Ferhat Kutay||1982-05-17||set himself on fire<br />
|-<br />
| Necmi Ăner||1982-05-17||set himself on fire<br />
|-<br />
| Mehmet Ali||1982-06-09||beaten to death<br />
|-<br />
| Bedii Tan ||1982-07-14||beaten to death<br />
|-<br />
| Aziz Ăzbay||1982-08-23||tortured<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kemal Pir]]||1982-09-07||hunger strike<br />
|-<br />
| M.Hayri DurmuĹ ||1982-09-12||hunger strike<br />
|-<br />
| Akif YÄąlmaz||1982-09-15||hunger strike<br />
|-<br />
| Ali Ăiçek ||1982-09-17||hunger strike<br />
|-<br />
| Seyithan Sak||1982-11-21||beaten to death<br />
|-<br />
| Aziz Bßyßkertaç||1982-12-22||tortured<br />
|-<br />
| Ramazan Yayan||1983-01-13||beaten to death<br />
|-<br />
| Mehmet Emin AkpÄąnar||1983-01-25||beaten to death<br />
|-<br />
| Medet Ăzbadem||1983-05-20||beaten to death<br />
|-<br />
| Ä°smet KÄąran||1983-11-01||tortured<br />
|-<br />
| Necmettin BĂźyĂźkkaya||1984-01-23||beaten to death<br />
|-<br />
| Remzi AytĂźrk||1984-01-28||suicide <br />
|-<br />
| Cemal Arat||1984-03-02||hunger strike<br />
|-<br />
| Orhan Keskin||1984-03-05||hunger strike<br />
|-<br />
| Halil Ibrahim Baturalp||1984-04-27||beaten to death<br />
|-<br />
| Mehmet Kalkan||1987-06-14||died during interrogation<br />
|-<br />
| YÄąlmaz Demir||1984-01-00||suicide <br />
|-<br />
| HĂźseyin YĂźce||1984-05-00||beaten to death<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Incident in 1996 ===<br />
On 24 September 1996 special team members, gendarmes and prison warders stormed DiyarbakÄąr Prison killing 10 inmates and wounding 46 prisoners<ref name=hrft96>The [http://www.tuerkeiforum.net/enw/docs/hrft1996report.pdf annual report of the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008180531/http://www.tuerkeiforum.net/enw/docs/hrft1996report.pdf |date=October 8, 2011 }} includes a detailed account of the incident, the pdf file can be found on the website of the Democratic Turkey Forum; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref> The prisoners Erhan Hakan PeriĹan, Cemal Ăam, HakkÄą Tekin, Ahmet Ăelik, Edip Derikçe, Mehmet Nimet Ăakmak, RÄądvan Bulut, Mehmet Kadri GĂźmĂźĹ, Kadri Demir and Mehmet Aslan were killed.<ref name=hrft96/> There are conflicting reports as to what really happened on that day in DiyarbakÄąr Prison. The press accounts have produced scenarios that accord with the government's version of events. Some say that there was an uprising in the prison. Others note that the inmates wanted to visit the women's section of the jail.<ref name=ipek>[http://mogadisu.blogspot.com/2007/06/report-of-events-in-diyarbakir-prison.html Report of an investigating delegation], members of the delegation represented the [[Human Rights Association (Turkey)|Human Rights Association (HRA)]] and the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey; the online edition of the report carries no date; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref> The delegation concluded "''that the authorities in the government had prior knowledge of this incident and in fact some of them took part in its implementation''."<ref name=ipek/><br />
<br />
According to the Secretary of the DiyarbakÄąr Medical Association, Dr. Necdet Ä°pekyĂźz, the followings happened:<ref name=ipek/><br />
: "''Of the 33 victims, 10 were dead. Ten injured ones were treated in DiyarbakÄąr State Hospital and 13 injured inmates were transferred to Gaziantep State Hospital. All killings were the result of head injuries. On the day of the incident, two prison guards visited the hospital at about 10 am. They had very light bruises. The doctors on duty did not know why these guards were sent to the hospital for such minor things. Just before the attack on the inmates, the hospital staff received a call from the district attorney's office. The staff was told to be ready for an emergency to receive a large group of injured inmates''."<ref name=ipek/><br />
<br />
===Investigation into the incident===<br />
The incident was investigated by different groups and the public prosecutor. The Parliamentary Human Rights Commission stressed that "30 soldiers and 38 police officers, who exceeded the limits of their authority, had caused deaths."<ref name=hrft96/> An investigation was launched against the prisoners who were attacked, beaten and wounded in DiyarbakÄąr Prison. In the investigation launched against 23 prisoners, who were wounded in the attack, upon the instruction by DiyarbakÄąr Public Prosecutor Ä°brahim AkbaĹ, the prisoners were accused of "damaging the state property and mutiny."<ref name=hrft96/> In the investigation against the soldiers and police officers on duty the prosecution office gave a decision of non-prosecution under the Law on Prosecution of Civil Servants. The prosecution office alleged that "the soldiers and police officers tried not to inflict suffering on the prisoners."<ref name=hrft96/><br />
<br />
The Parliamentary Human Rights Commission, stating that the prisoners were beaten to death, applied to the Prime Ministry and Ministries of Justice and Interior, demanding that 29 soldiers and 38 police officers be prosecuted. Upon this, DiyarbakÄąr Provincial administrative Board decided on the prosecution of the security officers. DiyarbakÄąr Public Prosecution Office, in January 1997, launched a trial against 65 people, 35 of whom are police officers and 30 soldiers.<ref name=hrft96/> <br />
<br />
The number of defendants increased to 72 defendants, but did not conclude until 2006. After the case had been transferred to DiyarbakÄąr Criminal Court No. 2 a verdict was reached in the 59th hearing in February 2006. The Court sentenced 62 defendants first to 18 years' imprisonment for responsibility into more than one death. For various reasons the sentences were reduced to six years' imprisonment and for good conduct to five years and three months' imprisonment. The other defendants were acquitted or dropped because of the [[statute of limitation]].<ref>[http://www.sendika.org/yazi.php?yazi_no=5129 DiyarbakÄąr Cezaevi KatliamÄą DavasÄąnda 10 YÄąl Sonra Karar ĂÄąktÄą: Af!], reproduced report at sendika.org dated 27 February 2006; accessed on 21 May 2011</ref><br />
<br />
The verdict was quashed by the [[Court of Cassation (Turkey)|Court of Cassation]] ruling that the defendants had to be given the opportunity to plead, on changed charges<ref>[http://www.aktuelbakis.org/news/2055.html Karar bozuldu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903144315/http://www.aktuelbakis.org/news/2055.html |date=September 3, 2011 }}, (Turkish), Aktßel BakĹŠof 17 May 2007; accessed on 21 May 2001</ref> and had to be heard again. On 30 September 2009 DiyarbakĹr Heavy Penal Court No. 3 went on hearing the case again.<ref>[http://www.tuerkeiforum.net/enw/index.php/01.10.2009_Daily_Human_Rights_Report Daily report of the HRFT of 1 October 2009]</ref><br />
<br />
===Verdict of the European Court of Human Rights===<br />
On 20 May 2010 the [[European Court of Human Rights]] passed its verdict in the case of Perisan and Others v. Turkey (application no. 12336/03)<ref name=echr>The verdict is available in [http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?item=2&portal=hbkm&action=html&highlight=12336/03&sessionid=71235317&skin=hudoc-en French only]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, see [http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?item=1&portal=hbkm&action=html&highlight=12336/03&sessionid=71235365&skin=hudoc-pr-en for the English press release]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} or search the pages of the ECHR</ref> The incident is described as:<br />
: The applicants and the Government presented differing accounts of the events. According to the applicants, following scuffles between two prisoners and the chief warder during a long wait by a group of prisoners to enter the visiting room, police officers and gendarmes armed with truncheons and batons had beaten the offending prisoners and their fellow inmates, in some cases to death. According to the Government, a riot had taken place that morning and prisoners armed with a variety of metal objects (taps, radiator pipes, lead piping, etc.) had attacked the warders.<br />
: The operation left 33 prisoners injured and 27 gendarmes with minor injuries. In December 1996, criminal proceedings were started against various members of the prison staff and against 65 gendarmes and police officers.<ref name=echr/><br />
The Court ruled:<br />
: The Government's contention that the force used had been in response to an attack by prisoners armed with dangerous implements (taps, radiator pipes, lead piping, etc.) was undermined by the fact that the injuries sustained by the gendarmes had been localised and minor. It further considered that the force used against the prisoners, which had led to the deaths of eight of them, had not been "absolutely necessary" within the meaning of Article 2. There had therefore been a breach of that Article in respect of the prisoners who died.<ref name=echr/><br />
<br />
==Testimonies==<br />
* The documentary "Prison No 5: 1980-84" prepared by Director [[Ăayan Demirel]] contains about 100 minutes of enacted scenes and testimonies of witnesses. According to the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930020526/http://www.gaiff.am/en/dabfilmprogram/2010/prison/ Golden Apricot] the film was awarded as Best Documentary (46th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, 2009), Best Documentary (Association of Film Critics, 2009) Best Documentary ([[21st Ankara International Film Festival]], 2010). Parts of it (in Turkish and Kurdish language) can be found at [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lax1YhCLFNg YouTube] (33 minutes). A shorter version (11 Minutes) is also [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8dNviDnhf0 available at YouTube]. Both films can be watched with English subtitles.<br />
* [[Orhan MiroÄlu]] [http://bianet.org/english/minorities/125076-torturers-will-be-called-to-account Torturers Will be Called to Account] 28 September 2010<br />
* Mehdi Zana [http://www.saradistribution.com/birez.htm Defence in Court], Kurdish and Turkish, this testimony was written against the verdict of DiyarbakÄąr Military Court of 20 October 1983<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111125190803/http://www.diyarbakirzindani.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=1&id=1&Itemid=34 YaĹayanlar anlatÄąyor] Collection of articles in Turkish<br />
* Hamit Baldemir [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903143140/http://www.aktuelbakis.org/Yazarlar/Hamit-Baldemir/16187.html DÄ°YAR BAKIR 5 NOLU ZÄ°NDANINDA BÄ°R DĂNEM 1984 OCAK DÄ°RENÄ°ĹÄ°], 4 January 2011<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
{{DiyarbakÄąr}}<br />
{{coord|37|55|44|N|40|11|49|E|region:TR_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Diyarbakir Prison}}<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in DiyarbakÄąr]]<br />
[[Category:1980 establishments in Turkey]]<br />
[[Category:Prisons in Turkey]]<br />
[[Category:Human rights abuses in Turkey]]</div>72.218.62.58https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Brittan&diff=1191029202Leon Brittan2023-12-21T04:22:31Z<p>72.218.62.58: /* Allegations */Fixed typo</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British politician (1939â2015)}}<br />
{{Distinguish|text=the footballer, [[Leon Britton]]}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]<br />
| name = The Lord Brittan of Spennithorne<br />
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|PC|QC|DL}}<br />
| image = Leon Brittan (1996) 02.jpg<br />
| alt = Brittan, 57, in a portrait photograph<br />
| caption = Brittan in 1996<br />
| office = [[Vice-President of the European Commission]]<br />
| president = [[Manuel MarĂn]] (acting)<br />
| term_start = 16 March 1999<br />
| term_end = 15 September 1999<br />
| predecessor = Manuel MarĂn<br />
| successor = [[Neil Kinnock]]<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |European Commission {{nobold|1989â1999}}<br />
|titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes<br />
| office2 = [[European Commissioner for External&nbsp;Relations]]<br />
| president2 = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Jacques Santer]]<br />
* Manuel MarĂn (acting)}}<br />
| term_start2 = 23 January 1995<br />
| term_end2 = 15 September 1999<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Frans Andriessen]]<br />
| successor2 = [[The Lord Patten of Barnes]]<br />
| office3 = [[European Commissioner for Trade]]<br />
| president3 = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Jacques Delors]]<br />
* Jacques Santer<br />
* Manuel MarĂn (acting)}}<br />
| term_start3 = 6 January 1993<br />
| term_end3 = 15 September 1999<br />
| predecessor3 = Frans Andriessen<br />
| successor3 = [[Pascal Lamy]]<br />
| office4 = [[European Commissioner for Competition]]<br />
| president4 = Jacques Delors<br />
| term_start4 = 6 January 1989<br />
| term_end4 = 6 January 1993<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Peter Sutherland]]<br />
| successor4 = [[Karel Van Miert]]<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}}}<br />
| office5 = [[Secretary of State for Trade and Industry]]<br />
| primeminister5 = [[Margaret Thatcher]]<br />
| term_start5 = 2 September 1985<br />
| term_end5 = 24 January 1986<br />
| predecessor5 = [[Norman Tebbit]]<br />
| successor5 = [[Paul Channon]]<br />
| office6 = [[Secretary of State for the Home Department]]<br />
| primeminister6 = Margaret Thatcher<br />
| term_start6 = 11 June 1983<br />
| term_end6 = 2 September 1985<br />
| predecessor6 = [[William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw|William Whitelaw]]<br />
| successor6 = [[Douglas Hurd]]<br />
| office7 = [[Chief Secretary to the Treasury]]<br />
| primeminister7 = Margaret Thatcher<br />
| term_start7 = 5 January 1981<br />
| term_end7 = 11 June 1983<br />
| predecessor7 = [[John Biffen]]<br />
| successor7 = [[Peter Rees, Baron Rees|Peter Rees]]<br />
| office8 = [[Minister of State for Home Affairs (United Kingdom)|Minister of State for Home Affairs]]<br />
| primeminister8 = Margaret Thatcher<br />
| term_start8 = 4 May 1979<br />
| term_end8 = 5 January 1981<br />
| predecessor8 = [[Terence Boston, Baron Boston of Faversham|The Lord Boston of Faversham]]<br />
| successor8 = [[Patrick Mayhew]]<br />
| parliament9 = United Kingdom<br />
| constituency_MP9 = Richmond (Yorks)<br />
| term_start9 = 9 June 1983<br />
| term_end9 = 31 December 1988<br />
| predecessor9 = [[Timothy Kitson]]<br />
| successor9 = [[William Hague]]<br />
| constituency_MP10 = Cleveland and Whitby<br />
| term_start10 = 28 February 1974<br />
| term_end10 = 13 May 1983<br />
| predecessor10 = [[James Tinn]]<br />
| successor10 = [[Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)|''Constituency abolished'']]<br />
| birth_name = Leon Brittan<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1939|9|25|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = London, England<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|01|21|1939|9|25|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = London, England<br />
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Diana Peterson|23 December 1980}}<ref name=ODNB/><br />
| children = 2<!-- stepdaughters --><br />
| relatives = [[Samuel Brittan]] (brother)<br />
| education = [[Haberdashers' Aske's Boys'&nbsp;School]]<br />
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]<br />
* [[Yale University]]}}<br />
| profession = [[Barrister]]<br />
| awards = [[Knight Bachelor]] (1989)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Leon Brittan, Baron Brittan of Spennithorne''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|sep=,|size=100%|PC|QC|DL}} (25 September 1939{{snd}}21 January 2015) was a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and [[barrister]] who served as a [[European Commissioner]] from 1989 to 1999. As a [[member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|member of Parliament]] from 1974 to 1988, he served several ministerial roles in [[Premiership of Margaret Thatcher|Margaret Thatcher's government]], including [[Home Secretary]] from 1983 to 1985.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Leon Brittan was born in London, the son of Rebecca (nĂŠe Lipetz) and Joseph Brittan, a doctor. His parents were [[Lithuanian Jews]] who had migrated to Britain before the [[Second World War]].<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |title=Man in the News; Crisis Commander |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/23/world/man-in-the-news-crisis-commander.html |access-date=7 November 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=23 April 1984}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was educated at the [[Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], where he was President of the [[Cambridge Union Society]] and Chairman of the [[Cambridge University Conservative Association]]. Brittan then studied at [[Yale University]] on a [[Henry Fellowship]].<ref>{{Who's Who | author= [Anon.] | year= 2016 | title=Brittan of Spennithorne | id= U8773 | doi= 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U8773 |access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref> [[Samuel Brittan|Sir Samuel Brittan]], the economics journalist, was his brother.<ref name=nyt /> The former Conservative MP [[Malcolm Rifkind]], and the music producer [[Mark Ronson]], were cousins.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hope |first=Christopher |title=Who do they think they are? One in 11 MPs is married, related or have ancestors who sat in Commons |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10650010/Who-do-they-think-they-are-One-in-11-MPs-is-married-related-or-have-ancestors-who-sat-in-Commons.html |access-date=20 February 2014 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=19 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="entertainment.timesonline.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-man-amy-and-lily-go-to-when-they-want-a-hit-08r0l0hhcnn |work=The Times |location=London |title=The man Amy and Lily go to when they want a hit |date=27 January 2008 |access-date=20 February 2021 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
<br />
=== MP and minister ===<br />
After unsuccessfully contesting the constituency of [[Kensington North (UK Parliament constituency)|Kensington North]] in [[1966 United Kingdom general election|1966]] and [[1970 United Kingdom general election|1970]], he was elected to Parliament in the [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|general election of February 1974]] for [[Cleveland and Whitby (UK Parliament constituency)|Cleveland and Whitby]], and became an opposition spokesman in 1976. He was made a [[Queen's Counsel]] in 1978. Between 1979 and 1981, he was Minister of State at the [[Home Office]]. He was then promoted to become [[Chief Secretary to the Treasury]], becoming the youngest member of the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |title=Brittan returns to Parliament as peer |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/584119.stm |access-date=3 July 2014 |work=BBC News |date=31 December 1999}}</ref> He warned cabinet colleagues that spending on social security, health and education would have to be cut "whether they like it or not".<ref>{{cite news |last=Parkhouse |first=Geoffrey| title=Brittan warns 'wets' of cuts |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19820923&id=W8NAAAAAIBAJ&pg=6889,4161276 |access-date=3 July 2014 |newspaper=The Glasgow Herald |date=23 September 1982}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the [[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983 election]], Brittan was elected MP for [[Richmond (Yorks) (UK Parliament constituency)|Richmond]]. Following the election, he was promoted to [[Home Secretary]], becoming the youngest since [[Churchill]].<ref name=bbc /> During the [[1984â85 miners' strike]], Brittan was a strong critic of the leadership of the [[National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)|National Union of Mineworkers]]. He accused them of organising violence by [[flying pickets]], whom he described as "thugs".<ref>{{cite news |last= Russell |first= William |title= Brittan keeps up attack on miners' union leaders |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19840813&id=7sJAAAAAIBAJ&pg=3173,2245632 |access-date= 13 January 2014 |newspaper=The Glasgow Herald |date= 13 August 1984}}</ref> One factor in the defeat of the strike was central control of local police forces. As soon as the strike began, Brittan set up a National Reporting Centre in [[Scotland Yard|New Scotland Yard]] to coordinate intelligence and the supply of police officers between forces as necessary. [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s government had carefully planned for a miners' strike, and a [[Government of the United Kingdom|Whitehall]] committee had been meeting in secret since 1981 to prepare for a protracted dispute.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boxer |first=Andrew |title=OCR A Level History B: The End of Consensus: Britain, 1945â90 |year=2009 |publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-0-435-31237-4 |pages=192â193 |url={{GBurl|id=2XEZbswz2JIC|pg=PT132}}|url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1984, after the [[Murder of Yvonne Fletcher|murder of British police officer Yvonne Fletcher]] during a protest outside the [[Libyan embassy in London]], Brittan headed the government's crisis committee as both Thatcher and the Foreign Secretary, [[Geoffrey Howe|Sir Geoffrey Howe]], were away at the time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aide Handled Crisis In Thatcher Style |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1964&dat=19840428&id=Cf8sAAAAIBAJ&pg=2088,5300045 |access-date=3 July 2014 |work=The Palm Beach Post |location=Florida |date=28 April 1984}}</ref> In January 2014, secret government documents released by [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|the National Archives]] disclosed that Libya twice warned British officials that the Libyan embassy protest would become violent â hours before WPC Fletcher was killed.<ref>{{cite news |title=National Archives: Libya warned Britain before WPc Yvonne Fletcher was shot, secret papers show |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/10541043/National-Archives-Libya-warned-Britain-before-WPc-Yvonne-Fletcher-was-shot-secret-papers-show.html |access-date=3 July 2014 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=3 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 1986, Brittan was cleared by a High Court Judge of acting unlawfully when, as Home Secretary, he gave [[MI5]] permission to tap the telephone of a leader of the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Judge clears Brittan over phone tap on CND leader |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19860903&id=FbZAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2699,654646 |access-date=11 March 2014 |newspaper=The Glasgow Herald |date=3 September 1986}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 1985, Brittan was moved to [[Secretary of State for Trade and Industry]].<ref name=trade>{{cite news |title= Thatcher's biggest-ever cabinet shuffle sees Home Secretary Brittan demoted |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19850903&id=9x8yAAAAIBAJ&pg=5010,76348 |access-date= 13 January 2014 |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette |date=3 September 1985}}</ref> The reason for his demotion, according to [[Jonathan Aitken]], was that the prime minister Margaret Thatcher felt that Brittan was "not getting the message across on television".<ref name="Aitken">{{cite book |last=Aitken |first=Jonathan |title= Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality |year= 2013 |isbn=978-1-4088-3184-7 |page={{pli|https://archive.org/details/margaretthatcher0000aitk/page/514 |514}} |url=https://archive.org/details/margaretthatcher0000aitk |url-access=registration |quote=<!--leon brittan.--> |publisher= Bloomsbury |location= London}}</ref> In her memoirs, Thatcher wrote of Brittan: "Everybody complained about his manner on television, which seemed aloof and uncomfortable."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Castle |first1=Stephen |title=Leon Brittan, 75, Dies; Quit Thatcher Cabinet in Leak Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/28/world/europe/leon-brittan-dies-at-75-british-official-in-leak-case.html?_r=0 |access-date=22 August 2015 |work=The New York Times |date=27 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Brittan had been criticised as a poor communicator and for his role in the suppression of a [[BBC]] television programme in the ''Real Lives'' series on [[The Troubles]] in Northern Ireland, ''At the Edge of the Union''.<ref name=trade /> Brittan stated that transmission of the programme would be against the national interest and in August 1985 he wrote to the BBC chairman, [[Stuart Young (1934â1986)|Stuart Young]], asking for the broadcast to be cancelled. The BBC's Board of Governors called an emergency meeting and ruled that the documentary could not be shown. The controversy led to a rift between the BBC's boards of management and governors. It also led to a day of strike action by hundreds of television and radio workers who protested against what they perceived as government censorship.<ref>{{cite web |title= The BBC Story: Real Lives 1985 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/resources/bbcandgov/real_lives.shtml |work=BBC |access-date= 13 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BBC set for confrontation with Brittan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19850807&id=oqNAAAAAIBAJ&pg=4565,1222318 |access-date=16 January 2014 |newspaper=The Glasgow Herald |date=7 August 1985}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Resignation over the Westland affair ===<br />
Brittan resigned as Trade and Industry Secretary in January 1986 over the [[Westland affair]].<ref name="westland">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/24/newsid_2506000/2506501.stm |title=1986: Leon Brittan quits over Westland|work=On This Day |date=24 January 1986|publisher=BBC |access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> Brittan had authorised the [[news leak|leaking]] of a letter from the [[Solicitor General for England and Wales|Solicitor General]] that had accused [[Michael Heseltine]] of inaccuracies in his campaign for Westland to be rescued by a consortium of European investors.<ref name="westland" /> The rest of the government, led by Margaret Thatcher, supported a deal with the American business [[Sikorsky Aircraft|Sikorsky Fiat]].<ref name="westland" /><br />
<br />
Jonathan Aitken wrote of Brittan's resignation: "Soon after a poisonous meeting of Tory backbenchers at the 1922 Committee, he fell on his sword. It was a combination of a witch hunt and a search for a scapegoat â tainted by an undercurrent of anti-Semitism. [âŚ] I believed what should have been obvious to anyone else, that he was being used as a lightning conductor to deflect the fire that the Prime Minister had started and inflamed".<ref name="Aitken" /> It was later revealed that Brittan had attempted to persuade [[British Aerospace]] and [[General Electric Company]] (GEC) to withdraw from the European consortium.<ref name="westland" /><br />
<br />
In October 1986, in a [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] debate, Brittan made a bitter attack on Michael Heseltine, accusing him of "thwarting the Government at every turn" in its handling of the Westland affair. Brittan said that Government decisions "should have the support of all its members and should not be undermined from within".<ref>{{cite news |last=McGregor |first=Stephen |title=Thatcher accused of Westland plot |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19861030&id=H4JDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3208,7658602 |access-date=8 February 2014 |newspaper=The Glasgow Herald |date=30 October 1986}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1989, Brittan revealed in a [[Channel 4]] programme that two senior Downing Street officials, [[Bernard Ingham]] and [[Charles Powell, Baron Powell of Bayswater|Charles Powell]], had approved the leaking of the letter from the Solicitor General. Brittan's claim led to calls from some Labour MPs for a new inquiry into the Westland affair.<ref>{{cite news |last=Trotter |first=Stuart |title=Westland affair re-opened by Brittan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19890406&id=VTFAAAAAIBAJ&pg=6355,1388601 |access-date=8 February 2014 |newspaper=The Glasgow Herald |date=6 April 1989}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== European Commission ===<br />
[[File:FGoto with EU Chairman of Trade & Commerce Comittee and A.Abashidze.jpg|thumb|Sir Leon Brittan (centre) as a [[European Commissioner]] in 1994]]<br />
<br />
Brittan was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in the [[1989 New Year Honours|1989 New Years Honours List]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.industry-forum.org/biography.cfm?speakerid=178 |title=The Rt. Hon. The Lord (Leon) Brittan of Spennithorne QC DL |type=biography |publisher=Industry Forum Ltd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726175131/http://www.industry-forum.org/biography.cfm?speakerid=178 |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> He was made [[European Commissioner for Competition]] at the [[European Commission]] early in 1989,<ref name="westland" /> resigning as an MP to take the position. He accepted the post reluctantly, as it meant giving up his British parliamentary ambitions.<ref name="The Guardian 22 January 2015">{{cite news |last= Langdon |first= Julia|author-link=Julia Langdon| title= Lord Brittan of Spennithorne obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jan/22/lord-brittan-of-spennithorne| date= 22 January 2015| newspaper= The Guardian |location=London| access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> Margaret Thatcher appointed Brittan to the Commission as a replacement for [[Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield|Lord Cockfield]], whose pro-European enthusiasm she disapproved of; however, in doing so she had overlooked Brittan's own record as a supporter of the European Union and subsequently found his views and policies at odds with those she had expected from him.<ref name="The Guardian 22 January 2015" /> Brittan passed the merger regulation in 1989,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1586763891821&uri=CELEX:31989R4064|title=Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 of 21 December 1989 on the control of concentrations between undertakings|website=Eur Lex|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> which enabled him to ban the ATR/De Havilland planned merger in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1586763747550&uri=CELEX:31991D0619|title=91/619/EEC: Commission Decision of 2 October 1991 declaring the incompatibility with the common market of a concentration (Case No IV/M.053 â Aerospatiale- Alenia/de Havilland) â Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89|website=Eur Lex|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1993 he became [[European Commissioner for Trade]] and in 1995 [[European Commissioner for External Relations|European Commissioner for External Affairs]], also serving as a [[Vice-President of the European Commission]]. Brittan resigned with the rest of the [[Santer Commission]] in 1999 amid accusations of fraud against [[Jacques Santer]] and [[Ădith Cresson]].<ref name="westland" /> During his time as a Vice-President of the European Commission, one subsequently prominent member of his official office was [[Nick Clegg]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libdems.org.uk/spokespeople_detail.aspx?name=The_Rt_Hon_Nick_Clegg_MP&pPK=8968baa4-6d2c-46b2-b9df-d4600f1cedce|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520113620/http://libdems.org.uk/spokespeople_detail.aspx?name=The_Rt_Hon_Nick_Clegg_MP&pPK=8968baa4-6d2c-46b2-b9df-d4600f1cedce|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2011|title=Nick Clegg|publisher=Liberal Democrats <!--official website-->}}</ref> who became leader of the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] in December 2007<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7148367.stm |title=Nick Clegg is new Lib Dem leader |work=BBC News |date=18 December 2007 |access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref> and [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|deputy prime minister]] in May 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/8675265.stm |title=David Cameron is UK's new prime minister |work=BBC News |date=12 May 2010 |access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Peerage ==<br />
[[File:Prime Ministerâs Representative for Trade (5430640273).jpg|thumb|Lord Brittan as the Prime Minister's Representative for Trade in 2011]]<br />
<br />
Brittan was created a [[life peer]] (Baron Brittan of Spennithorne, of [[Spennithorne]] in the [[North Yorkshire|County of North Yorkshire]]) on 9 February 2000.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette |issue=55762 |date=14 February 2000 |page=1611}}</ref> He was vice-chairman of [[UBS AG]] Investment Bank, non-executive director of [[Unilever]] and member of the international advisory committee for [[Total S.A.|Total]]. In August 2010, Brittan was appointed a trade adviser to the UK government. Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] said that Brittan had "unrivalled experience" for the job, which was scheduled to last for six months.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11026437 |title= Ex-Home Secretary Lord Brittan made trade adviser |work=BBC News |date=19 August 2010 |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Brittan's wife Diana ({{nee|Clemetson}}, born 1940),<ref name=ODNB/> Lady Brittan of Spennithorne, was named a Dame Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (DBE) in the [[2004 Birthday Honours]] "for public service and charity".<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y |issue=57315|date=12 June 2004|page=6|supp=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Brittan died at his home in London on 21 January 2015, aged 75; he had been ill with cancer for some time. He had two stepdaughters.<ref name="The Guardian 14 Jan 2015">{{cite news |last= Mason |first= Rowena | title= Leon Brittan, former home secretary, dies aged 75|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jan/22/leon-brittan-former-home-secretary-dies| date=22 January 2015| newspaper= The Guardian |location=London| access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Allegations ==<br />
<br />
=== Paedophile dossier ===<br />
{{Main|Westminster paedophile dossier}}<br />
In 1984, in his capacity as Home Secretary, Brittan was handed a [[Westminster paedophile dossier|40-page dossier]] by [[Geoffrey Dickens]] MP which detailed alleged paedophile activity in the 1980s, including, according to Dickens, allegations concerning "people in positions of power, influence and responsibility".<ref name=GuardJul614>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/jul/06/child-abuse-coverup-1980s-lord-tebbit |title= Tebbit hints at political cover-up over child abuse in 1980s |author=Boffey, Daniel |newspaper= The Guardian |location= London |date=6 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=IndFeb13>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/tory-mp-warned-of-powerful-paedophile-ring-30-years-ago-8507780.html |title= Tory MP warned of powerful paedophile ring 30 years ago |newspaper=The Independent |location= London |date=22 February 2013 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> The whereabouts of the dossier is currently unknown.<ref name=GuardJul614 /> Brittan denied any knowledge of the matter in an e-mail to a ''[[Channel 4 News]]'' reporter in 2013,<ref name=channel4>{{cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Paraic |title=Leon Brittan: I was handed 'paedophile' dossier |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/lord-leon-brittan-home-office-paedophile-dossier |access-date=3 July 2014 |work=Channel 4 News |date=2 July 2014}}</ref> and later replied that he had no recollection of it to a query from ''[[The Independent]]'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hickman |first=Martin |title=Police failings put dozens of children at risk from notorious paedophile ring |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-failings-put-dozens-of-children-at-risk-from-notorious-paedophile-ring-8518522.html |access-date=3 July 2014 |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |date=3 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Brittan later declared in 2014 that Dickens had met him at the Home Office and that he had written to Dickens on 20 March 1984, explaining what had been done about the files.<ref name=channel4 /> In an article for ''The Times'', journalist James Gillespie quoted a letter from Dickens dated 7 January 1984 in which he thanked Brittan for his "splendid support". He also gave examples of the allegations in the dossier, including a woman protesting that her 16-year-old son had become homosexual after working in Buckingham Palace kitchens and a civil servant advocating persons caught by Customs and Excise importing child pornography should be referred to the police.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/new-evidence-clears-brittan-over-mps-paedophile-dossier-j9vrg8xvc57 |title=New evidence 'clears' Brittan over MP's paedophile dossier |first=James |last=Gillespie |date=25 January 2015 |access-date=15 May 2019 |newspaper=The Times |location= London |url-access= subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
An initial review by Home Office civil servant [[Mark Sedwill]] in 2013 concluded that copies of Dickens's material had "not been retained" but that Brittan had acted appropriately in dealing with the allegations. In November 2014, a review by [[Peter Wanless]] followed. Wanless said there was no evidence to suggest that files had been removed to cover up abuse.<ref name=BBCWanless>{{cite news |title='No cover-up found' in abuse review by Peter Wanless |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-30002908 |date=11 November 2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |work=BBC News |location=Manchester}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Allegations pursued by Labour MP ===<br />
{{Main|Elm Guest House hoax|Operation Midland}}<br />
In June 2014, Brittan was interviewed under caution by police in connection with the alleged rape of a 19-year-old student in his central London flat in 1967 before he became an MP. They had not pursued the allegation when it was first made because of insufficient evidence. The police reopened the investigation after [[Alison Saunders]], the [[Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)|Director of Public Prosecutions]], had been lobbied by Labour MP [[Tom Watson (Labour politician)|Tom Watson]] to investigate further.<ref>{{cite news |last=Merrill |first=Jamie |title=Exclusive: Lord Brittan questioned by police over rape allegation |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/exclusive-lord-brittan-questioned-by-police-over-rape-allegation-9587245.html |access-date=6 July 2014 |newspaper=The Independent on Sunday |location=London |date=6 July 2014}}</ref> In a statement on 7 July 2014, Brittan denied the claims.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brittan says historical rape claim 'wholly unfounded' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-28194481 |access-date=7 July 2014 |work=BBC News |date=7 July 2014}}</ref> At the time of his death, Brittan had not been told by the police that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for the alleged rape of the woman.<ref name="Hanning">{{cite news |last=Hanning |first=James |title= Lord Brittan police failed to tell dying peer he would not face prosecution despite legal advice |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/lord-brittan-police-failed-to-tell-dying-peer-he-would-not-face-prosecution-despite-legal-advice-10350596.html |access-date=28 June 2015 |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |date=28 June 2015}}</ref> The deputy assistant commissioner of the Met, Steve Rodhouse, wrote a letter of apology to the solicitors of Brittan's widow.<ref>{{cite news |last=Halliday |first=Josh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/oct/07/scotland-yard-apologises-to-lord-brittans-widow-over-claim |title=Scotland Yard apologises to Lord Brittan's widow over rape claim |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=7 October 2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2014, the Labour MP [[Jimmy Hood]] used [[parliamentary privilege]] to refer to claims that Brittan had been linked to child abuse.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dominiczak|first= Peter |date=26 October 2014|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/11194280/Labour-MP-is-condemned-for-linking-Leon-Brittan-to-child-abuse.html |title=Labour MP is condemned for linking Leon Brittan to child abuse|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|access-date=20 February 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite Hansard |date=28 October 2014 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmhansrd/cm141028/debtext/141028-0003.htm#141028103001800 |house=House of Commons |title=Coalfield Communities |column=255 |access-date= 19 November 2014}}</ref><br />
After Brittan died in January 2015, Watson accused him of "multiple child rape"; he said he had spoken to two people who claimed they were abused by Brittan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Millmo |first=Cahal |title=Leon Brittan sex abuse allegations: Two come forward to claim they were abused by former Home Secretary |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/leon-brittan-sex-abuse-allegations-two-come-forward-to-claim-they-were-abused-by-former-home-secretary-10001676.html |work=The Independent on Sunday |location=London |date=25 January 2015 |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> Convicted fraudster Chris Fay<ref name="fay">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11893906/VIP-child-abuse-ring-accuser-served-time-in-prison-for-fraud.html |title= 'VIP child abuse ring' accuser served time in prison for fraud |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location= London |first=Robert |last=Mendick |date=26 September 2015 |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> alleged that he had seen a photograph of Brittan with a child at [[Elm Guest House]] in mid-1982.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hanning |first=James |title=Lord Brittan: The accusations against the former Home Secretary that refused to die |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/lord-brittan-the-accusations-against-the-former-home-secretary-that-refused-to-die-10000618.html |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=The Independent on Sunday |location= London |date=25 January 2015}}</ref> In March 2015, it was reported that detectives from [[Operation Midland]], set up by the Metropolitan Police to investigate claims of child sex abuse, had visited and searched two homes in London and Yorkshire formerly owned by Brittan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=David |title=Police search home of Lord Bramall as part of paedophile sex abuse inquiry |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11457405/Police-search-home-of-Lord-Bramall-as-part-of-paedophile-sex-abuse-inquiry.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=8 March 2015 |access-date=20 February 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> One of Brittan's accusers subsequently told BBC's ''[[Panorama (British TV programme)|Panorama]]'' that he originally named Brittan as a joke and told the Metropolitan Police that two well-known campaigners may have led him into making false claims.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Halliday |first1=Josh |title=Panorama report: sex abuse claim against Leon Brittan 'began as joke' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/oct/06/sex-abuse-claim-against-leon-brittan-began-as-joke-bbc-report|access-date=30 July 2019|work=The Guardian|place=London|date=7 October 2015}}</ref> On 21 March 2016, the Metropolitan Police confirmed that Operation Midland had been closed without any charges being brought.<ref name=guardian210316>{{cite news |author1=Laville, Sandra |author2=Syal, Rajeev |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/21/last-living-suspect-harvey-proctor-vip-paedophile-ring-inquiry-will-face-no-charges |title= Operation Midland: inquiry into alleged VIP paedophile ring collapses |work=The Guardian |location= London |date=21 March 2016 |access-date= 22 March 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 1 September 2017, it was reported that the Metropolitan Police had paid substantial compensation to Brittan's widow for having raided the Brittans' home "after accepting that the searches had been unjustified and should never have taken place."<ref>{{cite news |first=Martin |last=Evans |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/01/met-police-pays-compensation-lord-bramall-lady-brittan-disastrous/ |title=Met Police pays compensation to Lord Bramall and Lady Brittan over disastrous Operation Midland investigation |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location= London |date= 1 September 2017 |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> Carl Beech, whose claims spurred Operation Midland, was convicted of [[perverting the course of justice]] in July 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/22/nick-trial-carl-beech-found-guilty-making-westminster-vip-paedophile/|title=Carl Beech aka Nick found guilty of making up Westminster VIP paedophile ring |last=Evans|first=Martin|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=22 July 2019|access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
Brittan was created a [[life peer]] by [[Elizabeth II|the Queen]] on the advice of Conservative Party leader [[William Hague]]. He took the title Baron Brittan of Spennithorne, of [[Spennithorne]] in the [[County of North Yorkshire]] on 9 February 2000.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He sat with the Conservative Party benches in the [[House of Lords]].<br />
<br />
===Commonwealth honours===<br />
{{Expand list|date=September 2021}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Country<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Date<br />
! style="width:55%;"| Appointment<br />
! style="width:5%;"| Post-nominal letters<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || '''1978{{spaced ndash}}21 January 2015''' || [[Queen's Counsel]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Leon Brittan European Commission Vice President |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/74781/1/BIO_-_EN_-_Brittan.pdf |website=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || QC<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || '''1981{{spaced ndash}}21 January 2015''' || [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council]] || PC<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || '''31 December 1988{{spaced ndash}}21 January 2015''' || [[Knight Bachelor]] || Kt<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || '''1 August 2001{{spaced ndash}}25 September 2014''' || [[Deputy lieutenant|Deputy Lieutenant]] of [[North Yorkshire]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Deputy Lieutenant Commissions Lieutenancy of the County of North Yorkshire |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/L-56292-245 |website=The London Gazette |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || DL<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Foreign honours===<br />
{{Expand list|date=September 2021}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Country<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Date<br />
! style="width:55%;"| Appointment<br />
! style="width:5%;"| Post-nominal letters<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|Estonia}} || || [[Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana]] (2nd Class) || <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Scholastic===<br />
{{Expand list|date=September 2021}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|+ Chancellor, visitor, governor, rector and fellowships<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Location<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Date<br />
! style="width:40%;"| School<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Position<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|England}} || '''1993{{ndash}}2005''' || [[Teesside University]] || [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|+ Honorary degrees<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Location<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Date<br />
! style="width:40%;"| School<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Degree<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Gave Commencement Address<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|England}} || '''1990''' || [[Newcastle University]] || [[Doctor of Civil Law]] (DCL)<ref>{{cite web |title=Newcastle University Honorary Graduates |url=https://www.ncl.ac.uk/media/wwwnclacuk/congregations/files/Hon%20Degrees%20Awarded%20with%20Themes%202018.pdf |website=Newcastle University |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|England}} || '''1990''' || [[University of Hull]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Leon Brittan European Commission Vice President |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/74781/1/BIO_-_EN_-_Brittan.pdf |website=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|Scotland}} || '''1991''' || [[University of Edinburgh]] || Doctorate<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Edinburgh Honorary Graduates Database |url=http://www.scripts.sasg.ed.ac.uk/registry/Graduations/Honorary_Graduates.cfm |website=University of Edinburgh |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|England}} || '''1992''' || [[University of Bradford]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Leon Brittan European Commission Vice President |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/74781/1/BIO_-_EN_-_Brittan.pdf |website=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|England}} || '''1992''' || [[Durham University|University of Durham]] || [[Doctor of Civil Law]] (DCL)<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Durham Honorary Degrees |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/university.calendar/volumei/honorary_degrees/ |website=University of Durham |access-date=3 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|England}} || '''1995''' || [[University of Bath]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary graduates, 1990 to 1999 |url=https://www.bath.ac.uk/corporate-information/honorary-graduates-1990-to-1999/ |website=University of Bath |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|England}} || || [[Teesside University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=Teesside University Honorary Graduates |url=https://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/alumni/hon_grads.cfm |website=Teesside University |access-date=3 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Memberships and fellowships===<br />
{{Expand list|date=September 2021}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Country<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Date<br />
! style="width:40%;"| Organisation<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Position<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || '''1960''' || [[Cambridge Union]] || [[List of presidents of the Cambridge Union|President]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || '''1983{{spaced ndash}}21 January 2015''' || [[Inner Temple]] || [[Bencher]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Leon Brittan European Commission Vice President |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/74781/1/BIO_-_EN_-_Brittan.pdf |website=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Arms==<br />
{{Infobox COA wide<br />
|image = Brittan of Spennithorne Achievement.png<br />
|escutcheon = Or two bars engrailed Vert between three curlews' heads erased in pale Gules.<br />
|crest = A Wensleydale sheep guardant Argent unguled Or and supporting with the dexter forefoot a quiver Vert banded Or the arrows Gules.<br />
|supporters = Dexter a lion guardant Argent gorged with a plain collar attached thereto a chain reflexed over the back Or, sinister a bull guardant Argent unguled armed and gorged with a plain collar attached thereto a chain reflexed over the back Or.<br />
|motto = Ne Umquam Desistas<ref>{{cite book|title=Debrett's Peerage |title-link=Debrett's |date=2008}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name=ODNB>{{cite ODNB<br />
| doi = 10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.109058<br />
| title = Brittan, Leon, Baron Brittan of Spennithorne (1939â2015), politician<br />
| first = Norman<br />
| last = Lamont<br />
| author-link = Norman Lamont<br />
| date = 10 January 2019<br />
}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* {{Hansard-contribs|mr-leon-brittan|Leon Brittan}}<br />
* {{NPG name}}<br />
* [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/minutes/000229/ldminute.htm Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords] (House of Lords minutes of proceedings, 29 February 2000)<br />
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{{s-ttl|title=[[European Commissioner for External Relations]]|years=1995â1999}}<br />
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice-President of the European Commission|First Vice-President of the European Commission]]|years=1999}}<br />
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{{s-ttl|title=Chancellor of the [[University of Teesside]]|years=1993â2005}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Tom Sawyer, Baron Sawyer|The Lord Sawyer]]}}<br />
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}}<br />
{{HomeSecretary}}<br />
{{Presidents of the Board of Trade}}<br />
{{Chief Secretaries to the Treasury}}<br />
{{Thatcher Ministry}}<br />
{{European Commissioners from the United Kingdom}}<br />
{{European Commissioner for External Relations}}<br />
{{European Commissioner for Trade}}<br />
{{European Commissioner for Competition}}<br />
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{{Portal bar|Biography|Politics|United Kingdom|European Union|Lithuania|London|Yorkshire}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Brittan, Leon}}<br />
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[[Category:UK MPs 1974]]<br />
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[[Category:Chief Secretaries to the Treasury]]</div>72.218.62.58https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Brittan&diff=1191029182Leon Brittan2023-12-21T04:22:12Z<p>72.218.62.58: /* allegations */Fixed typo</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British politician (1939â2015)}}<br />
{{Distinguish|text=the footballer, [[Leon Britton]]}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]<br />
| name = The Lord Brittan of Spennithorne<br />
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|PC|QC|DL}}<br />
| image = Leon Brittan (1996) 02.jpg<br />
| alt = Brittan, 57, in a portrait photograph<br />
| caption = Brittan in 1996<br />
| office = [[Vice-President of the European Commission]]<br />
| president = [[Manuel MarĂn]] (acting)<br />
| term_start = 16 March 1999<br />
| term_end = 15 September 1999<br />
| predecessor = Manuel MarĂn<br />
| successor = [[Neil Kinnock]]<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |European Commission {{nobold|1989â1999}}<br />
|titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes<br />
| office2 = [[European Commissioner for External&nbsp;Relations]]<br />
| president2 = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Jacques Santer]]<br />
* Manuel MarĂn (acting)}}<br />
| term_start2 = 23 January 1995<br />
| term_end2 = 15 September 1999<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Frans Andriessen]]<br />
| successor2 = [[The Lord Patten of Barnes]]<br />
| office3 = [[European Commissioner for Trade]]<br />
| president3 = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Jacques Delors]]<br />
* Jacques Santer<br />
* Manuel MarĂn (acting)}}<br />
| term_start3 = 6 January 1993<br />
| term_end3 = 15 September 1999<br />
| predecessor3 = Frans Andriessen<br />
| successor3 = [[Pascal Lamy]]<br />
| office4 = [[European Commissioner for Competition]]<br />
| president4 = Jacques Delors<br />
| term_start4 = 6 January 1989<br />
| term_end4 = 6 January 1993<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Peter Sutherland]]<br />
| successor4 = [[Karel Van Miert]]<br />
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}}}<br />
| office5 = [[Secretary of State for Trade and Industry]]<br />
| primeminister5 = [[Margaret Thatcher]]<br />
| term_start5 = 2 September 1985<br />
| term_end5 = 24 January 1986<br />
| predecessor5 = [[Norman Tebbit]]<br />
| successor5 = [[Paul Channon]]<br />
| office6 = [[Secretary of State for the Home Department]]<br />
| primeminister6 = Margaret Thatcher<br />
| term_start6 = 11 June 1983<br />
| term_end6 = 2 September 1985<br />
| predecessor6 = [[William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw|William Whitelaw]]<br />
| successor6 = [[Douglas Hurd]]<br />
| office7 = [[Chief Secretary to the Treasury]]<br />
| primeminister7 = Margaret Thatcher<br />
| term_start7 = 5 January 1981<br />
| term_end7 = 11 June 1983<br />
| predecessor7 = [[John Biffen]]<br />
| successor7 = [[Peter Rees, Baron Rees|Peter Rees]]<br />
| office8 = [[Minister of State for Home Affairs (United Kingdom)|Minister of State for Home Affairs]]<br />
| primeminister8 = Margaret Thatcher<br />
| term_start8 = 4 May 1979<br />
| term_end8 = 5 January 1981<br />
| predecessor8 = [[Terence Boston, Baron Boston of Faversham|The Lord Boston of Faversham]]<br />
| successor8 = [[Patrick Mayhew]]<br />
| parliament9 = United Kingdom<br />
| constituency_MP9 = Richmond (Yorks)<br />
| term_start9 = 9 June 1983<br />
| term_end9 = 31 December 1988<br />
| predecessor9 = [[Timothy Kitson]]<br />
| successor9 = [[William Hague]]<br />
| constituency_MP10 = Cleveland and Whitby<br />
| term_start10 = 28 February 1974<br />
| term_end10 = 13 May 1983<br />
| predecessor10 = [[James Tinn]]<br />
| successor10 = [[Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)|''Constituency abolished'']]<br />
| birth_name = Leon Brittan<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1939|9|25|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = London, England<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|01|21|1939|9|25|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = London, England<br />
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Diana Peterson|23 December 1980}}<ref name=ODNB/><br />
| children = 2<!-- stepdaughters --><br />
| relatives = [[Samuel Brittan]] (brother)<br />
| education = [[Haberdashers' Aske's Boys'&nbsp;School]]<br />
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]<br />
* [[Yale University]]}}<br />
| profession = [[Barrister]]<br />
| awards = [[Knight Bachelor]] (1989)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Leon Brittan, Baron Brittan of Spennithorne''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|sep=,|size=100%|PC|QC|DL}} (25 September 1939{{snd}}21 January 2015) was a British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and [[barrister]] who served as a [[European Commissioner]] from 1989 to 1999. As a [[member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|member of Parliament]] from 1974 to 1988, he served several ministerial roles in [[Premiership of Margaret Thatcher|Margaret Thatcher's government]], including [[Home Secretary]] from 1983 to 1985.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Leon Brittan was born in London, the son of Rebecca (nĂŠe Lipetz) and Joseph Brittan, a doctor. His parents were [[Lithuanian Jews]] who had migrated to Britain before the [[Second World War]].<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |title=Man in the News; Crisis Commander |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/23/world/man-in-the-news-crisis-commander.html |access-date=7 November 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=23 April 1984}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was educated at the [[Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], where he was President of the [[Cambridge Union Society]] and Chairman of the [[Cambridge University Conservative Association]]. Brittan then studied at [[Yale University]] on a [[Henry Fellowship]].<ref>{{Who's Who | author= [Anon.] | year= 2016 | title=Brittan of Spennithorne | id= U8773 | doi= 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U8773 |access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref> [[Samuel Brittan|Sir Samuel Brittan]], the economics journalist, was his brother.<ref name=nyt /> The former Conservative MP [[Malcolm Rifkind]], and the music producer [[Mark Ronson]], were cousins.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hope |first=Christopher |title=Who do they think they are? One in 11 MPs is married, related or have ancestors who sat in Commons |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10650010/Who-do-they-think-they-are-One-in-11-MPs-is-married-related-or-have-ancestors-who-sat-in-Commons.html |access-date=20 February 2014 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=19 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="entertainment.timesonline.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-man-amy-and-lily-go-to-when-they-want-a-hit-08r0l0hhcnn |work=The Times |location=London |title=The man Amy and Lily go to when they want a hit |date=27 January 2008 |access-date=20 February 2021 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
<br />
=== MP and minister ===<br />
After unsuccessfully contesting the constituency of [[Kensington North (UK Parliament constituency)|Kensington North]] in [[1966 United Kingdom general election|1966]] and [[1970 United Kingdom general election|1970]], he was elected to Parliament in the [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|general election of February 1974]] for [[Cleveland and Whitby (UK Parliament constituency)|Cleveland and Whitby]], and became an opposition spokesman in 1976. He was made a [[Queen's Counsel]] in 1978. Between 1979 and 1981, he was Minister of State at the [[Home Office]]. He was then promoted to become [[Chief Secretary to the Treasury]], becoming the youngest member of the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |title=Brittan returns to Parliament as peer |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/584119.stm |access-date=3 July 2014 |work=BBC News |date=31 December 1999}}</ref> He warned cabinet colleagues that spending on social security, health and education would have to be cut "whether they like it or not".<ref>{{cite news |last=Parkhouse |first=Geoffrey| title=Brittan warns 'wets' of cuts |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19820923&id=W8NAAAAAIBAJ&pg=6889,4161276 |access-date=3 July 2014 |newspaper=The Glasgow Herald |date=23 September 1982}}</ref><br />
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At the [[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983 election]], Brittan was elected MP for [[Richmond (Yorks) (UK Parliament constituency)|Richmond]]. Following the election, he was promoted to [[Home Secretary]], becoming the youngest since [[Churchill]].<ref name=bbc /> During the [[1984â85 miners' strike]], Brittan was a strong critic of the leadership of the [[National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)|National Union of Mineworkers]]. He accused them of organising violence by [[flying pickets]], whom he described as "thugs".<ref>{{cite news |last= Russell |first= William |title= Brittan keeps up attack on miners' union leaders |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19840813&id=7sJAAAAAIBAJ&pg=3173,2245632 |access-date= 13 January 2014 |newspaper=The Glasgow Herald |date= 13 August 1984}}</ref> One factor in the defeat of the strike was central control of local police forces. As soon as the strike began, Brittan set up a National Reporting Centre in [[Scotland Yard|New Scotland Yard]] to coordinate intelligence and the supply of police officers between forces as necessary. [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s government had carefully planned for a miners' strike, and a [[Government of the United Kingdom|Whitehall]] committee had been meeting in secret since 1981 to prepare for a protracted dispute.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boxer |first=Andrew |title=OCR A Level History B: The End of Consensus: Britain, 1945â90 |year=2009 |publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-0-435-31237-4 |pages=192â193 |url={{GBurl|id=2XEZbswz2JIC|pg=PT132}}|url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
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In 1984, after the [[Murder of Yvonne Fletcher|murder of British police officer Yvonne Fletcher]] during a protest outside the [[Libyan embassy in London]], Brittan headed the government's crisis committee as both Thatcher and the Foreign Secretary, [[Geoffrey Howe|Sir Geoffrey Howe]], were away at the time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aide Handled Crisis In Thatcher Style |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1964&dat=19840428&id=Cf8sAAAAIBAJ&pg=2088,5300045 |access-date=3 July 2014 |work=The Palm Beach Post |location=Florida |date=28 April 1984}}</ref> In January 2014, secret government documents released by [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|the National Archives]] disclosed that Libya twice warned British officials that the Libyan embassy protest would become violent â hours before WPC Fletcher was killed.<ref>{{cite news |title=National Archives: Libya warned Britain before WPc Yvonne Fletcher was shot, secret papers show |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/10541043/National-Archives-Libya-warned-Britain-before-WPc-Yvonne-Fletcher-was-shot-secret-papers-show.html |access-date=3 July 2014 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=3 January 2014}}</ref><br />
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In September 1986, Brittan was cleared by a High Court Judge of acting unlawfully when, as Home Secretary, he gave [[MI5]] permission to tap the telephone of a leader of the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Judge clears Brittan over phone tap on CND leader |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19860903&id=FbZAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2699,654646 |access-date=11 March 2014 |newspaper=The Glasgow Herald |date=3 September 1986}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 1985, Brittan was moved to [[Secretary of State for Trade and Industry]].<ref name=trade>{{cite news |title= Thatcher's biggest-ever cabinet shuffle sees Home Secretary Brittan demoted |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19850903&id=9x8yAAAAIBAJ&pg=5010,76348 |access-date= 13 January 2014 |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette |date=3 September 1985}}</ref> The reason for his demotion, according to [[Jonathan Aitken]], was that the prime minister Margaret Thatcher felt that Brittan was "not getting the message across on television".<ref name="Aitken">{{cite book |last=Aitken |first=Jonathan |title= Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality |year= 2013 |isbn=978-1-4088-3184-7 |page={{pli|https://archive.org/details/margaretthatcher0000aitk/page/514 |514}} |url=https://archive.org/details/margaretthatcher0000aitk |url-access=registration |quote=<!--leon brittan.--> |publisher= Bloomsbury |location= London}}</ref> In her memoirs, Thatcher wrote of Brittan: "Everybody complained about his manner on television, which seemed aloof and uncomfortable."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Castle |first1=Stephen |title=Leon Brittan, 75, Dies; Quit Thatcher Cabinet in Leak Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/28/world/europe/leon-brittan-dies-at-75-british-official-in-leak-case.html?_r=0 |access-date=22 August 2015 |work=The New York Times |date=27 January 2015}}</ref><br />
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Brittan had been criticised as a poor communicator and for his role in the suppression of a [[BBC]] television programme in the ''Real Lives'' series on [[The Troubles]] in Northern Ireland, ''At the Edge of the Union''.<ref name=trade /> Brittan stated that transmission of the programme would be against the national interest and in August 1985 he wrote to the BBC chairman, [[Stuart Young (1934â1986)|Stuart Young]], asking for the broadcast to be cancelled. The BBC's Board of Governors called an emergency meeting and ruled that the documentary could not be shown. The controversy led to a rift between the BBC's boards of management and governors. It also led to a day of strike action by hundreds of television and radio workers who protested against what they perceived as government censorship.<ref>{{cite web |title= The BBC Story: Real Lives 1985 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/resources/bbcandgov/real_lives.shtml |work=BBC |access-date= 13 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BBC set for confrontation with Brittan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19850807&id=oqNAAAAAIBAJ&pg=4565,1222318 |access-date=16 January 2014 |newspaper=The Glasgow Herald |date=7 August 1985}}</ref><br />
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=== Resignation over the Westland affair ===<br />
Brittan resigned as Trade and Industry Secretary in January 1986 over the [[Westland affair]].<ref name="westland">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/24/newsid_2506000/2506501.stm |title=1986: Leon Brittan quits over Westland|work=On This Day |date=24 January 1986|publisher=BBC |access-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> Brittan had authorised the [[news leak|leaking]] of a letter from the [[Solicitor General for England and Wales|Solicitor General]] that had accused [[Michael Heseltine]] of inaccuracies in his campaign for Westland to be rescued by a consortium of European investors.<ref name="westland" /> The rest of the government, led by Margaret Thatcher, supported a deal with the American business [[Sikorsky Aircraft|Sikorsky Fiat]].<ref name="westland" /><br />
<br />
Jonathan Aitken wrote of Brittan's resignation: "Soon after a poisonous meeting of Tory backbenchers at the 1922 Committee, he fell on his sword. It was a combination of a witch hunt and a search for a scapegoat â tainted by an undercurrent of anti-Semitism. [âŚ] I believed what should have been obvious to anyone else, that he was being used as a lightning conductor to deflect the fire that the Prime Minister had started and inflamed".<ref name="Aitken" /> It was later revealed that Brittan had attempted to persuade [[British Aerospace]] and [[General Electric Company]] (GEC) to withdraw from the European consortium.<ref name="westland" /><br />
<br />
In October 1986, in a [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] debate, Brittan made a bitter attack on Michael Heseltine, accusing him of "thwarting the Government at every turn" in its handling of the Westland affair. Brittan said that Government decisions "should have the support of all its members and should not be undermined from within".<ref>{{cite news |last=McGregor |first=Stephen |title=Thatcher accused of Westland plot |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19861030&id=H4JDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3208,7658602 |access-date=8 February 2014 |newspaper=The Glasgow Herald |date=30 October 1986}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1989, Brittan revealed in a [[Channel 4]] programme that two senior Downing Street officials, [[Bernard Ingham]] and [[Charles Powell, Baron Powell of Bayswater|Charles Powell]], had approved the leaking of the letter from the Solicitor General. Brittan's claim led to calls from some Labour MPs for a new inquiry into the Westland affair.<ref>{{cite news |last=Trotter |first=Stuart |title=Westland affair re-opened by Brittan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19890406&id=VTFAAAAAIBAJ&pg=6355,1388601 |access-date=8 February 2014 |newspaper=The Glasgow Herald |date=6 April 1989}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== European Commission ===<br />
[[File:FGoto with EU Chairman of Trade & Commerce Comittee and A.Abashidze.jpg|thumb|Sir Leon Brittan (centre) as a [[European Commissioner]] in 1994]]<br />
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Brittan was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in the [[1989 New Year Honours|1989 New Years Honours List]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.industry-forum.org/biography.cfm?speakerid=178 |title=The Rt. Hon. The Lord (Leon) Brittan of Spennithorne QC DL |type=biography |publisher=Industry Forum Ltd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726175131/http://www.industry-forum.org/biography.cfm?speakerid=178 |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> He was made [[European Commissioner for Competition]] at the [[European Commission]] early in 1989,<ref name="westland" /> resigning as an MP to take the position. He accepted the post reluctantly, as it meant giving up his British parliamentary ambitions.<ref name="The Guardian 22 January 2015">{{cite news |last= Langdon |first= Julia|author-link=Julia Langdon| title= Lord Brittan of Spennithorne obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jan/22/lord-brittan-of-spennithorne| date= 22 January 2015| newspaper= The Guardian |location=London| access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref> Margaret Thatcher appointed Brittan to the Commission as a replacement for [[Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield|Lord Cockfield]], whose pro-European enthusiasm she disapproved of; however, in doing so she had overlooked Brittan's own record as a supporter of the European Union and subsequently found his views and policies at odds with those she had expected from him.<ref name="The Guardian 22 January 2015" /> Brittan passed the merger regulation in 1989,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1586763891821&uri=CELEX:31989R4064|title=Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 of 21 December 1989 on the control of concentrations between undertakings|website=Eur Lex|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> which enabled him to ban the ATR/De Havilland planned merger in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1586763747550&uri=CELEX:31991D0619|title=91/619/EEC: Commission Decision of 2 October 1991 declaring the incompatibility with the common market of a concentration (Case No IV/M.053 â Aerospatiale- Alenia/de Havilland) â Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89|website=Eur Lex|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1993 he became [[European Commissioner for Trade]] and in 1995 [[European Commissioner for External Relations|European Commissioner for External Affairs]], also serving as a [[Vice-President of the European Commission]]. Brittan resigned with the rest of the [[Santer Commission]] in 1999 amid accusations of fraud against [[Jacques Santer]] and [[Ădith Cresson]].<ref name="westland" /> During his time as a Vice-President of the European Commission, one subsequently prominent member of his official office was [[Nick Clegg]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libdems.org.uk/spokespeople_detail.aspx?name=The_Rt_Hon_Nick_Clegg_MP&pPK=8968baa4-6d2c-46b2-b9df-d4600f1cedce|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520113620/http://libdems.org.uk/spokespeople_detail.aspx?name=The_Rt_Hon_Nick_Clegg_MP&pPK=8968baa4-6d2c-46b2-b9df-d4600f1cedce|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2011|title=Nick Clegg|publisher=Liberal Democrats <!--official website-->}}</ref> who became leader of the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] in December 2007<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7148367.stm |title=Nick Clegg is new Lib Dem leader |work=BBC News |date=18 December 2007 |access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref> and [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|deputy prime minister]] in May 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/8675265.stm |title=David Cameron is UK's new prime minister |work=BBC News |date=12 May 2010 |access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Peerage ==<br />
[[File:Prime Ministerâs Representative for Trade (5430640273).jpg|thumb|Lord Brittan as the Prime Minister's Representative for Trade in 2011]]<br />
<br />
Brittan was created a [[life peer]] (Baron Brittan of Spennithorne, of [[Spennithorne]] in the [[North Yorkshire|County of North Yorkshire]]) on 9 February 2000.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette |issue=55762 |date=14 February 2000 |page=1611}}</ref> He was vice-chairman of [[UBS AG]] Investment Bank, non-executive director of [[Unilever]] and member of the international advisory committee for [[Total S.A.|Total]]. In August 2010, Brittan was appointed a trade adviser to the UK government. Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] said that Brittan had "unrivalled experience" for the job, which was scheduled to last for six months.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11026437 |title= Ex-Home Secretary Lord Brittan made trade adviser |work=BBC News |date=19 August 2010 |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Brittan's wife Diana ({{nee|Clemetson}}, born 1940),<ref name=ODNB/> Lady Brittan of Spennithorne, was named a Dame Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (DBE) in the [[2004 Birthday Honours]] "for public service and charity".<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y |issue=57315|date=12 June 2004|page=6|supp=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Brittan died at his home in London on 21 January 2015, aged 75; he had been ill with cancer for some time. He had two stepdaughters.<ref name="The Guardian 14 Jan 2015">{{cite news |last= Mason |first= Rowena | title= Leon Brittan, former home secretary, dies aged 75|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jan/22/leon-brittan-former-home-secretary-dies| date=22 January 2015| newspaper= The Guardian |location=London| access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== allegations ==<br />
<br />
=== Paedophile dossier ===<br />
{{Main|Westminster paedophile dossier}}<br />
In 1984, in his capacity as Home Secretary, Brittan was handed a [[Westminster paedophile dossier|40-page dossier]] by [[Geoffrey Dickens]] MP which detailed alleged paedophile activity in the 1980s, including, according to Dickens, allegations concerning "people in positions of power, influence and responsibility".<ref name=GuardJul614>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/jul/06/child-abuse-coverup-1980s-lord-tebbit |title= Tebbit hints at political cover-up over child abuse in 1980s |author=Boffey, Daniel |newspaper= The Guardian |location= London |date=6 July 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=IndFeb13>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/tory-mp-warned-of-powerful-paedophile-ring-30-years-ago-8507780.html |title= Tory MP warned of powerful paedophile ring 30 years ago |newspaper=The Independent |location= London |date=22 February 2013 |access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> The whereabouts of the dossier is currently unknown.<ref name=GuardJul614 /> Brittan denied any knowledge of the matter in an e-mail to a ''[[Channel 4 News]]'' reporter in 2013,<ref name=channel4>{{cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Paraic |title=Leon Brittan: I was handed 'paedophile' dossier |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/lord-leon-brittan-home-office-paedophile-dossier |access-date=3 July 2014 |work=Channel 4 News |date=2 July 2014}}</ref> and later replied that he had no recollection of it to a query from ''[[The Independent]]'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hickman |first=Martin |title=Police failings put dozens of children at risk from notorious paedophile ring |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-failings-put-dozens-of-children-at-risk-from-notorious-paedophile-ring-8518522.html |access-date=3 July 2014 |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |date=3 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Brittan later declared in 2014 that Dickens had met him at the Home Office and that he had written to Dickens on 20 March 1984, explaining what had been done about the files.<ref name=channel4 /> In an article for ''The Times'', journalist James Gillespie quoted a letter from Dickens dated 7 January 1984 in which he thanked Brittan for his "splendid support". He also gave examples of the allegations in the dossier, including a woman protesting that her 16-year-old son had become homosexual after working in Buckingham Palace kitchens and a civil servant advocating persons caught by Customs and Excise importing child pornography should be referred to the police.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/new-evidence-clears-brittan-over-mps-paedophile-dossier-j9vrg8xvc57 |title=New evidence 'clears' Brittan over MP's paedophile dossier |first=James |last=Gillespie |date=25 January 2015 |access-date=15 May 2019 |newspaper=The Times |location= London |url-access= subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
An initial review by Home Office civil servant [[Mark Sedwill]] in 2013 concluded that copies of Dickens's material had "not been retained" but that Brittan had acted appropriately in dealing with the allegations. In November 2014, a review by [[Peter Wanless]] followed. Wanless said there was no evidence to suggest that files had been removed to cover up abuse.<ref name=BBCWanless>{{cite news |title='No cover-up found' in abuse review by Peter Wanless |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-30002908 |date=11 November 2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |work=BBC News |location=Manchester}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Allegations pursued by Labour MP ===<br />
{{Main|Elm Guest House hoax|Operation Midland}}<br />
In June 2014, Brittan was interviewed under caution by police in connection with the alleged rape of a 19-year-old student in his central London flat in 1967 before he became an MP. They had not pursued the allegation when it was first made because of insufficient evidence. The police reopened the investigation after [[Alison Saunders]], the [[Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)|Director of Public Prosecutions]], had been lobbied by Labour MP [[Tom Watson (Labour politician)|Tom Watson]] to investigate further.<ref>{{cite news |last=Merrill |first=Jamie |title=Exclusive: Lord Brittan questioned by police over rape allegation |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/exclusive-lord-brittan-questioned-by-police-over-rape-allegation-9587245.html |access-date=6 July 2014 |newspaper=The Independent on Sunday |location=London |date=6 July 2014}}</ref> In a statement on 7 July 2014, Brittan denied the claims.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brittan says historical rape claim 'wholly unfounded' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-28194481 |access-date=7 July 2014 |work=BBC News |date=7 July 2014}}</ref> At the time of his death, Brittan had not been told by the police that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for the alleged rape of the woman.<ref name="Hanning">{{cite news |last=Hanning |first=James |title= Lord Brittan police failed to tell dying peer he would not face prosecution despite legal advice |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/lord-brittan-police-failed-to-tell-dying-peer-he-would-not-face-prosecution-despite-legal-advice-10350596.html |access-date=28 June 2015 |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |date=28 June 2015}}</ref> The deputy assistant commissioner of the Met, Steve Rodhouse, wrote a letter of apology to the solicitors of Brittan's widow.<ref>{{cite news |last=Halliday |first=Josh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/oct/07/scotland-yard-apologises-to-lord-brittans-widow-over-claim |title=Scotland Yard apologises to Lord Brittan's widow over rape claim |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=7 October 2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2014, the Labour MP [[Jimmy Hood]] used [[parliamentary privilege]] to refer to claims that Brittan had been linked to child abuse.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dominiczak|first= Peter |date=26 October 2014|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/11194280/Labour-MP-is-condemned-for-linking-Leon-Brittan-to-child-abuse.html |title=Labour MP is condemned for linking Leon Brittan to child abuse|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|access-date=20 February 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite Hansard |date=28 October 2014 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmhansrd/cm141028/debtext/141028-0003.htm#141028103001800 |house=House of Commons |title=Coalfield Communities |column=255 |access-date= 19 November 2014}}</ref><br />
After Brittan died in January 2015, Watson accused him of "multiple child rape"; he said he had spoken to two people who claimed they were abused by Brittan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Millmo |first=Cahal |title=Leon Brittan sex abuse allegations: Two come forward to claim they were abused by former Home Secretary |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/leon-brittan-sex-abuse-allegations-two-come-forward-to-claim-they-were-abused-by-former-home-secretary-10001676.html |work=The Independent on Sunday |location=London |date=25 January 2015 |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> Convicted fraudster Chris Fay<ref name="fay">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11893906/VIP-child-abuse-ring-accuser-served-time-in-prison-for-fraud.html |title= 'VIP child abuse ring' accuser served time in prison for fraud |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location= London |first=Robert |last=Mendick |date=26 September 2015 |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> alleged that he had seen a photograph of Brittan with a child at [[Elm Guest House]] in mid-1982.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hanning |first=James |title=Lord Brittan: The accusations against the former Home Secretary that refused to die |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/lord-brittan-the-accusations-against-the-former-home-secretary-that-refused-to-die-10000618.html |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=The Independent on Sunday |location= London |date=25 January 2015}}</ref> In March 2015, it was reported that detectives from [[Operation Midland]], set up by the Metropolitan Police to investigate claims of child sex abuse, had visited and searched two homes in London and Yorkshire formerly owned by Brittan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=David |title=Police search home of Lord Bramall as part of paedophile sex abuse inquiry |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11457405/Police-search-home-of-Lord-Bramall-as-part-of-paedophile-sex-abuse-inquiry.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=8 March 2015 |access-date=20 February 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> One of Brittan's accusers subsequently told BBC's ''[[Panorama (British TV programme)|Panorama]]'' that he originally named Brittan as a joke and told the Metropolitan Police that two well-known campaigners may have led him into making false claims.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Halliday |first1=Josh |title=Panorama report: sex abuse claim against Leon Brittan 'began as joke' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/oct/06/sex-abuse-claim-against-leon-brittan-began-as-joke-bbc-report|access-date=30 July 2019|work=The Guardian|place=London|date=7 October 2015}}</ref> On 21 March 2016, the Metropolitan Police confirmed that Operation Midland had been closed without any charges being brought.<ref name=guardian210316>{{cite news |author1=Laville, Sandra |author2=Syal, Rajeev |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/21/last-living-suspect-harvey-proctor-vip-paedophile-ring-inquiry-will-face-no-charges |title= Operation Midland: inquiry into alleged VIP paedophile ring collapses |work=The Guardian |location= London |date=21 March 2016 |access-date= 22 March 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 1 September 2017, it was reported that the Metropolitan Police had paid substantial compensation to Brittan's widow for having raided the Brittans' home "after accepting that the searches had been unjustified and should never have taken place."<ref>{{cite news |first=Martin |last=Evans |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/01/met-police-pays-compensation-lord-bramall-lady-brittan-disastrous/ |title=Met Police pays compensation to Lord Bramall and Lady Brittan over disastrous Operation Midland investigation |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location= London |date= 1 September 2017 |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> Carl Beech, whose claims spurred Operation Midland, was convicted of [[perverting the course of justice]] in July 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/22/nick-trial-carl-beech-found-guilty-making-westminster-vip-paedophile/|title=Carl Beech aka Nick found guilty of making up Westminster VIP paedophile ring |last=Evans|first=Martin|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=22 July 2019|access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
Brittan was created a [[life peer]] by [[Elizabeth II|the Queen]] on the advice of Conservative Party leader [[William Hague]]. He took the title Baron Brittan of Spennithorne, of [[Spennithorne]] in the [[County of North Yorkshire]] on 9 February 2000.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He sat with the Conservative Party benches in the [[House of Lords]].<br />
<br />
===Commonwealth honours===<br />
{{Expand list|date=September 2021}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Country<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Date<br />
! style="width:55%;"| Appointment<br />
! style="width:5%;"| Post-nominal letters<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || '''1978{{spaced ndash}}21 January 2015''' || [[Queen's Counsel]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Leon Brittan European Commission Vice President |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/74781/1/BIO_-_EN_-_Brittan.pdf |website=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || QC<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || '''1981{{spaced ndash}}21 January 2015''' || [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council]] || PC<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || '''31 December 1988{{spaced ndash}}21 January 2015''' || [[Knight Bachelor]] || Kt<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || '''1 August 2001{{spaced ndash}}25 September 2014''' || [[Deputy lieutenant|Deputy Lieutenant]] of [[North Yorkshire]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Deputy Lieutenant Commissions Lieutenancy of the County of North Yorkshire |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/L-56292-245 |website=The London Gazette |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || DL<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Foreign honours===<br />
{{Expand list|date=September 2021}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Country<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Date<br />
! style="width:55%;"| Appointment<br />
! style="width:5%;"| Post-nominal letters<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|Estonia}} || || [[Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana]] (2nd Class) || <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Scholastic===<br />
{{Expand list|date=September 2021}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|+ Chancellor, visitor, governor, rector and fellowships<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Location<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Date<br />
! style="width:40%;"| School<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Position<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|England}} || '''1993{{ndash}}2005''' || [[Teesside University]] || [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|+ Honorary degrees<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Location<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Date<br />
! style="width:40%;"| School<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Degree<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Gave Commencement Address<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|England}} || '''1990''' || [[Newcastle University]] || [[Doctor of Civil Law]] (DCL)<ref>{{cite web |title=Newcastle University Honorary Graduates |url=https://www.ncl.ac.uk/media/wwwnclacuk/congregations/files/Hon%20Degrees%20Awarded%20with%20Themes%202018.pdf |website=Newcastle University |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|England}} || '''1990''' || [[University of Hull]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Leon Brittan European Commission Vice President |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/74781/1/BIO_-_EN_-_Brittan.pdf |website=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|Scotland}} || '''1991''' || [[University of Edinburgh]] || Doctorate<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Edinburgh Honorary Graduates Database |url=http://www.scripts.sasg.ed.ac.uk/registry/Graduations/Honorary_Graduates.cfm |website=University of Edinburgh |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|England}} || '''1992''' || [[University of Bradford]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Leon Brittan European Commission Vice President |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/74781/1/BIO_-_EN_-_Brittan.pdf |website=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|England}} || '''1992''' || [[Durham University|University of Durham]] || [[Doctor of Civil Law]] (DCL)<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Durham Honorary Degrees |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/university.calendar/volumei/honorary_degrees/ |website=University of Durham |access-date=3 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|England}} || '''1995''' || [[University of Bath]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary graduates, 1990 to 1999 |url=https://www.bath.ac.uk/corporate-information/honorary-graduates-1990-to-1999/ |website=University of Bath |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|England}} || || [[Teesside University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=Teesside University Honorary Graduates |url=https://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/alumni/hon_grads.cfm |website=Teesside University |access-date=3 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Memberships and fellowships===<br />
{{Expand list|date=September 2021}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Country<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Date<br />
! style="width:40%;"| Organisation<br />
! style="width:20%;"| Position<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || '''1960''' || [[Cambridge Union]] || [[List of presidents of the Cambridge Union|President]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || '''1983{{spaced ndash}}21 January 2015''' || [[Inner Temple]] || [[Bencher]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Leon Brittan European Commission Vice President |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/74781/1/BIO_-_EN_-_Brittan.pdf |website=University of Pittsburgh |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Arms==<br />
{{Infobox COA wide<br />
|image = Brittan of Spennithorne Achievement.png<br />
|escutcheon = Or two bars engrailed Vert between three curlews' heads erased in pale Gules.<br />
|crest = A Wensleydale sheep guardant Argent unguled Or and supporting with the dexter forefoot a quiver Vert banded Or the arrows Gules.<br />
|supporters = Dexter a lion guardant Argent gorged with a plain collar attached thereto a chain reflexed over the back Or, sinister a bull guardant Argent unguled armed and gorged with a plain collar attached thereto a chain reflexed over the back Or.<br />
|motto = Ne Umquam Desistas<ref>{{cite book|title=Debrett's Peerage |title-link=Debrett's |date=2008}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name=ODNB>{{cite ODNB<br />
| doi = 10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.109058<br />
| title = Brittan, Leon, Baron Brittan of Spennithorne (1939â2015), politician<br />
| first = Norman<br />
| last = Lamont<br />
| author-link = Norman Lamont<br />
| date = 10 January 2019<br />
}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* {{Hansard-contribs|mr-leon-brittan|Leon Brittan}}<br />
* {{NPG name}}<br />
* [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/minutes/000229/ldminute.htm Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords] (House of Lords minutes of proceedings, 29 February 2000)<br />
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[[Category:Chief Secretaries to the Treasury]]</div>72.218.62.58https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Terror_(Russia)&diff=1183964907White Terror (Russia)2023-11-07T15:16:13Z<p>72.218.62.58: Removed heavily biased and anti-semetic source</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Persecution by the White Army during the Russian Civil War}}<br />
[[File:Rastrel.jpg|thumb|Execution of the members of the [[Alexandrovo-Gaysky District]] regional [[Soviet (council)|Soviet]] by [[Cossacks]] under the command of Ataman [[Alexander Dutov]], 1918.]]<br />
The '''White Terror''' ({{lang-ru|ĐоНŃĐš ТоŃŃĐžŃ|Belyy Terror}}) in [[Russia]] refers to the violence and mass killings carried out by the [[White Army]] during the [[Russian Civil War]] (1917â23). It began after the [[Bolsheviks]] seized power in November 1917, and continued until the defeat of the White Army at the hands of the [[Red Army]]. The Red Terror started a year after the initial White Terror in early Septemebr 1918<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/red-terror-set-macabre-course-soviet-union |title=How the Red Terror set a macabre course for the Soviet Union |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=2 September 2020 |website=National Geographic |access-date=13 July 2021 |quote=The poet was just one of many victims of the Red Terror, a state-sponsored wave of violence that was decreed in Russia on September 5, 1918, and lasted until 1922.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Melgunov |1927|page=202}} in response to several, planned assassinations of Bolshevik leaders and the initial massacres of Red prisoners in [[Moscow]] and during the [[Finnish Civil War]].<ref name="Liebman">{{cite book |last1=Liebman |first1=Marcel |title=Leninism under Lenin |date=1975 |publisher=London : J. Cape |isbn=978-0-224-01072-6 |pages=313-314 |url=https://archive.org/details/leninismunderlen0000lieb_f2h6/page/313/mode/1up}}</ref> According to some Russian historians, the White Terror was a series of premeditated actions directed by their leaders.<ref name="cvetkovevoluciazakon"/><ref name="litvinkbterror"/><ref name="prav">{{cite web | url = http://atheistkrot.narod.ru/2.3/prav19.html | title = ТоŃŃĐžŃ ĐąĐľĐťĐžĐš Đ°ŃПии. ĐОдйОŃка дОкŃПонŃОв |trans-title=Terror of the White Army, a selection of documents | publisher = ĐĐĐŠĐХТĐĐ ĐТĐĐХТĐĐ (Atheist Society)}}</ref> although this is contested by most Russian historians who view it as spontaneous and disorganized.<ref name=RedTerror>{{cite book| author = | chapter = ĐŃодиŃНОвио| chapter-url = http://krotov.info/history/20/1910/felst_00.htm| url = http://krotov.info/history/20/1910/felst_00.htm | title = ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ Đ˛ ĐłĐžĐ´Ń ĐłŃаМданŃкОК вОКнŃ. ĐĐž ПаŃĐľŃиаНаП ĐŃОйОК ŃНодŃŃвоннОК кОПиŃŃии пО ŃĐ°ŃŃĐťĐľĐ´ĐžĐ˛Đ°Đ˝Đ¸Ń ĐˇĐťĐžĐ´ĐľŃниК йОНŃŃовикОв | orig-year = | agency = ĐОд Ńод. дОкŃĐžŃОв иŃŃĐžŃиŃĐľŃĐşĐ¸Ń Đ˝Đ°ŃĐş [[ФоНŃŃŃинŃкиК, ĐŽŃиК ĐоОŃгиовиŃ|ĐŽ. Đ. ФоНŃŃŃинŃкОгО]] и [[ЧоŃĐ˝ŃвŃкиК, ĐоОŃгиК ĐĐžŃиŃОвиŃ|Đ. Đ. ЧоŃĐ˝ŃвŃкОгО]] | edition = |location= Đ. |date = 2004 |publisher= ТĐĐ Đ Đ-ĐниМнŃĐš кНŃĐą |at= |volume= | pages = | page = | series = | isbn = 5-275-00971-2}}</ref><ref name="ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ ĐłĐťĐ°ĐˇĐ°ĐźĐ¸ ĐžŃовидŃов">{{cite book| author = | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ ĐłĐťĐ°ĐˇĐ°ĐźĐ¸ ĐžŃовидŃов | orig-year = | agency = ĐĄĐžŃŃавН., ĐżŃодиŃĐť. и кОППонŃ. [[ĐОкŃĐžŃ Đ˝Đ°ŃĐş|Đ´. и. Đ˝.]] [[ĐОНкОв, ĐĄĐľŃгоК ĐНадиПиŃОвиŃ|ĐĄ. Đ. ĐОНкОва]] | edition = {{nowrap|3000 ŃкС}} |location= Đ. |date = 2009 |publisher= ĐĐšŃиŃ-ĐżŃĐľŃŃ |volume= | pages = 5â21| series = ĐĐľĐťĐ°Ń Đ ĐžŃŃĐ¸Ń | isbn = 978-5-8112-3530-8}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceD">''ĐиПина&nbsp;Đ.&nbsp;Đ.'' ĐоНОо доНО вСйŃĐ˝ŃОвавŃоКŃŃ Đ ĐžŃŃии: ĐОНиŃиŃĐľŃкио ŃĐľĐśĐ¸ĐźŃ ĐŃаМданŃкОК вОКнŃ. 1917â1920&nbsp;гг.&nbsp;â Đ.: Đ ĐžŃ. ĐłŃПаниŃ. ŃĐ˝-Ń, 2006.&nbsp;â ĐĄ. 38.&nbsp;â 467 Ń.&nbsp;â (ĐŃŃĐžŃĐ¸Ń Đ¸ паПŃŃŃ).&nbsp;â ISBN 5-7281-0806-7.</ref> Estimates for those killed in the White Terror vary between 20,000 and 100,000 people.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Rinke|first1=Stefan|last2= Wildt|first2=Michael|date=2017 |title=Revolutions and Counter-Revolutions: 1917 and Its Aftermath from a Global Perspective|publisher=Campus Verlag|page=58 |isbn=978-3593507057}}</ref><br />
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According to historian [[Ronald Suny]], total estimates for the White terror are difficult to ascertain due to the role of multiple administrations and violence perpetrated by undisciplined, independent [[White movement|anti-Bolshevik]] forces. However, Suny did highlight the higher proportion of [[anti-semitic]] attacks by the White military forces such as the bands allied with [[Simon Petlura]] which accounted for 40% of the anti-Jewish atrocities during the Russian Civil War.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suny |first1=Ronald |title=Red Flag Unfurled: History, Historians, and the Russian Revolution |date=14 November 2017 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78478-566-6 |pages=1â320 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm7nDwAAQBAJ&dq=Red+terror+consensus&pg=PT319 |language=en}}</ref> Suny stated that the casualties of the White Terror would have exceeded the Red terror with the inclusion of [[anti-Soviet]] violence and Jewish [[pogroms]] into the death toll.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suny |first1=Ronald |title=Red Flag Unfurled: History, Historians, and the Russian Revolution |date=14 November 2017 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78478-566-6 |pages=1â320 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm7nDwAAQBAJ&dq=Red+terror+consensus&pg=PT319 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Comparison with the Red Terror ==<br />
A number of historians<ref name=RedTerror/><ref name="ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ ĐłĐťĐ°ĐˇĐ°ĐźĐ¸ ĐžŃовидŃов"/> believe that, unlike the [[Red Terror]] proclaimed by the Bolsheviks as a means of establishing their political dominance, the term 'White Terror' had neither legislative nor propaganda approval in the [[White movement]] during the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]]. Historians admit that the White armies were not alien to the cruelty inherent in the war, however, they believe that the "black pages" of the White armies differed fundamentally from the policy of the [[Bolsheviks]]:<br />
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*The Whites did not create organizations similar to the Bolshevik emergency commissions ([[Cheka]]) and [[Revolutionary tribunal (Russia)|revolutionary tribunals]];<br />
*The leaders of the White movement never called for mass terror, for executions on social grounds, for the taking and execution of hostages if the enemies did not comply with certain requirements;<br />
* The members of the White movement saw neither ideological nor practical necessity in carrying out mass terror. They were convinced that the purpose of the Whites' military actions was not a war against some broad masses or social classes, but a war with a [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|small party]] that had [[October Revolution|seized power]] in [[Russian Republic|Russia]] and used the socio-economic and political situation, as well as market conditions, in their own interests to achieve the goal, as well as manipulating the changes in the moods of the lower classes of Russian society.<ref name=RedTerror /><br />
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A number of researchers believe that the peculiarity of the White Terror was its disorganized, spontaneous nature, and that it was not elevated to the rank of state policy, did not act as a means of intimidating the population and did not serve as a means of destroying social classes or ethnic groups ([[Cossacks]], [[Kalmyks]]), something the Bolsheviks did.<ref name="ReferenceD"/><br />
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At the same time, a number of Russian historians point out that the orders issued by high officials of the White movement, as well as the legislative acts of the White governments, testify to the sanctioning by the military and political authorities of repressive actions and acts of terror against the Bolsheviks and the population supporting them, and their role in intimidating the population of controlled territories.<ref name="cvetkovevoluciazakon">''[[ЌвоŃкОв, ĐĐ°ŃиНиК ĐанОвиŃ|ЌвоŃкОв Đ. Đ.]]'' ĐоНŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ&nbsp;â ĐżŃĐľŃŃŃпНонио иНи накаСанио? ĐвОНŃŃĐ¸Ń ŃŃдойнО-ĐżŃавОвŃŃ Đ˝ĐžŃĐź ĐžŃвоŃŃŃвоннОŃŃи Са гОŃŃĐ´Đ°ŃŃŃвоннŃĐľ ĐżŃĐľŃŃŃĐżĐťĐľĐ˝Đ¸Ń Đ˛ СакОнОдаŃоНŃŃŃво йоНŃŃ ĐżŃавиŃоНŃŃŃв в 1917â1922&nbsp;гг.</ref><ref name="litvinkbterror">''ĐиŃвин Đ.'' ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš и йоНŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ Đ˛ Đ ĐžŃŃии 1918â1922&nbsp;гг.&nbsp;â Đ.: ĐĐşŃПО, 2004.&nbsp;â 448 Ń.&nbsp;â (ХОв. ŃокŃĐľŃнО).&nbsp;â ISBN 5-87849-164-8.</ref><ref name="prav"/><br />
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Doctor of Historical Sciences G. A. Trukan notes that Soviet authors focused mainly on the White Terror, many modern authors who sympathize with the White movement act the other way around. However, according to Trukan, in the territories occupied by the Whites, there were no less atrocities and outrages than in Bolshevik-controlled territory.<ref>ĐĐľŃŃ ĐžĐ˛Đ˝ŃĐš ĐżŃавиŃĐľĐťŃ Đ ĐžŃŃии: ĐОкŃПонŃŃ Đ¸ ПаŃĐľŃĐ¸Đ°ĐťŃ ŃНодŃŃвоннОгО доНа адПиŃаНа Đ.&nbsp;Đ.&nbsp;ĐОНŃака. ĐŃодиŃНОвио Đ.&nbsp;Đ.&nbsp;ТŃŃкана. ĐĐ Đ Đ ĐĐ, Đ. 2003. 722 Ń.</ref><br />
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== Southern and Western Russia ==<br />
[[File:ĐĐ°Ń ĐźŃŃ 1919 ŃŃНа в'ŃСнŃв.jpg|thumb|Bodies of prisoners in Bakhmut poisoned by Denikin's troops, 1919]]<br />
[[File:Fasov 1919 pogrom.jpg|thumb|After a pogrom in Fasov (Ukraine), 1919]]<br />
The [[Whitaker Report (United Nations)|Whitaker Report of the United Nations]] cited the massacre of 100,000 to 250,000 Jews in more than 2,000 [[pogrom]]s which occurred during the White Terror in Russia as an act of [[genocide]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, 1985, paragraphs 14 to 24 pages 5 to 10Âť . |url=http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker/section5.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150627/http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker/section5.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-06-13 |website=preventgenocideinternational}}</ref> Once source estimated 100,000 to 150,000 Jews in Ukraine and southern Russia were killed in [[pogrom]]s perpetrated by Denikin's forces as well as [[Symon Petliura]]'s [[Ukrainian State|Ukrainian nationalists]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6RAAAAAYAAJ&q=100,000+jews+denikin++Petlyura+Florinsky |title=Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union |first=Michael T. |last=Florinsky |page=258 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1961 |access-date=2009-07-22}}</ref> Hundreds of thousands of Jews were left homeless and tens of thousands became victims of serious illness.<ref>Mayer, page [https://books.google.com/books?id=B0jHwhsSNfQC&dq=Arno+Mayer+Jews+Denikin&pg=PA520 unknown]</ref> Modern estimates of Jewish deaths during the [[Russian Civil War]] have been lower, between 1918 and 1921, a total of 1,236 pogroms were committed against Jews in 524 towns in [[Ukraine]]. Estimates of the number of Jews who were killed in these pogroms range from 30,000 to 60,000.<ref>"History and Culture of Jews in Ukraine ("ÂŤĐĐ°ŃиŃи С ŃŃŃĐžŃŃŃ ŃĐ° ĐşŃĐťŃŃŃŃи ŃвŃĐľŃв ĐŁĐşŃĐ°Ńни)ÂŤĐŃŃ Ń ĐťŃŃĐľŃĐ°Âť publ., Kyiv, 2008, Ń. 128 â 135</ref><ref>D. Vital. ''Zionism: the crucial phase''. Oxford University Press. 1987. p. 359</ref> Of the recorded 1,236 pogroms and excesses, 493 of them were carried out by [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] soldiers who were under the command of [[Symon Petliura]], 307 of them were carried out by independent Ukrainian warlords, 213 of them were carried out by [[Denikin]]'s army, 106 of them were carried out by the [[Red Army]] and 32 of them were carried out by the [[Polish Army]].<ref>R. Pipes. ''A Concise History of the Russian Revolution''. Vintage Books. 1996. p. 262.</ref> After [[Lavr Kornilov]] was killed in April 1918, the leadership of the [[Volunteer Army]] passed to [[Anton Denikin]]. During the Denikin regime, the [[News media|press]] regularly urged violence against Jews. For example, a proclamation by one of Denikin's generals incited people to "arm themselves" in order to extirpate "the evil force which lives in the hearts of [[Jewish Bolshevism|Jew-communists]]." In the small town of Fastov alone, Denikin's Volunteer Army murdered over 1,500 Jews, mostly the elderly, women, and children.<br />
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In the Don Province, the Soviet government was pushed out by a Cossack regime headed by [[Pyotr Krasnov]]. Approximately 25,000 to 40,000 people were executed by Krasnov's White Cossacks, which lasted until the Red Army conquered the region following [[Battle for Tsaritsyn|their victory at Tsaritsyn]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Manaev |first1=Georgy |last2=RBTH |date=2014-03-29 |title=Between a rock and a hard place: The Cossacks' century of struggle |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/03/29/between_a_rock_and_a_hard_place_the_cossacks_century_of_struggle_35465.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Russia Beyond |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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In 1918 when the Whites controlled the Northern Territory with a population of about 400,000 people, more than 38,000 were sent to prisons. Of those, about 8,000 were executed while thousands more died from torture and disease.<ref>Litvin, p. 154</ref><br />
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== Eastern Russia ==<br />
In November 1918, after seizing power in [[Siberia]], [[Alexander Kolchak|Admiral Alexander Kolchak]] pursued a policy of persecuting revolutionaries as well as socialists of several factions. Kolchak's government issued a broadly worded decree on December 3, 1918, revising articles of the criminal code of [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]] "in order to preserve the system and rule of the Supreme Ruler". Articles 99 and 100 established capital punishment for assassination attempts on the Supreme Ruler and for attempting to overthrow the authorities. Under Article 103, "insults written, printed, and oral, are punishable by imprisonment". Bureaucratic sabotage under Article 329 was punishable by hard labor for 15 to 20 years.<ref name="cvetkovevoluciazakon"/> Additional decrees followed, adding more power. On 11 April 1919, the Kolchak government adopted Regulation 428, "About the dangers of public order due to ties with the Bolshevik Revolt", which was published in the Omsk newspaper ''Omsk Gazette'' (no. 188 of July 1919). It provided a term of 5 years of prison for "individuals considered a threat to the public order because of their ties in any way with the Bolshevik revolt". In the case of an unauthorized return from exile, there could be hard labor for 4 to 8 years. Articles 99â101 allowed the death penalty, forced labor and imprisonment, and repression by military courts, and they also imposed no investigation commissions.<ref name="cvetkovevoluciazakon"/><br />
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An excerpt from the order of the government of Yenisei county in the [[Irkutsk Governorate]], General. [[Sergey Rozanov (1869)|Sergey Rozanov]] said:<br />
<blockquote>Those villages whose population meets troops with arms, burn down the villages and shoot the adult males without exception. If hostages are taken in cases of resistance to government troops, shoot the hostages without mercy.<ref name="cvetkovevoluciazakon"/></blockquote><br />
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A member of the Central Committee of the right-wing Socialist Revolutionaries, D. Rakov wrote about the terror of Kolchak's forces: <br />
<blockquote>Omsk just froze in horror. At a time when the wives of dead comrades, day and night looked in the snow for bodies, I was unaware of the horror behind the walls of the guardhouse. At least 2500 people were killed. Entire carts of bodies were carried to a city, like winter lamb and pork carcasses. Those who suffered were mainly soldiers of the garrison and the workers.<ref>Litvin, p. 160</ref></blockquote><br />
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In the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East, extraordinary cruelty was practiced by several Cossack warlords: [[Boris Annenkov|B. Annenkov]], [[Alexander Dutov|A. Dutov]], [[Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov|G. Semyonov]], and [[Ivan Kalmykov|I. Kalmykov]]. During the trial against Annenkov, there was testimony about the robbing peasants and atrocities under the slogan: âWe have no restrictions! God is with us and Ataman Annenkov: slash right and left!â.<ref>Litvin, p. 174</ref> In September 1918, during the suppression of peasant uprisings in Slavgorod county, Annenkov tortured and killed up to 500 people. The village of Black Dole was burned down, after which peasants were tortured and shot, including the wives and children of the peasants. Girls of [[Slavgorod]] and surrounding areas were brought to Annenkov's train, raped, and then shot. According to an eyewitness, Annenkov behaved with brutal torture: victims had their eyes gouged and tongues and strips of their back cut off, were buried alive, or tied to horses. In [[Semipalatinsk]], Annenkov threatened to shoot every fifth resident if the city refused to pay indemnities.<ref name="ReferenceA">Litvin, p. 175</ref><br />
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On May 9, 1918, after Ataman Dutov captured [[Alexandrov Gay]] village, nearly 2,000 men of the Red Army were buried alive. More than 700 people from the village were executed. After capturing [[Troitsk]], [[Orenburg]], and other cities, a regime of terror was installed over 6,000 people, of whom 500 were killed just during interrogations. In [[Chelyabinsk]], Dutov's men executed or deported to Siberian prisons over 9,000 people. In Troitsk, Dutov's men in the first weeks after the capture of the city shot about 700 people. In Ileka they killed over 400. These mass executions were typical of Dutov's Cossack troops.<ref name="ReferenceB">Ratkovsky, p. 105</ref> Dutov's executive order of August 4, 1918 imposed the death penalty for evasion of military service and for even passive resistance to authorities on its territory.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In one district of the Ural region in January 1918, Dutov's men killed over 1,000 people.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> On April 3, 1919, the Cossack warlord ordered his troops to shoot and take hostages for the slightest display of opposition. In the village of Sugar, Dutov's men burned down a hospital with hundreds of Red Army patients.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><br />
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The Semenov regime in [[Transbaikalia]] was characterized by mass terror and executions. More than 1,600 people were shot. Semenov himself admitted in court that his troops burned villages. Eleven permanent death houses were set up, where refined forms of torture were practiced.<ref>{{GSEn|101137|ХоПŃнОвŃина}}</ref> Semyonov personally supervised the torture chambers, during which some 6,500 people were murdered.<ref name="ReferenceC">Litvin, p. 176</ref><br />
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Major General [[William S. Graves]], who commanded [[Siberian intervention|North-American occupation forces in Siberia]], testified that:<br />
<blockquote>[[Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov|Semeonoff]] and [[Ivan Kalmykov|Kalmikoff]] soldiers, under the protection of Japanese troops, were roaming the country like wild animals, killing and robbing the people, and these murders could have been stopped any day Japan wished. If questions were asked about these brutal murders, the reply was that the people murdered were Bolsheviks and this explanation, apparently, satisfied the world. Conditions were represented as being horrible in Eastern Siberia, and that life was the cheapest thing there. There were horrible murders committed, but they were not committed by the Bolsheviks as the world believes. I am well on the side of safety when I say that the anti-Bolsheviks killed one hundred people in Eastern Siberia, to every one killed by the Bolsheviks.<ref>William S. Graves. ''America's Siberian Adventure, 1918â1920''. Arno Press. 1971. p. 108</ref></blockquote><br />
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== In literature ==<br />
Many Soviet authors wrote about the heroism of the Russian people in combating the White Terror. Novels include Furmanov's [[Vasily Chapayev|''Chapaev'']], [[Alexander Serafimovich|Serafimovich]]'s ''The Iron Flood'', and [[Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeyev|Fadeyev]]'s ''The Rout''. Many of the early short stories and novels of [[Mikhail Sholokhov|Sholokhov]], [[Leonid Leonov|Leonov]], and [[Konstantin Fedin|Fedin]] were devoted to this theme.<ref>R. N. Chakravarti & A. K. Basu. ''Soviet Union: Land and People''. Northern Book Centre. 1987. p. 83</ref><br />
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[[Nikolai Ostrovsky]]'s autobiographical novel<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ostrovskiy-memory.info/muzey_moskva | title = ĐŃСоК ĐĐ¸ĐşĐžĐťĐ°Ń ĐŃŃŃОвŃкОгО Đł. ĐĐžŃква | trans-title = Nikolai Ostrovsky Museum, Moscow | access-date = 2012-11-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170716171511/http://www.ostrovskiy-memory.info/muzey_moskva | archive-date = 2017-07-16 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ''[[How the Steel Was Tempered|How the Steel was Tempered]]'' documents episodes of the White Terror in western Ukraine by anti-Soviet units.<br />
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== Memorials to victims of the White Terror ==<br />
[[File:Mass grave of the Red Army, the underground movement and the partisans, 1918-1920..jpg|thumb|right|The remains of 100 victims of the White Terror are buried on a square in [[Simferopol]].]]<br />
During the Soviet period, a significant number of monuments were dedicated to victims of the White Terror. Most monuments were constructed in Russia, mainly as memorials or in visible places of towns and cities.<ref name="monument.volgadmin.ru">{{cite web | url = http://monument.volgadmin.ru/start.asp?np=3-11 | title = ĐĐ°ĐźŃŃники и Đ´ĐžŃŃОпŃиПоŃĐ°ŃоНŃнОŃŃи ĐОНгОгŃĐ°Đ´Đ° |trans-title=Monuments and Landmarks of Volgograd | publisher = ĐĐĐŁ "ĐĐžŃОдŃкОК инŃĐžŃПаŃиОннŃĐš ŃонŃŃ" (MBU "City Information Center")}}</ref><br />
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Since 1920, the central square in [[Volgograd|Tsaritsyn]] has been called the "Square of Fallen Fighters", where the remains of 55 victims of the White Terror are buried. A monument established in 1957 in black and red granite has an inscription: "To the freedom fighters of [[Battle for Tsaritsyn|Red Tsaritsyn]]. Buried here are the heroic defenders of Red Tsaritsyn brutally tortured by White Guard butchers in 1919."<ref name="monument.volgadmin.ru"/><br />
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A monument to victims of the White Terror stands in [[Vyborg]]. It was erected in 1961 near the Leningrad Highway to commemorate 600 people shot by [[machine gun]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vyborgcity.ru/text/text_24.htm | title = ĐĄĐşŃĐťŃĐżŃŃŃĐ° ĐŃйОŃга |trans-title=Sculpture of Vyborg | work = ĐŃйОŃга (Vyborg)}}</ref><br />
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The "In Memory of Victims of the White Terror" monument in [[Voronezh]] is located in a park near the regional Nikitinskaia libraries. The monument was unveiled in 1920 on the site of public executions in 1919 by the troops of Mamantov.<br />
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In [[Sevastopol]] on the 15th Bastion Street, there is a "Communard Cemetery and victims of White terror". The cemetery is named in honor of the members of the Communist underground killed by the Whites in 1919â20.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sevmonument.ru/readarticle.php?article_id=142 | title = ĐНадйиŃĐľ ĐОППŃнаŃОв |trans-title=Cemetery of Communards (5th St. Bastion) | work = ĐĐ°ĐźŃŃники ХоваŃŃĐžĐżĐžĐťŃ (The Monuments of Sevastopol)}}</ref><br />
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In the city of [[Slavgorod]] in [[Altai Krai]], there is a monument for participants of the Chernodolsky Uprising and their families who fell victim to the White terror of Ataman Annekov.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://slavgorod.ru/old/news/news.php?id=1248 | title = ĐĐ°ĐźŃŃник йОŃŃĐ°Đź ŃовОНŃŃии, ŃŃавŃиП МоŃŃваПи йоНОгО ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃĐ°, Đ˝ŃМдаоŃŃŃ Đ˛ ŃĐľŃŃŃСнОК ŃокОнŃŃŃŃĐşŃии | trans-title = The monument to the fighters of the revolution victims of the White Terror, in need of serious renovation | first = Svetlana | last = Cherniavsky | date = 2006-09-19 | newspaper = ХНавгОŃОдŃкио воŃŃи (Slavgorodskaya Leader) | access-date = 2013-10-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306190125/http://slavgorod.ru/old/news/news.php?id=1248 | archive-date = 2016-03-06 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Antisemitism in Ukraine]]<br />
* [[Pogroms during the Russian Civil War]]<br />
* [[Lenin's Hanging Order]]<br />
* [[Red Terror]]<br />
* [[Russian famine of 1921â22]]<br />
* [[Russian Fascist Party]]<br />
* [[Terrorism and the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[White Terror (disambiguation)]]<br />
* [[White Terror (Finland)]]<br />
* [[White Terror (Greece)]]<br />
* [[White Terror (Hungary)]]<br />
* [[White Terror (Spain)]]<br />
* [[White Terror (Taiwan)]]<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Soviet Union}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
* Bisher, Jamie. ''White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian'' (Routledge, 2006)<ref name="Bisher2006">{{cite book|author=Jamie Bisher|title=White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28iPAgAAQBAJ&q=stalin+furious+buryat+ungern|date=16 January 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76596-5}}</ref><ref name="Bisher2005">{{cite book|author=Jamie Bisher|title=White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8sdihXN47wC&q=stalin+anger+buryat+ungern|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7146-5690-8}}</ref><br />
* Bortnevski, Viktor G. "White Administration and White Terror (The Denikin Period)." ''Russian Review'' (1993): 354â366. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/130735 in JSTOR]<br />
* Holquist, Peter. "Violent Russia, Deadly Marxism? Russia in the Epoch of Violence, 1905-21." ''Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History'' (2003) 4#3 pp: 627â652. [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/kritika/v004/4.3holquist.html online]<br />
* Lincoln, W. Bruce. ''Red victory: A history of the Russian Civil War'' (Da Capo Press, 1989)<br />
* Mawdsley, Evan. ''The Russian Civil War'' (Pegasus Books, 2007)<br />
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0jHwhsSNfQC |first=Arno J. |last = Mayer | title = The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions |publisher=Princeton University Press |location = Princeton, New Jersey |year= 2002 | isbn = 0-691-09015-7 }}<br />
* Novikova, Liudmila G. "Russia's Red Revolutionary and White Terror, 1917â1921: A Provincial Perspective." ''Europe-Asia Studies'' (2013) 65#9 pp: 1755â1770.<br />
* Sanborn, Joshua. "The genesis of Russian warlordism: Violence and governance during the First World War and the Civil War." ''Contemporary European History'' (2010) 19#3 pp: 195â213.<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Werth |first1=Nicolas |last2=Bartosek |first2=Karel |last3=Panne |first3=Jean-Louis |last4=Margolin |first4=Jean-Louis |last5=Paczkowski |first5=Andrzej |last6=Courtois |first6=Stephane |year=1999 |title=[[The Black Book of Communism|Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression]] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-07608-7 }}<br />
<br />
===In Russian===<br />
* Đ. ĐиŃвин. ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš и йоНŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ 1918â1922. â Đ.: ĐĐşŃПО, 2004 [revised second edition; first edition published 1995][A. Litvin. ''Red and White Terror of 1918-1922''. Eksmo, 2004] {{in lang|ru}}<br />
* Đ´. и. Đ˝. ЌвоŃкОв Đ. Đ. ĐоНŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ â ĐżŃĐľŃŃŃпНонио иНи накаСанио? ĐвОНŃŃĐ¸Ń ŃŃдойнО-ĐżŃавОвŃŃ Đ˝ĐžŃĐź ĐžŃвоŃŃŃвоннОŃŃи Са гОŃŃĐ´Đ°ŃŃŃвоннŃĐľ ĐżŃĐľŃŃŃĐżĐťĐľĐ˝Đ¸Ń Đ˛ СакОнОдаŃоНŃŃŃво йоНŃŃ ĐżŃавиŃоНŃŃŃв в 1917â1922 гг. [Tsvetkov, J. ''White Terror - Crime or Punishment? The evolution of judicial and legal norms of responsibility for crimes against the state in the legislation the White governments in 1917-1922.''] {{in lang|ru}}<br />
* Đ. ĐĄ. Đ Đ°ŃŃкОвŃкиК. [http://www.pseudology.org/Abel/PetroVchk1918_RedTerror.pdf ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ Đ¸ Đ´ĐľŃŃоНŃнОŃŃŃ ĐЧРв 1918 гОдŃ]. ĐĄĐĐą.: ĐСд-вО ĐĄ.-ĐĐľŃĐľŃĐą. ŃĐ˝-ŃĐ°, 2006. [Ratkovsky, IS. ''The Red Terror and the Activities of The Cheka in 1918.'' Izd-vo c.Peterb. un-ta, 2006. {{ISBN|5-288-03903-8}}.] {{in lang|ru}}<br />
* Đ. Đ. ĐОНŃĐą. ĐоНŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ Đ˛ Đ ĐžŃŃии (1918â1920 гг.). Đ.: ĐĐ°ŃŃиОŃ, 2006. 479 Ń. {{ISBN|5-7030-0951-0}}. [Golub, P. ''White Terror in Russia (1918â1920 years)''. Moscow: Patriot, 2006. {{ISBN|5-7030-0951-0}}.5-7030-0951-0.] {{in lang|ru}}<br />
* ĐиПина Đ. Đ. ĐоНОо доНО вСйŃĐ˝ŃОвавŃоКŃŃ Đ ĐžŃŃии: ĐОНиŃиŃĐľŃкио ŃĐľĐśĐ¸ĐźŃ ĐŃаМданŃкОК вОКнŃ. 1917â1920 гг. Đ.: Đ ĐžŃ. ĐłŃПаниŃ. ŃĐ˝-Ń, 2006. 467 Ń (ĐĄĐľŃ. ĐŃŃĐžŃĐ¸Ń Đ¸ паПŃŃŃ) [Zimin, VD. ''Whites in Russia: Political regimes of the Civil War. 1917-1920''. Humanitarian. Univ, 2006. {{ISBN|5-7281-0806-7}}] {{in lang|ru}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{citation |title=White Administration and White Terror (The Denikin Period)<br />
|last=Viktor G. Bortnevski |work=Russian Review |volume=52 |number=3 |date=July 1993 |pages=354â366}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Political repression in Russia]]<br />
[[Category:War crimes in Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Political and cultural purges]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-communist terrorism]]<br />
[[Category:White Terror]]<br />
[[Category:White movement]]<br />
[[Category:Mass murder in 1918]]<br />
[[Category:Mass murder in 1919]]<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Antisemitism in Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Persecution by Christians]]</div>72.218.62.58https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1804_Haitian_massacre&diff=11671152841804 Haitian massacre2023-07-25T20:06:27Z<p>72.218.62.58: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Massacre of the White French people in Haiti by Black Haitians following the Haitian Revolution}}<br />
{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| title = Massacre of the French<br />
| partof = the aftermath of the [[Haitian Revolution]]<br />
| image = Manuel Lopez Lopez - Fue muerta y destroiada nel campo esta infelir p. haver resistido alos deseos brutales de los negros y el niĂąo pererio de hambre asulado buscando el becho yerto desu madre.jpg<br />
| caption = Engraving depicting a killing during the massacre<br />
| location = [[First Empire of Haiti]]<br />
| date = {{Nowrap|{{Start date|1804|02}} &ndash; {{Start date and age|1804|04|22|df=yes}}}}<br />
| fatalities = 3,000â5,000<br />
| target = [[Demographics of Europe|European people]] (predominantly [[French people]]), [[Mulatto Haitians|mulattoes]]<br />
| type = [[Massacre]], [[genocide]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
| perpetrators = Army of [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]]<br />
| motive =[[Class conflict]]<br>[[Revenge]] for slavery<ref name=":0" /><br />
}}<br />
The '''Massacre of the French''' also known as the '''1804 Haitian massacre'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Girard |first=Philippe R. |date=2005 |title=Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802â4 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220500106196 |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=138â161 |doi=10.1080/00313220500106196 |s2cid=145204936 |issn=0031-322X |quote=The Haitian genocide and its historical counterparts [...] The 1804 Haitian genocide}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Moses |first1=Dirk A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTfdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |title=Colonialism and Genocide |last2=Stone |first2=Dan |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-99753-5 |pages=63 |language=en}}</ref> or simply the '''Haitian Genocide'''<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Forde |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YfgEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |title=The Early Haitian State and the Question of Political Legitimacy: American and British Representations of Haiti, 1804â1824 |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-52608-5 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref> was carried out by [[Afro-Haitians|Afro-Haitian]] soldiers, mostly former [[Slavery in Haiti|slaves]], under orders from [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] against the remaining [[White Haitians|European population in Haiti]], which mainly included [[French people|French]] and [[mulatto]]es.<ref name="World's Great Men of Color, Volume II - J.A. Rogers - Google Books">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=J. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTiEe2g56d4C |title=World's Great Men of Color, Volume II |date=2010-07-06 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-0307-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Orizio |first=Riccardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbicFX_JGjAC |title=Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe |date=2001 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-1197-0 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Haitian Revolution]] defeated the French army in November 1803 and the [[Haitian Declaration of Independence]] happened on 1 January 1804.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sutherland |first=Claudia |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/haitian-revolution-1791-1804/ |title=Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) |date=16 July 2007 |website=Blackpast.org |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> From February 1804{{sfnp|Girard|2011|pp=319â322}} until 22 April 1804, squads of soldiers moved from house to house throughout Haiti, torturing and killing entire families.<ref name="Danner p107">{{cite book |last=Danner |first=Mark |title=Stripping Bare the Body: Politics, Violence, War |date=2009 |publisher=Nation Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-5685-8413-3 |page=107}}</ref> Between 3,000 and 5,000 people were killed.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|pp=319â322}} <br />
<br />
The massacre excluded surviving [[Polish Haitians|Polish Legionnaires]], who had defected from the French legion to become allied with the enslaved Africans, as well as the [[German Haitians|Germans]] who did not take part of the slave trade. They were instead granted full citizenship under the constitution and classified them as ''Noir'', the new ruling ethnicity. <ref name="autogenerated1">Girard, Philippe R. (2011). ''The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801â1804''. [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]]: [[University of Alabama Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8173-1732-4}}{{page needed|date = May 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nicholas Robins, [[Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)|Adam Jones]], and [[A. Dirk Moses|Dirk Moses]] theorize that the executions were a "genocide of the [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]]", in which an oppressed group uses [[Genocide|genocidal]] means to destroy its oppressors.{{r|Robins & Jones}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Klävers |first=Steffen |url= |title=Decolonizing Auschwitz?: Komparativ-postkoloniale Ansätze in der Holocaustforschung |date=2019 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-060041-4 |pages=110 |language=de}}</ref> Philippe Girard has suggested the threat of [[Haitian Revolution#Rebellion against reimposition of slavery|reinvasion and reinstatement of slavery]] as some of the reasons for the massacre.{{sfnp|Girard|2005a|pp=}}<br />
<br />
Throughout the early-to-mid nineteenth century, the events of the massacre were well known in the United States. Additionally, many [[Saint Dominicans|Saint Dominican]] refugees moved from Saint-Domingue to the U.S., settling in [[New Orleans]], [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Baltimore]], and other coastal cities. These events spurred fears of potential uprisings in the [[Southern United States|Southern U.S.]] and they also polarized public opinion on the question of the abolition of slavery.<ref name="Julius 2004">{{cite book |last1=Julius |first1=Kevin C. |title=The abolitionist decade, 1829-1838 : a year-by-year history of early events in the antislavery movement |date=2004 |publisher=McFarland & Co |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=0-7864-1946-6}}{{Page needed|date=June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Marcotte p171">{{cite book |last1=Marcotte |first1=Frank B. |title=Six days in April : Lincoln and the Union in peril |date=2005 |publisher=Algora Publishing |location=New York |isbn=0-8758-6313-2 |page=171}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
===Slavery===<br />
{{Further|Slavery in Haiti}}<br />
<br />
[[Henri Christophe]]'s personal secretary,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.travelinghaiti.com/christophes-kingdom-petions-republic/ |title=Christophe's Kingdom and PĂŠtion's Republic |website=Travelinghaiti.com |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=2010-01-14 |title=Haiti: a long descent to hell |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/14/haiti-history-earthquake-disaster |access-date=2023-07-08 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> who was a slave for much of his life, attempted to explain the incident by referencing the cruel treatment of black slaves by white slaveholders in [[Saint-Domingue]]:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>Have they not [[Hanging|hung up]] men with heads downward, [[Drowning|drowned]] them in sacks, [[Crucifixion|crucified]] them on planks, [[Premature burial|buried them alive]], [[Crushing (execution)|crushed]] them in mortars? Have they not forced them to [[Coprophagia|consume faeces]]? And, having [[Flaying|flayed]] them with the lash, have they not cast them alive to be devoured by worms, or onto anthills, or lashed them to stakes in the swamp to be devoured by mosquitoes? Have they not [[Death by boiling|thrown them into boiling cauldrons]] of [[Sugarcane|cane syrup]]? Have they not put men and women inside barrels studded with spikes and rolled them down mountainsides into the abyss? Have they not consigned these miserable blacks to man eating-dogs until the latter, sated by human flesh, left the mangled victims to be finished off with [[bayonet]] and [[poniard]]?<ref>{{cite book |title=Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People, 1492â1995 |last1=Heinl |first1=Michael |last2=Heinl |first2=Robert Debs |last3=Heinl |first3=Nancy Gordon |year=2005 |edition=Revised |publisher=Univ. Press of America |location=Lanham, Md; London |isbn=0-7618-3177-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/writteninbloodst00hein/page/n2/mode/1up?view=theater}}{{Page needed|date=June 2022}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
===Haitian Revolution===<br />
{{Further|Haitian Revolution}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Incendie de la Plaine du Cap. - Massacre des Blancs par les Noirs. FRANCE MILITAIRE. - Martinet del. - Masson Sculp - 33.jpg|thumb|250px|"Burning of the Plaine du Cap - Massacre of whites by the blacks." On August 22, 1791, slaves set fire to plantations, torched cities and massacred the white population.]]<br />
<br />
In 1791, a man of Jamaican origin named [[Dutty Boukman]] became the leader of the enslaved Africans held on a large plantation in [[Cap-Français]].<ref name="Cheuse 2002">{{cite book |last=Cheuse |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Cheuse |title=Listening to the Page: Adventures in Reading and Writing |url=https://archive.org/details/listeningtopagea00cheu/page/58/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration |date=2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-12271-9 |pages=58â59}}</ref> In the wake of the [[French Revolution]], he planned to massacre all the French living in Cap-Français.<ref name="Cheuse 2002"/> On 22 August 1791, the enslaved Africans descended on Le Cap, where they destroyed the plantations and executed all the French who lived in the region.<ref name="Cheuse 2002"/> King [[Louis XVI]] was accused of indifference to the massacre, while the slaves seemed to think the king was on their side.<ref name="Douthwaite 2012">{{cite book |first=Julia V. |last=Douthwaite |title=The Frankenstein of 1790 and Other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France |date=2012 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-16058-0 |page=110}}</ref> In July 1793, the French in [[Les Cayes]] were massacred.<ref name="Geggus 1989">{{cite book |last=Geggus |first=David |editor-first1=Franklin W. |editor-last1=Knight |editor-first2=Colin A. |editor-last2=Palmer |title=The Modern Caribbean |year=1989 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-4240-9 |page=32 |chapter=The Haitian Revolution |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/moderncaribbean0000unse/page/32/mode/1up?view=theater |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref><br />
<br />
Despite the French proclamation of emancipation, the blacks sided with the Spanish who came to occupy the region.<ref name="Popkin2010B">{{cite book |first=Jeremy D. |last=Popkin |title=Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection |date=2007 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67582-4 |page=252}}</ref> In July 1794, Spanish forces stood by while the black troops of [[Jean-François Papillon|Jean-François]] massacred the French whites in [[Fort-LibertÊ|Fort-Dauphin]].<ref name="Popkin2010B"/><br />
<br />
Philippe Girard writes that [[genocide]] was openly considered as a strategy by both sides in the conflict.{{sfnp|Girard|2005a|loc=abstract}} White forces sent by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] committed massacres but were defeated before they could accomplish genocide, while an army under [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], composed mainly of former slaves, was able to wipe out the white Haitian population.{{sfnp|Girard|2005a|loc=abstract}} Girard describes five main factors leading to the massacre, which he describes as a genocide: (1) Haitian soldiers were influenced by the French Revolution to justify murder and large-scale massacres on ideological grounds; (2) economic interests motivated French planters to want to quell the uprising, as well as influencing former slaves to want to kill the planters and take ownership of the plantations; (3) a slave revolt had been ongoing for more than a decade, and was itself a reaction to a century of brutal colonial rule, making violent death commonplace and therefore easier to accept; (4) the massacre was a form of [[Class conflict|class warfare]] in which former slaves were able to take revenge against their former masters; and (5) the last stages of the war became a racial conflict pitting whites against blacks and [[mulatto]]es, in which racial hatred, dehumanization, and conspiracy theories all facilitated [[genocide]].{{sfnp|Girard|2005a|loc=abstract}}<br />
<br />
Dessalines came to power after France's defeat and subsequent evacuation from what was previously known as [[Saint-Domingue]]. In November 1803, three days after [[Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau|Rochambeau]]'s forces surrendered, Dessalines ordered the execution of 800 French soldiers who had been left behind due to illness during the evacuation.{{sfnp|Popkin|2012|p=137}}{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=319}} He did guarantee the safety of the remaining white civilian population.{{sfnp|Dayan|1998}}{{page needed|date=February 2012}}{{sfnp|Shen|2008}} However, Jeremy Popkin writes that statements by Dessalines such as "There are still French on the island, and still you considered yourselves free," spoke of a hostile attitude toward the remaining white minority.{{sfnp|Popkin|2012|p=137}}<br />
<br />
Rumors about the white population suggested that they would try to leave the country to convince foreign powers to invade and reintroduce slavery. Discussions between Dessalines and his advisers openly suggested that the white population should be put to death for the sake of national security. Whites trying to leave Haiti were prevented from doing so.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=319}}<br />
<br />
On 1 January 1804, Dessalines proclaimed Haiti an independent nation.{{sfnp|Dayan|1998|pp=3â4}} Mid-February, Dessalines told some cities (LĂŠogâne, Jacmel, Les Cayes) to prepare for mass massacres.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=319}} On 22 February 1804, he signed a decree ordering that all [[White people|whites]] in all cities should be put to death.<ref>Blancpain 2001, p. 7.</ref> The weapons used should be silent weapons such as knives and bayonets rather than gunfire, so that the killing could be done more quietly, and avoid warning intended victims by the sound of gunfire and thereby giving them the opportunity to escape.{{sfnp|Dayan|1998|p=4}}<br />
<br />
==Massacre==<br />
[[File:Manuel Lopez Lopez Iodibo - Desalines - Huyes del valor frances, pero matando blancos.jpg|thumb|250px|An 1806 engraving of [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]]. It depicts the general, sword raised in one arm, while the other holds the severed head of a white woman.]]<br />
During February and March, Dessalines traveled among the cities of Haiti to assure himself that his orders were carried out. Despite his orders, the massacres were often not carried out until he visited the cities in person.{{sfnp|Popkin|2012|p=137}}<br />
<br />
The course of the massacre showed an almost identical pattern in every city he visited. Before his arrival, there were only a few killings, despite his orders.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|pp=321â322}} When Dessalines arrived, he first spoke about the atrocities committed by former white authorities, such as [[Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau|Rochambeau]] and [[Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)|Leclerc]], after which he demanded that his orders about mass killings of the area's white population should be put into effect. Reportedly, he ordered the unwilling to take part in the killings, especially men of [[mixed race]], so that the blame should not be placed solely on the black population.{{sfnp|Dayan|1998|p={{page needed|date=February 2012}}}}{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=321}} Mass killings took place on the streets and on places outside the cities. <br />
<br />
In [[Port-au-Prince]], only a few killings had occurred in the city despite the orders. After Dessalines arrived on 18 March, the number of killings escalated. According to a merchant captain, about 800 people were killed in the city, while about 50 survived.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=321}} On 18 April 1804, Dessalines arrived at [[Cap-HaĂŻtien]]. Only a handful of killings had taken place there before his arrival, but the killings escalated to a massacre on the streets and outside the city after his arrival. Sources created at the time stated that 3,000 people were killed in Cap-HaĂŻtien; Philippe Girard writes that this figure was unrealistic as in the post-evacuation of the French people the settlement had only 1,700 white people.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=321}}<br />
<br />
Before his departure from a city, Dessalines would proclaim an amnesty for all the whites who had survived in hiding during the massacre. When these people left their hiding place however, most (French) were killed as well.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=321}} Many{{how many|date=February 2018}} <!-- how many? -->whites were, however, hidden and smuggled out to sea by foreigners.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=321}} However, there were notable exceptions to the ordered killings. A contingent of [[Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)|Polish]] defectors were given amnesty and granted Haitian citizenship for their renouncement of French allegiance and support of Haitian independence. Dessalines referred to the Poles as ''"the White Negroes of Europe"'', as an expression of his solidarity and gratitude.<ref>{{cite book |first=Susan |last=Buck-Morss |title=Hegel, Haiti, and Universal History |year=2009 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |isbn=978-0-8229-7334-8 |pages=75 ff}}</ref><br />
<br />
The French, who were one of the two main targets of the 1804 Haiti Massacre that Dessalines and his company specifically declared a massacre on<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Girard |first=Philippe R. |date=2005-06-01 |title=Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802â4 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220500106196 |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=138â161 |doi=10.1080/00313220500106196 |s2cid=145204936 |issn=0031-322X}}</ref> made up the overwhelming majority of the white population. Dessalines' secretary Louis Boisrond-Tonnerre complained that the declaration of independence was not aggressive enough, saying that "...we should have the skin of a white man for parchment, his skull for an inkwell, his blood for ink, and a bayonet for a pen!",<ref name=":1" /> Dessalines later himself specifically pledged to "kill every Frenchman who soils the land of freedom with his sacrilegious presence."<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The people chosen to be killed were targeted primarily based on skin color rather than political affiliation.<ref name=":1" /> The white victims were almost entirely French, commensurate with their share in the white population of Haiti. Under Dessalines' instruction, mulattoes were also targets along with whites.<ref name="World's Great Men of Color, Volume II - J.A. Rogers - Google Books" />{{page needed|date=February 2023}} It was said that he ordered every white and mulatto to the square in front of the Government House and kill them all at once.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orizio |first=Riccardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbicFX_JGjAC |title=Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe |date=2001 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-1197-0 |language=en|page=158}}</ref> Mulattoes often times were more French aligned, having more rights than the African slaves in addition to owning property and sometimes even being educated in Europe. A civil war, the [[War of Knives]], had previously broken out between blacks and mulattoes<ref name="World's Great Men of Color, Volume II - J.A. Rogers - Google Books" />{{page needed|date=February 2023}} which caused Dessalines to order a massacre of mulattoes.<ref name="World's Great Men of Color, Volume II - J.A. Rogers - Google Books" />{{page needed|date=February 2023}} This was met with some contention however. When accused of being the one who orchestrated this massacre, Toussaint said "I told Dessalines to prune the tree; not to uproot it."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=J. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTiEe2g56d4C |title=World's Great Men of Color, Volume II |date=2010-07-06 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-0307-1 |language=en|page=248}}</ref> About his targets of the massacre, Dessalines' slogan exemplified his mission to eradicate the white and mulatto population with the saying "Break the eggs, take out the [sic] yoke [a pun on the word 'yellow' which means both yoke and mulatto] and eat the white."<ref name=":1" /> Upper class whites and mulattoes were not the only target; any white and mulatto of any socioeconomic status was also to be killed, including the urban poor known as ''petits blancs''.<ref name=":1" /> During the massacre, stabbing, beheading, and disemboweling were common.<ref name="Plunging Into Haiti: Clinton, Aristide, and the Defeat of Diplomacy - Ralph Pezzullo - Google Books">{{Cite book |last=Pezzullo |first=Ralph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ex-McfiTKWgC |title=Plunging Into Haiti: Clinton, Aristide, and the Defeat of Diplomacy |date=2006 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-60473-534-5 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In parallel to the killings, plundering and [[rape]] also occurred. As elsewhere, the majority of the women were initially not killed, and the soldiers were reportedly somewhat hesitant to do so. Dessalines's advisers, however, pointed out that the white Haitians would not disappear if the women were left to give birth to white men, and after this, Dessalines ordered that the women should be killed as well, with the exception of those who agreed to marry non-white men.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|pp=321â322}}<br />
<br />
One of the most notorious of the massacre participants was Jean Zombi, a mulatto resident of Port-au-Prince who was known for his brutality. One account describes how Zombi stopped a white man on the street, stripped him naked, and took him to the stair of the Presidential Palace, where he killed him with a dagger. Dessalines was reportedly among the spectators; he was said to be "horrified" by the episode.{{sfnp|Dayan|1998|p=36}} In [[Haitian Vodou]] tradition, the figure of Jean Zombi has become a prototype for the [[zombie]].{{sfnp|Dayan|1998|pp=35â38}}{{contradict inline|Zombie|date=February 2023}}<br />
<br />
At the conclusion of the slaughter, Dessalines rejoiced, saying "I will go to my grave happy. We have avenged our brothers. Haiti has become a blood-red spot on the face of the globe!"<ref name="Plunging Into Haiti: Clinton, Aristide, and the Defeat of Diplomacy - Ralph Pezzullo - Google Books" /><br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
===Effects in Haiti===<br />
By the end of April 1804, some 3,000 to 5,000 people had been killed{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=322}} and the white Haitians were practically eradicated, excluding a select group of whites who were given amnesty. Those spared consisted of the [[Polish_Haitians#History|Polish ex-soldiers]] who were given Haitian citizenship for helping black Haitians in fights against white colonialists; a small group of German colonists invited to the [[Nord-Ouest (department)|north-west region]] before the revolution; and a group of medical doctors and professionals.{{sfnp|Popkin|2012|p=137}} Reportedly, also people with connections to officers in the Haitian army were spared, as well as the women who agreed to marry non-white men.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=322}}<br />
<br />
Dessalines did not try to hide the massacre from the world. In an official proclamation of 8 April 1804, he stated, "We have given these true cannibals war for war, crime for crime, outrage for outrage. Yes, I have saved my country, I have avenged [[Americas|America]]."{{sfnp|Popkin|2012|p=137}} He referred to the massacre as an act of national authority. Dessalines regarded the elimination of the white Haitians an act of political necessity, as they were regarded as a threat to the peace between the black and the free people of color. It was also regarded as a necessary act of vengeance.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=322}} Dessalines' secretary [[Boisrond-Tonnerre]] stated, "For our declaration of independence, we should have the skin of a white man for parchment, his skull for an inkwell, his blood for ink, and a bayonet for a pen!"<ref name="haiti">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ht0019) Independent Haiti], [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref><br />
<br />
Dessalines was eager to assure that Haiti was not a threat to other nations. He directed efforts to establish friendly relations also to nations where slavery was still allowed.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=326}}<br />
<br />
In the 1805 constitution, all citizens were defined as "black".{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=325}} The constitution also banned white men from owning land, except for people already born or born in the future to white women who were naturalized as Haitian citizens and the Germans and Poles who got Haitian citizenship.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=322}}{{sfnp|1805 Constitution of Haiti}} The massacre had a long-lasting effect on the view of the [[Haitian Revolution]]. It helped to create a legacy of racial hostility in Haitian society.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=325}}<br />
<br />
Girard writes in his book ''Paradise Lost'': "Despite all of Dessalines' efforts at rationalization, the massacres were as inexcusable as they were foolish."{{sfnp|Girard|2005b|p=56}} Trinidadian historian [[C. L. R. James]] concurred with this view in his breakthrough work ''[[The Black Jacobins]]'', writing that "the unfortunate country... was ruined economically, its population lacking in social culture, [and] had its difficulties doubled by this massacre". James wrote that the massacre was "not policy but revenge, and revenge has no place in politics".<ref name="James p373">{{cite book |last1=James |first1=C. L. R. |title=The Black Jacobins; Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution |date=1989 |orig-date=First published 1938 |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |pages=373â374 |isbn=0-679-72467-2 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/blackjacobinstou00jame/page/373/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}</ref><br />
<br />
Philippe Girard writes "when the genocide was over, Haiti's white population was virtually non-existent."{{sfnp|Girard|2005a}}{{Page needed|date=June 2022}} Citing Girard, Nicholas Robins, and [[Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)|Adam Jones]] describe the massacre as a "genocide of the [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]]" in which a previously disadvantaged group used a genocide to destroy their previous oppressors.<ref name="Robins & Jones">{{cite book |editor1-last=Robins |editor1-first=Nicholas A. |editor2-first=Adam |editor2-last=Jones |title=Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-2532-2077-6 |page=3 |quote=The Great Rebellion and the Haitian slave uprising are two examples of what we refer to as 'subaltern genocide': cases in which subaltern actorsâthose objectively oppressed and disempoweredâadopt genocidal strategies to vanquish their oppressors.}} {{block indent|left=1|See also: {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Adam |chapter=Subaltern genocide: Genocides by the oppressed |title=The Scourge of Genocide: Essays and Reflections |publisher=Routledge |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-1350-4715-3 |page=169 |others=With Nicholas Robins}} }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Effect on American society===<br />
{{Further|Haitianism|Abolitionism in the United States}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the [[American Civil War]], a major pretext for [[Southern United States|Southern whites]], most of whom did not own slaves, to support slave owners (and ultimately fight for the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]) was fear of a genocide similar to the Haitian massacre of 1804.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} The failed experiments in Haiti and Jamaica were explicitly referred to in Confederate discourse as a reason for secession.<ref name="McCurry p12">{{cite book |last1=McCurry |first1=Stephanie |title=Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South |date=2010 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-6740-4589-7 |pages=12â13}}</ref> The slave revolt was a prominent theme in the discourse of Southern political leaders and had influenced U.S. public opinion since the events took place. Historian Kevin Julius writes:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|As abolitionists loudly proclaimed that "[[All men are created equal]]", echoes of armed slave insurrections and racial genocide sounded in Southern ears. Much of their resentment towards the abolitionists can be seen as a reaction to the events in Haiti.<ref name="Julius 2004"/>}}<br />
<br />
In the run-up to the [[1860 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election of 1860]], [[Roger B. Taney]], [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], wrote "I remember the horrors of St. Domingo" and said that the election "will determine whether anything like this is to be visited upon our own southern countrymen."<ref name="Marcotte p171"/><br />
<br />
Abolitionists recognized the strength of this argument on public opinion in both the North and South. In correspondence to the ''New York Times'' in September 1861 (during the war), an abolitionist named J. B. Lyon addressed this as a prominent argument of his opponents:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|We don't know any better than to imagine that emancipation would result in the utter extinction of civilization in the South, because the slave-holders, and those in their interest, have persistently told us ... and they always instance the 'horrors of St. Domingo.'<ref name="Lyon 1861">{{cite news |last1=Lyon |first1=J. B. |title=What Shall be Done with the Slaves? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1861/09/06/archives/what-shall-be-done-with-the-slaves.html |work=The New York Times |date=6 September 1861 |issn=0362-4331 |page=2 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Lyon argued, however, that the abolition of slavery in the various Caribbean colonies of the European empires before the 1860s showed that an end to slavery could be achieved peacefully.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[History of Haiti]]<br />
* [[Parsley Massacre]]<br />
* [[List of massacres in Haiti]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{cite book |first=Joan |last=Dayan |year=1998 |title=Haiti, History, and the Gods |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-21368-5}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Girard |first=Philippe |title=Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802â4 |journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] |date=2005a |volume=39 |issue=2: Colonial Genocide |pages=138â161 |doi=10.1080/00313220500106196 |s2cid=145204936}} {{block indent|left=1|Reprinted in: {{Cite book |editor1-last=Moses |editor1-first=Dirk |editor2-last=Stone |editor2-first=Dan |title=Colonialism and Genocide. |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-317-99753-5 |location=Hoboken |pages=42â65}} }}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Girard |first1=Philippe R. |title=Paradise Lost: Haiti's Tumultuous Journey from Pearl of the Caribbean to Third World Hot Spot |date=2005b |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-8031-1 |page=56 |doi=10.1057/9781403980311_4 |chapter=Missed Opportunities: Haiti after Independence (1804â1915)}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Philippe R. |last=Girard |year=2011 |title=The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801â1804 |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |publisher=The University of Alabama Press |isbn=978-0-8173-1732-4}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Jeremy D. |last=Popkin |year=2012 |title=A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution |location=Chicester, West Sussex |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-9820-2}}<br />
* {{cite web |first=Kona |last=Shen |url=http://library.brown.edu/haitihistory/11.html |work=History of Haiti, 1492â1805 |title=Haitian Independence, 1804â1805 |publisher=Brown University, Department of Africana Studies |date=December 9, 2008 |access-date=1 February 2012}}<br />
* {{cite web |url=http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/1805-const.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228150910/http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/1805-const.htm |archive-date=28 December 2005 |title=The 1805 Constitution of Haiti |via=Webster University |date=10 December 2011 |ref={{SfnRef|1805 Constitution of Haiti}} |url-status=dead |postscript=. (Transcribed by Bob Corbett. This document is an English translation published in the ''New York Evening Post'' on July 15, 1805. This version does not include Articles 40â44. Corbett states that [[Henri Christophe]], due to his affinity for English and his involvement with the publication, may have been the translator.)}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite journal |author=Popkin, Jeremy D. |title=A Survivor of Dessalines's Massacres in 1804 |journal=Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection |year=2008 |doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226675855.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-226-67583-1}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=A Brief History of Dessalines from 1825 Missionary Journal |url=http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/dessalines.htm |website=faculty.webster.edu}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Haiti}}<br />
{{Haitian Revolution}}<br />
{{Haiti topics}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haiti massacre}}<br />
[[Category:Haitian Revolution]]<br />
[[Category:First Empire of Haiti]]<br />
[[Category:Massacres in 1804]]<br />
[[Category:Massacres in Haiti]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1804]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in North America]]<br />
[[Category:1804 in Haiti]]<br />
[[Category:Genocides in North America]]<br />
[[Category:February 1804 events]]<br />
[[Category:March 1804 events]]<br />
[[Category:April 1804 events]]<br />
[[Category:Genocidal massacres]]<br />
[[Category:Racially motivated violence against white Europeans]]<br />
[[Category:1804 murders in North America]]<br />
[[Category:Francophobia in North America]]</div>72.218.62.58https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1804_Haitian_massacre&diff=11671150691804 Haitian massacre2023-07-25T20:05:00Z<p>72.218.62.58: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Massacre of the White French people in Haiti by Black Haitians following the Haitian Revolution}}<br />
{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| title = Massacre of the French<br />
| partof = the aftermath of the [[Haitian Revolution]]<br />
| image = Manuel Lopez Lopez - Fue muerta y destroiada nel campo esta infelir p. haver resistido alos deseos brutales de los negros y el niĂąo pererio de hambre asulado buscando el becho yerto desu madre.jpg<br />
| caption = Engraving depicting a killing during the massacre<br />
| location = [[First Empire of Haiti]]<br />
| date = {{Nowrap|{{Start date|1804|02}} &ndash; {{Start date and age|1804|04|22|df=yes}}}}<br />
| fatalities = 3,000â5,000<br />
| target = [[Demographics of Europe|European people]] (predominantly [[French people]]), [[Mulatto Haitians|mulattoes]]<br />
| type = [[Massacre]], [[genocide]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
| perpetrators = Army of [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]]<br />
| motive =[[Class conflict]]<br>[[Revenge]] for slavery<ref name=":0" /><br />
}}<br />
The '''1804 Haiti massacre''' also known as the '''1804 Haitian Genocide'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Girard |first=Philippe R. |date=2005 |title=Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802â4 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220500106196 |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=138â161 |doi=10.1080/00313220500106196 |s2cid=145204936 |issn=0031-322X |quote=The Haitian genocide and its historical counterparts [...] The 1804 Haitian genocide}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Moses |first1=Dirk A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTfdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |title=Colonialism and Genocide |last2=Stone |first2=Dan |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-99753-5 |pages=63 |language=en}}</ref> or simply the '''Haitian Genocide'''<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Forde |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YfgEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |title=The Early Haitian State and the Question of Political Legitimacy: American and British Representations of Haiti, 1804â1824 |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-52608-5 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref> was carried out by [[Afro-Haitians|Afro-Haitian]] soldiers, mostly former [[Slavery in Haiti|slaves]], under orders from [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] against the remaining [[White Haitians|European population in Haiti]], which mainly included [[French people|French]] and [[mulatto]]es.<ref name="World's Great Men of Color, Volume II - J.A. Rogers - Google Books">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=J. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTiEe2g56d4C |title=World's Great Men of Color, Volume II |date=2010-07-06 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-0307-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Orizio |first=Riccardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbicFX_JGjAC |title=Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe |date=2001 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-1197-0 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Haitian Revolution]] defeated the French army in November 1803 and the [[Haitian Declaration of Independence]] happened on 1 January 1804.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sutherland |first=Claudia |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/haitian-revolution-1791-1804/ |title=Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) |date=16 July 2007 |website=Blackpast.org |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> From February 1804{{sfnp|Girard|2011|pp=319â322}} until 22 April 1804, squads of soldiers moved from house to house throughout Haiti, torturing and killing entire families.<ref name="Danner p107">{{cite book |last=Danner |first=Mark |title=Stripping Bare the Body: Politics, Violence, War |date=2009 |publisher=Nation Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-5685-8413-3 |page=107}}</ref> Between 3,000 and 5,000 people were killed.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|pp=319â322}} <br />
<br />
The massacre excluded surviving [[Polish Haitians|Polish Legionnaires]], who had defected from the French legion to become allied with the enslaved Africans, as well as the [[German Haitians|Germans]] who did not take part of the slave trade. They were instead granted full citizenship under the constitution and classified them as ''Noir'', the new ruling ethnicity. <ref name="autogenerated1">Girard, Philippe R. (2011). ''The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801â1804''. [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]]: [[University of Alabama Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8173-1732-4}}{{page needed|date = May 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nicholas Robins, [[Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)|Adam Jones]], and [[A. Dirk Moses|Dirk Moses]] theorize that the executions were a "genocide of the [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]]", in which an oppressed group uses [[Genocide|genocidal]] means to destroy its oppressors.{{r|Robins & Jones}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Klävers |first=Steffen |url= |title=Decolonizing Auschwitz?: Komparativ-postkoloniale Ansätze in der Holocaustforschung |date=2019 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-060041-4 |pages=110 |language=de}}</ref> Philippe Girard has suggested the threat of [[Haitian Revolution#Rebellion against reimposition of slavery|reinvasion and reinstatement of slavery]] as some of the reasons for the massacre.{{sfnp|Girard|2005a|pp=}}<br />
<br />
Throughout the early-to-mid nineteenth century, the events of the massacre were well known in the United States. Additionally, many [[Saint Dominicans|Saint Dominican]] refugees moved from Saint-Domingue to the U.S., settling in [[New Orleans]], [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Baltimore]], and other coastal cities. These events spurred fears of potential uprisings in the [[Southern United States|Southern U.S.]] and they also polarized public opinion on the question of the abolition of slavery.<ref name="Julius 2004">{{cite book |last1=Julius |first1=Kevin C. |title=The abolitionist decade, 1829-1838 : a year-by-year history of early events in the antislavery movement |date=2004 |publisher=McFarland & Co |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=0-7864-1946-6}}{{Page needed|date=June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Marcotte p171">{{cite book |last1=Marcotte |first1=Frank B. |title=Six days in April : Lincoln and the Union in peril |date=2005 |publisher=Algora Publishing |location=New York |isbn=0-8758-6313-2 |page=171}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
===Slavery===<br />
{{Further|Slavery in Haiti}}<br />
<br />
[[Henri Christophe]]'s personal secretary,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.travelinghaiti.com/christophes-kingdom-petions-republic/ |title=Christophe's Kingdom and PĂŠtion's Republic |website=Travelinghaiti.com |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=2010-01-14 |title=Haiti: a long descent to hell |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/14/haiti-history-earthquake-disaster |access-date=2023-07-08 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> who was a slave for much of his life, attempted to explain the incident by referencing the cruel treatment of black slaves by white slaveholders in [[Saint-Domingue]]:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>Have they not [[Hanging|hung up]] men with heads downward, [[Drowning|drowned]] them in sacks, [[Crucifixion|crucified]] them on planks, [[Premature burial|buried them alive]], [[Crushing (execution)|crushed]] them in mortars? Have they not forced them to [[Coprophagia|consume faeces]]? And, having [[Flaying|flayed]] them with the lash, have they not cast them alive to be devoured by worms, or onto anthills, or lashed them to stakes in the swamp to be devoured by mosquitoes? Have they not [[Death by boiling|thrown them into boiling cauldrons]] of [[Sugarcane|cane syrup]]? Have they not put men and women inside barrels studded with spikes and rolled them down mountainsides into the abyss? Have they not consigned these miserable blacks to man eating-dogs until the latter, sated by human flesh, left the mangled victims to be finished off with [[bayonet]] and [[poniard]]?<ref>{{cite book |title=Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People, 1492â1995 |last1=Heinl |first1=Michael |last2=Heinl |first2=Robert Debs |last3=Heinl |first3=Nancy Gordon |year=2005 |edition=Revised |publisher=Univ. Press of America |location=Lanham, Md; London |isbn=0-7618-3177-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/writteninbloodst00hein/page/n2/mode/1up?view=theater}}{{Page needed|date=June 2022}}</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
===Haitian Revolution===<br />
{{Further|Haitian Revolution}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Incendie de la Plaine du Cap. - Massacre des Blancs par les Noirs. FRANCE MILITAIRE. - Martinet del. - Masson Sculp - 33.jpg|thumb|250px|"Burning of the Plaine du Cap - Massacre of whites by the blacks." On August 22, 1791, slaves set fire to plantations, torched cities and massacred the white population.]]<br />
<br />
In 1791, a man of Jamaican origin named [[Dutty Boukman]] became the leader of the enslaved Africans held on a large plantation in [[Cap-Français]].<ref name="Cheuse 2002">{{cite book |last=Cheuse |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Cheuse |title=Listening to the Page: Adventures in Reading and Writing |url=https://archive.org/details/listeningtopagea00cheu/page/58/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration |date=2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-12271-9 |pages=58â59}}</ref> In the wake of the [[French Revolution]], he planned to massacre all the French living in Cap-Français.<ref name="Cheuse 2002"/> On 22 August 1791, the enslaved Africans descended on Le Cap, where they destroyed the plantations and executed all the French who lived in the region.<ref name="Cheuse 2002"/> King [[Louis XVI]] was accused of indifference to the massacre, while the slaves seemed to think the king was on their side.<ref name="Douthwaite 2012">{{cite book |first=Julia V. |last=Douthwaite |title=The Frankenstein of 1790 and Other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France |date=2012 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-16058-0 |page=110}}</ref> In July 1793, the French in [[Les Cayes]] were massacred.<ref name="Geggus 1989">{{cite book |last=Geggus |first=David |editor-first1=Franklin W. |editor-last1=Knight |editor-first2=Colin A. |editor-last2=Palmer |title=The Modern Caribbean |year=1989 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-4240-9 |page=32 |chapter=The Haitian Revolution |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/moderncaribbean0000unse/page/32/mode/1up?view=theater |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref><br />
<br />
Despite the French proclamation of emancipation, the blacks sided with the Spanish who came to occupy the region.<ref name="Popkin2010B">{{cite book |first=Jeremy D. |last=Popkin |title=Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection |date=2007 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-67582-4 |page=252}}</ref> In July 1794, Spanish forces stood by while the black troops of [[Jean-François Papillon|Jean-François]] massacred the French whites in [[Fort-LibertÊ|Fort-Dauphin]].<ref name="Popkin2010B"/><br />
<br />
Philippe Girard writes that [[genocide]] was openly considered as a strategy by both sides in the conflict.{{sfnp|Girard|2005a|loc=abstract}} White forces sent by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] committed massacres but were defeated before they could accomplish genocide, while an army under [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], composed mainly of former slaves, was able to wipe out the white Haitian population.{{sfnp|Girard|2005a|loc=abstract}} Girard describes five main factors leading to the massacre, which he describes as a genocide: (1) Haitian soldiers were influenced by the French Revolution to justify murder and large-scale massacres on ideological grounds; (2) economic interests motivated French planters to want to quell the uprising, as well as influencing former slaves to want to kill the planters and take ownership of the plantations; (3) a slave revolt had been ongoing for more than a decade, and was itself a reaction to a century of brutal colonial rule, making violent death commonplace and therefore easier to accept; (4) the massacre was a form of [[Class conflict|class warfare]] in which former slaves were able to take revenge against their former masters; and (5) the last stages of the war became a racial conflict pitting whites against blacks and [[mulatto]]es, in which racial hatred, dehumanization, and conspiracy theories all facilitated [[genocide]].{{sfnp|Girard|2005a|loc=abstract}}<br />
<br />
Dessalines came to power after France's defeat and subsequent evacuation from what was previously known as [[Saint-Domingue]]. In November 1803, three days after [[Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau|Rochambeau]]'s forces surrendered, Dessalines ordered the execution of 800 French soldiers who had been left behind due to illness during the evacuation.{{sfnp|Popkin|2012|p=137}}{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=319}} He did guarantee the safety of the remaining white civilian population.{{sfnp|Dayan|1998}}{{page needed|date=February 2012}}{{sfnp|Shen|2008}} However, Jeremy Popkin writes that statements by Dessalines such as "There are still French on the island, and still you considered yourselves free," spoke of a hostile attitude toward the remaining white minority.{{sfnp|Popkin|2012|p=137}}<br />
<br />
Rumors about the white population suggested that they would try to leave the country to convince foreign powers to invade and reintroduce slavery. Discussions between Dessalines and his advisers openly suggested that the white population should be put to death for the sake of national security. Whites trying to leave Haiti were prevented from doing so.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=319}}<br />
<br />
On 1 January 1804, Dessalines proclaimed Haiti an independent nation.{{sfnp|Dayan|1998|pp=3â4}} Mid-February, Dessalines told some cities (LĂŠogâne, Jacmel, Les Cayes) to prepare for mass massacres.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=319}} On 22 February 1804, he signed a decree ordering that all [[White people|whites]] in all cities should be put to death.<ref>Blancpain 2001, p. 7.</ref> The weapons used should be silent weapons such as knives and bayonets rather than gunfire, so that the killing could be done more quietly, and avoid warning intended victims by the sound of gunfire and thereby giving them the opportunity to escape.{{sfnp|Dayan|1998|p=4}}<br />
<br />
==Massacre==<br />
[[File:Manuel Lopez Lopez Iodibo - Desalines - Huyes del valor frances, pero matando blancos.jpg|thumb|250px|An 1806 engraving of [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]]. It depicts the general, sword raised in one arm, while the other holds the severed head of a white woman.]]<br />
During February and March, Dessalines traveled among the cities of Haiti to assure himself that his orders were carried out. Despite his orders, the massacres were often not carried out until he visited the cities in person.{{sfnp|Popkin|2012|p=137}}<br />
<br />
The course of the massacre showed an almost identical pattern in every city he visited. Before his arrival, there were only a few killings, despite his orders.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|pp=321â322}} When Dessalines arrived, he first spoke about the atrocities committed by former white authorities, such as [[Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau|Rochambeau]] and [[Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)|Leclerc]], after which he demanded that his orders about mass killings of the area's white population should be put into effect. Reportedly, he ordered the unwilling to take part in the killings, especially men of [[mixed race]], so that the blame should not be placed solely on the black population.{{sfnp|Dayan|1998|p={{page needed|date=February 2012}}}}{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=321}} Mass killings took place on the streets and on places outside the cities. <br />
<br />
In [[Port-au-Prince]], only a few killings had occurred in the city despite the orders. After Dessalines arrived on 18 March, the number of killings escalated. According to a merchant captain, about 800 people were killed in the city, while about 50 survived.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=321}} On 18 April 1804, Dessalines arrived at [[Cap-HaĂŻtien]]. Only a handful of killings had taken place there before his arrival, but the killings escalated to a massacre on the streets and outside the city after his arrival. Sources created at the time stated that 3,000 people were killed in Cap-HaĂŻtien; Philippe Girard writes that this figure was unrealistic as in the post-evacuation of the French people the settlement had only 1,700 white people.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=321}}<br />
<br />
Before his departure from a city, Dessalines would proclaim an amnesty for all the whites who had survived in hiding during the massacre. When these people left their hiding place however, most (French) were killed as well.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=321}} Many{{how many|date=February 2018}} <!-- how many? -->whites were, however, hidden and smuggled out to sea by foreigners.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=321}} However, there were notable exceptions to the ordered killings. A contingent of [[Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)|Polish]] defectors were given amnesty and granted Haitian citizenship for their renouncement of French allegiance and support of Haitian independence. Dessalines referred to the Poles as ''"the White Negroes of Europe"'', as an expression of his solidarity and gratitude.<ref>{{cite book |first=Susan |last=Buck-Morss |title=Hegel, Haiti, and Universal History |year=2009 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |isbn=978-0-8229-7334-8 |pages=75 ff}}</ref><br />
<br />
The French, who were one of the two main targets of the 1804 Haiti Massacre that Dessalines and his company specifically declared a massacre on<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Girard |first=Philippe R. |date=2005-06-01 |title=Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802â4 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220500106196 |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=138â161 |doi=10.1080/00313220500106196 |s2cid=145204936 |issn=0031-322X}}</ref> made up the overwhelming majority of the white population. Dessalines' secretary Louis Boisrond-Tonnerre complained that the declaration of independence was not aggressive enough, saying that "...we should have the skin of a white man for parchment, his skull for an inkwell, his blood for ink, and a bayonet for a pen!",<ref name=":1" /> Dessalines later himself specifically pledged to "kill every Frenchman who soils the land of freedom with his sacrilegious presence."<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The people chosen to be killed were targeted primarily based on skin color rather than political affiliation.<ref name=":1" /> The white victims were almost entirely French, commensurate with their share in the white population of Haiti. Under Dessalines' instruction, mulattoes were also targets along with whites.<ref name="World's Great Men of Color, Volume II - J.A. Rogers - Google Books" />{{page needed|date=February 2023}} It was said that he ordered every white and mulatto to the square in front of the Government House and kill them all at once.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orizio |first=Riccardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbicFX_JGjAC |title=Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe |date=2001 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-1197-0 |language=en|page=158}}</ref> Mulattoes often times were more French aligned, having more rights than the African slaves in addition to owning property and sometimes even being educated in Europe. A civil war, the [[War of Knives]], had previously broken out between blacks and mulattoes<ref name="World's Great Men of Color, Volume II - J.A. Rogers - Google Books" />{{page needed|date=February 2023}} which caused Dessalines to order a massacre of mulattoes.<ref name="World's Great Men of Color, Volume II - J.A. Rogers - Google Books" />{{page needed|date=February 2023}} This was met with some contention however. When accused of being the one who orchestrated this massacre, Toussaint said "I told Dessalines to prune the tree; not to uproot it."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=J. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTiEe2g56d4C |title=World's Great Men of Color, Volume II |date=2010-07-06 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-0307-1 |language=en|page=248}}</ref> About his targets of the massacre, Dessalines' slogan exemplified his mission to eradicate the white and mulatto population with the saying "Break the eggs, take out the [sic] yoke [a pun on the word 'yellow' which means both yoke and mulatto] and eat the white."<ref name=":1" /> Upper class whites and mulattoes were not the only target; any white and mulatto of any socioeconomic status was also to be killed, including the urban poor known as ''petits blancs''.<ref name=":1" /> During the massacre, stabbing, beheading, and disemboweling were common.<ref name="Plunging Into Haiti: Clinton, Aristide, and the Defeat of Diplomacy - Ralph Pezzullo - Google Books">{{Cite book |last=Pezzullo |first=Ralph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ex-McfiTKWgC |title=Plunging Into Haiti: Clinton, Aristide, and the Defeat of Diplomacy |date=2006 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-60473-534-5 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In parallel to the killings, plundering and [[rape]] also occurred. As elsewhere, the majority of the women were initially not killed, and the soldiers were reportedly somewhat hesitant to do so. Dessalines's advisers, however, pointed out that the white Haitians would not disappear if the women were left to give birth to white men, and after this, Dessalines ordered that the women should be killed as well, with the exception of those who agreed to marry non-white men.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|pp=321â322}}<br />
<br />
One of the most notorious of the massacre participants was Jean Zombi, a mulatto resident of Port-au-Prince who was known for his brutality. One account describes how Zombi stopped a white man on the street, stripped him naked, and took him to the stair of the Presidential Palace, where he killed him with a dagger. Dessalines was reportedly among the spectators; he was said to be "horrified" by the episode.{{sfnp|Dayan|1998|p=36}} In [[Haitian Vodou]] tradition, the figure of Jean Zombi has become a prototype for the [[zombie]].{{sfnp|Dayan|1998|pp=35â38}}{{contradict inline|Zombie|date=February 2023}}<br />
<br />
At the conclusion of the slaughter, Dessalines rejoiced, saying "I will go to my grave happy. We have avenged our brothers. Haiti has become a blood-red spot on the face of the globe!"<ref name="Plunging Into Haiti: Clinton, Aristide, and the Defeat of Diplomacy - Ralph Pezzullo - Google Books" /><br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
===Effects in Haiti===<br />
By the end of April 1804, some 3,000 to 5,000 people had been killed{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=322}} and the white Haitians were practically eradicated, excluding a select group of whites who were given amnesty. Those spared consisted of the [[Polish_Haitians#History|Polish ex-soldiers]] who were given Haitian citizenship for helping black Haitians in fights against white colonialists; a small group of German colonists invited to the [[Nord-Ouest (department)|north-west region]] before the revolution; and a group of medical doctors and professionals.{{sfnp|Popkin|2012|p=137}} Reportedly, also people with connections to officers in the Haitian army were spared, as well as the women who agreed to marry non-white men.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=322}}<br />
<br />
Dessalines did not try to hide the massacre from the world. In an official proclamation of 8 April 1804, he stated, "We have given these true cannibals war for war, crime for crime, outrage for outrage. Yes, I have saved my country, I have avenged [[Americas|America]]."{{sfnp|Popkin|2012|p=137}} He referred to the massacre as an act of national authority. Dessalines regarded the elimination of the white Haitians an act of political necessity, as they were regarded as a threat to the peace between the black and the free people of color. It was also regarded as a necessary act of vengeance.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=322}} Dessalines' secretary [[Boisrond-Tonnerre]] stated, "For our declaration of independence, we should have the skin of a white man for parchment, his skull for an inkwell, his blood for ink, and a bayonet for a pen!"<ref name="haiti">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ht0019) Independent Haiti], [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref><br />
<br />
Dessalines was eager to assure that Haiti was not a threat to other nations. He directed efforts to establish friendly relations also to nations where slavery was still allowed.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=326}}<br />
<br />
In the 1805 constitution, all citizens were defined as "black".{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=325}} The constitution also banned white men from owning land, except for people already born or born in the future to white women who were naturalized as Haitian citizens and the Germans and Poles who got Haitian citizenship.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=322}}{{sfnp|1805 Constitution of Haiti}} The massacre had a long-lasting effect on the view of the [[Haitian Revolution]]. It helped to create a legacy of racial hostility in Haitian society.{{sfnp|Girard|2011|p=325}}<br />
<br />
Girard writes in his book ''Paradise Lost'': "Despite all of Dessalines' efforts at rationalization, the massacres were as inexcusable as they were foolish."{{sfnp|Girard|2005b|p=56}} Trinidadian historian [[C. L. R. James]] concurred with this view in his breakthrough work ''[[The Black Jacobins]]'', writing that "the unfortunate country... was ruined economically, its population lacking in social culture, [and] had its difficulties doubled by this massacre". James wrote that the massacre was "not policy but revenge, and revenge has no place in politics".<ref name="James p373">{{cite book |last1=James |first1=C. L. R. |title=The Black Jacobins; Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution |date=1989 |orig-date=First published 1938 |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |pages=373â374 |isbn=0-679-72467-2 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/blackjacobinstou00jame/page/373/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}</ref><br />
<br />
Philippe Girard writes "when the genocide was over, Haiti's white population was virtually non-existent."{{sfnp|Girard|2005a}}{{Page needed|date=June 2022}} Citing Girard, Nicholas Robins, and [[Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)|Adam Jones]] describe the massacre as a "genocide of the [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]]" in which a previously disadvantaged group used a genocide to destroy their previous oppressors.<ref name="Robins & Jones">{{cite book |editor1-last=Robins |editor1-first=Nicholas A. |editor2-first=Adam |editor2-last=Jones |title=Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-2532-2077-6 |page=3 |quote=The Great Rebellion and the Haitian slave uprising are two examples of what we refer to as 'subaltern genocide': cases in which subaltern actorsâthose objectively oppressed and disempoweredâadopt genocidal strategies to vanquish their oppressors.}} {{block indent|left=1|See also: {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Adam |chapter=Subaltern genocide: Genocides by the oppressed |title=The Scourge of Genocide: Essays and Reflections |publisher=Routledge |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-1350-4715-3 |page=169 |others=With Nicholas Robins}} }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Effect on American society===<br />
{{Further|Haitianism|Abolitionism in the United States}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the [[American Civil War]], a major pretext for [[Southern United States|Southern whites]], most of whom did not own slaves, to support slave owners (and ultimately fight for the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]) was fear of a genocide similar to the Haitian massacre of 1804.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} The failed experiments in Haiti and Jamaica were explicitly referred to in Confederate discourse as a reason for secession.<ref name="McCurry p12">{{cite book |last1=McCurry |first1=Stephanie |title=Confederate Reckoning: Power and Politics in the Civil War South |date=2010 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-6740-4589-7 |pages=12â13}}</ref> The slave revolt was a prominent theme in the discourse of Southern political leaders and had influenced U.S. public opinion since the events took place. Historian Kevin Julius writes:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|As abolitionists loudly proclaimed that "[[All men are created equal]]", echoes of armed slave insurrections and racial genocide sounded in Southern ears. Much of their resentment towards the abolitionists can be seen as a reaction to the events in Haiti.<ref name="Julius 2004"/>}}<br />
<br />
In the run-up to the [[1860 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election of 1860]], [[Roger B. Taney]], [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], wrote "I remember the horrors of St. Domingo" and said that the election "will determine whether anything like this is to be visited upon our own southern countrymen."<ref name="Marcotte p171"/><br />
<br />
Abolitionists recognized the strength of this argument on public opinion in both the North and South. In correspondence to the ''New York Times'' in September 1861 (during the war), an abolitionist named J. B. Lyon addressed this as a prominent argument of his opponents:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|We don't know any better than to imagine that emancipation would result in the utter extinction of civilization in the South, because the slave-holders, and those in their interest, have persistently told us ... and they always instance the 'horrors of St. Domingo.'<ref name="Lyon 1861">{{cite news |last1=Lyon |first1=J. B. |title=What Shall be Done with the Slaves? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1861/09/06/archives/what-shall-be-done-with-the-slaves.html |work=The New York Times |date=6 September 1861 |issn=0362-4331 |page=2 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Lyon argued, however, that the abolition of slavery in the various Caribbean colonies of the European empires before the 1860s showed that an end to slavery could be achieved peacefully.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[History of Haiti]]<br />
* [[Parsley Massacre]]<br />
* [[List of massacres in Haiti]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{cite book |first=Joan |last=Dayan |year=1998 |title=Haiti, History, and the Gods |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-21368-5}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Girard |first=Philippe |title=Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802â4 |journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]] |date=2005a |volume=39 |issue=2: Colonial Genocide |pages=138â161 |doi=10.1080/00313220500106196 |s2cid=145204936}} {{block indent|left=1|Reprinted in: {{Cite book |editor1-last=Moses |editor1-first=Dirk |editor2-last=Stone |editor2-first=Dan |title=Colonialism and Genocide. |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-317-99753-5 |location=Hoboken |pages=42â65}} }}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Girard |first1=Philippe R. |title=Paradise Lost: Haiti's Tumultuous Journey from Pearl of the Caribbean to Third World Hot Spot |date=2005b |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-8031-1 |page=56 |doi=10.1057/9781403980311_4 |chapter=Missed Opportunities: Haiti after Independence (1804â1915)}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Philippe R. |last=Girard |year=2011 |title=The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801â1804 |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |publisher=The University of Alabama Press |isbn=978-0-8173-1732-4}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Jeremy D. |last=Popkin |year=2012 |title=A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution |location=Chicester, West Sussex |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-9820-2}}<br />
* {{cite web |first=Kona |last=Shen |url=http://library.brown.edu/haitihistory/11.html |work=History of Haiti, 1492â1805 |title=Haitian Independence, 1804â1805 |publisher=Brown University, Department of Africana Studies |date=December 9, 2008 |access-date=1 February 2012}}<br />
* {{cite web |url=http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/1805-const.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228150910/http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/1805-const.htm |archive-date=28 December 2005 |title=The 1805 Constitution of Haiti |via=Webster University |date=10 December 2011 |ref={{SfnRef|1805 Constitution of Haiti}} |url-status=dead |postscript=. (Transcribed by Bob Corbett. This document is an English translation published in the ''New York Evening Post'' on July 15, 1805. This version does not include Articles 40â44. Corbett states that [[Henri Christophe]], due to his affinity for English and his involvement with the publication, may have been the translator.)}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite journal |author=Popkin, Jeremy D. |title=A Survivor of Dessalines's Massacres in 1804 |journal=Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection |year=2008 |doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226675855.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-226-67583-1}}<br />
* {{cite web |title=A Brief History of Dessalines from 1825 Missionary Journal |url=http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/dessalines.htm |website=faculty.webster.edu}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Haiti}}<br />
{{Haitian Revolution}}<br />
{{Haiti topics}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haiti massacre}}<br />
[[Category:Haitian Revolution]]<br />
[[Category:First Empire of Haiti]]<br />
[[Category:Massacres in 1804]]<br />
[[Category:Massacres in Haiti]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1804]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in North America]]<br />
[[Category:1804 in Haiti]]<br />
[[Category:Genocides in North America]]<br />
[[Category:February 1804 events]]<br />
[[Category:March 1804 events]]<br />
[[Category:April 1804 events]]<br />
[[Category:Genocidal massacres]]<br />
[[Category:Racially motivated violence against white Europeans]]<br />
[[Category:1804 murders in North America]]<br />
[[Category:Francophobia in North America]]</div>72.218.62.58https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Terror&diff=1163470664Red Terror2023-07-05T02:22:36Z<p>72.218.62.58: Fixed typo</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Campaign of political repression and executions in Russia by the Bolsheviks (1918â1922)}}<br />
{{about|the Red Terror in Russia}}<br />
{{distinguish|Great Terror (disambiguation){{!}}Great Terror|Red Scare}}<br />
{{Infobox historical event<br />
|title = Red Terror<br />
|native_name = ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ / ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃŃ<br />''Krasnyy terror''<br />
|native_name_lang = ru<br />
|duration = 3â4 years<br />
|image = 19180830-grave uritzy red terror.jpg<br />
|caption = [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|Propaganda]] poster in [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]], 1918: "Death to the [[Bourgeoisie]] and its lapdogs â Long live the Red Terror"<ref>The orthography used on the poster is generally in line with the 1918 Bolshevik reform except for ''ĐľŃ'', a pre-revolutionary form of ''ĐľŃ'' (female pronoun).</ref><br />
|reported deaths = 50,000â200,000 (possibly more)<br /><br />
|partof = the [[Russian Civil War]]<br />
|organizers = [[Cheka]]<br />
|location = [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]]<br />
|motive = [[Political repression]]<br />
|target = Anti-Bolshevik groups, clergy, [[Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks|rival socialists]], counter-revolutionaries, peasants, and dissidents<br />
|date = August 1918 â February 1922<br />
}}<br />
The '''Red Terror''' ({{lang-ru|ĐşŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ|krasnyj terror}}) in [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] was a campaign of [[political repression]] and [[Mass killing|executions]] which was carried out by the [[Bolsheviks]], chiefly through the [[Cheka]], the Bolshevik [[secret police]]. It officially started in early September 1918 and lasted until 1922.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/red-terror-set-macabre-course-soviet-union |title=How the Red Terror set a macabre course for the Soviet Union |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=2 September 2020 |website=National Geographic |access-date=13 July 2021 |quote=The poet was just one of many victims of the Red Terror, a state-sponsored wave of violence that was decreed in Russia on September 5, 1918, and lasted until 1922.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Melgunoff |first=Sergei |author-link=Sergei Melgunov |date=November 1927 |title=The Record of the Red Terror |journal=Current History |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=202 |doi=10.1525/curh.1927.27.2.198 |jstor=45332605 |s2cid=207926889 |quote=Such was the Red Terror in its first period, within which we include the years 1918-1921.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Arising after [[assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin]] and Petrograd [[Cheka]] leader Moisei Uritsky, the latter of which was successful, the Red Terror was modeled on the [[Reign of Terror]] of the [[French Revolution]],<ref name=":1">Wilde, Robert. 2019 February 20. "[https://www.thoughtco.com/the-red-terror-1221808 The Red Terror]." ''ThoughtCo''. Retrieved March 24, 2021.</ref> and sought to eliminate [[political dissent]], opposition, and any other threat to Bolshevik power.<ref name=":0"/> More broadly, the term is usually applied to [[Political repression in the Soviet Union|Bolshevik political repression]] throughout the Civil War (1917â1922),<ref>Melgunov, Sergey [1925] 1975. ''The Red Terror in Russia''. Hyperions. {{ISBN|0-88355-187-X}}.</ref><ref>[[Sergei Melgunov|Melgunov, Sergei]]. 1927. "[http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/redterror.pdf The Record of the Red Terror]." ''[[Current History]]'' (November 1927):198â205.</ref>{{r|BlackBook_chptr4}} as distinguished from the [[White Terror (Russia)|White Terror]] carried out by the [[White Army]] (Russian and non-Russian groups opposed to Bolshevik rule) against their political enemies, including the Bolsheviks.<br />
<br />
== Number of deaths ==<br />
There is no consensus among the Western historians on the number of deaths from the Red Terror. One source gives estimates of 28,000 executions per year from December 1917 to February 1922.{{sfnp|Ryan|2012|p=2}} Estimates for the number of people shot during the initial period of the Red Terror are at least 10,000.{{sfnp|Ryan|2012|p=114}} Estimates for the whole period go for a low of 50,000<ref name="anatomy">Stone, Bailey (2013). ''The Anatomy of Revolution Revisited: A Comparative Analysis of England, France, and Russia''. Cambridge University Press. p. 335.</ref> to highs of 140,000<ref name="anatomy"/><ref>Pipes, Richard (2011). ''The Russian Revolution''. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 838.</ref> and 200,000 executed.{{sfnp|Lowe|2002|p=151}} Most estimations for the number of executions in total put the number at about 100,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lincoln |first=W. Bruce |author-link=W. Bruce Lincoln |year=1989 |title=Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=384 |isbn=0671631667 |quote=... the best estimates set the probable number of executions at about a hundred thousand.}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to Vadim Erlikhman's investigation, the number of the Red Terror's victims is at least 1,200,000 people.<ref><br />
{{cite book |last=Erlikhman |first=Vadim Viktorovich|author-link= |date=2004 |title=Poteri narodonaseleniya v XX veke. |trans-title=Population losses in the XX century |url=https://www.azstat.org/Kitweb/zipfiles/11553.pdf |location=Moscow |publisher=Russkaya panorama |page= |isbn=5-93165-107-1|language=ru}}</ref> According to [[Robert Conquest]], a total of 140,000 people were shot in 1917â1922, but Jonathan D. Smele estimates they were considerably fewer, "perhaps less than half that many".{{sfnp|Smele|2015|p=934}} Candidate of Historical Sciences Nikolay Zayats states that the number of people shot by the Cheka in 1918â1922 is about 37,300 people, shot in 1918â1921 by the verdicts of the tribunals â 14,200, i.e. about 50,000â55,000 people in total, although executions and atrocities were not limited to the Cheka, having been organized by the [[Red Army]] as well.<ref>[https://scepsis.net/library/id_3807.html РвОпŃĐžŃŃ Đž ПаŃŃŃĐ°ĐąĐ°Ń ĐşŃĐ°ŃнОгО ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃĐ° в ĐłĐžĐ´Ń ĐŃаМданŃкОК вОКнŃ]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/29475805.html|title="ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ": 1918â ...?|trans-title=The Red Terror: 1918â âŚ?}}</ref> In 1924, an anti-Bolshevik [[Popular Socialists (Russia)|Popular Socialist]] [[Sergei Melgunov]] (1879â1956) published a detailed account on the Red Terror in Russia, where he cited Professor [[Charles SarolĂŠa]]'s estimates of 1,766,188 deaths from the Bolshevik policies. He questioned the accuracy of the figures, but endorsed SarolĂŠa's "chracterisation of terror in Russia", stating it matches reality.<ref>ЧаŃŃŃ IV. ĐĐ° ĐłŃаМданŃкОК вОКнe. // ''[[Sergei Melgunov]]'' [http://lib.ru/POLITOLOG/MELGUNOW/terror.txt ÂŤĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃÂť в Đ ĐžŃŃии 1918â1923.] â 2-Оо иСд., дОп. â ĐĐľŃНин, 1924</ref><ref>{{cite book |language=de |last=Melgunov |first=Sergei Petrovich |author-link=Sergei Melgunov |date=2008 |orig-date=1924 |title= Der rote Terror in Russland 1918-1923 |type= reprint of the 1924 Olga Diakow edition |edition= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3FGAQAAIAAJ |location=Berlin |publisher=OEZ |page=186, note 182 |quote= |isbn=9783940452474 }} An online English translation of the second edition of Melgunov's work is accessibile at [https://ia804502.us.archive.org/28/items/RedTerrorInRussia1918-1923/S.P.Melgunov_Red_Terror_In_Russia_1918-1923_En.pdf Internet Archive], whence the following translated text is drawn (p. 85, note n. 128): "Professor [[Charles SarolĂŠa|[Charles] Sarolea]], who published a series of articles about Russia in Edinburgh newspaper âThe Scotsmanâ touched upon the death statistics in an essay on terror (No. 7, November 1923.). He summarized the outcome of the Bolshevik massacre as follows: 28 bishops, 1219 clergy, 6000 professors and teachers, 9000 doctors, 54,000 officers, 260,000 soldiers, 70,000 policemen, 12,950 landowners, 355,250 professionals, 193,290 workers, 815,000 peasants. The author did not provide the sources of that data. Needless to say that the precise counts seem [too] fictional, but the authorâs [characterisation] of terror in Russia in general matches reality." The note is somewhat abbreviated in the 1925 English edition indicated in the bibliography: in particular, there is no mention of the imaginative nature of the data (p. 111, note n. 1).</ref> Modern historian Sergei Volkov, assessing the Red Terror as the entire repressive policy of the Bolsheviks during the years of the Civil War (1917â1922), estimates the direct death toll of the Red Terror at 2 million people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iskupitel.info/node/770 |title=Istorik Sergey Volkov: ÂŤGeneticheskomu fondu Rossii byl nanesen chudovishchnyy, ne vospolnennyy do sego vremeni, uronÂť |trans-title=Historian Sergei Volkov: "Russia's genetic pool suffered monstrous damage, so far not repaired" (interview with the famous historian of the Civil War, Doctor of Historical Sciences Sergei Vladimirovich Volkov) |author=Perevozchikov', Artyom |date=9 September 2010 |website=iskupitel.info |publisher=Monarxist |access-date=9 May 2023 }}</ref> Volkov's calculations, however, do not appear to have been confirmed by other major scholars.<ref>In particular, they seem quite at odds with the demographic considerations elaborated by Italian historian and professor {{ill|Andrea Graziosi|it}} in the light of the good quality Tsarist and early Soviet statistics. According to him, the [[Excess mortality|excess deaths]] between 1914 and 1922 were about 16 million, of which 4â5 were military, the rest civilian. The overwhelming majority of the latter resulted from "starvation, typhus, epidemics, the [[Spanish flu]] and the [[Russian famine of 1921â1922|famine of 1921-22]]", the roughly number of "victims of the various kinds of terror, and red and white repressions" amounting to a few hundred thousandâ albeit a dreadful number in itself (Graziosi, pp. 171 and 570).</ref><br />
<br />
== Bolshevik justification ==<br />
{{Repression in the Soviet Union}}<br />
The Red Terror in [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] was justified in [[Soviet historiography]] as a wartime campaign against [[Counter-revolutionary|counter-revolutionaries]] during the Russian Civil War of 1918â1921, targeting those who sided with the Whites ([[White Army]]). Bolsheviks referred to any anti-Bolshevik factions as Whites, regardless of whether those factions actually supported the [[White movement]] cause. [[Leon Trotsky]] described the context in 1920:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The severity of the proletarian dictatorship in Russia, let us point out here, was conditioned by no less difficult circumstances [than the [[French Revolution]]]. There was one continuous front, on the north and south, in the east and west. Besides the Russian [[White movement|White Guard]] armies of [[Alexander Kolchak|Kolchak]], [[Anton Denikin|Denikin]] and others, there are those attacking Soviet Russia, simultaneously or in turn: Germans, Austrians, Czecho-Slovaks, Serbs, Poles, Ukrainians, Roumanians, French, British, Americans, Japanese, Finns, Esthonians, Lithuanians ... In a country throttled by a blockade and strangled by hunger, there are conspiracies, risings, terrorist acts, and destruction of roads and bridges.|{{harvp|Trotsky|1920|}} }}<br />
<br />
He then contrasted the terror with the revolution and provided the Bolshevik's justification for it:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The first conquest of power by the Soviets at the beginning of November 1917 (new style) was actually accomplished with insignificant sacrifices. The Russian bourgeoisie found itself to such a degree estranged from the masses of the people, so internally helpless, so compromised by the course and the result of the war, so demoralized by the regime of [[Alexander Kerensky|Kerensky]], that it scarcely dared show any resistance. ... A revolutionary class which has conquered power with arms in its hands is bound to, and will, suppress, rifle in hand, all attempts to tear the power out of its hands. Where it has against it a hostile army, it will oppose to it its own army. Where it is confronted with armed conspiracy, attempt at murder, or rising, it will hurl at the heads of its enemies an unsparing penalty.|{{harvp|Trotsky|1920|}} }}<br />
<br />
[[Martin Latsis]], chief of the Ukrainian [[Cheka]], stated in the newspaper ''Krasny Terror'' (''Red Terror''):<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|We are not waging war against individual persons. We are exterminating the bourgeoisie as a class. During the investigation, do not look for evidence that the accused acted in deed or word against Soviet power. The first questions that you ought to put are: To what class does he belong? What is his origin? What is his education or profession? And it is these questions that ought to determine the fate of the accused. In this lies the significance and essence of the Red Terror|Martin Latsis|''Red Terror'', no 1, Kazan, 1 November 1918, p. 2{{sfnp|Leggett|1981|p=114}} }}<br />
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[[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] in response mildly criticised Latsis' determination:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Political distrust means we must not put non-Soviet people in politically responsible posts. It means the Cheka must keep a sharp eye on members of classes, sections or groups that have leanings towards the white guards. (Though, incidentally, one need not go to the same absurd lengths as Comrade Latsis, one of our finest, tried and tested Communists, did in his Kazan magazine, Krasny Terror. He wanted to say that Red terror meant the forcible suppression of exploiters who attempted to restore their rule, but instead, he put it this way [on page 2 of the first issue of his magazine]: âDon't search [!!?] the records for evidence of whether his revolt against the Soviet was an armed or only a verbal oneâ) ... Political distrust of the members of a bourgeois apparatus is legitimate and essential. But to refuse to use them in administration and construction would be the height of folly, fraught with untold harm to communism.|Lenin|''A Little Picture in Illustration of Big Problems'' (1918â1919)<ref>{{cite book |last=Lenin |first=Vladimir |author-link=Vladimir Lenin |chapter=A Little Picture in Illustration of Big Problems |type=edited and translated by [[James Riordan (writer-sportsman)|Jim Riordan]] |volume=28 |date=1965 |orig-date=1918â1919 |title=Collected works |location=Moskow |publisher=Progress Publisher |page=389 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziQKAQAAIAAJ&q=A+little+pictures}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The bitter struggle was described succinctly from the Bolshevik point of view by [[Grigory Zinoviev]] in mid-September 1918:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|To overcome our enemies we must have our own socialist militarism. We must carry along with us 90 million out of the 100 million of Soviet Russia's population. As for the rest, we have nothing to say to them. They must be annihilated.|[[Grigory Zinoviev]]|1918{{sfnp|Leggett|1981|p=114}} }}<br />
<br />
A completely different point of view from those of the Bolsheviks was expressed in November 1918 by the [[Left Socialist-Revolutionaries|Left Socialist Revolutionary]] leader [[Maria Spiridonova]], at the time in prison awaiting trial. In her Open Letter to the Central Executive of the Bolshevik party, she wrote:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|Never in the most corrupt of Parliaments, never in the most venal papers of capitalist society has hatred of opponents reached such heights of cynicism as your hatred.<br />
[âŚ] These nightly murders of fettered, unarmed, helpless people, these secret shootings in the back, the unceremonious burial on the spot of bodies, robbed to the very shirt, not always quite dead, often still groaning, in a mass graveâwhat sort of Terrorism is this? This cannot be called Terrorism. In the course of Russian revolutionary history, the word Terrorism did not merely connote revenge and intimidation (which were the very last things in its mind). No, the foremost aims of Terrorism were to protest against tyranny, to awake a sense of value in the souls of the oppressed, to rouse the conscience of those who kept silence in the face of this submission. Moreover, the Terrorist nearly always accompanied his deed by a voluntary sacrifice of his own liberty or life. Only in this way, it seems to me, could the Terrorist acts of the revolutionaries be justified. But where are these elements to be found in the cowardly Cheka, in the unbelievable moral poverty of its leaders?<br />
⌠So far the working classes have brought about the Revolution under the unblemished red flag, which was red with their own blood. Their moral authority and sanction lay in their sufferings for the highest ideal of humanity. Belief in Socialism is at the same time a belief in a nobler future for humanityâa belief in goodness, truth, and beauty, in the abolition of the use of all kinds of force, in the brotherhood of the world. And now you have damaged this belief, which had inflamed the souls of the people as never before, at its very roots.<br />
|[[Maria Spiridonova]] ''Open Letter to the Central Executive of the Bolshevik Party''|November 1918{{sfnp|Steinberg|1935|pp=234â238}} }}<br />
<br />
[[File:Ivan Vladimirov escort-of-prisoners.jpg|thumb|400px|"Escort of prisoners", by Ivan Vladimirov]]<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{main|Political repression in the Soviet Union}}<br />
<br />
===Background===<br />
In December 1917, [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] was appointed to the duty of rooting out [[Counter-revolutionary|counterrevolutionary]] threats to the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet government]]. He was the director of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (aka [[Cheka]]), a predecessor of the KGB that served as the [[secret police]] for the Soviets.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
From early 1918, the Bolsheviks started physical elimination of opposition and other socialist and revolutionary fractions, [[Anarchism|anarchists]] among the first:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|text=Of all the revolutionary elements in Russia it is the Anarchists who now suffer the most ruthless and systematic persecution. Their suppression by the Bolsheviki began already in 1918, when â in the month of April of that year â the Communist Government attacked, without provocation or warning, the Anarchist Club of Moscow and by the use of machine guns and artillery "liquidated" the whole organisation. It was the beginning of Anarchist hounding, but it was sporadic in character, breaking out now and then, quite planless, and frequently self-contradictory.|author=[[Alexander Berkman]], [[Emma Goldman]]|title="Bolsheviks Shooting Anarchists"<ref name="Berkman">{{cite journal |last1=Berkman |first1=Alexander |author-link1=Alexander Berkman |last2=Goldman |first2=Emma |author-link2=Emma Goldman |date=January 1922 |title=Bolsheviks Shooting Anarchists |url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-alexander-berkman-bolsheviks-shooting-anarchists |journal=Freedom |volume=36 |issue=391 |page=4 |doi= |access-date=9 May 2023}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
On 11 August 1918, prior to the events that would officially catalyze the Terror, [[Vladimir Lenin]] had [[Lenin's Hanging Order|sent telegrams]] "to introduce mass terror" in [[Nizhny Novgorod]] in response to a suspected civilian uprising there, and to "crush" landowners in [[Penza]] who resisted, sometimes violently, the requisitioning of their grain by military detachments:{{r|BlackBook_chptr4}}<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Comrades! The [[kulak]] uprising in your five districts must be crushed without pity&nbsp;... You must make example of these people.<br />
: (1) Hang (I mean hang publicly, so that people see it) at least 100 kulaks, rich bastards, and known bloodsuckers.<br />
: (2) Publish their names.<br />
: (3) Seize all their grain.<br />
: (4) Single out the hostages per my instructions in yesterday's telegram.<br />
<br />
Do all this so that for miles (versts) around people see it all, understand it, tremble, and tell themselves that we are killing the bloodthirsty kulaks and that we will continue to do so&nbsp;...<br />
<br />
Yours, Lenin.<br />
<br />
P.S. Find tougher people.|source=[[Lenin's Hanging Order]]}}<br />
<br />
In a mid-August 1920 letter, having received information that in Estonia and Latvia, with which Soviet Russia had concluded peace treaties, volunteers were being enrolled in anti-Bolshevik detachments, Lenin wrote to E. M. Sklyansky, deputy chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic:<ref name="litvinalkbterror">{{ill|Alter Litvin|ru|ĐиŃвин, ĐĐťŃĐľŃ ĐŃвОвиŃ}} ÂŤĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš и ĐоНŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ Đ˛ Đ ĐžŃŃии в 1917â1922Â ĐłĐžĐ´Đ°Ń Âť ISBN 5-87849-164-8</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Great plan! Finish it with Dzerzhinsky. While pretending to be the "greens" (we will blame them later), we will advance by 10â20 miles (versts) and hang kulaks, priests, landowners. Prize: 100.000 rubles for each hanged man.}}<br />
<br />
===Beginnings===<br />
[[Leonid Kannegisser]], a young [[military cadet]] of the [[Imperial Russian Army]], assassinated [[Moisey Uritsky]] on August 17, 1918, outside the [[Petrograd]] Cheka headquarters in retaliation for the execution of his friend and other officers.<ref>[http://www.lib.ru/POLITOLOG/MELGUNOW/terror.txt Melgunov, S.P. ''Red Terror'' in Russia] {{in lang|ru}}</ref><br />
<br />
On August 30, [[Socialist Revolutionary Party|Socialist Revolutionary]] [[Fanny Kaplan]] unsuccessfully [[Assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin|attempted to assassinate]] [[Vladimir Lenin]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
During interrogation by the [[Cheka]], she made the following statement:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|"My name is Fanya Kaplan. Today I shot Lenin. I did it on my own. I will not say from whom I obtained my revolver. I will give no details. I had resolved to kill Lenin long ago. I consider him a traitor to the Revolution. I was exiled to Akatui for participating in an assassination attempt against a Tsarist official in Kiev [now Kyiv]. I spent 11 years at hard labour. After the Revolution, I was freed. I favoured the [[Russian Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] and am still for it".<ref name="spartacus">{{cite web|url=http://spartacus-educational.com/RUSkaplan.htm|title=Fanya Kaplan|work=Spartacus Educational}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Kaplan referenced the Bolsheviks' growing authoritarianism, citing their forcible shutdown of the Constituent Assembly in January 1918, the [[1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election|elections]] to which they had lost. When it became clear that Kaplan would not implicate any accomplices, she was executed in [[Alexander Garden]]. The order was carried out by the commander of the Kremlin, the former Baltic sailor P. D. Malkov and a group of Latvian Bolsheviks<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Malkov P. Notes of the Kremlin commandant. â M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1968.S. 148â149.|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>{{page number|date=August 2021}}{{primary source inline|date=August 2021}} on September 3, 1918 with a bullet to the back of the head.<ref name="how">{{cite book |title=How Did They Die? |first1=Norman |last1=Donaldson |first2=Betty |last2=Donaldson |isbn=9780517403020 |page=221 |publisher=Greenwich House |date=January 1, 1983}}</ref> Her corpse was bundled into a barrel and set alight. The order came from [[Yakov Sverdlov]], who only six weeks earlier had ordered the [[Murder of the Romanov family|murder]] of the Tsar and his family.<ref>{{Citation|last=Slezkine |first=Yuri |title=The house of government: a saga of the Russian Revolution |isbn=978-1-5384-7835-6|oclc=1003859221 |page=158}}</ref><ref name="Lyandres">{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2498997 |jstor=2498997 |title=The 1918 Attempt on the Life of Lenin: A New Look at the Evidence |first=Semion |last=Lyandres |journal=Slavic Review |volume=48 |issue=3 |date=Autumn 1989 |pages=432â448 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|s2cid=155228899 }}</ref>{{rp|442}}<br />
<br />
These events persuaded the government to heed Dzerzhinsky's lobbying for greater terror against opposition. The campaign of mass repressions would officially begin thereafter.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The Red Terror is considered to have officially begun between 17 and 30 August 1918.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine|last=Bird|first=Danny|date=September 5, 2018|title=How the 'Red Terror' Exposed the True Turmoil of Soviet Russia 100 Years Ago|url=https://time.com/5386789/red-terror-soviet-history/ |access-date=2021-03-24|magazine=Time}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Events and consequences ===<br />
[[File:Ivan Vladimirov in-basements-of-cheka-1919.jpg|thumb|400px|"In the basements of a [[Cheka]]", by Ivan Vladimirov]]<br />
While recovering from his wounds, Lenin instructed: "It is necessary â secretly and ''urgently'' to prepare the terror."<ref name="Mitrokhin">[[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Christopher Andrew]] and [[Vasili Mitrokhin]] (2000). The [[Mitrokhin Archive]]: The KGB in Europe and the West. Gardners Books. {{ISBN|0-14-028487-7}}, page 34.</ref> In immediate response to the two attacks, Chekists killed approximately 1,300 "bourgeois hostages" held in [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]] and [[Kronstadt]] prisons.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2016-01-25|title=Crimes and Mass Violence of the Russian Civil Wars (1918â1921) {{!}} Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance â Research Network|url=http://crimes-and-mass-violence-russian-civil-wars-1918-1921.html/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=crimes-and-mass-violence-russian-civil-wars-1918-1921.html|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
Bolshevik newspapers were especially integral to instigating an escalation in state violence: on August 31, the [[Media of the Soviet Union|state-controlled media]] launched the repressive campaign through incitement of violence. One article appearing in ''[[Pravda]]'' exclaimed: "the time has come for us to crush the bourgeoisie or be crushed by it.... The anthem of the working class will be a song of hatred and revenge!"<ref name=":2" /> The next day, the newspaper ''Krasnaia Gazeta'' stated that "only rivers of blood can atone for the blood of Lenin and Uritsky."<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
The first official announcement of a Red Terror was published in ''[[Izvestia]]'' on September 3, titled "Appeal to the Working Class": it had been drafted by Dzerzhinsky and his assistant [[JÄkabs Peterss]] and called for the workers to "crush the [[Lernaean Hydra|hydra]] of [[Counter-revolutionary|counter-revolution]] with massive terror!"; it would also make clear that "anyone who dares to spread the slightest rumor against the [[Soviet democracy|Soviet regime]] will be arrested immediately and sent to a [[concentration camp]]".{{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|p=74}} ''Izvestia'' also reported that, in the 4 days since the attempt on Lenin, over 500 hostages had been executed in [[Petrograd]] alone.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Subsequently, on September 5, the [[Council of People's Commissars]] issued a decree "On Red Terror", prescribing "mass shooting" to be "inflicted without hesitation;" the decree ordered the [[Cheka]] "to secure the Soviet Republic from the class enemies by isolating them in concentration camps", as well as stating that counter-revolutionaries "must be executed by shooting [and] that the names of the executed and the reasons of the execution must be made public."<ref name=":2" />{{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|p=76}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Newton |first=Scott |author-link= |date=2015 |title=Law and the Making of the Soviet World. The Red Demiurge |url= |location=Abingdon |publisher= Routledge|page=51 |isbn=978-0-415-72610-8}}</ref><br />
<br />
The government executed 500 "representatives of overthrown classes" ([[kulak]]s) immediately after the assassination of Uritsky.{{r|Radzinsky97_1525}}{{qn|date=January 2016}} Soviet commissar [[Grigory Petrovsky]] called for an expansion of the Terror and an "immediate end of looseness and tenderness."<ref name=":0">Llewellyn, Jennifer; McConnell, Michael; Thompson, Steve (11 August 2019). [https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/red-terror/ "The Red Terror"]. ''Russian Revolution''. Alpha History. Retrieved 4 August 2021.</ref><br />
<br />
In October 1918, Cheka commander [[Martin Latsis]] likened the Red Terror to a [[Class conflict|class war]], explaining that "we are destroying the ''bourgeoisie'' as a class."<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
On October 15, the leading Chekist [[Gleb Bokii]], summing up the officially-ended Red Terror, reported that, in Petrograd, 800 alleged enemies had been shot and another 6,229 imprisoned.{{r|Mitrokhin}} Casualties in the first two months were between 10,000 and 15,000 based on lists of [[extrajudicial punishment|summarily executed]] people published in newspaper ''Cheka Weekly'' and other official press.<!--page 78, Black Book--> A declaration ''About the Red Terror'' by the [[Sovnarkom]] on 5 September 1918 stated:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|...that for empowering the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission in the fight with the counter-revolution, profiteering and corruption and making it more methodical, it is necessary to direct there possibly bigger number of the responsible party comrades, that it is necessary to secure the Soviet Republic from the class enemies by way of isolating them in concentration camps, that all people are to be executed by fire squad who are connected with the [[White movement|White Guard]] organizations, conspiracies and mutinies, that it is necessary to publicize the names of the executed as well as the reasons of applying to them that measure.|Signed by People's Commissar of Justice [[Dmitry Kursky|D. Kursky]], People's Commissar of Interior [[Grigory Petrovsky|G. Petrovsky]], Director in Affairs of the Council of People's Commissars [[Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich|V. Bonch-Bruyevich]], SU, #19, department 1, art.710, 04.09.1918<ref name="Red Terror.1">V.T.Malyarenko. "Rehabilitation of the repressed: Legal and Court practices". ''Yurinkom''. Kiev 1997. pages 17â8.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
As the [[Russian Civil War]] progressed, significant numbers of prisoners, suspects and hostages were executed because they belonged to the "possessing classes". Numbers are recorded for cities occupied by the Bolsheviks:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>In [[Kharkov]] there were between 2,000 and 3,000 executions in FebruaryâJune 1919, and another 1,000â2,000 when the town was taken again in December of that year; in [[Rostov-on-Don]], approximately 1,000 in January 1920; in [[Odessa]], 2,200 in MayâAugust 1919, then 1,500â3,000 between February 1920 and February 1921; in [[Kiev]], at least 3,000 in FebruaryâAugust 1919; in [[Ekaterinodar]], at least 3,000 between August 1920 and February 1921; In [[Armavir, Russia|Armavir]], a small town in [[Kuban]], between 2,000 and 3,000 in AugustâOctober 1920. The list could go on and on.{{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|p=106}}</blockquote><br />
<br />
In [[Crimea]], [[BĂŠla Kun]] and [[Rosalia Zemlyachka]], with [[Vladimir Lenin]]'s approval,{{r|Rayfield04_83}} had 50,000 [[White movement|White]] prisoners of war and civilians summarily executed by shooting or hanging after the defeat of general [[Pyotr Wrangel]] at the end of 1920. They had been promised amnesty if they would surrender.{{sfnp|Gellately|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8bTWCJMqAQC&pg=PA72 72]}} This is one of the largest massacres in the Civil War.{{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|p=100}}<ref>[https://time.com/5386789/red-terror-soviet-history/ Red Terror at 100: What Was Behind a Vicious Soviet Strategy]</ref><br />
<br />
On 16 March 1919, all military detachments of the Cheka were combined in a single body, the [[Internal Troops|Troops for the Internal Defense of the Republic]] (a branch of the Cheka), which numbered at least 200,000 in 1921. These troops policed [[labor camp]]s, ran the [[Gulag]] system, conducted [[prodrazvyorstka]] (requisitions of food from peasants), and put down peasant rebellions, riots by workers, and mutinies in the [[Red Army]] (which was plagued by desertions).{{r|BlackBook_chptr4}}<br />
<br />
One of the main organizers of the Red Terror for the Bolshevik government was 2nd-Grade Army Commissar [[Yan Karlovich Berzin]] (1889â1938), whose real name was PÄteris Äśuzis. He took part in the [[October Revolution]] of 1917 and afterwards worked in the central apparatus of the Cheka. During the Red Terror, Berzin initiated the system of taking and shooting hostages to stop desertions and other "acts of disloyalty and sabotage".{{r|Suvorov1984}}{{page needed|date=April 2018}} As chief of a special department of the Latvian Red Army (later the Russian [[15th Army (RSFSR)|15th Army]]), Berzin played a part in the suppression of the Red sailors' [[Kronstadt rebellion|uprising at Kronstadt]] in March 1921. He particularly distinguished himself in the course of the pursuit, capture, and killing of captured sailors.{{r|Suvorov1984}}{{page needed|date=April 2018}}<br />
<br />
== Repressions ==<br />
Among the victims of the Red Terror were [[Tsar|tsarists]], [[Liberalism in Russia|liberals]], non-Bolshevik socialists, [[Anarchism in Russia|anarchists]], members of the clergy, ordinary [[criminals]], [[counter-revolutionaries]], and other [[Soviet dissidents|political dissidents]]. Later, [[industrial workers]] who failed to meet [[production quota]]s were also targeted.<ref name=":0"/><br />
<br />
The first victims of the Terror were the [[Socialist Revolutionaries]] (SR). Over the months of the campaign, over 800 SR members were executed, while thousands more were driven into exile or detained in labor camps.<ref name=":0" /> In a matter of weeks, executions carried out by the Cheka doubled or tripled the amount of death sentences pronounced by the [[Russian Empire]] over the 92-year period from 1825 to 1917.<ref name=":3" /> While the Socialist Revolutionaries were initially the primary targets of the terror, most of its direct victims were associated with the preceding regimes.{{r|Ryan12_114}}<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
=== Peasants ===<br />
[[File:Trotsky_on_a_Polish_poster_of_1920.jpg|thumb|Trotsky on an [[Anti-Sovietism|anti-Soviet]] Polish poster titled "Bolshevik freedom" which depicts him on a pile of skulls and holding a bloody knife, during the [[PolishâSoviet War]] of 1920. Small caption in the lower right corner reads:<br /><br />
The Bolsheviks promised:<br /><br />
We'll give you peace<br /><br />
We'll give you freedom<br /><br />
We'll give you land<br /><br />
Work and bread<br /><br />
Despicably they cheated<br /><br />
They started a [[Soviet-Polish war|war<br /><br />
With Poland]]<br /><br />
Instead of freedom they brought<br /><br />
The fist<br /><br />
Instead of land â confiscation<br /><br />
Instead of work â misery<br /><br />
Instead of bread â famine.<br /><br />
]]<br />
<br />
The [[Internal Troops]] of the Cheka and the [[Red Army]] practiced the [[Tactics of terrorism|terror tactics]] of taking and executing numerous hostages, often in connection with desertions of forcefully mobilized peasants. According to [[Orlando Figes]], more than 1&nbsp;million people deserted from the Red Army in 1918, around 2&nbsp;million people deserted in 1919, and almost 4&nbsp;million deserters escaped from the Red Army in 1921.{{sfnp|Figes|1998|loc=Chapter 13}} Around 500,000 deserters were arrested in 1919 and close to 800,000 in 1920 by Cheka troops and special divisions created to combat desertions.{{r|BlackBook_chptr4}} Thousands of deserters were killed, and their families were often taken hostage. According to Lenin's instructions,<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|After the expiration of the seven-day deadline for deserters to turn themselves in, punishment must be increased for these incorrigible traitors to the cause of the people. Families and anyone found to be assisting them in any way whatsoever are to be considered as hostages and treated accordingly.{{r|BlackBook_chptr4}} }}<br />
<br />
In September 1918, in just twelve provinces of Russia, 48,735 deserters and 7,325 brigands were arrested: 1,826 were executed and 2,230 were deported. A typical report from a Cheka department stated:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|[[Yaroslavl]] Province, 23 June 1919. The uprising of deserters in the ''Petropavlovskaya volost'' has been put down. The families of the deserters have been taken as hostages. When we started to shoot one person from each family, the [[Green armies|Greens]] began to come out of the woods and surrender. Thirty-four deserters were shot as an example.{{r|BlackBook_chptr4}} }}<br />
<br />
Estimates suggest that during the suppression of the [[Tambov Rebellion]] of 1920â1921, around 100,000 peasant rebels and their families were imprisoned or deported and perhaps 15,000 executed.{{sfnp|Gellately|2008|p=75}} During the rebellion, [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]] (chief [[Red Army]] commander in the area) authorized [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] military forces to use [[chemical weapons]] against villages with civilian population and rebels.{{sfnm|1a1=Mayer|1y=2002|1p=395|2a1=Werth|2y=1999|2p=117}} Publications in local Communist newspapers openly glorified liquidations of "bandits" with the poison gas.{{sfnm|1a1=Figes|1y=1998|1p=768|2a1=Pipes|2y=2011|2pp=387â401}}<br />
<br />
This campaign marked the beginning of the [[Gulag]], and some scholars have estimated that 70,000 were imprisoned by September 1921 (this number excludes those in several camps in regions that were in revolt, such as Tambov).<!--page 80, Black Book--> Conditions in these camps led to high mortality rates, and "repeated massacres" took place. The Cheka at the [[Kholmogory, Arkhangelsk Oblast|Kholmogory]] camp adopted the practice of drowning bound prisoners in the nearby [[Northern Dvina|Dvina]] river.{{sfnp|Gellately|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8bTWCJMqAQC&pg=PA58 58]}} Occasionally, entire prisons were "emptied" of inmates via mass shootings prior to abandoning a town to White forces.{{sfnp|Gellately|2008|p=59}}{{sfnp|Figes|1998|p=647}}<br />
<br />
=== Industrial workers ===<br />
On 16 March 1919, Cheka stormed the [[Kirov Plant|Putilov factory]]. More than 900 workers who went to a strike were arrested, of whom more than 200 were executed without trial during the next few days.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Numerous strikes took place in the spring of 1919 in cities of [[Tula, Russia|Tula]], [[Oryol]], [[Tver]], [[Ivanovo]] and [[Astrakhan]]. Starving workers sought to obtain food rations matching those of Red Army soldiers. They also demanded the elimination of privileges for Bolsheviks, freedom of the press, and free elections. The Cheka mercilessly suppressed all strikes, using arrests and executions.{{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|pp=86â7}}<br />
<br />
In the city of Astrakhan, a revolt led by the White Guard forces broke out. In preparing this revolt, the Whites managed to smuggle more than 3000 rifles and machine guns into the city. The leaders of the plot decided to act on the night 9â10 March 1919. The rebels were joined by wealthy peasants from the villages, which suppressed the Committees of the Poor, and committed massacres against rural activists. Eyewitnesses reported atrocities in villages such as Ivanchug, Chagan, Karalat. In response, Soviet forces led by Kirov undertook to suppress this revolt in the villages, and together with the Committees of the Poor restored Soviet power. The revolt in Astrakhan was brought under control by 10 March, and completely defeated by the 12th. More than 184 were sentenced to death, including monarchists, and representatives of the Kadets, Left-Socialist Revolutionaries, repeat offenders, and persons shown to have links with British and American intelligence services.<ref>Đ.ĐĐąŃĐžŃиПОв, Đ.ĐиНинŃкиК. ''ĐĄŃŃаниŃŃ ĐąŃНОгО (ĐС иŃŃĐžŃии ĐŃŃŃĐ°Ń Đ°Đ˝ŃкОК ĐłŃйоŃĐ˝ŃкОК ŃŃоСвŃŃаКнОК кОПиŃŃии) ĐиМно-ĐОНМŃкОо книМнОо иСдаŃоНŃŃŃвО'', ĐОНгОгŃĐ°Đ´, 1988.</ref> The opposition media with political opponents like Chernov, and Melgunov, and others would later say that between 2,000 and 4,000 were shot or drowned from 12 to 14 of March 1919.<ref>''Black Book'', page 88.</ref> {{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|p=88}}<br />
<br />
However, strikes continued. Lenin had concerns about the tense situation regarding workers in the [[Ural region]]. On 29 January 1920, he sent a telegram to [[Vladimir Smirnov (politician)|Vladimir Smirnov]] stating "I am surprised that you are putting up with this and do not punish sabotage with shooting; also the delay over the transfer here of locomotives is<br />
likewise manifest sabotage; please take the most resolute measures."<ref>{{cite book |last=Trotsky|first=Leon|author-link=Leon Trotsky |date=1922 |title=The Trotsky Papers, 1917â1922|edition=1st |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17101425-the-trotsky-papers-1917-1922 |access-date= December 28, 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
At these times, there were numerous reports that Cheka interrogators used torture. At [[Odessa]], the Cheka tied White officers to planks and slowly fed them into furnaces or tanks of boiling water; in [[Kharkiv]], scalpings and hand-flayings were commonplace: the skin was peeled off victims' hands to produce "gloves";<ref>Melgunov, Sergey [1925] 1975. ''The Red Terror in Russia''. Hyperions, p. 186-195 {{ISBN|0-88355-187-X}}.</ref> the [[Voronezh]] Cheka rolled naked people around in barrels studded internally with nails; victims were crucified or stoned to death at [[Yekaterinoslav]]; the Cheka at [[Kremenchuk]] impaled members of the clergy and buried alive rebelling peasants; in [[Oryol]], water was poured on naked prisoners bound in the winter streets until they became living ice statues; in [[Kyiv|Kiev]], [[Chinese in the Russian Revolution and in the Russian Civil War|Chinese Cheka detachments]] placed rats in iron tubes sealed at one end with wire netting and the other placed against the body of a prisoner, with the tubes being heated until the rats gnawed through the victim's body in an effort to escape.{{sfnp|Leggett|1981|pp=197â8}}<br />
<br />
Executions took place in prison cellars or courtyards, or occasionally on the outskirts of town, during the Red Terror and [[Russian Civil War]]. After the condemned were stripped of their clothing and other belongings, which were shared among the Cheka executioners, they were either machine-gunned in batches or dispatched individually with a revolver. Those killed in prison were usually shot in the back of the neck as they entered the execution cellar, which became littered with corpses and soaked with blood. Victims killed outside the town were moved by truck, bound and gagged, to their place of execution, where they sometimes were made to dig their own graves.{{sfnp|Leggett|1981|p=199}}<br />
<br />
According to [[Edvard Radzinsky]], "it became a common practice to take a husband hostage and wait for his wife to come and purchase his life with her body".{{r|Radzinsky97_1525}} During [[decossackization]], there were massacres, according to historian [[Robert Gellately]], "on an unheard of scale". The [[Pyatigorsk]] Cheka organized a "day of Red Terror" to execute 300 people in one day, and took quotas from each part of town. According to the Chekist {{ill|Karl Lander|ru|ĐандоŃ, ĐĐ°ŃĐť ĐванОвиŃ}}, the Cheka in [[Kislovodsk]], "for lack of a better idea", killed all the patients in the hospital. In October 1920 alone more than 6,000 people were executed. Gellately adds that Communist leaders "sought to justify their ethnic-based massacres by incorporating them into the rubric of the 'class struggle{{'"}}.{{sfnp|Gellately|2008|pp=70â1}}<br />
<br />
=== Clergy and religious ===<br />
Members of the clergy were subjected to particularly brutal abuse. According to documents cited by [[Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev|Alexander Yakovlev]], then head of the Presidential Committee for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression, priests, monks and nuns were crucified, thrown into cauldrons of boiling tar, scalped, strangled, given Communion with melted lead and drowned in holes in the ice.<ref name="Yakovlev">[[Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev]]. ''A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia.'' [[Yale University Press]], 2002. {{ISBN|0-300-08760-8}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ChRk43tVxTwC&dq=yakovlev+crucified&pg=PA156 page 156]</ref> An estimated 3,000 were put to death in 1918 alone.<ref name="Yakovlev"/><br />
<br />
== Interpretations by historians ==<br />
Historians such as [[StĂŠphane Courtois]] and [[Richard Pipes]] have argued that the Bolsheviks needed to use terror to stay in power because they lacked popular support.{{r|BlackBook_chptr4}}<ref name="Pipes">Richard Pipes, ''Communism: A History'' (2001), {{ISBN|0-8129-6864-6}}, p. 39.</ref> Although the [[Bolsheviks]] dominated among workers, soldiers and in their revolutionary [[Soviet (council)|soviets]], they won less than a quarter of the popular vote in [[1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election|elections for the Constituent Assembly]] held soon after the October Revolution, since they commanded much less support among the peasantry. The Constituent Assembly elections predated the split between the [[Socialist-Revolutionary Party|Right SRs]], who had opposed the Bolsheviks, and the [[Left SRs]], who were their coalition partners, consequentially many peasant votes intended for the latter went to the SRs.<ref name="reflections"/><ref>Sheila Fitzpatrick, ''The Russian Revolution'', Oxford: Oxford University Press (2008), p. 66.</ref><ref>E. H. Carr, ''The Bolshevik Revolution'', Harmondsworth: Penguin (1966), pp. 121â2.</ref> Massive strikes by Russian workers were "mercilessly" suppressed during the Red Terror.<ref name="reflections"/><br />
<br />
According to [[Richard Pipes]], terror was inevitably justified by Lenin's belief that human lives were expendable in the cause of building the new order of communism. Pipes has quoted Marx's observation of the class struggles in 19th-century France: "The present generation resembles the Jews whom Moses led through the wilderness. It must not only conquer a new world, it must also ''perish'' in order to make room for the people who are fit for a new world", but noted that neither [[Karl Marx]] nor [[Friedrich Engels]] encouraged mass murder.<ref name="Pipes"/><ref>Karl Marx, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/class-struggles-france/ch03.htm The Class Struggles in France] (1850).</ref> [[Robert Conquest]] was convinced that "unprecedented terror must seem necessary to ideologically motivated attempts to transform society massively and speedily, against its natural possibilities."<ref name="reflections">Robert Conquest, ''Reflections on a Ravaged Century'' (2000), {{ISBN|0-393-04818-7}}, p. 101.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Orlando Figes]]' view was that Red Terror was implicit, not so much in Marxism itself, but in the tumultuous violence of the [[Russian Revolution]]. He noted that there were a number of Bolsheviks, led by [[Lev Kamenev]], [[Nikolai Bukharin]], and [[Mikhail Olminsky]], who criticized the actions and warned that thanks to "Lenin's violent seizure of power and his rejection of democracy," the Bolsheviks would be "forced to turn increasingly to terror to silence their political critics and subjugate a society they could not control by other means."{{sfnp|Figes|1998|pp=630, 649}} Figes also asserts that the Red Terror "erupted from below. It was an integral element of the social revolution from the start. The Bolsheviks encouraged but did not create this mass terror. The main institutions of the Terror were all shaped, at least in part, in response to these pressures from below."{{sfnp|Figes|1998|p=525}}<br />
<br />
The German Marxist [[Karl Kautsky]] pleaded with Lenin against using violence as a form of terrorism because it was indiscriminate, intended to frighten the civilian population and included the taking and executing hostages: "Among the phenomena for which Bolshevism has been responsible, terrorism, which begins with the abolition of every form of freedom of the Press, and ends in a system of wholesale execution, is certainly the most striking and the most repellent of all."<ref>[[Karl Kautsky]], [http://marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1919/terrcomm/ch08b.htm#s6 ''Terrorism and Communism''] Chapter VIII, The Communists at Work, The Terror</ref><br />
<br />
In ''[[The Black Book of Communism]]'', [[Nicolas Werth]] contrasts the Red and [[White Terror (Russia)|White Terrors]], noting the former was the official policy of the Bolshevik government:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>The Bolshevik policy of terror was more systematic, better organized, and targeted at whole social classes. Moreover, it had been thought out and put into practice before the outbreak of the civil war. The White Terror was never systematized in such a fashion. It was almost invariably the work of detachments that were out of control, and taking measures not officially authorized by the military command that was attempting, without much success, to act as a government. If one discounts the pogroms, which [[Anton Denikin|Denikin]] himself condemned, the White Terror most often was a series of reprisals by the police acting as a sort of military counterespionage force. The Cheka and the Troops for the Internal Defense of the Republic were a structured and powerful instrument of repression of a completely different order, which had support at the highest level from the Bolshevik regime.{{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|p=82}}</blockquote><br />
<br />
James Ryan points out that Lenin never advocated for the physical extermination of the entire bourgeoisie as a class, just the execution of those who were actively involved in opposing and undermining Bolshevik rule.{{sfnp|Ryan|2012|p=116}} He did intend to bring about "the overthrow and complete abolition of the bourgeoisie", but through non-violent political and economic means.{{sfnp|Ryan|2012|p=74}}<br />
<br />
[[Leszek KoĹakowski]] noted that while Bolsheviks (especially Lenin) were very much focused on the Marxian concept of "violent revolution" and [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] long before the [[October Revolution]], implementation of the dictatorship was clearly defined by Lenin as early as in 1906, when he argued it must involve "unlimited power based on force and not on law," power that is "absolutely unrestricted by any rules whatever and based directly on violence." In ''[[The State and Revolution]]'' of 1917, Lenin once again reiterated the arguments raised by Marx and Engels calling for use of terror. Voices such as Kautsky calling for moderate use of violence met "furious reply" from Lenin in ''[[The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky]]'' (1918). Another theoretical and systematic argument in favor of organized terror in response to Kautsky's reservations was written by [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] in ''[[Terrorism and Communism|The Defense of Terrorism]]'' (1921). Trotsky argued that in the light of historical materialism, it is sufficient that the violence is successful for it to justify its rightness. Trotsky also introduced and provided ideological justification for many of the future features characterizing the Bolshevik system such as "militarization of labor" and concentration camps.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Main currents of Marxism|last=KoĹakowski|first=Leszek|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2005|isbn=9780393329438|pages=744â766}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Historical significance ==<br />
[[File:Memorial stone to victims of the red terror in Daugavpils.JPG|thumb|right|Memorial stone to victims of the Red Terror in [[Daugavpils]]]]<br />
The Red Terror was significant because it was the first of numerous Communist terror campaigns which were waged in Soviet Russia and many other countries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Andrew |first=Christopher|author2=Vasili Mitrokhin |title=The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World|publisher=Basic Books|year=2005|isbn=0-465-00311-7 }}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2020}} It also triggered the [[Russian Civil War]] according to historian [[Richard Pipes]].<ref name="Pipes"/> [[Menshevik]] [[Julius Martov]] wrote about the Red Terror:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>The beast has licked hot human blood. The man-killing machine is brought into motion&nbsp;... But blood breeds blood&nbsp;... We witness the growth of the bitterness of [[Russian Civil War|the civil war]], the growing bestiality of men engaged in it.{{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|pp=73â6}}<ref>[[Julius Martov]], [http://www.marxists.org/archive/martov/1918/07/death-penalty.htm Down with the Death Penalty!], June/July 1918.</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
The term 'Red Terror' was later used in reference to other campaigns of violence which were waged by communist or communist-affiliated groups. Some other events which were also called "Red Terrors" include:<br />
* [[Red Terror (Hungary)|Hungarian Red Terror]] â the execution of 590 people who were accused of being involved in the counterrevolutionary ''coup'' against the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] on 24 June 1919.<br />
* [[Red Terror (Spain)|Spanish Red Terror]] â assassinations which were carried out during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<br />
* [[Red Terror (Greece)]] â a campaign of repression which was waged in [[Greece]] by the Communist organizations of the [[Greek Resistance]] (during the [[Axis occupation of Greece]] which coincided with [[World War II]]) and the [[Greek Civil War]] (1943â49).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YAszKv6JfQUC&q=terror Mazower, Mark, "After the War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation, and State in Greece, 1943â1960". Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016]</ref><br />
* [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|Ethiopian Red Terror]] â a campaigned of repression which was waged by the [[Derg]] during the rule of [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]].<br />
* [[Red Terror (China)|Chinese Red Terror]] â a campaign of repression which is believed to have begun with the [[Red August]] of the [[Cultural Revolution]]. According to [[Mao Zedong]] himself: "Red terror ought to be our reply to these counter-revolutionaries. We must, especially in the war zones and in the border areas, deal immediately, swiftly with every kind of counter-revolutionary activity."<ref>Denis Twitchett, John K. Fairbank ''The Cambridge history of China'',{{ISBN|0-521-24338-6}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxs3ROaIhPMC&dq=%22red+terror%22+china&pg=PA177 p. 177]</ref><br />
* [[Red Terror (India)|Indian Red Terror]] â a name which was given to the "[[Nandigram violence]]" (November 2007) in [[Nandigram]], [[West Bengal]], critics use it in order to allude to the actions of the local administration [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]], the ruling party in West Bengal.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7114827.stm BBC Article]</ref> The situation was also called a "Red Terror" by the media.<ref name="TIMESOFINDIANANDIGRAM">{{cite news |title=Red terror continues Nandigram's bylanes|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Red_terror_continues_Nandigrams_bylanes/articleshow/2541772.cms | work=The Times Of India | first1=Nirmalya |last1=Banerjee |date=15 November 2007}}</ref><br />
* [[Red Terror (Finland)|Finnish Red Terror]] â the [[Finnish Civil War|1918 Civil War]] in [[Finland]].<br />
* [[Leftist errors|Yugoslavian Red Terror]] â another name for the period from 1941 to 1942 in [[Yugoslavia]] known as the "[[Leftist errors]]."<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Soviet Union}}<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=24em|<br />
* [[August Uprising]]<br />
* [[The Black Book of Communism]]<br />
* [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]] ([[China]])<br />
* ''[[The Chekist]]''<br />
* [[Communist terrorism]]<br />
* [[Crimes against humanity under communist regimes]]<br />
* [[Criticism of communist party rule]]<br />
* [[Human rights in the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Murder of the Romanov family]]<br />
* [[Great Purge]]<br />
* [[Kovalevsky Forest]], the site of many massacres<br />
* [[Left-wing terrorism]]<br />
* [[Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks]]<br />
* [[Lenin's Hanging Order]]<br />
* [[Mass killings under communist regimes]]<br />
* [[Mass graves from Soviet mass executions]]<br />
* [[Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Political repression in the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)]]<br />
* [[Red Terror (Spain)]]<br />
* [[Revolutionary terror]]<br />
* [[Russian famine of 1921â1922]]<br />
* [[Solovetsky Islands]], the site of the [[Solovetsky Monastery]] (founded in 1436), in 1923, it became the site of the first [[Gulag]] establishment, the [[Solovki prison camp]] <br />
* [[Terrorism and the Soviet Union]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name=BlackBook_chptr4>{{harvp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|loc=Chapter 4: The Red Terror.}}<br />
</ref><br />
<ref name=Radzinsky97_1525>{{cite book |last=Radzinsky |first=Edvard |author-link=Edvard Radzinsky |year=1997 |title=[[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives |publisher=Anchor |isbn=0-385-47954-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/stalinfirstindep00radz_0/page/152 152â155] }}<br />
</ref><br />
<ref name=Suvorov1984>{{cite book |last=Suvorov |first=Viktor |author-link=Viktor Suvorov |year=1984 |title=Inside Soviet Military Intelligence |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780026155106 |url=https://archive.org/details/insidesovietmili00suvo }}<br />
</ref><br />
<ref name=Ryan12_114>{{harvp|Ryan|2012|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ6LAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 p. 114].}}<br />
</ref><br />
<!--not used<ref name=Ryan12_116>{{harvp|Ryan|2012|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ6LAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 p. 116].}}<br />
</ref>--><br />
<ref name=Rayfield04_83>{{cite book |last=Rayfield |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Rayfield |year=2004 |title=Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=0375506322 |page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi3ow3TU8-4C&pg=PA83 }} See also [[Stalin and His Hangmen]].<br />
</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References and further reading ==<br />
See also: ''{{section link|Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War|Violence and terror}}''<br />
* {{cite book |last=Figes |first=Orlando |author-link=Orlando Figes |year=1998 |title=[[A People's Tragedy|A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891â1924]] |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0670-859168 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Gellately |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Gellately |year=2008 |title=Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]] |isbn=9781400032136 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Graziosi |first=Andrea |author-link= |date=2007 |title=L'URSS di Lenin e Stalin. Storia dell'Unione Sovietica 1914â1945 |location=Bologna |publisher=il Mulino |language=it |isbn=978-88-15-13786-9}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Leggett |first=George |title=The Cheka: Lenin's political police. The AllâRussian Extraordinary Commission for Combating CounterâRevolution and Sabotage, December 1917 to February 1922 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] | location=Oxford | year=1981 |isbn=0-19-822552-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/george-leggett-the-cheka-lenins-political-police-claredon-press-1981/page/n1/mode/2up}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Lowe |first=Norman |year=2002 |title=Mastering Twentieth Century Russian History |publisher=Palgrave |isbn=9780333963074 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Melgounov |first=Sergey |author-link=Sergei Melgunov |year=1975 |orig-date=1925 |title=The Red Terror in Russia |publisher=Hyperions |isbn=0-88355-187-X |url=https://archive.org/details/redterrorinrussi0000unse}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Ryan |first=James |year=2012 |title=Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence |location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1138815681 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Smele |first=Jonathan D. |chapter=Red terror |date=2015 |title=Historical dictionary of the Russian civil wars, 1916â1926 |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781442252813 |pages=932â934 |url={{GBurl|QwquCgAAQBAJ}} }}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Steinberg |first=Isaac|author-link=Isaac Steinberg |year=1935 |title=Spiridonova: Revolutionary Terrorist |location=London |publisher=Methuen}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Mayer |first1=Arno J. |title=The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions |date=2002 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-09015-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gveBKGhmskAC |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Pipes |first1=Richard |title=Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime |date=2011 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-78861-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfNEY931UzYC |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Werth |first=Nicolas|title=[[The Black Book of Communism]]: Crimes, Terror, Repression|date=1999|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07608-2|pages=33â268|language=en|chapter=A State against Its People: Violence, Repression, and Terror in the Soviet Union|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PG108}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Trotsky |first=Leon |author-link=Leon Trotsky |year=2017 |orig-date=1920 |title=[[Terrorism and Communism|Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky]] |publisher=Verso |isbn=9781786633439 |ref=CITEREFTrotsky1920}} See also text on [http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1920/terrcomm/index.htm marxists.org].<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Werth |first1=Nicolas |last2=Bartosek |first2=Karel |last3=Panne |first3=Jean-Louis |last4=Margolin |first4=Jean-Louis |last5=Paczkowski |first5=Andrzej |last6=Courtois |first6=Stephane |year=1999 |title=[[The Black Book of Communism|Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression]] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-07608-7 |ref=CITEREFWerth, Bartosek et al.1999}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.marxists.org/archive/martov/1918/07/death-penalty.htm Down with the Death Penalty!] by [[Julius Martov|Yuliy Osipovich Martov]], June/July 1918<br />
*[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/International/2010/07/19/More-red-terror-remains-found-in-Russia/UPI-26891279556579/ More red terror remains found in Russia] [[UPI]], July 19, 2010.<br />
<br />
{{Soviet Union topics}}<br />
{{Terrorism topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mass murder in 1918]]<br />
[[Category:Political and cultural purges]]<br />
[[Category:Political repression in the Soviet Union]]<br />
[[Category:Communist terrorism]]<br />
[[Category:Politicides]]<br />
[[Category:Russian Civil War]]<br />
[[Category:Soviet war crimes]]<br />
[[Category:Victims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia|*]]<br />
[[Category:War crimes in Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Murder in the Soviet Union]]<br />
[[Category:Political repression in Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Communist repression]]<br />
[[Category:Vladimir Lenin]]<br />
[[Category:Mass murder in 1919]]<br />
[[Category:Mass murder in 1920]]<br />
[[Category:Mass murder in 1921]]<br />
[[Category:Mass murder in 1922]]</div>72.218.62.58https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Terror&diff=1163470619Red Terror2023-07-05T02:21:56Z<p>72.218.62.58: Removed misinformation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Campaign of political repression and executions in Russia by the Bolsheviks (1918â1922)}}<br />
{{about|the Red Terror in Russia}}<br />
{{distinguish|Great Terror (disambiguation){{!}}Great Terror|Red Scare}}<br />
{{Infobox historical event<br />
|title = Red Terror<br />
|native_name = ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ / ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃŃ<br />''Krasnyy terror''<br />
|native_name_lang = ru<br />
|duration = 3â4 years<br />
|image = 19180830-grave uritzy red terror.jpg<br />
|caption = [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|Propaganda]] poster in [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]], 1918: "Death to the [[Bourgeoisie]] and its lapdogs â Long live the Red Terror"<ref>The orthography used on the poster is generally in line with the 1918 Bolshevik reform except for ''ĐľŃ'', a pre-revolutionary form of ''ĐľŃ'' (female pronoun).</ref><br />
|reported deaths = 50,000â200,000 (possibly more)<br /><br />
|partof = the [[Russian Civil War]]<br />
|organizers = [[Cheka]]<br />
|location = [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]]<br />
|motive = [[Political repression]]<br />
|target = Anti-Bolshevik groups, clergy, [[Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks|rival socialists]], counter-revolutionaries, peasants, and dissidents<br />
|date = August 1918 â February 1922<br />
}}<br />
The '''Red Terror''' ({{lang-ru|ĐşŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ|krasnyj terror}}) in [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] was a campaign of [[political repression]] and [[Mass killing|executions]] which was carried out by the [[Bolsheviks]], chiefly through the [[Cheka]], the Bolshevik [[secret police]]. It officially started in early September 1918 and lasted until 1922.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/red-terror-set-macabre-course-soviet-union |title=How the Red Terror set a macabre course for the Soviet Union |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=2 September 2020 |website=National Geographic |access-date=13 July 2021 |quote=The poet was just one of many victims of the Red Terror, a state-sponsored wave of violence that was decreed in Russia on September 5, 1918, and lasted until 1922.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Melgunoff |first=Sergei |author-link=Sergei Melgunov |date=November 1927 |title=The Record of the Red Terror |journal=Current History |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=202 |doi=10.1525/curh.1927.27.2.198 |jstor=45332605 |s2cid=207926889 |quote=Such was the Red Terror in its first period, within which we include the years 1918-1921.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Arising after [[assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin]] and Petrograd [[Cheka]] leader [[Moisei Uritsky], the latter of which was successful, the Red Terror was modeled on the [[Reign of Terror]] of the [[French Revolution]],<ref name=":1">Wilde, Robert. 2019 February 20. "[https://www.thoughtco.com/the-red-terror-1221808 The Red Terror]." ''ThoughtCo''. Retrieved March 24, 2021.</ref> and sought to eliminate [[political dissent]], opposition, and any other threat to Bolshevik power.<ref name=":0"/> More broadly, the term is usually applied to [[Political repression in the Soviet Union|Bolshevik political repression]] throughout the Civil War (1917â1922),<ref>Melgunov, Sergey [1925] 1975. ''The Red Terror in Russia''. Hyperions. {{ISBN|0-88355-187-X}}.</ref><ref>[[Sergei Melgunov|Melgunov, Sergei]]. 1927. "[http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/redterror.pdf The Record of the Red Terror]." ''[[Current History]]'' (November 1927):198â205.</ref>{{r|BlackBook_chptr4}} as distinguished from the [[White Terror (Russia)|White Terror]] carried out by the [[White Army]] (Russian and non-Russian groups opposed to Bolshevik rule) against their political enemies, including the Bolsheviks.<br />
<br />
== Number of deaths ==<br />
There is no consensus among the Western historians on the number of deaths from the Red Terror. One source gives estimates of 28,000 executions per year from December 1917 to February 1922.{{sfnp|Ryan|2012|p=2}} Estimates for the number of people shot during the initial period of the Red Terror are at least 10,000.{{sfnp|Ryan|2012|p=114}} Estimates for the whole period go for a low of 50,000<ref name="anatomy">Stone, Bailey (2013). ''The Anatomy of Revolution Revisited: A Comparative Analysis of England, France, and Russia''. Cambridge University Press. p. 335.</ref> to highs of 140,000<ref name="anatomy"/><ref>Pipes, Richard (2011). ''The Russian Revolution''. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 838.</ref> and 200,000 executed.{{sfnp|Lowe|2002|p=151}} Most estimations for the number of executions in total put the number at about 100,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lincoln |first=W. Bruce |author-link=W. Bruce Lincoln |year=1989 |title=Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=384 |isbn=0671631667 |quote=... the best estimates set the probable number of executions at about a hundred thousand.}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to Vadim Erlikhman's investigation, the number of the Red Terror's victims is at least 1,200,000 people.<ref><br />
{{cite book |last=Erlikhman |first=Vadim Viktorovich|author-link= |date=2004 |title=Poteri narodonaseleniya v XX veke. |trans-title=Population losses in the XX century |url=https://www.azstat.org/Kitweb/zipfiles/11553.pdf |location=Moscow |publisher=Russkaya panorama |page= |isbn=5-93165-107-1|language=ru}}</ref> According to [[Robert Conquest]], a total of 140,000 people were shot in 1917â1922, but Jonathan D. Smele estimates they were considerably fewer, "perhaps less than half that many".{{sfnp|Smele|2015|p=934}} Candidate of Historical Sciences Nikolay Zayats states that the number of people shot by the Cheka in 1918â1922 is about 37,300 people, shot in 1918â1921 by the verdicts of the tribunals â 14,200, i.e. about 50,000â55,000 people in total, although executions and atrocities were not limited to the Cheka, having been organized by the [[Red Army]] as well.<ref>[https://scepsis.net/library/id_3807.html РвОпŃĐžŃŃ Đž ПаŃŃŃĐ°ĐąĐ°Ń ĐşŃĐ°ŃнОгО ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃĐ° в ĐłĐžĐ´Ń ĐŃаМданŃкОК вОКнŃ]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/29475805.html|title="ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ": 1918â ...?|trans-title=The Red Terror: 1918â âŚ?}}</ref> In 1924, an anti-Bolshevik [[Popular Socialists (Russia)|Popular Socialist]] [[Sergei Melgunov]] (1879â1956) published a detailed account on the Red Terror in Russia, where he cited Professor [[Charles SarolĂŠa]]'s estimates of 1,766,188 deaths from the Bolshevik policies. He questioned the accuracy of the figures, but endorsed SarolĂŠa's "chracterisation of terror in Russia", stating it matches reality.<ref>ЧаŃŃŃ IV. ĐĐ° ĐłŃаМданŃкОК вОКнe. // ''[[Sergei Melgunov]]'' [http://lib.ru/POLITOLOG/MELGUNOW/terror.txt ÂŤĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃÂť в Đ ĐžŃŃии 1918â1923.] â 2-Оо иСд., дОп. â ĐĐľŃНин, 1924</ref><ref>{{cite book |language=de |last=Melgunov |first=Sergei Petrovich |author-link=Sergei Melgunov |date=2008 |orig-date=1924 |title= Der rote Terror in Russland 1918-1923 |type= reprint of the 1924 Olga Diakow edition |edition= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3FGAQAAIAAJ |location=Berlin |publisher=OEZ |page=186, note 182 |quote= |isbn=9783940452474 }} An online English translation of the second edition of Melgunov's work is accessibile at [https://ia804502.us.archive.org/28/items/RedTerrorInRussia1918-1923/S.P.Melgunov_Red_Terror_In_Russia_1918-1923_En.pdf Internet Archive], whence the following translated text is drawn (p. 85, note n. 128): "Professor [[Charles SarolĂŠa|[Charles] Sarolea]], who published a series of articles about Russia in Edinburgh newspaper âThe Scotsmanâ touched upon the death statistics in an essay on terror (No. 7, November 1923.). He summarized the outcome of the Bolshevik massacre as follows: 28 bishops, 1219 clergy, 6000 professors and teachers, 9000 doctors, 54,000 officers, 260,000 soldiers, 70,000 policemen, 12,950 landowners, 355,250 professionals, 193,290 workers, 815,000 peasants. The author did not provide the sources of that data. Needless to say that the precise counts seem [too] fictional, but the authorâs [characterisation] of terror in Russia in general matches reality." The note is somewhat abbreviated in the 1925 English edition indicated in the bibliography: in particular, there is no mention of the imaginative nature of the data (p. 111, note n. 1).</ref> Modern historian Sergei Volkov, assessing the Red Terror as the entire repressive policy of the Bolsheviks during the years of the Civil War (1917â1922), estimates the direct death toll of the Red Terror at 2 million people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iskupitel.info/node/770 |title=Istorik Sergey Volkov: ÂŤGeneticheskomu fondu Rossii byl nanesen chudovishchnyy, ne vospolnennyy do sego vremeni, uronÂť |trans-title=Historian Sergei Volkov: "Russia's genetic pool suffered monstrous damage, so far not repaired" (interview with the famous historian of the Civil War, Doctor of Historical Sciences Sergei Vladimirovich Volkov) |author=Perevozchikov', Artyom |date=9 September 2010 |website=iskupitel.info |publisher=Monarxist |access-date=9 May 2023 }}</ref> Volkov's calculations, however, do not appear to have been confirmed by other major scholars.<ref>In particular, they seem quite at odds with the demographic considerations elaborated by Italian historian and professor {{ill|Andrea Graziosi|it}} in the light of the good quality Tsarist and early Soviet statistics. According to him, the [[Excess mortality|excess deaths]] between 1914 and 1922 were about 16 million, of which 4â5 were military, the rest civilian. The overwhelming majority of the latter resulted from "starvation, typhus, epidemics, the [[Spanish flu]] and the [[Russian famine of 1921â1922|famine of 1921-22]]", the roughly number of "victims of the various kinds of terror, and red and white repressions" amounting to a few hundred thousandâ albeit a dreadful number in itself (Graziosi, pp. 171 and 570).</ref><br />
<br />
== Bolshevik justification ==<br />
{{Repression in the Soviet Union}}<br />
The Red Terror in [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] was justified in [[Soviet historiography]] as a wartime campaign against [[Counter-revolutionary|counter-revolutionaries]] during the Russian Civil War of 1918â1921, targeting those who sided with the Whites ([[White Army]]). Bolsheviks referred to any anti-Bolshevik factions as Whites, regardless of whether those factions actually supported the [[White movement]] cause. [[Leon Trotsky]] described the context in 1920:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The severity of the proletarian dictatorship in Russia, let us point out here, was conditioned by no less difficult circumstances [than the [[French Revolution]]]. There was one continuous front, on the north and south, in the east and west. Besides the Russian [[White movement|White Guard]] armies of [[Alexander Kolchak|Kolchak]], [[Anton Denikin|Denikin]] and others, there are those attacking Soviet Russia, simultaneously or in turn: Germans, Austrians, Czecho-Slovaks, Serbs, Poles, Ukrainians, Roumanians, French, British, Americans, Japanese, Finns, Esthonians, Lithuanians ... In a country throttled by a blockade and strangled by hunger, there are conspiracies, risings, terrorist acts, and destruction of roads and bridges.|{{harvp|Trotsky|1920|}} }}<br />
<br />
He then contrasted the terror with the revolution and provided the Bolshevik's justification for it:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The first conquest of power by the Soviets at the beginning of November 1917 (new style) was actually accomplished with insignificant sacrifices. The Russian bourgeoisie found itself to such a degree estranged from the masses of the people, so internally helpless, so compromised by the course and the result of the war, so demoralized by the regime of [[Alexander Kerensky|Kerensky]], that it scarcely dared show any resistance. ... A revolutionary class which has conquered power with arms in its hands is bound to, and will, suppress, rifle in hand, all attempts to tear the power out of its hands. Where it has against it a hostile army, it will oppose to it its own army. Where it is confronted with armed conspiracy, attempt at murder, or rising, it will hurl at the heads of its enemies an unsparing penalty.|{{harvp|Trotsky|1920|}} }}<br />
<br />
[[Martin Latsis]], chief of the Ukrainian [[Cheka]], stated in the newspaper ''Krasny Terror'' (''Red Terror''):<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|We are not waging war against individual persons. We are exterminating the bourgeoisie as a class. During the investigation, do not look for evidence that the accused acted in deed or word against Soviet power. The first questions that you ought to put are: To what class does he belong? What is his origin? What is his education or profession? And it is these questions that ought to determine the fate of the accused. In this lies the significance and essence of the Red Terror|Martin Latsis|''Red Terror'', no 1, Kazan, 1 November 1918, p. 2{{sfnp|Leggett|1981|p=114}} }}<br />
<br />
[[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] in response mildly criticised Latsis' determination:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Political distrust means we must not put non-Soviet people in politically responsible posts. It means the Cheka must keep a sharp eye on members of classes, sections or groups that have leanings towards the white guards. (Though, incidentally, one need not go to the same absurd lengths as Comrade Latsis, one of our finest, tried and tested Communists, did in his Kazan magazine, Krasny Terror. He wanted to say that Red terror meant the forcible suppression of exploiters who attempted to restore their rule, but instead, he put it this way [on page 2 of the first issue of his magazine]: âDon't search [!!?] the records for evidence of whether his revolt against the Soviet was an armed or only a verbal oneâ) ... Political distrust of the members of a bourgeois apparatus is legitimate and essential. But to refuse to use them in administration and construction would be the height of folly, fraught with untold harm to communism.|Lenin|''A Little Picture in Illustration of Big Problems'' (1918â1919)<ref>{{cite book |last=Lenin |first=Vladimir |author-link=Vladimir Lenin |chapter=A Little Picture in Illustration of Big Problems |type=edited and translated by [[James Riordan (writer-sportsman)|Jim Riordan]] |volume=28 |date=1965 |orig-date=1918â1919 |title=Collected works |location=Moskow |publisher=Progress Publisher |page=389 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziQKAQAAIAAJ&q=A+little+pictures}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The bitter struggle was described succinctly from the Bolshevik point of view by [[Grigory Zinoviev]] in mid-September 1918:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|To overcome our enemies we must have our own socialist militarism. We must carry along with us 90 million out of the 100 million of Soviet Russia's population. As for the rest, we have nothing to say to them. They must be annihilated.|[[Grigory Zinoviev]]|1918{{sfnp|Leggett|1981|p=114}} }}<br />
<br />
A completely different point of view from those of the Bolsheviks was expressed in November 1918 by the [[Left Socialist-Revolutionaries|Left Socialist Revolutionary]] leader [[Maria Spiridonova]], at the time in prison awaiting trial. In her Open Letter to the Central Executive of the Bolshevik party, she wrote:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|Never in the most corrupt of Parliaments, never in the most venal papers of capitalist society has hatred of opponents reached such heights of cynicism as your hatred.<br />
[âŚ] These nightly murders of fettered, unarmed, helpless people, these secret shootings in the back, the unceremonious burial on the spot of bodies, robbed to the very shirt, not always quite dead, often still groaning, in a mass graveâwhat sort of Terrorism is this? This cannot be called Terrorism. In the course of Russian revolutionary history, the word Terrorism did not merely connote revenge and intimidation (which were the very last things in its mind). No, the foremost aims of Terrorism were to protest against tyranny, to awake a sense of value in the souls of the oppressed, to rouse the conscience of those who kept silence in the face of this submission. Moreover, the Terrorist nearly always accompanied his deed by a voluntary sacrifice of his own liberty or life. Only in this way, it seems to me, could the Terrorist acts of the revolutionaries be justified. But where are these elements to be found in the cowardly Cheka, in the unbelievable moral poverty of its leaders?<br />
⌠So far the working classes have brought about the Revolution under the unblemished red flag, which was red with their own blood. Their moral authority and sanction lay in their sufferings for the highest ideal of humanity. Belief in Socialism is at the same time a belief in a nobler future for humanityâa belief in goodness, truth, and beauty, in the abolition of the use of all kinds of force, in the brotherhood of the world. And now you have damaged this belief, which had inflamed the souls of the people as never before, at its very roots.<br />
|[[Maria Spiridonova]] ''Open Letter to the Central Executive of the Bolshevik Party''|November 1918{{sfnp|Steinberg|1935|pp=234â238}} }}<br />
<br />
[[File:Ivan Vladimirov escort-of-prisoners.jpg|thumb|400px|"Escort of prisoners", by Ivan Vladimirov]]<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{main|Political repression in the Soviet Union}}<br />
<br />
===Background===<br />
In December 1917, [[Felix Dzerzhinsky]] was appointed to the duty of rooting out [[Counter-revolutionary|counterrevolutionary]] threats to the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet government]]. He was the director of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (aka [[Cheka]]), a predecessor of the KGB that served as the [[secret police]] for the Soviets.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
From early 1918, the Bolsheviks started physical elimination of opposition and other socialist and revolutionary fractions, [[Anarchism|anarchists]] among the first:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|text=Of all the revolutionary elements in Russia it is the Anarchists who now suffer the most ruthless and systematic persecution. Their suppression by the Bolsheviki began already in 1918, when â in the month of April of that year â the Communist Government attacked, without provocation or warning, the Anarchist Club of Moscow and by the use of machine guns and artillery "liquidated" the whole organisation. It was the beginning of Anarchist hounding, but it was sporadic in character, breaking out now and then, quite planless, and frequently self-contradictory.|author=[[Alexander Berkman]], [[Emma Goldman]]|title="Bolsheviks Shooting Anarchists"<ref name="Berkman">{{cite journal |last1=Berkman |first1=Alexander |author-link1=Alexander Berkman |last2=Goldman |first2=Emma |author-link2=Emma Goldman |date=January 1922 |title=Bolsheviks Shooting Anarchists |url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-alexander-berkman-bolsheviks-shooting-anarchists |journal=Freedom |volume=36 |issue=391 |page=4 |doi= |access-date=9 May 2023}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
On 11 August 1918, prior to the events that would officially catalyze the Terror, [[Vladimir Lenin]] had [[Lenin's Hanging Order|sent telegrams]] "to introduce mass terror" in [[Nizhny Novgorod]] in response to a suspected civilian uprising there, and to "crush" landowners in [[Penza]] who resisted, sometimes violently, the requisitioning of their grain by military detachments:{{r|BlackBook_chptr4}}<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Comrades! The [[kulak]] uprising in your five districts must be crushed without pity&nbsp;... You must make example of these people.<br />
: (1) Hang (I mean hang publicly, so that people see it) at least 100 kulaks, rich bastards, and known bloodsuckers.<br />
: (2) Publish their names.<br />
: (3) Seize all their grain.<br />
: (4) Single out the hostages per my instructions in yesterday's telegram.<br />
<br />
Do all this so that for miles (versts) around people see it all, understand it, tremble, and tell themselves that we are killing the bloodthirsty kulaks and that we will continue to do so&nbsp;...<br />
<br />
Yours, Lenin.<br />
<br />
P.S. Find tougher people.|source=[[Lenin's Hanging Order]]}}<br />
<br />
In a mid-August 1920 letter, having received information that in Estonia and Latvia, with which Soviet Russia had concluded peace treaties, volunteers were being enrolled in anti-Bolshevik detachments, Lenin wrote to E. M. Sklyansky, deputy chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic:<ref name="litvinalkbterror">{{ill|Alter Litvin|ru|ĐиŃвин, ĐĐťŃĐľŃ ĐŃвОвиŃ}} ÂŤĐŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃĐš и ĐоНŃĐš ŃĐľŃŃĐžŃ Đ˛ Đ ĐžŃŃии в 1917â1922Â ĐłĐžĐ´Đ°Ń Âť ISBN 5-87849-164-8</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Great plan! Finish it with Dzerzhinsky. While pretending to be the "greens" (we will blame them later), we will advance by 10â20 miles (versts) and hang kulaks, priests, landowners. Prize: 100.000 rubles for each hanged man.}}<br />
<br />
===Beginnings===<br />
[[Leonid Kannegisser]], a young [[military cadet]] of the [[Imperial Russian Army]], assassinated [[Moisey Uritsky]] on August 17, 1918, outside the [[Petrograd]] Cheka headquarters in retaliation for the execution of his friend and other officers.<ref>[http://www.lib.ru/POLITOLOG/MELGUNOW/terror.txt Melgunov, S.P. ''Red Terror'' in Russia] {{in lang|ru}}</ref><br />
<br />
On August 30, [[Socialist Revolutionary Party|Socialist Revolutionary]] [[Fanny Kaplan]] unsuccessfully [[Assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin|attempted to assassinate]] [[Vladimir Lenin]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
During interrogation by the [[Cheka]], she made the following statement:<br />
<br />
{{Quote|"My name is Fanya Kaplan. Today I shot Lenin. I did it on my own. I will not say from whom I obtained my revolver. I will give no details. I had resolved to kill Lenin long ago. I consider him a traitor to the Revolution. I was exiled to Akatui for participating in an assassination attempt against a Tsarist official in Kiev [now Kyiv]. I spent 11 years at hard labour. After the Revolution, I was freed. I favoured the [[Russian Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] and am still for it".<ref name="spartacus">{{cite web|url=http://spartacus-educational.com/RUSkaplan.htm|title=Fanya Kaplan|work=Spartacus Educational}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Kaplan referenced the Bolsheviks' growing authoritarianism, citing their forcible shutdown of the Constituent Assembly in January 1918, the [[1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election|elections]] to which they had lost. When it became clear that Kaplan would not implicate any accomplices, she was executed in [[Alexander Garden]]. The order was carried out by the commander of the Kremlin, the former Baltic sailor P. D. Malkov and a group of Latvian Bolsheviks<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Malkov P. Notes of the Kremlin commandant. â M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1968.S. 148â149.|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>{{page number|date=August 2021}}{{primary source inline|date=August 2021}} on September 3, 1918 with a bullet to the back of the head.<ref name="how">{{cite book |title=How Did They Die? |first1=Norman |last1=Donaldson |first2=Betty |last2=Donaldson |isbn=9780517403020 |page=221 |publisher=Greenwich House |date=January 1, 1983}}</ref> Her corpse was bundled into a barrel and set alight. The order came from [[Yakov Sverdlov]], who only six weeks earlier had ordered the [[Murder of the Romanov family|murder]] of the Tsar and his family.<ref>{{Citation|last=Slezkine |first=Yuri |title=The house of government: a saga of the Russian Revolution |isbn=978-1-5384-7835-6|oclc=1003859221 |page=158}}</ref><ref name="Lyandres">{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2498997 |jstor=2498997 |title=The 1918 Attempt on the Life of Lenin: A New Look at the Evidence |first=Semion |last=Lyandres |journal=Slavic Review |volume=48 |issue=3 |date=Autumn 1989 |pages=432â448 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|s2cid=155228899 }}</ref>{{rp|442}}<br />
<br />
These events persuaded the government to heed Dzerzhinsky's lobbying for greater terror against opposition. The campaign of mass repressions would officially begin thereafter.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The Red Terror is considered to have officially begun between 17 and 30 August 1918.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine|last=Bird|first=Danny|date=September 5, 2018|title=How the 'Red Terror' Exposed the True Turmoil of Soviet Russia 100 Years Ago|url=https://time.com/5386789/red-terror-soviet-history/ |access-date=2021-03-24|magazine=Time}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Events and consequences ===<br />
[[File:Ivan Vladimirov in-basements-of-cheka-1919.jpg|thumb|400px|"In the basements of a [[Cheka]]", by Ivan Vladimirov]]<br />
While recovering from his wounds, Lenin instructed: "It is necessary â secretly and ''urgently'' to prepare the terror."<ref name="Mitrokhin">[[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Christopher Andrew]] and [[Vasili Mitrokhin]] (2000). The [[Mitrokhin Archive]]: The KGB in Europe and the West. Gardners Books. {{ISBN|0-14-028487-7}}, page 34.</ref> In immediate response to the two attacks, Chekists killed approximately 1,300 "bourgeois hostages" held in [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]] and [[Kronstadt]] prisons.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2016-01-25|title=Crimes and Mass Violence of the Russian Civil Wars (1918â1921) {{!}} Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance â Research Network|url=http://crimes-and-mass-violence-russian-civil-wars-1918-1921.html/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=crimes-and-mass-violence-russian-civil-wars-1918-1921.html|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
Bolshevik newspapers were especially integral to instigating an escalation in state violence: on August 31, the [[Media of the Soviet Union|state-controlled media]] launched the repressive campaign through incitement of violence. One article appearing in ''[[Pravda]]'' exclaimed: "the time has come for us to crush the bourgeoisie or be crushed by it.... The anthem of the working class will be a song of hatred and revenge!"<ref name=":2" /> The next day, the newspaper ''Krasnaia Gazeta'' stated that "only rivers of blood can atone for the blood of Lenin and Uritsky."<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
The first official announcement of a Red Terror was published in ''[[Izvestia]]'' on September 3, titled "Appeal to the Working Class": it had been drafted by Dzerzhinsky and his assistant [[JÄkabs Peterss]] and called for the workers to "crush the [[Lernaean Hydra|hydra]] of [[Counter-revolutionary|counter-revolution]] with massive terror!"; it would also make clear that "anyone who dares to spread the slightest rumor against the [[Soviet democracy|Soviet regime]] will be arrested immediately and sent to a [[concentration camp]]".{{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|p=74}} ''Izvestia'' also reported that, in the 4 days since the attempt on Lenin, over 500 hostages had been executed in [[Petrograd]] alone.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Subsequently, on September 5, the [[Council of People's Commissars]] issued a decree "On Red Terror", prescribing "mass shooting" to be "inflicted without hesitation;" the decree ordered the [[Cheka]] "to secure the Soviet Republic from the class enemies by isolating them in concentration camps", as well as stating that counter-revolutionaries "must be executed by shooting [and] that the names of the executed and the reasons of the execution must be made public."<ref name=":2" />{{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|p=76}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Newton |first=Scott |author-link= |date=2015 |title=Law and the Making of the Soviet World. The Red Demiurge |url= |location=Abingdon |publisher= Routledge|page=51 |isbn=978-0-415-72610-8}}</ref><br />
<br />
The government executed 500 "representatives of overthrown classes" ([[kulak]]s) immediately after the assassination of Uritsky.{{r|Radzinsky97_1525}}{{qn|date=January 2016}} Soviet commissar [[Grigory Petrovsky]] called for an expansion of the Terror and an "immediate end of looseness and tenderness."<ref name=":0">Llewellyn, Jennifer; McConnell, Michael; Thompson, Steve (11 August 2019). [https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/red-terror/ "The Red Terror"]. ''Russian Revolution''. Alpha History. Retrieved 4 August 2021.</ref><br />
<br />
In October 1918, Cheka commander [[Martin Latsis]] likened the Red Terror to a [[Class conflict|class war]], explaining that "we are destroying the ''bourgeoisie'' as a class."<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
On October 15, the leading Chekist [[Gleb Bokii]], summing up the officially-ended Red Terror, reported that, in Petrograd, 800 alleged enemies had been shot and another 6,229 imprisoned.{{r|Mitrokhin}} Casualties in the first two months were between 10,000 and 15,000 based on lists of [[extrajudicial punishment|summarily executed]] people published in newspaper ''Cheka Weekly'' and other official press.<!--page 78, Black Book--> A declaration ''About the Red Terror'' by the [[Sovnarkom]] on 5 September 1918 stated:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|...that for empowering the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission in the fight with the counter-revolution, profiteering and corruption and making it more methodical, it is necessary to direct there possibly bigger number of the responsible party comrades, that it is necessary to secure the Soviet Republic from the class enemies by way of isolating them in concentration camps, that all people are to be executed by fire squad who are connected with the [[White movement|White Guard]] organizations, conspiracies and mutinies, that it is necessary to publicize the names of the executed as well as the reasons of applying to them that measure.|Signed by People's Commissar of Justice [[Dmitry Kursky|D. Kursky]], People's Commissar of Interior [[Grigory Petrovsky|G. Petrovsky]], Director in Affairs of the Council of People's Commissars [[Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich|V. Bonch-Bruyevich]], SU, #19, department 1, art.710, 04.09.1918<ref name="Red Terror.1">V.T.Malyarenko. "Rehabilitation of the repressed: Legal and Court practices". ''Yurinkom''. Kiev 1997. pages 17â8.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
As the [[Russian Civil War]] progressed, significant numbers of prisoners, suspects and hostages were executed because they belonged to the "possessing classes". Numbers are recorded for cities occupied by the Bolsheviks:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>In [[Kharkov]] there were between 2,000 and 3,000 executions in FebruaryâJune 1919, and another 1,000â2,000 when the town was taken again in December of that year; in [[Rostov-on-Don]], approximately 1,000 in January 1920; in [[Odessa]], 2,200 in MayâAugust 1919, then 1,500â3,000 between February 1920 and February 1921; in [[Kiev]], at least 3,000 in FebruaryâAugust 1919; in [[Ekaterinodar]], at least 3,000 between August 1920 and February 1921; In [[Armavir, Russia|Armavir]], a small town in [[Kuban]], between 2,000 and 3,000 in AugustâOctober 1920. The list could go on and on.{{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|p=106}}</blockquote><br />
<br />
In [[Crimea]], [[BĂŠla Kun]] and [[Rosalia Zemlyachka]], with [[Vladimir Lenin]]'s approval,{{r|Rayfield04_83}} had 50,000 [[White movement|White]] prisoners of war and civilians summarily executed by shooting or hanging after the defeat of general [[Pyotr Wrangel]] at the end of 1920. They had been promised amnesty if they would surrender.{{sfnp|Gellately|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8bTWCJMqAQC&pg=PA72 72]}} This is one of the largest massacres in the Civil War.{{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|p=100}}<ref>[https://time.com/5386789/red-terror-soviet-history/ Red Terror at 100: What Was Behind a Vicious Soviet Strategy]</ref><br />
<br />
On 16 March 1919, all military detachments of the Cheka were combined in a single body, the [[Internal Troops|Troops for the Internal Defense of the Republic]] (a branch of the Cheka), which numbered at least 200,000 in 1921. These troops policed [[labor camp]]s, ran the [[Gulag]] system, conducted [[prodrazvyorstka]] (requisitions of food from peasants), and put down peasant rebellions, riots by workers, and mutinies in the [[Red Army]] (which was plagued by desertions).{{r|BlackBook_chptr4}}<br />
<br />
One of the main organizers of the Red Terror for the Bolshevik government was 2nd-Grade Army Commissar [[Yan Karlovich Berzin]] (1889â1938), whose real name was PÄteris Äśuzis. He took part in the [[October Revolution]] of 1917 and afterwards worked in the central apparatus of the Cheka. During the Red Terror, Berzin initiated the system of taking and shooting hostages to stop desertions and other "acts of disloyalty and sabotage".{{r|Suvorov1984}}{{page needed|date=April 2018}} As chief of a special department of the Latvian Red Army (later the Russian [[15th Army (RSFSR)|15th Army]]), Berzin played a part in the suppression of the Red sailors' [[Kronstadt rebellion|uprising at Kronstadt]] in March 1921. He particularly distinguished himself in the course of the pursuit, capture, and killing of captured sailors.{{r|Suvorov1984}}{{page needed|date=April 2018}}<br />
<br />
== Repressions ==<br />
Among the victims of the Red Terror were [[Tsar|tsarists]], [[Liberalism in Russia|liberals]], non-Bolshevik socialists, [[Anarchism in Russia|anarchists]], members of the clergy, ordinary [[criminals]], [[counter-revolutionaries]], and other [[Soviet dissidents|political dissidents]]. Later, [[industrial workers]] who failed to meet [[production quota]]s were also targeted.<ref name=":0"/><br />
<br />
The first victims of the Terror were the [[Socialist Revolutionaries]] (SR). Over the months of the campaign, over 800 SR members were executed, while thousands more were driven into exile or detained in labor camps.<ref name=":0" /> In a matter of weeks, executions carried out by the Cheka doubled or tripled the amount of death sentences pronounced by the [[Russian Empire]] over the 92-year period from 1825 to 1917.<ref name=":3" /> While the Socialist Revolutionaries were initially the primary targets of the terror, most of its direct victims were associated with the preceding regimes.{{r|Ryan12_114}}<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
=== Peasants ===<br />
[[File:Trotsky_on_a_Polish_poster_of_1920.jpg|thumb|Trotsky on an [[Anti-Sovietism|anti-Soviet]] Polish poster titled "Bolshevik freedom" which depicts him on a pile of skulls and holding a bloody knife, during the [[PolishâSoviet War]] of 1920. Small caption in the lower right corner reads:<br /><br />
The Bolsheviks promised:<br /><br />
We'll give you peace<br /><br />
We'll give you freedom<br /><br />
We'll give you land<br /><br />
Work and bread<br /><br />
Despicably they cheated<br /><br />
They started a [[Soviet-Polish war|war<br /><br />
With Poland]]<br /><br />
Instead of freedom they brought<br /><br />
The fist<br /><br />
Instead of land â confiscation<br /><br />
Instead of work â misery<br /><br />
Instead of bread â famine.<br /><br />
]]<br />
<br />
The [[Internal Troops]] of the Cheka and the [[Red Army]] practiced the [[Tactics of terrorism|terror tactics]] of taking and executing numerous hostages, often in connection with desertions of forcefully mobilized peasants. According to [[Orlando Figes]], more than 1&nbsp;million people deserted from the Red Army in 1918, around 2&nbsp;million people deserted in 1919, and almost 4&nbsp;million deserters escaped from the Red Army in 1921.{{sfnp|Figes|1998|loc=Chapter 13}} Around 500,000 deserters were arrested in 1919 and close to 800,000 in 1920 by Cheka troops and special divisions created to combat desertions.{{r|BlackBook_chptr4}} Thousands of deserters were killed, and their families were often taken hostage. According to Lenin's instructions,<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|After the expiration of the seven-day deadline for deserters to turn themselves in, punishment must be increased for these incorrigible traitors to the cause of the people. Families and anyone found to be assisting them in any way whatsoever are to be considered as hostages and treated accordingly.{{r|BlackBook_chptr4}} }}<br />
<br />
In September 1918, in just twelve provinces of Russia, 48,735 deserters and 7,325 brigands were arrested: 1,826 were executed and 2,230 were deported. A typical report from a Cheka department stated:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|[[Yaroslavl]] Province, 23 June 1919. The uprising of deserters in the ''Petropavlovskaya volost'' has been put down. The families of the deserters have been taken as hostages. When we started to shoot one person from each family, the [[Green armies|Greens]] began to come out of the woods and surrender. Thirty-four deserters were shot as an example.{{r|BlackBook_chptr4}} }}<br />
<br />
Estimates suggest that during the suppression of the [[Tambov Rebellion]] of 1920â1921, around 100,000 peasant rebels and their families were imprisoned or deported and perhaps 15,000 executed.{{sfnp|Gellately|2008|p=75}} During the rebellion, [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]] (chief [[Red Army]] commander in the area) authorized [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] military forces to use [[chemical weapons]] against villages with civilian population and rebels.{{sfnm|1a1=Mayer|1y=2002|1p=395|2a1=Werth|2y=1999|2p=117}} Publications in local Communist newspapers openly glorified liquidations of "bandits" with the poison gas.{{sfnm|1a1=Figes|1y=1998|1p=768|2a1=Pipes|2y=2011|2pp=387â401}}<br />
<br />
This campaign marked the beginning of the [[Gulag]], and some scholars have estimated that 70,000 were imprisoned by September 1921 (this number excludes those in several camps in regions that were in revolt, such as Tambov).<!--page 80, Black Book--> Conditions in these camps led to high mortality rates, and "repeated massacres" took place. The Cheka at the [[Kholmogory, Arkhangelsk Oblast|Kholmogory]] camp adopted the practice of drowning bound prisoners in the nearby [[Northern Dvina|Dvina]] river.{{sfnp|Gellately|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8bTWCJMqAQC&pg=PA58 58]}} Occasionally, entire prisons were "emptied" of inmates via mass shootings prior to abandoning a town to White forces.{{sfnp|Gellately|2008|p=59}}{{sfnp|Figes|1998|p=647}}<br />
<br />
=== Industrial workers ===<br />
On 16 March 1919, Cheka stormed the [[Kirov Plant|Putilov factory]]. More than 900 workers who went to a strike were arrested, of whom more than 200 were executed without trial during the next few days.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Numerous strikes took place in the spring of 1919 in cities of [[Tula, Russia|Tula]], [[Oryol]], [[Tver]], [[Ivanovo]] and [[Astrakhan]]. Starving workers sought to obtain food rations matching those of Red Army soldiers. They also demanded the elimination of privileges for Bolsheviks, freedom of the press, and free elections. The Cheka mercilessly suppressed all strikes, using arrests and executions.{{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|pp=86â7}}<br />
<br />
In the city of Astrakhan, a revolt led by the White Guard forces broke out. In preparing this revolt, the Whites managed to smuggle more than 3000 rifles and machine guns into the city. The leaders of the plot decided to act on the night 9â10 March 1919. The rebels were joined by wealthy peasants from the villages, which suppressed the Committees of the Poor, and committed massacres against rural activists. Eyewitnesses reported atrocities in villages such as Ivanchug, Chagan, Karalat. In response, Soviet forces led by Kirov undertook to suppress this revolt in the villages, and together with the Committees of the Poor restored Soviet power. The revolt in Astrakhan was brought under control by 10 March, and completely defeated by the 12th. More than 184 were sentenced to death, including monarchists, and representatives of the Kadets, Left-Socialist Revolutionaries, repeat offenders, and persons shown to have links with British and American intelligence services.<ref>Đ.ĐĐąŃĐžŃиПОв, Đ.ĐиНинŃкиК. ''ĐĄŃŃаниŃŃ ĐąŃНОгО (ĐС иŃŃĐžŃии ĐŃŃŃĐ°Ń Đ°Đ˝ŃкОК ĐłŃйоŃĐ˝ŃкОК ŃŃоСвŃŃаКнОК кОПиŃŃии) ĐиМно-ĐОНМŃкОо книМнОо иСдаŃоНŃŃŃвО'', ĐОНгОгŃĐ°Đ´, 1988.</ref> The opposition media with political opponents like Chernov, and Melgunov, and others would later say that between 2,000 and 4,000 were shot or drowned from 12 to 14 of March 1919.<ref>''Black Book'', page 88.</ref> {{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|p=88}}<br />
<br />
However, strikes continued. Lenin had concerns about the tense situation regarding workers in the [[Ural region]]. On 29 January 1920, he sent a telegram to [[Vladimir Smirnov (politician)|Vladimir Smirnov]] stating "I am surprised that you are putting up with this and do not punish sabotage with shooting; also the delay over the transfer here of locomotives is<br />
likewise manifest sabotage; please take the most resolute measures."<ref>{{cite book |last=Trotsky|first=Leon|author-link=Leon Trotsky |date=1922 |title=The Trotsky Papers, 1917â1922|edition=1st |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17101425-the-trotsky-papers-1917-1922 |access-date= December 28, 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
At these times, there were numerous reports that Cheka interrogators used torture. At [[Odessa]], the Cheka tied White officers to planks and slowly fed them into furnaces or tanks of boiling water; in [[Kharkiv]], scalpings and hand-flayings were commonplace: the skin was peeled off victims' hands to produce "gloves";<ref>Melgunov, Sergey [1925] 1975. ''The Red Terror in Russia''. Hyperions, p. 186-195 {{ISBN|0-88355-187-X}}.</ref> the [[Voronezh]] Cheka rolled naked people around in barrels studded internally with nails; victims were crucified or stoned to death at [[Yekaterinoslav]]; the Cheka at [[Kremenchuk]] impaled members of the clergy and buried alive rebelling peasants; in [[Oryol]], water was poured on naked prisoners bound in the winter streets until they became living ice statues; in [[Kyiv|Kiev]], [[Chinese in the Russian Revolution and in the Russian Civil War|Chinese Cheka detachments]] placed rats in iron tubes sealed at one end with wire netting and the other placed against the body of a prisoner, with the tubes being heated until the rats gnawed through the victim's body in an effort to escape.{{sfnp|Leggett|1981|pp=197â8}}<br />
<br />
Executions took place in prison cellars or courtyards, or occasionally on the outskirts of town, during the Red Terror and [[Russian Civil War]]. After the condemned were stripped of their clothing and other belongings, which were shared among the Cheka executioners, they were either machine-gunned in batches or dispatched individually with a revolver. Those killed in prison were usually shot in the back of the neck as they entered the execution cellar, which became littered with corpses and soaked with blood. Victims killed outside the town were moved by truck, bound and gagged, to their place of execution, where they sometimes were made to dig their own graves.{{sfnp|Leggett|1981|p=199}}<br />
<br />
According to [[Edvard Radzinsky]], "it became a common practice to take a husband hostage and wait for his wife to come and purchase his life with her body".{{r|Radzinsky97_1525}} During [[decossackization]], there were massacres, according to historian [[Robert Gellately]], "on an unheard of scale". The [[Pyatigorsk]] Cheka organized a "day of Red Terror" to execute 300 people in one day, and took quotas from each part of town. According to the Chekist {{ill|Karl Lander|ru|ĐандоŃ, ĐĐ°ŃĐť ĐванОвиŃ}}, the Cheka in [[Kislovodsk]], "for lack of a better idea", killed all the patients in the hospital. In October 1920 alone more than 6,000 people were executed. Gellately adds that Communist leaders "sought to justify their ethnic-based massacres by incorporating them into the rubric of the 'class struggle{{'"}}.{{sfnp|Gellately|2008|pp=70â1}}<br />
<br />
=== Clergy and religious ===<br />
Members of the clergy were subjected to particularly brutal abuse. According to documents cited by [[Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev|Alexander Yakovlev]], then head of the Presidential Committee for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression, priests, monks and nuns were crucified, thrown into cauldrons of boiling tar, scalped, strangled, given Communion with melted lead and drowned in holes in the ice.<ref name="Yakovlev">[[Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev]]. ''A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia.'' [[Yale University Press]], 2002. {{ISBN|0-300-08760-8}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ChRk43tVxTwC&dq=yakovlev+crucified&pg=PA156 page 156]</ref> An estimated 3,000 were put to death in 1918 alone.<ref name="Yakovlev"/><br />
<br />
== Interpretations by historians ==<br />
Historians such as [[StĂŠphane Courtois]] and [[Richard Pipes]] have argued that the Bolsheviks needed to use terror to stay in power because they lacked popular support.{{r|BlackBook_chptr4}}<ref name="Pipes">Richard Pipes, ''Communism: A History'' (2001), {{ISBN|0-8129-6864-6}}, p. 39.</ref> Although the [[Bolsheviks]] dominated among workers, soldiers and in their revolutionary [[Soviet (council)|soviets]], they won less than a quarter of the popular vote in [[1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election|elections for the Constituent Assembly]] held soon after the October Revolution, since they commanded much less support among the peasantry. The Constituent Assembly elections predated the split between the [[Socialist-Revolutionary Party|Right SRs]], who had opposed the Bolsheviks, and the [[Left SRs]], who were their coalition partners, consequentially many peasant votes intended for the latter went to the SRs.<ref name="reflections"/><ref>Sheila Fitzpatrick, ''The Russian Revolution'', Oxford: Oxford University Press (2008), p. 66.</ref><ref>E. H. Carr, ''The Bolshevik Revolution'', Harmondsworth: Penguin (1966), pp. 121â2.</ref> Massive strikes by Russian workers were "mercilessly" suppressed during the Red Terror.<ref name="reflections"/><br />
<br />
According to [[Richard Pipes]], terror was inevitably justified by Lenin's belief that human lives were expendable in the cause of building the new order of communism. Pipes has quoted Marx's observation of the class struggles in 19th-century France: "The present generation resembles the Jews whom Moses led through the wilderness. It must not only conquer a new world, it must also ''perish'' in order to make room for the people who are fit for a new world", but noted that neither [[Karl Marx]] nor [[Friedrich Engels]] encouraged mass murder.<ref name="Pipes"/><ref>Karl Marx, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/class-struggles-france/ch03.htm The Class Struggles in France] (1850).</ref> [[Robert Conquest]] was convinced that "unprecedented terror must seem necessary to ideologically motivated attempts to transform society massively and speedily, against its natural possibilities."<ref name="reflections">Robert Conquest, ''Reflections on a Ravaged Century'' (2000), {{ISBN|0-393-04818-7}}, p. 101.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Orlando Figes]]' view was that Red Terror was implicit, not so much in Marxism itself, but in the tumultuous violence of the [[Russian Revolution]]. He noted that there were a number of Bolsheviks, led by [[Lev Kamenev]], [[Nikolai Bukharin]], and [[Mikhail Olminsky]], who criticized the actions and warned that thanks to "Lenin's violent seizure of power and his rejection of democracy," the Bolsheviks would be "forced to turn increasingly to terror to silence their political critics and subjugate a society they could not control by other means."{{sfnp|Figes|1998|pp=630, 649}} Figes also asserts that the Red Terror "erupted from below. It was an integral element of the social revolution from the start. The Bolsheviks encouraged but did not create this mass terror. The main institutions of the Terror were all shaped, at least in part, in response to these pressures from below."{{sfnp|Figes|1998|p=525}}<br />
<br />
The German Marxist [[Karl Kautsky]] pleaded with Lenin against using violence as a form of terrorism because it was indiscriminate, intended to frighten the civilian population and included the taking and executing hostages: "Among the phenomena for which Bolshevism has been responsible, terrorism, which begins with the abolition of every form of freedom of the Press, and ends in a system of wholesale execution, is certainly the most striking and the most repellent of all."<ref>[[Karl Kautsky]], [http://marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1919/terrcomm/ch08b.htm#s6 ''Terrorism and Communism''] Chapter VIII, The Communists at Work, The Terror</ref><br />
<br />
In ''[[The Black Book of Communism]]'', [[Nicolas Werth]] contrasts the Red and [[White Terror (Russia)|White Terrors]], noting the former was the official policy of the Bolshevik government:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>The Bolshevik policy of terror was more systematic, better organized, and targeted at whole social classes. Moreover, it had been thought out and put into practice before the outbreak of the civil war. The White Terror was never systematized in such a fashion. It was almost invariably the work of detachments that were out of control, and taking measures not officially authorized by the military command that was attempting, without much success, to act as a government. If one discounts the pogroms, which [[Anton Denikin|Denikin]] himself condemned, the White Terror most often was a series of reprisals by the police acting as a sort of military counterespionage force. The Cheka and the Troops for the Internal Defense of the Republic were a structured and powerful instrument of repression of a completely different order, which had support at the highest level from the Bolshevik regime.{{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|p=82}}</blockquote><br />
<br />
James Ryan points out that Lenin never advocated for the physical extermination of the entire bourgeoisie as a class, just the execution of those who were actively involved in opposing and undermining Bolshevik rule.{{sfnp|Ryan|2012|p=116}} He did intend to bring about "the overthrow and complete abolition of the bourgeoisie", but through non-violent political and economic means.{{sfnp|Ryan|2012|p=74}}<br />
<br />
[[Leszek KoĹakowski]] noted that while Bolsheviks (especially Lenin) were very much focused on the Marxian concept of "violent revolution" and [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] long before the [[October Revolution]], implementation of the dictatorship was clearly defined by Lenin as early as in 1906, when he argued it must involve "unlimited power based on force and not on law," power that is "absolutely unrestricted by any rules whatever and based directly on violence." In ''[[The State and Revolution]]'' of 1917, Lenin once again reiterated the arguments raised by Marx and Engels calling for use of terror. Voices such as Kautsky calling for moderate use of violence met "furious reply" from Lenin in ''[[The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky]]'' (1918). Another theoretical and systematic argument in favor of organized terror in response to Kautsky's reservations was written by [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] in ''[[Terrorism and Communism|The Defense of Terrorism]]'' (1921). Trotsky argued that in the light of historical materialism, it is sufficient that the violence is successful for it to justify its rightness. Trotsky also introduced and provided ideological justification for many of the future features characterizing the Bolshevik system such as "militarization of labor" and concentration camps.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Main currents of Marxism|last=KoĹakowski|first=Leszek|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2005|isbn=9780393329438|pages=744â766}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Historical significance ==<br />
[[File:Memorial stone to victims of the red terror in Daugavpils.JPG|thumb|right|Memorial stone to victims of the Red Terror in [[Daugavpils]]]]<br />
The Red Terror was significant because it was the first of numerous Communist terror campaigns which were waged in Soviet Russia and many other countries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Andrew |first=Christopher|author2=Vasili Mitrokhin |title=The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World|publisher=Basic Books|year=2005|isbn=0-465-00311-7 }}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2020}} It also triggered the [[Russian Civil War]] according to historian [[Richard Pipes]].<ref name="Pipes"/> [[Menshevik]] [[Julius Martov]] wrote about the Red Terror:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>The beast has licked hot human blood. The man-killing machine is brought into motion&nbsp;... But blood breeds blood&nbsp;... We witness the growth of the bitterness of [[Russian Civil War|the civil war]], the growing bestiality of men engaged in it.{{sfnp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|pp=73â6}}<ref>[[Julius Martov]], [http://www.marxists.org/archive/martov/1918/07/death-penalty.htm Down with the Death Penalty!], June/July 1918.</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
The term 'Red Terror' was later used in reference to other campaigns of violence which were waged by communist or communist-affiliated groups. Some other events which were also called "Red Terrors" include:<br />
* [[Red Terror (Hungary)|Hungarian Red Terror]] â the execution of 590 people who were accused of being involved in the counterrevolutionary ''coup'' against the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] on 24 June 1919.<br />
* [[Red Terror (Spain)|Spanish Red Terror]] â assassinations which were carried out during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<br />
* [[Red Terror (Greece)]] â a campaign of repression which was waged in [[Greece]] by the Communist organizations of the [[Greek Resistance]] (during the [[Axis occupation of Greece]] which coincided with [[World War II]]) and the [[Greek Civil War]] (1943â49).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YAszKv6JfQUC&q=terror Mazower, Mark, "After the War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation, and State in Greece, 1943â1960". Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016]</ref><br />
* [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|Ethiopian Red Terror]] â a campaigned of repression which was waged by the [[Derg]] during the rule of [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]].<br />
* [[Red Terror (China)|Chinese Red Terror]] â a campaign of repression which is believed to have begun with the [[Red August]] of the [[Cultural Revolution]]. According to [[Mao Zedong]] himself: "Red terror ought to be our reply to these counter-revolutionaries. We must, especially in the war zones and in the border areas, deal immediately, swiftly with every kind of counter-revolutionary activity."<ref>Denis Twitchett, John K. Fairbank ''The Cambridge history of China'',{{ISBN|0-521-24338-6}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxs3ROaIhPMC&dq=%22red+terror%22+china&pg=PA177 p. 177]</ref><br />
* [[Red Terror (India)|Indian Red Terror]] â a name which was given to the "[[Nandigram violence]]" (November 2007) in [[Nandigram]], [[West Bengal]], critics use it in order to allude to the actions of the local administration [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]], the ruling party in West Bengal.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7114827.stm BBC Article]</ref> The situation was also called a "Red Terror" by the media.<ref name="TIMESOFINDIANANDIGRAM">{{cite news |title=Red terror continues Nandigram's bylanes|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Red_terror_continues_Nandigrams_bylanes/articleshow/2541772.cms | work=The Times Of India | first1=Nirmalya |last1=Banerjee |date=15 November 2007}}</ref><br />
* [[Red Terror (Finland)|Finnish Red Terror]] â the [[Finnish Civil War|1918 Civil War]] in [[Finland]].<br />
* [[Leftist errors|Yugoslavian Red Terror]] â another name for the period from 1941 to 1942 in [[Yugoslavia]] known as the "[[Leftist errors]]."<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Soviet Union}}<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=24em|<br />
* [[August Uprising]]<br />
* [[The Black Book of Communism]]<br />
* [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]] ([[China]])<br />
* ''[[The Chekist]]''<br />
* [[Communist terrorism]]<br />
* [[Crimes against humanity under communist regimes]]<br />
* [[Criticism of communist party rule]]<br />
* [[Human rights in the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Murder of the Romanov family]]<br />
* [[Great Purge]]<br />
* [[Kovalevsky Forest]], the site of many massacres<br />
* [[Left-wing terrorism]]<br />
* [[Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks]]<br />
* [[Lenin's Hanging Order]]<br />
* [[Mass killings under communist regimes]]<br />
* [[Mass graves from Soviet mass executions]]<br />
* [[Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Political repression in the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)]]<br />
* [[Red Terror (Spain)]]<br />
* [[Revolutionary terror]]<br />
* [[Russian famine of 1921â1922]]<br />
* [[Solovetsky Islands]], the site of the [[Solovetsky Monastery]] (founded in 1436), in 1923, it became the site of the first [[Gulag]] establishment, the [[Solovki prison camp]] <br />
* [[Terrorism and the Soviet Union]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name=BlackBook_chptr4>{{harvp|Werth, Bartosek et al.|1999|loc=Chapter 4: The Red Terror.}}<br />
</ref><br />
<ref name=Radzinsky97_1525>{{cite book |last=Radzinsky |first=Edvard |author-link=Edvard Radzinsky |year=1997 |title=[[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives |publisher=Anchor |isbn=0-385-47954-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/stalinfirstindep00radz_0/page/152 152â155] }}<br />
</ref><br />
<ref name=Suvorov1984>{{cite book |last=Suvorov |first=Viktor |author-link=Viktor Suvorov |year=1984 |title=Inside Soviet Military Intelligence |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780026155106 |url=https://archive.org/details/insidesovietmili00suvo }}<br />
</ref><br />
<ref name=Ryan12_114>{{harvp|Ryan|2012|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ6LAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 p. 114].}}<br />
</ref><br />
<!--not used<ref name=Ryan12_116>{{harvp|Ryan|2012|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ6LAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 p. 116].}}<br />
</ref>--><br />
<ref name=Rayfield04_83>{{cite book |last=Rayfield |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Rayfield |year=2004 |title=Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=0375506322 |page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi3ow3TU8-4C&pg=PA83 }} See also [[Stalin and His Hangmen]].<br />
</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References and further reading ==<br />
See also: ''{{section link|Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War|Violence and terror}}''<br />
* {{cite book |last=Figes |first=Orlando |author-link=Orlando Figes |year=1998 |title=[[A People's Tragedy|A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891â1924]] |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0670-859168 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Gellately |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Gellately |year=2008 |title=Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]] |isbn=9781400032136 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Graziosi |first=Andrea |author-link= |date=2007 |title=L'URSS di Lenin e Stalin. Storia dell'Unione Sovietica 1914â1945 |location=Bologna |publisher=il Mulino |language=it |isbn=978-88-15-13786-9}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Leggett |first=George |title=The Cheka: Lenin's political police. The AllâRussian Extraordinary Commission for Combating CounterâRevolution and Sabotage, December 1917 to February 1922 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] | location=Oxford | year=1981 |isbn=0-19-822552-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/george-leggett-the-cheka-lenins-political-police-claredon-press-1981/page/n1/mode/2up}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Lowe |first=Norman |year=2002 |title=Mastering Twentieth Century Russian History |publisher=Palgrave |isbn=9780333963074 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Melgounov |first=Sergey |author-link=Sergei Melgunov |year=1975 |orig-date=1925 |title=The Red Terror in Russia |publisher=Hyperions |isbn=0-88355-187-X |url=https://archive.org/details/redterrorinrussi0000unse}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Ryan |first=James |year=2012 |title=Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence |location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1138815681 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Smele |first=Jonathan D. |chapter=Red terror |date=2015 |title=Historical dictionary of the Russian civil wars, 1916â1926 |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781442252813 |pages=932â934 |url={{GBurl|QwquCgAAQBAJ}} }}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Steinberg |first=Isaac|author-link=Isaac Steinberg |year=1935 |title=Spiridonova: Revolutionary Terrorist |location=London |publisher=Methuen}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Mayer |first1=Arno J. |title=The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions |date=2002 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-09015-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gveBKGhmskAC |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Pipes |first1=Richard |title=Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime |date=2011 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-78861-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfNEY931UzYC |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Werth |first=Nicolas|title=[[The Black Book of Communism]]: Crimes, Terror, Repression|date=1999|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07608-2|pages=33â268|language=en|chapter=A State against Its People: Violence, Repression, and Terror in the Soviet Union|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PG108}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Trotsky |first=Leon |author-link=Leon Trotsky |year=2017 |orig-date=1920 |title=[[Terrorism and Communism|Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky]] |publisher=Verso |isbn=9781786633439 |ref=CITEREFTrotsky1920}} See also text on [http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1920/terrcomm/index.htm marxists.org].<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Werth |first1=Nicolas |last2=Bartosek |first2=Karel |last3=Panne |first3=Jean-Louis |last4=Margolin |first4=Jean-Louis |last5=Paczkowski |first5=Andrzej |last6=Courtois |first6=Stephane |year=1999 |title=[[The Black Book of Communism|Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression]] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-07608-7 |ref=CITEREFWerth, Bartosek et al.1999}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.marxists.org/archive/martov/1918/07/death-penalty.htm Down with the Death Penalty!] by [[Julius Martov|Yuliy Osipovich Martov]], June/July 1918<br />
*[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/International/2010/07/19/More-red-terror-remains-found-in-Russia/UPI-26891279556579/ More red terror remains found in Russia] [[UPI]], July 19, 2010.<br />
<br />
{{Soviet Union topics}}<br />
{{Terrorism topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mass murder in 1918]]<br />
[[Category:Political and cultural purges]]<br />
[[Category:Political repression in the Soviet Union]]<br />
[[Category:Communist terrorism]]<br />
[[Category:Politicides]]<br />
[[Category:Russian Civil War]]<br />
[[Category:Soviet war crimes]]<br />
[[Category:Victims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia|*]]<br />
[[Category:War crimes in Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Murder in the Soviet Union]]<br />
[[Category:Political repression in Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Communist repression]]<br />
[[Category:Vladimir Lenin]]<br />
[[Category:Mass murder in 1919]]<br />
[[Category:Mass murder in 1920]]<br />
[[Category:Mass murder in 1921]]<br />
[[Category:Mass murder in 1922]]</div>72.218.62.58https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_war_crimes&diff=1143883792Soviet war crimes2023-03-10T14:01:06Z<p>72.218.62.58: /* Murders of civilians */Removed misinformation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Violations of the law of war committed by the Soviet Union}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox<br />
|title=Soviet war crimes<br />
|image=[[File:KatyĹ, ekshumacja ofiar.jpg|300px|alt=Katyn]]<br />
|caption=[[Katyn massacre]] 1943 exhumation.<ref name="MSB">{{cite journal|last=Szonert-Binienda|first=Maria|url=http://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=jil|format=PDF|title=Was Katyn a Genocide?|journal=Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law|publisher=scholarlycommons.law.case.edu|volume=44 |issue=3|date=2012|access-date=18 June 2017|pages=633â717}}</ref> Photo by [[International Red Cross]] delegation<br />
| headerstyle = background:lavender<br />
| header1 = 1919 to 1991<br />
| label2 = Foreign territory<br />
| data2={{flatlist | <br />
*[[Soviet deportations from Estonia|Estonia]]<br />
*[[Soviet occupations of Latvia|Latvia]]<br />
*[[Soviet occupation of Lithuania|Lithuania]]<br />
*[[Soviet invasion of Poland|Poland]]<br />
*[[Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union|Finland]]<br />
*[[Siege of Budapest|Hungary]]<br />
*[[NKVD prisoner massacres|Russia]]<br />
*[[Massacre of Grischino|German occupied Ukraine]]<br />
*[[SovietâAfghan War|Afghanistan]]<br />
*[[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|China]]<br />
*[[Soviet assault on Maoka|Japan]]<br />
*[[Invasion of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]]<br />
*[[August Uprising|Georgia]]<br />
*[[Chervyen massacre|Belarus]]<br />
*[[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|Romania]]<br />
*[[Nazi Germany|Germany]]<br />
*[[Second Spanish Republic|Spain]]<br />
*[[DF Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]<br />
*[[Gegenmiao massacre|Manchukuo]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
The [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]] which were perpetrated by the [[Soviet Union]] and its [[armed forces]] from 1919 to 1991 include acts which were committed by the [[Red Army]] (later called the [[Soviet Army]]) as well as acts which were committed by the [[NKVD]], including its [[Internal Troops]]. In many cases, these acts were committed upon the orders of the Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]] in pursuance of the early Soviet government's policy of ''[[Red Terror]]''. In other instances they were committed without orders by Soviet troops against prisoners of war or civilians of countries that had been in [[armed conflict]] with the USSR, or they were committed during [[partisan warfare]].<ref name="Statiev2010">{{cite book|last=Statiev|first=Alexander|title=The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIRSwRDVqu4C&pg=PA277|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76833-7|page=277}}</ref><br />
<br />
A significant number of these incidents occurred in Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe recently before, and during, the aftermath of World War II, involving [[summary execution]]s and the [[mass murder]] of [[prisoners of war]], such as in the [[Katyn massacre]] and [[Rape during the occupation of Germany|mass rape by troops]] of the Red Army in [[Military occupations by the Soviet Union|territories they occupied]].<br />
<br />
When the [[Allies of World War II]] founded the post-war [[International Military Tribunal]] to examine war crimes committed during the conflict by [[Nazi Germany]], with officials from the Soviet Union taking an active part in the judicial processes, there was no examination of the Allied forces' actions and no charges were ever brought against its troops, because they were undefeated powers which then held Europe under military occupation, marring the historical authority of the Tribunal's activity as being, in part, [[victor's justice]].<ref name="Davies2006">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|author-link=Norman Davies|title=Europe at War 1939-1945 : No Simple Victory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xtTkaQhHYEC|year=2006|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-69285-1|page=198}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 1990s and 2000s, war crimes trials held in the Baltic states led to the prosecution of some Russians, mostly ''in absentia'', for crimes against humanity committed during or shortly after World War II, including killings or deportations of civilians.<br />
Today, the [[Government of Russia|Russian government]] engages in [[historical negationism]].<ref name="forbes">{{citation|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/05/05/how-putin-manipulates-russians-using-revisionist-history/|title=How Putin Manipulates Russians Using Revisionist History|work=Forbes|date=2014-05-14}}</ref> Russian media refers to the crimes against humanity and war crimes as a "Western myth".<ref name="The rape of Berlin">{{citation|title = The rape of Berlin|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32529679|work = BBC News|author = Lucy Ash|date = 1 May 2016|access-date = 15 October 2018}}</ref> In [[Historiography in the Soviet Union|Russian history textbooks]], the atrocities are either altered to portray the Soviets positively or omitted entirely.<ref name="How Russian Kids Are Taught World War II">{{citation|title = How Russian Kids Are Taught World War II|url = https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/how-russian-kids-are-taught-world-war-ii-57930|publisher = The Moscow Times|author = Ola Cichowlas|date = 8 May 2017|access-date = 14 October 2018}}</ref> In 2017, [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] acknowledged the "horrors of [[Stalinism]]", but he also criticized the "excessive [[demonization]] of Stalin" by "Russia's enemies".<ref name="For Russians, Stalin is the 'most outstanding' figure in world history, followed by Putin">{{citation|title = For Russians, Stalin is the 'most outstanding' figure in world history, followed by Putin |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/06/26/for-russians-stalin-is-the-most-outstanding-figure-in-world-history-putin-is-next/|newspaper = The Washington Post|author = David Filipov|date = 26 June 2017|access-date = 7 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The Soviet Union did not recognize [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]]'s signing of the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]] as binding, and as a result, it refused to recognize them until 1955.<ref>{{cite book |title=Implementing humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts: the case of Finland |last=Hannikainen |first=Lauri |author2=Raija Hanski |author3=Allan Rosas |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-7923-1611-4 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUGYzyJQAc0C&pg=PA46 }}</ref> This created a situation in which war crimes by the Soviet armed forces could eventually be rationalized. The Soviet refusal to recognize the Hague Conventions also gave Nazi Germany the rationale for its inhuman treatment of captured Soviet military personnel.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Grenkevich |first1=Leonid D. |last2= Glantz |first2=David M. |editor1-first=David M. |editor1-last= Glantz |title=The Soviet partisan movement, 1941-1944: a critical historiographical analysis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsBgvxYVVPMC&pg=PA110 |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7146-4874-3 |page=110 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Before World War II==<br />
<br />
===Red Army and pogroms===<br />
The early Soviet leaders publicly denounced [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]],<ref name="korey">William Korey, ''The Origins and Development of Soviet Anti-Semitism: An Analysis.'' Slavic Review, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Mar., 1972), pp. 111â135; included in: William Korey, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gQ1_G3NgPS8C&lpg=PA39&ots=ko8A3cQuS8&pg=PA39#v=onepage&f=false Anti-Semitism in Russia]'', New York: Viking, 1973.</ref> William Korey wrote: "Anti-Jewish discrimination had become an integral part of Soviet state policy ever since the late thirties." Efforts were made by Soviet authorities to contain anti-Jewish [[bigotry]] notably during the [[Russian civil war]], whenever the Red Army units perpetrated [[pogrom]]s,<ref>{{cite book| author=John Doyle Klier |others=Shlomo Lambroza |title=Pogroms |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |page=294}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=United States Holocaust Museum |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005183|title=Pogroms}}</ref> as well as during the [[PolishâSoviet War|Soviet-Polish War]] of 1919â1920 at [[Baranovichi]].<ref>ĐĐťĐ°Đ´Đ¸ĐźĐ¸Ń ĐĐ°ŃкОвŃин, [http://www.sovsekretno.ru/magazines/article/228 Đоди Đś, ĐŃдоннŃĐš, Đ˝Đ°Ń ŃПоНоо...] Sovsekretno.ru.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/138/kardin.htm|title=ĐĐĐĐĐ ĐĐ ĐĐĐ ĐТЏ Đ ĐЧĐХТЍРĐĐŤĐĐĐĐĐĐĐĐ|access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref><ref>ĐĄŃĐ°ŃŃŃ "ĐвŃои ĐŁĐşŃĐ°Đ¸Đ˝Ń Đ˛ 1914â1920 гг." в ĐНокŃŃОннОК овŃоКŃкОК ŃĐ˝ŃикНОподии</ref> Only a small number of pogroms were attributed to the Red Army, with the vast majority of the 'collectively violent' acts in the period having been committed by [[Anti-communism|anti-Communist]] and [[Nationalism|nationalist]] forces.<ref>[[Henry Abramson]], ''Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 1917â1920'', Slavic review, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Autumn, 1991), pp. 542â550</ref><br />
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The pogroms were condemned by the Red Army high command and guilty units were disarmed, while individual pogromists were court-martialed.<ref name="korey"/> Those found guilty could and did face execution.<ref>Nora Levin ''The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival'' NYU Press, 1991, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-5051-3}}, p.43</ref> Although pogroms by Ukrainian units of the Red Army still occurred after this, the [[Jews]] regarded the Red Army as the only force which was willing to protect them.<ref>Encyclopaedia Judaica, [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0016_0_15895.html "Pogroms".] The Jewish Virtual Library. 2009; "...severe penalties were imposed not only on guilty individuals, who were executed, but also on complete army units, which were disbanded after their men had attacked Jews. Even though pogroms were still perpetrated after this, mainly by Ukrainian units of the Red Army at the time of its retreat from [[Poland]] (1920), in general, the Jews regarded the units of the Red Army as the only force which was able and willing to defend them." Retrieved December 29, 2014.</ref><br />
It is estimated that 3,450 Jews or 2.3 percent of the Jewish victims killed during the Russian Civil War were murdered by the Bolshevik armies.<ref name="Midlarsky2005">{{cite book|last=Midlarsky|first=Manus I.|title=The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/killingtrapgenoc0000midl|url-access=registration|access-date=19 June 2017|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81545-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/killingtrapgenoc0000midl/page/45 45]}}</ref> In comparison, according to the [[Morgenthau Report]], a total of about 300 Jews died in all incidents involving Polish responsibility. The commission also found that the Polish military and civil authorities did their best to prevent such incidents and their recurrence in the future. The Morgenthau report stated that some forms of discrimination against Jews were of a political rather than an anti-Semitic nature and it specifically avoided using the term "pogrom", noting that the term's use was applied to a wide range of excesses, and it also had no specific definition.<ref>Andrzej Kapiszewski, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071006100322/http://www.studiajudaica.pl/sj14kapi.pdf Controversial Reports on the Situation of the Jews in Poland in the Aftermath of World War ] ''Studia Judaica'' 7: 2004 nr 2(14) s. 257â304 (pdf)</ref><br />
<br />
==The Red Army and the NKVD==<br />
[[File:Soviet invasion on Poland 1939.jpg|thumb|Soviet invasion of Poland, 1939. Advance of the Red Army troops]]<br />
{{See also|NKVD prisoner massacres|Katyn massacre}}<br />
On 6 February 1922 the Cheka was replaced by the [[State Political Administration]] or OGPU, a section of the [[NKVD]]. The declared function of the NKVD was to protect the [[National security|state security]] of the Soviet Union, which was accomplished by the large scale political persecution of "class enemies". The Red Army often gave support to the NKVD in the implementation of [[political repression]]s.<ref name="Nagorski">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/greatestbattlest0000nago |url-access=registration |quote=Soviet terror Poland 1940. |title=The Greatest Battle |via=[[Internet Archive]] |first=Andrew |last=Nagorski |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatestbattlest0000nago/page/83 83] |access-date=2015-02-15|isbn=9781416545736 |date=2007-09-18 }}</ref> As an internal security force and a prison guard contingent of the [[Gulag]], the Internal Troops repressed political dissidents and engaged in war crimes during periods of military hostilities throughout Soviet history. They were specifically responsible for maintaining the political regime in the Gulag and conducting mass deportations and [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|forced resettlement]]. The latter targeted a number of ethnic groups that the Soviet authorities presumed to be hostile to its policies and likely to collaborate with the enemy, including [[Chechen people|Chechens]], [[Crimean Tatars]], and [[Koreans]].<ref name="Applebaum583">[[Anne Applebaum|Applebaum, Anne]] (2003), ''[[Gulag: A History]].'' [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]. {{ISBN|0-7679-0056-1}}, pg 583: "both archives and memoirs indicate that it was a common practice in many camps to release prisoners who were on the point of dying, thereby lowering camp death statistics."</ref><br />
<br />
==World War II==<br />
War crimes by Soviet armed forces against civilians and prisoners of war in the territories occupied by the USSR between 1939 and 1941 in regions including Western Ukraine, the Baltic states and [[Bessarabia]] in Romania, along with war crimes in 1944â1945, have been ongoing issues within these countries. Since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], a more systematic, locally controlled discussion of these events has taken place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.am.gov.lv/data/file/e/HC-Progress-Report2001.pdf |title=The Progress Report |publisher=Latvia's History Commission}}</ref><br />
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As the Red Army withdrew after the German attack of 1941 which is known as [[Operation Barbarossa]], numerous reports of war crimes committed by Soviet armed forces against captured German [[Wehrmacht]] and [[Luftwaffe]] soldiers from the very beginning of hostilities were documented in thousands of files of the Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau which was established by Nazi Germany in September 1939 to investigate violations of the Hague and Geneva conventions by Germany's enemies.<ref>De Zayas, Alfred M., ''The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939â1945'', University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1989, 3rd revised edition Picton Press, Rockland, Maine 2003. {{OCLC|598598774}} Translation of: ''Die Wehrmacht-Untersuchungsstelle.''</ref> The targets included both collaborators with Germany and the members of anti-Communist [[resistance movement]]s such as the Ukrainian Insurgent Army ([[Ukrainian Insurgent Army|UPA]]) in [[Ukraine]], the [[Forest Brothers]] in [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]], and the Polish [[Armia Krajowa]]. The NKVD also conducted the [[Katyn massacre]], summarily executing over 20,000 Polish military officer prisoners in April and May 1940.<br />
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The Soviets deployed mustard gas bombs during the [[Soviet invasion of Xinjiang]]. Civilians were killed by conventional bombs during the invasion.<ref name="Pearson">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/bwc/papers/review/cwtable.htm |title=Uses of CW since the First World War |last=Pearson |first=Graham S. |publisher=FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS |access-date=2010-06-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822165939/http://www.fas.org/bwc/papers/review/cwtable.htm |archive-date=2010-08-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/E-290.9-HE01-025/V-3/page/0164.html.en|title=History of the expedition in Asia, 1927-1935, Part 3|author1=Sven Anders Hedin |author2=Folke Bergman |year=1944|publisher=GĂśteborg, Elanders boktryckeri aktiebolag|location=Stockholm|page=112|access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Estonia===<br />
{{Main|Soviet occupation of Estonia}}<br />
[[File:Victims of Soviet repressions in Kuressaare, Estonia, 1941.jpg|thumb|right|People killed by Soviet authorities in [[Kuressaare]], [[Estonia]], 1941.]]<br />
In accordance with the [[MolotovâRibbentrop Pact]] Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union on 6 August 1940 and renamed the [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]].<ref>Magnus Ilmjärv ''Hääletu alistumine'', (''Silent Submission''), Tallinn, Argo, 2004, {{ISBN|9949-415-04-7}}</ref> The Estonian standing army was broken up, its officers executed or deported.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wulf|first=Meike|title=Shadowlands: Memory and History in Post-Soviet Estonia|year=2016|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9781785330742|page=46}}</ref> In 1941, some 34,000 Estonians were drafted into the Red Army, of whom less than 30% survived the war. No more than half of those men were used for military service. The rest were sent to labour battalions where around 12,000 died, mainly in the early months of the war.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Toomas Hiio|title=Estonia, 1940-1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6o-AQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Estonian Foundation for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity|isbn=9789949130405|page=886}}</ref> After it became clear that the German invasion of Estonia would be successful, political prisoners who could not be evacuated were executed by the NKVD, so that they would not be able to make contact with the Nazi government.<ref>The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence by Anatol Lieven p. 424 {{ISBN|0-300-06078-5}}</ref> More than 300,000 citizens of Estonia, almost a third of the population at the time, were affected by deportations, arrests, execution and other acts of repression.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.communistcrimes.org/en/Database/Estonia/Historical-Overview|title=CommunistCrimes.org â Historical Introduction|access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref> As a result of the [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet occupation]], Estonia permanently lost at least 200,000 people or 20% of its population to repression, exodus and war.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vetik|first=Raivo|editor=PĂĽl Kolstø|title=National Integration and Violent Conflict in Post-Soviet Societies: The Cases of Estonia and Moldova|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9781461639459|page=74|chapter=Cultural and Social Makeup of Estonia}}</ref><br />
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Soviet political repressions in Estonia were met by an armed resistance by the [[Forest Brothers]], composed of former [[20 SS|conscripts into the German military]], [[Omakaitse]] militia and volunteers in the [[Finnish Infantry Regiment 200]] who fought a [[guerrilla war]], which was not completely suppressed until the late 1950s.<ref name="vr25-30">[http://www.riigikogu.ee/public/Riigikogu/ValgeRaamat.pdf Valge raamat], pp. 25â30</ref> In addition to the expected human and material losses suffered due to the fighting, until its end this conflict led to the deportation of tens of thousands of people, along with hundreds of political prisoners and thousands of civilians died.<br />
<br />
====Mass deportations====<br />
{{Main|Soviet deportations from Estonia}}<br />
On 14 June 1941, and the following two days, 9,254 to 10,861 people, mostly urban residents, of them over 5,000 women and over 2,500 children under 16,<ref name="commission">[http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/pdf/conclusions_en.pdf Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609223156/http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/pdf/conclusions_en.pdf |date=9 June 2007 }}, historycommission.ee; accessed 13 December 2016.</ref><ref>Kareda, Endel (1949). ''Estonia in the Soviet Grip: Life and Conditions under Soviet Occupation 1947â1949''. London: Boreas.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref><ref>Uustalu, Evald (1952). ''The History of Estonian People''. London: Boreas.<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref><ref name="laar">[[Laar, Mart]] (2006). [http://web-static.vm.ee/static/failid/128/Deportations_from_Estonia.pdf Deportation from Estonia in 1941 and 1949] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225225623/http://web-static.vm.ee/static/failid/128/Deportations_from_Estonia.pdf |date=2009-02-25 }}. ''Estonia Today'': Fact Sheet of the Press and Information Department, Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (June 2006).</ref><ref>[http://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/28936/ 70th anniversary of deportation and uprising of 1941], ''[[The Baltic Times]]'', 29 June 2011; retrieved 6 May 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.mnemosyne.ee/hc.ee/pdf/conclusions_en_1940-1941.pdf The Soviet Occupation of Estonia in 1940-1941], mnemosyne.ee; retrieved 6 May 2013.</ref> 439 Jews (more than 10% of the [[History of the Jews in Estonia|Estonian Jewish population]])<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1093/hgs/12.2.308|last1=Weiss-Wendt|first1=Anton|year=1998|title=The Soviet Occupation of Estonia in 1940â41 and the Jews|journal=[[Holocaust and Genocide Studies]]|volume=12|issue=2|pages=308â25}}</ref> were deported, mostly to [[Kirov Oblast]], [[Novosibirsk Oblast]] or prisons. Deportations were predominantly to [[Siberia]] and [[Kazakhstan]] by means of railroad cattle cars, without prior announcement, while deported were given few night hours at best to pack their belongings and separated from their families, usually also sent to the east. The procedure was established by the [[Serov Instructions]]. Estonians residing in [[Leningrad Oblast]] had already been subjected to deportation since 1935.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/235168|last1=Martin|first1=Terry|year=1998|title=The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing|journal=[[The Journal of Modern History]]|volume=70|issue=4|pages=813â861|jstor=10.1086/235168|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3229636/Martin%201998.pdf?sequence=2}}</ref><br />
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====Destruction battalions====<br />
{{Main|Destruction battalions}}<br />
{{See also|Battle of Kautla}}<br />
In 1941, to implement Stalin's [[scorched earth policy]], destruction battalions were formed in the western regions of the Soviet Union. In Estonia, they killed thousands of people including a large proportion of women and children, while burning down dozens of villages, schools and public buildings. A school boy named Tullio Lindsaar had all of the bones in his hands broken then was bayoneted for hoisting the [[flag of Estonia]]. Mauricius Parts, son of the [[Estonian War of Independence]] veteran [[Karl Parts]], was doused in acid. In August 1941, all residents of the village of Viru-Kabala were killed including a two-year-old child and a six-day-old infant. A partisan war broke out in response to the atrocities of the destruction battalions, with tens of thousands of men forming the [[Forest Brothers]] to protect the local population from these battalions. Occasionally, the battalions burned people alive.<ref>Mart Laar, ''War in the woods'', The Compass Press, Washington, 1992, p. 10</ref> The destruction battalions murdered 1,850 people in Estonia. Almost all of them were partisans or unarmed civilians.<ref>''Eesti rahva kannatuste aasta''. Tallinn, 1996, p. 234.</ref><br />
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Another example of the destruction battalions' actions is the [[Kautla massacre]], where twenty civilians were murdered and tens of farms destroyed. Many of the people were killed after [[torture]]. The low toll of human deaths in comparison with the number of burned farms is due to the [[Erna long-range reconnaissance group]] breaking the Red Army blockade on the area, allowing many civilians to escape.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kultuur.elu.ee/ke486_liim.htm|title=Kultuur ja Elu â kultuuriajakiri|access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref><ref>[[Mart Laar]]: [http://www.postimees.ee/160807/esileht/arvamus/277366.php Tavaline stalinism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827075510/http://www.postimees.ee/160807/esileht/arvamus/277366.php |date=2009-08-27 }}, printed in [[Postimees]] 16 August 2007</ref><br />
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===Latvia===<br />
{{Main|Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940}}<br />
<br />
On 23 August 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop [[Non-aggression pact|non-aggression agreement]]. Latvia was included in the Soviet sphere of interest. On 17 June 1940, Latvia was occupied by Soviet forces. The KÄrlis Ulmanis government was removed, and new illegitimate elections were held on 21 June 1940 with only one party listed, "electing" a fake parliament which made resolution to join the Soviet Union, with the resolution having already been drawn up in Moscow prior the election. Latvia became part of the Soviet Union on 5 August, and on 25 August all people in Latvia became citizens of the Soviet Union. The Ministry of Foreign affairs was closed isolating Latvia from the rest of the world.<ref name="Starptautiska konference">{{cite web|url=https://latvianhistory.com/2012/06/14/soviet-mass-deportations-of-14-june-1941/|title=Deportation of 14 June 1941: crime against humanity: materials of an International Conference 12-13 June. (2001)|work=Latvijas vÄstures institĹŤts|via=latvianhistory.com|date=14 June 2012|access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref><br />
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On 14 June 1941, thousands of people were taken from their homes, loaded onto freight trains and taken to Siberia. Whole families, women, children and old people were sent to labor camps in Siberia. The crime was perpetrated by the Soviet occupation regime on the orders of high authorities in Moscow. Prior the deportation, the Peoples Commissariat established operational groups who performed arrests, search and seizure of the property. Arrests took place in all parts in Latvia including rural areas.<ref name="Starptautiska konference" /><br />
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===Lithuania===<br />
{{Main|Occupation of the Baltic states}}<br />
[[File:Corridor with Display of Partisans Killed by Soviet Forces - Museum of Genocide Victims - Vilnius - Lithuania (27829872456) (2).jpg|thumb|right|Corridor in the [[Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights]] with display of the [[Lithuanian partisans]] killed by the Soviet forces in Lithuania]]<br />
Lithuania, and the other [[Baltic States]], fell victim to the MolotovâRibbentrop Pact. This agreement was signed between the USSR and Germany in August 1939; leading first to Lithuania being invaded by the Red Army on 15 June 1940, and then to its annexation and incorporation into the Soviet Union on 3 August 1940.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} The Soviet annexation resulted in mass terror, the denial of civil liberties, the destruction of the country's economic system and the suppression of Lithuanian culture. Between 1940 and 1941, thousands of Lithuanians were arrested and hundreds of political prisoners were arbitrarily executed. More than 17,000 people were deported to Siberia in June 1941. After the German [[Operation Barbarossa|attack]] on the Soviet Union, the incipient Soviet political apparatus was either destroyed or retreated eastward. Lithuania was then occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] for a little over three years. In 1944, the Soviet Union reoccupied Lithuania. Following World War II and the subsequent suppression of the Lithuanian Forest Brothers, the Soviet authorities executed thousands of resistance fighters and civilians whom they accused of aiding them. Some 300,000 [[Soviet deportations from Lithuania|Lithuanians were deported]] or sentenced to terms in prison camps on political grounds. It is estimated that Lithuania lost almost 780,000 citizens as a result of the Soviet occupation, of these around 440,000 were war refugees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.communistcrimes.org/en/Database/Lithuania/Historical-Overview|title=CommunistCrimes.org â Historical Introduction|access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref><br />
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The estimated death toll in Soviet prisons and camps between 1944 and 1953 was at least 14,000.<ref>International Commission For the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania, [http://www.komisija.lt/Files/www.komisija.lt/File/Tyrimu_baze/II%20Sovietine%20okupacija%20I%20etapas/Nusikaltimai/Arestai%20ir%20kankinimai/ENG/Conclusions%20_ENG.pdf Mass Arrests and Torture in 1944-1953], pp. 2-3 (=10%+ of 142,579 arrested)</ref> The estimated death toll among deportees between 1945 and 1958 was 20,000, including 5,000 children.<ref>International Commission For the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania, [http://www.komisija.lt/Files/www.komisija.lt/File/Tyrimu_baze/II%20Sovietine%20okupacija%20I%20etapas/Nusikaltimai/Tremimai/ENG/Conclusions%20ENG.pdf Deportations of the Population in 1944-1953] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601173600/http://www.komisija.lt/Files/www.komisija.lt/File/Tyrimu_baze/II%20Sovietine%20okupacija%20I%20etapas/Nusikaltimai/Tremimai/ENG/Conclusions%20ENG.pdf |date=1 June 2013 }}, paragraph 14</ref><br />
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During the restoration of Lithuanian independence in 1990 and 1991, the Soviet army killed 13 people in Vilnius during the [[January Events (Lithuania)|January Events]].<ref name=bbc-onthisday>{{cite news|title=On This Day 13 January 1991: Bloodshed at Lithuanian TV station|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/13/newsid_4059000/4059959.stm|access-date=2011-09-13}}</ref><br />
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===Poland===<br />
<br />
====1939â1941====<br />
[[File:01941 Opfer des NKWD im Hof des Geheimpolizeigefängnisses von Lemberg am 06.07.1941.jpg|thumb|Victims of NKVD prisoner massacres in June 1941]]<br />
[[File:Katyn massacre 1.jpg|thumb|One of the mass graves at [[Katyn massacre|Katyn]] where the [[NKVD]] massacred thousands of Polish Officers, policemen, intellectuals and civilian prisoners of war.<ref name="Sanford2007">{{cite book|last=Sanford|first=George|author-link=George Sanford (political scientist)|title=Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umQqmFXTosMC&pg=PA2|access-date=19 June 2017|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-30300-7|page=2}}</ref>]]<br />
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{{Main|Soviet invasion of Poland|Katyn massacre|Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union (after 1939)|NKVD prisoner massacres}}<br />
In September 1939, the Red Army invaded eastern Poland and occupied it in accordance with the secret protocols of the [[MolotovâRibbentrop Pact]]. The Soviets later forcefully occupied the Baltic States and parts of Romania, including [[Bessarabia]] and Northern Bukovina.<br />
<br />
German historian [[Thomas Urban]]<ref name="OCLC/Urban">WorldCat, [http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?search-author-txt=%22Urban%2C%20Thomas%2C%201954-%22&startRec=0 Thomas Urban.] Library catalog. Holdings. Retrieved December 28, 2014.</ref> writes that the Soviet policy towards the people who fell under their control in occupied areas was harsh, showing strong elements of [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref name="Urban/Verlust2">Thomas Urban, ''[http://www.dpg-brandenburg.de/nr23/die_verschwiegene_kollaboration_strzembosz.pdf Der Verlust]'', p. 9 (ibidem): "Massendeportationen nach RuĂland. Seit dem frĂźhen Morgen zogen Wagen mit ganzen polnischen Familien durch die Stadt zum Bahnhof. Man schaffte reichere polnische Familien, Familien von national gesinnten Anhängern, polnischen Patrioten, die Intelligenz weg, Familien von Häftlingen in sowjetischen Gefängnissen, es war schwer, sich auch nur ein Bild davon zu machen, welche Kategorie Menschen deportiert wurden. Weinen, StĂśhnen und schreckliche Verzweiflung in polnischen Seelen [...] Sowjets freuen sich lautstark und drohen damit, daĂ bald alle Polen deportiert werden. Und man kĂśnnte das erwarten, weil sie den ganzen 20. Juni Ăźber und am folgenden 21. Juni [1941] pausenlos Menschen zum Bahnhof brachten." {{ndash}} Alojza PiesiewiczĂłwna.</ref> The NKVD task forces followed the Red Army to remove 'hostile elements' from the conquered territories in what was known as the 'revolution by hanging'.<ref name="Urban/Verlust"/> Polish historian, Prof. [[Tomasz Strzembosz]], has noted parallels between the Nazi [[Einsatzgruppen]] and these Soviet units.<ref>[http://www.dpg-brandenburg.de/nr23/die_verschwiegene_kollaboration_strzembosz.pdf Interview] with Tomasz Strzembosz: ''Die verschwiegene Kollaboration'' Transodra, 23. Dezember 2001, p. 2 {{in lang|de}}</ref> Many civilians tried to escape from the Soviet NKVD [[Roundup (history)|round-up]]s; those who failed were taken into custody and afterwards they were deported to [[Siberia]] and vanished in the [[Gulag]]s.<ref name="Urban/Verlust">[[Thomas Urban]], ''[http://www.dpg-brandenburg.de/nr23/die_verschwiegene_kollaboration_strzembosz.pdf Der Verlust]'' (PDF file, direct download), p. 145. Verlag C. H. Beck 2004, {{ISBN|3-406-54156-9}}. "Revolution durch den Strick."</ref><br />
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Torture was used on a wide scale in various prisons, especially in those prisons that were located in small towns. Prisoners were scalded with boiling water in [[Bibrka|Bobrka]]; in [[Przemyslany]], people's noses, ears, and fingers were cut off and their eyes were also put out; in [[CzortkĂłw]], the breasts of female inmates were cut off; and in [[Drohobycz]], victims were bound together with barbed wire.<ref name="JanTGross"/> Similar atrocities occurred in [[Samborzec|Sambor]], [[Ivano-Frankivsk|StanisĹawĂłw]], [[Stryi|Stryj]], and [[ZĹoczĂłw]].<ref name="JanTGross">[[Jan T. Gross]]. ''Revolution From Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia.'' Princeton University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-691-09603-1}} pp. 181â182</ref> According to historian, Prof. [[Jan T. Gross]]:<br />
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{{blockquote|We cannot escape the conclusion: Soviet state security organs tortured their prisoners not only to extract confessions but also to put them to death. Not that the NKVD had sadists in its ranks who had run amok; rather, this was a wide and systematic procedure.|[[Jan T. Gross]]<ref name="JanTGross"/>}}<br />
<br />
According to sociologist, Prof. [[Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)|Tadeusz Piotrowski]], during the years from 1939 to 1941, nearly 1.5 million persons (including both local inhabitants and refugees from German-occupied Poland) were deported from the Soviet-controlled areas of former eastern Poland deep into the Soviet Union, of whom 58.0% were Poles, 19.4% [[Jews]] and the remainder other ethnic nationalities.<ref>Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998), ''Poland's Holocaust'', McFarland, {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}. Chapter: Soviet terror, p.14 [https://books.google.com/books?id=NBbnrEMswbUC&lpg=PR1&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false (Google Books).] "By the time the war was over, some 1 million Polish citizens â Christians and Jews alike â had died at the hands of the Soviets."</ref> Only a small number of these deportees returned to their homes after the war, when their homelands were annexed by the Soviet Union. According to American professor [[Carroll Quigley]], at least one third of the 320,000 Polish prisoners of war captured by the Red Army in 1939 were murdered.<ref name="Quigley, Tragedy">[[Carroll Quigley]], ''Tragedy & Hope: A History of the World in Our Time'', G. S. G. & Associates, Incorporated; New Ed edition, June 1975, {{ISBN|0-945001-10-X}}</ref><br />
<br />
It's estimated that between 10 and 35 thousand prisoners were killed either in prisons or on prison trail to the Soviet Union in the few days after the 22 June 1941 German attack on the Soviets (prisons: [[Brygidki]], [[Zolochiv, Lviv Oblast|Zolochiv]], [[Dubno]], [[Drohobych]], and so on).<ref>Jerzy WÄgierski, LwĂłw pod okupacjÄ sowieckÄ 1939â1941, Warszawa 1991, Editions Spotkania, {{ISBN|83-85195-15-7}} s. 272-273</ref><ref>"W czterdziestym nas Matko na Sibir zesĹali". Polska a Rosja 1939â42. WybĂłr i opracowanie Jan Tomasz Gross, Irena GrudziĹska-Gross. Wyd. I krajowe Warszawa 1990, Wyd. Res Publica i Wyd. Libra {{ISBN|83-7046-032-1}}., s.60.</ref><ref>Gottfried Schramm, Jan T. Gross, Manfred Zeidler et al. (1997). [[Bernd Wegner]], ed. From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia and the World, 1939â1941. Berghahn Books. pp. 47â79. {{ISBN|1-57181-882-0}}.</ref><ref>Snyder, Timothy. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Basic Books, 2010. {{ISBN|0-465-00239-0}} p. 194</ref><br />
<br />
====1944â1945====<br />
In Poland, German [[German war crimes|Nazi atrocities]] ended by late 1944, but they were replaced by Soviet oppression with the advance of Red Army forces. Soviet soldiers often engaged in plunder, rape and other crimes against the Poles, causing the population to fear and hate the regime.<ref name="Baziur">Grzegorz Baziur, "Armia Czerwona na Pomorzu GdaĹskim 1945â1947" ''Biuletyn Instytutu PamiÄci Narodowej'' 2002, nr 7</ref><ref name="Jan">Janusz WrĂłbel, "Wyzwoliciele czy Okupanci. ĹťoĹnierze Sowieccy w ĹĂłdzkim 1945â1946" ''Biuletyn Instytutu PamiÄci Narodowej'' 2002, nr 7.</ref><ref name="Kamin">Ĺukasz KamiĹski "Obdarci,gĹodni,Ĺźli, Sowieci w oczach PolakĂłw 1944â1948" ''Biuletyn Instytutu PamiÄci Narodowej'' 2002, nr 7</ref><ref name="Krog">Mariusz LesĹaw Krogulski, "Okupacja w imiÄ sojuszu" Poland 2001.</ref><br />
<br />
Soldiers of the [[Polish Home Army]] (Armia Krajowa) were persecuted and imprisoned by Russian forces as a matter of course.<ref name="Davies/reviews">From reviews of [[Norman Davies]], ''[[God's Playground]]'', Columbia, {{ISBN|0231128177}}. "On the 22 August the NKVD was ordered to arrest and disarm all members of the Home Army who fell into their hands." {{mdash}} Carlo D'Este [http://polish-jewish-heritage.org/eng/July_04_Two_reviews_Norman_Davies.htm Rising '44': Betraying Warsaw], New York Times, July 25, 2004. "While [at the same time] the NKVD under General Ivan Serov was unleashing another brutal purge against the Poles in the liberated territories of Poland." {{mdash}} Donald Davidson, [http://www.gbrussia.org/reviews.php?id=80 Rising '44' by Norman Davies], London, Macmillan, 2004. {{ISBN|0-333-90568-7}}. Retrieved December 28, 2014.</ref> Most victims were deported to the gulags in the Donetsk region.<ref name="Paczkowski/enemy">Andrzej Paczkowski, [http://www.warsawuprising.com/paper/nkvd.htm Poland, the 'Enemy Nation'], pp. 372-375 (in) ''Black Book of Communism. Crimes, Terror, Repression.'' Harvard University Press, London, 1999. "The territories newly annexed by the USSR in the autumn of 1944 subsequently witnessed arrests on a massive scale followed by deportations to the gulags or transfer to forced-labor sites, particularly in the Donetsk region." Retrieved December 28, 2014.</ref> In 1945 alone, the number of members of the [[Polish Underground State]] who were deported to Siberia and various labor camps in the Soviet Union reached 50,000.<ref name="Piotrowski, 131">[https://books.google.com/books?id=NBbnrEMswbUC&pg=PA131&dq=%22According+to+information+from+local+communist+sources%22&hl=en&ei=0mCsTYOiH-bf0QHfyKn5CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22According%20to%20information%20from%20local%20communist%20sources%22&f=false ''Poland's holocaust'' By Tadeusz Piotrowski. Page 131.] {{ISBN|0-7864-2913-5}}.</ref><ref name="Rzecz">[[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]], 02.10.04 Nr 232, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140910065136/http://www.rzeczpospolita.pl/specjal_041002/specjal_a_6.html Wielkie polowanie: PrzeĹladowania akowcĂłw w Polsce Ludowej]'' (Great hunt: the persecutions of AK soldiers in the People's Republic of Poland). Retrieved June 7, 2006.</ref> Units of the Red Army carried out campaigns against Polish partisans and civilians. During the [[AugustĂłw chase 1945|AugustĂłw chase]] in 1945, more than 2,000 Poles were captured and about 600 of them are presumed to have died in Soviet custody.<ref name=wywiad>Agnieszka Domanowska, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120826004028/http://wyborcza.pl/1%2C75515%2C8157475%2CMaly_Katyn__65_lat_od_oblawy_augustowskiej.html MaĹy KatyĹ. 65 lat od obĹawy augustowskiej]'' (Little Katyn. The 65 anniversary of Augustow roundup), [[Gazeta Wyborcza]], 2010-07-20. {{in lang|pl}}</ref><br />
It was a common Soviet practice to accuse their victims of being fascists in order to justify their death sentences. All the perversion of this Soviet tactic lay in the fact that practically all of the accused had in reality been fighting against the forces of Nazi Germany since September 1939. At that time the Soviets were still collaborating with Nazi Germany for more than 20 months before [[Operation Barbarossa]] started. Precisely therefore these kinds of Poles were judged capable of resisting the Soviets, in the same way that they had resisted the Nazis. After the War, a more elaborate appearance of justice was given under the jurisdiction of the [[Polish People's Republic]] orchestrated by the Soviets in the form of [[mock trials]]. These were organized after victims had been arrested under false charges by the NKVD or other Soviet controlled security organisations such as the [[Ministry of Public Security of Poland|Ministry of Public Security]]. At least 6,000 political death sentences were issued, and the majority of them were carried out.<ref name="ipn.gov.pl-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/2/1002/Otwarcie_wystawy_8222Zbrodnie_w_majestacie_prawa_1944821119568221_8211_Krakow_2_.html |title="Zbrodnie w majestacie prawa 1944â1956"&nbsp;â KrakĂłw 2006 [Crimes in the Name of the Law] |publisher=[[Instytut PamiÄci Narodowej]] |author=IPN |access-date=30 September 2013 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930192920/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/2/1002/Otwarcie_wystawy_8222Zbrodnie_w_majestacie_prawa_1944821119568221_8211_Krakow_2_.html |archive-date=September 30, 2012 }}</ref> It is estimated that over 20,000 people died in Soviet prisons {{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}. Famous examples include [[Witold Pilecki]] or [[Emil August Fieldorf]].<ref name="KaczyĹski">Andrzej KaczyĹski (02.10.04), {{cite web|url=http://www.rzeczpospolita.pl/specjal_041002/specjal_a_6.html |title=''Wielkie polowanie: PrzeĹladowania akowcĂłw w Polsce Ludowej'' |access-date=2011-11-06 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219051422/http://www.rzeczpospolita.pl/specjal_041002/specjal_a_6.html |archive-date=19 December 2007 }} (Great hunt: The persecutions of AK soldiers in the People's Republic of Poland), [[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]], Nr 232, last accessed 30 September 2013. {{in lang|pl}}.</ref><br />
<br />
The attitude of Soviet servicemen towards ethnic Poles was better than their attitude towards the Germans, but it was not entirely better. The [[Rape during the liberation of Poland|scale of rape of Polish women]] in 1945 led to a [[pandemic]] of [[Sexually transmitted infection|sexually transmitted diseases]]. Although the total number of victims remains a matter of guessing, the Polish state archives and statistics of the Ministry of Health indicate that it might have exceeded 100,000.<ref name="polityka">{{cite web |author1=Joanna Ostrowska |author2=Marcin Zaremba |date=2009-03-07 |title="Kobieca gehenna" (The women's ordeal) |url=http://archiwum.polityka.pl/art/kobieca-gehenna,353703.html |access-date=April 21, 2011 |work=No 10 (2695) |publisher=[[Polityka]] |pages=64â66 |language=pl |quote=Generally speaking, the attitude of Soviet servicemen toward women of Slavic background was better than toward those who spoke German. Whether the number of purely Polish victims could have reached or even exceeded 100,000 is only a matter of guessing.}}&nbsp; <br />[http://www.ihuw.pl/biogramy/index.php?UID=87 Dr. Marcin Zaremba] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007025551/http://www.ihuw.pl/biogramy/index.php?UID=87|date=2011-10-07}} of [[Polish Academy of Sciences]], the co-author of the article cited above â is a historian from [[Warsaw University]] Department of History Institute of 20th Century History ([https://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&q=%22Marcin+Zaremba%22&btnG=Search&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=&as_vis=0 cited 196 times in Google scholar]). Zaremba published a number of scholarly monographs, among them: ''Komunizm, legitymizacja, nacjonalizm'' (426 pages),[http://www.poczytaj.pl/145] ''Marzec 1968'' (274 pages), ''DzieĹ po dniu w raportach SB'' (274 pages), ''Immobilienwirtschaft'' (German, 359 pages), see [http://www.google.ca/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=+inauthor:%22Marcin+Zaremba%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=7 inauthor:"Marcin Zaremba" in Google Books.] <br />[http://genderstudies.pl/index.php/zajecia/joanna_ostrowska/ Joanna Ostrowska] of [[Warsaw]], Poland, is a lecturer at Departments of Gender Studies at two universities: the [[Jagiellonian University]] of KrakĂłw, the [[University of Warsaw]] as well as, at the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]]. She is the author of scholarly works on the subject of mass rape and forced prostitution in Poland in the Second World War (i.e. "Prostytucja jako praca przymusowa w czasie II Wojny Ĺwiatowej. PrĂłba odtabuizowania zjawiska," "Wielkie przemilczanie. Prostytucja w obozach koncentracyjnych," etc.), a recipient of [[Socrates-Erasmus]] research grant from [[Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin]], and a historian associated with [[Krytyka Polityczna]].</ref> In [[KrakĂłw]], the Soviet entry into the city was accompanied by mass rapes of Polish women and girls, as well as the plunder of private property by Red Army soldiers.<ref name="Alma"/> This behavior reached such a scale that even Polish Communists installed by the Soviet Union composed a letter of protest to [[Joseph Stalin]] himself, while [[church (sociology of religion)|church]] [[Mass (liturgy)|Masses]] were held in expectation of a Soviet withdrawal.<ref name="Alma">{{cite journal|url=http://www3.uj.edu.pl/alma/alma/64/01/02.html |title=Okupowany KrakĂłw - z prorektorem Andrzejem ChwalbÄ rozmawia Rita Pagacz-Moczarska |trans-title=Prof. Andrzej Chwalba talks about the Soviet-occupied KrakĂłw |publisher=[[Jagiellonian University]] |journal=Alma Mater |issue=4 |year=2004 |access-date=January 5, 2014 |author=Rita Pagacz-Moczarska |language=pl |quote=An interview with Andrzej Chwalba, Professor of history at the Jagiellonian University (and its prorector), conducted in KrakĂłw by Rita Pagacz-Moczarska, and published by an online version of the Jagiellonian University's bulletin ''Alma Mater''.}} The article concerning World War II history of the city ("Occupied Krakow"), makes references to the fifth volume of [https://books.google.com/books?q=editions:ISBN%2B83-08-00115-7&id=58PSRAAACAAJ ''History of Krakow''] entitled "KrakĂłw in the years 1939-1945," [https://books.google.com/books?id=yadFAAAAIAAJ&dq=bibliogroup%3A%22Dzieje%20Krakowa%3A%20Krak%C3%B3w%20w%20latach%201945-1989%22&source=gbs_book_other_versions see bibliogroup:"Dzieje Krakowa: KrakĂłw w latach 1945-1989" in Google Books] ({{ISBN|83-08-03289-3}}) written by Chwalba from a historical perspective, also [https://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=%22Andrzej+Chwalba%22+%22Dzieje+Krakowa%22&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=ps cited in Google scholar.] |url-status=bot: unknown |title=OKUPOWANY KRAKĂW<br />
- z prorektorem Andrzejem ChwalbÄ rozmawia Rita Pagacz-Moczarska|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524235517/http://www3.uj.edu.pl/alma/alma/64/01/02.html |archive-date=May 24, 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Red Army was also involved in [[World War II looting of Poland#Soviet Union|mass-scale looting]] in liberated territories.<br />
<br />
===Finland===<br />
{{Further|Winter War|Soviet partisans in Finland|Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union}}<br />
[[File:DeadFinnishcivilians1942.jpg|thumb|Finnish children killed by Soviet partisans at [[Seitajärvi]] in Finnish Lapland 1942.]]<br />
<br />
Between 1941 and 1944, [[Soviet partisans in Finland|Soviet partisan units conducted raids deep inside Finnish territory]], attacking villages and other civilian targets. In November 2006, photographs showing Soviet atrocities were declassified by the Finnish authorities. These include images of slain women and children.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nykänen|first=Anna-Stina|url=http://www.hs.fi/English/article/Too+awful+an+image+of+war/1135223124092|title=Too awful an image of war: Sixty years on, there are no grounds to withhold images kept in a Finnish Defence Forces' safe|newspaper=Helsingin Sanomat|date=19 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216201947/http://www.hs.fi/English/article/Too+awful+an+image+of+war/1135223124092|archive-date=16 December 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iltalehti.fi/kuvagalleria/data/yleinen/544/1.shtml|title=Iltalehti â Kuvagalleria|access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iltalehti.fi/kuvagalleria/data/yleinen/546/4.shtml|title=Iltalehti â Kuvagalleria|access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref> The partisans usually executed their military and civilian prisoners after a minor interrogation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nikkilä | first=Reijo |editor1-first=Teuvo |editor1-last=Alava |editor2-first=Dmitri |editor2-last=Frolov |editor3-first=Reijo |editor3-last=Nikkilä |title=Rukiver!: Suomalaiset sotavangit Neuvostoliitossa |publisher=Edita |year=2002 |page=17 |language=fi |isbn=951-37-3706-3}}</ref><br />
<br />
Around 3,500 Finnish prisoners of war, of whom five were women, were captured by the Red Army. Their mortality rate is estimated to have been about 40 percent. The most common causes of death were hunger, cold and oppressive transportation.<ref name="pikkujattilainen-malmi">{{cite book |last=Malmi | first=Timo |editor1-first=Jari |editor1-last=Leskinen |editor2-first=Antti |editor2-last=Juutilainen |title=Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen |edition=1st |publisher=Werner SĂśderstrĂśm OsakeyhtiĂś |year=2005 |pages=1022â1032 |chapter=Jatkosodan suomalaiset sotavangit |language=fi |isbn=951-0-28690-7}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Soviet Union===<br />
[[File:Lithuania. Vilnius. Naujoji Vilnia 005.JPG|thumb|Freight train cars used to transport deportees (on display in [[Naujoji Vilnia]])]]<br />
On 9 August 1937, [[NKVD]] order 00485 was adopted to target "subversive activities of [[Poles in the Soviet Union|Polish]] intelligence" in the Soviet Union, but was later expanded to also include Latvians, Germans, Estonians, Finns, Greeks, Iranians and Chinese.{{sfn|Marshall|2010|p=335}}<br />
<br />
==== Deportation of kulaks ====<br />
{{main|Dekulakization}}<br />
Large numbers of [[kulak]]s regardless of their nationality were resettled to [[Siberia]] and [[Central Asia]]. According to data from Soviet archives, which were published in 1990, 1,803,392 people were sent to labor colonies and camps in 1930 and 1931, and 1,317,022 reached the destination. Deportations on a smaller scale continued after 1931. Data from the Soviet archives indicates 2.4 million Kulaks were deported from 1930 to 1934.<ref name="Against Their Will">{{cite book |last1=Polian |first1=Polian |title=Against Their Will |date=2004 |publisher=Central European Press |location=Hungary |isbn=9639241687 |page=313}}</ref> The reported number of kulaks and their relatives who had died in labour colonies from 1932 to 1940 was 389,521.<ref name="The Stalinist Penal System">{{cite book |last1=Pohl |first1=J. Otto |title=The Stalinist Penal System |date=1997 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=0786403365 |page=58}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090114220819/http://users.cyberone.com.au/myers/courtois.html Archived] 14 January 2009 at the [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> [[Simon Sebag Montefiore]] estimated that 15 million kulaks and their families were deported by 1937, during the deportation many people died, but the full number is not known.<ref>Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2014). ''Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar''. W&N. p. 84. {{ISBN|978-1780228358}}. "By 1937, 18,5 million were collevtivized but there were now only 19.9 million households: 5.7 million households, perhaps 15 million persons, had been deported, many of them dead"</ref><br />
<br />
====Retreat by Soviet forces in 1941====<br />
Deportations, summary executions of political prisoners and the burning of foodstocks and villages took place when the Red Army retreated before the advancing Axis forces in 1941. In the Baltic States, [[Belarus]], Ukraine, and Bessarabia, the [[NKVD massacres of prisoners|NKVD and attached units of the Red Army massacred prisoners]] and political opponents before fleeing from the advancing Axis forces.<ref>[http://www.historisches-centrum.de/forum/musial01-1.html article] by [[Bogdan Musial]]: ''Ostpolen beim Einmarsch der Wehrmacht nach dem 22. Juni 1941'' on the website of "Historisches Centrum Hagen"</ref><ref>Bogdan Musial: ''Konterrevolutionäre Elemente sind zu erschieĂen'', Propyläen 2000, {{ISBN|3-549-07126-4}} {{in lang|de}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Deportation of Greeks====<br />
{{Main|Deportation of the Soviet Greeks}}<br />
The prosecution of Greeks in the USSR was gradual: at first the authorities shut down the Greek schools, cultural centres, and publishing houses. Then, in 1942, 1944 and 1949, the NKVD indiscriminately arrested all Greek men 16 years old or older. All Greeks who were wealthy or self-employed professionals were sought for prosecution first. This affected mostly [[Pontic Greeks]] and other Minorities in the [[Krasnodar Krai]] and along the [[Black Sea]] coast. By one estimate, around 50,000 Greeks were deported.{{sfn|Vouitra|2011|p=170}}<ref name="ka">[http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_100073_09/12/2007_252017 Το ĎογκĎĎÎź κιĎÎŹ ĎĎν ÎΝΝΎνĎν ĎÎˇĎ ÎÎŁÎŁÎ], ''ÎÎÎÎÎÎ'', 09.12.2007</ref><br />
<br />
On 25 September 1956, MVD Order N 0402 was adopted and defined the removal of restrictions towards the deported peoples in the special settlements.{{sfn|Bugay|1996|p=94}} Afterward, the Soviet Greeks started returning to their homes, or emigrating towards Greece.<br />
<br />
====Deportation of Kalmyks====<br />
{{Main|Kalmyk deportations of 1943}}<br />
During the [[Kalmyk deportations of 1943]], codenamed '''Operation Ulussy''' (ĐпоŃĐ°ŃĐ¸Ń "ĐŁĐťŃŃŃ"), the [[ethnic cleansing|deportation]] of most people of the [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk nationality]] in the Soviet Union (USSR), and Russian women married to Kalmyks, but excluding Kalmyk women married to men of other nationalities, around half of all (97-98,000) Kalmyk people deported to Siberia died before being allowed to return home in 1957.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/4580467.stm|title=Regions and territories: Kalmykia|date=29 November 2011|accessdate=22 August 2022|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Deportation of Crimean Tatars====<br />
{{Main|Deportation of the Crimean Tatars}}<br />
After the retreat of the ''Wehrmacht'' from Crimea, the NKVD deported around 200,000 Crimean Tatars from the peninsula on 18 May 1944.<ref>{{cite web| title=Press briefing notes on Crimean Tatars| url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=19970&LangID=E| date=17 May 2016| work=[[United Nations Human Rights Office]]|access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Deportation of Ingrian Finns====<br />
{{Main|Deportations of the Ingrian Finns}}<br />
By 1939 the Ingrian Finnish population had decreased to about 50,000, which was about 43% of 1928 population figures,<ref name="Taagepera2">[[#Taagepera2013|Taagepera (2013)]], p. 144</ref> and the Ingrian Finn national district was abolished.,<ref name="Taagepera1">[[#Taagepera2013|Taagepera (2013)]], p. 143</ref> Following the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] and the beginning of the [[Leningrad Blockade]], in early 1942 all 20,000 Ingrian Finns remaining in Soviet-controlled territory were deported to [[Siberia]]. Most of the Ingrian Finns together with [[Votians|Votes]] and [[Izhorians]] living in German-occupied territory were evacuated to Finland in 1943â1944. After Finland [[Moscow Armistice|sued for peace]], it was forced to return the evacuees.<ref name="Taagepera2"/> Soviet authorities did not allow the 55,733 people who had been handed over to settle back in Ingria, and instead deported them to central regions of Russia.<ref name="Taagepera2"/><ref name="Scott">[[#Scott2013|Scott and Liikanen (2013)]], pp. 59&ndash;60</ref> The main regions of Ingrian Finns forced settlement were the interior areas of Siberia, [[Central Russia]], and [[Tajikistan]].<ref name="Evmenov">[[#Evmenov2010|Evmenov and Muslimov (2010)]], p. 92</ref><br />
<br />
====Deportation of Chechens and Ingush====<br />
{{Main|Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks|Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush|Deportation of the Balkars}}<br />
In 1943 and 1944, the Soviet government accused several entire ethnic groups of Axis collaboration. As a punishment, several entire ethnic groups were deported, mostly to Central Asia and Siberia into [[labor camps]]. The [[European Parliament]] described the deportation of Chechens and Ingush, where around a quarter people perished, an act of [[genocide]] in 2004:<ref name=Europarl>{{cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/438|publisher=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]|title=Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944|date=February 27, 2004|access-date=May 23, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604125012/http://www.unpo.org/article/438|archive-date=June 4, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|...Believes that the deportation of the entire Chechen people to Central Asia on 23 February 1944 on the orders of Stalin constitutes an act of genocide within the meaning of the Fourth Hague Convention of 1907 and the Convention for the Prevention and Repression of the Crime of Genocide adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 February 2004|location=Brussels|title=Texts adopted: Final edition EU-Russia relations|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P5-TA-2004-0121|publisher=European Parliament|access-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923003031/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P5-TA-2004-0121|archive-date=September 23, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
===Germany===<br />
{{Main|Flight and evacuation of German civilians during the end of World War II|Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944â50)|Rape during the occupation of Germany#Soviet Military}}<br />
According to historian [[Norman Naimark]], statements in Soviet military newspapers and the orders of the Soviet high command were jointly responsible for the excesses of the Red Army. Propaganda proclaimed that the Red Army had entered Germany as an avenger to punish all Germans.<ref name="The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945â1949">[[Norman M. Naimark]] Cambridge: Belknap, 1995 {{ISBN|0-674-78405-7}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some historians dispute this, referring to an order issued on 19 January 1945, which required the prevention of mistreatment of civilians. An order of the military council of the [[1st Belorussian Front]], signed by Marshal Rokossovsky, ordered the shooting of looters and rapists at the scene of the crime. An order issued by Stavka on 20 April 1945 said that there was a need to maintain good relations with German civilians in order to decrease resistance and bring a quicker end to hostilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://actualhistory.ru/51|title=Đ. ĐондкОвиŃ. ĐŃĐž "иСнаŃиНОваН ĐĐľŃПаниŃ"? (ŃĐ°ŃŃŃ 1)|author=Yamaletdinov Ruslan aka Dime|access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rzheshevskii|first=Oleg Aleksandrovich|url=http://gpw.tellur.ru/page.html?r=books&s=beevor|script-title=ru:ĐĐľŃНинŃĐşĐ°Ń ĐžĐżĐľŃĐ°ŃĐ¸Ń 1945 Đł.: диŃĐşŃŃŃĐ¸Ń ĐżŃОдОНМаоŃŃŃ|trans-title=The Berlin Operation of 1945: The debate continues|language=ru|publisher=gpw.tellur.ru|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401022017/http://gpw.tellur.ru/page.html?r=books&s=beevor|archive-date=1 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Turchenko|first=Sergei|url=http://svpressa.ru/war/article/8271/|script-title=ru:ХокŃ-ĐŃвОйОМдонио: ŃŃĐžŃиŃĐľŃкио ПиŃŃ ĐŃĐžŃОК ПиŃОвОК|trans-title=Sexual Liberation: erotic myths about the Second World|language=ru|publisher=svpressa.ru|date=5 May 2011|access-date=18 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530214602/http://svpressa.ru/war/article/8271/|archive-date=30 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Murders of civilians====<br />
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-464-0383I-26, Nemmersdorf (OstpreuĂen), ermordete Deutsche.jpg|thumb|German civilians killed by Soviet soldiers in the [[Nemmersdorf massacre]]]]<br />
On several occasions during World War II, Soviet soldiers set fire to buildings, villages, or parts of cities, and they used deadly force against locals who attempted to put out the fires. Most Red Army atrocities took place only in what was regarded as hostile territory (see [[Przyszowice massacre]]). Soldiers of the Red Army, together with members of the NKVD, frequently looted German transport trains in Poland in 1944 and 1945.<ref name="Urban, Der Verlust">[[Thomas Urban]] ''Der Verlust'', p. 145, Verlag C. H. Beck 2004, {{ISBN|3-406-54156-9}}</ref><br />
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For the Germans, the organized [[Flight and evacuation of German civilians during the end of World War II|evacuation of civilians before the advancing Red Army]] was delayed by the Nazi government, so as not to demoralize the troops, who were by now fighting in their own country. Nazi propaganda â originally meant to stiffen civil resistance by describing in gory and embellished detail Red Army atrocities such as the [[Nemmersdorf massacre]] â often backfired and created panic. Whenever possible, as soon as the Wehrmacht retreated, local civilians began to flee westward on their own initiative.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}<br />
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Fleeing before the advancing Red Army, large numbers of the inhabitants of the German provinces of [[East Prussia]], [[Silesia]], and [[Pomerania]] died during the evacuations, some from cold and starvation, some during combat operations.<br />
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In addition, [[fighter bombers]] of the Soviet [[air force]] flew bombing and strafing missions that targeted columns of refugees.<ref name="Beevor, Downfall"/>{{pages needed|date=July 2017}}<ref name="ARD Dokumentation" />{{better source needed|date=July 2017}}<br />
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[[File:Soviet Order 1945-00.png|thumb|right|January, 1945: Soviet executive order to military prosecutors of the [[48th Army (Soviet Union)|48th Army]] for taking legal measures against rampant looting, burning of houses, and killing of civilians by the Red Army soldiers. Transcript available at the image description]]<br />
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Although mass executions of civilians by the Red Army were seldom publicly reported, there is a known incident in [[Treuenbrietzen]], where at least 88 male inhabitants were rounded up and shot on 1 May 1945. The incident took place after a victory celebration in which numerous girls from Treuenbrietzen were raped and a Red Army [[lieutenant-colonel]] was shot by an unknown assailant. Some sources claim that as many as 1,000 civilians may have been executed during the incident.<ref group="notes" name="scheer">"Der Umgang mit den Denkmälern." Brandenburgische Landeszentrale fßr politische Bildung/Ministerium fßr Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur des Landes Brandenburg. [[Regina Scheer]]: ''Documentation of State headquarters for political education / ministry for science, research and culture of the State of [[Brandenburg]]'', p. 89/90 [http://www.politische-bildung-brandenburg.de/publikationen/pdf/denkmaeler.pdf]</ref><ref>[http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/1998/0508/blickpunkt/0003/index.html article in ''Berliner Zeitung'' of 1998] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225050937/http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/1998/0508/blickpunkt/0003/index.html |date=25 December 2007 }}</ref><ref>Claus-Dieter Steyer, ''"Stadt ohne Männer"'' (''City without men''), [[Der Tagesspiegel]] at {{cite web |url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/archiv/21.06.2006/2610181.asp |title=Stadt ohne Männer - Berlin - Tagesspiegel |access-date=2012-05-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527030925/http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/archiv/21.06.2006/2610181.asp |archive-date=27 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
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The first mayor of the [[Charlottenburg]] district of Berlin, Walter Kilian, appointed by the Soviets after the war ended, reported extensive looting by Red Army soldiers in the area: "Individuals, department stores, shops, apartments ... all were robbed blind."<ref>{{cite book | author=Hubertus Knabe |author-link=Hubertus Knabe |language=de |title=Tag der Befreiung? Das Kriegsende in Ostdeutschland (A day of liberation? The end of the war in Eastern Germany) |publisher= Propyläen |year=2005 |isbn=3-549-07245-7 }}</ref>{{pages needed|date=July 2017}}<br />
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In the [[Soviet occupation zone]], members of the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|SED]] reported to Stalin that looting and rape by Soviet soldiers could result in a negative reaction by the German population towards the Soviet Union and the future of socialism in East Germany. Stalin is said to have angrily reacted: "I shall not tolerate anybody dragging the honour of the Red Army through the mud."<ref name="Leonhard1979">{{cite book |last=Wolfgang |first=Leonhard |title=Child of the Revolution |publisher=Pathfinder Press |year=1979 |isbn=0-906133-26-2}}</ref>{{pages needed|date=July 2017}}<ref>Norman M. Naimark. ''The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945â1949.'' Harvard University Press, 1995. {{ISBN|0-674-78405-7}}</ref>{{pages needed|date=July 2017}}<br />
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Accordingly, all evidence â such as reports, photos and other documents of looting, rape, the burning down of farms and villages by the Red Army â was deleted from all archives in the future [[East Germany|GDR]].<ref name="Leonhard1979" /><br />
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A study published by the German government in 1974 estimated the number of German civilian victims of crimes during [[expulsion of Germans after World War II]] between 1945 and 1948 to be over 600,000, with about 400,000 deaths in the areas east of Oder and Neisse (ca. 120,000 in acts of direct violence, mostly by Soviet troops but also by Poles, 60,000 in Polish and 40,000 in Soviet concentration camps or prisons mostly from hunger and disease, and 200,000 deaths among civilian deportees to [[forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]), 130,000 in Czechoslovakia (thereof 100,000 in camps) and 80,000 in Yugoslavia (thereof 15,000 to 20,000 from violence outside of and in camps and 59,000 deaths from hunger and disease in camps).<ref>Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945â1978. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewälte Erlebenisberichte, Bonn 1989, pp. 40-41, 46-47, 51-53)</ref> These figures do not include up to 125,000 civilian deaths in the [[Battle of Berlin]].<ref>Clodfelter, Micheal, ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500â2000'', 2nd Ed. {{ISBN|0-7864-1204-6}}, p. 515</ref> About 22,000 civilians are estimated to have been killed during the fighting in Berlin only.<ref>Peter Antill/Peter Dennis, Berlin 1945: End of the Thousand Year Reich, 2005 Osprey Publishing, p. 85</ref><br />
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====Mass rapes====<br />
{{main|Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland|Rape during the occupation of Germany}}<br />
Western estimates of the traceable number of rape victims range from two hundred thousand to two million.<ref>Hanna Schissler ''The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949â1968'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=00fCzJKt1QMC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=soviet+estimates+rape+tens+of+thousands&source=web&ots=xzyKzJm1sj&sig=cy2AfPmp7ZvT7K9YSWPRkXoyp6E]</ref> Following the [[VistulaâOder Offensive|Winter Offensive]] of 1945, mass rape by Soviet males occurred in all major cities taken by the Red Army. Women were gang raped by as many as several dozen soldiers [[Rape during the liberation of Poland|during the liberation of Poland]]. In some cases victims who did not hide in the basements all day were raped up to 15 times.<ref name="polityka"/><ref name="Krytyka">[http://www.krytykapolityczna.pl/Opinie/Kobieca-gehenna/menu-id-197.html Ostrowska, Zaremba: "Kobieca gehenna". ''Krytyka Polityczna'', 4 March 2009.] Source: [[Polityka]] nr 10/2009 (2695).</ref> According to historian [[Antony Beevor]], following the Red Army's capture of Berlin in 1945, Soviet troops raped German women and girls as young as eight years old.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/may/01/news.features11 'They raped every German female from eight to 80'], ''The Guardian''</ref> <br />
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The explanation of "revenge" is disputed by Beevor, at least with regard to the mass rapes. Beevor has written that Red Army soldiers also raped Soviet and [[Polish people|Polish]] women liberated from [[concentration camp]]s, and he contends that this undermines the revenge explanation,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1382565/Red-Army-troops-raped-even-Russian-women-as-they-freed-them-from-camps.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1382565/Red-Army-troops-raped-even-Russian-women-as-they-freed-them-from-camps.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Red Army troops raped even Russian women as they freed them from camps|author=Daniel Johnson|date=24 January 2002|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=14 February 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> they were often committed by rear echelon units.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Berlin The Downfall 1945|last=Beevor|first=Antony|publisher=Viking Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-670-03041-5|pages=326â327}}</ref><br />
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According to Norman Naimark, after the summer of 1945, Soviet soldiers caught raping civilians usually received punishments ranging from arrest to execution.<ref>{{cite book |last=Naimark |first=Norman M. |title=The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945â1949 |year=1995 |publisher=Belknap |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-674-78405-7 |page=92}}</ref> However, Naimark contends that the rapes continued until the winter of 1947â48, when Soviet occupation authorities finally confined troops to strictly guarded posts and camps.<ref>Naimark 1995, p. 79.</ref> Naimark concluded that "The social psychology of women and men in the Soviet zone of occupation was marked by the crime of rape from the first days of occupation, through the founding of the GDR in the fall of 1949, until, one could argue, the present."<ref>Naimark 1995, pp. 132-133.</ref><br />
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According to [[Richard Overy]], the Russians refused to acknowledge Soviet war crimes, partly "because they felt that much of it was justified vengeance against an enemy who committed much worse, and partly it was because they were writing the victors' history."<ref name="RedArmy">{{cite news|last=Summers|first=Chris|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1939174.stm|title=Red Army rapists exposed|work=bbc.co.uk|date=29 April 2002|access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref><br />
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===Hungary===<br />
According to researcher and author [[KrisztiĂĄn UngvĂĄry]], some 38,000 [[civilian]]s were killed during the [[Siege of Budapest]]: about 13,000 from military action and 25,000 from starvation, disease and other causes. Included in the latter figure are about 15,000 Jews, largely victims of executions by Nazi SS and [[Arrow Cross Party]] [[death squad]]s. UngvĂĄry writes that when the Soviets finally claimed victory, they initiated an orgy of violence, including the wholesale theft of anything they could lay their hands on, random executions and mass rape. Estimates of the number of rape victims vary from 5,000 to 200,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bessel |first=Richard | author1-link = Richard Bessel |author2=Dirk Schumann |title=Life after Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-521-00922-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NilW70Yol74C |page=132}}</ref><ref name=Ungvary>{{cite book |first=Krisztian |last=Ungvary |title=The Siege of Budapest |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |year=2005 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/siegeofbudapesto0000ungv/page/348 348â350] |isbn=0-300-10468-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/siegeofbudapesto0000ungv/page/348 }}</ref><ref name=Mark>{{cite journal| first=Mark| last=James| title=Remembering Rape: Divided Social Memory and the Red Army in Hungary 1944â1945| journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]] |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/past_and_present/v188/188.1mark.html| doi=10.1093/pastj/gti020| volume=188| issue=August 2005| pages=133â161| issn=1477-464X| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=2005| s2cid=162539651}}</ref> According to Norman Naimark, Hungarian girls were kidnapped and taken to Red Army quarters, where they were imprisoned, repeatedly raped and sometimes murdered.<ref name="Naimark">{{cite book |first=Norman M. |last=Naimark |title=The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945â1949 |publisher=Cambridge: Belknap |year=1995 |isbn=0-674-78405-7 |pages=70â71}}</ref><br />
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Even embassy staff from neutral countries were captured and raped, as was documented when Soviet soldiers attacked the Swedish legation in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdi.org/russia/Johnson/6225-9.cfm |title=Johnson's Russia List |last=Birstein |first=Vadim |date=3 May 2002 |access-date=2015-02-11 |quote=What makes this particular memoir unusual is that Soviet officials confirmed at the diplomatic level one of his descriptions â the rape of a woman servant at the Swedish Legation |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109062452/http://cdi.org/russia/Johnson/6225-9.cfm |archive-date=January 9, 2012 }}</ref><br />
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A report by the [[Swiss diplomatic missions|Swiss legation]] in Budapest describes the Red Army's entry into the city:<br />
{{blockquote|During the siege of Budapest and also during the following weeks, Russian troops looted the city freely. They entered practically every habitation, the very poorest as well as the richest. They took away everything they wanted, especially food, clothing and valuables... every apartment, shop, bank, etc. was looted several times. Furniture and larger objects of art, etc. that could not be taken away were frequently simply destroyed. In many cases, after looting, the homes were also put on fire, causing a vast total loss... Bank safes were emptied without exception â even the British and American safes â and whatever was found was taken.<ref>{{cite book| url=http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/montgo/montgo21.htm |title=Swiss Legation Report of the Russian Invasion of Hungary in the Spring of 1945 |work=Hungary â The Unwilling Satellite |first=John Flournoy |last=Montgomery |publisher=The Devin Adair Co |location=New York |year=1947 |isbn=1-931313-57-1 |page=Appendix III}}</ref>}}<br />
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According to historian James Mark, memories and opinions of the Red Army in Hungary are mixed.<ref name=Mark/><br />
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===Romania===<br />
{{Main|Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|Fântâna AlbÄ massacre|Lunca massacre|Soviet occupation of Romania|Religious persecution during the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina}}<br />
{{Expand section|date=June 2021}}<br />
The Soviet Union also committed war crimes in [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] or against [[Romanians]] from the beginning of the occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in 1940 all the way to the German invasion in 1941, and later from the expulsion of the Germans in the region until 1958. One example was the [[Fântâna AlbÄ massacre]], in which 44â3,000 Romanians were killed by the [[Soviet Border Troops]] and the [[NKVD]] while attempting to escape to Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adevarul.ro/exclusiv_adevarul/Masacrul-Fantana-Alba-sovietice-Romania_0_245975565.html|title=Masacrul de la Fântâna AlbÄ, ĂŽngropat de KGB: peste 2000 de români uciĹi de trupele sovietice|language=Romanian|newspaper=[[AdevÄrul]]|date= April 18, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Gabriel|last=Gherasim|title=Românii bucovineni sub cizma strÄinÄ|url=http://www.ziua.net/display.php?id=182813&data=2005-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218005215/http://www.ziua.net/display.php?id=182813&data=2005-08-16|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-02-18|website=ziua.net |publisher=[[Ziua]]|date=2005|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/alexandria/masacrul-fantana-alba-fost-omorati-3000-romani-granita-romania-1-aprilie-1941-paste-1_56fcf95c5ab6550cb86cd167/index.html|title=Masacrul de la Fântâna AlbÄ. Cum au fost omorâČi 3.000 de români, la graniČa cu România, pe 1 aprilie 1941, de PaČte|newspaper=[[AdevÄrul]]| language=Romanian|date=April 1, 2016|first=Elisabeth|last= Bouleanu|access-date=April 4, 2020}}</ref> Such event has been referred to as the "Romanian Katyn".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.romaniajournal.ro/society-people/75-years-since-the-romanian-katyn-massacre-at-fantana-alba-3000-romanians-killed/|title=75 Years Since 'The Romanian Katyn' Massacre At Fântâna AlbÄ â 3,000 Romanians Killed|first=Victor|last= Lupu| date=April 1, 2016|access-date=April 4, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agerpres.ro/english/2017/04/02/reportage-commemoration-of-fantana-alba-massacre-tears-grief-gratitude-16-35-25|title=Commemoration of Fântâna AlbÄ massacre: tears, grief, gratitude|website=agerpres.ro| date=April 2, 2017|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/special/campanii-digi24/23-august/masacrul-de-la-fantana-alba-in-aprilie-1941-trupele-nkvd-au-ucis-3-000-de-romani-107970|title=Masacrul de la Fântâna AlbÄ. Ăn aprilie 1941, trupele NKVD au ucis 3.000 de români|trans-title=The Fântâna AlbÄ Massacre. In April 1941, NKVD troops killed 3,000 Romanians|language=Romanian|website=digi24.ro| date=August 20, 2013|access-date=April 5, 2020}}</ref><br />
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Another infamous massacre committed by Soviet troops was the Lunca massacre, where soviet border troops opened fire against several Romanian civilians attempting to escape into Romania, killing 600 of them, only 57 managed to escape, with another 44 being arrested and tried as "members of a counter-revolutionary organization", 12 of them were sentenced to death, with the rest being sentenced to 10 years forced labour and 5 years loss of civil rights, the family members of those arrested and shot would later be arrested and sent to Siberia and Central Asia<ref name="PÄdurean">{{cite web|first=Bianca|last=PÄdurean|title=Pagina de istorie: Masacrul de la Lunca, pedeapsa pentru cei care au dorit sÄ evadeze din "paradisul sovietic"|url=https://www.rfi.ro/politica-101050-pagina-de-istorie-masacrul-lunca-pedeapsa-dorit-evadeze|website=rfi.ro|publisher=[[Radio France Internationale]]|date=7 February 2018|access-date=7 February 2022|language=Romanian}}</ref><br />
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During the occupation, the Soviet government and army deported thousands of Romanian civilians from the occupied regions into "special settlements". According to a secret [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)|Soviet Ministry of Interior]] report dated December 1965, 46,000 people were deported from the [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]] for the period 1940â1953.{{sfn|Mawdsley|1998|p=73}}<br />
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Religious persecution was also widespread, the Soviet government sought to exterminate all forms of organized religion in its occupied territories, often persecuting the Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim and Jewish churches, the Soviet [[political police]] arrested numerous [[priest]]s, with others being arrested and interrogated by the Soviet NKVD itself, then deported to the interior of the [[USSR]], and killed.<ref>{{in lang|ro}}Martiri pentru Hristos, din România, ĂŽn perioada regimului comunist'', Editura Institutului Biblic Ĺi de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române, BucureČti, 2007, pp. 34â35.</ref><br />
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Thousands of [[Transylvanian Saxons]] would later be deported from 1944 to 1949 under Soviet occupation, with hundreds or even thousands dying on their way to camps in Siberia and Central Asia before being able to come back to their home country.<ref>Marga</ref><br />
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===Yugoslavia===<br />
According to Yugoslav politician [[Milovan Djilas]], at least 121 cases of rape were documented, 111 of which also involved murder. A total of 1,204 cases of looting with assault were also documented. Djilas described these figures as, "hardly insignificant if it is borne in mind that the Red Army crossed only the northeastern corner of Yugoslavia".<ref>Djilas (1962), ''Conversations with Stalin'', Harcourt, Brace & World, New York. pp. 88-89.</ref><ref name=Naimark_70-1>Naimark (1995), pp. 70â71.</ref> This caused concern to the Yugoslav communist partisans, who feared that stories of crimes committed by their Soviet allies would weaken their standing among the population.<br />
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Djilas writes that in response, Yugoslav partisan leader [[Joseph Broz Tito]] summoned the chief of the Soviet military mission, General Korneev, and formally protested. Despite having been invited "as a comrade", Korneev exploded at them for offering "such insinuations" against the Red Army. Djilas, who was present at the meeting, spoke up and explained the [[British Army]] had never engaged in "such excesses" while liberating the other regions of Yugoslavia. General Korneev responded by screaming, "I protest most sharply at this insult given to the Red Army by comparing it with the armies of capitalist countries."<ref>Djilas (1962), pp. 87-89.</ref><br />
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The meeting with Korneev not only "ended without results", it also caused Stalin to personally attack Djilas during his next visit to [[the Kremlin]]. In tears, Stalin denounced "the Yugoslav Army and how it was administered." He then "spoke agitatedly about the sufferings of the Red Army and the horrors that it was forced to endure while it was fighting through thousands of kilometers of devastated country." Stalin climaxed with the words, "And such an Army was insulted by no one else but Djilas! Djilas, of whom I could least have expected such a thing, a man whom I received so well! And an Army which did not spare its blood for you! Does Djilas, who is himself a writer, not know what human suffering and the human heart are? Can't he understand it if a soldier who has crossed thousands of kilometers through blood and fire and death has fun with a woman or takes some trifle?"<ref>Djilas (1962), page 95.</ref><br />
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According to Djilas, the Soviet refusal to address protests against Red Army war crimes in Yugoslavia enraged Tito's government and it was a contributing factor in Yugoslavia's subsequent exit from the [[Soviet Bloc]].<br />
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===Czechoslovakia (1945)===<br />
Slovak communist leader [[VladimĂr Clementis|Vlado Clementis]] complained to Marshal [[Ivan Konev]] about the behavior of Soviet troops in Czechoslovakia. Konev's response was to claim it was done mainly by Red Army deserters.<ref name=Naimark_70-1/><br />
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===China===<br />
{{See|Gegenmiao massacre}}<br />
During the [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|invasion of Manchuria]], Soviet and [[Mongols|Mongolian]] soldiers attacked and raped Japanese civilians, often encouraged by the local Chinese population who were resentful of Japanese rule.<ref name="Itoh_34">Mayumi Itoh<!--Mayumi Itoh is a former professor of Political Science at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.-->, ''Japanese War Orphans in Manchuria: Forgotten Victims of World War II'', Palgrave Macmillan, April 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-230-62281-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hbjHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&dq=%22Gegenmiao+incident%22&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Gegenmiao%20incident%22&f=false p. 34.]</ref> The local Chinese population sometimes even joined in these attacks against the Japanese population with the Soviet soldiers. In one famous example, during the [[Gegenmiao massacre]], Soviet soldiers, encouraged by the local Chinese population, raped and massacred over one thousand Japanese women and children.<ref name="Fujiwara, 1995 p.323">[[#Fujiwara|Fujiwara, 1995 p.323]]</ref><ref name="Itoh_34"/><ref name=Ealey>{{cite web|last=Ealey|first=Mark|title=An August Storm: the Soviet-Japan Endgame in the Pacific War|url=http://japanfocus.org/-mark-ealey/1988|work=Japan Focus|access-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> Property of the Japanese were also looted by the Soviet soldiers and Chinese.<ref>[[#Okushi|Okushi, 1996 pp.158â164]]</ref> Many Japanese women married themselves to local Manchurian men to protect themselves from persecution by Soviet soldiers. These Japanese women mostly married Chinese men and became known as "stranded war wives" (zanryu fujin).<ref name="Fujiwara, 1995 p.323"/><br />
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Following the [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|invasion]] of the Japanese [[puppet state]] of [[Manchukuo]] ([[Manchuria]]), the Soviets laid claim to valuable Japanese materials and industrial equipment in the region.<ref name=FCJones>{{cite book |author=F. C. Jones |year=1949 |title=Manchuria since 1931 |publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs |location=London, Oxford University Press |chapter=Chapter XII â Events in Manchuria, 1945â47 |pages=224â5 and pp.227â9 |chapter-url=http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/13712/216873_Manchuria_Since_1931.pdf?sequence=2 |access-date=17 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219040912/http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/13712/216873_Manchuria_Since_1931.pdf?sequence=2 |archive-date=19 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> A foreigner witnessed Soviet troops, formerly stationed in Berlin, who were allowed by the Soviet military to go at the city "for three days of rape and pillage." Most of [[Shenyang|Mukden]] was gone. Convict soldiers were then used to replace them; it was testified that they "stole everything in sight, broke up bathtubs and toilets with hammers, pulled electric-light wiring out of the plaster, built fires on the floor and either burned down the house or at least a big hole in the floor, and in general behaved completely like savages."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku_0|url-access=registration|quote=mukden berlin rape and pillage.|title=The last empress: Madame Chiang Kai-Shek and the birth of modern China|author=Hannah Pakula|year=2009|publisher=Simon and Schuster|page=[https://archive.org/details/lastempressmadam00paku_0/page/530 530]|isbn=978-1-4391-4893-8|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><br />
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According to some British and American sources, the Soviets made it a policy to loot and rape civilians in Manchuria. In [[Harbin]], the Chinese posted slogans such as "Down with Red Imperialism!" Soviet forces faced some protests by Chinese communist party leaders against the looting and rapes committed by troops in Manchuria.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCDv67C2BzkC&q=red+army+rape+manchuria&pg=PA82|title=The Soviet Union and communist China, 1945-1950: the arduous road to the alliance|author=Dieter Heinzig|year=2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|page=82|isbn=0-7656-0785-9|access-date=2010-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=falbrObQ11IC&q=red+army+rape+manchuria&pg=PA86|title=The geopolitics of East Asia: the search for equilibrium|author=Robyn Lim|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|page=86|isbn=0-415-29717-6|access-date=2010-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hE2xFxbca0C&q=red+army+rape+manchuria&pg=PA33|title=In the Ruins of Empire: The Japanese Surrender and the Battle for Postwar Asia|author=Ronald H. Spector|year=2008|publisher=Random House, Inc.|page=33|isbn=978-0-8129-6732-6|access-date=2010-11-28|author-link=Ronald H. Spector}}</ref> There were several incidences,{{verify spelling|date=September 2022|reason=''incidence'' is normally used only in the singular form, perhaps ''incidence'', ''incidents'', or ''instances'' was intended}} where Chinese police forces in Manchuria arrested or even killed Soviet troops for various crimes, leading to some conflicts between the Soviet and Chinese authorities in Manchuria.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hess |first1=Christian A. |title=From Colonial Jewel to Socialist Metropolis: Dalian 1895-1955 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt2zb7n2x9/qt2zb7n2x9.pdf}}</ref><br />
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Russian historian Konstantin Asmolov argues that such Western accounts of Soviet violence against civilians in the Far East are exaggerations of isolated incidents and the documents of the time don't support the claims of mass crimes. Asmolov also claims that the Soviets, unlike the Germans and the Japanese, prosecuted their soldiers and officers for such acts.<ref name=Asmolov>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Asmolov |first=Konstantin |title=Pobeda na Dal'nem Vostoke |trans-title=Victory in the Far East |editor1-last=Dyukov |editor1-first=Aleksandr |editor2-last=Pyhalov |editor2-first=Igor |encyclopedia=Velikaya obolgannaya voina [The Great Slandered War] |volume=2 |publisher=Yauza |location=Moscow |year=2008 |language=ru |url=http://militera.lib.ru/research/pyhalov_dukov/07.html}}</ref> Indeed, the incidence of rape committed in the Far East was far less than the number of incidents committed by Soviet soldiers in Europe.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edele |first1=Mark |title=The Cambridge History of the Second World War |chapter=Soviet liberations and occupations, 1939â1949 |year=2015 |volume=2 |pages=487â508 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CHO9781139524377.024 |isbn=9781107034075 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-the-second-world-war/soviet-liberations-and-occupations-19391949/348C49251BFAB830DAC03CF957F37291/core-reader}}</ref><br />
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===Japan===<br />
{{Main|Evacuation of Karafuto and Kuriles|Soviet assault on Maoka}}<br />
The Soviet Army committed crimes against the Japanese civilian populations and surrendered military personnel in the closing stages of World War II during the assaults on [[Sakhalin]] and [[Kuril Islands]].<ref name="ealey-2006"/><br />
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On August 10, 1945, Soviet forces carried out fierce naval bombardment and artillery strikes against civilians awaiting evacuation as well as Japanese installations in Maoka. Nearly 1,000 civilians were killed by the invading forces.<ref name="ealey-2006">{{cite web |url=http://japanfocus.org/-mark-ealey/1988/article.html |title=An August Storm: the Soviet-Japan Endgame in the Pacific War |first=Mark |last=Ealey |date=February 26, 2006 |publisher=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |access-date=November 14, 2010}}</ref><br />
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During the evacuation of the Kuriles and Karafuto, civilian convoys were attacked by Soviet submarines in the [[Aniva Gulf]]. Soviet [[Leninets-class submarine]] ''L-12'' and ''L-19'' sank two Japanese refugee transport ships ''Ogasawara Maru'' and ''Taito Maru'' while also damaging ''No.2 Shinko Maru'' on August 22, 7 days after [[Hirohito]] had announced Japan's unconditional surrender. Over 2,400 civilians were killed.<ref name="ealey-2006" /><br />
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===Treatment of prisoners of war===<br />
Although the Soviet Union had not formally signed the Hague Convention, it considered itself bound by the convention's provisions.<ref>Jacob Robinson. Transfer of Property in Enemy Occupied Territory. ''The American Journal of International Law'', Vol. 39, No. 2 (Apr., 1945), pp. 216-230</ref><ref>''Isvestiya'', 28 April 1942.</ref><br />
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Throughout the Second World War, the Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau collected and investigated reports of crimes against the Axis POWs. According to Cuban-American writer [[Alfred de Zayas]], "For the entire duration of the Russian campaign, reports of torture and murder of German prisoners did not cease. The War Crimes Bureau had five major sources of information: (1) captured enemy papers, especially orders, reports of operations, and propaganda leaflets; (2) intercepted radio and wireless messages; (3) testimony of Soviet prisoners of war; (4) testimony of captured Germans who had escaped; and (5) testimony of Germans who saw the corpses or mutilated bodies of executed prisoners of war. From 1941 to 1945 the Bureau compiled several thousand depositions, reports, and captured papers which, if nothing else, indicate that the killing of German prisoners of war upon capture or shortly after their interrogation was not an isolated occurrence. Documents relating to the war in France, Italy, and North Africa contain some reports on the deliberate killing of German prisoners of war, but there can be no comparison with the events on the Eastern Front."<ref>Alfred-Maurice de Zayas (1990), ''The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939â1945'', [[University of Nebraska]] Press. pp. 164-165</ref><br />
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In a November 1941 report, the Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau accused the Red Army of employing "a terror policy... against defenseless German soldiers that have fallen into its hands and against members of the German medical corps. At the same time... it has made use of the following means of camouflage: in a Red Army order that bears the approval of the [[Council of People's Commissars]], dated 1 July 1941, the norms of international law are made public, which the Red Army in the spirit of the Hague Regulations on Land Warfare are supposed to follow... This... Russian order probably had very little distribution, and surely it has not been followed at all. Otherwise the unspeakable crimes would not have occurred."<ref>Zayas (1990), page 178.</ref><br />
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According to the depositions, Soviet massacres of German, Italian, Spanish, and other Axis POWs were often incited by unit [[Commissar]]s, who claimed to be acting under orders from Stalin and the [[Politburo]]. Other evidence cemented the War Crimes Bureau's belief that Stalin had given secret orders about the massacre of POWs.<ref>Zayas (1990), pp. 162-210.</ref><br />
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During the winter of 1941â42, the Red Army captured approximately 10,000 German soldiers each month, but the death rate became so high that the absolute number of prisoners decreased (or was bureaucratically reduced).<ref name="Knabe, Tag der Befreiung?">[[Hubertus Knabe]] ''Tag der Befreiung? Das Kriegsende in Ostdeutschland'', Propyläen 2005, {{ISBN|3-549-07245-7}}</ref>{{qn|date=August 2015}}{{page needed|date=January 2022}}<br />
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Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces taken prisoner in the War.<ref>Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. ''Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei''. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 {{ISBN|5-86789-023-6}}</ref>{{qn|date=August 2015}}{{page needed|date=January 2022}} Dr. Rßdiger Overmans believes that it seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that an additional German military personnel listed as missing actually died in Soviet custody as POWs, putting the estimates of the actual death toll of German POW in the USSR at about 1.0 million.<ref>Rßdiger Overmans. ''Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}}</ref><br />
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====Massacre of Feodosia====<br />
Soviet soldiers rarely bothered to treat wounded German POWs. A [[Massacre of Feodosia|particularly infamous example]] took place after the Crimean city of [[Feodosia]] was briefly recaptured by Soviet forces on December 29, 1942. 160 wounded soldiers had been left in military hospitals by the retreating Wehrmacht. After the Germans retook Feodosia, it was learned that every wounded soldier had been massacred by Red Army, Navy, and [[NKVD]] personnel. Some had been shot in their hospital beds, others repeatedly bludgeoned to death, still others were found to have been thrown from hospital windows before being repeatedly drenched with freezing water until they died of [[hypothermia]].<ref>Zayas (1990), pp. 180-186.</ref><br />
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====Massacre of Grishchino====<br />
The [[Massacre of Grischino]] was committed by an armoured division of the Red Army in February 1943 in the eastern Ukrainian towns of [[Krasnoarmiisk|Krasnoarmeyskoye]], Postyschevo and Grischino. The [[Wehrmacht]] Untersuchungsstelle also known as WuSt (Wehrmacht criminal investigating authority), announced that among the victims were 406 soldiers of the Wehrmacht, 58 members of the [[Organisation Todt]] (including two [[Denmark|Danish]] nationals), 89 [[Royal Italian Army|Italian]] soldiers, 9 Romanian soldiers, 4 [[Royal Hungarian Army|Hungarian]] soldiers, 15 German civil officials, 7 German civilian workers and 8 Ukrainian volunteers.<br />
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The places were overrun by the Soviet 4th Guards Tank Corps on the night of 10 and 11 February 1943. After the reconquest by the [[5th SS Panzer Division Wiking]] with the support of 333 Infantry Division and the 7th Panzer Division on 18 February 1943 the Wehrmacht soldiers discovered numerous deaths. Many of the bodies were horribly mutilated, ears and noses cut off and genital organs amputated and stuffed into their mouths. Breasts of some of the nurses were cut off, the women being brutally raped. A German military judge who was at the scene stated in an interview during the 1970s that he saw a female body with her legs spread-eagled and a broomstick rammed into her genitals. In the cellar of the main train station around 120 Germans were herded into a large storage room and then mowed down with machine guns.<ref>Zayas (1990), pp. 187-191.</ref><br />
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====Postwar====<br />
Some German prisoners were released soon after the war. Many others, however, remained in the [[GULAG]] long after the surrender of Nazi Germany. Among the most famous German POWs to die in Soviet captivity was Captain [[Wilm Hosenfeld]], who died of injuries, sustained possibly under torture,{{citation needed|reason=who says so?|date=January 2022}} in a concentration camp near [[Stalingrad]] in 1952. In 2009, Captain Hosenfeld was posthumously honored by the [[State of Israel]] for his role in saving Jewish lives during [[The Holocaust]]. Similar was the fate of Swedish diplomat and [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] operative [[Raoul Wallenberg]].{{citation needed|reason=who says so?|date=January 2022}}<br />
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==After World War II==<br />
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===Hungarian Revolution (1956)===<br />
[[File:Thaly KĂĄlmĂĄn utca, az ĂllĹi Ăşt 87. Thaly KĂĄlmĂĄn utca felĂŠ esĹ homlokzata. Fortepan 24736.jpg|thumb|An apartment destroyed in Budapest during the Soviet invasion in 1956]]<br />
{{Main|Hungarian Revolution of 1956}}<br />
According to the United Nations Report of the Special Committee on the problem of Hungary (1957): "Soviet tanks fired indiscriminately at every building from which they believed themselves to be under fire."<ref>{{cite book |title=United Nations Report of the Special Committee on the problem of Hungary |year=1957 |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf}}</ref> The UN commission received numerous reports of Soviet mortar and artillery fire into inhabited quarters in the Buda section of the city, despite no return fire, and of "haphazard shooting at defenseless passers-by."<br />
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=== Czechoslovakia 1968 ===<br />
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During the [[invasion of Czechoslovakia]] by the [[Warsaw Pact]], 72 [[Czechs]] and [[Slovaks]] were killed (19 in [[Slovakia]]), 266 seriously wounded and another 436 lightly wounded.<ref>[http://www.local-life.com/prague/articles/prague-spring Prague Spring] â ''Springtime for Prague.'' Accessed 08/28/2017.</ref><ref>Williams (1997), p. 158.</ref><br />
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===Afghanistan (1979â1989)===<br />
{{Further|SovietâAfghan War}}<br />
[[File:Afghan village destroyed by the Soviets.jpg|thumb|An Afghan village destroyed by the Soviets in the 1980s]]<br />
Scholars Mohammad Kakar, W. Michael Reisman and Charles Norchi believe that the Soviet Union was guilty of committing a genocide in Afghanistan.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":223">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/afghan/genocide.pdf|title=Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan|last1=Reisman|first1=W. Michael|last2=Norchi|first2=Charles H.|access-date=7 January 2017|quote=According to widely reported accounts, substantial programmes of depopulation have been conducted in these Afghan provinces: Ghazni, Nagarhar, Lagham, Qandahar, Zabul, Badakhshan, Lowgar, Paktia, Paktika and Kunar...There is considerable evidence that genocide has been committed against the Afghan people by the combined forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.}}</ref> The army of the Soviet Union killed large numbers of Afghans to suppress their resistance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;brand=ucpress|title=The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982|last=Kakar|first=Mohammed|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520208933|quote=The Afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower. Large numbers of Afghans were killed to suppress resistance to the army of the Soviet Union, which wished to vindicate its client regime and realize its goal in Afghanistan.|date=3 March 1997}}</ref> Up to 2 million Afghans were killed by the Soviet forces and their proxies.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2chrSJCW54C&q=2+million+afghans+killed+soviet&pg=PA129|title=The Widening Circle of Genocide|last=Klass |first=Rosanne|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1994|isbn=9781412839655|pages=129|quote=During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule, an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies- the four Communist regimes in Kabul, and the East Germans, Bulgarians, Czechs, Cubans, Palestinians, Indians and others who assisted them. These were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare. Soviet and local Communist forces seldom attacked the scattered guerrilla bands of the Afghan Resistance except, in a few strategic locales like the Panjsher valley. Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population, primarily in the rural areas.}}</ref> In one notable incident the Soviet Army committed mass killing of civilians in the summer of 1980.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=ucpress|title=The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982|last=Kakar|first=Mohammed|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520208933|quote=Incidents of the mass killing of noncombatant civilians were observed in the summer of 1980...the Soviets felt it necessary to suppress defenseless civilians by killing them indiscriminately, by compelling them to flee abroad, and by destroying their crops and means of irrigation, the basis of their livelihood. The dropping of booby traps from the air, the planting of mines, and the use of chemical substances, though not on a wide scale, were also meant to serve the same purpose...they undertook military operations in an effort to ensure speedy submission: hence the wide use of aerial weapons, in particular helicopter gunships or the kind of inaccurate weapons that cannot discriminate between combatants and noncombatants.|date=3 March 1997}}</ref> One notable war crime was the [[Laghman massacre]] in April 1985 in the villages of Kas-Aziz-Khan, Charbagh, Bala Bagh, Sabzabad, Mamdrawer, Haider Khan and Pul-i-Joghi<ref name="UPI">{{cite news| title=Diplomats report massacre in Afghanistan | work=[[United Press International]]| url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/05/14/Diplomats-report-massacre-in-Afghanistan/5791484891200/ |date=14 May 1985| access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref> in the [[Laghman Province]]. At least 500 civilians were killed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bellamy| first=Alex J. | title=Massacres and Morality: Mass Atrocities in an Age of Civilian Immunity|publisher=OUP Oxford| year= 2012<br />
|isbn= 9780199288427 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK8eK2xPCycC&pg=PA281 |page=281}}</ref> In the [[Kulchabat, Bala Karz and Mushkizi massacre]] on 12 October 1983 the Red Army gathered 360 people at the village square and shot them, including 20 girls and over a dozen older people.<ref>{{cite news |work=The New York Times| title=U.N. Rights Study Finds Afghan Abuses by Soviets|author=[[Richard Bernstein (journalist)|Richard Bernstein]]| url=http://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/01/world/un-rights-studt-finds-afghan-abuses-by-soviet.html| date=1 March 1985|access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |location= Sydney, New South Wales | date=4 March 1985| page=7| title=UN report attacks Afghan massacres |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/121128050/ |access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/86023?ln=en| title=Report on the situation of human rights in Afghanistan / prepared by the Special Rapporteur, Felix Ermacora, in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1984/55| year=1985 |page=31| journal=United Nations Commission on Human Rights |location=Geneva|access-date=17 April 2021| last1=Ermacora| first1=Felix}}</ref> The [[Rauzdi massacre]] and [[Padkhwab-e Shana massacre]] were also documented.<ref name=HRW1984>{{cite web|last=Human Rights Watch|year=1984|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1984/afghan1284.pdf|title=Tears, Blood and Cries. Human Rights in Afghanistan Since the Invasion 1979â1984|pages=37â38|accessdate=6 July 2021}}</ref><br />
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In order to separate the mujahideen from the local populations and eliminate their support, the Soviet army killed and drove off civilians, and used scorched earth tactics to prevent their return. They used booby traps, mines, and chemical substances throughout the country.<ref name=":5" /> The Soviet army indiscriminately killed combatants and noncombatants to ensure submission by the local populations.<ref name=":5" /> The provinces of Nangarhar, Ghazni, Lagham, Kunar, Zabul, Qandahar, Badakhshan, Lowgar, Paktia and Paktika witnessed extensive depopulation programmes by the Soviet forces.<ref name=":223" /> The Soviet forces abducted Afghan women in helicopters while flying in the country in search of mujahideen. In November 1980 a number of such incidents had taken place in various parts of the country, including Laghman and Kama. Soviet soldiers as well as KhAD agents kidnapped young women from the city of Kabul and the areas of Darul Aman and Khair Khana, near the Soviet garrisons, to rape them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=ucpress|title=The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982|last=Kakar|first=M. Hassan|publisher=University of California Press|year=1995|isbn=9780520208933|quote=While military operations in the country were going on, women were abducted. While flying in the country in search of mujahideen, helicopters would land in fields where women were spotted. While Afghan women do mainly domestic chores, they also work in fields assisting their husbands or performing tasks by themselves. The women were now exposed to the Russians, who kidnapped them with helicopters. By November 1980 a number of such incidents had taken place in various parts of the country, including Laghman and Kama. In the city of Kabul, too, the Russians kidnapped women, taking them away in tanks and other vehicles, especially after dark. Such incidents happened mainly in the areas of Darul Aman and Khair Khana, near the Soviet garrisons. At times such acts were committed even during the day. KhAD agents also did the same. Small groups of them would pick up young women in the streets, apparently to question them but in reality to satisfy their lust: in the name of security, they had the power to commit excesses.}}</ref> Women who were taken and raped by Russian soldiers were considered 'dishonoured' by their families if they returned home.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The War Chronicles: From Flintlocks to Machine Guns|publisher=Fair Winds|isbn=9781616734046|pages=393|quote=A final weapon of terror the Soviets used against the mujahideen was the abduction of Afghan women. Soldiers flying in helicopters would scan for women working in the fields in the absence of their men, land, and take the women captive. Russian soldiers in the city of Kabul would also steal young women. The object was rape, although sometimes the women were killed, as well. The women who returned home were often considered dishonored for life.}}</ref> Deserters from the Soviet Army in 1984 claimed that they had heard of Afghan women being raped.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/03/world/4-soviet-deserters-tell-of-cruel-afghanistan-war.html|title=4 Soviet Deserters Tell Of Cruel Afghanistan War|last=Sciolino|first=Elaine|date=August 3, 1984|work=The New York Times|quote='I can't hide the fact that women and children have been killed,' Nikolay Movchan, 20, a Ukrainian who was a sergeant and headed a grenade-launching team, said in an interview later. 'And I've heard of Afghan women being raped.'|access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref> The rape of Afghan women by Soviet troops was common and 11.8 percent of the Soviet war criminals in Afghanistan were convicted for the offence of rape.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carol Harrington|title=Politicization of Sexual Violence: From Abolitionism to Peacekeeping|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbsFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|date=22 April 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-07861-6|pages=104â}}</ref> There was an outcry against the press in the Soviet Union for depicting the Russian "war heroes" as "murderers", "aggressors", "rapists" and "junkies".<ref>{{cite book|author=Rodric Braithwaite|title=Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=13cTDAAAQBAJ|date=11 September 2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932248-0|pages=323â324}}</ref><br />
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=== Pressure in Azerbaijan (1988â1991) ===<br />
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{{Main|Black January}}<br />
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Black January ({{lang-az|Qara Yanvar}}), also known as Black Saturday or the January Massacre, was a violent crackdown in [[Baku]] on 19â20 January 1990, pursuant to a [[state of emergency]] during the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].<br />
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In a resolution of 22 January 1990, the [[Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR]] declared that the decree of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet#USSR Supreme Soviet|Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR]] of 19 January, used to impose emergency rule in [[Baku]] and military deployment, constituted an act of aggression.<ref>Kushen, Neier, p. 45</ref> Black January is associated with the rebirth of the [[Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan Republic]]. It was one of the occasions during the ''[[glasnost]]'' and ''[[perestroika]]'' era in which the USSR used force against dissidents.<br />
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==War crimes trials and legal prosecution==<br />
In 1995, Latvian courts sentenced former KGB officer [[Alfons Noviks]] to [[life in prison]] for [[genocide]] due to forced deportations in the 1940s.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/14/world/latvia-gives-kgb-aide-a-life-term.html Latvia Gives K.G.B. Aide A Life Term] Associated Press. The New York Times. 14 December 1995</ref><br />
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In 2003, [[August Kolk]] (born 1924), an Estonian national, and [[Petr Kislyiy]] (born 1921), a Russian national, were convicted of crimes against humanity by Estonian courts and each sentenced to eight years in prison. They were found guilty of [[Operation Priboi|deportations of Estonians in 1949]]. Kolk and Kislyiy lodged a complaint at the [[European Court of Human Rights]], alleging that the Criminal Code of 1946 of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (SFSR) was valid at the time, applicable also in Estonia, and that the said Code had not provided for punishment of crimes against humanity. Their appeal was rejected since the court found that Resolution 95 of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], adopted on 11 December 1946, confirmed deportations of civilians as a crime against humanity under [[international law]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Full text of European Court of Human Rights Decision on the case Kolk and Kislyiy v. Estonia: Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to Crimes against Humanity |work=Council of Europe| url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/impu/kolk.html| date=17 January 2006}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2004, [[Vassili Kononov]], a [[Soviet partisan]] during World War II, was convicted by [[Supreme Court of Latvia]] as a [[war criminal]] for killing three women, one of whom was pregnant.<ref>[http://at.gov.lv/lv/pazinojumi-presei/par-notikumiem/2007/septembris/109-augstakas-tiesas-parstavji-strasbura-gust-ieskatu-cilvektiesibu-aizsardziba/ "AugstÄkÄs tiesas pÄrstÄvji StrasbĹŤrÄ gĹŤst ieskatu cilvÄktiesÄŤbu aizsardzÄŤbÄ"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153002/http://at.gov.lv/lv/pazinojumi-presei/par-notikumiem/2007/septembris/109-augstakas-tiesas-parstavji-strasbura-gust-ieskatu-cilvektiesibu-aizsardziba/ |date=2 April 2015 }}, AugstÄkÄs Tiesa. 24 septembris 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2015.</ref><ref name=CKL>[http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=867801&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649 "CASE OF KONONOV v. LATVIA"], European Court of Human Rights. 17 May 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.</ref> He is the only former Soviet partisan convicted of [[crimes against humanity]].<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Amid_VDay_Festivities_Soviet_Partisan_Braces_For_War_Crimes_Verdict_/2035785.html?page=1&x=1#relatedInfoContainer "Amid V-Day Festivities, Soviet Partisan Braces For War Crimes Verdict"], Radio Free Europe. Claire Bigg. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.</ref><br />
<br />
On 27 March 2019, Lithuania convicted 67 former Soviet military and KGB officials who were given sentences of between four and 14 years for the [[January Events (Lithuania)|crackdown against Lithuanian civilians in January 1991]]. Only two were presentâYuriy Mel, a former Soviet tank officer, and Gennady Ivanov, a former Soviet munitions officerâwhile the other were sentenced ''[[Trial in absentia|in absentia]]'' and are hiding in Russia.<ref>{{cite news| publisher=BBC News| date=27 March 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019| title=Lithuania convicts Russians of war crimes under Soviet rule| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47725239}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
<br />
===Film===<br />
* ''[[A Woman in Berlin (film)|A Woman in Berlin]]'' (2008) depicts the mass sexual assaults committed by Soviet soldiers in the [[Soviet occupation zone of Germany|Soviet Zone]] of [[Occupied Germany]]. It is based on [[A Woman in Berlin|the diary]] of [[Marta Hillers]].<ref>[https://www.welt.de/kultur/article2609714/Die-ungeheure-sexuelle-Gewalt-der-Roten-Armee.html?page=4#article_readcomments ''Hintergrund "Anonyma". Die ungeheure sexuelle Gewalt der Roten Armee''] (German), [http://www.inopressa.ru/welt/2008/10/23/15:24:31/red] {{in lang|ru}}</ref><br />
* ''[[The Admiral (2008 film)|Admiral]]'' (2008), a film set during the [[Russian Civil War]], depicts Red soldiers and sailors committing numerous massacres of former members of the [[Imperial Russian Navy]]'s [[officer corps]].<br />
* ''[[The Beast (1988 film)|The Beast]]'' (1988) a film set during the SovietâAfghan War, depicts Red Army war crimes against civilian noncombatants and a [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] clan's quest for revenge.<br />
* ''[[Charlie Wilson's War (film)|Charlie Wilson's War]]'' (2007), set during the SovietâAfghan War, accuses the Soviet State of systematic [[genocide]] against Afghan civilians. It is mentioned that Soviet forces are leaving no one alive and are even slaughtering livestock in order to starve the Afghan people into submission.<br />
* ''[[KatyĹ (film)|KatyĹ]]'' (2007), depicts the [[Katyn massacre]] through the eyes of its victims and the decades long battle by their families to learn the truth.<br />
<br />
===Literature===<br />
* ''[[Prussian Nights]]'' (1974) a [[war poem]] by [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]]. The narrator, a Red Army officer, approves of the troops' crimes as revenge for Nazi atrocities in Russia, and hopes to take part in the plundering himself. The poem describes the gang-rape of a [[Polish people|Polish]] woman whom the [[Red Army]] soldiers had mistaken for a German.<ref>Davies, Norman (1982) ''God's Playground. A History of Poland'', Columbia University Press, Vol. II, {{ISBN|0-231-12819-3}}</ref> According to a review for ''[[The New York Times]]'', Solzhenitsyn wrote the poem in [[trochaic tetrameter]], "in imitation of, and argument with the most famous Russian war poem, [[Aleksandr Tvardovsky]]'s ''[[Vasili Tyorkin]]''."<ref name ="NYT">{{cite news|last=Proffer|first=Carl R.|author-link=Carl Ray Proffer|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/01/home/solz-prussian.html|title=Russia in Prussia|work=The New York Times|date=7 August 1977|access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Apricot Jam and Other Stories]]'' (2010) by [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]]. In a [[short story]] about Marshal [[Georgii Zhukov]]'s futile attempts at writing his memoirs, the retired Marshal reminisces about serving against the [[Tambov rebellion|peasant uprising in Tambov Province]]. He recalls [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]]'s arrival to take command of the campaign and his first address to his men. He announced that [[total war]] and [[scorched earth]] tactics are to be used against civilians who assist or even sympathize with the peasant rebels. Zhukov proudly recalls how Tukhachevsky's tactics were adopted and succeeded in breaking the uprising. In the process, however, they virtually depopulated the surrounding countryside.<br />
* ''[[A Man without Breath]]'' (2013) by [[Philip Kerr]]. A 1993 [[Bernie Gunther]] [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] which delves into the Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau's investigations of Soviet war crimes. Kerr noted in his Afterward that the Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau continued to exist until 1945. It has been written about in the book of the same name by Alfred M. de Zayas, published by the University of Nebraska Press in 1989.<ref>''A Man without Breath'', p.&nbsp;463-4.</ref> {{ISBN|978-0-399-16079-0}}.<br />
<br />
===Art===<br />
* On 12 October 2013 a then 26-year-old Polish art student, Jerzy Bohdan Szumczyk, erected a movable statue next to the Soviet World War II memorial in the Polish city of [[GdaĹsk]]. The statue depicted a Soviet soldier attempting to rape a pregnant woman; pulling her hair with one hand whilst pushing a pistol into her mouth. Authorities removed the artwork because it had been erected without an official permit, but there was widespread interest in many online publications. The act promoted an angry reaction from the Russian ambassador in Poland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/10/16/polish-artist-in-hot-water-over-soviet-rapist-sculpture/|title=Polish artist in hot water over Soviet rapist sculpture|access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.net/article/572837/Technology/ |title=Poland will not charge artist over Soviet rapist sculpture â news.net |date=20 October 2013 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020102443/http://www.news.net/article/572837/Technology/ |archive-date=20 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/skulptur-einer-vergewaltigung-in-polen-schockiert-russischen-botschafter-a-928457.html|title=Skulptur einer Vergewaltigung in Polen schockiert russischen Botschafter|author=SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany|date=17 October 2013|newspaper=SPIEGEL ONLINE|access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Allied war crimes during World War II]]<br />
* [[Anti-communist mass killings]]<br />
* [[Antisemitism in the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Crimes against humanity under communist regimes]]<br />
* [[Destruction battalions]]<br />
* [[Evacuation of East Prussia]]<br />
* [[Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin]]<br />
* [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[German war crimes]]<br />
* [[Human rights in the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Italian war crimes]]<br />
* [[Japanese POWs in the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Japanese war crimes]]<br />
* [[List of massacres in the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[List of war crimes#Soviet Union perpetrated crimes|List of Soviet Union perpetrated war crimes]]<br />
* [[Mass graves in the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Mass killings under communist regimes]]<br />
* [[Mass operations of the NKVD]]<br />
* [[Military history of the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Military occupations by the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Nemmersdorf massacre]]<br />
* [[NKVD prisoner massacres]]<br />
* [[Operation FrĂźhlingserwachen]]<br />
* [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Racism in the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[Red Terror]]<br />
* [[Russian war crimes]]<br />
* [[United States war crimes]]<br />
* [[Waffen-SS#War crimes and atrocities|War crimes and atrocities of the Waffen-SS]]<br />
* [[War crimes of the Wehrmacht]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references group="notes"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,1056125,00.html Marta Hillers], ''[[A Woman in Berlin]]: Six Weeks in the Conquered City'' Translated by Anthes Bell, {{ISBN|0-8050-7540-2}}<br />
* [[Antony Beevor]], ''Berlin: The Downfall 1945'', Penguin Books, 2002, {{ISBN|0-670-88695-5}}<br />
* Bergstrom, Christer (2007). ''Barbarossa â The Air Battle: JulyâDecember 1941''. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. {{ISBN|978-1-85780-270-2}}. Bergstrom does make a point of noting that crimes against PoWs, and specifically against captured aircrew, were pretty universal in World War II.<br />
* Steve Hall and Lionel Quinlan (2000). ''KG55: Greif Geshwader''. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. {{ISBN|0-9538061-0-3}}<br />
* [[Max Hastings]], ''Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944â1945'', Chapter 10: Blood and Ice: East Prussia {{ISBN|0-375-41433-9}}<br />
* Fisch, Bernhard, ''Nemmersdorf, Oktober 1944. Was in OstpreuĂen tatsächlich geschah.'' Berlin: 1997. {{ISBN|3-932180-26-7}}. (about most of the [[Mayakovskoye|Nemmersdorf]] atrocity having been set up by Goebbels)<br />
* John Toland, ''The Last 100 Days'', Chapter Two: Five Minutes before Midnight {{ISBN|0-8129-6859-X}}<br />
* [[Norman Naimark|Norman M. Naimark]], ''The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945â1949.'' Harvard University Press, 1995. {{ISBN|0-674-78405-7}}<br />
* [[Catherine Merridale]], ''Ivan's War, the Red Army 1939â1945'', London: Faber and Faber, 2005, {{ISBN|0-571-21808-3}}<br />
* [[Alfred-Maurice de Zayas]], ''[[The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939â1945]]'' (in Wikipedia). Preface by Professor Howard Levie. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989. {{ISBN|0-8032-9908-7}}. New revised edition with Picton Press, Rockland, Maine, {{ISBN|0-89725-421-X}}.<br />
* Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, ''A Terrible Revenge. The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944â1950'', [[St. Martin's Press]], New York, 1994, {{ISBN|0-312-12159-8}}<br />
* Elizabeth B. Walter, ''Barefoot in the Rubble'' 1997, {{ISBN|0-9657793-0-0}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category-inline}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070810131603/http://www.usm.maine.edu/crm/faculty/jim/raphael.htm The forgotten victims of WWII]: Masculinities and rape in Berlin, 1945, James W. Messerschmidt, University of Southern Maine<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071224205334/http://dir.salon.com/story/books/review/2005/08/18/berlin/index.html?pn=1 Book Review]: ''A Woman in Berlin: Eight Weeks in the Conquered City'', {{ISBN|0-8050-7540-2}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150525082008/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague04.htm Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907]<br />
* [http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=7&post=3 Swiss legation report of the Russian invasion of Hungary in the spring of 1945]<br />
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/Europe/story/0,11363,742434,00.html German rape victims find a voice at last], Kate Connolly, [[The Observer]], June 23, 2002<br />
* [https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,707835,00.html "They raped every German female from eight to 80"], Antony Beevor, [[The Guardian]], 1 May 2002<br />
* [http://www.randomhouse.ca/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385497992&view=excerpt Excerpt, Chapter one] The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945â2002 â [[William I. Hitchcock]] â 2003 â {{ISBN|0-385-49798-9}} ( [[evacuation of East Prussia|The occupation of East Prussia]])<br />
* [http://alfreddezayas.com/Chapbooks/Flucht_de.shtml Description of the atrocities of the Red Army in East Prussia], quotations from [[Ilya Ehrenburg]], poems by anti-cruelty Red Army officers and details of suicides and rapings of German women and children in [[East Prussia]].<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060622032817/http://hungarianconsulate.co.nz/mszo82/82_en_4.html Book Review: The Siege of Budapest: 100 Days in World War II]<br />
* [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=12108851401777 HNet review of ''The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945â1949.'']<br />
* [http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/22336.html Mark Ealey: As World War II entered its final stages the belligerent powers committed one heinous act after another] History News Network (Focus on the Asian front)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090419015621/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/6043-11.cfm 27 Jan 2002 on-line article regarding author Antony Beevor's references to Soviet rapes in Germany]<br />
* Report of an eyewitness: Erika Morgenstern, who survived KĂśnigsberg 1945 as a child (in German): {{YouTube|GWz4e2Tua1w|part 1}}, {{YouTube|YlJkfWCGEds|part 2}}, {{YouTube|PELbpe35URQ|part 3}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Soviet War Crimes}}<br />
[[Category:Soviet war crimes| ]]<br />
[[Category:Aftermath of World War II in the Soviet Union]]<br />
[[Category:War crimes committed by country]]<br />
[[Category:Crimes against humanity]]<br />
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