[[Image:William Hooper Councill.jpg|thumb|William Hooper Councill]]

'''William Hooper Councill''' (1848–1909) was a former [[slavery|slave]] and the first president of Huntsville Normal School, which is today [[Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama]].<ref name=cyclo>D. W. Culp, ed., ''Twentieth Century Negro Literature, Or, A Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro'' Naperville, Illinois: J. L. Nichols & Co., 1902, {{OCLC|837541}}, p. 325. Released as an ebook on July 6, 2006 [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/18772 EBook #18772] by The [[Project Gutenberg]]</ref>

He was born a slave in [[Fayetteville, North Carolina]], in 1848 and taken to [[Huntsville, Alabama]], by slave traders in 1857. He and his mother and brothers were sold as slaves from the auction block, at Green Bottom Inn to Judge [[David Campbell Humphreys]]. At this auction he saw two of his brothers sold in 1857, and never heard from again.<ref>Dennis William Simpson, ''The Descendants of Doctor William Simpson'', Chelsea, Michigan: Bookcrafters, 1993, {{OCLC|30978656}}, pp. 47–48.</ref> He attended a school opened by northerners in [[Stevenson, Alabama]], in 1865 and remained until 1867, when he began [[teaching]]. During [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] after the [[American Civil War]], he held minor political positions in Alabama, and taught for a time at [[Morris Brown College]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]] and edited a newspaper in Huntsville, Alabama. In 1873 he served as secretary to the [[National Equal Rights Convention]]. He was appointed as president to AAMU in 1876 after he gave his political support to conservatives. In 1883, he became part of the [[Supreme Court of Alabama]].<ref name=cyclo/>{{clarify|date=September 2014}}

As a contemporary of [[Booker T. Washington]], he and Washington (who performed research at [[Tuskeegee Institute]]) often competed for favors and funds from the Alabama legislature and northern [[philanthropist]]s.

In 1887 Councill attracted wide attention when he complained to the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]] of harsh treatment on the Alabama railroad. That action later prompted his superiors to relieve him of his duties as president of AAMU for one year. That experience may have helped alter his position on the proper role for a Black man to play in the South during that era, because afterwards, he advocated accommodation and acceptance of his "unctuous [[sycophancy]]," which prompted Washington to characterize him as "simply toadying to White people."<ref>August Meier, ''Negro Thought in America, 1880–1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington'', Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1963, repr. 1988, ISBN 9780472642304, pp. 77, 110.</ref>

Under his leadership, AAMU was second only to [[Tuskegee Institute]] in size among Alabama Negro industrial schools.

The first high school for blacks in Huntsville was named for him when it opened in 1867. William Hooper Councill High School closed after the schools were integrated in the 1960s.<ref>[http://www.hsvcity.com/gis/HistoricMarkers/site/marker_031/page.htm William Hooper Councill High School Site 1892 – 1966], Historic Markers, City of Huntsville, 2010.</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Alabama A&M University}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=75473173}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Councill, William Hooper
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American educator
| DATE OF BIRTH = 2002
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1909
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Councill, William Hooper}}
[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1909 deaths]]
[[Category:American slaves]]
[[Category:Alabama Republicans]]
[[Category:People from Fayetteville, North Carolina]]
[[Category:People from Huntsville, Alabama]]
[[Category:Presidents of Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University]]

Germany national baseball team

2014-11-19T16:20:57Z

73.51.65.210:

{{Infobox National baseball team
|Logo =
|Name = Germany national baseball team
|Country = {{flag|Germany}}
|Federation =
|Confederation = [[Confederation of European Baseball]]
|Manager = [[Erich Kittlaus]]

|Olympic apps =
|Olympic first =
|Olympic best =

|WBC apps =
|WBC first =
|WBC best =

|WC apps =
|WC first =
|WC best =

|IC apps =
|IC first =
|IC best =

|EC apps =
|EC first =
|EC best = 2nd (1957)
}}
The '''Germany national baseball team''' is the national [[baseball]] team for [[Germany]]. They are a contender for the [[European Baseball Championship]] and have competed in the [[Baseball World Cup]].

==Current squad==
Roster for [[2012 World Baseball Classic Qualifiers]].

'''Manager:''' [[Erich Kittlaus]]<br>
'''Coaches:''' some poeple that dont matter
{{nat bs start}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Mike Bolsenbroek]]|no=20|pos=P|age={{birth date|1987|3|11}} |club=[[Buchbinder Legionäre]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Alex Burgos]]|no=9|pos=P|age={{birth date|1990|12|1}} |clubnat=USA|club=[[Lakeland Flying Tigers]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Martin Dewald]]|no=5|pos=P|age={{birth date|1986|3|5}} |club=[[Heidenheim Heideköpfe]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Harry Glynne]]|no=15|pos=P|age={{birth date|1990|6|3}} |club=[[Solingen Alligators]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Eugen Heilmann]]|no=6|pos=P|age={{birth date|1981|6|12}} |club=[[Paderborn Untouchables]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Andre Hughes]]|no=29|pos=P|age={{birth date|1985|1|1}} |club=[[Solingen Alligators]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Adam Kudryk]]|no=32|pos=P|age={{birth date|1987|12|31}} |clubnat=|club=[[]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Justin Kuehn]]|no=46|pos=P|age={{birth date|1987|12|31}} |club=[[Buchbinder Legionäre]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Enorbel Marquez]]|no=23|pos=P|age={{birth date|1974|12|11}} |clubnat=ITA |club=[[Telemarket Rimini]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Will Ohman]]|no=13|pos=P|age={{birth date|1977|8|13}} |clubnat=|club=[[Free Agent]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Markus Solbach]]|no=21|pos=P|age={{birth date|1991|8|26}} |clubnat=USA|club=[[Windy City Thunderbolts]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Luke Sommer]]|no=30|pos=P|age={{birth date|1985|6|22}} |club=[[Heidenheim Heideköpfe]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Daniel Thieben]]|no=17|pos=P|age={{birth date|1993|9|18}} |clubnat=USA|club=[[Pulaski Mariners]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Kai Gronauer]]|no=19|pos=C|age={{birth date|1986|11|28}} |clubnat=USA|club=[[Las Vegas 51's]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Maximilian Boldt]]|no=11|pos=IF|age={{birth date|1988|9|1}} |club=[[Mainz Athletics]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Michael Franke]]|no=33|pos=IF|age={{birth date|1981|9|22}} |club=[[HSV Stealers]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Toby Gardenhire]]|no=31|pos=IF|age={{birth date|1982|9|11}} |clubnat=|club=[[Free Agent]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Ludwig Glaser]]|no=28|pos=IF|age={{birth date|1987|12|19}} |club=[[Buchbinder Legionäre]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Donald Lutz]]|no=39|pos=IF|age={{birth date|1989|2|6}} |clubnat=USA|club=[[Cincinnati Reds]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Jendrick Speer]]|no=14|pos=IF|age={{birth date|1980|9|26}} |club=[[Paderborn Untouchables]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Matthew Vance]]|no=7|pos=IF|age={{birth date|1986|6|28}} |club=[[Buchbinder Legionäre]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Matt Weaver]]|no=3|pos=IF|age={{birth date|1990|1|27}} |clubnat=USA|club=[[Danville Braves]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Aaron Altherr]]|no=22|pos=OF|age={{birth date|1991|1|14}} |clubnat=USA|club=[[Philadelphia Phillies]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Max Kepler]]|no=24|pos=OF|age={{birth date|1993|8|27}} |clubnat=USA|club=[[Minnesota Twins]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Mike Larson]]|no=26|pos=OF|age={{birth date|1983|8|27}} |club=[[Mainz Athletics]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Eric Suttle]]|no=12|pos=OF|age={{birth date|1984|7|17}} |clubnat=USA|club=[[Lexington Legends]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Simon Gühring]]|no=16|pos=DH|age={{birth date|1983|7|14}} |club=[[Heidenheim Heideköpfe]]}}
{{nat bs player|name=[[Jake Shaffer]]|no=18|pos=DH|age={{birth date|1987|8|16}} |clubnat=|club=[[Retired List]]}}
{{nat bs end}}

==International tournament results==
===World Baseball Classic===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=8|[[World Baseball Classic|World Baseball Classic record]]
! style="width:1%;" rowspan="6"|
!colspan=5|Qualification record
|-
!Year
!Host(s)
!Round
!Position
!{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!{{Tooltip|RS|Runs scored}}
!{{Tooltip|RA|Runs allowed}}
!Host
!{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!{{Tooltip|RS|Runs scored}}
!{{Tooltip|RA|Runs allowed}}
|-
| [[2006 World Baseball Classic|2006]]
|colspan=7 align=center| ''Did not enter''
|colspan=5 align=center| ''No qualifiers held''
|-
| [[2009 World Baseball Classic|2009]]
|colspan=7 align=center| ''Did not enter''
|colspan=5 align=center| ''No qualifiers held''
|-
| [[2013 World Baseball Classic|2013]]
|colspan=7 align=center| ''Did not qualify''
|style="border: 3px solid red"| Germany
| 2
| 2
| 40
| 29
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''0/3'''
| Also do not exist
|
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
| '''-'''
| '''1/1'''
| '''2'''
| '''2'''
| '''40'''
| '''29'''
|}

===Baseball World Cup===
* 1972 : 16th
* 1973 : 11th
* [[2007 Baseball World Cup|2007]] : 14th
* [[2009 Baseball World Cup|2009]] : 17th
* [[2011 Baseball World Cup|2011]] : 15th

===European Baseball Championship===
{|border="0" cellpadding="2"
|- valign="top"
|
* 1954 : 4th
* 1955 : [[Image:Med 3.png|Bronze]] 3rd
* 1956 : 5th
* 1957 : [[Image:Med 2.png|Argent]] 2nd
* 1958 : [[Image:Med 3.png|Bronze]] 3rd
* 1960 : did not qualify
* 1962 : 5th
* 1964 : did not qualify
* 1965 : [[Image:Med 3.png|Bronze]] 3rd
* 1967 : [[Image:Med 3.png|Bronze]] 3rd
|width="25"| 
|valign="top"|
* 1969 : 4th
* 1971 : [[Image:Med 3.png|Bronze]] 3rd
* 1973 : did not qualify
* 1975 : [[Image:Med 3.png|Bronze]] 3rd
* 1977 : did not qualify
* 1979 : did not qualify
* 1981 : did not qualify
* 1983 : did not qualify
* 1985 : did not qualify
* 1987 : 7th
|width="25"| 
|valign="top"|
* 1989 : 8th
* 1991 : did not qualify
* 1993 : 7th
* 1995 : 6th
* 1997 : 10th
* 1999 : 10th
* 2001 : 7th
* 2003 : 12th
* 2005 : 4th
* [[2007 European Baseball Championship|2007]] : 4th
|width="25"| 
|valign="top"|
* [[2010 European Baseball Championship|2010]] : [[Image:Med 3.png|Bronze]] 3rd
* [[2012 European Baseball Championship|2012]] : 4th
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{National sports teams of Germany}}
{{Europe baseball teams}}

[[Category:National baseball teams in Europe]]
[[Category:National sports teams of Germany|Baseball]]
[[Category:Baseball in Germany]]

{{Europe-baseball-stub}}

Flag of France

2014-10-27T15:13:14Z

73.51.65.210: /* The Tricolore */

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox flag
|Name = France
|Article =
|Nickname = ''Tricolour''
|Image = Flag of France.svg
|Image_size = 200px
| Use = 111000
| Symbol =
| Proportion = 2:3
| Adoption = First as ensign : 15 February 1794 ; As Napoleon army flag : 1812 Readopted July 1830
|
|Design = A vertical [[tricolour (flag)|tricolour]] of blue, white, and red. |
|Image2 = Civil and Naval Ensign of France.svg
|Use2 = 000111
|Proportion2 = 2:3
|Adoption2 = 15 February 1794 (with equal bars) ; 17 May 1853 (with bars in proportion 30:33:37)
|Design2 = As above, but with bars in proportion 30:33:37. (See [[French ensigns]].)
|Type = National
}}
The '''national flag of [[France]]''' is a [[Tricolour (flag)|tricolour]] flag featuring three vertical bands coloured [[blue]] ([[Flag terminology#Description of standard flag parts and terms|hoist side]]), [[white]], and [[red]]. It is known to English speakers as the '''French Tricolour''' or simply the '''Tricolour'''.

The royal government used many flags, the best known being a blue shield and yellow [[fleur-de-lis]] on a white background, or state flag. Early in the [[French Revolution]], the Paris militia, which played a prominent role in the [[storming of the Bastille]], wore a [[cockade]] of blue and red, the city's traditional colours. According to [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]], white, the "ancient French colour", was added to the militia cockade to create a tricolour, or national, cockade.<ref name="Lafayette">Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier Lafayette (marquis de), ''Memoirs, correspondence and manuscripts of General Lafayette,'' vol. 2, p. 252.</ref> This cockade became part of the uniform of the [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]], which succeeded the militia and was commanded by Lafayette. The colours and design of the cockade are the basis of the Tricolour flag, adopted in 1790. The only difference was that the 1790 flag's colours were reversed. A modified design by [[Jacques-Louis David]] was adopted in 1794. The royal white flag was used during the [[Bourbon restoration]] from 1815 to 1830; the tricolour was brought back into use after the July Revolution and has been used ever since.

==Design==
The colours adopted by [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]], which replaced a darker version of the flag.
{| width="60%" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-collapse: collapse; white-space: nowrap; text-align: left"
|- style="text-align: center; background: #eee"
! Scheme
!style="background:#0055A4; color:white" title="#0055A4"| Blue
!style="background:#FFFFFF" title="#FFF"| White
!style="background:#EF4135; color:white" title="#EF4135"| Red
|-
| [[Pantone]]<ref name='colors'>{{cite web|url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/de/frankreich_3/frankreich-entdecken_244/portrat-frankreichs_247/die-symbole-der-franzosischen-republik_260/trikolore-die-nationalfahne_114.html |title=Die Symbole der französischen Republik |accessdate=28 September 2009 |publisher=Embassy of the French Republic in Germany |language=German }}</ref>
| Reflex Blue
| Safe
| Red 032
|-
| [[CMYK color model|CMYK]]
| 100.70.0.5
| 0.0.0.0
| 0.90.86.0
|-
| [[RGB color model|RGB]]<ref name="colors"/>
| (0,85,164)
| (255,255,255)
| (250,60,50)
|-
| [[HTML]]<ref name="colors"/>
| #0055A4
| #FFFFFF
| #EF4135
|-
| [[Natural Color System|NCS]]
| S 2565 R80B
| base colour
| S 0580 Y80R
|}

Currently, the flag is 50 percent wider than its height (i.e. in the proportion 2:3) and, except in the [[French Navy|French navy]], has stripes of equal width. Initially, the three stripes of the flag were not equally wide, being in the proportions 30 (blue), 33 (white) and 37 (red). Under [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]], the proportions were changed to make the stripes' width equal, but by a regulation dated 17 May 1853, the navy went back to using the 30:33:37 proportions, which it continues to use, as the flapping of the flag makes portions farther from the [[halyard]] seem smaller.

==Symbolism==
[[File:Drapeaux français.jpg|thumb|Multiple French flags as commonly flown from public buildings.]]
Blue and red are the [[Flag of Paris|traditional colours]] of [[Paris]], used on the city's coat of arms. Blue is identified with [[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin]], red with [[Denis|Saint Denis]]. At the [[storming of the Bastille]] in 1789, the Paris militia wore blue and red cockades on their hats. White had long featured prominently on French flags and is described as the "ancient French colour" by Lafayette.<ref name="Lafayette"/> White was added to the "revolutionary" colors of the militia cockade to "nationalise" the design, thus creating the tricolour cockade.<ref name="Lafayette"/> Although Lafayette identified the white stripe with the nation, other accounts identify it with the monarchy.<ref name="elysee">{{cite web|url=http://www.elysee.fr/president/la-presidence/les-symboles-de-la-republique-francaise/le-drapeau-francais/le-drapeau-francais.1117.html |title=Le drapeau français |language=French |accessdate=29 February 2012}}</ref> Lafayette denied that the flag contains any reference to the red-and-white livery of the [[Duc d'Orléans]]. Despite this, Orléanists adopted the tricolour as their own.

Blue and red are associated with the Virgin Mary, the patron saint of France, and were the colours of the [[oriflamme]]. The colours of the French flag may also represent the three main [[Estates of the realm|estates]] of the [[Ancien Régime]] (the [[clergy]]: white, the [[nobility]]: red and the [[bourgeoisie]]: blue). Blue, as the symbol of class, comes first and red, representing the nobility, comes last. Both extreme colours are situated on each side of white referring to a superior order.<ref name="flagsymbols">{{cite web| title = France, the tricolour banner|url = http://users.skynet.be/lotus/flag/fra0-en.htm| accessdate =22 March 2008}}</ref>

Lafayette's tricolour cockade was adopted in July 1789, a moment of national unity that soon faded. Royalists began wearing white cockades and flying white flags, while the [[Jacobin Club|Jacobins]], and later the [[Socialists]], flew the [[red flag (politics)|red flag]]. The tricolour, which combines royalist white with republican red, came to be seen as a symbol of moderation and of a nationalism that transcended factionalism.

The three colours are occasionally taken to represent the three elements of the revolutionary motto, ''liberté'' (freedom: blue), ''égalité'' (equality: white), ''fraternité'' (brotherhood: red); this symbolism was referenced in [[The Three Colors trilogy|Krzysztof Kieślowski's three colours film trilogy]], for example.

==History==

===Kingdom of France===
{{anchor|Middle Ages}}{{anchor|Bourbon flag}}
During the early [[Middle Ages]], the [[oriflamme]], the flag of [[Denis|Saint Denis]], was used—red, with two, three, or five spikes. Originally, it was the personal flag of [[Charlemagne]], given to him by the Pope in the ninth century. Over time, it became the royal banner under the [[Carolingian]]s and the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetians]]. It was stored in Saint-Denis abbey, where it was taken when war broke out. French kings went forth into battle preceded either by Saint Martin's red cape, which was supposed to protect the monarch, or by the red banner of Saint Denis.

Later during the Middle Ages, these colours came to be associated with the reigning house of France. In 1328, the coat-of-arms of the [[House of Valois]] was blue with gold [[fleurs-de-lis]] bordered in red. From this time on, the kings of France were represented in vignettes and manuscripts wearing a red gown under a blue coat decorated with gold fleurs-de-lis.

During the [[Hundred Years' War]], England was recognised by a red cross, [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]], a red [[saltire]], and France, a white cross. This cross could figure either on a blue or a red field. The blue field eventually became the common standard for French armies. The French regiments were later assigned the white cross as standard, with their proper colours in the cantons.

The French flag of a white cross on a blue field is still seen on some flags derived from it, such as those of [[Flag of Quebec|Quebec]] and [[Flag of Martinique|Martinique]].

The flag of [[Joan of Arc]] during the Hundred Years' War is described in her own words, "I had a banner of which the field was sprinkled with lilies; the world was painted there, with an angel at each side; it was white of the white cloth called 'boccassin'; there was written above it, I believe, 'JHESUS MARIA'; it was fringed with silk.".<ref name="Whitney">Whitney Smith, ''Flags through the ages and across the world'', McGraw-Hill, England, 1975 ISBN 0-07-059093-1, pp. 66-67, The Standard of Joan of Arc,after quoting her from her trial transcript he states: "it was her influence which determined that white should serve as the principal French national colour from shortly after her death in 1431 until the French Revolution almost 350 years later."</ref> Joan's standard led to the prominent use of white on later French flags.<ref name="Whitney"/>
<gallery | align = center>
File:Oriflamme.png|The Oriflamme, the banner of Charlemagne.
File:Blason pays fr FranceAncien.svg|"France ancien", the early coat of arms of the French kings appeared circa 1211
File:France moderne.svg|"France moderne", a simplified coat of arms adopted in 1376
File:Pavillon royal de la France.svg|Blue [[House of Capet|Capetian]] banner was still used during the [[French Renaissance]]. It is now the flag of present-day [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]].
File:Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg|After the end of the [[French Wars of Religion]] (1598), the white [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] flag was commonly used.
File:Pavillon royal de France.svg|Standard of the French royal family prior to [[French Revolution|1789]] and from [[Bourbon Restoration|1815 to 1830]].
File:Naval Flag of the Kingdom of France (Civil Ensign).svg|Naval Flag of the Kingdom of France.
File:Royal Standard of King Louis XIV.svg|Flag of [[New France]].
File:Flag of Royalist France.svg|Flag of French Royalist during the French Revolution
</gallery>

===The ''Tricolore''===
[[File:The national flag of France & Arch of Triumph.ogv|thumb|The national flag of France at Arc de Triomphe]]
[[File:Lar7 cogniet 001z.jpg|thumb|The White flag of the monarchy transformed into the Tricolore as a result of the [[July Revolution]], painting by [[Léon Cogniet]] (1830).]]
From the accession of the Bourbons to the throne of France, the green ensign of the navy became a plain white flag, the symbol of purity and royal authority. The merchant navy was assigned "''the old flag of the nation of France''", the white cross on a blue field.In vented by Jake Gamboa

The tricolour flag is derived from the [[cockade]]s used during the French Revolution. These were circular rosette-like emblems attached to the hat. [[Camille Desmoulins]] asked his followers to wear green cockades on 12 July 1789. The Paris militia, formed on 13 July, adopted a blue and red cockade. Blue and red are the traditional colours of Paris, and they are used on the city's coat of arms. Cockades with various colour schemes were used during the storming of the Bastille on 14 July.<ref name="Crowdy">Crowdy, Terry, ''French Revolutionary Infantry 1789–1802'', p. 42 (2004).</ref> The blue and red cockade was presented to King [[Louis XVI]] at the [[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Hôtel de Ville]] on 17 July.<ref name="Lafayette"/> Lafayette argued for the addition of a white stripe to "nationalise" the design.<ref name="Lafayette"/> On 27 July, a tricolour cockade was adopted as part of the uniform of the National Guard, the national police force that succeeded the militia.<ref>Clifford, Dale, "Can the Uniform Make the Citizen? Paris, 1789-1791," ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'', 2001, p. 369.</ref>

A ''drapeau tricolore'' with vertical red, white and blue stripes was approved by the [[Constituent Assembly]] on 24 October 1790. Simplified designs were used to illustrate how the revolution had broken with the past. The order was reversed to blue-white-red, the current design, by a resolution passed on 15 February 1794. Despite its official status, the ''tricolore'' was rarely used during the [[French Revolution|revolution]]. Instead, the [[red flag (politics)|red flag]] of the [[Jacobin Club]], symbolizing defiance and national emergency, was flown. The ''tricolore'' was restored to prominence under [[Napoleon]].

When the [[Bourbon Restoration|Bourbon dynasty]] was restored following the defeat of [[Napoleon]] in 1815, the ''tricolore''—with its revolutionary connotations—was replaced by a white flag, the pre-revolutionary naval flag. However, following the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, the "citizen-king", [[Louis-Philippe of France|Louis-Philippe]], restored the ''tricolore'', and it has remained France's national flag since that time.

On 25 February 1848 [[Alphonse de Lamartine|Lamartine]] said about the Tricoloured Flag :"I spoke as a citizen earlier, well! Now listen to me, your Foreign Minister. If I remove the tricolor, know it, you will remove me half the external force of France! Because Europe knows the flag of his defeats and of our victories in the flag of the Republic and of the Empire. By seeing the red flag, they'll see the flag of a party! This is the flag of France, it is the flag of our victorious armies, it is the flag of our triumphs that must be addressed before Europe. France and the tricolor is the same thought, the same prestige, even terror, if necessary, for our enemies! Consider how much blood you would have to make for another flag fame!
Citizens, for me, the red flag, I am not adopting it, and I'll tell you why I'm against with all the strength of my patriotism. It's that the tricolor has toured the world with the Republic and the Empire with your freedoms and your glory, and the red flag was that around the Champ-de-Mars, dragged into the people's blood <ref>Alphonse de Lamartine, ''Trois mois au pouvoir'', Paris, Michel Lévy, 1848.</ref>"

Following the overthrow of [[Napoleon III]], voters elected a royalist majority to the National Assembly of the new [[Third French Republic|Third Republic]]. This parliament then offered the throne to the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] pretender, [[Henri, comte de Chambord]]. However, he insisted that he would accept the throne only on the condition that the tricolour be replaced by the white flag. As the tricolour had become a cherished national symbol, this demand proved impossible to accommodate. Plans to restore the monarchy were adjourned and ultimately dropped, and France has remained a republic, with the tricolour flag, ever since.

The [[Vichy France|Vichy régime]], which dropped the word "republic" in favour of "the French state", maintained the use of the ''tricolore'', but [[Philippe Pétain]] used as his personal standard a version of the flag with, in the white stripe, an axe made with a star-studded marshal's [[Baton (military)|baton]]. This axe is called the "Francisque" in reference to the ancient [[Francisca|Frankish throwing axe]]. During this same period, the [[Free France|Free French Forces]] used a ''tricolore'' with, in the white stripe, a red [[Cross of Lorraine]].

The constitutions of 1946 and 1958 instituted the "blue, white, and red" flag as the national emblem of the Republic.

<gallery | align = center>
File:Flag of Paris.svg|Flag of Paris, source of the tricolour's blue and red stripes.
File:The french tricolor cockade.svg|The tricolour cockade, created in July 1789. White was added to "nationalise" an earlier blue and red design.
File:Flag of France.svg|The flag of France since 1794 (interruption 1815–30).
File:Flag of the Constitutional Kingdom of France (Proposed).svg|The French ''tricolore'' with the royal crown and fleur-de-lys was possibly designed by the Count of Chambord in his younger years as a compromise<ref>[http://lafrancedurenouveau.blogspot.com/ La France du Renouveau - Bourbon Royalist design.]</ref><ref>Whitney Smith. ''Flags through the ages and cross the world''. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1975. p. 75.</ref>
File:French-roundel.svg|During the [[First World War]], the [[French Air Force]] originated the use of [[roundel]]s on military aircraft. Similar national cockades, with different ordering of colours, were later adopted as aircraft roundels by their allies.<ref>[http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/faq/roundel.cfm Royal Air Force Museum]</ref>
File:VichyFlag.svg|Personal standard of [[Philippe Pétain]], as Chief of the [[Vichy France|French State]].
File:Flag_of_Free_France_1940-1944.svg|Flag used by the [[Free French Forces]] during [[World War II]]; in the centre is the [[Cross of Lorraine]]; later, the personal standard of President [[Charles de Gaulle]].
</gallery>

==Regimental flags==
<gallery | align = center>
File:Vigiles du roi Charles VII 32.jpg|The French soldiers started to use white crosses, during the [[Hundred Years' War]], to distinguish themselves from the English soldiers wearing red crosses ([[battle of Formigny]]).
File:Rég d Auvergne 1635.png|A white-crossed regimental flag during the [[Ancien Régime]] (here, Régiment d'[[Auvergne (province)|Auvergne]]).
File:Rég de La Sarre 1685.png|La Sarre Regiment (''[[Régiment La Sarre]]'')
Rég du Roi 1757.png|King's Regiment (''[[Régiment du Roi]]'')
Rég de La Reine 1661.png|Queen's Regiment (''[[Régiment de la Reine]]'')
File:Flag of Levis.svg|General [[François de Gaston, Chevalier de Lévis|Lévis]]'s Regiment Flag in North America. Now official flag of the city of [[Levis, Quebec]]
File:Franche de la Marine1.jpg|The pre-[[French Revolution|revolutionary]] regimental flags inspired the flag of [[Quebec]] (here, the [[Compagnies Franches de la Marine]]).

File:Grenadier Pied 1 1812 Revers.png|Regimental flag of the 1st Regiment of Grenadiers of the [[French Imperial Guard]] (1812).
File:Drapeaux 1RE et 2REI Paris 2003.jpg|Current regimental flags of the 1st and 2nd Regiments of the [[French Foreign Legion]]
</gallery>

==Colonial flags==
{{further|French colonial flags|French Colonial Empire}}
Most French colonies either used the regular tri-colour or a regional flag without the French flag. There were some exceptions:
<gallery | align = center>
File:Flag of Colonial Annam.svg|<center>Flag of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]], [[French Indochina]]</center>
File:Flag of French Laos.svg|<center>Flag of [[History of Laos#Before full independence in 1953|Laos]], French Indochina</center>
File:Flag of Togo (1957-1958).svg|<center>Flag of the [[French Togoland|Autonomous Republic of Togo]] (1957–1958)</center>
File:Flag of Gabon 1959-1960.svg|<center>[[Flag of Gabon|Flag of]] [[French Equatorial Africa|Gabon]] (1959–1960)</center>
File:Flag of French Tunisia.svg|<center>Flag used by some military units based in the [[French protectorate of Tunisia]]</center>
File:Flag of the French Mandate of Syria (1920).svg|<center>Flag of the [[French Mandate of Syria]] in 1920</center>
File:Flag of Syria French mandate.svg|<center>Flag of the [[French Mandate of Syria]]</center>
File:Latakiya-sanjak-Alawite-state-French-colonial-flag.svg|<center>Flag of the [[Alawite State|State of Alawites]], later Sanjak of Latakia, in the French Mandate of Syria</center>
File:Flag of the State of Aleppo.svg|<center>Flag of the [[State of Aleppo]], in the French Mandate of Syria</center>
File:Flag of the State of Damascus.svg|<center>Flag of the [[State of Damascus]], in the French Mandate of Syria</center>
File:Flag of Jabal ad-Druze (state).svg|<center>Flag of [[Jabal ad-Druze (state)|Jabal ad-Druze]], in the French Mandate of Syria</center>
File:Flag of the Madagascar Protectorate (1885-1896).svg|<center>Flag of [[Madagascar]] under French protection (1885–1895)</center>
File:Civil ensign of French Morocco.svg|<center>Merchant flag of the [[French protectorate in Morocco|French protectorate of Morocco]] (1912–1956)</center>
File:Flag of the Republic of Independent Guyana (1886-1887).svg|<center>Flag of [[Republic of Independent Guyana]] (1886–1887)</center>
File:Flag of Franceville.svg|<center>Flag of [[New Hebrides]] (Vanuatu) under the Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission (1887–1906)</center>
File:Flag of the Society Islands Protectorate.svg|<center>Flag of [[French Polynesia]] under the Protectorate of France (1845–1880)</center>
File:Lebanon French Mandate Flag.png|Flag of the [[French Mandate of Lebanon|State of Greater Lebanon]] during the French mandate 1920–1943
File:Flag of Republic of Cochinchina.svg|Flag of [[Cochinchina]], French Indochina (1946–1948)
File:Flag of Tay Dam.png|Flag of the [[Sip Song Chau Tai]], French Indochina (1948-1955)
File:Drapeau du Royaume de Uvéa (1860-1886).png|Flag of the French Protectorate of [[Wallis and Futuna]] (Uvea) (1860–1886)
File:Flag of French Sudan.svg|Flag of [[French Sudan]] (1958–1959)
File:Drapeau Protectorat Français RuRutu (1858-1889).png|Flag of the French protectorate of Rurutu in [[French Polynesia]] (1858–1889)
File:Flag of French Governor in French Colony.gif|Flag of French Governor
</gallery>

==Other==
Many provinces and territories in Canada have French-speaking communities with flags representing their communities:
<gallery | align = center>
File:Flag of Acadia.svg|The [[Acadian flag]] used in Canada is based on the tri-colour flag of France, but this flag was never used during French rule of [[Acadia]]. It was adopted in 1884, for more see [[Flag of Acadia]]. Acadians live mainly in [[New Brunswick]] and [[Nova Scotia]]
File:Flag of Quebec.svg|The current [[Flag of Quebec]]. The use of blue and white is characteristic of pre-revolutionary flags
File:Flag of the Franco Albertains.svg|Flag of [[Franco-Albertans]]
File:Franco-Terreneuviens.svg|The flag of [[Franco-Newfoundlander]]
File:Flag of the Franco-Manitobains.svg|Flag of [[Franco-Manitobains]]
File:Franco-Ontarian flag.svg|The [[Franco-Ontarian]] flag used by Francophone Ontario since 1975 and officially recognised in 2001
File:Bandera dels Fransaskois.svg|Flag of [[Fransaskois]] or French speaking Saskatchewans
File:Flag of the Franco-Yukonnais.svg|Flag of [[Franco-Yukonnais]]
File:Flag of the FrancoTenois.svg|Flag of [[Franco-Ténois]]
File:Flag of the Franco-Colombiens.svg|Flag of [[Franco-Columbian]]
File:Flag of the Franco-Nunavois.png|Flag of [[Franco-Nunavois]]
</gallery>

Three regions in the United States have substantial French speaking and ancestral communities:
<gallery | align = center>
File:Flag of Acadiana.svg|Flag of [[Acadiana]]
File:Drapeau Franco-Américain.svg|Flag of United [[Franco-Americans]]
File:Drapeau français-américain.svg|Flag of [[New England]] Franco-Americans
File:Drapeau_de_l'Acadie_occidentale.svg|Flag of [[Aroostook County, Maine|Aroostook county]] Franco-Americans
File:Drapeau_de_la_Louisiane_septentrionale.svg|Flag of [[Mid-West]] Franco-Americans
</gallery>

Although part of France, [[Flag of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|the flag]] of [[Saint-Pierre and Miquelon]] does not incorporate the current national flag. The island's flag is based on the historic regional emblems of France. This flag lacks official status.

<gallery | align = center>
File:Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg|Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of French flags]]
*[[Flags of the regions of France]]
*[[National emblem of France]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* ''Flags Through the Ages and Across the World'', Smith, Whitney, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Ltd, England, 1975. ISBN 0-07-059093-1.

==External links==
{{commons category|Flags of France}}
* [http://besthdgallery.com/french-flag-hd-wallpapers-computer-desktop-images-photos/ French Flag]
* {{FOTW|id=fr|title=France}}
* [http://www.flagspot.net/flags/fr_mon.html Kingdom of France (843?-1792)]
* [http://www.cyber-flag.net Cyber-flag (French site)]

{{France topics}}
{{Symbols of the French Republic}}
{{nationalflags}}
{{Flag of Europe}}
{{Six flags of Texas}}

[[Category:National symbols of France]]
[[Category:National flags|France]]
[[Category:Flags of France| ]]