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Howard Zinn

2008-02-03T18:41:55Z

75.69.181.109: /* Awards, references in pop culture and other accomplishments */

{{Infobox Person
|name = Howard Zinn
|image = Zinn.jpg
|image_size = 187x217px
|caption = Howard Zinn
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1922|08|24}}
|birth_place = Brooklyn, New York
|occupation = [[Professor]], [[Historian]], [[Playwright]]
|main interests = [[History]], [[Civil rights]] [[War]] [[Peace]]
|spouse = Roslyn Zinn
}}
'''Howard Zinn''' (born [[August 24]], [[1922]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[historian]], [[political science|political scientist]], [[Social criticism|social critic]], activist and [[playwright]], best known as author of the [[bestseller]]<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/books/review/30donadio.html?ex=1181275200&en=697d07852d9988f2&ei=5070 NY Times Bestseller list]</ref> ''[[A People's History of the United States]]''.

Zinn's philosophy incorporates ideas from [[Marxism]], [[anarchism]], and [[socialism]]. Since the 1960s, he has been active in the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|Civil Rights]] and [[Peace movement|anti-war movements]] in the United States.

The author of some 20 books, Zinn is currently Professor Emeritus in the Political Science Department at [[Boston University]]. He lives in the [[Auburndale, Massachusetts|Auburndale]] neighborhood of [[Newton, Massachusetts]] with his wife, the artist Roslyn Zinn.<ref>[http://www.what.org/rz/ Biography of Roslyn Zinn]</ref> The couple have two children, Myla and Jeff, and five grandchildren. Both artist and editor, Roslyn has had a role in editing all of Zinn's books and many of his articles. <ref>[http://www.guernicamag.com/interviews/10/a_peoples_history_of_howard_zi/ Biography of Howard Zinn]</ref>

==Education and career==
Education
* B.A., [[New York University]], 1951.
* M.A. and [[Ph.D.]], [[Columbia University]], 1952, 1958.
*[[Post-doctoral]] Fellow in East Asian Studies at [[Harvard University]], 1960-61.
Career
* Professor of [[History]], [[Spelman College]], Atlanta, Ga. 1956-1963.
* Professor of [[Political Science]], [[Boston University]], 1964-1988.
* Visiting Professor and Rhodes Scholar at both the [[University of Paris]] and [[University of Bologna]]
Military Service
* Second Lieutenant and bombardier, [[U.S. Army Air Corps]]; Zinn flew combat missions in Europe 1943-45<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/v/Ehc3V1g5pm0&rel=1&border=0 Film clip of Zinn discussing combat experiences]</ref>
Listings
* ''Who's Who in America''
* ''Dictionary of International Biography''

==Civil Rights movement==
In 1956, Zinn was appointed chairman of the department of history and social sciences at [[Spelman College]], where he participated in the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|Civil Rights movement]]. For example, Zinn lobbied with historian August Meier <ref>[http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2003may/meier.html Bography of August Meier]</ref> "to end the practice of the Southern Historical Association of holding meetings at segregated hotels.<ref>[[Organization of American Historians]]. Obituary of August Meier, May 2003 by John Bracey
[[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst]][http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2003may/meier.html] </ref>

At Spelman, Zinn served as an adviser to the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC) and, in 1964, later wrote the book ''SNCC: The New Abolitionists''.

At Spelman, Zinn collaborated with historian [[Staughton Lynd]] and mentored young student activists, among them writer [[Alice Walker]] and [[Marian Wright Edelman]] now president of the [[Children’s Defense Fund]]. In a journal article, Edelman discusses Zinn as major influence in her life and she tells of his accompanying students to a sit-in at the segregated white section of the [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] state legislature.<ref>Edelman, Marian Wright. "Spelman College: A Safe Haven for A Young Black Woman." ''The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education'', no. 27 (2000): 118-123.</ref>

Although Zinn was a tenured professor, he was dismissed, in June 1963, after siding with students in their desire to challenge Spelman's traditional emphasis of turning out "young ladies" when, as Zinn described in an article in ''[[The Nation (U.S. periodical)|The Nation]],'' Spelman students were likely to be found on the picket line, or in jail for participating in the greater effort to break down segregation in public places in Atlanta. Zinn's years at Spelman are recounted in his autobiography ''You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train: A Personal History of Our Times.'' His seven years at Spelman College, Zinn said, "are probably the most interesting, exciting, most educational years for me. I learned more from my students than my students learned from me."<ref>[http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people/Zinn/zinn-con2.html Interview with Zinn]</ref>

While at Spelman, Zinn wrote that he observed 30 violations of the First and Fourteenth amendments to the [[United States Constitution]] in [[Albany, Georgia]], including the rights to [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of assembly]] and [[equal protection]] of the laws. In an article on the civil rights movement in Albany, Zinn describes the people who participated in the [[Freedom Rides]] to end segregation, and of the reluctance of President [[John F. Kennedy]] to enforce the law.<ref>[http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/oldzinn.htm Zinn interview]</ref> Zinn has also pointed out that the Justice Department under [[Robert F. Kennedy]] and the Federal Bureau of Investigation headed by [[J. Edgar Hoover]], did little to nothing to stop the segregationists from brutalizing civil rights workers.<ref>[http://mediafilter.org/mff/fbi.html Media Filter article on Zinn]</ref>

Zinn wrote frequently about the struggle for civil rights, both as a participant and historian<ref> [http://www.reportingcivilrights.org/authors/biblio.jsp?authorId=85 Zinn biography]</ref> and in 1960-61, he took a year off from teaching to write ''SNCC: The New Abolitionists'' and ''The Southern Mystique.''<ref> [http://www.identitytheory.com/people/birnbaum10.html Intervew with Zinn]</ref> In his book on SNCC, Zinn describes how the sit-ins against segregation were initiated by students and, in that sense, independent of the older, more established civil rights organizations.

He returned to Spelman in 2005 to give the commencement address.<ref>[http://www.exodusnews.com/education/education051.htm Exodus News article on Zinn]</ref> His speech, entitled "Against Discouragement,"<ref>[http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/2728/graduation_day_with_howard_zinn]</ref> is available online at numerous sources.

==Anti-war efforts==
Fresh from writing two books about his research, observations about and participation in the Civil Rights movement in the South, Zinn accepted a position in the political science department at Boston University in 1964. His classes in [[civil liberties]] were among the most popular classes offered at BU with as many as 400 students subscribing each semester to the non-required class. He taught at BU for 24 years and retired in 1988. Zinn wrote one of the earliest books calling for the U.S. withdrawal from its war in Viet Nam. ''VietNam: The Logic of Withdrawal'' was published by Beacon Press in 1967 after articles that would later form the basis for the book had appeared first in ''Commonweal'', ''The Nation,'' ''The Register-Leader,'' and ''Ramparts.''

Zinn eagerly joined the [[Army Air Force]] during [[World War II]] to fight fascism, and he bombed targets in [[Berlin]], [[Czechoslovakia]] and [[Hungary]].<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/v/Ehc3V1g5pm0&rel=1&border=0 film clip of Zinn]</ref> Zinn's anti-war stance was, in part, informed by his own experiences in the military. In April, 1945, he participated in one of the first military uses of napalm, which took place in [[Royan]], [[France]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |title=Declarations of Independence |year=1990 |publisher=HarperPerennial |location=New York, NY |isbn=0060921080}}</ref> [[Image:Howard Zinn bombardier England 1945.jpg|frame|right|2nd Lieut. Howard Zinn, bombardier, Army Air Force in England, 1945.]]The bombings were aimed at German soldiers who were, in Zinn's words, hiding and waiting out the closing days of the war. The attacks killed not only the German soldiers but also French civilians. Nine years later, Zinn visited Royan to examine documents and interview residents. In his books, ''The Politics of History'' and ''The Zinn Reader,'' he described how the bombing was ordered at the war's end by decision-makers most probably motivated by the desire for career advancement rather than for legitimate military objectives.

Zinn said his experience as a bombardier, combined with his research into the reasons for and effects of the bombing of Royan, sensitized him to the ethical dilemmas faced by [[GI (military)|G.I.]]s during wartime.<ref>[http://progressive.org/mag_zinn0106 Interview with Zinn]</ref> Zinn questioned the justifications for military operations inflicting civilian casualties in the Allied bombing of cities such as Dresden, Royan, Tokyo, and [[Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] in World War II, [[Hanoi]] during the U.S. [[war in Vietnam]], and [[Baghdad]] during the U.S. war in [[Iraq]]. In his pamphlet "Hiroshima: Breaking the Silence", Zinn laid out the case against targeting civilians.<ref>[http://cps-www.bu.edu/~amaral/Personal/zinn.html Interview with Zinn]</ref>

===Vietnam===
Zinn's diplomatic visit to Hanoi with Rev. [[Daniel Berrigan]], during the Tet Offensive in January 1968, resulted in the return of three American airmen, the first American ''POWs'' released by the North Vietnamese since the U.S. bombing of that nation had begun. The event was widely reported in the news media and discussed in a variety of books including ''Who Spoke Up? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam 1963-1975'' by Nancy Zaroulis and Gerald Sullivan <ref>{{cite book|title=Who Spoke Up? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam 1963-1975|publisher=Horizon Book Promotions|date= 1989|ISBN=0-385-17547-7}}</ref>. Zinn remained friends and allies with the brothers Dan and [[Philip Berrigan|Philip]] over the years.

[[Daniel Ellsberg]], a former [[RAND]] consultant who had secretly copied [[The Pentagon Papers]], which described internal planning and policy decisions of the United States in the Vietnam War, gave a copy of them to Howard and Roslyn Zinn. <ref>[Ellsberg autobiography, Zinn autobiography]</ref> Along with [[Noam Chomsky]], Zinn edited and annotated the copy of ''The Pentagon Papers'' that Ellsberg entrusted to him. Zinn's longtime publisher, Beacon Press, published what has come to be known as the Senator [[Mike Gravel]] edition of ''The Pentagon Papers,'' four volumes plus a fifth volume with analysis by Chomsky and Zinn. Later, when their granddaughter worked to improve conditions for janitors at [[Wesleyan]], the couple supported the effort.<ref>[http://www.wesleyan.edu/argus/mar800/l1.html]</ref>

At Ellsberg's criminal trial for theft, conspiracy, and espionage in connection with the publication of the Pentagon Papers by ''The [[New York Times]]'', defense attorneys called Zinn as an expert witness to explain to the jury the history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam from World War II to 1963. Zinn discussed that history for several hours, later reflecting on his time before the jury. "I explained there was nothing in the papers of military significance that could be used to harm the defense of the United States, that the information in them was simply embarrassing to our government because what was revealed, in the government's own interoffice memos, was how it had lied to the American public. The secrets disclosed in the Pentagon Papers might embarrass politicians, might hurt the profits of corporations wanting tin, rubber, oil, in far-off places. But this was not the same as hurting the nation, the people," Zinn wrote in his autobiography. Most of the jurors later said they voted for acquittal. [p. 161] However, the federal judge dismissed the case on grounds it had been tainted by the burglary by President [[Richard M. Nixon]]'s administration of the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist.

When secretaries struck at BU, Zinn and Dr. Murray Levin and [[Frances Fox Piven]] refused<ref>[http://www.monthlyreview.org/200zinn.htm]</ref> to cross the picket line, and instead, taught classes off campus.
Zinn's testimony as to the motivation for government secrecy was confirmed in 1989 by Erwin Griswold, who as U.S. solicitor general during the Nixon administration, prosecuted ''The New York Times'' in the Pentagon Papers case in 1971. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-op-blanton21may21,0,1992884.story|title="The lie behind the secrets"|author=Blanton, Tom|date=2006-05-21|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=2008-01-21}}</ref> Griswold persuaded three Supreme Court justices to vote to stop ''The New York Times'' from continuing to publish the Pentagon Papers, an order known as "prior restraint" that has been held to be illegal under the [[First Amendment]] to the [[U.S. Constitution]]. The papers were simultaneously published in ''[[The Washington Post]]'', effectively nulling the effect of the prior restraint order. In 1989, Griswold admitted there was no national security damage from publication of the papers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-op-blanton21may21,0,1992884.story|title="The lie behind the secrets"|author=Blanton, Tom|date=2006-05-21|publisher=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=2008-01-21}}</ref>In a column in the ''Washington Post'', Griswold wrote: "It quickly becomes apparent to any person who has considerable experience with classified material that there is massive over classification and that the principal concern of the classifiers is not with national security, but with governmental embarrassment of one sort or another."
Zinn supported the G.I. antiwar movement during the U.S. war in Vietnam. In the 2001 film ''[[Unfinished Symphony]]'', Zinn provides historical context for the 1971 antiwar march by [[Vietnam Veterans against the War]].
The marchers traveled from [[Lexington]], [[Massachusetts]], to [[Bunker Hill]], "which retraced [[Paul Revere]]'s ride of 1775 and ended in the massive arrest of 410 veterans and civilians by the Lexington police." The film depicts "scenes from the 1971 <ref>{{cite book|title=Winter Soldier Investigation|date=1971}}</ref>, during which former G.I.s testified about atrocities" they either participated in or witnessed in Vietnam.<ref>[http://www.chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/unfinished.pdf]</ref>

===Iraq===
Zinn opposed the invasion and occupation of Iraq, and has written several books about it. He asserts that the U.S. will end its war with, and occupation of, Iraq when resistance within the military increases, in the same way resistance within the military contributed to ending the U.S. war in Vietnam. He compares the demand by a growing number of contemporary U.S. military families to end the war in Iraq to the parallel "in the Confederacy in the Civil War, when the wives of soldiers rioted because their husbands were dying and the plantation owners were profiting from the sale of cotton, refusing to grow grains for civilians to eat." <ref>[http://www.tomdispatch.com/index.mhtml?emx=x&pid=20715 Interview with Zinn]</ref> Zinn argued that "There is no flag large enough to cover the shame of killing innocent people for a purpose which is unattainable."<ref>[http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Zinn/Tripoli_ZR.html "Terrorism Over Tripoli" from ''Zinn Reader'', Seven Stories Press (1993) excerpted online]</ref>

Jean-Christophe Agnew, Professor of History and American Studies at [[Yale University]],[http://www.yale.edu/history/faculty/agnew.html] told the ''[[Yale Daily News]]'' in May 2007 that Zinn’s historical work is "highly influential and widely used".<ref>[http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/21049]</ref> He observed that it is not unusual for prominent professors such as Zinn to weigh in on current events, citing a resolution opposing the war in Iraq that was recently ratified by the [[American Historical Association]].<ref>[http://blog.historians.org/news/166/iraq-war-resolution-is-ratified-by-aha-members]</ref> Agnew added, “In these moments of crisis, when the country is split — so historians are split.”<ref> http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/05/04/963/ </ref>

==''A People's History''==
{{main|A People's History of the United States}}
As a historian, Zinn found that the point of view expressed in traditional history books was often limited. He wrote a history textbook, ''A People's History of the United States'' with the goal to provide other perspectives of American history. The textbook depicts the struggles of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] against European and U.S. conquest and expansion, slaves against slavery, unionists and other workers against capitalists, women against [[patriarchy]], and African-Americans for [[civil rights]].

In the years since the first edition of ''A People's History'' was published in 1980, it has been used as an alternative to standard textbooks in many high school and college history courses, and is one of the most widely known examples of [[critical pedagogy]]. According to the ''[[New York Times Book Review]]'' it "routinely sells more than 100,000 copies a year".<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/30/books/review/30donadio.html "Backlist to the Future"] by Rachel Donadio, [[July 30]], [[2006]]</ref>

In the spring of 2003, to commemorate the sale of the millionth copy of ''A People's History,'' a dramatic reading was held at the [[92nd Street Y]] in New York City. The reading featured [[Danny Glover]], [[Andre Gregory]], [[James Earl Jones]], actress Myla Pitt, [[Marisa Tomei]], [[Kurt Vonnegut]], [[Alice Walker]], [[Alfre Woodard]], [[Harris Yulin]], Jeff Zinn, producing artistic director of the Wellfleet Harbor Actors Theater [http://www.what.org], and Howard Zinn as narrator. The event aired on ''Democracy Now!'', and was hosted by [[Amy Goodman]], and is online at [http://www.democracynow.org/index.pl?issue=20040705 Democracy Now] The program was also released as a book and CD under the title, ''The People Speak: American Voices, Some Famous, Some Little Known''.

Interwoven with commentary by Zinn, both the book and the dramatic reading upon which the newer book is based, includes passages from Zinn's research in ''A People's History of the United States'' on [[Christopher Columbus]] on the [[Arawak]]s; Plough Jogger, a farmer and participant in [[Shays' Rebellion]]; Harriet Hanson, a Lowell mill worker; [[Frederick Douglass]]; [[Mark Twain]]; [[Mother Jones]]; [[Emma Goldman]]; [[Helen Keller]]; [[Eugene V. Debs]]; [[Langston Hughes]]; Genova Johnson Dollinger on a [[sit-down strike]] at [[General Motors]] in Flint, [[Michigan]]; an interrogation from a 1953 [[House Unamerican Activities Committee|HUAC hearing]]; [[Fannie Lou Hamer]], a sharecropper and member of the Freedom Democratic Party; [[Malcolm X]]; and James Lawrence Harrington, a Gulf War resister, among others.

Kurt Vonnegut read the words of [[Mark Twain]] at the event celebrating the work of Zinn, a fellow World War II veteran. Vonnegut read from Twain, who spoke out after President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] congratulated a general involved in the 1906 [[Moro Crater massacre]] in the [[Philippines]].

"It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make these people free and let them deal with their own domestic questions in their own way; and so I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land," Vonnegut quoted Twain during the reading.
<ref>http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/patriots_day_stop_the_violence/</ref>

In 2004, Zinn published ''Voices of A People's History of the United States'' with [[Anthony Arnove]]. ''Voices'' expands on the concept and provides a large collection of dissident voices in long form. The book is intended as a companion to ''A People's History'' and parallels its structure.

Zinn was a consultant to the six-part documentary ''A People's History of the United States'' <ref>[http://www.peopleshistory.org/ Zinn's website]</ref>, a television series produced by [[Alvin H. Perlmutter]]. According to the documentary's website, the series is expected to be broadcast in 2007.

After years of requests from parents and teachers for a younger readers' version of ''A People's History,'' in July 2007 [[Seven Stories Press]] has published ''[[A People's History of the United States#Younger readers version|A Young People's History of the United States]],'' a two-volume, illustrated adaptation of the original text for young adult readers (ages 10-14), updated through the end of 2006.

===Critical reception===
When ''A People's History of the United States'' was first published in 1980, the ''[[New York Times]]'' reviewer, [[Columbia University]] historian [[Eric Foner]], described the book as filled with telling quotations and vivid descriptions of usually ignored events, and said that "Zinn writes with an enthusiasm rarely encountered in the leaden prose of academic history." However, referring to Zinn's focus on "the distinctive experience of blacks, women, Indians,
workers and other neglected groups," Foner said, "The portrayal of these anonymous Americans is strangely circumscribed. Blacks, Indians, women and laborers appear either as rebels or as victims. Less dramatic but more typical lives — people struggling to survive with dignity in difficult circumstances — receive little attention", adding, "''A People's History'' reflects a deeply pessimistic vision of the American experience." Summing up, Foner found the approach to be limited, and said further that the book needed "an integrated account incorporating Thomas Jefferson and his slaves, Andrew Jackson and the Indians, Woodrow Wilson and the Wobblies."<ref>Foner, Eric, "Majority Report", ''[[New York Times Book Review]]'', [[March 2]], [[1980]], pp. BR3-BR4.</ref>

Writing in the ''[[Washington Post]] Book World,'' reviewer [[Michael Kammen]], a professor of American History at [[Cornell]], wrote: "I wish that I could pronounce Zinn's book a great success, but it is not. It is a synthesis of the radical and revisionist historiography of the past decade. . . Not only does the book read like a scissors and paste-pot job, but even less attractive, so much attention to historians, historiography and historical polemic leaves precious little space for the ''substance'' of history. . . . We do deserve a people's history; but not a singleminded, simpleminded history, too often of fools, knaves and Robin Hoods. We need a judicious people's history because the people are entitled to have their history ''whole;'' not just those parts that will anger or embarrass them. . . . If that is asking for the moon, then we will cheerfully settle for ''balanced'' history."<ref>Kammen, Michael, "How the Other Half Lived", ''[[Washington Post]] Book World,'' [[March 23]], [[1980]], p. 7</ref>

In a 2004 article in ''[[Dissent (magazine)|Dissent]]'' critiquing the 5th edition of ''A People's History of the United States,'' [[Georgetown University]] history professor Michael Kazin argued that Zinn's book is too focused on [[class conflict]], and wrongly attributes sinister motives to the American political elite. He also characterized the book as an overly simplistic narrative of elite villains and oppressed people, with no attempt to understand historical actors in the context of the time in which they lived. Kazin writes, "The ironic effect of such portraits of rulers is to rob 'the people' of cultural richness and variety, characteristics that might gain the respect and not just the sympathy of contemporary readers. For Zinn, ordinary Americans seem to live only to fight the rich and haughty and, inevitably, to be fooled by them."<ref>[http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=385 "Howard Zinn's History Lessons",] by Michael Kazin, ''[[Dissent (magazine)|Dissent]],'' Spring 2004</ref> Kazin argues further that ''A People's History'' fails to explain why the American political-economic model continues to attract millions of minorities, women, workers, and immigrants, or why the socialist and radical political movements Zinn favors have failed to gain widespread support among the American public.

Responding to Kazin's criticism, Dale McCartney, editor of the Canadian online magazine, ''[[Seven Oaks]],'' writes:

:Zinn is not neglecting a more objective perspective on American history; he's rejecting it in favor of an openly political stance that reclaims the history of oppressed peoples, regardless of race or gender. His popularity is testament to both the appeal of such a reading of American history, and the desperate thirst of working class people, people of colour, women and the many other victims of modern society's ravages for a history in which they are at the centre. I would go so far as to argue that not only has Kazin underestimated the importance of this role for Zinn's book, but that the academic tradition of objectivity (read: liberalism that favors white men) has played a key role in marginalizing oppressed peoples and derailing social movements. Zinn's work is an important corrective to this destructive tradition in historical writing.<ref>[http://www.sevenoaksmag.com/commentary/06_zinn.html "Accessing history: The importance of Howard Zinn"] by Dale McCartney, ''[[Seven Oaks]] Magazine,'' [[March 29]], [[2004]]</ref>

==9/11 Truth==
Zinn is an original signatory of the [[9/11 Truth Statement]].<ref>http://www.911truth.org/article.php?story=20041026093059633</ref>

==Awards, references in pop culture and other accomplishments==
* Zinn's first book, ''La Guardia in Congress'', won the [[American Historical Association]]'s [[Beveridge Award|Beveridge Prize]] as the best English-language book on [[American history]].

* Zinn has received the [[Thomas Merton]] [[Thomas Merton Award|Award]] and the [[Eugene V. Debs]] [[Eugene V. Debs Award|Award]]. In 1998, he won the [[Lannan Literary Award]][http://www.lannan.org/lf/bios/detail/howard-zinn/] for nonfiction and the following year won the [[Upton Sinclair]] [[Upton Sinclair Award|Award]], which honors social activism. In 2003, Zinn was awarded the ''Prix des Amis du [[Monde diplomatique]]''<ref>[http://www.amis.monde-diplomatique.fr/article.php3?id_article=252]</ref> for the French version of his seminal work, ''Une histoire populaire des Etats-Unis.''

* On October 5, 2006, Howard Zinn received the Haven's Center Award for Lifetime Contribution to Critical Scholarship in [[Madison]], [[Wisconsin]].<ref>[http://www.news.wisc.edu/12985.html]</ref>

* Zinn is a <ref>[http://www.bordc.org/about/advisory.php member]</ref> of the advisory board of the [[Bill of Rights Defense Committee]], and of the [[Disarm Education Fund]] <ref>[http://www.disarm.org/about/staff.html Disarm.org website]</ref>

* Zinn's autobiography is ''You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train.'' A biographical documentary film called ''Howard Zinn: You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train'' (2004) was shown in select theaters. The film, on DVD, by Deb Ellis and Denis Mueller<ref>[http://firstrunfeatures.com/product418.html]</ref> contains music composed by Richard Martinez[http://www.us.imdb.com/name/nm0553680/] and features music by [[Billy Bragg]], [[Woodie Guthrie]], and [[Pearl Jam]]. The film includes footage of Howard and Roslyn Zinn, [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Marian Wright Edelman]], [[Daniel Ellsberg]], [[Tom Hayden]] and [[Alice Walker]]. The 78-minute film on DVD includes these special features: On Human Nature and Aggression; Zinn's speech at Veterans for Peace Conference, 2004; and audio of his 1971 speech at the Boston Common on Civil Disobedience. In the film, Noam Chomsky says Zinn "changed the consciousness of a generation."

* The film was narrated by actor [[Matt Damon]] who lived next door to the Zinns as a child in [[West Newton, Massachusetts]]. Damon included a reference to ''A People's History'' in his film ''[[Good Will Hunting]]''. In a confrontation with his psychologist, played by [[Robin Williams]], Damon's character tells him: "If you want to read a real history book, read Howard Zinn's ''A People's History of the United States''. That book will knock you on your ass." Damon also read the latter half of ''People's History'' for an audiobook released [[February 1]], [[2003]] (ISBN 0-06-053006-5). ''People's History'' was referenced in a [[Columbus Day]] episode of the TV show ''[[The Sopranos]]''.

* In October 2005, [[Chicago]]'s [[indie (music)|indie]] [[punk rock|punk]] label Thick Records released a [[compact disc|CD]] called ''You Can't Blow Up A Social Relationship'' by [[Springfield, Illinois|Springfield]]-based indie rock band, Resident Genius, featuring excerpts from several Zinn talks. The six Zinn excerpts are "a greatest hits of his speeches recorded over the last 15 years by Roger Leisner of Radio Free Maine. They touch on his 'usual' topics of engaged activism, history from below, war, the media and much more."<ref>[http://www.akpress.org/2005/items/youcantblowupzinnresidentgenius]</ref>

* Zinn's ''You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train'' is mentioned in System of a Down's song, "Deer Dance". The line "You can't be neutral on a moving train" is the basis for the Pearl Jam B-Side "[[Down (Pearl Jam song)|Down]]".

* The [[NoFX]] song "[[Franco Un-American]]" from the album ''[[The War on Errorism]]'' mentions Zinn.

* Zinn has expressed support for Democratic Presidential candidate [[Dennis Kucinich]] as well as his efforts to impeach Vice President [[Dick Cheney]].

* The [[Pearl Jam]] song "Down" from the album ''[[Lost Dogs]]'' was inspired by the band's friendship with Zinn.

==Theatrical works==
Zinn has written three plays, including ''[[Daughter of Venus]]'' (1985), ''[[Emma (play)|Emma]]'' and ''[[Marx in Soho]]''.

''Emma'' is based on the life of the early 20th century anarchist [[Emma Goldman]]. Goldman, an anarchist, feminist, and free-spirited thinker was exiled from the United States because of her viewpoints, including her staunch opposition to [[World War I]]. As Zinn writes in his Introduction, Emma Goldman 'seemed to be tireless as she traveled the country, lecturing to large audiences everywhere, on birth control (‘A woman should decide for herself’), on the falsity of marriage as an institution (‘Marriage has nothing to do with love’), on patriotism (‘the last refuge of a scoundrel’) on [[free love]] (‘What is love if not free?’), and also on drama, including Shaw, Ibsen, and Strindberg'.

Zinn's most recent play is ''Marx in Soho: A Play on History,''<ref>[http://isbn.nu/9780896085947]</ref> a drama that has been continuously performed <ref>[http://www.marxinsoho.com/2/2.html]</ref> to encouraging reviews<ref>[http://www.marxinsoho.com/1/1.html]</ref> <ref>[http://laweekly.com/theater/theater_results.php?showid=590&Sumbit.x=58&Sumbit.y=11 LA Weekly]</ref> in small theaters throughout the United States, with [[Brian Jones (actor)|Brian Jones]] in the title role starting in 1999 through 2005. In February 2005, [[Bob Weick]] took on the title role in a traveling tour. Tour details are at the Iron Age Theatre.<ref>[http://www.ironagetheatre.org/marx.html Iron Age Theatre].</ref>

==Books written or edited by Howard Zinn==
===Books===
* ''Artists in Times of War'' (2003) ISBN 1-58322-602-8
* ''The Cold War & the University: Toward an Intellectual History of the Postwar Years'' ([[Noam Chomsky]] (Editor) Authors: Ira Katznelson[http://www.apsanet.org/content_8192.cfm], [[R. C. Lewontin]], [[David Montgomery]], [[Laura Nader]], Richard Ohmann[http://www.upne.com/0-8195-6589-X.html], [[Ray Siever]], [[Immanuel Wallerstein]], Howard Zinn (1997) ISBN 1-56584-005-4
* ''Declarations of Independence: Cross-Examining American Ideology'' (1991) ISBN 0-06-092108-0 [http://sunrisedancer.com/radicalreader/library/declarationsofindependence/]
* ''Disobedience and Democracy: Nine Fallacies on Law and Order'' (1968, re-issued 2002) ISBN 0-89608-675-5
* ''Emma: A Play in Two Acts About Emma Goldman, American Anarchist'' (2002) ISBN 0-89608-664-X
* ''Failure to Quit: Reflections of an Optimistic Historian'' (1993) ISBN 0-89608-676-3
* ''The Future of History: Interviews With David Barsamian'' (1999) ISBN 1-56751-157-0
* ''Hiroshima: Breaking the Silence'' [http://polymer.bu.edu/~amaral/Personal/zinn.html (pamphlet, 1995)] ISBN 1-884519-14-8
* ''Howard Zinn On Democratic Education'' [[Donaldo Macedo]], Editor (2004) ISBN 1-59451-054-7
* ''Howard Zinn on History'' (2000) ISBN 1-58322-048-8
* ''Howard Zinn on War'' (2000) ISBN 1-58322-049-6
* ''Justice in Everyday Life: The Way It Really Works'' (Editor) (1974) ISBN 0-89608-677-1
* ''Justice? Eyewitness Accounts'' (1977) ISBN 0-8070-4479-2
* ''La Otra Historia De Los Estados Unidos'' (2000) ISBN 1-58322-054-2
* ''LaGuardia in Congress'' (1959) ISBN 0-8371-6434-6, ISBN 0-393-00488-0
* ''Marx in Soho: A Play on History'' (1999) ISBN 0-89608-593-7
* ''New Deal Thought'' (editor) (1965) ISBN 0-87220-685-8
* ''Passionate Declarations: Essays on War and Justice'' (2003) ISBN 0-06-055767-2
* ''The Pentagon Papers'' Senator Gravel Edition. Vol. Five. Critical Essays. Boston. Beacon Press, 1972. 341p. plus 72p. of Index to Vol. I-IV of the Papers, Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, editors
* ''A People's History of the Civil War: Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom'' by [[David Williams]], Howard Zinn (Series Editor) (2005) ISBN 1-59558-018-2
* ''A People's History of the United States: 1492 – Present'' (1980), revised (1995)(1998)(1999)(2003) ISBN 0-06-052837-0
* ''A People's History of the United States: Teaching Edition Abridged'' (2003 updated) ISBN 1-56584-826-8
* ''A People's History of the United States: The Civil War to the Present'' [[Kathy Emery]] [[Ellen Reeves]] Howard Zinn (2003 teaching edition) ISBN 1-56584-725-3
* ''A People's History of the United States: The Wall Charts'' by Howard Zinn and [[George Kirschner]] (1995) ISBN 1-56584-171-9
* ''The People Speak: American Voices, Some Famous, Some Little Known'' (2004) ISBN 0-06-057826-2
* ''Playbook'' by [[Maxine Klein]], [[Lydia Sargent]] and Howard Zinn (1986) ISBN 0-89608-309-8
* ''The Politics of History'' (1970) (2nd edition 1990) ISBN 0-252-06122-5
* ''Postwar America: 1945 – 1971'' (1973) ISBN 0-89608-678-X
* ''A Power Governments Cannot Suppress'' (2006) ISBN 978-0872864757
* ''The Power of Nonviolence: Writings by Advocates of Peace'' Editor (2002) ISBN 0-8070-1407-9
* ''SNCC: The New Abolitionists'' (1964) ISBN 0-89608-679-8
* ''The Southern Mystique'' (1962) ISBN 0-89608-680-1
* ''Terrorism and War'' (2002) ISBN 1-58322-493-9 (interviews, Anthony Arnove (Ed.))
* ''The Twentieth Century: A People's History'' (2003) ISBN 0-06-053034-0
* ''Three Strikes: Miners, Musicians, Salesgirls, and the Fighting Spirit of Labor's Last Century'' (Dana Frank, Robin Kelley, and Howard Zinn) (2002) ISBN 0-8070-5013-X
* ''Vietnam: The Logic of Withdrawal'' (1967) ISBN 0-89608-681-X
* ''Voices of a People’s History of the United States'' (with [[Anthony Arnove]], 2004) ISBN 1-58322-647-8
* ''You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train: A Personal History of Our Times'' (1994) ISBN 0-8070-7127-7
* ''A Young People's History of the United States'', adapted from the original text by Rebecca Stefoff; illustrated and updated through 2006, with new introduction and afterward by Howard Zinn; two volumes, [[Seven Stories Press]], New York, 2007.
** ''Vol. 1: Columbus to the Spanish-American War''. ISBN 978-1-58322-759-6
** ''Vol. 2: Class Struggle to the War on Terror''. ISBN 978-1-58322-760-2
* ''The Zinn Reader: Writings on Disobedience and Democracy'' (1997) ISBN 1-888363-54-1

===Forewords and introductions by Howard Zinn===
* ''A Gigantic Mistake'' by [[Mickey Z]], (2004) ISBN 1-930997-97-3
* ''A People's History of the Supreme Court'' by [[Peter H. Irons]] (2000) ISBN 0-14-029201-2
* ''A Political Dynasty In North Idaho, 1933-1967'' by [[Randall Doyle]] (2004) ISBN 0-7618-2843-5
* ''American Political Prisoners: Prosecutions Under the Espionage and Sedition Acts'' by [[Stephen M. Kohn]] (1994) ISBN 0-275-94415-8
* ''American Power and the New Mandarins'' by [[Noam Chomsky]] (2002) ISBN 1-56584-775-X
* ''Broken Promises Of America: At Home And Abroad, Past And Present: An Encyclopedia For Our Times'' by ([[Douglas F. Dowd]] (2004) ISBN 1-56751-313-1
* ''Deserter From Death: Dispatches From Western Europe 1950-2000'' by [[Daniel Singer]] (2005) ISBN 1-56025-642-7
* ''Ecocide of Native America: Environmental Destruction of Indian Lands and Peoples'' by [[Donald Grinde]], [[Bruce Johansen]] (1994) ISBN 0-940666-52-9
* ''Eugene V. Debs Reader: Socialism and the Class Struggle'' by [[William A. Pelz]] (2000) ISBN 0-9704669-0-0
* ''From a Native Son: Selected Essays in Indigenism, 1985 – 1995'' by [[Ward Churchill]] (1996) ISBN 0-89608-553-8
* ''Green Parrots: A War Surgeon's Diary'' by [[Gino Strada]], (2005) ISBN 88-8158-420-4
* ''Hijacking Catastrophe: 9/11, Fear And The Selling Of American Empire'' by [[Sut Jhally]] editor, [[Jeremy Earp]] editor, (2004) ISBN 1-56656-581-2
* ''If You're Not a Terrorist…Then Stop Asking Questions!'' by [[Micah Ian Wright]], (2004) ISBN 1-58322-626-5
* ''Iraq: The Logic of Withdrawal'' by [[Anthony Arnove]], (2006) ISBN 978-1-59558-079-5
* ''Impeach the President: The Case Against Bush and Cheney Dennis Loo (Editor), Peter Phillips (Editor) Seven Stories Press: 2006) ISBN 1583227431
* ''Life of an Anarchist: The Alexander Berkman Reader'' by [[Alexander Berkman]] [[Gene Fellner]], editor, (2004) ISBN 1-58322-662-1
* ''Long Shadows: Veterans' Paths to Peace'' by [[David Giffey]] editor, (2006) ISBN 1-89185-964-9
* ''Masters of War: Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution Through the Clinton Years'' by [[Clara Nieto]], [[Chris Brandt (trans)]] (2003) ISBN 1-58322-545-5
* ''Peace Signs: The Anti-War Movement Illustrated'' by [[James Mann (writer)|James Mann]], editor (2004) ISBN 3-283-00487-0
* ''Prayer for the Morning Headlines: On the Sanctity of Life and Death'' by [[Daniel Berrigan]] (poetry) and [[Adrianna Amari]] (photography), (2007) ISBN 978-1-934074-16-9
* ''Silencing Political Dissent: How Post-9-11 Anti-terrorism Measures Threaten Our Civil Liberties'' by [[Nancy Chang]], [[Center for Constitutional Rights]] (2002) ISBN 1-58322-494-7
* ''Soldiers In Revolt: GI Resistance During The Vietnam War'' by [[David Cortright]], (2005) ISBN 1-931859-27-2
* ''Sold to the Highest Bidder: The Presidency from Dwight D. Eisenhower to George W. Bush'' by [[Daniel M. Friedenberg]] (2002) ISBN 1-57392-923-9
* ''The Autobiography of Abbie Hoffman'' Intro by [[Norman Mailer]], Afterword by HZ (2000) ISBN 1-56858-197-1
* ''The Case for Socialism'' by [[Alan Maass]], (2004) ISBN 1-931859-09-4
* ''The Forging of the American Empire: From the Revolution to Vietnam, a History of U.S. Imperialism'' by [[Sidney Lens]] (2003) ISBN 0-7453-2101-1
* ''The Higher Law: Thoreau on Civil Disobedience and Reform'' by [[Henry David Thoreau]] [[Wendell Glick]], editor, (2004) ISBN 0-691-11876-0
* ''The Iron Heel'' by [[Jack London]], (1971) ISBN 0-143-03971-7
* ''The Sixties Experience: Hard Lessons about Modern America'' by [[Edward P. Morgan]], (1992) ISBN 1-56639-014-1
* ''You Back the Attack, We'll Bomb Who We Want'' by [[Micah Ian Wright]], (2003) ISBN 1-58322-584-6
* ''A People's History of the American Revolution'' by [[Ray Raphael]], (2002) ISBN 0-06-000440-1 ''Howard Zinn Foreword for New Press People's History Series''

===Op-Ed Pieces===
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/books/review/Letters-t-1.html?_r=1&oref=slogin "On Terror"], ''[[New York Times]]'', [[New York Times Sunday Review of Books|Sunday Review of Books]] Zinn refutes Samantha Power's moral distinction between civilian deaths by aerial bombings and those caused by suicide bombings as "illogical".

===Compact discs===
* ''A People's History of the United States'' (1999)
* ''Artists in the Time of War'' (2002)
* ''Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, and the Revolutionary Struggle'' (2000)
* ''Stories Hollywood Never Tells'' (2000)
* ''You Can't Blow Up A Social Relationship'' - split CD featuring Zinn talks and noted indie rock band [[Resident genius]] (Thick Records) (2005)

Zinn is currently on the [[Alternative Tentacles]] record label run by ex-Dead Kennedys vocalist [[Jello Biafra]]. Alternative Tentacles sells all forms of Zinn media, including books, films, and compact discs, and stocks hard-to-find Zinn material.

==Biographies and profiles==
*[http://www.prometheusbooks.com/catalog/book_1356.html ''Howard Zinn: A Radical American Vision,''] by [[Davis D. Joyce]], foreword by [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Prometheus Books]], 2003. ISBN 1-59102-131-6
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0416825/ ''Howard Zinn: You Can't Be Neutral On A Moving Train''] Biographic film by Deb Ellis and Denis Mueller (2004)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://howardzinn.org ''HowardZinn.org'']
*[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1524095 ''The Tavis Smiley Show'': "Howard Zinn and the Omissions of U.S. History"], November 27, 2003, National Public Radio
*[http://www.zmag.org/bios/homepage.cfm?authorID=97 ''ZNet'' and ''Z Mag'' articles]
*[http://www.progressive.org/search/search.php3?ps=10&q=howard%2Bzinn&ps=20&o=0&ul= ''The Progressive'' articles]
*[http://firstrunfeatures.com/zinn.html ''Howard Zinn: You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train'']
*[http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=385 "Howard Zinn's History Lessons"], Michael Kazin
*[http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/Printable.asp?ID=8145 "Master of Deceit"], Daniel J. Flynn (retrieved 2006-09-13)

{{Persondata
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[[Category:American anti-Vietnam War activists]]
[[Category:American anti-war activists]]
[[Category:American Marxists]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American tax resisters]]
[[Category:Anarchist academics]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:G7 Welcoming Committee Records]]
[[Category:Historians of the United States]]
[[Category:Historians of anarchism]]
[[Category:American historians]]
[[Category:Jewish American historians]]
[[Category:Jewish American writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marxist historians]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Thomas Merton Award]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]

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Rock the Casbah

2008-01-29T22:48:31Z

75.69.181.109: /* Political impact */

{{Single infobox 
| Name = Rock the Casbah
| Cover = Rock the casbah.jpg
| Artist = [[The Clash]]
| from Album = [[Combat Rock]]
| Length = 3:43
| Label = [[CBS Records|CBS]]
| B-side = "[[Long Time Jerk]]"
| Released = {{Start date|1982|6|11}} ([[United Kingdom|U.K.]])
| Recorded = 1982
| Format = [[Single (music)|7" & 12" vinyl]], [[CD]]
| Genre = [[Punk funk]]
| Writer = The Clash<ref>[[Topper Headon]] is said to have written the main piano riff, but he as well as the rest of the band are credited</ref>
| Last single = "[[Should I Stay or Should I Go?]]" (1982)
| This single = "[[Rock the Casbah]]" (1982)
| Next single = "[[Straight to Hell (song)|Straight to Hell]]" (1982)
| Misc =
{{Extra musicsample
| filename = Clash - Rock The Casbah excerpt.ogg
| title = The Clash - Rock the Casbah
| format = [[Ogg]]
| Type = single
}}
}}
"[[Rock the Casbah]]" is a [[song]] by [[The Clash]], released on their [[1982]] [[album]] ''[[Combat Rock]]''. It was later released as a single, and is their only song to become a Top 10 hit in the [[United States]], reaching #8 on the ''[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]'' [[Hot 100]] chart.<ref name="songfacts.com-Rock_the_Casbah">{{cite web
|url=http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=1549
|title=Rock the Casbah by The Clash Songfacts
|accessdate=2008-01-20
|format=PHP
|publisher=Songfacts
|quote=
}}</ref>

==Origins of the song==
One theory is that the song was inspired by the banning of [[rock music]] in [[Iran]] under [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]].<ref name="songfacts.com-Rock_the_Casbah" /> Another is that it explains how false religious leaders in Iran, post-revolution, and in Israel have politcized their religions and ruined both countries and the entire region so as to benefit the U.S. The song gives a [[fable|fabulist]] account of the ban being defied by the population, who proceed to "rock the [[casbah]]". The [[Monarch|King]] orders [[Jet aircraft|jet]] [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]] to bomb any people in violation of the ban. The pilots ignore the orders, and instead play rock music on their cockpit radios.

The song does not mention [[Iran]] or any other [[Islam]]ic nation by name. The lyrics include a mixture of [[Arab]]ic, [[Hebrew]], [[Hindi]], and [[North Africa]]n terms such as [[sharif]], [[bedouin]], [[sheikh]], [[kosher]], [[raga]], [[muezzin]], and [[casbah]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.londonsburning.org/lyr_combat_rock.html#RocktheCas
|title=Rock the Casbah
|accessdate=2008-01-20
|work=Combat Rock Lyrics
|publisher=londonsburning.org
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/Rock-the-Casbah-lyrics-The-Clash/6BC5F672F9AD8EC4482568AB00317382
|title=THE CLASH - ROCK THE CASBAH LYRICS
|accessdate=2008-01-20
|format=NSF
|publisher=sing365.com
}}</ref>

According to the album notes on the [[box set]] ''[[The Clash on Broadway]]'', "Rock the Casbah" originated when the band's manager [[Bernie Rhodes]], after hearing them record an inordinately long track for the album, asked them facetiously "''does everything have to be as long as this [[raga]]?''" (referring to the [[India]]n musical style known for its length and complexity). [[Joe Strummer]] later wrote the opening lines to the song: "''The King told the boogie-men 'you have to let that raga drop'''". The rest of the lyrics soon followed.<ref>{{cite video
|people =[[The Clash]]
|date2 =1991-11-19
|title =[[Clash on Broadway]]
|medium =CD
|publisher =Epic
|location =New York, NY
|accessdate =2008-01-20
|oclc =25248082
}}</ref>

The song is one of the few in which [[drummer]] [[Topper Headon]] played a substantial role in the writing of the music beyond the percussion tracks.<ref name="songfacts.com-Rock_the_Casbah" /> The instrumental opening was a tune he had written on the [[piano]] some time earlier, and had toyed with during rehearsals before being incorporated into the song. In the [[2000]] [[Documentary film|documentary]] ''[[Westway to the World]]'' Headon said he played drums, bass, and piano on the record for the song. Headon claims that, while he thought he was merely playing the song for the band, his performances were, unbeknownst to him, recorded. All that was left to record was the guitar parts and the vocals.<ref name="Westway_to_the_World">{{cite video
|people = [[Don Letts|Letts Don]]; Rick Elgood, [[Joe Strummer]], [[Mick Jones (The Clash)|Mick Jones]], [[Paul Simonon]], [[Topper Headon]], [[Terry Chimes]], [[The Clash]]
|year2 = 2001
|title = The Clash, [[Westway to the World]]
|medium = Documentary
|publisher = [[Sony Music Entertainment]]; Dorismo; Uptown Films
|location = New York, NY
|accessdate= 2007-11-26
|time =
|isbn =0738900826
|oclc =49798077
|quote =
}}</ref>

== Video ==
The Clash made low-budget [[music videos]] for several of their songs, and the one for "Rock the Casbah" may be their most memorable. Filmed in [[Austin, Texas]], it depicts an [[Arab]], played by Bernie Rhodes, and an [[Hasidic Jew]], played by Mark "Frothler" Helfont, [[Skank (dance)|skanking]] together through the streets, often followed by an [[armadillo]], interspersed with the band performing in front of an oil well. The humorous tone of the video fits the song, although it is easy to read the antics of the Arab and Jew as a desire for better relations between [[Israel]]is and Arabs.<ref name="songfacts.com-Rock_the_Casbah" /> Many [[Muslim]]s objected to the Arab man displaying a liquor bottle, as [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] is forbidden in [[Islam]].{{Fact|date=December 2007}}

The video features their first drummer [[Terry Chimes]], because, at the time of its release, Headon was out of the band due to his growing [[drug addiction]].<ref name="songfacts.com-Rock_the_Casbah" /> Headon admitted that seeing the video with "someone else at my place, playing my song" was very painful for him and he spiralled in even bigger depression and drug taking.

== Single ==
The US single version of the song features a mix different from the album version.<ref name="songfacts.com-Rock_the_Casbah" /> The single version has more pronounced bass. Also when Joe Strummer screams "''Of that crazy casbah jive''" at the end of the third verse the word "''jive''" is sustained for a few seconds with a synthesized echo. The single version of the song is what is played in the music video.

"Mustapha Dance", that features in many releases of the single, is an instrumental version of the song.

=== Single issues ===
The single has several issues, all with different cover, format and B-side (see the table below).<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://rateyourmusic.com/release/single/the_clash/rock_the_casbah___mustapha_dance/
| title = Rock the Casbah / Mustapha Dance by The Clash : Reviews and Ratings - Rate Your Music
| accessdate = 2007-12-27
| publisher = rateyourmusic.com }}</ref>

{| style="{{Round corners}}; background: transparent; font-size: 7pt"
|- style="background: #fe8"
! align="center" | Year
! align="center" | B-side
! align="center" | Format
! align="center" | Label
! align="center" | Country
! align="center" | Note
|-
| valign="top" | 1982
| valign="top" | "Rock the Casbah"
| valign="top" | 45 rpm 7" vinyl
| valign="top" | Epic 34-03245
| valign="top" | CAN/USA
| valign="top" | Promo
|- style="background: #ffe"
| valign="top" | 1982
| valign="top" | "Mustapha Dance"
| valign="top" | 45 rpm 12" vinyl
| valign="top" | Epic 49-03144
| valign="top" | JP
| valign="top" | —
|-
| valign="top" | 1982
| valign="top" | "Mustapha Dance"
| valign="top" | 45 rpm 7" vinyl
| valign="top" | CBS/Sony Records Inc. 07.5P-191
| valign="top" | USA
| valign="top" | —
|- style="background: #ffe"
| valign="top" | 1982
| valign="top" | "Mustapha Dance"
| valign="top" | 45 rpm 12" vinyl
| valign="top" | Epic 49-03144
| valign="top" | CAN
| valign="top" | —
|-
| valign="top" | 1982
| valign="top" | "Mustapha Dance"
| valign="top" | 45 rpm 7" vinyl
| valign="top" | CBS A112479
| valign="top" | UK
| valign="top" | Picture disc
|- style="background: #ffe"
| valign="top" | 1982
| valign="top" | "Red Angel Dragnet"
| valign="top" | 45 rpm 7" vinyl
| valign="top" | Epic 34-03245
| valign="top" | CAN
| valign="top" | —
|-
| valign="top" | 1982
| valign="top" | "Long Time Jerk"
| valign="top" | 45 rpm 7" vinyl
| valign="top" | Epic 34-03245
| valign="top" | USA
| valign="top" | In blue Epic generic die cut sleeve
|- style="background: #ffe"
| valign="top" | 1982
| valign="top" | "Mustapha Dance"
| valign="top" | 45 rpm 12" vinyl
| valign="top" | CBS A 13-2479
| valign="top" | UK
| valign="top" | —
|-
| valign="top" | 1982
| valign="top" | "Long Time Jerk"
| valign="top" | 45 rpm 7" vinyl
| valign="top" | Epic 15-05540
| valign="top" | USA
| valign="top" | —
|- style="background: #ffe"
| valign="top" | 1991
| valign="top" | "Mustapha Dance"
| valign="top" | 45 rpm 7" vinyl
| valign="top" | Columbia 656814-7
| valign="top" | UK
| valign="top" | Reissue
|-
| valign="top" | 1991
| valign="top" |
# "Mustapha Dance"
# "The Magnificent Dance"
| valign="top" | 45 rpm 12" vinyl
| valign="top" | Columbia 656814-6
| valign="top" | UK
| valign="top" | —
|- style="background: #ffe"
| valign="top" | 1991
| valign="top" |
# "Mustapha Dance"
# "The Magnificent Dance"
| valign="top" | CD
| valign="top" | Columbia 656814-2
| valign="top" | UK
| valign="top" | —
|}

==Music sample==
{{Listen
| filename = Clash - Rock The Casbah excerpt.ogg
| title = The Clash - Rock the Casbah excerpt
| description = An excerpt from "Rock the Casbah"
}}

==Political impact==
The song became an unofficial anthem for U.S. forces during the first [[Gulf War]], largely on the basis of the line about dropping "''bombs between the [[minaret]]s''".<ref name="songfacts.com-Rock_the_Casbah" /> It was the first song played by [[Armed Forces Radio]] at the start of the war. This is ironic given the band's well established left-wing stance. Conservatives counter{{cn}} that it is entirely appropriate, since "rocking the casbah" (with bombs) was seen as one of the objectives of the U.S. military effort, although it is worth noting that the jet fighters described in the song disobey their orders to bomb the casbah in favour of "rocking" to the music. The song can also be understood as a message that western rock and roll will help defeat radical Islamist regimes by winning over the people of the Middle East, especially the young.{{cn}}

In 2006, the conservative ''[[National Review]]'' released their list of the top 50 "Conservative Rock Songs", with "Rock the Casbah" at #20, noting its frequent requests during the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NzZkNDU5MmViNzVjNzkzMDE3NzNlN2MyZjRjYTk4YjE
|title=John J. Miller on Music on National Review Online
|accessdate=2008-01-20
|last=John J. Miller
|first=John
|authorlink=John Miller
|date=2006-05-26
|work=Rockin' the Right – The 50 greatest conservative rock songs.
|publisher=National Review Online
|quote=20. “Rock the Casbah,” by The Clash. After 9/11, American radio stations were urged not to play this 1982 song, one of the biggest hits by a seminal punk band, because it was seen as too provocative. Meanwhile, British Forces Broadcasting Service (the radio station for British troops serving in Iraq) has said that this is one of its most requested tunes.
}}</ref> Despite, or perhaps because of, its popularity with soldiers during the Gulf War, "Rock the Casbah" was one of the [[List of songs deemed inappropriate by Clear Channel following the September 11, 2001 attacks|songs deemed inappropriate by Clear Channel following the September 11, 2001 attacks]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/songs.html
|title=Songs with Questionable Lyrics
|accessdate=2008-01-20
|publisher=hitsdailydouble.com
|quote=The Clash "Rock the Casbah"
}}</ref>

==References in pop culture==
*The title of the song is used as a euphemism for sex in ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Natural Born Kissers]]". Marge says "''It is our anniversary night, I suppose we should... Rock the Casbah''"; later on in the episode; Bart says "''So did you guys... Rock the Casbah?''" The song also plays over the credits.
*''[[In Camelot]]'', a season 5 episode of ''[[The Sopranos]]'', features the track during a prominent scene. When [[Tony Soprano]] attempts to collect a debt from future rival [[Phil Leotardo]], the latter attempts to flee. A vehicle pursuit ensues, while ''Rock the Casbah'' plays loudly from Soprano's stereo. The song is largely used as a reference to Leotardo, who is often called "The Shah" by members of the [[DiMeo crime family]].
*The song "[[Beelzeboss]]" from the second album of popular rock band [[Tenacious D]] contains the line "''...we rock the casbah...''". The line appears in the band's movie "[[Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny]]" as well.
*''[[American Dad!]]'' episode "[[Stan of Arabia]]": Part 1. Steve finally realises he is classed as a man in Saudi Arabia, he proceeds to buy a car and grenades to celebrate. The music is played during the part. He also later crashes into an oil well.
*In one episode of [[King of the Hill]] ''(Nine Pretty Darn Angry MEn)'', in a lawnmower focus group, Kahn sings the song while spinning around in his chair before falling over, much to [[Cotton Hill|Cotton]]'s humour.
*The song may be humourously referred to as "Lock The Taskbar" by college and high school students, as the refrain sounds like an option on a menu that appears when one right-clicks on the taskbar in [[Windows XP]].{{Fact|date=January 2008}}
*In a television advertisement for [[AT&T Wireless|Cingular Wireless]], two people listening to the song cannot make out the lyrics. They think the chorus says both "lock the cashbox" and "stop the catbox".
*It is also part of [[The Royal Tenenbaums]] soundtrack, used in a scene where [[Owen Wilson]] is celebrating.
*The video game ''[[Crash Bandicoot 2: N-Tranced]]'' features a level named "Rock the Casaba", a pun on the music's name.

==Cover versions==
Other versions of "[[Rock the Casbah]]" have been recorded by the [[Austin, Texas]] band [[One Bad Pig]], on the [[1992]] album ''Blow the House Down''; the [[Australia]]n band [[Something for Kate]]; the band Solar Twins on the [[Brokedown Palace: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|movie soundtrack]] for the [[1999]] film ''[[Brokedown Palace]]''; the [[Japanese]] duo Tica recorded a version in [[2000]] sampled by the English [[drum and bass]], [[trip hop]] group from Bristol, [[Smith & Mighty]];<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.last.fm/music/Tica/_/Rock+the+Casbah+%2528Smith+%2526+Mighty+Steppers+mix%2529
|title=Tica – Rock the Casbah (Smith & Mighty Steppers mix) – Music at Last.fm
|accessdate=2007-12-27
|publisher=Last.fm
}}</ref> the [[Asturias|Asturian]] studio project [[Soncai System]], who did an [[Asturian language]] version of the song on the album [[Clashturies]] ([[2007]]).

The [[Algeria]]n rock singer [[Rachid Taha]] covered the song (in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]) on his [[2004]] album [[Tékitoi]]. On November 27, [[2005]] at the Astoria, London, during the ''Stop the War Coalition Benefit Concert'', "''...for the night's grandstanding conclusion, the Clash legend [[Mick Jones (The Clash)|Mick Jones]] strides on in a skinny black suit and plays probably the most exciting guitar he has delivered in years. He and the band are brilliant on Taha's definitive take on "Rock the Casbah", for which the audience goes berserk.''"<ref>{{cite web
|last=Cumming
|first=Tim
|title=A riotous night for peace
|work=Review: A riotous night for peace
|publisher=The Independent, and Stop the War Coalition
|date=2005-11-29
|url=http://www.stopwar.org.uk/new/gig.review.htm
|accessdate=2007-09-06
}}</ref> They played again the Taha's version of the song, "Rock el Casbah", on February 2006, at the [[France 4]] TV show ''Taratatà.''<ref>Videos: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U76JhPVIoIs Rachid Taha & Mick Jones - Rock El Casbah] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRM0_Dj9fCI Rock El Casbah - Rachid Taha & Mick Jones - Taratata])</ref> In [[2007]] at the Barbican, "''.... The band were later joined by special guest Mick Jones from The Clash who performed on "Rock El Casbah" and then stayed on stage for the remainder of the show.''"<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/africaonyourstreet/features/18685.shtml
|title=BBC - Africa On Your Street - Features - Rachid Taha
|work=AFRICA ON YOUR STREET Celebrating African Music in the UK
|publisher=bbc.co.uk
|format=SHTML
|quote=The band were later joined by special guest Mick Jones from The Clash who performed on 'Rock El Casbah' and then stayed on stage for the remainder of the show.
|accessdate = 2007-09-06
}}</ref><ref>Video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pl5qMj1onv0 Rock The Casbah,Rachid Taha,Barbican,2007,mick jones,guest]</ref>

[[Will Smith]]'s song "Will 2K" of the ''[[Willennium]]'' album samples "[[Rock the Casbah]]" both instrumentally and in some of the lyrics. [[Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine|Richard Cheese]] recorded a [[Lounge music|lounge]] cover of the song on his [[2004]] album ''[[I'd Like a Virgin]]''. [[U2]] have also snippeted this song on their 2005-2006 [[Vertigo tour]]. After hearing the crowd singing the song as it was played over the loudspeaker before the start of the concert, the lead singer of U2 started singing "Rock the Casbah" in the middle of one of their songs during a concert in Melbourne. [[Green Day]] covered the song near the end of their [[AOL Sessions]], and also have performed it live.

[[Howlin' Pelle Almqvist]] of [[The Hives]] covered the song with some members of another Swedish Band, [[Randy (band)|Randy]] for a Joe Strummer Tribute concert at [[The Debaser]] in [[Stockholm]].

The hungarian singer Varga Zsuzsa covered this song on her album called "Szívadóvevő". It's mostly an energetic, electronic version.
<ref>Video: [http://youtube.com/watch?v=fEL12uZY_tA Varga Zsuzsa - Rock the Casbah live at Zöld Pardon 2007.05.11.]</ref>

==Charts==
{| width="0%"
|- valign="top"
| width="50%" |
{| class="wikitable"
!Chart
!Peak position
!Date
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|15
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''[[Billboard]]'' [[Hot 100]]
|align="center"|8
|align="left"|
|}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://citypages.com/databank/20/993/article8292.asp?page=2 "A Brief History of 'Rock the Casbah'] City Pages (December 15, 1999)

{{The Clash}}

[[Category:1982 singles]]
[[Category:The Clash songs]]
[[Category:Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine songs]]

[[es:Rock the Casbah]]
[[fr:Rock the Casbah]]
[[sv:Rock the Casbah]]

Let There Be Rock

2007-12-29T18:18:27Z

75.69.181.109: /* Overview */

{{Infobox Album | 
| Name = Let There Be Rock
| Type = Studio album
| Artist = [[AC/DC]]
| Cover = Let There Be Rock.gif
| Released = March 1977
| Recorded = January-February 1977
| Genre = [[Hard Rock]], [[Blues Rock]]
| Length = 40:04
| Label = [[Albert Productions|Albert]] |
| Producer = [[Harry Vanda]], [[George Young (rock musician)|George Young]]
| Reviews =
* [[All Music Guide]] {{rating-5|4.5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:omazef5khgf5~T1 link]
| Last album = ''[[Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (International album)|Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap]]'' (1976)
| This album = '''''Let There Be Rock''''' (1977)
| Next album = ''[[Let There Be Rock (international album)|Let There Be Rock]]'' (1977)
| Misc =
}}
'''''Let There Be Rock''''' is the fourth studio [[album]] by [[Australia]]n [[hard rock]] band [[AC/DC]], released in March 1977. All songs were written by [[Angus Young]], [[Malcolm Young]], and [[Bon Scott]].

It was originally released on [[Albert Productions]]. A modified [[Let There Be Rock (International album)|international edition]] was released on [[Atlantic Records]] in June 1977.

==Overview==
''Let There Be Rock'' increased AC/DC's popularity to new heights. The group traded in its thick sounding riffs for a raw, dirty sound, producing such hits as the [[Let There Be Rock (song)|title track]], "[[Whole Lotta Rosie]]", "[[Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be]]", and others. Furthermore, an air of seriousness absent on other AC/DC records gives this album a different feel. Today it is considered one of their best albums. ''Let There Be Rock'' was also the last AC/DC recording to feature bassist [[Mark Evans (musician)|Mark Evans]], who previously played on ''[[T.N.T. (album)|T.N.T.]]'' (1975) and ''[[Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (Australian album)|Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap]]'' (1976).

On April 3, 1977, AC/DC filmed a live performance of "[[Dog Eat Dog (AC/DC song)|Dog Eat Dog]]" for Australia's ''[[Countdown (music show)|Countdown]]''. In July 1977, the band further promoted ''Let There Be Rock'' by filming a [[music video]] for the album's title track. Recorded in a church in [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], it featured Scott as a [[priest]] and the rest of the band as [[altar boy]]s.<ref>Video Footage and Liner Notes, Family Jewels 2-Disc DVD Set 2005</ref>

This edition was eventually repackaged with the international version's cover (see image), marking the first time an Australian AC/DC album cover was matched to its corresponding international edition.

In 1980, AC/DC released a live [[concert]] [[motion picture]] titled ''[[AC/DC: Let There Be Rock (movie)|AC/DC: Let There Be Rock]]''. In 1997, an expanded audio recording of this concert was released on [[CD]] as ''[[Let There Be Rock: The Movie]]'', on discs 2-3 of the [[Bonfire (album)|Bonfire box set]].

==International release==
:''Main article: [[Let There Be Rock (International album)]]''

As with AC/DC's previous albums, there were differences between ''Let There Be Rock'''s Australian and [[Let There Be Rock (International album)|international edition]], released in June 1977. However, the Australian version of ''Let There Be Rock'' was originally available in international markets outside the [[United States]] and [[Japan]], but only on original [[vinyl]] printings. All international [[CD]] releases contain the modified track listing.

[[Atlantic Records]] removed the racy "[[Crabsody In Blue]]" from the true international version. It was replaced with a shortened version of "[[Problem Child (song)|Problem Child]]" from AC/DC's ''[[Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (Australian album)|Dirty Deeds Done Cheap]]'', released in September 1976. "Crabsody In Blue" has not been officially released internationally on CD.

The international version's cover also marked the debut of the band's classic logo.

==Track listing==
#"[[Go Down (song)|Go Down]]" – 5:20 (vinyl), 5:33 (CD)
#"[[Dog Eat Dog (song)|Dog Eat Dog]]" – 3:35
#"[[Let There Be Rock (song)|Let There Be Rock]]" – 6:07
#"[[Bad Boy Boogie]]" – 4:28
#"[[Overdose (song)|Overdose]]" – 6:09
#"[[Crabsody In Blue]]" – 4:45
#"[[Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be]]" – 4:15
#"[[Whole Lotta Rosie]]" – 5:22

*All songs composed by [[Angus Young]], [[Malcolm Young]], and [[Bon Scott]].

==Personnel==
*[[Bon Scott]] - [[lead vocals]]
*[[Angus Young]] - [[electric guitar|lead guitar]]
*[[Malcolm Young]] - [[rhythm guitar]], [[backing vocals]]
*[[Mark Evans (musician)|Mark Evans]] - [[bass guitar|bass]], [[backing vocals]]
*[[Cliff Williams]] - bass guitar/backing vocals on videos
*[[Phil Rudd]] - [[drum kit|drums]]

==Production==
*Producers: [[Harry Vanda]], [[George Young (rock musician)|George Young]]
*Engineer: Mark Opitz

==Miscellanea==
*In 2001 '[[Q magazine]]'' named ''Let There Be Rock'' as one of the 50 Heaviest Albums Of All Time.

==References==
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>

==External links==
*[http://www.acdcrocks.com/letthereberock.html Lyrics] on AC/DC's official website

{{AC/DC}}

[[Category:AC/DC albums]]
[[Category:1977 albums]]
[[Category:Atlantic Records albums]]

[[cs:Let There Be Rock (australské album)]]
[[de:Let There Be Rock]]
[[es:Let There Be Rock]]
[[fr:Let There Be Rock]]
[[it:Let There Be Rock]]
[[lt:Let There Be Rock (Australiškas albumas)]]
[[hu:Let There Be Rock]]
[[no:Let There Be Rock]]
[[pl:Let There Be Rock]]
[[fi:Let There Be Rock (AUS)]]
[[sv:Let There Be Rock]]
[[uk:Let There Be Rock (Авcтралія)]]

Barry Goldwater

2007-12-28T20:35:54Z

75.69.181.109: /* Electoral history */

{{portal|Arizona}}
{{redirect|Goldwater}}
{{Infobox_Senator
| name=Barry Morris Goldwater
| image name=BarryGoldwater.jpg
| jr/sr=United States Senator
| state=[[Arizona]]
| term=[[January 1]][[1953]] – [[January 1]][[1965]] [[January 1]][[1969]] – [[January 1]][[1987]]
| preceded=[[Ernest McFarland]] [[Carl Hayden]]
| succeeded=[[Paul Fannin]] [[John McCain]]
| date of birth={{birth date|1909|1|1|mf=y}}
| place of birth=[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], [[Arizona Territory]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| date of death={{death date and age|1998|5|29|1909|1|1}}
| place of death=[[Paradise Valley, Arizona]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| spouse=Margaret Johnson (1934–1985) Susan Shaffer Wechsler (1992–1998)
| profession= [[businessman]], [[soldier]]
| religion=[[Episcopal Church of the United States|Episcopalian]]
| party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|}}

'''Barry Morris Goldwater''' ([[January 2]], [[1909]] – [[May 29]], [[1998]]) was a five-term [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Arizona]] (1953–1965, 1969–87) and the [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican Party]]'s nominee for [[President of the United States|President]] in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1964|1964 election]]. He was also a [[Major General]] in the [[Air Force Reserve Command|U.S. Air Force Reserves]]. He was also referred to as Mr. Conservative.

Goldwater is the [[politician]] most often credited for sparking the resurgence of the [[Conservatism in the United States|American conservative]] political movement in the 1960s.

Goldwater rejected the legacy of the [[New Deal]] and fought inside the [[Conservative coalition]] to defeat the [[New Deal coalition]]. He lost the 1964 presidential election by a large margin to incumbent [[History of the United States Democratic Party|Democrat]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. The Johnson campaign and other critics painted him as a [[reactionary]], while supporters praised his crusades against the federal government, [[labor union]]s, and the [[welfare state]]. His defeat allowed Lyndon Johnson and the Democrats in Congress to pass the [[Great Society]] programs, but the defeat of so many older Republicans in 1964 also cleared the way for a younger generation of American conservatives to mobilize. Goldwater was much less active as a national leader of conservatives after 1964; his followers mostly rallied behind [[Ronald Reagan]], who became [[Governor of California]] in 1966 and [[President of the United States]] in 1981.

By the 1980s, the increasing influence of the [[Christian Right]] on the [[Factions in the Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] so conflicted with Goldwater's [[libertarian]] views that he became a vocal opponent of the religious right on issues such as [[abortion]] and [[gay rights]]. Goldwater concentrated on his Senate duties, especially passage of the [[Goldwater-Nichols Act]] of 1986.

==Personal life==
Goldwater was born in 1909 in [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], in what was then the [[Arizona Territory]]. His grandfather, Michel Goldwasser, was a Jewish immigrant from [[Konin, Poland]] who founded a [[department store]] in Phoenix, [[Goldwater's]] Department Store. His paternal grandmother, Sarah Nathan, was from [[London]], [[England]], and married Goldwasser in the [[Great Synagogue of London]].<ref>Roots Web, [http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3208858&id=I08271 ''World Connect Project'']</ref> Goldwater's father, [[Baron Goldwater]], converted to the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal Church]] from [[Judaism]] when he married [[Hattie Josephine Williams]] in Phoenix. The family name had been changed from ''Goldwasser'' to ''Goldwater'' at least as early as the 1860 census in [[Los Angeles, California]]. These details led the Jewish essayist [[Harry Golden]] to famously remark of Goldwater, "I have always thought that if a Jew ever became President, he would turn out to be an Episcopalian."<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,898063,00.html The Taboo]." ''Time Magazine.'' 22 November 1963.</ref>

The family department store made the Goldwaters comfortably wealthy. Goldwater graduated from [[Staunton Military Academy]] and attended the [[University of Arizona]] for one year, where he joined the [[Sigma Chi]] fraternity.

Goldwater took over the family business after his father's death in 1930. In this capacity he was both a supporter of "progressive" business practices and anti-union. The strain of running the family business led to [[nervous breakdown]]s in 1937 and 1939.

With the onset of [[World War II]], Goldwater received a reserve commission in the [[United States Army Air Forces]]. He became a pilot assigned to the [[Ferry Command]], a newly formed unit that delivered aircraft and supplies to war zones worldwide; he spent most of the war flying between the USA and India, via the Azores and North Africa or South America, Nigeria, and Central Africa. He also flew "the hump" over the [[Himalayas]] to deliver supplies to the [[Republic of China]]. Remaining in the reserves after the war, he retired with a rank of [[Major General]]. By that time, he had flown 165 different types of aircraft. Following World War II, Goldwater was a major proponent of building the [[United States Air Force Academy]], and later served on the Academy's Board of Visitors. The Visitor Center at the Academy is named in his honor.

Goldwater was married to his first wife, Margaret "Peggy" Johnson, from [[September 22]], [[1934]] until her death on [[December 11]], [[1985]]. The couple had four children: Joanne (born [[January 1]], [[1936]]), [[Barry Goldwater, Jr.|Barry]] (born [[July 15]], [[1938]]), Michael (born [[March 15]], [[1940]]), and Peggy (born [[July 27]], [[1944]]). On [[February 9]], [[1992]], at age 83, Goldwater married nurse Susan Shaffer Wechsler, 32 years his junior; they were married until his death.

One of his favorite hobbies was amateur radio and he held the call K7UGA. From his home station in Arizona he handled many "phone patches" that permitted U.S. Service personnel to be able to talk to their families back home from [[Military Affiliate Radio System]] (MARS) stations located in Vietnam.

Goldwater's son, [[Barry Goldwater, Jr.]], served as a [[United States House of Representatives]] member from [[California]] from 1969 to 1983.

==Political career==
Goldwater entered Phoenix politics in 1949 when he was elected as a city councilman. He first won a [[United States Senate|US Senate]] seat in [[U.S. Senate election, 1952|1952]], when he upset veteran Democrat and Senate majority leader [[Ernest McFarland]]. He defeated McFarland again in 1958, but would step down from the Senate in 1964 for his presidential campaign. Goldwater had a strong showing in his first reelection in [[United States Senate elections, 1958|1958]], a year in which the Democrats picked up thirteen seats in the Senate.

Goldwater soon became most associated with labor-union reform and anti-Communism; he was an active supporter of the [[Conservative coalition]] in Congress. However, he rejected the wilder fringes of the [[Anti-communism|anti-communist movement]]; in 1956 he sponsored the passage through the Senate of the final version of the [[Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act]], despite vociferous opposition from opponents who claimed that the Act was a communist plot to establish concentration camps in [[Alaska]]. His work on labor issues led to Congress passing major anti-corruption reforms in 1957, and an all-out campaign by the [[AFL-CIO]] to defeat his 1958 reelection bid. He voted against the censure of Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] in 1954, but himself was much more prudent than McCarthy and never actually charged any individual with being a Communist/Soviet agent. Goldwater emphasized his strong opposition to the worldwide spread of Communism in his 1960 book ''[[Conscience of a Conservative|The Conscience of a Conservative]]''. The book became an important reference text in conservative political circles.

Goldwater supported the Arizona [[NAACP]] and was involved in desegregating the Arizona [[United States National Guard|National Guard]]. Nationally, he supported the [[Civil Rights Act]]s of 1957 and 1960 and the constitutional amendment banning the poll tax. However, he opposed the much more comprehensive [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]; he argued that, among other things, it unconstitutionally extended the federal government's commerce power to private citizens in its drive to "legislate morality" and restrict the rights of employers. Since conservative Southern Democrats were the main opponents to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and previous civil rights legislation, Goldwater's opposition to the 1964 Act, in which he was joined by only four other non-Southern Republican senators, strongly boosted Goldwater's standing among white Southerners who opposed such federal legislation.

In 1964, he fought and won a bitterly contested, multi-candidate race for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]'s presidential nomination. His main rival was New York Governor [[Nelson A. Rockefeller]], whom he defeated in the California primary. His nomination was opposed by liberal Republicans who thought Goldwater's hardline foreign policy stances would bring about a deadly confrontation with the [[Soviet Union]]. He would eventually [[United States presidential election, 1964|lose to President Lyndon Johnson]] by one of the largest margins in the history of U.S. Presidential elections. Consequently, the Republican Party suffered a significant setback nationally, losing many seats in both houses of Congress. Goldwater carried only his home state and five (formerly Democratic) Southern states. Many Republicans at the time angrily turned against Goldwater, claiming that his defeat had significantly set back the party's chances of future national success. (There was a minor controversy over Goldwater's having been born in Arizona when it was not yet a state.)

He remained popular in Arizona, though, and in the [[U.S. Senate election, 1968|1968 Senate election]] he was elected again (this time to the seat of Carl Hayden, who was retiring). He was subsequently reelected in 1974 and 1980. The [[United States Senate elections, 1974|1974]] election saw Goldwater easily reelected. This occurred in a year in which Republicans lost three Senate seats because of the party's unpopularity over the [[Watergate scandal]].

Goldwater seriously considered retirement in [[U.S. Senate election, 1980|1980]] before deciding to run for reelection. Peggy Goldwater reportedly hoped that her husband's Senate term, due to end in January 1981, would be his last. Goldwater decided to run, planning to make the term his last in the Senate. Goldwater faced a surprisingly tough battle for reelection. He was viewed by some as out of touch and vulnerable for several reasons - most importantly, because he had planned to retire in 1981, Goldwater had not visited many areas of Arizona outside of Phoenix and Tucson. He was also challenged by a particularly tough opponent. [[Bill Schulz(politics)|Bill Schulz]] was a former Republican turned Democrat who was a wealthy [[real estate]] developer. Schulz was able to infuse massive amounts of money into the campaign from his own fortune. Arizona's changing population also hurt Goldwater. The state's population had exploded, and a huge portion of the electorate had not lived in the state when Goldwater was last elected. Because of this, many voters were not familiar with the Senator. Goldwater was on the defensive for much of the campaign. Early returns on election night seemed to indicate that Schulz would win. The counting of votes continued through the night and into the next morning. Around daybreak Goldwater learned that he had been reelected. Goldwater's margin could be traced to his winning a high percentage of [[absentee]] votes, which were among the last to be counted.<ref>Robert Alan Goldberg, "Barry Goldwater." Yale University Press. 1995. chapter 12.</ref> Goldwater's surprisingly close victory in 1980 is interesting given that Ronald Reagan won the Presidency in a large victory over [[Jimmy Carter]], and that the Republicans regained control of the Senate, electing twelve new Senators who rode Reagan's [[Reagan's coattails|coattails]]. Reagan garnered 61% of the Presidential vote in Arizona.

Goldwater retired in 1987, serving as chair of the Senate Intelligence and Armed Services Committees in his final term. Despite his reputation as a firebrand in the 1960s, by the end of his career he was considered a stabilizing influence in the Senate, one of the most respected members of either major party. Yet Goldwater remained staunchly anti-Communist and "hawkish" on military issues. He led the unsuccessful fight against ratification of the [[Panama Canal Treaty]] in the 1970s, which returned control of the canal zone to the Republic of [[Panama]]. His most important legislative achievement may have been the [[Goldwater-Nichols Act]], which reorganized the U.S. military's senior-command structure.

Goldwater was an unwavering supporter of Wisconsin's Republican Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] to the end (one of only 22 Senators who voted against McCarthy's censure). He was also friends with Senator [[John F. Kennedy]] of Massachusetts; in fact, Goldwater anticipated that a contest for the presidency between John F. Kennedy and Goldwater himself would have been an enjoyable experience, with lively debates between them, one of which was to be held on board a plane in flight. Goldwater was grief-stricken by the [[John F. Kennedy assassination|assassination of Kennedy]] and was greatly disappointed that his opponent in the race would not be JFK, but instead Kennedy's Vice President, the former Senate Majority Leader [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] of Texas. Goldwater disliked Johnson (who he said "used every dirty trick in the bag"), and [[Richard M. Nixon]] of California, whom he later called "the most dishonest individual I have ever met in my life." It is believed Goldwater, then a Senator, forced Nixon to resign at the height of Watergate by threatening to vote in favor of removing him from office if he did not. The term "Goldwater moment" has been used to describe a moment when members of Congress from the President's party disagree and go against the wishes of the President.

His [[1984 Cable Franchise Policy and Communications Act]] allowed local governments to require the transmission of [[public access television]], also called PEG (Public, Education, and Government) access channels, barred cable operators from exercising editorial control over content of programs carried on PEG channels, and absolved them from liability for their content.

In 2006, his political ideals were revived in the "Jackson Stephens Campaign" in which Republican groups in law schools (namely, the University of Florida) sought to republish widely Goldwater's basic conservative political tenets in graduate school environments.

==U.S. presidential election, 1964==
[[Image:Timegoldwater.jpg|right|thumb|[[Time Magazine]] cover featuring Goldwater accepting 1964 nomination]]
At the time of Goldwater's presidential candidacy, the Republican Party was split between its conservatives (with their base in the West and Midwest) and liberals (strongest in the Northeast). He alarmed even some of his fellow partisans with his brand of staunch [[Conservatism#Fiscal conservatism|fiscal conservatism]] and militant [[anti-Communism]]. He was viewed by many traditional Republicans as being too far on the [[right wing]] of the Republican spectrum to appeal to the mainstream majority necessary to win a national election. As a result, more liberal Republicans recruited a series of opponents, including [[New York]] Governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]], [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.]], of [[Massachusetts]] and [[Pennsylvania]] Governor [[William Scranton]], to challenge Goldwater. Goldwater would defeat Rockefeller in the winner-take-all California primary and secure the nomination. He also had solid southern Republican backing. A bright young [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] lawyer, [[John Grenier]], secured commitments from 271 of 279 southern convention delegates to back Goldwater. Grenier went on to serve as executive director of the national GOP during the Goldwater campaign. This was the Number 2 position to party chairman [[Dean Burch]], Goldwater's fellow Arizonan.

Goldwater boldly (and famously) declared in his acceptance speech at the 1964 Republican Convention: "Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue." This paraphrase of [[Cicero]] was included at the suggestion of [[Harry V. Jaffa]], though the speech was primarily written by [[Karl Hess]]. Due to President Johnson's popularity, however, Goldwater held back from attacking the president directly; he did not even mention Johnson by name in his convention speech.

Past comments came back to haunt Goldwater throughout his campaign. Once he called the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] administration "a dime-store [[New Deal]]," and the former president never fully forgave him. Eisenhower did, however, film a TV commercial with Goldwater.<ref>[http://livingroomcandidate.movingimage.us/election/index.php?nav_action=election&nav_subaction=R&campaign_id=168 1964 Campaign ads]</ref> Eisenhower qualified his voting for Goldwater in November by remarking that he had voted not specifically for Goldwater, but for the Republican Party. In December 1961, Goldwater told a news conference that "sometimes I think this country would be better off if we could just saw off the Eastern Seaboard and let it float out to sea." That comment boomeranged on him during the campaign in the form of a Johnson television commercial, as did remarks about making [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] voluntary, and statements in Tennessee about selling the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] (a large local New Deal employer.)

The Goldwater campaign spotlighted [[Ronald Reagan]], who gave a stirring, nationally televised speech, "[[A Time for Choosing]]," in support of Goldwater.<ref>Ronald Reagan, [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreaganatimeforchoosing.htm ''A Time for Choosing''], Televised Address on Behalf of Barry Goldwater, Delivered October 27, 1964, Los Angeles, CA.</ref> The speech prompted Reagan to seek the [[Governor of California|California Governorship]] in 1966 and jump-started his political career. Conservative activist [[Phyllis Schlafly]], later well-known for her fight against the [[Equal Rights Amendment]], first became known for writing a pro-Goldwater book, ''A Choice, Not an Echo,'' attacking the liberal Republican establishment. Senator [[Prescott S. Bush]] (1895–1972), a liberal Republican from Connecticut, was a friend of Goldwater's and supported him in the general election campaign. Bush's son, [[George H.W. Bush]] (then running for the Senate from Texas against Democrat [[Ralph Yarborough]]), was also a strong Goldwater supporter in both the nomination and general election campaigns. Goldwater was painted as a dangerous figure by the Johnson campaign, which countered Goldwater's slogan "In your heart, you know he's right" with the lines "In your guts, you know he's nuts," and "In your heart, you know he might" (that is, might actually use nuclear weapons, as opposed to merely subscribing to [[Deterrence theory|deterrence]]). Johnson himself did not mention Goldwater in his own acceptance speech at the [[1964 Democratic National Convention]].

Goldwater's provocative advocacy of aggressive tactics to prevent the spread of Communism in Asia led to effective counterattacks from [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and his supporters, who feared that Goldwater's militancy would have dire consequences, possibly even nuclear war. Regarding Vietnam, Goldwater charged that Johnson's policy was devoid of "goal, course, or purpose," leaving "only sudden death in the jungles and the slow strangulation of freedom."<ref> Matthews 2002</ref> Goldwater's own rhetoric on nuclear war was viewed by many as quite uncompromising, a view buttressed by off-hand comments such as, "Let's lob one into the men's room at the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]]."<ref>{{cite web |title=Harper's Magazine |work=Tentacles of Rage |url=http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2004/Republican-Propaganda1sep04.htm}}</ref>

Goldwater did his best to counter the Johnson attacks, criticizing the Johnson administration for its perceived ethical lapses, and stating in a commercial that "…we, as a nation, are not far from the kind of moral decay that has brought on the fall of other nations and people…I say it is time to put conscience back in government. And by good example, put it back in all walks of American life." Goldwater campaign commercials included statements of support by actor [[Raymond Massey]] and moderate Republican senator [[Margaret Chase Smith]].

Before the 1964 election, the muckraking magazine ''Fact'', published by [[Ralph Ginzburg]], ran a special issue entitled ‘The Unconscious of a Conservative: A Special Issue on the Mind of Barry Goldwater.’ The two main articles contended that Goldwater was mentally unfit to be president. The magazine attempted to support this claim with the results of an unscientific poll of psychiatrists it had conducted. ''Fact'' had mailed questionnaires to 12,356 psychiatrists, and published a ‘sampling’ of the comments made by the 2,417 psychiatrists who responded, of which 1,189 said Goldwater was unfit to be president.<ref> "Fact, Fiction, Doubt & Barry", ''Time''. May 17, 1968. Online at [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,838361,00.html]</ref> After the election, Goldwater sued the publisher, the editor and the magazine for libel. "Although the jury awarded Goldwater only $1.00 in compensatory damages against all three defendants, it went on to [396 U.S. 1049, 1050] award him punitive damages of $25,000 against Ginzburg and $50,000 against ''Fact'' magazine, Inc."<ref>[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=396&invol=1049 Ginzburg v. Goldwater, 396 U.S. 1049 (1970)]</ref> According to Warren Boroson, then-managing editor of ''Fact'' and now a financial columnist, the main biography of Goldwater in the magazine was written by [[David Bar-Illan]], the Israeli pianist. He went on to say "Goldwater sued me for $2 million. (He collected 33 cents.)"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyrecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060411/COLUMNISTS04/604110302/1103/COLUMNISTS|title=Daily Record |work=Wikipedia site filled with major mistakes|date=April 11, 2006}}</ref>

===Influence of television===
* The Republican National Convention had a vibrant mix of candidates, reporters, delegates, relatives, and others, crowding together in a somewhat aggressive atmosphere.

* A campaign advertisement known as [[Daisy (television commercial)|Daisy]] showed a young girl counting daisy petals, from one to ten. Immediately following this scene, a voiceover counted down: ten, nine, eight,…three, two, one. The child's face was shown as a still photograph followed by images of nuclear explosions and mushroom clouds. The campaign advertisement ended with a plea to vote for Johnson, implying that Goldwater would provoke a nuclear war if elected. The advertisement, which featured only a few spoken words of narrative and relied on imagery for its emotional impact, was one of the most provocative moments in American political campaign history, and many analysts credit it as being the birth of the modern style of "negative political ads" on television. The ad only aired once, and was immediately pulled, but then was shown numerous times by television stations. {{Fact|date=May 2007}}

===Results===
In the end, Goldwater received 38.4% of the popular vote, and carried six states: [[Alabama]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Louisiana]], [[Mississippi]], [[South Carolina]], and his home state of [[Arizona]]. In all, Johnson won an overwhelming 486 electoral votes, to Goldwater's 52. Goldwater, with his customary bluntness, remarked: "We would have lost even if Abraham Lincoln had come back and campaigned with us."

Goldwater's poor showing, plus the tendency at the time for most people to vote a "straight ticket" (that is, loyally voting for every candidate from the same party as their Presidential choice), was associated with the defeat of many other long-time Republican officeholders from Congress through local races.

Goldwater maintained later in life that he would have won the election if the country had not been in a state of extended grief (referring to the assassination of [[John F. Kennedy]]), and that it was simply not ready for a third President in just fourteen months. It has frequently been argued that Goldwater's strong performance in Southern states previously regarded as Democratic strongholds foreshadowed a larger shift in electoral trends in the coming decades that would make the South a Republican bastion (an end to the "[[Solid South]]") — first in presidential politics and eventually at the congressional and state levels, as well. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}

== Goldwater and the revival of American conservatism ==
Although Goldwater was not as important in the [[American conservative]] movement as [[Ronald Reagan]] after 1965, from the late 1950s to 1964 he redefined and shaped the movement. Arizona Senator [[John McCain]] summed up Goldwater's legacy thus: he transformed the Republican Party from an Eastern elitist organization to the breeding ground for the election of Ronald Reagan.” The columnist [[George Will]] remarked after the [[United States presidential election, 1980|1980 Presidential election]] that “it took 16 years to count the votes [of the 1964 election], and Goldwater won.”

{{cquote|Think of Al Gore winning the Democratic nomination in the year 2000 whose positions included halving the military budget, socializing the medical system, reregulating the communications and electrical industries, establishing a guaranteed minimum income for all Americans, and equalizing funding for all schools regardless of property valuations — and who promised to fire [[Alan Greenspan]], counseled withdrawal from the [[World Trade Organization]], and, for good measure, spoke warmly of adolescent sexual experimentation. He would lose in a landslide. He would be relegated to the [[ash heap of history]]. But if the precedent of 1964 were repeated, two years later the country would begin electing dozens of men and women just like him. And not many decades later, Republicans would have to proclaim softer versions of those positions to get taken seriously for their party's nomination.|30px|30px|Historian [[Rick Perlstein]] in his book ''Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus''<ref>{{cite book |author=Rick Perlstein |title=Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |year= |pages= |isbn=0-8090-2858-1 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>}}

The Republican Party recovered from the 1964 election debacle, picking up 47 seats in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in the [[U.S. House election, 1966|mid-term election of 1966]]. Further Republican successes ensued, including Goldwater's return to the Senate in 1968. Throughout the 1970s, as the conservative wing under Reagan gained control of the party, Goldwater concentrated on his Senate duties, especially in military affairs. He played little part in the election or administration of [[Richard Nixon]], but he helped force Nixon's resignation in 1974.<ref> "The Unmaking of the President, ''Time'' Aug. 19, 1974 online at [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,942972,00.html]</ref> In 1976 he helped block Rockefeller's renomination as Vice President. When Reagan challenged Ford for the presidential nomination in 1976, Goldwater endorsed Ford, looking for consensus rather than conservative idealism. As one historian notes, "The Arizonan had lost much of his zest for battle."<ref>Jonathan Martin Kolkey, ''The New Right, 1960–1968: With Epilogue, 1969–1980.'' University Press of America. 1983. quote p. 254; Mary C. Brennan, ''Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP.'' U. of North Carolina Press. 1995. ch. 6; 1976 details in David W. Reinhard, ''The Republican Right since 1945.'' U. Press of Kentucky. 1983, p. 230. </ref>

In 1979, When President [[Jimmy Carter]] normalized relations with [[Communist China]], Goldwater and some other senators sued him in the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], arguing the president cannot break its relation with [[Taiwan]] without the approval of [[Congress of the United States|Congress]]. The case was known as [[Goldwater v. Carter]], which was dismissed by the court, as the court asserted it was a [[political question]].

=== Libertarian views ===

[[Image:Goldwater1983.jpg|Signing autographs at the Fiesta Bowl parade in 1983.|thumb|250px|right]]
By the 1980s, with [[Ronald Reagan]] as president and the growing involvement of the [[religious right]] in conservative politics, Goldwater's [[libertarianism|libertarian]] views on personal issues were revealed, which he believed were an integral part of true conservativism. Goldwater viewed [[abortion]] as a matter of personal choice, not intended for government intervention.

As a passionate defender of personal liberty, he saw the religious right's views as an encroachment on personal privacy and individual liberties. In his 1980 Senate reelection campaign, Goldwater won support from religious conservatives but in his final term voted consistently to uphold legalized abortion and, in 1981, gave a speech on how he was angry about the bullying of American politicians by religious organizations, and would "fight them every step of the way".<ref>[http://pieceofmind.wordpress.com/2006/11/10/wwbd-what-would-barry-do/ Goldwater on personal religious views] He is also quoted on p. 39 of [[The God Delusion]]</ref> Goldwater also disagreed with the Reagan administration on certain aspects of foreign policy (e.g. he opposed the decision to mine Nicaraguan harbors). Notwithstanding his prior differences with [[Dwight Eisenhower]], Goldwater in a 1986 interview rated him the best of the seven Presidents with whom he had worked.

After his retirement in 1987, Goldwater described the conservative Arizona Governor [[Evan Mecham]] as “hardheaded” and called on him to resign, and two years later stated that the Republican Party had been taken over by a “bunch of kooks.” In a 1994 interview with the ''[[Washington Post]]'' the retired senator said, {{cquote|When you say “radical right” today, I think of these moneymaking ventures by fellows like [[Pat Robertson]] and others who are trying to take the Republican Party and make a religious organization out of it. If that ever happens, kiss politics goodbye.}}

In response to [[Moral Majority]] founder [[Jerry Falwell]]'s opposition to the nomination of [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] to the Supreme Court, of which Falwell had said, “Every good Christian should be concerned,” Goldwater retorted: “I think every good Christian ought to kick Falwell right in the ass.”<ref>Ed Magnuson, [[Time Magazine]], [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954833-2,00.html ''The Brethren's First Sister''], July 20, 1981. Retrieved 1/1/07.</ref> Goldwater also had harsh words for his onetime political protege, President Reagan, particularly after the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] became public in 1986. Journalist [[Robert MacNeil]], a friend of Goldwater's from the 1964 Presidential campaign, recalled interviewing him in his office shortly afterward. "He was sitting in his office with his hands on his cane...and he said to me, 'Well, aren't you going to ask me about the [[Iran]] arms sales?' It had just been announced that the Reagan administration had sold arms to Iran. And I said, 'Well, if I asked you, what would you say?' He said, 'I'd say it's the goddamn stupidest foreign policy blunder this country's ever made!'"<ref>[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-374469737793037291&q=Robert+MacNeil "Archive of American Television Interview with Robert MacNeil Part 5 of 14" (video)]</ref>, though aside from the Iran-Contra scandal, Goldwater thought nonetheless that Reagan was a good president.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLATQAU-Hw0&feature=related</ref> Also, in 1988 during that year's [[1988 Presidential Election|presidential campaign]], he pointedly told vice-presidential nominee [[Dan Quayle]] at a campaign event in Arizona "I want you to go back and tell [[George Herbert Walker Bush|George Bush]] to start talking about the issues." [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEEDF123AF931A1575AC0A96E948260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fG%2fGoldwater%2c%20Barry%20M%2e]

Some of Goldwater's statements in the 1990s aggravated many social conservatives. He endorsed Democrat [[Karan English]] in an Arizona congressional race, urged Republicans to lay off [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] over the [[Whitewater scandal]], and criticized the military's ban on [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]: “Everyone knows that gays have served honorably in the military since at least the time of [[Julius Caesar]].”<ref>"Ban On Gays Is Senseless Attempt To Stall The Inevitable", ''Los Angeles Times'', ''Washington Post''. Online at [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/scotts/bulgarians/barry-goldwater.html ]</ref> He also said, “You don't have to ''be'' straight to be in the military; you just have to be able to ''shoot'' straight.” A few years before his death he went so far as to address the right wing, "Do not associate my name with anything you do. You are extremists, and you've hurt the Republican Party much more than the Democrats have."<ref>[[The Betrayal of America]] by [[Vincent Bugliosi]], 2001</ref>

In 1996 he told [[Bob Dole]], whose own presidential campaign received lukewarm support from conservative Republicans: “We're the new liberals of the Republican Party. Can you imagine that?” In that same year, with Senator [[Dennis DeConcini]], Goldwater endorsed an [[Arizona]] initiative to legalize [[medical marijuana]] against the will of social conservatives.<ref> [http://www.reason.com/news/show/30148.html Prescription: Drugs] Reason Magazine </ref>

Musician ''Virtuopath''<ref>http://www.myspace.com/virtuopath</ref> dedicated a song to Goldwater called, Au H2O. The song also makes a reference to Republican Ron Paul, who is endorsed by Barry Goldwater, Jr. in the 2008 Presidential Election.

== Hobbies and interests ==
=== Photography ===
Goldwater was an accomplished amateur [[photographer]] and in his estate left some 15,000 of his images to three Arizona institutions. He was very keen on [[candid photography]]. He got started in photography after receiving a camera as a gift from his wife on their first Christmas together. He was known to use a [[Large format|4x5]] [[Graflex]], [[Rolleiflex]] camera, and [[Nikon]] [[135 film|35 mm]].

For decades, he contributed photographs of his home state to ''[[Arizona Highways (magazine)|Arizona Highways]]'' and was best known for his Western landscapes and pictures of [[native Americans in the United States]]. Three books with his photographs are ''People and Places'', from 1967; ''Barry Goldwater and the Southwest'', from 1976; and ''Delightful Journey'', first published in 1940 and reprinted in 1970. [[Ansel Adams]] wrote a foreword to the 1976 book.<ref>''Arizona Republic'', [[May 31]], [[1998]]</ref>

Son Michael Prescott Goldwater formed the Goldwater Family Foundation with the goal of making his father's photography available via the internet. ([http://www.barrygoldwaterphotographs.com ''Barry Goldwater Photographs'']) was launched in September 2006 to coincide with the HBO documentary ''"Mr. Conservative"'', produced by granddaughter CC Goldwater.

=== Amateur radio ===
Goldwater was an avid [[amateur radio]] operator, with the [[call sign]]s K3UIG and K7UGA.<ref>[http://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/UlsSearch/license.jsp?licKey=262314 FCC K7UGA record]</ref> The latter is now used by an Arizona club honoring him as a commemorative call. During the [[Vietnam War]], he spent many hours giving servicemen overseas the ability to talk to their families at home over the [[Military Affiliate Radio System]] (MARS).

Barry Goldwater was also a prominent spokesman for amateur radio and its enthusiasts. Beginning in 1969 up to his death he appeared in numerous educational and promotional films (and later videos) about the hobby that were produced for the [[American Radio Relay League]] (the United States national society representing the interests of radio amateurs) by such producers as Dave Bell (W6AQ), ARRL Southwest Director John R. Griggs (W6KW), Alan Kaul (W6RCL), Forrest Oden (N6ENV), Bill Pasternak (WA6ITF) and the late Roy Neal (K6DUE). His first appearance was in Dave Bell's "The World of Amateur Radio" where Goldwater discussed the history of the hobby and demonstrated a live contact with Antarctica. His last on-screen appearance dealing with "ham radio" was in 1994, explaining a then-upcoming, Earth-orbiting ham radio relay satellite.

=== Interest in UFOs ===
Goldwater was one of the more prominent American politicians to openly show an interest in [[UFO]]s.

On [[March 28]], [[1975]], Goldwater wrote to Shlomo Arnon: "The subject of UFOs has interested me for some long time. About ten or twelve years ago I made an effort to find out what was in the building at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] where the information has been stored that has been collected by the Air Force, and I was understandably denied this request. It is still classified above [[Top Secret]]." Goldwater further wrote that there were rumors the evidence would be released, and that he was "just as anxious to see this material as you are, and I hope we will not have to wait much longer."<ref>[http://www.anomalies.net/archive/Text-Archive/txt1/469.ufo FOIA documents]</ref>(Also Good, 405)

The [[April 25]], [[1988]] issue of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' carried an interview where Goldwater said he repeatedly asked his friend, Gen. [[Curtis LeMay]], if there was any truth to the rumors that UFO evidence was stored in a secret room at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]], and if he (Goldwater) might have access to the room. According to Goldwater, an angry LeMay gave him "holy hell" and said, "Not only can't you get into it but don't you ever mention it to me again."

In a 1988 interview on [[Larry King]]'s radio show, Goldwater was asked if he thought the U.S. Government was withholding UFO evidence; he replied "Yes, I do." He added:
<blockquote>
I certainly believe in aliens in space. They may not look like us, but I have very strong feelings that they have advanced beyond our mental capabilities....I think some highly secret government UFO investigations are going on that we don't know about — and probably never will unless the Air Force discloses them.<ref>[http://www.bibleufo.com/quotecong.htm UFO Quotations — The United States Congress]</ref>
</blockquote>

==Death==
Goldwater's public appearances stopped in late 1996 after he suffered a stroke; family members then disclosed he was in the early stages of [[Alzheimer's disease]]. He died on [[May 29]], [[1998]], at the age of 89 in [[Paradise Valley, Arizona]], of complications from the stroke.<ref>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000267 ''GOLDWATER, Barry Morris, (1909–1998)'']. Retrieved 1/1/07.</ref>

==Goldwater Scholarship==
The [[Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship]] and Excellence in Education Program was established by Congress in 1986. Its goal is to provide a continuing source of highly qualified scientists, mathematicians, and engineers by awarding scholarships to college students who intend to pursue careers in these fields.

The Scholarship is widely considered the most prestigious award in the U.S. conferred upon undergraduates studying the sciences and is awarded to about 300 students (college sophomores and juniors) nationwide in the amount of $7500 per academic year (for their senior year, or junior and senior years).

== Documentary ==
Goldwater's granddaughter, C.C. Goldwater, has co-produced with long time friend and indie-film producer, [[Tani L. Cohen]], a documentary on Goldwater's life, "Mr. Conservative: Goldwater on Goldwater", first shown on [[HBO]] on [[September 18]], [[2006]].<ref>Deborah Solomon, [[New York Times]], [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/magazine/27wwln_q4.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1156799221-HMnITxyhYiZ3f8NfVIqPKg ''Goldwater Girl''] (interview with CC Goldwater), Published August 27, 2006. Retrieved January 1, 2007.</ref> and rebroadcast various times as well as being available on demand.

==Electoral history==

'''[[1952]] Arizona Republican primary for the U.S. Senate'''<ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=268968</ref>
* [[Barry Goldwater]] - 33,460 (91.03%)
* [[Lester L. Kahl]] - 3,297 (8.97%)

'''[[1952]] Arizona United States Senate election'''<ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3283</ref>
* [[Barry Goldwater]] (R) - 132,063 (51.31%)
* [[Ernest McFarland]] (D) (inc.) - 125,338 (48.69%)

'''[[1958]] Arizona United States Senate election'''<ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3282</ref>
* [[Barry Goldwater]] (R) (inc.) - 164,593 (56.06%)
* [[Ernest McFarland]] (D) - 129,030 (43.94%)

'''[[1960]] Republican presidential primaries'''<ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55201</ref>
* [[Richard Nixon]] - 4,975,938 (86.63%)
* Unpledged - 314,234 (5.47%)
* [[George H. Bender]] - 211,090 (3.68%)
* [[Cecil H. Underwood]] - 123,756 (2.16%)
* [[James L. Lloyd]] - 48,461 (0.84%)
* [[Nelson Rockefeller]] - 30,639 (0.53%)
* [[Frank R. Beckwith]] - 19,677 (0.34%)
* [[John F. Kennedy]] - 12,817 (0.22%)
* [[Barry Goldwater]] - 3,146 (0.06%)
* [[Paul C. Fisher]] - 2,388 (0.04%)
* [[Adlai Stevenson]] - 694 (0.01%)
* [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.]] - 514 (0.01%)
* [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] (write-in) - 172 (0.00%)
* [[Styles Bridged]] - 108 (0.00%)

'''[[1960 Republican National Convention]]'''<ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=57987</ref>
* [[Richard Nixon]] - 1,321 (99.25%)
* [[Barry Goldwater]] - 10 (0.75%)

'''[[United States presidential elections, 1960]]'''
* [[John F. Kennedy]]/[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (D) - 34,220,984 (49.7%) and 303 electoral votes (22 states carried)
* [[Richard Nixon]]/[[Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.]] (R) - 34,108,157 (49.5%) (26 states carried)
* [[Harry F. Byrd]]/[[Strom Thurmond]] (I) - 14 electoral votes (2 states carried - unplegded electors from MS and AL)
* [[Harry F. Byrd]]/[[Barry Goldwater]] (I) - 1 electoral vote ([[faithless elector]] from OK)
* Unpledged electors (D) - 286,359 (0.4%)

'''[[1964]] Republican presidential primaries'''<ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55203</ref>
* [[Barry Goldwater]] - 2,267,079 (38.33%)
* [[Nelson Rockefeller]] - 1,304,204 (22.05%)
* [[James A. Rhodes]] - 615,754 (10.41%)
* [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.]] - 386,661 (6.54%)
* [[John W. Byrnes]] - 299,612 (5.07%)
* [[William Scranton]] - 245,401 (4.15%)
* [[Margaret Chase Smith]] - 227,007 (3.84%)
* [[Richard Nixon]] - 197,212 (3.33%)
* Unpledged - 173,652 (2.94%)
* [[Harold Stassen]] - 114,083 (1.93%)

'''[[1964 Republican National Convention]]'''<ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=57988</ref>
* [[Barry Goldwater]] - 883 (67.51%)
* [[William Scranton]] - 214 (16.36%)
* [[Nelson Rockefeller]] - 114 (8.72%)
* [[George Romney]] - 41 (3.14%)
* [[Margaret Chase Smith]] - 27 (2.06%)
* [[Walter Judd]] - 22 (1.68%)
* [[Hiram L. Fong]] - 5 (0.38%)
* [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.]] - 2 (0.15%)

'''[[United States presidential election, 1964]]'''
* [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]/[[Hubert Humphrey]] (D) - 43,127,041 (61.1%) and 486 electoral votes (44 states and D.C. carried)
* [[Barry Goldwater]]/[[William E. Miller]] (R) - 27,175,754 (38.5%) and 54 electoral votes (6 states carried)
* Unpledged electors (D) - 210,732 (0.3%) and 0 electoral votes

'''[[1968]] Arizona United States Senate election'''<ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3295</ref>
* [[Barry Goldwater]] (R) - 274,607 (57.22%)
* [[Roy C. Elson]] (D) - 205,338 (42.78%)

'''[[1974]] Arizona United States Senate election'''<ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3294</ref>
* [[Barry Goldwater]] (R) (inc.) - 320,396 (58.26%)
* [[Jonathan Marshall]] (D) - 229,523 (41.74%)

'''[[1980]] Arizona United States Senate election'''<ref>http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3293</ref>
* [[Barry Goldwater]] (R) (inc.) - 432,371 (49.46%)
* [[Bill Schultz]] (D) - 422,972 (48.38%)
* [[Fred R. Esser]] (Libertarian) - 12,008 (1.37%)

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}


==Primary sources==
* Goldwater, Barry. ''[[Conscience of a Conservative|The Conscience of a Conservative]]'' (1963) speeches. ISBN 0-89526-540-0
* Goldwater, Barry. ''Why Not Victory? A fresh look at American policy'' (1963) {{OCLC|25326755}}
*''Conscience of a Majority'' (1971) ISBN 0-671-78096-4
* Goldwater, Barry. ''Arizona'' (1977) ISBN 0-938379-04-6
* Goldwater, Barry. ''With No Apologies: The Outspoken Political Memoirs of America's Conservative Conscience'' (1979) ISBN 0-425-04663-X
* Goldwater, Barry. ''Goldwater'' (1988) ISBN 0-385-23947-5, autobiography
* George H. Gallup, ed., ''The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971,'' vol. 3. (1972)
* Karl Hess, ''In A Cause That Will Triumph: The Goldwater Campaign and the Future of Conservatism'' (1967), memoir by BG's speechwriter

==Secondary sources==
* Mary C. Brennan, ''Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the G.O.P.'' (University of North Carolina Press, 1995)
* Edwards, Lee. ''Goldwater'' (1995). biography
* Goldberg, Robert Alan. ''Barry Goldwater'' (1995), the standard scholarly biography
* Godfrey Hodgson, ''The World Turned Right Side Up: A History of the Conservative Ascendancy in America'' (1996).
* Jeffrey J. Matthews. "To Defeat a Maverick: The Goldwater Candidacy Revisited, 1963–1964." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly.'' 27#1 1997. pp 662+.
* Perlstein, Rick. ''Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus'' (2001) New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 0-8090-2859-X. On the 1964 campaign.
* White, Theodore, ''The Making of the President: 1964'' (1965)
*''The New Yorker'', [[April 25]], [[1988]], p 70

== See also ==
* ''[[Goldwater v. Carter]]'', 444 U.S. 996 (1979).
* ''[[Barry Goldwater, Jr.]]'', his son
* [[Don Goldwater]], a nephew
* [[Goldwater Institute]]

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/ The Goldwater Institute advances the principles of free enterprise, individual responsibility, and constitutionally-limited government, espoused by Senator Goldwater.]
* [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/barrygoldwater1964rnc.htm Goldwater's 1964 Republican National Convention Acceptance Address in Audio and Text]
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwaterspeech.htm/ Goldwater's 1964 acceptance speech at the Republican Convention] — the 'extremism in the defense of liberty' speech.
*[http://www.azcentral.com/specials/goldwater/ Extended "in memoriam" reporting from the ''Arizona Republic'']
*[http://www.act.org/goldwater/ Goldwater Scholarship Homepage]
*[http://media.libsyn.com/media/colinmarshall/MOI_CC_Goldwater.mp3 A conversation about Barry Goldwater and ''Mr. Conservative''] with granddaughter CC Goldwater on [http://www.colinmarshallradio.com/marketplace ''The Marketplace of Ideas'']

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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Senators from Arizona|Senator from Arizona (Class 1)]]|years=1953 – 1965|alongside=[[Carl Hayden]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Senators from Arizona|Senator from Arizona (Class 3)]]|years=1969 – 1987|alongside=[[Paul Fannin]], [[Dennis DeConcini]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|Republican Party Presidential nominee]]|years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1964|1964]]}}
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[[zh:貝利·高華德]]

Talk:At Action Park

2007-12-26T02:38:18Z

75.69.181.109:

{{album|class=Stub|importance=|attention=|needs-infobox=|auto=}}

== Named for? ==

Was this named for [[Action Park]] in New Jersey? --[[User:ChrisRuvolo|ChrisRuvolo]] ([[User talk:ChrisRuvolo|t]]) 05:32, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

It's hard to say. I've got a CD copy of the album, and it doesn't explicitly reference Action Park in New Jersey, nor does the hand-drawn map enclosed in the CD seem to resemble Action Park. However, I can't think of any other parks called Action Park. So this album could be named for the park.

Kim Gordon

2007-12-26T02:33:30Z

75.69.181.109: /* Trivia */

{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = {{PAGENAME}}
| Img = Kim Gordon.jpg
| Img_capt = Kim Gordon at [[Primavera Sound Festival]] in 2007. (Photo by Michael Morel)
| Img_size =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Kim Althea Gordon
| Alias =
| Born = {{birth date and age|1953|4|28}}, [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], [[New York]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| Died =
| Instrument = [[Singer|Vocals]], [[Guitar]], [[Bass guitar|Bass]]
| Genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[noise rock]]
| Occupation = [[Singer-songwriter]], [[Record producer|producer]]
| Years_active = [[1981 in music|1981]] - [[Present (time)|present]]
| Label = [[Geffen Records|Geffen]]
| Associated_acts = [[Sonic Youth]], [[Ciccone Youth]], Mirror/Dash, [[Free Kitten]], [[Harry Crews (band)|Harry Crews]], CKM Anixious Rats
}}

'''Kim Althea Gordon''' (born [[April 28]], [[1953]] in [[Rochester, New York]]) is a musician, vocalist, and artist. She sings, plays [[Bass guitar|bass]] and [[guitar]] in the [[alternative rock]] band [[Sonic Youth]]. She also plays in the band [[Free Kitten]] with Julie Cafritz (of [[Pussy Galore (band)|Pussy Galore]]), and she has collaborated with musicians such as [[Ikue Mori]], [[Kurt Cobain]], [[DJ Olive]], [[William Winant]], [[Lydia Lunch]], [[Alan Licht]], and [[Chris Corsano]].

== Early years ==
The daughter of a seamstress, Gordon was born in [[Rochester, New York]], and grew up in [[Los Angeles]]. She attended [[UCLA]]'s art school and York University in Toronto where she played in an experimental heavy metal art group.

== Musical career ==
{{main|Sonic Youth}}
After graduating, she moved to [[New York]] and joined the short-lived band [[CKM]] with Christine Hahn and Stanton Miranda. Through Stanton, Gordon met her future Sonic Youth bandmates [[Lee Ranaldo]], and [[Thurston Moore]]. When she began dating Moore, the three formed Sonic Youth in [[1981]].

In 1989, Gordon, Sadie May, and [[Lydia Lunch]] formed [[Harry Crews (band)|Harry Crews]] and released the album ''Naked in Garden Hills''. She also was one of the producers of [[Hole (band)|Hole]]'s first record, ''[[Pretty on the Inside]]'', released in 1991, and co-directed [[The Breeders]]' "[[Cannonball (Breeders song)|Cannonball]]" [[music video|video]] with [[Spike Jonze]].

== Art career ==
Gordon is also an established visual artist and curator. Her work has been exhibited across the U.S., [[Japan]] and [[Europe]]. She graduated from the [[Otis College of Art & Design]] in Los Angeles. In the early 1980s, Gordon wrote for [[Artforum]] and worked for several [[Soho]] art galleries. She curated an exhibition at White Columns gallery in 1982 in which [[Mike Kelley]] and [[Tony Oursler]] were among the participants. [[Dan Graham]] invited her to join in a performance of an all-female rock band, which marked the start of her first band CKM. In 1996 Gordon was involved in an exhibition entitled ''Baby Generation'' at Parco gallery in [[Tokyo]].

Her exhibition titled ''Kim's Bedroom'' was shown at MU in the [[Netherlands]] and included drawing and paintings along with live music and special guests.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.mu.nl/exhibitions/21-kimsbedroom/kim-eng.html
| title=MU past exhibitions: Kim's Bedroom
| accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref> This resulted in a limited-edition book and CD published by Purple Books. In 2003, Gordon was featured in the [[Gothenburg]] Biennale, and exhibited ''Club In The Shadow'', a collaboration with artist Jutta Koether at Kenny Schachter's Contemporary Gallery in NYC. In 2005 she took part in the ''Her Noise'' exhibition in [[London]] and did another collaboration with Koether.

An [[artist's book]] titled ''Kim Gordon Chronicles Vol. 1'' featuring photos of Gordon throughout her life was published in 2005. In 2006, ''Kim Gordon Chronicles Vol. 2'' was released, featuring her artwork.

== Personal life ==
Gordon married Moore in [[1984]], and she gave birth to their daughter, [[Coco Hayley Gordon Moore]], in 1994. Gordon, Moore, and Coco currently reside in [[Northampton, Massachusetts]]. They are frequently sighted in the area, and played a benefit concert with [[Cat Power]] for the [[Greenfield Center School]] in 2005. The band played a second benefit for the school in 2007.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://media.www.dailycollegian.com/media/storage/paper874/news/2007/02/14/ArtsLiving/Sonic.Youth.To.Play.Benefit.For.Greenfield.Center.School-2718085.shtml
| title=Sonic Youth to play benefit for Greenfield Center School
| author=Charron, Corey
| publisher=The Massachusetts Daily Collegian
| accessdate=2007-11-12}}</ref>

== Other work ==
[[Image:Sonic1991b.jpg|thumb|150px|RIGHT|Live in the Netherlands (with Sonic Youth), 1991]]
Apart from her career in music and in arts, Gordon has also made appearances in films and television. She appeared in [[Gus Van Sant]]'s ''[[Last Days (film)|Last Days]]'', a fictionalized [[biopic]] of one of her close friends, [[Kurt Cobain]]. She is also the only close friend of Cobain's who has publicly claimed that he was murdered.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.beautifullyscarred.net/article44.htm
| title=Suicide Blond
| author=Dalton, Stephen
| publisher=Uncut Magazine, August 2005. From ''Beautifully Scarred''
| accessdate=2007-11-12}}</ref>

In the season six finale of [[Gilmore Girls]], she played a street troubadour along with Thurston Moore and their daughter Coco, performing the song "What a Waste" from the album [[Rather Ripped]].<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://treblezine.com/features/68.html
| title=Gilmore Youth
| author=Terich, Jeff
| publisher=Treblezine.com
| accessdate=2007-11-12}}</ref>

==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=June 2007}}
*Fellow rock band [[Rapeman]] recorded a tribute to her on their album ''[[Two Nuns and a Pack Mule]]'' titled "Kim Gordon's Panties." The song has lyrical similarities to the song Schizophrenia on Sonic Youth's album Sister.
*In the 1999 [[PlayStation|Sony PlayStation]] video game ''[[Silent Hill (video game)|Silent Hill]]'', Gordon, along with two other members of Sonic Youth, are mentioned in a teacher's directory in one of the levels. Later in the game, players can acquire a "K. Gordon" key and pass through her home. In a 2003 sequel, ''[[Silent Hill 3]]'', she comes up again. Players pass through her classroom and learn a little more about the character.

== References ==
<references/>

{{Sonic Youth}}



{{Persondata
|NAME=Gordon, Kim
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Gordon, Kim Althea
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Experimental musician
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[April 28]], [[1953]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Los Angeles, California]], [[United States]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
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[[Category:American songwriters]]
[[Category:Indie rock musicians]]
[[Category:Experimental musicians]]
[[Category:People from Rochester, New York]]
[[Category:Sonic Youth members]]
[[Category:Alumni of University High School (Los Angeles, California)]]

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Aerosmith

2007-12-20T00:12:44Z

75.69.181.109: /* 1990s */

{{Dablink|This article is about the band Aerosmith. For their debut album, see [[Aerosmith (album)]].}}
{{Infobox musical artist | 
| Name = [[Image:Aerosmith-logo-01.gif|200px]]
| Img = Aerosmith2007.jpg
| Img_capt = Aerosmith performing in [[Mansfield, Massachusetts]] on [[September 14]], [[2007]].
| Landscape = Yes
| Background = group_or_band
| Alias =
| Origin = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], [[United States|USA]]
| Genre = [[Hard rock]] [[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wm05.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:aifpxqw5ldae~T00|title=Biography|publisher=Allmusic.com}}</ref> [[Blues-rock]]
| Years_active = 1970 - present
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] [[Geffen Records|Geffen]]|
| Associated_acts =
| URL = [http://www.aerosmith.com/ Aerosmith.com]
| Current_members = [[Steven Tyler]] [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]] [[Brad Whitford]] [[Joey Kramer]]
| Past_members = [[Ray Tabano]] [[Jimmy Crespo]] [[Rick Dufay]]
}}

{{Portal|Aerosmith|Guitarra.svg}}

'''Aerosmith''' is a prominent [[United States|American]] [[hard rock]] band, sometimes referred to as "The Bad Boys from [[Boston]]"<ref>[http://www.movienetworks.com/articles/entertainment_music/profiles/Aerosmith/profile.html MovieNetworks.com]</ref> and "America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band"<ref>[http://news.bostonherald.com/entertainment/music/general/view.bg?articleid=1031682 BostonHerald.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1444335/20010607/story.jhtml MTV.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.newhampshire.com/nh-people/aerosmith-biography.aspx NewHampshire.com]</ref>. Their unique style, rooted in [[blues]]-based hard rock, has also come to incorporate elements of [[pop music|pop]], [[heavy metal]], [[glam metal|glam]], and [[rhythm & blues|R&B]], which has inspired legions of rock artists that came after them. They are the bestselling American hard rock band of all time,<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt RIAA.com]</ref> having sold 150 million albums worldwide, including 65.5 million albums in the United States alone. They also hold the record for the most [[Music recording sales certification|gold and multi-platinum]] albums by an American group.<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblArtTal RIAA.com]</ref> The band has scored 21 [[Top 40]] hits on the [[Billboard Hot 100]], nine #1 [[Mainstream Rock Tracks|Mainstream Rock]] hits, four [[Grammy awards]], and ten [[Video Music Awards]]. They were inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in [[2001 in music|2001]].

The band was formed in [[Boston, Massachusetts]] in 1970. Guitarist [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] and bassist [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]], originally in a band together called the Jam Band, met up with singer [[Steven Tyler]], drummer [[Joey Kramer]], and guitarist [[Ray Tabano]], and formed Aerosmith. By 1971, Tabano was replaced by [[Brad Whitford]], and the band began developing a following in Boston. They were signed to [[Columbia Records]] in 1972 and released a string of multi-platinum albums, beginning with their 1973 [[Aerosmith (album)|eponymous debut album]]. In 1975, the band broke into the mainstream with the album ''[[Toys in the Attic (album)|Toys in the Attic]]'', and their 1976 follow-up ''[[Rocks (album)|Rocks]]'' cemented their status as hard rock superstars. By the end of the 1970s, they were among the most popular hard rock bands in the world and developed a loyal following of fans, often referred to as the "[[Blue Army (Aerosmith)|Blue Army]]". However, [[drug addiction]] and internal conflict took its toll on the band, which resulted in the departures of Perry and Whitford, in 1979 and 1981 respectively. They were replaced by [[Jimmy Crespo]] and [[Rick Dufay]]. The band did not fare well between 1980 and 1984, releasing a lone album, ''[[Rock in a Hard Place]]'', which was a critical and commercial flop. Although Perry and Whitford returned in 1984 and the band signed a new deal with [[Geffen Records]], it wasn't until the band sobered up and released [[1987]]'s ''[[Permanent Vacation (album)|Permanent Vacation]]'' that they regained the level of popularity they had experienced in the 1970s. Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s, the band scored several hits and won numerous awards for music from the multi-platinum albums ''[[Pump (album)|Pump]]'' (1989), ''[[Get a Grip]]'' (1993), and ''[[Nine Lives (Aerosmith album)|Nine Lives]]'' (1997). After 37 years of performing, Aerosmith continues to maintain a high level of popularity and success and continues to [[concert tour|tour]] and record music to this day.

== History ==
=== Formation ===
The formation of Aerosmith began in the late [[1960s]] in [[Sunapee, New Hampshire]]. [[Steven Tyler]] was a drummer/vocalist originally from [[Yonkers, New York]] who had been in a series of relatively unsuccessful bands in the mid-late 1960s such as the Vic Tallarico Orchestra, [[the Strangeurs/Chain Reaction]], The Chain, Fox Chase, and William Proud. In 1969, while vacationing in Sunapee, New Hampshire, Tyler met [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]], who was at the time playing in a band called the Jam Band with bassist [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]] and drummer David "Pudge" Scott, while Perry was washing dishes at the Anchorage in [[Sunapee, New Hampshire|Sunapee Harbor, New Hampshire]]. This meeting would eventually lead to the formation of Aerosmith.

Hamilton and Perry moved to [[Boston, Massachusetts]] in September 1970. There they met [[Joey Kramer]], a drummer from Yonkers, New York who had also known Steven Tyler, with whom he had always hoped to perform in a band. Kramer, a [[Berklee College of Music]] student, decided to quit school to join the band. In October 1970, they met up once again with Steven Tyler, who was originally a drummer and backup singer, but adamantly refused to play drums in this band, insisting he would only be in the band if he could be the frontman and lead vocalist. The band agreed and thus Aerosmith was born. The band added [[Ray Tabano]], a childhood friend of Tyler, as rhythm guitarist and began playing local shows. In 1971, Tabano was replaced by [[Brad Whitford]], who also attended the Berklee School of Music and was formerly of the band [[Earth Inc.]] Other than a period from July 1979 to April 1984, the line-up of Tyler, Perry, Hamilton, Kramer, and Whitford has stayed the same.

=== 1970s ===

After forming the band and finalizing the lineup in 1971, the band started to garner some local success doing live shows. Originally booked through The Ed Malhoit Agency of Claremont NH, Aerosmith signed with [[Columbia Records]] in 1972 and issued their debut album, ''[[Aerosmith (album)|Aerosmith]]'', in 1973. The album was straightforward rock and roll with well-defined blues influences, laying the groundwork for Aerosmith's signature blues-rock sound. Although the highest charting single from the album was "[[Dream On (Aerosmith song)|Dream On]]" at #59, several tracks (such as "[[Mama Kin]]" and "Walkin' the Dog") would become staples of the band's live shows and receive heavy rotation on rock radio. The album reached gold status initially, but eventually went on to sell two million copies and was certified double platinum after the band reached mainstream success over a decade later. After constant touring, the band released their second album ''[[Get Your Wings]]'' in 1974, the first of a string of multi-platinum albums produced by [[Jack Douglas (record producer)|Jack Douglas]]. This did better in the charts and produced the rock radio hits "[[Same Old Song and Dance]]" and "[[Train Kept A-Rollin']]", a cover done previously by [[The Yardbirds]]. The album also produced several fan favorites including "[[Lord of the Thighs]]", "[[Seasons of Wither]]", and "[[S.O.S. (Too Bad)]]", darker songs which have become staples in the band's live shows. To date, ''Get Your Wings'' has sold three million copies.
{{Sound sample box align right|Music samples:}}
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It was 1975's ''[[Toys in the Attic (album)|Toys in the Attic]]'', however, that established Aerosmith as international stars competing with the likes of [[Led Zeppelin]] and [[The Rolling Stones]]. Originally derided as Rolling Stones knockoffs, ''Toys in the Attic'' showed that Aerosmith was a talented band in their own right. ''Toys in the Attic'' was an immediate success, starting with the single "[[Sweet Emotion]]", which became the band's first [[Top 40]] hit. This was followed by a successful re-release of "[[Dream On (Aerosmith song)|Dream On]]" which hit #6, becoming their best charting single of the 1970s. The 2nd single from the album, "[[Walk This Way]]", reached the Top 10 in early 1977.

"[[Toys in the Attic (song)|Toys in the Attic]]" and "Big Ten Inch Record" (a song originally recorded by [[Bull Moose Jackson]]) were also rock radio staples. As a result of this success, both of the band's previous albums re-charted. ''Toys in the Attic'' has gone on to become the band's bestselling studio album in the States, with certified U.S. sales of eight million copies. The band toured in support of ''Toys in the Attic'', where they started to get more recognition. Also around this time, the band established their home base as "[[Wherehouse|The Wherehouse]]" in [[Waltham, Massachusetts]], where they would record and rehearse music, as well as conduct business.

Aerosmith's next album was 1976's ''[[Rocks (album)|Rocks]],'' which "captured Aerosmith at their most raw and rocking".<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&token=&sql=10:t2j97iajg74r Allmusic.com]</ref> It went [[gold record|platinum]] swiftly and featured two [[FM broadcasting|FM]] hits, "[[Last Child]]" and "[[Back in the Saddle]]", as well as the ballad "[[Home Tonight]]". ''Rocks'' has sold four million copies to date. Both ''Toys in the Attic'' and ''Rocks'' are highly regarded, especially in the hard rock genre, and appear on such lists as Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums, and are cited by members of [[Guns N' Roses]], [[Metallica]], and [[Mötley Crüe]] as having large influences on their music.<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7235473/57_aerosmith RollingStone.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=7772 Blabbermouth.net]</ref> Soon after ''[[Rocks (album)|Rocks]]'' was released, the band continued to tour heavily, this time headlining their own shows and playing to several large stadiums and rock festivals.

The next album, 1977's ''[[Draw the Line]]'', was not as successful or as critically acclaimed as their two previous efforts, although the [[Draw the Line (song)|title track]] proved to be a minor hit (and is still a live staple), and "[[Kings and Queens (Aerosmith song)|Kings and Queens]]" also experienced some success. The album went on to sell 2 million copies. While continuing to tour and record into the late 1970s, Aerosmith acted in the movie version of ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (movie)|Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]''. Their cover of the [[The Beatles|Beatles]] hit "[[Come Together#Covers|Come Together]]" was included in the album's soundtrack and would be the band's last Top 40 hit for nearly 10 years. The live release ''[[Live! Bootleg (Aerosmith album)|Live! Bootleg]]'', originally released as a double album, was put out in 1978 and captured the band's rawness<ref>[http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/pid/1087816/a/Live!+Bootleg.htm CDUniverse.com]</ref> during the heyday of the Draw the Line tour; however, as the 1970s came to a close, the band's popularity waned and [[drug abuse]] and the fast-paced life of touring and recording began affecting their output. Lead singer Steven Tyler and lead guitarist Joe Perry became known as "[[The Toxic Twins]]" due to their notorious abuse of drugs on and off the stage. Just after the recording of their sixth studio album, 1979's ''[[Night in the Ruts]]'', Joe Perry left the band, citing differences with Steven Tyler, and formed [[The Joe Perry Project]]. Perry was replaced first by longtime band friend and songwriter [[Richie Supa (songwriter)|Richie Supa]] and then by guitarist [[Jimmy Crespo]] (formerly of the band Flame). ''Night in the Ruts'' quickly fell off the charts, its only single being the cover of [[The Shangri-Las]]' "[[Remember (Walking in the Sand)]]", which topped out at #67.

=== 1980s ===

Aerosmith released its mammoth-selling ''[[Aerosmith's Greatest Hits|Greatest Hits]]'' album in 1980 and in 1981 the band suffered another loss with the departure of Brad Whitford. After recording guitar parts for the song "[[Lightning Strikes (Aerosmith song)|Lightning Strikes]]", Whitford was replaced by [[Rick Dufay]] and the band recorded their seventh album ''[[Rock in a Hard Place]]'' in 1982. The album was considered a commercial failure, only going gold, and failing to produce a major hit single. On the tour for ''[[Rock in a Hard Place]],'' Tyler collapsed during an onstage performance in November 1982.

On [[Valentine's Day]] 1984, Perry and Whitford saw Aerosmith perform. They were officially re-inducted into the ranks of Aerosmith once more in April of that year. Steven Tyler recalls, "You should have felt the buzz the moment all five of us got together in the same room for the first time again. We all started laughin'—it was like the five years had never passed. We knew we'd made the right move."

Aerosmith embarked on a reunion tour titled "Back in the Saddle" in 1984, which produced the live album ''[[Classics Live II]]''. Their problems still not behind them, the group was signed to [[Geffen Records]] and began working on a comeback.

Despite the band signing on to a new record company, [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] continued to reap the benefits of Aerosmith's comeback, releasing the live companion albums ''[[Classics Live I and II]]'' and the collection ''[[Gems (album)|Gems]]'' throughout the 1980s.

1985 saw the release of ''[[Done with Mirrors]]'', their first studio album with Geffen and their first album since the much-publicized reunion. While the album did receive some positive reviews, it only went gold and failed to produce a hit single, or generate much buzz outside the immediate confines of rock radio. The album's most notable track, "[[Let the Music Do the Talking (song)|Let the Music Do the Talking]]," was in fact a cover of a song originally recorded by [[The Joe Perry Project]] and released on that band's album of the same name. Nevertheless, the band became a popular concert attraction once again, touring in support of ''Done With Mirrors'', well into 1986. In [[1986]], [[Steven Tyler]] and [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] appeared on [[Run D.M.C.]]'s cover of Aerosmith's "[[Walk This Way]]", a track blending [[rock and roll]] and [[hip hop music|hip hop]] that not only cemented rap into the mainstream of American popular music, but also began Aerosmith's true comeback. The song reached #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and its associated video helped introduce Aerosmith to a new generation.

Still standing in the way, however, were the drug problems of the band members. In 1986, lead singer Steven Tyler completed a successful [[drug rehabilitation]] program, at the discretion of the band and manager [[Tim Collins (manager)|Tim Collins]], knowing that the band's future would not be bright if Tyler did not get treated. The rest of the band members completed drug rehab programs over the course of the next couple years. According to the band's tell-all autobiography, Collins pledged he could make the band the biggest band in the world by 1990 if they all completed drug rehab. Their next album was make-it-or-break-it due to the commercial disappointment of ''Done With Mirrors'', and as the band members became clean, they worked hard to make their comeback album.

''[[Permanent Vacation (album)|Permanent Vacation]]'' was released in August of 1987. ''Permanent Vacation'' was a major hit for the band, becoming their bestselling album in over a decade (selling 5 million copies in the U.S.), and having all three singles ("[[Dude (Looks Like a Lady)]]", "[[Rag Doll (Aerosmith song)|Rag Doll]]", and "[[Angel (Aerosmith song)|Angel]]") reach the Top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100. The group went on a subsequent tour with labelmates [[Guns N' Roses]] (who have cited Aerosmith as a major influence), which was intense at times due to Aerosmith's new struggle to stay clean amidst GN'Rs well-publicized, rampant drug use.
{{Sound sample box align right|Music sample:}}
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Their next album was received even better. ''[[Pump (album)|Pump]]'', released in October 1989, featured three Top Ten singles: "[[Janie's Got a Gun]]", "[[What It Takes (song)|What It Takes]]", and "[[Love in an Elevator]]", as well as "[[The Other Side (Aerosmith song)|The Other Side]]", re-establishing Aerosmith as a serious musical force.<ref>[http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=2200 Blender.com]</ref> ''Pump'' was a critical and commercial success, eventually selling 7 million copies, achieving 4-star ratings by major music magazines, and earning the band their first Grammy win ever in the [[Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] category, for "Janie's Got a Gun". The recording process for ''Pump'' was documented in the video the ''[[The Making of Pump]]'', which has since been re-released as a DVD. The music videos for the singles on the album were featured on the release ''[[Things That Go Pump in the Night]]'', which quickly went platinum.

=== 1990s ===

The band finished up the ''Pump'' tour in 1990. On [[February 21]], [[1990]], the band appeared in a "[[Wayne's World]]" sketch on ''[[Saturday Night Live]],'' debating the fall of communism and the Soviet Union, and performed their recent hits "[[Janie's Got a Gun]]" and "[[Monkey On My Back]]". On [[September 18]], [[1990]], the band's performance on [[MTV]]'s ''[[Unplugged]]'' aired. That same year, the band was also inducted to the Hollywood Rock Walk.<ref>[http://www.rockwalk.com/inductees/ Guitar Center's Hollywood Rockwalk]</ref> In 1991, the band appeared on ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Flaming Moe's]]" and released a box set titled ''[[Pandora's Box (album)|Pandora's Box]]''. In 1992, Tyler and Perry appeared live as guests of [[Guns N' Roses]] during their 1992 world-wide pay-per-view in Paris performing a medley of "Mama Kin" (which GN'R covered in 1986) and "Train Kept-A Rollin".

The band took a brief break and began recording their follow-up to ''Pump'' in 1992. Despite significant shifts in mainstream music at the beginning of the 1990s, the band's 1993 follow-up to ''Pump'', ''[[Get a Grip]]'', was just as successful commercially, becoming their first album to debut at #1 and racking up sales of 7 million copies in a two-and-a-half-year timespan. The first singles were the hard rocking "[[Livin' on the Edge]]" and "[[Eat the Rich (Aerosmith song)|Eat the Rich]]". Though many critics were unimpressed by the focus on the subsequent interchangeable power-ballads in promoting the album, all three ("[[Cryin']]", "[[Crazy (Aerosmith)|Crazy]]" and "[[Amazing (Aerosmith song)|Amazing]]") proved to be huge successes on radio and [[MTV]]. The music videos featured then up-and-coming actress [[Alicia Silverstone]]; her provocative performances earned her the title of "the Aerosmith chick" for the first half of the decade. Steven Tyler's daughter [[Liv Tyler]] was also featured in the "Crazy" video. ''Get a Grip'' would go on to sell more than 7 million copies in the U.S. alone with over 20 million copies worldwide. The band won two [[Grammy Awards]] for songs from this album in the [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] category: for "Livin' on the Edge" in 1994 and "Crazy" in 1995.

During the making of ''Get a Grip'', the management and record company brought in a variety of professional songwriting collaborators to come in and help make nearly all the songs on the album have a more commercial appeal, a trend which would continue until the early 2000s. However, this led to constant accusations of [[selling out]] that would continue throughout the 90s. In addition to Aerosmith's grueling 18 month world tour in support of ''Get a Grip'', the band also did a number of things to help promote themselves and their album and appeal to youth culture, including the appearance of the band in the movie ''[[Wayne's World 2]]'' where they performed two songs, the appearance of the band and their music in the arcade game and video game ''[[Revolution X]]'', performing at [[Woodstock '94]], using their song "[[Deuces Are Wild]]" in ''[[The Beavis & Butt-Head Experience]]'', and opening their own club, The Mama Kin Music Hall, in [[Boston, MA]] in 1994.

1994 also saw the release of the band's compilation for [[Geffen Records]], entitled ''[[Big Ones]]'' featuring all of their biggest hits from ''Permanent Vacation'', ''Pump'', and ''Get a Grip'', as well as three new songs, "[[Deuces Are Wild]]", "[[Blind Man]]", and "[[Walk on Water (Aerosmith song)|Walk on Water]]", all of which experienced great success on the rock charts.
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Aerosmith signed to Columbia Records again in the mid-1990s, but they still had to complete two contractual albums for Geffen before recording for the new label...this was later achieved by the label releasing numerous compilations. The band took time off with their families before working on their next album, ''[[Nine Lives (Aerosmith album)|Nine Lives]]'', which was plagued with personnel problems, including the firing of [[manager]] [[Tim Collins (manager)|Tim Collins]], who according to band members nearly caused the band to break up. The producer of the album was also changed from [[Glen Ballard]] to [[Kevin Shirley]]. ''Nine Lives'' was released in March of [[1997 in music|1997]]. Reviews were generally mixed, and ''Nine Lives'' initially fell down the charts, although it had a long chart life and sold double platinum in the United States alone, fueled by the singles, "[[Falling in Love (Is Hard on the Knees)]]", the ballad "[[Hole in My Soul]]", and the crossover-pop smash "[[Pink (song)|Pink]]" (which won the band their fourth [[Grammy Award]] in 1999 in the [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] category). It was followed by the 2+ year-long [[Nine lives tour|Nine Lives Tour]], which was plagued by problems including lead singer [[Steven Tyler]] injuring his leg at a concert, and [[Joey Kramer]] suffering second degree burns when his car caught fire at a gas station. However, the band also released their only #1 single to date: "[[I Don't Want to Miss a Thing]]", the love theme from the 1998 film ''[[Armageddon (movie)|Armageddon]]'', in which Steven Tyler's daughter Liv starred. The song stayed on top of the charts for four weeks and was nominated for an [[Academy Award]]. The song helped open Aerosmith up to a new generation and forever solidifed the band's song as a slow-dance staple. 1998 also saw the release of the double-live album, ''[[A Little South of Sanity]]'', which was culled from performances on the Get a Grip and Nine Lives tours. The album went platinum shortly after its release. The band continued with their seemingly-neverending world tours promoting ''Nine Lives'' and the "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" single well into 1999.

In 1999, they were featured in the [[Disney-MGM Studios]] at Walt Disney World (and later in 2001 at Euro Disney in the [[Walt Disney Studios Park]]) ride, [[Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith]], providing the soundtrack and theme of the ride. On September 9, 1999, Steven Tyler and Joe Perry reunited with [[Run-D.M.C.]] and were also joined by [[Kid Rock]] for a collaborative live performance of "Walk This Way" at the [[MTV Video Music Awards]], a precursor to the [[Girls of Summer Tour]]. The band celebrated the new millennium with [[Roar of the Dragon Tour|a brief tour of Japan]] in 2000, and also contributed the song "[[Angel's Eye]]" to the film ''[[Charlie's Angels (film)|Charlie's Angels]]''.

=== 2000s ===
The band entered their next decade by performing at the halftime show for [[Super Bowl XXXV]], in January 2001, along with pop stars [['N Sync]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Mary J. Blige]], and [[Nelly]]. All of the stars collaborated with Aerosmith at the end for a performance of the group's legendary song "[[Walk This Way]]".
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In March of 2001, the band released their 13th studio album ''[[Just Push Play]]''. The album quickly went platinum, fueled by the Top 10 single "[[Jaded (Aerosmith song)|Jaded]]" and the appearance of the [[Just Push Play (song)|title track]] in [[Dodge]] commercials. They were inducted to the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] soon after their album was released, in late March of 2001, after having been nominated in 2000 without getting in. Aerosmith is the only band to be inducted to the Hall of Fame with a hit song on the radio ("Jaded"). Later that year, the band performed as part of the [[United We Stand: What More Can I Give]] [[benefit concert]] in [[Washington D.C.]] for [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] victims and their families. The band flew back to [[Indianapolis]] for a show the same night, as part of their [[Just Push Play Tour]].

The band started 2002 by ending the Just Push Play tour, and simultaneously recording segments for their ''[[Behind the Music]]'' special on [[VH1]], which not only chronicled the band's history but also the band's current activities and touring. The special was one of the only ''Behind the Music''s to run two hours in length. In July 2002, Aerosmith released the 2-disc career-spanning compilation ''[[O, Yeah! The Ultimate Aerosmith Hits]]'', which featured the new single "[[Girls of Summer]]", and embarked on the [[Girls of Summer Tour]] with [[Kid Rock]] and [[Run-D.M.C.]] opening. That same year, the band were inducted as [[MTV]] Icons, the 2nd act overall to receive the honor.

In 2003, Aerosmith co-headlined with [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] on the [[Rocksimus Maximus Tour]], in preparation for release of their blues album.

[[Image:Aerosmith B.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Brad Whitford]], [[Steven Tyler]], and [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] of Aerosmith performing at the [[NFL]] Kickoff in [[Washington, DC]] on [[September 4]], [[2003]]]]
Their long-promised<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&token=&sql=10:g96ktr3tklmx Allmusic.com]</ref> blues album ''[[Honkin' on Bobo]]'' was released in 2004. The album was a return to roots for the band, including recording the album in live sessions, working with former producer [[Jack Douglas (record producer)|Jack Douglas]], and laying down their blues-rock grit. It was followed by a live [[DVD]], ''[[You Gotta Move (video)|You Gotta Move]]'' in December 2004, culled from the first performance on the [[Honkin' on Bobo Tour]]. "Dream On" was also featured in an advertising campaign for [[Buick]] in 2004, targeting that [[marque]]'s audience which is now composed largely of people who were teenagers when the song first charted.

2005 saw [[Steven Tyler]] appear in the film ''[[Be Cool]]''. [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] released his self-titled solo album that same year. At the 2006 Grammy Awards, he was nominated for "Best Rock Instrumental Performance" for the track "Mercy", but lost to [[Les Paul]]. In October 2005, Aerosmith released a CD/DVD ''[[Rockin' the Joint]]''. The band hit the road for the [[Rockin' the Joint Tour]] on [[October 30]] with [[Lenny Kravitz]] for a fall/winter tour hitting arenas in the largest U.S. markets. The band planned to tour with [[Cheap Trick]] in the spring, hitting secondary markets in the U.S. Rumors of a tour started when Cheap Trick frontman [[Robin Zander]] joined the band onstage for "Come Together" during a concert in Tampa, Florida a week before the announcement. Almost all of this leg of the tour was canceled, however, due to "an illness of a member of the band". On [[March 22]], [[2006]], it was publicly announced that lead singer Steven Tyler needed throat surgery, and the remaining dates on the tour were subsequently canceled.

Aerosmith commenced recording a new album on Armed Forces Day 2006.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/eo/20060310/en_music_eo/18543;_ylt=Aro4WM2iciwwYXQviUBfOsrhv7EF;_ylu=X3oDMTA5bGVna3NhBHNlYwNzc3JlbA-- Yahoo.com]</ref> Tyler and Perry performed with the [[Boston Pops Orchestra]] for their annual July 4 concert on the Esplanade in 2006, a milestone as it was the first major event or performance since Steven Tyler's throat surgery. Around this time, the band also announced that they would embark on the [[Route of All Evil Tour]] with [[Mötley Crüe]] in late 2006.

On [[August 24]], [[2006]] it was announced that [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]] was undergoing treatment for [[Esophageal cancer|throat cancer]]. In order to make a full recovery, he sat out much of the Route of All Evil Tour until he was well again. Former [[The Joe Perry Project|Joe Perry Project]] bassist David Hull substituted for Hamilton until his return.

On [[September 5]], [[2006]], Aerosmith kicked off the [[Route of All Evil Tour]] with [[Mötley Crüe]] in Columbus, Ohio. The co-headlining tour took both bands to amphitheaters across North America through [[November 24]]. After that, a select few arena dates were added, some of which were with Mötley Crüe. Tom Hamilton returned to the band officially on [[December 1]]. The tour ended [[December 17]].

On [[October 17]], [[2006]], the compilation album ''[[Devil's Got a New Disguise - The Very Best of Aerosmith]]'' was released. The album contained previously released hits with the addition of 2 new songs, "[[Devil's Got a New Disguise (song)|Devil's Got a New Disguise]]" and "Sedona Sunrise", which were older outtakes re-recorded for the album. "Devil's Got a New Disguise" peaked at #15 on the [[Mainstream Rock Tracks]] chart. The album was intended to fulfill Aerosmith's contract with Sony and tide fans over until the band's new studio album is released.

[[Image:Steven Tyler.jpg|thumb|[[Steven Tyler]] greets military servicemen aboard the ''[[USS Nimitz]]'' on [[May 30]], [[2007]], prior to an Aerosmith concert in [[Dubai]].]]
In early 2007, the band announced their [[Aerosmith's 2007 World Tour|2007 World Tour]], their first tour that included dates outside North America or Japan in nearly a decade. The band performed at [[London]]'s [[Hard Rock Cafe]] in February of 2007 to promote their European tour which included a night in Hyde Park as part of the [[Hyde Park Calling]] festival sponsored by Hard Rock Cafe. In the spring, the band toured [[Latin America]] to sold-out stadium crowds. In the summer, the band toured Europe, performing at several major rock festivals and visiting some countries they had never played before. Additionally, the band played Asian countries such as the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[India]] for the first time ever. The band also played a few select dates in [[California]] and [[Canada]] in late July. In September, the band performed eight dates in major markets in Northeastern North America. These shows were opened by [[Joan Jett]]. The band also played a private gig in Hawaii. A public show in Hawaii was canceled due to logistical reasons, a move which spurred a class action lawsuit against the band.
On [[November 1]], the band began work on the final studio album of their current contract with Sony. It is believed that the album will be a mix of re-recorded tracks left off previous albums as well as brand new material. In an interview, guitarist Joe Perry revealed that in addition to creating a new album, the band was working closely with the makers of the ''[[Guitar Hero (series)|Guitar Hero]]'' series for development of ''[[Guitar Hero IV]]'' which will be dedicated solely to the music of Aerosmith.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003634525 Billboard.com]</ref>

== Band members ==
{{main|Aerosmith band members}}
===Current members===
*[[Steven Tyler]] - lead vocals, keyboards, piano, harmonica, percussion (1970 – present)
*[[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] - lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals (1970 – 1979; 1984 – present)
*[[Brad Whitford]] - rhythm & lead guitars (1971 – 1981; 1984 – present)
*[[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]] - bass, rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1970 – present)
*[[Joey Kramer]] - drums, percussion, backing vocals (1970 – present)

== Discography ==
{{main|Aerosmith discography}}
=== Studio albums ===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
| '''Date of Release'''
| '''Title'''
| '''Label'''
| '''[[Billboard 200|Billboard]] peak'''
| '''[[RIAA certification|RIAA cert.]]'''
|-
|[[January 13]], [[1973]]
|''[[Aerosmith (album)|Aerosmith]]''
|[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
|#21
|2x Platinum
|-
|[[March]], [[1974]]
|''[[Get Your Wings]]''
|Columbia
|#74
|3x Platinum
|-
|[[April 8]], [[1975]]
|''[[Toys in the Attic (album)|Toys in the Attic]]''
|Columbia
|#11
|8x Platinum
|-
|[[May 3]], [[1976]]
|''[[Rocks (album)|Rocks]]''
|Columbia
|#3
|4x Platinum
|-
|[[December]], [[1977]]
|''[[Draw the Line]]''
|Columbia
|#11
|2x Platinum
|-
|[[November]], [[1979]]
|''[[Night in the Ruts]]''
|Columbia
|#14
|Platinum
|-
|[[October 1]], [[1982]]
|''[[Rock in a Hard Place]]''
|Columbia
|#32
|Gold
|-
|[[November]], [[1985]]
|''[[Done with Mirrors]]''
|[[Geffen Records|Geffen]]
|#36
|Gold
|-
|[[August 18]], [[1987]]
|''[[Permanent Vacation (album)|Permanent Vacation]]''
|Geffen
|#11
|5x Platinum
|-
|[[September 12]], [[1989]]
|''[[Pump (album)|Pump]]''
|Geffen
|#5
|7x Platinum
|-
|[[April 20]], [[1993]]
|''[[Get a Grip]]''
|Geffen
|#1
|7x Platinum
|-
|[[March 18]], [[1997]]
|''[[Nine Lives (Aerosmith album)|Nine Lives]]''
|Columbia
|#1
|2x Platinum
|-
|[[March 6]], [[2001]]
|''[[Just Push Play]]''
|Columbia
|#2
|Platinum
|-
|[[March 30]], [[2004]]
|''[[Honkin' on Bobo]]''
|Columbia
|#5
|Gold
|-
|}

=== Singles ===
{{main|Aerosmith discography#Singles|l1=Aerosmith singles discography}}

Aerosmith currently has had twenty-one singles reach the [[Top 40]] of the [[Billboard Hot 100]]:

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* 1975 "[[Sweet Emotion]]" #36
* 1976 "[[Dream On (Aerosmith song)|Dream On]]" (re-issue) #6
* 1976 "[[Last Child]]" #21
* 1977 "[[Walk This Way]]" #10
* 1977 "[[Back in the Saddle]]" #38
* 1978 "[[Come Together]]" #23
* 1987 "[[Dude (Looks Like a Lady)]]" #14
* 1988 "[[Angel (Aerosmith song)|Angel]]" #3
* 1988 "[[Rag Doll (Aerosmith song)|Rag Doll]]" #17
* 1989 "[[Love in an Elevator]]" #5
{{col-break}}
* 1990 "[[Janie's Got a Gun]]" #4
* 1990 "[[What It Takes (song)|What It Takes]]" #9
* 1990 "[[The Other Side (Aerosmith song)|The Other Side]]" #22
* 1993 "[[Livin' on the Edge]]" #18
* 1993 "[[Cryin']]" #12
* 1994 "[[Amazing (Aerosmith song)|Amazing]]" #24
* 1994 "[[Crazy (Aerosmith)|Crazy]]" #17
* 1997 "[[Falling in Love (Is Hard on the Knees)]]" #35
* 1998 "[[Pink (song)|Pink]]" #27
* 1998 "[[I Don't Want to Miss a Thing]]" '''#1'''
* 2001 "[[Jaded (Aerosmith song)|Jaded]]" #7
{{col-end}}

== Musical influences ==
===Artists that influenced Aerosmith===
Aerosmith was influenced by several musicians, mostly those incorporating both blues and rock stylings in their music, including [[The Beatles]], [[The Who]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[The Doors]], [[Chuck Berry]], [[Bo Diddley]], early [[Fleetwood Mac]], [[James Brown]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[The Kinks]], [[Muddy Waters]], [[New York Dolls]] and [[The Yardbirds]].<ref name="allmusic">[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=1:AEROSMITH Allmusic.com]</ref>

===Artists influenced by Aerosmith ===
Aerosmith has been credited with influencing several artists, mostly in the [[glam metal]], [[grunge]], [[heavy metal]] and [[alternative rock]] scenes. These artists include [[Vixen]], [[Bon Jovi]], [[Guns N' Roses]], [[Metallica]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Mötley Crüe]], [[The Black Crowes]], [[Poison (band)|Poison]], [[Mother Love Bone]], [[Velvet Revolver]], [[Pearl Jam]], [[Ratt]], [[Van Halen]], [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[The Cult]], [[Godsmack]], [[R.E.M. (band)|R.E.M.]], [[Soundgarden]], [[Alice in Chains]], [[L.A. Guns]], [[Great White]], [[Stone Temple Pilots]], [[Cinderella (band)|Cinderella]], [[Faster Pussycat]], [[Skid Row (heavy metal band)|Skid Row]], [[W.A.S.P. (band)|W.A.S.P.]], and [[Jackyl]].<ref name="allmusic"/>

== Concert tours ==
{{main|Aerosmith concert tours}}

== Awards and achievements ==
{{main|Aerosmith's achievements and awards}}

== Outtakes ==
{{main|Aerosmith's outtakes}}

== See also ==
* [[Toxic Twins]]
* [[The Joe Perry Project]]
* [[List of best-selling music artists]]
* [[List of best-selling albums worldwide]]
* [[List of best-selling albums in the United States]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (U.S.)]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Further reading==
*''[[Walk This Way: The Autobiography of Aerosmith]]'' by [[Stephen Davis (music journalist)|Stephen Davis]] and Aerosmith

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Aerosmith}}
*[http://www.aerosmith.com Aerosmith.com] - Aerosmith's Official Website
*[http://www.aerosmith.net Aerosmith.Net] - Official record label site Aerosmith.net
*[http://www.aeroforceone.com AeroForceOne.com] - Aerosmith's Official Fan Club Website
*[http://www.aeronewsdaily.com AeroNewsDaily.com] - Aerosmith News
*[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/aerosmith Aerosmith] at [[Rolling stone|Rolling Stone]]

{{Aerosmith}}
{{Aerosmith singles}}

[[Category:Aerosmith| ]]
[[Category:American rock music groups]]
[[Category:Massachusetts heavy metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Massachusetts musical groups]]
[[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees as a Performer‎]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Hollywood Walk of Fame]]
[[Category:Columbia Records artists]]
[[Category:Geffen Records artists]]
[[Category:1970s music groups]]
[[Category:1980s music groups]]
[[Category:1990s music groups]]
[[Category:2000s music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1970]]
[[Category:Quintets]]

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Aerosmith

2007-12-20T00:11:43Z

75.69.181.109: /* 1980s */

{{Dablink|This article is about the band Aerosmith. For their debut album, see [[Aerosmith (album)]].}}
{{Infobox musical artist | 
| Name = [[Image:Aerosmith-logo-01.gif|200px]]
| Img = Aerosmith2007.jpg
| Img_capt = Aerosmith performing in [[Mansfield, Massachusetts]] on [[September 14]], [[2007]].
| Landscape = Yes
| Background = group_or_band
| Alias =
| Origin = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], [[United States|USA]]
| Genre = [[Hard rock]] [[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wm05.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:aifpxqw5ldae~T00|title=Biography|publisher=Allmusic.com}}</ref> [[Blues-rock]]
| Years_active = 1970 - present
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] [[Geffen Records|Geffen]]|
| Associated_acts =
| URL = [http://www.aerosmith.com/ Aerosmith.com]
| Current_members = [[Steven Tyler]] [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]] [[Brad Whitford]] [[Joey Kramer]]
| Past_members = [[Ray Tabano]] [[Jimmy Crespo]] [[Rick Dufay]]
}}

{{Portal|Aerosmith|Guitarra.svg}}

'''Aerosmith''' is a prominent [[United States|American]] [[hard rock]] band, sometimes referred to as "The Bad Boys from [[Boston]]"<ref>[http://www.movienetworks.com/articles/entertainment_music/profiles/Aerosmith/profile.html MovieNetworks.com]</ref> and "America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band"<ref>[http://news.bostonherald.com/entertainment/music/general/view.bg?articleid=1031682 BostonHerald.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1444335/20010607/story.jhtml MTV.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.newhampshire.com/nh-people/aerosmith-biography.aspx NewHampshire.com]</ref>. Their unique style, rooted in [[blues]]-based hard rock, has also come to incorporate elements of [[pop music|pop]], [[heavy metal]], [[glam metal|glam]], and [[rhythm & blues|R&B]], which has inspired legions of rock artists that came after them. They are the bestselling American hard rock band of all time,<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt RIAA.com]</ref> having sold 150 million albums worldwide, including 65.5 million albums in the United States alone. They also hold the record for the most [[Music recording sales certification|gold and multi-platinum]] albums by an American group.<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblArtTal RIAA.com]</ref> The band has scored 21 [[Top 40]] hits on the [[Billboard Hot 100]], nine #1 [[Mainstream Rock Tracks|Mainstream Rock]] hits, four [[Grammy awards]], and ten [[Video Music Awards]]. They were inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in [[2001 in music|2001]].

The band was formed in [[Boston, Massachusetts]] in 1970. Guitarist [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] and bassist [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]], originally in a band together called the Jam Band, met up with singer [[Steven Tyler]], drummer [[Joey Kramer]], and guitarist [[Ray Tabano]], and formed Aerosmith. By 1971, Tabano was replaced by [[Brad Whitford]], and the band began developing a following in Boston. They were signed to [[Columbia Records]] in 1972 and released a string of multi-platinum albums, beginning with their 1973 [[Aerosmith (album)|eponymous debut album]]. In 1975, the band broke into the mainstream with the album ''[[Toys in the Attic (album)|Toys in the Attic]]'', and their 1976 follow-up ''[[Rocks (album)|Rocks]]'' cemented their status as hard rock superstars. By the end of the 1970s, they were among the most popular hard rock bands in the world and developed a loyal following of fans, often referred to as the "[[Blue Army (Aerosmith)|Blue Army]]". However, [[drug addiction]] and internal conflict took its toll on the band, which resulted in the departures of Perry and Whitford, in 1979 and 1981 respectively. They were replaced by [[Jimmy Crespo]] and [[Rick Dufay]]. The band did not fare well between 1980 and 1984, releasing a lone album, ''[[Rock in a Hard Place]]'', which was a critical and commercial flop. Although Perry and Whitford returned in 1984 and the band signed a new deal with [[Geffen Records]], it wasn't until the band sobered up and released [[1987]]'s ''[[Permanent Vacation (album)|Permanent Vacation]]'' that they regained the level of popularity they had experienced in the 1970s. Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s, the band scored several hits and won numerous awards for music from the multi-platinum albums ''[[Pump (album)|Pump]]'' (1989), ''[[Get a Grip]]'' (1993), and ''[[Nine Lives (Aerosmith album)|Nine Lives]]'' (1997). After 37 years of performing, Aerosmith continues to maintain a high level of popularity and success and continues to [[concert tour|tour]] and record music to this day.

== History ==
=== Formation ===
The formation of Aerosmith began in the late [[1960s]] in [[Sunapee, New Hampshire]]. [[Steven Tyler]] was a drummer/vocalist originally from [[Yonkers, New York]] who had been in a series of relatively unsuccessful bands in the mid-late 1960s such as the Vic Tallarico Orchestra, [[the Strangeurs/Chain Reaction]], The Chain, Fox Chase, and William Proud. In 1969, while vacationing in Sunapee, New Hampshire, Tyler met [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]], who was at the time playing in a band called the Jam Band with bassist [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]] and drummer David "Pudge" Scott, while Perry was washing dishes at the Anchorage in [[Sunapee, New Hampshire|Sunapee Harbor, New Hampshire]]. This meeting would eventually lead to the formation of Aerosmith.

Hamilton and Perry moved to [[Boston, Massachusetts]] in September 1970. There they met [[Joey Kramer]], a drummer from Yonkers, New York who had also known Steven Tyler, with whom he had always hoped to perform in a band. Kramer, a [[Berklee College of Music]] student, decided to quit school to join the band. In October 1970, they met up once again with Steven Tyler, who was originally a drummer and backup singer, but adamantly refused to play drums in this band, insisting he would only be in the band if he could be the frontman and lead vocalist. The band agreed and thus Aerosmith was born. The band added [[Ray Tabano]], a childhood friend of Tyler, as rhythm guitarist and began playing local shows. In 1971, Tabano was replaced by [[Brad Whitford]], who also attended the Berklee School of Music and was formerly of the band [[Earth Inc.]] Other than a period from July 1979 to April 1984, the line-up of Tyler, Perry, Hamilton, Kramer, and Whitford has stayed the same.

=== 1970s ===

After forming the band and finalizing the lineup in 1971, the band started to garner some local success doing live shows. Originally booked through The Ed Malhoit Agency of Claremont NH, Aerosmith signed with [[Columbia Records]] in 1972 and issued their debut album, ''[[Aerosmith (album)|Aerosmith]]'', in 1973. The album was straightforward rock and roll with well-defined blues influences, laying the groundwork for Aerosmith's signature blues-rock sound. Although the highest charting single from the album was "[[Dream On (Aerosmith song)|Dream On]]" at #59, several tracks (such as "[[Mama Kin]]" and "Walkin' the Dog") would become staples of the band's live shows and receive heavy rotation on rock radio. The album reached gold status initially, but eventually went on to sell two million copies and was certified double platinum after the band reached mainstream success over a decade later. After constant touring, the band released their second album ''[[Get Your Wings]]'' in 1974, the first of a string of multi-platinum albums produced by [[Jack Douglas (record producer)|Jack Douglas]]. This did better in the charts and produced the rock radio hits "[[Same Old Song and Dance]]" and "[[Train Kept A-Rollin']]", a cover done previously by [[The Yardbirds]]. The album also produced several fan favorites including "[[Lord of the Thighs]]", "[[Seasons of Wither]]", and "[[S.O.S. (Too Bad)]]", darker songs which have become staples in the band's live shows. To date, ''Get Your Wings'' has sold three million copies.
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It was 1975's ''[[Toys in the Attic (album)|Toys in the Attic]]'', however, that established Aerosmith as international stars competing with the likes of [[Led Zeppelin]] and [[The Rolling Stones]]. Originally derided as Rolling Stones knockoffs, ''Toys in the Attic'' showed that Aerosmith was a talented band in their own right. ''Toys in the Attic'' was an immediate success, starting with the single "[[Sweet Emotion]]", which became the band's first [[Top 40]] hit. This was followed by a successful re-release of "[[Dream On (Aerosmith song)|Dream On]]" which hit #6, becoming their best charting single of the 1970s. The 2nd single from the album, "[[Walk This Way]]", reached the Top 10 in early 1977.

"[[Toys in the Attic (song)|Toys in the Attic]]" and "Big Ten Inch Record" (a song originally recorded by [[Bull Moose Jackson]]) were also rock radio staples. As a result of this success, both of the band's previous albums re-charted. ''Toys in the Attic'' has gone on to become the band's bestselling studio album in the States, with certified U.S. sales of eight million copies. The band toured in support of ''Toys in the Attic'', where they started to get more recognition. Also around this time, the band established their home base as "[[Wherehouse|The Wherehouse]]" in [[Waltham, Massachusetts]], where they would record and rehearse music, as well as conduct business.

Aerosmith's next album was 1976's ''[[Rocks (album)|Rocks]],'' which "captured Aerosmith at their most raw and rocking".<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&token=&sql=10:t2j97iajg74r Allmusic.com]</ref> It went [[gold record|platinum]] swiftly and featured two [[FM broadcasting|FM]] hits, "[[Last Child]]" and "[[Back in the Saddle]]", as well as the ballad "[[Home Tonight]]". ''Rocks'' has sold four million copies to date. Both ''Toys in the Attic'' and ''Rocks'' are highly regarded, especially in the hard rock genre, and appear on such lists as Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums, and are cited by members of [[Guns N' Roses]], [[Metallica]], and [[Mötley Crüe]] as having large influences on their music.<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7235473/57_aerosmith RollingStone.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=7772 Blabbermouth.net]</ref> Soon after ''[[Rocks (album)|Rocks]]'' was released, the band continued to tour heavily, this time headlining their own shows and playing to several large stadiums and rock festivals.

The next album, 1977's ''[[Draw the Line]]'', was not as successful or as critically acclaimed as their two previous efforts, although the [[Draw the Line (song)|title track]] proved to be a minor hit (and is still a live staple), and "[[Kings and Queens (Aerosmith song)|Kings and Queens]]" also experienced some success. The album went on to sell 2 million copies. While continuing to tour and record into the late 1970s, Aerosmith acted in the movie version of ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (movie)|Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]''. Their cover of the [[The Beatles|Beatles]] hit "[[Come Together#Covers|Come Together]]" was included in the album's soundtrack and would be the band's last Top 40 hit for nearly 10 years. The live release ''[[Live! Bootleg (Aerosmith album)|Live! Bootleg]]'', originally released as a double album, was put out in 1978 and captured the band's rawness<ref>[http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/pid/1087816/a/Live!+Bootleg.htm CDUniverse.com]</ref> during the heyday of the Draw the Line tour; however, as the 1970s came to a close, the band's popularity waned and [[drug abuse]] and the fast-paced life of touring and recording began affecting their output. Lead singer Steven Tyler and lead guitarist Joe Perry became known as "[[The Toxic Twins]]" due to their notorious abuse of drugs on and off the stage. Just after the recording of their sixth studio album, 1979's ''[[Night in the Ruts]]'', Joe Perry left the band, citing differences with Steven Tyler, and formed [[The Joe Perry Project]]. Perry was replaced first by longtime band friend and songwriter [[Richie Supa (songwriter)|Richie Supa]] and then by guitarist [[Jimmy Crespo]] (formerly of the band Flame). ''Night in the Ruts'' quickly fell off the charts, its only single being the cover of [[The Shangri-Las]]' "[[Remember (Walking in the Sand)]]", which topped out at #67.

=== 1980s ===

Aerosmith released its mammoth-selling ''[[Aerosmith's Greatest Hits|Greatest Hits]]'' album in 1980 and in 1981 the band suffered another loss with the departure of Brad Whitford. After recording guitar parts for the song "[[Lightning Strikes (Aerosmith song)|Lightning Strikes]]", Whitford was replaced by [[Rick Dufay]] and the band recorded their seventh album ''[[Rock in a Hard Place]]'' in 1982. The album was considered a commercial failure, only going gold, and failing to produce a major hit single. On the tour for ''[[Rock in a Hard Place]],'' Tyler collapsed during an onstage performance in November 1982.

On [[Valentine's Day]] 1984, Perry and Whitford saw Aerosmith perform. They were officially re-inducted into the ranks of Aerosmith once more in April of that year. Steven Tyler recalls, "You should have felt the buzz the moment all five of us got together in the same room for the first time again. We all started laughin'—it was like the five years had never passed. We knew we'd made the right move."

Aerosmith embarked on a reunion tour titled "Back in the Saddle" in 1984, which produced the live album ''[[Classics Live II]]''. Their problems still not behind them, the group was signed to [[Geffen Records]] and began working on a comeback.

Despite the band signing on to a new record company, [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] continued to reap the benefits of Aerosmith's comeback, releasing the live companion albums ''[[Classics Live I and II]]'' and the collection ''[[Gems (album)|Gems]]'' throughout the 1980s.

1985 saw the release of ''[[Done with Mirrors]]'', their first studio album with Geffen and their first album since the much-publicized reunion. While the album did receive some positive reviews, it only went gold and failed to produce a hit single, or generate much buzz outside the immediate confines of rock radio. The album's most notable track, "[[Let the Music Do the Talking (song)|Let the Music Do the Talking]]," was in fact a cover of a song originally recorded by [[The Joe Perry Project]] and released on that band's album of the same name. Nevertheless, the band became a popular concert attraction once again, touring in support of ''Done With Mirrors'', well into 1986. In [[1986]], [[Steven Tyler]] and [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] appeared on [[Run D.M.C.]]'s cover of Aerosmith's "[[Walk This Way]]", a track blending [[rock and roll]] and [[hip hop music|hip hop]] that not only cemented rap into the mainstream of American popular music, but also began Aerosmith's true comeback. The song reached #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and its associated video helped introduce Aerosmith to a new generation.

Still standing in the way, however, were the drug problems of the band members. In 1986, lead singer Steven Tyler completed a successful [[drug rehabilitation]] program, at the discretion of the band and manager [[Tim Collins (manager)|Tim Collins]], knowing that the band's future would not be bright if Tyler did not get treated. The rest of the band members completed drug rehab programs over the course of the next couple years. According to the band's tell-all autobiography, Collins pledged he could make the band the biggest band in the world by 1990 if they all completed drug rehab. Their next album was make-it-or-break-it due to the commercial disappointment of ''Done With Mirrors'', and as the band members became clean, they worked hard to make their comeback album.

''[[Permanent Vacation (album)|Permanent Vacation]]'' was released in August of 1987. ''Permanent Vacation'' was a major hit for the band, becoming their bestselling album in over a decade (selling 5 million copies in the U.S.), and having all three singles ("[[Dude (Looks Like a Lady)]]", "[[Rag Doll (Aerosmith song)|Rag Doll]]", and "[[Angel (Aerosmith song)|Angel]]") reach the Top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100. The group went on a subsequent tour with labelmates [[Guns N' Roses]] (who have cited Aerosmith as a major influence), which was intense at times due to Aerosmith's new struggle to stay clean amidst GN'Rs well-publicized, rampant drug use.
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Their next album was received even better. ''[[Pump (album)|Pump]]'', released in October 1989, featured three Top Ten singles: "[[Janie's Got a Gun]]", "[[What It Takes (song)|What It Takes]]", and "[[Love in an Elevator]]", as well as "[[The Other Side (Aerosmith song)|The Other Side]]", re-establishing Aerosmith as a serious musical force.<ref>[http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=2200 Blender.com]</ref> ''Pump'' was a critical and commercial success, eventually selling 7 million copies, achieving 4-star ratings by major music magazines, and earning the band their first Grammy win ever in the [[Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] category, for "Janie's Got a Gun". The recording process for ''Pump'' was documented in the video the ''[[The Making of Pump]]'', which has since been re-released as a DVD. The music videos for the singles on the album were featured on the release ''[[Things That Go Pump in the Night]]'', which quickly went platinum.

=== 1990s ===

The band finished up the ''Pump'' tour in 1990. On [[February 21]], [[1990]], the band appeared in a "[[Wayne's World]]" sketch on ''[[Saturday Night Live]],'' debating the fall of communism and the Soviet Union, and performed their recent hits "[[Janie's Got a Gun]]" and "[[Monkey On My Back]]". On [[September 18]], [[1990]], the band's performance on [[MTV]]'s ''[[Unplugged]]'' aired. That same year, the band was also inducted to the Hollywood Rock Walk.<ref>[http://www.rockwalk.com/inductees/ Guitar Center's Hollywood Rockwalk]</ref> In 1991, the band appeared on ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Flaming Moe's]]" and released a box set entitled ''[[Pandora's Box (album)|Pandora's Box]]''. In 1992, Tyler and Perry appeared live as guests of [[Guns N' Roses]] during their 1992 world-wide pay-per-view in Paris performing a medley of "Mama Kin" (which GN'R covered in 1986) and "Train Kept-A Rollin".

The band took a brief break and began recording their follow-up to ''Pump'' in 1992. Despite significant shifts in mainstream music at the beginning of the 1990s, the band's 1993 follow-up to ''Pump'', ''[[Get a Grip]]'', was just as successful commercially, becoming their first album to debut at #1 and racking up sales of 7 million copies in a two-and-a-half-year timespan. The first singles were the hard rocking "[[Livin' on the Edge]]" and "[[Eat the Rich (Aerosmith song)|Eat the Rich]]". Though many critics were unimpressed by the focus on the subsequent interchangeable power-ballads in promoting the album, all three ("[[Cryin']]", "[[Crazy (Aerosmith)|Crazy]]" and "[[Amazing (Aerosmith song)|Amazing]]") proved to be huge successes on radio and [[MTV]]. The music videos featured then up-and-coming actress [[Alicia Silverstone]]; her provocative performances earned her the title of "the Aerosmith chick" for the first half of the decade. Steven Tyler's daughter [[Liv Tyler]] was also featured in the "Crazy" video. ''Get a Grip'' would go on to sell more than 7 million copies in the U.S. alone with over 20 million copies worldwide. The band won two [[Grammy Awards]] for songs from this album in the [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] category: for "Livin' on the Edge" in 1994 and "Crazy" in 1995.

During the making of ''Get a Grip'', the management and record company brought in a variety of professional songwriting collaborators to come in and help make nearly all the songs on the album have a more commercial appeal, a trend which would continue until the early 2000s. However, this led to constant accusations of [[selling out]] that would continue throughout the 90s. In addition to Aerosmith's grueling 18 month world tour in support of ''Get a Grip'', the band also did a number of things to help promote themselves and their album and appeal to youth culture, including the appearance of the band in the movie ''[[Wayne's World 2]]'' where they performed two songs, the appearance of the band and their music in the arcade game and video game ''[[Revolution X]]'', performing at [[Woodstock '94]], using their song "[[Deuces Are Wild]]" in ''[[The Beavis & Butt-Head Experience]]'', and opening their own club, The Mama Kin Music Hall, in [[Boston, MA]] in 1994.

1994 also saw the release of the band's compilation for [[Geffen Records]], entitled ''[[Big Ones]]'' featuring all of their biggest hits from ''Permanent Vacation'', ''Pump'', and ''Get a Grip'', as well as three new songs, "[[Deuces Are Wild]]", "[[Blind Man]]", and "[[Walk on Water (Aerosmith song)|Walk on Water]]", all of which experienced great success on the rock charts.
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Aerosmith signed to Columbia Records again in the mid-1990s, but they still had to complete two contractual albums for Geffen before recording for the new label...this was later achieved by the label releasing numerous compilations. The band took time off with their families before working on their next album, ''[[Nine Lives (Aerosmith album)|Nine Lives]]'', which was plagued with personnel problems, including the firing of [[manager]] [[Tim Collins (manager)|Tim Collins]], who according to band members nearly caused the band to break up. The producer of the album was also changed from [[Glen Ballard]] to [[Kevin Shirley]]. ''Nine Lives'' was released in March of [[1997 in music|1997]]. Reviews were generally mixed, and ''Nine Lives'' initially fell down the charts, although it had a long chart life and sold double platinum in the United States alone, fueled by the singles, "[[Falling in Love (Is Hard on the Knees)]]", the ballad "[[Hole in My Soul]]", and the crossover-pop smash "[[Pink (song)|Pink]]" (which won the band their fourth [[Grammy Award]] in 1999 in the [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] category). It was followed by the 2+ year-long [[Nine lives tour|Nine Lives Tour]], which was plagued by problems including lead singer [[Steven Tyler]] injuring his leg at a concert, and [[Joey Kramer]] suffering second degree burns when his car caught fire at a gas station. However, the band also released their only #1 single to date: "[[I Don't Want to Miss a Thing]]", the love theme from the 1998 film ''[[Armageddon (movie)|Armageddon]]'', in which Steven Tyler's daughter Liv starred. The song stayed on top of the charts for four weeks and was nominated for an [[Academy Award]]. The song helped open Aerosmith up to a new generation and forever solidifed the band's song as a slow-dance staple. 1998 also saw the release of the double-live album, ''[[A Little South of Sanity]]'', which was culled from performances on the Get a Grip and Nine Lives tours. The album went platinum shortly after its release. The band continued with their seemingly-neverending world tours promoting ''Nine Lives'' and the "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" single well into 1999.

In 1999, they were featured in the [[Disney-MGM Studios]] at Walt Disney World (and later in 2001 at Euro Disney in the [[Walt Disney Studios Park]]) ride, [[Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith]], providing the soundtrack and theme of the ride. On September 9, 1999, Steven Tyler and Joe Perry reunited with [[Run-D.M.C.]] and were also joined by [[Kid Rock]] for a collaborative live performance of "Walk This Way" at the [[MTV Video Music Awards]], a precursor to the [[Girls of Summer Tour]]. The band celebrated the new millennium with [[Roar of the Dragon Tour|a brief tour of Japan]] in 2000, and also contributed the song "[[Angel's Eye]]" to the film ''[[Charlie's Angels (film)|Charlie's Angels]]''.

=== 2000s ===
The band entered their next decade by performing at the halftime show for [[Super Bowl XXXV]], in January 2001, along with pop stars [['N Sync]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Mary J. Blige]], and [[Nelly]]. All of the stars collaborated with Aerosmith at the end for a performance of the group's legendary song "[[Walk This Way]]".
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In March of 2001, the band released their 13th studio album ''[[Just Push Play]]''. The album quickly went platinum, fueled by the Top 10 single "[[Jaded (Aerosmith song)|Jaded]]" and the appearance of the [[Just Push Play (song)|title track]] in [[Dodge]] commercials. They were inducted to the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] soon after their album was released, in late March of 2001, after having been nominated in 2000 without getting in. Aerosmith is the only band to be inducted to the Hall of Fame with a hit song on the radio ("Jaded"). Later that year, the band performed as part of the [[United We Stand: What More Can I Give]] [[benefit concert]] in [[Washington D.C.]] for [[September 11 attacks|9/11]] victims and their families. The band flew back to [[Indianapolis]] for a show the same night, as part of their [[Just Push Play Tour]].

The band started 2002 by ending the Just Push Play tour, and simultaneously recording segments for their ''[[Behind the Music]]'' special on [[VH1]], which not only chronicled the band's history but also the band's current activities and touring. The special was one of the only ''Behind the Music''s to run two hours in length. In July 2002, Aerosmith released the 2-disc career-spanning compilation ''[[O, Yeah! The Ultimate Aerosmith Hits]]'', which featured the new single "[[Girls of Summer]]", and embarked on the [[Girls of Summer Tour]] with [[Kid Rock]] and [[Run-D.M.C.]] opening. That same year, the band were inducted as [[MTV]] Icons, the 2nd act overall to receive the honor.

In 2003, Aerosmith co-headlined with [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] on the [[Rocksimus Maximus Tour]], in preparation for release of their blues album.

[[Image:Aerosmith B.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Brad Whitford]], [[Steven Tyler]], and [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] of Aerosmith performing at the [[NFL]] Kickoff in [[Washington, DC]] on [[September 4]], [[2003]]]]
Their long-promised<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&token=&sql=10:g96ktr3tklmx Allmusic.com]</ref> blues album ''[[Honkin' on Bobo]]'' was released in 2004. The album was a return to roots for the band, including recording the album in live sessions, working with former producer [[Jack Douglas (record producer)|Jack Douglas]], and laying down their blues-rock grit. It was followed by a live [[DVD]], ''[[You Gotta Move (video)|You Gotta Move]]'' in December 2004, culled from the first performance on the [[Honkin' on Bobo Tour]]. "Dream On" was also featured in an advertising campaign for [[Buick]] in 2004, targeting that [[marque]]'s audience which is now composed largely of people who were teenagers when the song first charted.

2005 saw [[Steven Tyler]] appear in the film ''[[Be Cool]]''. [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] released his self-titled solo album that same year. At the 2006 Grammy Awards, he was nominated for "Best Rock Instrumental Performance" for the track "Mercy", but lost to [[Les Paul]]. In October 2005, Aerosmith released a CD/DVD ''[[Rockin' the Joint]]''. The band hit the road for the [[Rockin' the Joint Tour]] on [[October 30]] with [[Lenny Kravitz]] for a fall/winter tour hitting arenas in the largest U.S. markets. The band planned to tour with [[Cheap Trick]] in the spring, hitting secondary markets in the U.S. Rumors of a tour started when Cheap Trick frontman [[Robin Zander]] joined the band onstage for "Come Together" during a concert in Tampa, Florida a week before the announcement. Almost all of this leg of the tour was canceled, however, due to "an illness of a member of the band". On [[March 22]], [[2006]], it was publicly announced that lead singer Steven Tyler needed throat surgery, and the remaining dates on the tour were subsequently canceled.

Aerosmith commenced recording a new album on Armed Forces Day 2006.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/eo/20060310/en_music_eo/18543;_ylt=Aro4WM2iciwwYXQviUBfOsrhv7EF;_ylu=X3oDMTA5bGVna3NhBHNlYwNzc3JlbA-- Yahoo.com]</ref> Tyler and Perry performed with the [[Boston Pops Orchestra]] for their annual July 4 concert on the Esplanade in 2006, a milestone as it was the first major event or performance since Steven Tyler's throat surgery. Around this time, the band also announced that they would embark on the [[Route of All Evil Tour]] with [[Mötley Crüe]] in late 2006.

On [[August 24]], [[2006]] it was announced that [[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]] was undergoing treatment for [[Esophageal cancer|throat cancer]]. In order to make a full recovery, he sat out much of the Route of All Evil Tour until he was well again. Former [[The Joe Perry Project|Joe Perry Project]] bassist David Hull substituted for Hamilton until his return.

On [[September 5]], [[2006]], Aerosmith kicked off the [[Route of All Evil Tour]] with [[Mötley Crüe]] in Columbus, Ohio. The co-headlining tour took both bands to amphitheaters across North America through [[November 24]]. After that, a select few arena dates were added, some of which were with Mötley Crüe. Tom Hamilton returned to the band officially on [[December 1]]. The tour ended [[December 17]].

On [[October 17]], [[2006]], the compilation album ''[[Devil's Got a New Disguise - The Very Best of Aerosmith]]'' was released. The album contained previously released hits with the addition of 2 new songs, "[[Devil's Got a New Disguise (song)|Devil's Got a New Disguise]]" and "Sedona Sunrise", which were older outtakes re-recorded for the album. "Devil's Got a New Disguise" peaked at #15 on the [[Mainstream Rock Tracks]] chart. The album was intended to fulfill Aerosmith's contract with Sony and tide fans over until the band's new studio album is released.

[[Image:Steven Tyler.jpg|thumb|[[Steven Tyler]] greets military servicemen aboard the ''[[USS Nimitz]]'' on [[May 30]], [[2007]], prior to an Aerosmith concert in [[Dubai]].]]
In early 2007, the band announced their [[Aerosmith's 2007 World Tour|2007 World Tour]], their first tour that included dates outside North America or Japan in nearly a decade. The band performed at [[London]]'s [[Hard Rock Cafe]] in February of 2007 to promote their European tour which included a night in Hyde Park as part of the [[Hyde Park Calling]] festival sponsored by Hard Rock Cafe. In the spring, the band toured [[Latin America]] to sold-out stadium crowds. In the summer, the band toured Europe, performing at several major rock festivals and visiting some countries they had never played before. Additionally, the band played Asian countries such as the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[India]] for the first time ever. The band also played a few select dates in [[California]] and [[Canada]] in late July. In September, the band performed eight dates in major markets in Northeastern North America. These shows were opened by [[Joan Jett]]. The band also played a private gig in Hawaii. A public show in Hawaii was canceled due to logistical reasons, a move which spurred a class action lawsuit against the band.
On [[November 1]], the band began work on the final studio album of their current contract with Sony. It is believed that the album will be a mix of re-recorded tracks left off previous albums as well as brand new material. In an interview, guitarist Joe Perry revealed that in addition to creating a new album, the band was working closely with the makers of the ''[[Guitar Hero (series)|Guitar Hero]]'' series for development of ''[[Guitar Hero IV]]'' which will be dedicated solely to the music of Aerosmith.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003634525 Billboard.com]</ref>

== Band members ==
{{main|Aerosmith band members}}
===Current members===
*[[Steven Tyler]] - lead vocals, keyboards, piano, harmonica, percussion (1970 – present)
*[[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] - lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals (1970 – 1979; 1984 – present)
*[[Brad Whitford]] - rhythm & lead guitars (1971 – 1981; 1984 – present)
*[[Tom Hamilton (musician)|Tom Hamilton]] - bass, rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1970 – present)
*[[Joey Kramer]] - drums, percussion, backing vocals (1970 – present)

== Discography ==
{{main|Aerosmith discography}}
=== Studio albums ===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
| '''Date of Release'''
| '''Title'''
| '''Label'''
| '''[[Billboard 200|Billboard]] peak'''
| '''[[RIAA certification|RIAA cert.]]'''
|-
|[[January 13]], [[1973]]
|''[[Aerosmith (album)|Aerosmith]]''
|[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
|#21
|2x Platinum
|-
|[[March]], [[1974]]
|''[[Get Your Wings]]''
|Columbia
|#74
|3x Platinum
|-
|[[April 8]], [[1975]]
|''[[Toys in the Attic (album)|Toys in the Attic]]''
|Columbia
|#11
|8x Platinum
|-
|[[May 3]], [[1976]]
|''[[Rocks (album)|Rocks]]''
|Columbia
|#3
|4x Platinum
|-
|[[December]], [[1977]]
|''[[Draw the Line]]''
|Columbia
|#11
|2x Platinum
|-
|[[November]], [[1979]]
|''[[Night in the Ruts]]''
|Columbia
|#14
|Platinum
|-
|[[October 1]], [[1982]]
|''[[Rock in a Hard Place]]''
|Columbia
|#32
|Gold
|-
|[[November]], [[1985]]
|''[[Done with Mirrors]]''
|[[Geffen Records|Geffen]]
|#36
|Gold
|-
|[[August 18]], [[1987]]
|''[[Permanent Vacation (album)|Permanent Vacation]]''
|Geffen
|#11
|5x Platinum
|-
|[[September 12]], [[1989]]
|''[[Pump (album)|Pump]]''
|Geffen
|#5
|7x Platinum
|-
|[[April 20]], [[1993]]
|''[[Get a Grip]]''
|Geffen
|#1
|7x Platinum
|-
|[[March 18]], [[1997]]
|''[[Nine Lives (Aerosmith album)|Nine Lives]]''
|Columbia
|#1
|2x Platinum
|-
|[[March 6]], [[2001]]
|''[[Just Push Play]]''
|Columbia
|#2
|Platinum
|-
|[[March 30]], [[2004]]
|''[[Honkin' on Bobo]]''
|Columbia
|#5
|Gold
|-
|}

=== Singles ===
{{main|Aerosmith discography#Singles|l1=Aerosmith singles discography}}

Aerosmith currently has had twenty-one singles reach the [[Top 40]] of the [[Billboard Hot 100]]:

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* 1975 "[[Sweet Emotion]]" #36
* 1976 "[[Dream On (Aerosmith song)|Dream On]]" (re-issue) #6
* 1976 "[[Last Child]]" #21
* 1977 "[[Walk This Way]]" #10
* 1977 "[[Back in the Saddle]]" #38
* 1978 "[[Come Together]]" #23
* 1987 "[[Dude (Looks Like a Lady)]]" #14
* 1988 "[[Angel (Aerosmith song)|Angel]]" #3
* 1988 "[[Rag Doll (Aerosmith song)|Rag Doll]]" #17
* 1989 "[[Love in an Elevator]]" #5
{{col-break}}
* 1990 "[[Janie's Got a Gun]]" #4
* 1990 "[[What It Takes (song)|What It Takes]]" #9
* 1990 "[[The Other Side (Aerosmith song)|The Other Side]]" #22
* 1993 "[[Livin' on the Edge]]" #18
* 1993 "[[Cryin']]" #12
* 1994 "[[Amazing (Aerosmith song)|Amazing]]" #24
* 1994 "[[Crazy (Aerosmith)|Crazy]]" #17
* 1997 "[[Falling in Love (Is Hard on the Knees)]]" #35
* 1998 "[[Pink (song)|Pink]]" #27
* 1998 "[[I Don't Want to Miss a Thing]]" '''#1'''
* 2001 "[[Jaded (Aerosmith song)|Jaded]]" #7
{{col-end}}

== Musical influences ==
===Artists that influenced Aerosmith===
Aerosmith was influenced by several musicians, mostly those incorporating both blues and rock stylings in their music, including [[The Beatles]], [[The Who]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[The Doors]], [[Chuck Berry]], [[Bo Diddley]], early [[Fleetwood Mac]], [[James Brown]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[The Kinks]], [[Muddy Waters]], [[New York Dolls]] and [[The Yardbirds]].<ref name="allmusic">[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=1:AEROSMITH Allmusic.com]</ref>

===Artists influenced by Aerosmith ===
Aerosmith has been credited with influencing several artists, mostly in the [[glam metal]], [[grunge]], [[heavy metal]] and [[alternative rock]] scenes. These artists include [[Vixen]], [[Bon Jovi]], [[Guns N' Roses]], [[Metallica]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Mötley Crüe]], [[The Black Crowes]], [[Poison (band)|Poison]], [[Mother Love Bone]], [[Velvet Revolver]], [[Pearl Jam]], [[Ratt]], [[Van Halen]], [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[The Cult]], [[Godsmack]], [[R.E.M. (band)|R.E.M.]], [[Soundgarden]], [[Alice in Chains]], [[L.A. Guns]], [[Great White]], [[Stone Temple Pilots]], [[Cinderella (band)|Cinderella]], [[Faster Pussycat]], [[Skid Row (heavy metal band)|Skid Row]], [[W.A.S.P. (band)|W.A.S.P.]], and [[Jackyl]].<ref name="allmusic"/>

== Concert tours ==
{{main|Aerosmith concert tours}}

== Awards and achievements ==
{{main|Aerosmith's achievements and awards}}

== Outtakes ==
{{main|Aerosmith's outtakes}}

== See also ==
* [[Toxic Twins]]
* [[The Joe Perry Project]]
* [[List of best-selling music artists]]
* [[List of best-selling albums worldwide]]
* [[List of best-selling albums in the United States]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (U.S.)]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Further reading==
*''[[Walk This Way: The Autobiography of Aerosmith]]'' by [[Stephen Davis (music journalist)|Stephen Davis]] and Aerosmith

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Aerosmith}}
*[http://www.aerosmith.com Aerosmith.com] - Aerosmith's Official Website
*[http://www.aerosmith.net Aerosmith.Net] - Official record label site Aerosmith.net
*[http://www.aeroforceone.com AeroForceOne.com] - Aerosmith's Official Fan Club Website
*[http://www.aeronewsdaily.com AeroNewsDaily.com] - Aerosmith News
*[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/aerosmith Aerosmith] at [[Rolling stone|Rolling Stone]]

{{Aerosmith}}
{{Aerosmith singles}}

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Larry Williams

2007-12-02T17:38:18Z

75.69.181.109: /* Selective list of recorded cover versions */

{{refimprove|date=June 2006}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = Larry Williams
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Lawrence E. Williams
| Alias =
| Born = [[10 May]] [[1935]], [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]
| Died = [[7 January]] [[1980]]
| Origin =
| Instrument =
| Voice_type =
| Genre =
| Occupation =
| Years_active = 1950s - 1980
| Label =
| Associated_acts =
| URL =
| Notable_instruments =
}}

:''See [[Larry Williams (trader)]] for the technical analyst and financial trader.''

'''Larry Williams''' (Lawrence E. Williams, [[10 May]] [[1935]] – [[7 January]] [[1980]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[rhythm and blues]] and [[rock and roll]] [[singer]], [[songwriter]] and [[pianist]] from [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]. He is best known for writing and [[sound recording and reproduction|recording]] some [[Rock and roll|Rock 'n' Roll]] standards from 1957 to 1959 for [[Specialty Records]], including "Bony Moronie" and "[[Dizzy Miss Lizzy]]" (see also: [[The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll]]).

Several of his [[song]]s achieved later success as [[cover version]]s by [[The Beatles]] ("[[Bad Boy (Larry Williams song)|Bad Boy]]", "[[Slow Down (Larry Williams song)|Slow Down]]", and "[[Dizzy Miss Lizzy]]"); [[The Rolling Stones]] ("She Said Yeah"); and [[John Lennon]] ("[[Bony Moronie]]" and "[[Dizzy Miss Lizzy]]").

Williams' first [[gramophone record|records]] were released by [[Specialty Records]], as that [[record label|label's]] biggest star, [[Little Richard]], left Rock 'n' Roll in July 1957 to pursue the [[Christian ministry|ministry]]. Groomed as Richard's successor, Williams' records had the same raw, piano-driven intensity.

Williams had been involved with underworld activity since his early [[adolescence|teens]], and had reputedly been a [[pimp]] before he ever recorded music. In the late [[1950s]] his [[music]] career suffered a setback when he was arrested for dealing [[narcotics]]. However, Williams made a comeback in the mid-sixties with a band that included [[Johnny "Guitar" Watson]], which paired him musically with Little Richard at the Okeh Club. This period garnered fewer hits but produced some of his best and most original work. There was also a brief dalliance with [[disco]] in the seventies.

Williams wild lifestyle continued, and by the late 1970's violence took its toll on him and his friends. In 1977, Little Richard Penniman narrowly escaped being shot by his long-time friend, Williams, over a drug debt. This, along with other factors, led to Penniman's return to born again Christianity and the ministry, but Williams would not escape. In 1980, Williams was found dead from a gun-shot wound [[Los Angeles, California]] home.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The death was deemed [[suicide]], though there was much speculation otherwise.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} No suspects were ever arrested or charged.

==Selective list of recorded cover versions==
*''[[Bony Moronie]]'': Livin' Blues, [[John Lennon]], [[Johnny Burnette]], [[Dr. Feelgood (band)|Dr. Feelgood]], [[Flying Burrito Brothers]], [[Johnny Winter]], [[Little Richard]], [[Paul Jones (singer)|Paul Jones]], [[Showaddywaddy]], [[The Who]], [[Jumpin' Gene Simmons]], [[The Shadows]], [[Ritchie Valens]], [[Bill Haley & His Comets]], [[The Creation (band)|The Creation]], Bobby Comstock, [[Freddy Fender]], Howie Casey and The Seniors, [[Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs|The Aztecs]], [[The Rebel Rousers]], [[The Standells]], Electric Junkyard.
*''[[Bony Moronie]]'', Spanish version as ''Popotitos'': [[Miguel Rios|Mike Ríos con Los Relámpagos]], Teen Tops, [[Alejandra Guzmán]], [[Serú Girán]], [[Luis Miguel Gallego Basteri|Luis Miguel]], Dúo Dinámico, [[Ricky Martin]]
*[[Lawdy Miss Clawdy]], Lloyd Price, Elvis Presley. <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/l/lawdymissclawdy.shtml
|title=Lawdy Miss Clawdy by Lloyd Price
|publisher=
|accessdate=2006-11-03
}}</ref>
*''[[Dizzy Miss Lizzy]]'': [[Plastic Ono Band|John Lennon and the Plastic Ono Band]], [[The Beatles]], [[New York Dolls]], [[Flying Lizards]]
*''[[She Said Yeah]]'': [[The Rolling Stones]], [[The Animals]], Engerling Blues Band ([[GDR]]) , [[Paul McCartney]], [[Russ Ballard]], [[Flamin' Groovies]]
*''[[Slow Down (Larry Williams song)|Slow Down]]'': [[Alvin Lee]], [[Blodwyn Pig]], [[Episode Six]], [[The Beatles]], [[Gerry and the Pacemakers]], [[Johnny Hallyday]], [[The Jam]], [[Brian May]], [[The Young Rascals]]
*''[[Short Fat Fannie]]'': [[Little Richard]], [[Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers]], Ronnie Self, [[The Dovells]]
*''[[Groovy Little Suzy]]'': [[Little Richard]]
*''Bad Boy'': [[The Beatles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.geocities.com/shakin_stacks/larrywilliams.txt
*http://tsimon.com/williams.htm
*[http://www.nndb.com/people/655/000070445/ Article with a picture at NNDB]
*http://koti.mbnet.fi/wdd/larrywilliams.htm Larry Williams discography

{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Larry}}
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[[Category:Suicides by firearm in the United States]]

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Fox News controversies

2007-12-01T21:23:28Z

75.69.181.109: /* Criticism of individuals */

{{Infobox Network |
network_name = [[Fox News Channel]]|
country = {{USA}}|
network_type = [[Cable television|Cable]] [[television network]]|
available = [[United States]] and others; see [[Fox News Channel#International transmission|"International transmission"]] for other availability|
slogan = "We Report, You Decide", "[[Fair and Balanced]]", "The Most Powerful Name in News"|
owner = [[News Corporation]]|
key_people = [[Roger Ailes]], Chairman & [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]|
launch_date = [[October 7]], [[1996]]|
website = [http://foxnews.com foxnews.com]|
}}
The '''[[Fox News Channel]]''' has been the subject of numerous controversies. Critics of the channel accuse it of political bias towards the [[Right-wing politics|right]], accusations the network has denied.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/5b77af92-548c-11db-901f-0000779e2340.html Interview transcript: Rupert Murdoch and Roger Ailes], the [[Financial Times]], October 6, 2006</ref>

==Accusations of bias==
Critics such as [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]]<ref>[http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1067 The Most Biased Name in News - Fox News Channel's extraordinary right-wing tilt], FAIR, July/August 2001</ref> and [[Media Matters for America]]<ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200407140002 33 internal FOX editorial memos reviewed by MMFA reveal FOX News Channel's inner workings], Media Matters, July 14, 2004</ref> have said that Fox News reporting contains conservative editorializing within news stories. Other observers have referred to the network as "[[Faux]] News",<ref>[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/06/25/faux_news_parody_site_draws/ ‘FAUX News’ parody site draws FOX News lawyers], ''[[The Register]]'', June 25, 2003</ref> "[[GOP]]-TV",<ref>[http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/dont_quote_me/multi-page/documents/04097843.asp GOP-TV Stuck inside Republican hell with the ‘fair and balanced’ Fox News Channel] ''[[The Boston Phoenix]]'', September 3 - 9, 2004</ref> "Fox Noise Channel"<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16886276/ 'Worst': Fox News P.R.], [[MSNBC]] Transcript, ''[[Countdown with Keith Olbermann]]'', Jan 30, 2007</ref>, and "Fixed News."<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19460007/ 'Countdown with Keith Olbermann' for June 26], MSNBC Transcript, ''Countdown with Keith Olbermann'', June 27, 2007</ref>

[[Democratic National Committee]] chairman [[Howard Dean]] has referred to Fox News as a "right-wing propaganda machine,"<ref>[http://www.democrats.org/a/2006/09/dean_on_preside_3.php Dean On President Clinton Standing Up To Right-Wing Propaganda On Fox News Sunday], The Democratic Party, September 25, 2006</ref> and several [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] politicians have boycotted events hosted or sponsored by the network<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/08/politics/main2546570.shtml Fox News Boss Hits Edwards' Boycott], [[CBS]] News, March 9, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.lasvegassun.com/sunbin/stories/nevada/2007/mar/09/030910435.html Richardson backs out of Fox debate amid online protest], The [[Las Vegas Sun]], March 9, 2007</ref><ref>[http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/2007/04/obama_to_nix_fo.html Obama to Nix Fox Debate], [[ABC News]]'s Political Radar, April 09, 2007</ref>. In 2007, several major Democratic Party presidential candidates ([[Hillary Rodham Clinton]], [[John Edwards]], [[Barack Obama]], and [[Bill Richardson]]) boycotted or dropped out of [[Fox News]]-sponsored or hosted debates,<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/08/politics/main2546570.shtml Fox News Boss Hits Edwards' Boycott], [[CBS]] News, March 9, 2007</ref> <ref>[http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/2007/04/clinton_joins_b.html Clinton Joins Boycott of Fox Debate]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.lasvegassun.com/sunbin/stories/nevada/2007/mar/09/030910435.html Richardson backs out of Fox debate amid online protest], The [[Las Vegas Sun]], March 9, 2007</ref><ref>[http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/2007/04/obama_to_nix_fo.html Obama to Nix Fox Debate], [[ABC News]]'s Political Radar, April 09, 2007</ref> forcing their cancellation. The Nevada State Democratic Party had originally agreed to co-host a Democratic debate with [[Fox News Channel]] in [[Reno, Nevada]]. Despite misgivings from groups like [[MoveOn.org]], the party agreed to bring in Fox News in an effort to find "new ways to talk to new people." However, after Fox News chairman [[Roger Ailes]] was quoted making fun of Barack Obama's name (comparing it to "Osama," as in [[Osama bin Laden]]), a firestorm of opposition arose in Democratic circles against the debate. On [[March 12]], 2007, the party announced it had pulled out of the debate, effectively cancelling it.<ref>[http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0307/3069.html Nevada Dems Nix Fox Debate], [[The Politico]], Mar. 12, 2007</ref>

CNN's [[Larry King]] said in a Jan. 17, 2007 interview with the Chicago Sun-Times, "They're a Republican brand. They're an extension of the Republican Party with some exceptions, [like] [[Greta van Susteren]]. But I don't begrudge them that. [Fox CEO] Roger Ailes is an old friend. They've been nice to me. They've said some very nice things about me. Not [Bill] O'Reilly, but I don't watch him."<ref>[http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/fnc/king_says_fox_news_is_a_republican_brand_but_theyve_been_nice_to_me_51252.asp King Says Fox News Is "A Republican Brand" (But "They've Been Nice To Me")]</ref> Writing for the [[Los Angeles Times]], Republican and conservative columnist [[Jonah Goldberg]] indicated his belief that Fox News was rightward-leaning: "Look, I think liberals have reasonable gripes with Fox News. It does lean to the right, primarily in its opinion programming but also in its story selection (which is fine by me) and elsewhere. But it's worth remembering that Fox is less a bastion of ideological conservatism and more a populist, tabloidy network."<ref>[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/03/fox_john_edwards_and_the_two_a.html Fox, John Edwards and the Two Americas]</ref> Fox News host [[Bill O'Reilly (commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]] has stated that "Fox does tilt right," but that the network does not "actively campaign or try to help Bush-Cheney."<ref> [http://mediamatters.org/items/200407210007 O'Reilly: "FOX does tilt right"], [[Media Matters for America]]</ref>

[[Accuracy in Media]] has raised questions about a conflict of interest in Fox News' co-sponsorship of the [[Republican Presidential Debates, 2008|May 15 2007 Republican presidential candidates debate]], <ref>http://www.postchronicle.com/commentary/article_21282180.shtml</ref> pointing out that [[News Corporation]], the parent '''company of Fox News, is a client of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential''' candidate [[Rudy Giuliani]]. AIM expressed concerns that Fox is biased in favor of Giuliani's candidacy for the Republican Party presidential nomination, stating that "its handling of this debate raises serious questions about the channel's commitment to being 'fair and balanced.'"<ref>[http://www.aim.org/aim_column/5461_0_3_0_C/ Fox News' Pro-Giuliani Conflict of Interest]</ref>

When News Corporation purchased [[Dow Jones]], parent company of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', satirist [[Jon Stewart]] on the [[August 8]], [[2007]] edition of ''[[The Daily Show]]'' joked: "Many are now concerned that the man who already owns the conservative Fox News, the conservative ''[[New York Post]]'' and the conservative ''[[The Times|Times]]'' of [[London]] will somehow change the editorial stance of the arch-conservative ''Wall Street Journal''." In that same episode, during a bit with [[Buck Henry]], Stewart compared Rupert Murdoch's coverage of the [[Iraq War]] to [[William Randolph Hearst]]'s coverage of the [[Spanish-American War]], including Hearst's famous inflammatory "Remember [[USS Maine (ACR-1)|the Maine]]!" headline. Henry then asserted: "Randolph was a [[quarterback]] of war; Murdoch — he's a cheerleader."<ref>[http://www.ifilm.com/video/2884662 Episode 18030: "The Henry Stops Here"]</ref>

==Ownership and management==
* Media mogul [[Rupert Murdoch]] is the Chairman and CEO of [[News Corporation]], the owner of Fox News Channel. He has been a subject of controversy and criticism as a result of his substantial influence in both the print and broadcast media. In America, he is the publisher of the conservative ''[[New York Post]]'' newspaper and the conservative magazine of opinion, ''[[The Weekly Standard]]''. Accusations against him include the "dumbing down" of news and introducing "mindless vulgarity" in place of genuine journalism, and having his own outlets produce news that serve his own political and financial agendas. According to the [[BBC]] website: "To some he is little less than the devil incarnate, to others, the most progressive mover-and-shaker in the media business" <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2162658.stm Rupert Murdoch: Bigger than Kane] by Andrew Walker, [[BBC News]], July 31, 2002</ref>.

* [[CEO]] [[Roger Ailes]] was formerly a media/image consultant for Republican Presidents [[Richard Nixon]], [[Ronald Reagan]], and [[George H. W. Bush]]. Controversy was generated in the aftermath of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11 attacks]] on [[New York City]], when it was revealed that Roger Ailes was sending political advice via "back channel messages" to the Bush administration through its chief political aide, [[Karl Rove]]. According to [[Bob Woodward]], in his book ''[[Bush At War]]'', the messages consisted of warnings that the American public would quickly lose support for the Bush administration unless it employed "the harshest measures possible" in response to the 9/11 attacks.

* [[George W. Bush]]'s cousin, [[John Prescott Ellis]], was Fox News' projection team manager during the general election of 2000. After speaking numerous times on election night with his cousins George and [[Jeb Bush|Jeb]], <ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/12/12/tv.foxexecutive.ap/ Fox executive spoke five times with cousin Bush on Election Night], [[CNN.com]], December 12, 2000</ref> Ellis, at 2:16 AM, reversed Fox News' call for [[Florida]] as a state won by [[Al Gore]]. Critics allege this was a premature decision, given the impossibly razor-thin margin (we now know it was 537 of 5.9 million votes <ref>[http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2000presgeresults.htm 2000 Official Presidential General Election Results]</ref>), which created the "lasting impression that Bush 'won' the White House - and all the legal wrangling down in Florida is just a case of Democratic 'snippiness'." <ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/US_election_race/Story/0,2763,399882,00.html Cousin John's calls tipped election tally] by Melinda Wittstock, [[The Guardian]], November 19, 2000</ref> Others note that, by this reasoning, Fox News and the other networks were even more premature in initially calling the state for ''Gore'', a call made while polls were still open, possibly depressing voter turnout for Bush. <ref>[http://johnrlott.tripod.com/op-eds/MooresMyths.html Moore's Myths] by John R. Lott Jr. and Brian Blase, [[New York Post]], July 12, 2004</ref>

==Reports, polls and studies==
{{Details|Media bias}}
According to a Journalism.org survey of 547 journalists from various publications and news outlets, Fox News Channel was found to be most easily identifiable for serving a partisan ideological position:

<blockquote>At the same time, the single news outlet that strikes most journalists as taking a particular ideological stance - either liberal or conservative - is Fox News Channel. Among national journalists, more than twice as many could identify a daily news organization that they think is "especially conservative in its coverage" than one they believe is "especially liberal" (82% vs. 38%). And Fox has by far the highest profile as a conservative news organization; it was cited unprompted by 69% of national journalists.<ref>[http://stateofthemedia.com/journalist_survey_prc.asp Press Going Too Easy on Bush] by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, ''Journalism.org''</ref></blockquote>

The "signature political news show" of the Fox News Channel, ''[[Special Report with Brit Hume]],'' was found to have a strong bias in their choice of guests, overwhelmingly choosing conservatives over 'non-conservatives' to appear in interviews. This was the finding of the media watchdog group [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]] (FAIR), noted in a study taken across a 19 week period from [[January 2001]] to [[May 2001]]. They found the ratio of conservative guests to liberals to be 50:6. <ref>[http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1072 Fox's Slanted Sources; Conservatives, Republicans far outnumber others] by Steve Rendall, [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]] (FAIR), July/August 2001</ref>

A study by the [[Program on International Policy Attitudes]],<ref>[http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/Iraq/Media_10_02_03_Report.pdf PIPA / Knowledge Networks Poll] Misperceptions, the Media, and the Iraq War. [[Program on International Policy Attitudes]] October 2003</ref> in the Winter 03-04 issue of [[Political Science Quarterly]], reported that viewers of the Fox Network local affiliates or Fox News were more likely than viewers of other news networks to hold three misperceptions:<ref>[http://www.psqonline.org/cgi-bin/99_article.cgi?byear=2003&bmonth=winter&a=02free&format=view Political Science Quarterly] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]), ''The Academy of Political Science'', Winter 2003-2004 </ref> :
* 67% of Fox viewers believed that the "U.S. has found clear evidence in Iraq that Saddam Hussein [[Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda|was working closely with the al Qaeda terrorist organization]]" (Compared with 56% for CBS, 49% for NBC, 48% for CNN, 45% for ABC, 16% for NPR/PBS). However, the belief that "Iraq was directly involved in September 11" was held by 33% of CBS viewers and only 24% of Fox viewers, 23% for ABC, 22% for NBC, 21% for CNN and 10% for NPR/PBS
* 33% of Fox viewers believed that the "U.S. has found [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|Iraqi weapons of mass destruction]]" "since the war ended". (Compared with 23% for CBS, 20% for both CNN and NBC, 19% for ABC and 11% for both NPR/PBS)
* 35% of Fox viewers believed that "the majority of people [in the world] favor the U.S. having gone to war" with Iraq. (Compared with 28% for CBS, 27% for ABC, 24% for CNN, 20% for NBC, 5% for NPR/PBS)

In response, Fox News contributor [[Ann Coulter]] characterized the PIPA findings as "misperceptions of pointless liberal factoids" and called it a "hoax poll". <ref>[http://www.townhall.com/opinion/columns/anncoulter/2004/05/13/11680.html Crazy-Like-A-Fox News Viewer] by [[Ann Coulter]], ''Townhall.com'', [[May 13]], [[2004]]</ref> [[Bill O'Reilly (commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]] called the study "absolute crap". <ref>[[The O'Reilly Factor]], [[February 22]], [[2006]])</ref> Roger Ailes referred to the study as "an old [[push poll]]." <ref>[http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110005157 Elite, Arrogant, Condescending] by [[Roger Ailes]], ''OpinionJournal.com'', [[June 2]], [[2004]]</ref> [[James Taranto]], editor of OpinionJournal.com, the [[Wall Street Journal]]'s online editorial page, called the poll "pure propaganda." <ref>[http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/?id=110004127#fox Best of the Web Today] [[James Taranto]]. OpinionJournal, [[The Wall Street Journal]]. [[October 7]], [[2003]].</ref> According to OpinionJournal.com and the Seattle Times, although not confirmable on the PIPA site, PIPA issued a clarification on [[October 17]], [[2003]] stating that "The findings were not meant to and cannot be used as a basis for making broad judgments about the general accuracy of the reporting of various networks or the general accuracy of the beliefs of those who get their news from those networks. Only a substantially more comprehensive study could undertake such broad research questions," and that the results of the poll show correlation, but do not prove causation.<ref>[http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/?id=110005065 Best of the Web Today] [[James Taranto]]. OpinionJournal, [[The Wall Street Journal]]. [[May 11]], [[2004]].</ref><ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/artsentertainment/2001757992_kay06.html Study shows TV news viewers have misperceptions about Iraq war] Kay McFadden. The Seattle Times, [[October 20]], [[2003]].</ref>

A poll conducted by Rasmussen Reports during September 2004 found that Fox News was second to [[CBS]] as the most politically biased network in the public view. 37% of respondents thought [[CBS]], in the wake of the [[memogate]] scandal, was trying to help elect [[John Kerry]], while 34% of respondents said they believed that Fox's goal was to "help elect Bush".<ref>[http://www.rasmussenreports.com/Broadcast%20Bias.htm Broadcast Bias]</ref> In a separate academic content analysis of election news, it showed that coverage at ABC, CBS, and NBC was more favorable toward Kerry than Bush, while coverage at Fox News Channel were more favorable toward Bush.<ref name=Farnsworth>Stephen Farnsworth and S. Robert Lichter, The Nightly News Nightmare: How Television Portrays Presidential Elections, Second Edition, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006</ref>

A study published in November 2005 by Tim Groseclose, a professor of [[political science]] at [[UCLA]], comparing political bias from such news outlets as the New York Times, USA Today, the Drudge Report, the Los Angeles Times, and Fox News’ Special Report, concluded that
"all of the news outlets we examine, except Fox News’ Special Report and the Washington Times,
received scores to the left of the average member of Congress." In particular, Fox News' ''[[Special Report with Brit Hume]]'' had an [[Americans for Democratic Action]] rating that was right of the political center. Groseclose used the number of times a host cited a particular [[think tank]] on his or her program and compared it with the number of times a member of the [[U.S. Congress]] cited a think tank, correlating that with the politician's Americans for Democratic Action rating <ref>[http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/page.asp?RelNum=6664 Media Bias Is Real, Finds UCLA Political Scientist] [[December 14]], [[2005]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.polisci.ucla.edu/faculty/groseclose/Media.Bias.pdf A Measure of Media Bias] by Time Groseclose and Jeffery Milyo, [[UCLA]]</ref>.

Geoff Nunberg, a professor of linguistics at UC Berkeley and a [[National Public Radio]] commentator, criticized the methodology of the study on his personal blog, and contends that its conclusions are invalid <ref>[[Geoff Nunberg]], [http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001169.html "'Liberal Bias', Noch Einmal"]. ''[[Language Log]]'', [[July 05]], [[2004]]</ref>. He points to what he saw as a Groseclose's reliance on interpretations of facts and data that were taken from sources that were not, in his view, credible. Groseclose and Professor Jeff Milyo rebutted, saying Nunberg "shows a gross misunderstanding [of] our statistical method and the actual assumptions upon which it relies" <ref>[[Mark Liberman]], [http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001301.html "Groseclose and Milyo respond"]. ''[[Language Log]]'', [[2 August]] [[2004]]</ref>.

Mark Liberman, who helped to post Groseclose and Professor Jeff Milyo's rebuttal, later posted how the statistical methods used to calculate this bias poses faults. <ref name="Language Log">{{cite web| last = Liberman| first = Mark| title = Multiplying ideologies considered harmful| publisher = Language Log| date = 2005-12-23| url = http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002724.html| accessdate = 2006-11-06}}</ref> <ref name="Language Log.">{{cite web| last = Liberman| first = Mark| title = Linguistics, politics, mathematics| publisher = Language Log| date = 2005-12-22| url = http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002723.html| accessdate = 2006-11-06}}</ref> Mark Liberman is a professor of Computer Science and the Director of Linguistic Data Consortium at the University of Pennsylvania. Mark concludes his post saying he thinks "that many if not most of the complaints directed against G&M are motivated in part by ideological disagreement -- just as much of the praise for their work is motivated by ideological agreement. It would be nice if there were a less politically fraught body of data on which such modeling exercises could be explored." <ref name="Language Log">{{cite web| last = Lieberman| first = Mark| title = Multiplying ideologies considered harmful| publisher = Language Log| date = 2005-12-23| url = http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002724.html| accessdate = 2006-11-06}}</ref>

According to the results of a 2006 study by The Project for Excellence in Journalism, the network was most frequently cited by surveyed journalists as an outlet taking an ideological stance in its coverage, and most identified as advocating [[American conservatism|conservative]] political positions<ref>Project for Excellence in Journalism, [http://www.stateofthenewsmedia.org/2006/index.asp State of the News Media 2006: An Annual Report on American Journalism]</ref>, with 56% of national journalists citing Fox News as being especially conservative in its coverage of news.<ref>Project for Excellence in Journalism, [http://www.stateofthenewsmedia.org/2006/journalist_survey_prc.asp Press Going Too Easy on Bush].</ref> Further research has shown that there is a correlation between the presence of the Fox News Channel in cable markets and increases in Republican votes in those markets.<ref>{{cite paper | author = DellaVigna, Stefano & Ethan Kaplan | title = The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting | version = March 30, 2006 | publisher = University of California, Berkeley | date = March 30, 2006 | url = http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~sdellavi/wp/foxvote06-03-30.pdf#search=%22fox%20news%20studies%22 | format = [[PDF]] | accessdate = 2006-10-09 }}</ref> The Project on Excellence in Journalism study showed that 68 percent of Fox cable stories contained personal opinions, as compared to MSNBC at 27 percent and CNN at 4 percent. The documentary ''[[Outfoxed]]'' claims that FOX reporters and anchors use the traditional journalistic phrase "some people say" in a very clever way; instead of citing an [[anonymous]] source in order to advance a storyline, FOX personalities allegedly use the phrase to inject conservative opinion and commentary even in reports in which it probably shouldn't be. In the film, Media Matters for America president [[David Brock]] noted that some shows, like FOX's evening news program, ''[[Special Report with Brit Hume]]'', tend to exhibit editorializing attitudes and behavior when on the air.

A survey by the [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research Center for the People & the Press]] showed "a striking rise in the politicization of cable TV news audiences . . . This pattern is most apparent with the fast-growing Fox News Channel."<ref>[http://pewresearch.org/assets/files/trends2005-media.pdf Trends 2005, Media] Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2005. (PDF file)</ref> Another Pew survey of news consumption found that Fox News has not suffered a decline in credibility with its audience, with one in four (25%) saying they believe all or most of what they see on Fox News Channel, virtually unchanged since Fox was first tested in 2000.<ref>[http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?PageID=1069 Online Papers Modestly Boost Newspaper Readership] The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2006.</ref>

==Internal memos==
As with many news sources, Fox News executives exert a degree of editorial control over the content of their daily reporting. In the case of Fox News, some of this control comes in the form of daily memos issued by Fox News' Vice President of News, [[John Moody (journalist)|John Moody]]. In the documentary [[Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism]], former Fox News employees are interviewed to better understand the inner workings of Fox News. In memos from the documentary, Moody instructs employees on the approach to be taken on particular stories. Critics of Fox News claim that the instructions on many of the memos indicate a conservative bias. The Washington Post quoted Larry Johnson, a former part-time Fox News commentator, describing the Moody memos as "talking points instructing us what the themes are supposed to be, and God help you if you stray."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/items/200407140002|title=33 internal FOX editorial memos reviewed by MMFA reveal FOX News Channel's inner workings|accessdate=2007-01-25}}</ref>

Former Fox News producer [[Charlie Reina]] explained, "The roots of Fox News Channel's day-to-day on-air bias are actual and direct. They come in the form of an executive memo distributed electronically each morning, addressing what stories will be covered and, often, suggesting how they should be covered. To the newsroom personnel responsible for the channel's daytime programming, The Memo is the Bible. If, on any given day, you notice that the Fox anchors seem to be trying to drive a particular point home, you can bet The Memo is behind it." <ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewCommentary.asp?Page=\Commentary\archive\200311\COM20031107b.html Journalism 101] by Rich Tucker, [[CNSNews.com]], November 07, 2003</ref> <ref>[http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Fox_News Fox News], ''Source Watch''</ref>

Photocopied memos from Fox News executive [[John Moody (journalist)|John Moody]] instructed the network's on-air anchors and reporters to use positive language when discussing [[pro-life]] viewpoints, the Iraq war, and [[tax cuts]], as well as requesting that the [[Abu Ghraib]] prisoner abuse scandal be put in context with the other violence in the area <ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200407140002 33 internal FOX editorial memos reviewed by MMFA reveal FOX News Channel's inner workings], [[Media Matters for America]], July 14, 2004</ref>. Such memos were reproduced for the film ''[[Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism]]'', which included Moody quotes such as, "[T]he soldiers [seen on FOX in [[Iraq]]] in the foreground should be identified as '[[sharpshooters]],' not '[[snipers]],' which carries a negative [[connotation]]."

Two days after the 2006 election, web blog [[The Huffington Post]] reported they had acquired a copy of a leaked internal memo from Mr. Moody that recommended: "... let's be on the lookout for any statements from the Iraqi insurgents, who must be thrilled at the prospect of a Dem-controlled congress." Within hours of the memo's publication, Fox News anchor, Martha McCallum, went on-air with reports of Iraqi insurgents cheering the firing of Donald Rumsfeld and the results of the 2006 Congressional election.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2006/11/14/fox-news-internal-memo-_n_34128.html FOX News Internal Memo: : "Be On The Lookout For Any Statements From The Iraqi Insurgents...Thrilled At The Prospect Of A Dem Controlled Congress"...]</ref><ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15750535/ Has Fox News gone too far?], MSNBC interview about the leaked internal Fox memo</ref>

==Wikipedia edits==
In August 2007 a new utility, [[Wikipedia Scanner]], revealed that Wikipedia articles relating to Fox News had been edited from [[IP address]]es owned by Fox News, though it was not possible to determine exactly who the editors were. The tool showed that self-referential edits from IP ranges owned by corporations and news agencies were not uncommon.<ref>''[[The Guardian]]'', Technology News, Bobbie Johnson (August 15, 2007) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2007/aug/15/wikipedia.corporateaccountability "Companies and party aides cast censorious eye over Wikipedia"]</ref> Fox edits received attention in the liberal [[blogosphere]] and on some online news sites. Wikipedia articles edited from Fox computers from 2005 through 2007 included [[Al Franken]], [[Keith Olbermann]], [[Chris Wallace (journalist)|Chris Wallace]] and [[Brit Hume]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=201800211
| title = Wikipedia Spin Doctors Revealed
| author = Thomas Claburn
| publisher = InformationWeek
| date = August 14, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-08-15
}}</ref><ref>http://www.theseminal.com/2007/08/14/fox-news-busted/</ref>
==Criticisms of pundits==
===Notable pundits===
* Business anchor [[Neil Cavuto]], who is also Fox News' vice president of business news and a current member of the network's executive committee, has been described as a "Bush apologist" by critics <ref>[http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0613-23.htm Waking to Reality; Bush Numbers Drop as Americans Reject Spin] (editorial), ''Daily Camera'', June 13, 2005</ref> after conducting an allegedly deferential interview with President George W. Bush. Democratic strategists and politicians boycotted Cavuto's show in 2004 after he claimed, on air, that Bin Laden was rooting for [[John Kerry]] in the presidential election, critics contend, in an attempt to create a backlash among voters casting ballots for Bush, against Bin Laden's alleged pick <ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200411040008 Cavuto defended suggestion that bin Laden was wearing Kerry campaign button in videotaped message], Media Matters for America, November 4, 2004</ref>. Cavuto has also received criticism for gratuitous footage and photos of scantily clad [[supermodel]]s and [[porn]] stars on his show, ''[[Your World with Neil Cavuto]]'' <ref> [http://mediamatters.org/items/200512190010 Cavuto's World populated by Victoria's Secret, Playboy models and a pole-dancing Pamela Anderson]</ref><ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200605150012 Porn World with Neil Cavuto: Fox business show featured more scantily clad women]</ref>.
* [[Alan Colmes]] is touted by Fox as "a hard-hitting liberal" <ref>[http://www.Foxnews.com/story/0,2933,1536,00.html Alan Colmes' Bio], [[FoxNews.com]], October 10, 2002</ref>, but he admitted to ''[[USA Today]]'' that "I'm quite moderate" and most left-wing activists consider him too weak to provide an effective balance for self-professed "arch-conservative" Sean Hannity and little more than a token liberal. He has been characterized by several newspapers as being Sean Hannity's "sidekick" <ref name="fair_aggressive_conservative">[http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1158 An Aggressive Conservative vs. a "Liberal to be Determined"] by Steve Rendall, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, November/December 2003</ref>. Liberal commentator [[Al Franken]] lambasted Colmes in his book, ''[[Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them]]''. In the book, Colmes' name is printed in very, very small type. Franken accuses him of refusing to ask tough questions during debates and neglecting to challenge erroneous claims made by Hannity or his guests.<ref name="fair_aggressive_conservative"/>
* [[John Gibson (media host)|John Gibson]] is the host of an afternoon hour of news coverage called "[[The Big Story]]", and is frequently cited as an example of Fox News blurring the lines between objective reporting and opinion/editorial programming. Gibson angered some people immediately after the [[U.S. presidential election, 2000#Florida election results|2000 presidential election controversy]] when, during the opinion segment of his show, Gibson said: "Is this a case where knowing the facts actually would be worse than not knowing? I mean, should we burn these ballots <ref>[http://www.fair.org/activism/fox-ballots.html Fox Reporter on Florida Ballots: Burn Them or Shred Them?], Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, December 20th, 2000</ref>, preserve them in amber, or shred them?" and "George Bush is going to be president. And who needs to know that he's not a legitimate president?" <ref>[http://www.yaaams.org/medianews.shtml Fox Reporter on Florida Ballots:Burn Them or Shred Them?], ''YAAAMS.org''</ref>. In an opinion piece on the [[Hutton Inquiry]] decision, Gibson said the [[BBC]] had "a frothing-at-the-mouth anti-Americanism that was obsessive, irrational and dishonest" and that the BBC reporter, [[Andrew Gilligan]], "insisted on air that the Iraqi Army was heroically repulsing an incompetent American Military" <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,109821,00.html Liar Liar] by John Gibson, [[FoxNews.com]], January 29, 2004</ref>. In reviewing viewer complaints, [[Ofcom]] (the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[statutory]] broadcasting regulator) ruled that Fox News had breached the program code in three areas: "respect for truth", "opportunity to take part", and "personal view programmes opinions expressed must not rest upon false evidence". Fox News admitted that Gilligan had not actually said the words that John Gibson appeared to attribute to him; Ofcom rejected the claim that it was intended to be a paraphrase. (See <ref>[http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/obb/prog_cb/pcb_11/upheld_cases Standards Cases - Upheld cases; The Big Story: My Word], [[Ofcom]], January 28, 2004</ref>). Gibson has also called [[Joseph C. Wilson|Joe Wilson]] a "liar", claimed that "the far left" is working for Al Qaeda <ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200601200009 Matthews, Gingrich, Hannity, others seize on new bin Laden tape to discredit war critics], [[Media Matters for America]], January 20, 2006</ref> and stated that he wished that Paris had been host to the 2012 Olympic Games, because it would have subjected the city to the threat of terrorism instead of London <ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200507080002 Fox's Gibson on "golden opportunity" missed: If France had been selected for 2012 Olympics, terrorists would "blow up Paris, and who cares?"], Media Matters for America, July 8, 2005</ref>. Gibson ran a segment [http://www.foxnews.com/video2/launchPage.html?051607/051607_bs_911debate&Fiery%20Debate&Big_Story&Rudy%20Giuliani%20squares%20off%20with%20Rep.%20Ron%20Paul%20about%209/11%20at%20GOP%20debate&Politics&-1&Fiery%20Debate&Video%20Launch%20Page&News] on the exchange between [[Ron Paul]] and [[Rudy Giuliani]] at the Republican primary debate on the motives of the [[9/11 terrorist attacks]]. The majority of the segment was centered around the [[9/11 Truth]] movement; Gibson said that the movement has "infected" many people "including Ron Paul", though Ron Paul has never subscribed to 9/11 conspiracy theories, and believes that [[Al-Qaeda]] perpetrated the attacks.<ref name="gibson">{{cite news|work=Jon Gibson Show|title=Interview with Ron Paul|date=2007-09-14|url=http://youtube.com/watch?v=ZFNrUn1SOE4}}</ref>
* [[Brit Hume]] created controversy when he made the misleading claim that "U.S. soldiers have less of a chance of dying from all causes in Iraq than citizens have of being murdered in California". Based on population, rather than unit area, a United States soldier in Iraq is actually 60 times more likely to be killed than an individual in California. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,95850,00.html ‘Sexed Up’ Claims Knocked Down] by Brit Hume, [[FoxNews.com]], August 27, 2003</ref> <ref>[http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/990240/posts Franken Accuses Hume of "Obscene...Trivializing" of Troop Deaths], [[Free Republic]], September 26, 2003</ref>.
* [[Steven Milloy]], the commentator for FoxNews.com, has been critical of the science behind [[global warming]] and [[secondhand smoke]] as a carcinogen. In a [[February 6]] [[2006]] article in ''[[The New Republic]]'', [[Paul D. Thacker]] revealed that [[ExxonMobil]] had donated $90,000 to two [[non-profit organization]]s run out of Milloy's house.<ref name="tnr">"Smoked Out: Pundit for Hire." Paul D. Thacker. ''The New Republic'', 6 Feb 2006.</ref> In addition, Milloy received almost $100,000 a year from [[Philip Morris]] during the time he was arguing that secondhand smoke was not carcinogenic.<ref name="pmbudget">[http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kwk84a00 Philip Morris budget for "Strategy and Social Responsibility", detailing $180,000 in "fees and expenses" paid to Steven Milloy]. Accessed 5 Oct 2006.</ref> Milloy's website, junkscience.com, was reviewed and revised by a [[public relations]] firm hired by [[R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company|RJR Tobacco]].<ref name="rjrmemo">[http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/syq70d00 Activity Report, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., December 1996, describing R.J.R. Tobacco's input into Milloy's junkscience website]. From the [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ Legacy Tobacco Documents Library] at the [[University of California, San Francisco]]. Accessed 5 Oct 2006.</ref> Milloy's supposedly independent non-profit organization was described in a confidential memo as a "Philip Morris tool to affect legislative decisions".<ref>[http://www.pmdocs.com/PDF/2046847121_7137_0.PDF Philip Morris Corporate Affairs Budget Presentation, 1994], from the [http://www.pmdocs.com Philip Morris Document Archive]. Accessed 5 Oct 2006.</ref> In response to Thacker's disclosure of this [[conflict of interest]], Paul Schur, director of media relations for Fox News, stated that "...Fox News was unaware of Milloy's connection with Philip Morris. Any affiliation he had should have been disclosed."<ref name="tnr"/>
*[[Bill O'Reilly (commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]], the host of ''The O'Reilly Factor'', is notable for [[Criticism of Bill O'Reilly|controversial]] comments and is a frequent target of media critics.

=== Discredited military & counterterrorism editor===
*[[The New York Times]] ran an article entitled "At Fox News, the Colonel Who Wasn't" by [[Jim Rutenberg]],<ref>http://sec-global.com/services/ctp/vsg/news/020429.html</ref> revealing that [[Joseph A. Cafasso]], whom Fox had employed for four months as a Military and Counterterrorism Editor, had bogus military credentials. Cafasso makes a 15 second appearance making pronouncements about the religious biases behind the Fox News reporting in [[Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism]].
==Other criticisms==
===Criticism of Media Coverage===
* [[Outfoxed|Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism]], a documentary film on Fox News by liberal activist [[Robert Greenwald]], makes allegations of bias in Fox News by interviewing a number of supposed former employees who discuss the network's practices. For example, Frank O'Donnell, identified as "Fox News producer", says: "We were stunned, because up until that point, we were allowed to do legitimate news. Suddenly, we were ordered from the top to carry [...] Republican, [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] propaganda", including being told what to say about [[Ronald Reagan]]. The network made an official response<ref name="foxnews_outfoxed_statement">[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,125436,00.html FOX News Channel Statement on 'Outfoxed'], [[FoxNews.com]], July 13, 2004</ref> and claimed that four of the individuals identified as employees of Fox News either were not employees (O'Donnell, e.g., worked for an affiliate over which Fox News claims to have no editorial authority) or had their titles inflated.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,125437,00.html Details About Employees Featured in 'Outfoxed']., [[FoxNews.com]], July 13, 2004</ref>
* CNN founder [[Ted Turner]] accused Fox News of being "dumbed down" and "propaganda" and equated the network's popularity to [[Adolf Hitler]]'s rise to power in 1930's Germany, during a speech to the [[National Association of Television Program Executives]]. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4211395.stm Fox News 'propaganda' says mogul], [[BBC News]], January 27, 2005</ref>. In response, a Fox News spokesperson said "Ted is understandably bitter having lost his ratings, his network, and now his mind. We wish him well." The [[Anti-Defamation League]], to whom Turner had apologized in the past for a similar comparison, said Turner is "a [[recidivist]] who hasn't learned from his past mistakes." <ref>[http://www.adl.org/PresRele/HolNa_52/4629_52.htm ADL: Ted Turner Hasn't Learned From His Mistakes], Anti-Defamation League, January 26, 2005</ref>
* [[Special Report with Brit Hume]] regularly features a panel of political commentators touted as an "allstar panel" and "diverse" by Fox News. The panel generally consists of three people: [[Fred Barnes (journalist)|Fred Barnes]], a self-described [[conservative]] [[War Hawk|hawk]], [[Mort Kondracke]], a self-described "moderate independent" (Kondracke has said that he is "disgusted with the Democratic Party" and that the only reason he isn't a Republican is because "Republicans have failed to be true to themselves as conservatives", referring to deficit spending in the [[Ronald Reagan]] administration), and [[Mara Liasson]], touted as a liberal by the program. In addition, [[Brit Hume]] himself maintains a conservative point of view, even taking up that position on the Sunday night equivalent of his own panel, arguing from the conservative Republican position against other, noticeably more liberal, Fox News panelists such as [[Juan Williams]], who rarely makes an appearance on the Special Report. Critics contend this overwhelmingly tilts the so-called "diverse" political discussions into one-sided conservative commentary. [[Charles Krauthammer]], a neoconservative, is a regular replacement for Liasson. <ref>[http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1067 The Most Biased Name in News] by Seth Ackerman, [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]], July/August 2001</ref>
*Media watchdog group Media Matters criticized Fox News for its focus on [[soft news]] stories. The network is targeted for its coverage of missing [[missing white woman syndrome|women]], troubled celebrities, and gratuitous footage and photos of scantily clad supermodels and porn stars. <ref> [http://mediamatters.org/items/200512190010] [http://mediamatters.org/items/200605150012] Media Matters </ref>.

===Criticism of Ethics===
* During the [[Terri Schiavo|Terri Schindler Schiavo]] controversy in early 2005, every major personality on Fox News — [[Sean Hannity]] (who camped outside of the hospital where Schiavo lay dying after her feeding tube was removed), [[Brit Hume]], [[Bill O'Reilly (commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]], [[Neil Cavuto]], and [[John Gibson (media host)|John Gibson]] — called for her feeding tube to be reinserted. [[Progressive]] media watchdog Media Matters for America (MMFA) criticized Fox for its coverage of the affair,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mediamatters.org/about_us/ | title = "About Media Matters" | work = Media Matters for America | accessmonthday = November 15 | accessyear = 2007 "Media Matters for America is a Web-based, not-for-profit, 501(c)(3) progressive research and information center dedicated to comprehensively monitoring, analyzing, and correcting conservative misinformation in the U.S. media."}}</ref> saying that Fox took sides by referring to the affair as "Terri's Fight".<ref>http://mediamatters.org/items/200503290002 John Gibson's and Fox News' description of Schiavo case: "Terri's Fight", Media Matters for America, March 29, 2005</ref> It also complained that Fox generally failed to disclose Schindler family spokesman [[Randall Terry]]'s anti-abortion activism as the head of [[Operation Rescue]]. When O'Reilly's stated that "the battle over Terri Schiavo's life came down pretty much along secular-religious lines. Roman Catholics and other right-to-life-based religions generally wanted Ms. Schiavo to live", Media Matters noted that although evangelical Christians had been closely divided on the issue of removing Mrs. Sciavo's feeding tube, both Catholics and non-Evangelical Protetants were overwhelmingly in favor of doing so.<ref name="mediamatters_falsely_painted">[http://mediamatters.org/items/200504010006 O'Reilly, Morris falsely painted Schiavo case as battle between religious, secular Americans], [[Media Matters for America]], April 1, 2005</ref><ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/PollVault/story?id=599622&page=1 Poll: No Role for Government in Schiavo Case], [[ABC News]], March 21, 2005</ref> When Gibson's offering the suggestion that the "political divide" was "Republicans stand for parents' right and life, and Democrats have sided for [a] questionable husband and dying", MMFA noted that in fact, a majority of Republicans also supported removal of the feeding tube.<ref name="mediamatters_falsely_painted"/><ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200503230005 Only on Fox: John Gibson suggested that "Republicans stand for parents' rights and life, and Democrats have sided for questionable husband and dying"], Media Matters for America, March 23, 2005</ref> When Democratic staffers provided the media with a memo suggesting ways in which the Republicans could use the issue for political gain, Fox News personalities suggested that Democrats might have forged the memo. Senator [[Mel Martinez]]'s later admitted that someone on his staff had written it,<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A32554-2005Apr6.html</ref> and MMFA complained that Hume did not later mention that he had suggested an alternative possibility.<ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200504080008 After GOP source of Schiavo memo was confirmed, Hume, Kristol failed to acknowledge their roles in suggesting Democrats had authored it], Media Matters for America, April 8, 2005</ref><ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200504070005 Dissecting a right-wing smear: How conservatives used trumped-up evidence to blame Democrats for Schiavo memo], Media Matters for America, April 7, 2005</ref>
* A news article on the Fox News website during [[October]] [[2004]] by [[Carl Cameron]], chief political correspondent of Fox News, contained three fabricated quotes attributed to [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate [[John Kerry]]. The quotes included: "Women should like me! I do manicures," "Didn't my nails and cuticles look great?" and "I'm metrosexual [Bush's] a cowboy." Fox News retracted the story and apologized <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,134166,00.html Trail Tales: What's That Face?], [[FoxNews.com]], October 1, 2004</ref>, citing a "jest" that became published through "fatigue and bad judgement, not malice."
*The network has also drawn repeated criticism for falsely or poorly identifying guests on political programs. On the January 6, 2006 edition of Fox News' [[Hannity & Colmes]] two former Congressmen were brought on to discuss the "formula for success for the Democratic Party to win in 2006." One, [[Jimmy Hayes]], was identified in a caption as a Democrat. He had become a Republican in 1995. The other, [[George Nethercutt]] Jr., was not identified by party but is also a Republican.<ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200601090013 Fox falsely labeled former Rep. Hayes as Democrat; ignored party reversal], Media Matters for America, January 9, 2006</ref> Also, during a recent edition of ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]'', congressman [[Mark Foley]], a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] in trouble for writing sexually suggestive e-mails and [[instant messages]] to underage congressional pages, was misidentified as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] in the onscreen text. Senator [[Arlen Specter]] was also mislabeled as a Democrat on ''Special Report with Brit Hume''.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} When Oxford biologist [[Richard Dawkins]], who is an outspoken [[atheist]], appeared on ''The O'Reilly Factor'', he was simply labeled: "Atheist".<ref> [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxdrNDNm-Ho Richard Dawkins on The O'Reilly Factor], [[Youtube]], May 3, 2007 </ref>
*An alleged goof is that when Connecticut Senator [[Joe Lieberman]], who won in the 2006 election as an Independent after losing in the Democratic Party primary election, was featured on ''Hannity's America'' the [[Lower thirds|superimposed text]] under his name indicated he was a Democrat. Lieberman is officially listed in Senate records as an "Independent Democrat" and sits as part of the Democratic Senate caucus in the 110th Congress.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQj2_xhdUvU Fox Goofs Again! Labels Joe Lieberman a Democrat by YouTube], [[YouTube]], June 9, 2007 </ref> <ref>[http://www.newshounds.us/2007/06/11/fox_news_goofs_again_or_was_it_deliberate_labels_joe_lieberman_a_democrat.php FOX News Goofs Again. Or Was It Deliberate? Labels Joe Lieberman a "Democrat." by Marie Therese], Newshounds: We Watch Fox So You Don't Have To, June 10, 2007 </ref>

===Criticism of individuals===
* Critics of the network contend that Fox specializes in "political sabotage" by putting up moderate to conservative "Democrats" as token liberals against more staunchly conservative Republicans. Examples of the so-called [[Fox News liberal]] include:
** [[Pat Caddell]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/items/200409160005|title=Who is Pat Caddell?}}, Media Matters for America, September 16, 2004</ref>- Who has called the Democratic party a "confederacy of gangsters" and defended Ann Coulter when she called [[John Edwards]] a "[[faggot (epithet)|faggot]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,256949,00.html|title=Ann Coulter Defends Edwards Comments}}</ref>
** [[Susan Estrich]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/items/200406090009|title=Hannity & Colmes substitute host Estrich: progressive standard-bearer?}}. Media Matters for America, June 9, 2004</ref>- Known for her opposition to liberal Democrats and support for the [[Democratic Leadership Council]], and who once told [[Sean Hannity]] that she was his "biggest [[Liberalism|liberal]] friend."
** [[Zell Miller]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/items/200412170001|title=FOX News contributor-to-be "Democrat" Zell Miller}}. Media Matters, December 16, 2004</ref> The former Democratic Georgia senator is a hawkish conservative. Miller was a frequent guest on Fox News, a major critic of the Democratic Party. Miller spoke at the 2004 National Republican Convention.
** [[Mort Kondracke]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/items/200409170007|title=Kondracke: "For all I know," Iraq insurgency "designed... to help elect John Kerry"}}. [[Media Matters for America]], September 17, 2004</ref> A pundit on Special Report with Brit Hume and The Beltway Boys, is often featured as the "liberal" panelist. Kondracke is a political moderate who, after the Nevada Democratic Party pulled out of a Fox News-sponsored presidential debate, characterized the promotion of that act by MoveOn.org and Daily Kos as "junior grade Stalinism". <ref>{{cite web|url=http://thinkprogress.org/2007/03/11/kondracke-stalinists/|title=Upset Over Canceled Fox Debate, Kondracke Attacks 'Left-Wing Liberals' As 'Junior-Grade Stalinists'}}. Think Progress & Newshounds. March 2007.</ref>

* Another allegation of Fox's critics is a habit of ridiculing protesters. For example, during the 2004 [[Republican National Convention]], Bill O'Reilly referred to some of the protesters as "terrorists" (though he added, "most protesters are peaceful").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/specials/elections/conventions/chi-0409030248sep03,1,6976681.story?coll=chi-navrailnews-nav&ctrack=1&cset=true|title=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,130209,00.html|title=Small Minority of Protesters Can Cause Big Trouble}} by Bill O'Reilly, [[FoxNews.com]], August 26, 2004</ref> Fox News online columnist [[Mike Straka]] referred to anti-war protesters at the [[September 24]], [[2005]] march in [[Washington, D.C.]] as "jobless, anti-American, clueless, smelly, stupid traitors" and "protesters from hell".<ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200507060002 Fox & Friends' Kilmeade called G8 protesters "morons without jobs," insisted new Goldberg attack book not skewed], Media Matters for America, July 6, 2005</ref> <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,170465,00.html Grrr! Protesters From Hell] by [[Mike Straka]], [[FoxNews.com]], September 27, 2005</ref> <ref>[http://www.newshounds.us/2005/09/27/mike_straka_believes_all_demonstrators_are_jobless.php Mike Straka Believes All Demonstrators are "Jobless"], News Hounds, September 27, 2005</ref>'
[[Image:Moske fox svt.jpg|thumb|230px|The Fox News report on Malmö was replayed on Swedish television, here on [[SVT1]]]]
* [[Iran]]ian-[[Sweden|Swedish]] newspaper commentator Behrang Kianzad wrote in the [[Expressen]] newspaper that "there are lies, damned lies and Fox News"<ref name="revirosengard">[http://expressen.se/index.jsp?a=214197 Expressen: Räven går i Rosengård] Behrang Kianzad</ref>, in response to a Fox News story about allegedly [[Muslim]] violence in the city of [[Malmö]]. The report focused on the borough of [[Rosengård]] where 2 out of 1000 school students were ethnic Swedes.<ref name="breakpoint" >Harrigan, Steve [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,139614,00.html Swedes Reach Muslim Breaking Point] Fox News, November 26, 2004</ref> Kianzad wrote that rock throwing against police, firefighters and ambulance personnel happened "not just in Rosengård and not as a Muslim custom."<ref name="revirosengard" />
*In August 2006, Serene Sabbagh and Jomana Karadsheh, Jordanian Arab freelancers who were working for Fox News as producers, resigned from the network, citing its coverage that month of the [[Israel]]'s conflict with [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]]. Their resignation letter read in part: "We can no longer work with a news organization that claims to be fair and balanced when you are so far from that...Not only are you [Fox News] an instrument of the Bush White House, and Israeli propaganda, you are war mongers with no sense of decency, nor professionalism." Sabbagh said, "I was devastated at the way that Fox was handling the coverage from Lebanon in the U.S., and I felt there was bias, the slant, the racist remarks, the use of the word "we" meaning Israel, and it was just unbearable up until basically the massacre at Qana... I switched to Fox News to hear some of their anchors claiming that these little kids that were killed... were human shields used by Hezbollah. And one of the anchors went as far as saying they were planted there by Hezbollah to win support in this war... this is when I decided, me and my colleague Jomana, to hand in our resignation." [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=06/08/16/148232]
* On [[January 19]], [[2007]], Fox News broadcast accusations, attributed to associates of Democratic Senator [[Hillary Clinton]] by [[Insight (magazine)|Insight Magazine]], that Democratic Senator [[Barack Obama]] attended an extremist Muslim school, or [[madrassa]], during his youth in Indonesia. Fact checking by CNN revealed that the madrassa Obama had attended was wholly moderate.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/01/22/obama.madrassa/index.html | title=CNN debunks false report about Obama|publisher=[[CNN]] | date=January 22, 2007 | first= | last= | accessdate = 2007-01-26}}</ref>[[Christopher Hayes]], writing in ''[[The Nation]]'', found a similar allegation made by fringe right-wing activist Ted Sampley posted in a column on the web in December 2006, with roots in a press release alleging [[Barack Obama Muslim rumor|that Barack Obama was a Muslim ]] issued in [[2004]] by "perennial Republican Senate candidate" Andy Martin. <ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/thenation/20071025/cm_thenation/20071112hayes_1 The New Right-Wing Smear Machine]</ref> On [[31 January]] [[2007]], the ''[[Washington Post]]'', suggested that because of FNC's reporting of the ''Insight'' article, Obama had "frozen out" the network's reporters and producers while giving interviews to every other major network. After the incident [[John Moody (journalist)|John Moody]], a vice president at Fox, wrote to staff: "For the record: seeing an item on a website does not mean it is right. Nor does it mean it is ready for air."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/sleuth/2007/01/obama.html | title=Obama's Grudge Factor|publisher=[[Washington Post]] | date=January 31, 2007 | first= | last= | accessdate = 2007-01-31}}</ref>
* In March 2007, the Democratic Party in Nevada cited a joke by Fox News CEO [[Roger Ailes]], which hinged on President Bush confusing the names of Barack Obama and Osama bin Laden, as evidence that Fox News is biased against the party. As a result, they pulled out of a planned debate hosted by Fox. Fox News chairman David Rhodes responded to the cancellation by saying that the Democratic Party is owned by [[MoveOn.org]]. <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/03/10/debate.canceled/index.html |title= Dems cancel debate over Fox chief's Obama joke| publisher= CNN| date=2007-03-11|accessdate=2007-03-11}}</ref>
*In June, 2007, when Louisiana Democratic congressman [[William J. Jefferson|Bill Jefferson]] was indicted on corruption, racketeering and bribery charges Fox News ran a video of Michigan Democratic congressman [[John Conyers]], also African-American. Conyers criticized the network for "a history of inappropriate on-air mistakes" and the network's "lackluster" apology (which did not name him),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crooksandliars.com/2007/06/05/john-conyers-responds-to-fox-news/|title= Conyers responds to Fox News| publisher=Crook and Liars| date=2007-06-05|accessdate=2007-06-05}}</ref> and a second, more specific apology was issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070606/ap_on_en_tv/tv_fox_wrong_tape|title=Fox News apologizes again for tape goof}}</ref> In November 2006 Fox News had aired footage of then-Rep. Harold Ford Jr. (D-TN) while talking about Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/items/200706060006?f=h_topic|title=Fox News' African-American elected official mix-up not its first|accessdate=2007-06-05}}</ref>

==Fox News responds==
In June 2004, CEO Roger Ailes responded to some of the criticism with a rebuttal in an editorial in the [[Wall Street Journal]]'s ''OpinionJournal''<ref>[http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110005157 Elite, Arrogant, Condescending; The L.A. Times' editor is terrified of Fox News. How pathetic.] by Roger Ailes, OpinionJournal, [[Wall Street Journal]], June 2, 2004</ref>, saying that Fox's critics intentionally confuse opinion shows such as ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]'' with regular news coverage. Ailes noted that Fox News has broken stories harmful to Republicans, stating "Fox News is the network that broke [[George W. Bush]]'s [[Driving under the influence|DUI]] four days before the election" as an example. The story was broken by then-Fox affiliate [[WPXT]] in [[Portland, Maine]], though Fox News correspondent [[Carl Cameron]] also contributed to the report.

Upon the release of the Robert Greenwald documentary "Outfoxed", Fox News issued a statement<ref name="foxnews_outfoxed_statement"/> denouncing Moveon.org, Greenwald and The New York Times for [[copyright infringement]]. Fox dismissed their judgments of former employees featured in the documentary as the partisan views of disgruntled workers who never vocalized concern over any alleged bias while they were employed at the network. Ailes also shrugged off criticisms of the former Fox employees by noting that they worked in Fox affiliates and not at the actual channel itself. Fox News also challenged any news organization that sought to portray Fox as a "problem" with the following proposition: ''"If they will put out 100 percent of their editorial directions and internal memos, FOX News Channel will publish 100 percent of our editorial directions and internal memos, and let the public decide who is fair. This includes any legitimate cable news network, broadcast network, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, and The Washington Post."''


Fox News personality [[Eric Burns]] has suggested in an interview that Fox "probably gives voice to more conservatives than the other networks. But not at the expense of liberals." Burns justifies a higher exposure of conservatives by saying that other media often ignore conservatives.<ref>[http://www.iwantmedia.com/people/people28.html Eric Burns: Fox News Does Not Air 'Irresponsible Right-Wing Ranting']</ref>

==See also==
* [[BBC controversies]]
* [[CNN controversies]]
* [[Fox News Channel]]
* [[Killian documents|CBS controversies]]
* [[The Corporation]] - Documentary film on the history and failings of corporations. It includes a lengthy section on Fox News allegedly censoring its own reporters.

==References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.foxnews.com FOXNews.com]
* [http://www.newscorp.com/ News Corporation] - Fox's parent company.
* [http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/ailesroger/ailesroger.htm Museum of Broadcast Communications: Ailes, Roger]
* [http://www.newshounds.us/ ''News Hounds''] - Watchdog blog critical of Fox News Channel.
* [http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=A3BD2524FE99BD4D ''LiberalViewer Fox News Bias playlist''] - Examples of Fox News Bias archived in a playlist on YouTube.
* [http://www.outfoxed.org/ ''Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism''] - The critical documentary's website.
* [http://cgi.omroep.nl/cgi-bin/streams?/tv/vpro/tegenlicht/bb.20041024.rm?title=Bekijk%20hier%20de%20uitzending%20OUTFOXED Outfoxed] streaming [[Dutch language|Dutch]] VPRO http://www.vpro.nl/programma/tegenlicht/afleveringen/19365659/ documentary] by [http://www.vpro.nl/programma/tegenlicht/service_info/19361409/ Tegenlicht]. Introduction, several seconds, in Dutch with story itself in English and Dutch [[subtitles]]; 50 min. Broadband internet needed.
* [http://foxattacks.com/ FOX Attacks: They Distort. We Reply.] an anti-FOX News Channel website
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1319955,00.html Guardian Unlimited special report: Fox - the naked truth], October 5, 2004, Zoe Williams, [[The Guardian]]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/sticksandstones.html The Fifth Estate: Sticks and Stones], [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] - Bob McKeown investigates Fox News for The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 45 min.
* [http://simfaux.cf.huffingtonpost.com/ SimFaux] - Faux News interactive TV news network simulation.
* [http://www.orientexpat.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9160 Bangkok in Fox News] - Bangkok foreign residents are furious at Fox News's coverage of the JonBenet Ramsey case

[[Category:Fox News Channel|Controversies]]
[[Category:Criticisms]]

Evel Knievel

2007-11-30T23:52:31Z

75.69.181.109:

{{recent death|Knievel, Evel|date=November 2007}}
{{Infobox Celebrity
| name = Evel Knievel
| image = At Home With Evel Knievel.jpg
| caption = Evel Knievel in [[Ft. Lauderdale, Florida]], in the 1970s
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Butte, Montana]], [[United States of America|USA]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2007|11|30|1938|10|17}}
| death_place = [[Clearwater, Florida]], [[United States of America|USA]]
| occupation = [[Motorcycle]] [[Daredevil]]
| salary =
| networth =
| website = [http://www.evelknievel.com/ www.evelknievel.com]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Robert Craig "Evel" Knievel, Jr.''' ([[October 17]], [[1938]] – [[November 30]], [[2007]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[motorcycle]] [[Stunt performer|daredevil]], a well-known figure in the United States and elsewhere since the late [[1960s]], and arguably the most iconic motorbike stuntman of all time. Knievel's nationally televised motorcycle jumps, including his 1974 attempt to jump the [[Snake River Canyon (Idaho)|Snake River Canyon]] at [[Twin Falls, Idaho|Twin Falls]], [[Idaho]], represent four of the top 20 most-watched ''[[Wide World of Sports (US TV series)|ABC's Wide World of Sports ]]'' events of all time. He enjoyed a lengthy career in this extreme sport despite suffering a series of major injuries during stunts.

Robert Knievel was born in [[Butte, Montana|Butte]], [[Montana]], the first of two children born to Robert and Ann Knievel. Robert and Ann divorced in 1940, just after the birth of their second child, Nic. Both parents decided to leave Butte and their two children to get a new start. The children were raised by their paternal grandparents, Ignatius and Emma Knievel. At the age of eight, Knievel attended a [[Joie Chitwood]] Auto Daredevil Show, which he credits for his later career choice to become a [[motorcycle]] [[stunt performer|daredevil]].

Knievel dropped out of high school after his [[wiktionary:sophomore|sophomore]] year and got a job with the Anaconda Mining Company as a diamond drill operator in the copper mines. He was promoted to surface duty where his job was driving a large earth mover. Knievel was fired when he made the earth mover pop a motorcycle-type wheelie and drove it into Butte's main power line, leaving the city without electricity for several hours. With a lot of time on his hands, Knievel began to get into more and more trouble around Butte. After one particular police chase in 1956 in which he crashed his motorcycle, Knievel was taken to jail on a charge of reckless driving. When the night jailer came around to check the roll, he noted Robert Knievel in one cell and William Knofel in the other. Knofel was well known as "Awful Knofel," so Knievel began to be referred to as Evel Knievel. The nickname stuck.

Always looking for new thrills and challenges, Knievel participated in local professional rodeos and ski-jumping events, including winning the Northern Rocky Mountain Ski Association Class A Men's ski jumping championship in [[1957 in sports|1957]]. In the late 1950s, Knievel joined the [[U.S. Army|Army]]. His athletic ability allowed him to join the track team where he was a [[pole vault]]er. After his army stint, Knievel returned to Butte where he met, [[kidnap]]ped and married his first wife, Linda Bork. Shortly after getting married, Knievel left Butte to play minor pro [[ice hockey|hockey]]], joining the [[Charlotte Clippers]] of the [[Eastern Hockey League]][http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/obit_knievel] in 1959. ([[hockeydb.com]] however has no record of this [http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/teams/0004731959.html][http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/teams/0004731960.html].) Realizing that he wasn't talented enough to make it into the [[National Hockey League]] and that the real money in sports, at the time, was in owning a team, Knievel returned to Butte and started the [[Butte Bombers]], a semi-pro hockey team. To help promote his team and earn some money, he convinced the [[1960 Winter Olympics|1960 Olympic]] [[Czechoslovakia]]n hockey team to play his Butte Bombers in a warm-up game to the Olympics. Knievel was ejected from the game minutes into the third period and left the stadium. When the Czechoslovakian officials went to the box office to collect the expense money that the team was promised, workers discovered the game receipts had been stolen. The [[United States Olympic Committee|U.S. Olympic Committee]] ended up paying the Czechoslovakian team's expenses in order to avoid an international incident.

After the birth of his first son, Kelly, Knievel realized that he needed to come up with a new way to support his family. Using the [[hunting]] and [[fishing]] skills taught to him by his grandfather, Knievel started the Sur-Kill Guide Service. He guaranteed that if a hunter signed up with his service and paid his fee that they would get the big [[game (food)|game]] animal that they wanted or he would refund their money. Business was very brisk until [[game warden]]s realized that he was taking his clients into [[Yellowstone National Park]] to find their prey. As a result of this [[poaching]], Knievel had to shut down his new business venture. Having few options, he turned to a life of crime, becoming a [[burglary|burglar]]. It is rumored that Knievel bought his first bike after breaking into the safe of the [[Butte, Montana|Butte]] courthouse.

In December 1961, Knievel, learning about the [[culling]] of [[Red Deer|elk]] in Yellowstone Park, decided to [[hitchhiking|hitchhike]] from Butte to [[Washington, D.C.]], to raise awareness and to have the elk relocated to areas open to hunters. He presented his case to [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Arnold Olsen]], [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Mike Mansfield]] and [[Kennedy administration]] [[Interior Secretary]] [[Stewart Udall]]. As a result of his efforts, the slaughter was stopped, and the animals have since been regularly captured and relocated to areas of Montana, [[Wyoming]] and [[Idaho]].

Knievel decided to go straight after returning home from Washington. He joined the [[motocross]] circuit and had moderate success, but still couldn't make enough money to support his family. In 1962, Knievel broke his collarbone and shoulder in a motocross accident. The doctors said he couldn't race for at least six months. To help support his family, he switched careers and sold insurance for the [[Aon Corporation|Combined Insurance Company of America]], working for [[W. Clement Stone]]. Stone suggested that Knievel read ''Success Through a Positive Mental Attitude'', a book that Stone wrote with [[Napoleon Hill]]. To this day Knievel credits much of his success to Stone and his book.

Knievel did very well as an insurance salesman (even going as far as to sell insurance policies to several institutionalized mental patients) and wanted to be quickly rewarded for his efforts. When the company refused to promote him to vice-president after a few months on the job, he quit. Needing a fresh start away from Butte, Knievel moved his family to [[Moses Lake, Washington|Moses Lake]], [[Washington]]. There, he opened a [[Honda]] motorcycle dealership and promoted motocross racing. Times were tough in the early 1960s for [[Japan]]ese imports. People still considered them inferior to American built motorcycles, and there were still lingering resentments stemming from [[World War II]], which had ended fewer than twenty years earlier. At one point, Knievel offered a $100 discount to anybody who could beat him at [[arm wrestling]]. Despite his best efforts the store eventually closed.

== Daredevil ==
Not having any way to support his family, Knievel recalled the [[Joie Chitwood]] show he saw as a boy and decided that he could do a similar show using a motorcycle. Promoting the show himself, Knievel rented the venue, wrote the press releases, set up the show, sold the tickets and served as his own master of ceremonies. After enticing the small crowd with a few wheelies, he proceeded to jump a twenty-foot-long box of [[rattlesnakes]] and two [[mountain lion]]s. Despite coming up short and having his back wheel hit the box containing the rattlesnakes, Knievel managed to land safely.

Knievel realized that to make any real money he would have to hire more performers, stunt coordinators and other personnel so that he could concentrate on the jumps. Being broke, he went looking for a sponsor and found one in Bob Blair, a distributor for [[Norton Motorcycles]]. Blair offered to provide the needed motorcycles, but he wanted the name changed from the ''Bobby Knievel and His Motorcycle Daredevils Thrill Show'' to ''Evil Knievel and His Motorcycle Daredevils''. Knievel didn't want his image to be that of a [[Hells Angels]] rider, so he convinced Blair to allow him to use ''Evel'' instead of ''Evil''.

The first show of Knievel and his daredevils was on [[January 3]], [[1966]], at the National Date Festival in [[Indio, California|Indio]], [[California]]. The show was a huge success. Knievel got several offers to host his show after their first performance. The second booking was in [[Hemet, California|Hemet]], California, but was cancelled because of rain. The next performance was on [[February 10]], in [[Barstow, California|Barstow]], California. During the performance, Knievel attempted a new stunt where he would jump, spread eagle, over a speeding motorcycle. Knievel jumped too late and the motorcycle hit him in the [[groin]], tossing him fifteen feet into the air. Knievel ended up in the hospital because of his injuries. When released, he returned to Barstow to finish the performance he had started almost a month before.

Knievel's daredevil show broke up after the Barstow performance because injuries prevented him from performing. After recovering, Knievel started traveling from small town to small town as a solo act. To get ahead of other motorcycle stuntmen who were jumping animals or pools of water, Knievel started jumping cars. He began adding more and more cars to his jumps when he would return to the same venue in order to get people to come out and see him again. Knievel hadn't had a serious injury since the Barstow performance, but on [[June 19]] in [[Missoula, Montana|Missoula]], Montana, he attempted to jump twelve cars and a cargo van. The distance he had for takeoff didn't allow him to get up enough speed. His back wheel hit the top of the van while his front wheel hit the top of the landing ramp. Knievel ended up with a severely broken arm and several broken ribs. The crash and subsequent stay in the hospital were a publicity windfall.

With each successful jump, the public wanted him to jump one more car. On [[May 30]], [[1967]], Knievel successfully cleared sixteen cars in [[Gardena, California|Gardena]], California. Then he attempted the same jump on [[July 28]], [[1967]], in [[Graham, Washington|Graham]], Washington, where he had his next serious crash. Landing his cycle on a panel truck that was the last vehicle, Knievel was thrown from his bike. This time he suffered a serious [[concussion]]. After recovering for a month, he returned to Graham on [[August 18]] to finish the show, but the result was the same, only this time the injuries were more serious. Again coming up short, Knievel crashed, breaking his left wrist, right knee and two ribs.

Knievel finally got some national exposure when actor [[Joey Bishop]] had him on as a guest of ''[[The Joey Bishop Show (talk show)|The Joey Bishop Show]]''. All the attention not only brought larger paydays, but also female admirers.

=== Caesars Palace ===
While in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], to watch [[Dick Tiger]] fight a [[middleweight]] title fight, Knievel first saw the fountains at [[Caesars Palace]] and decided to jump them. To get an audience with the casino's [[CEO]] [[Jay Sarno]], Knievel created a fictitious corporation called Evel Knievel Enterprises and three fictitious lawyers to make phone calls to Sarno. Knievel also placed phone calls to Sarno claiming to be from [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC-TV]] and ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' inquiring about the jump. Sarno finally agreed to meet Knievel and the deal was set for Knievel to jump the fountains on [[December 31]], [[1967]]. After the deal was set, Knievel tried to get ABC to air the event live on ''[[Wide World of Sports (US TV series)|Wide World of Sports]]''. ABC declined, but said that if Knievel had the jump filmed and it was as spectacular as he said it would be, they would consider using it later.

Knievel used his own money to have actor/director [[John Derek]] produce a film of the Caesar's jump. To keep costs low, Derek used his then-wife, [[Linda Evans]], as one of the camera operators. It was Evans who filmed Knievel's famous landing. On the morning of the jump, Knievel stopped in the [[casino]] and placed a single $100 dollar bet on the [[blackjack]] table (which he lost), stopped by the bar and got a shot of [[Wild Turkey (bourbon)|Wild Turkey]] and then headed outside where he was joined by several members of the Caesars staff, as well as two scantily clad [[showgirl]]s. After doing his normal pre-jump show and a few warm up approaches, Knievel began his real approach. When he hit the takeoff ramp, he felt the motorcycle unexpectedly decelerate. The sudden loss of power on the takeoff caused Knievel to come up short and land on the safety ramp which was supported by a van. This caused the handlebars to be ripped out of his hands as he tumbled over them onto the pavement where he skidded into the [[Dunes (hotel and casino)|Dunes]] parking lot. As a result of the crash, Knievel suffered a crushed pelvis and femur, fractures to his hip, wrist and both ankles and a concussion that kept him in a [[coma]] for 29 days.

After his crash and recovery, Knievel was more famous than ever. ABC-TV bought the rights to the film of the jump, paying far more than they originally would have, had they televised the original jump live. Ironically, when Knievel finally achieved the fame and possible fortune that he always wanted, his doctors were telling him that he might never walk without the aid of crutches, let alone ride and jump motorcycles. To keep his name in the news, Knievel started describing his biggest stunt ever, a motorcycle jump across the [[Grand Canyon]]. Just five months after his near fatal crash, Knievel performed another jump. On [[May 25]], [[1968]], in [[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]], [[Arizona]], Knievel crashed while attempting to jump fifteen [[Ford Mustang|Mustangs]]. Knievel ended up breaking his right leg and foot as a result of the crash.

On [[August 3]], [[1968]], Knievel returned to jumping, making more money than ever before. He was earning approximately $25,000 per performance, and he was making successful jumps almost weekly until [[October 13]], in [[Carson City, Nevada|Carson City]], Nevada. While trying to stick the landing, he lost control of the bike and crashed again, breaking his hip once more. During his recovery, Knievel had the [[X-1 Skycycle]] built by [[NASA]] aeronautical engineer [[Doug Malewicki]] to promote his Grand Canyon jump. More showpiece than actual motorcycle, the X-1 had two rocket engines capable of producing thrust of more than 14,000 pounds force (62 kN) bolted to the side of a normal motorcycle. Knievel also had all the trucks he used to go from one jump to the next painted to promote the Grand Canyon jump.

=== Snake River Canyon ===
By 1971, Knievel realized that the United States government would never allow him to jump the Grand Canyon. To keep his fans interested, Knievel considered several other stunts that might match the publicity that would have been generated by jumping the canyon. Ideas included jumping across the Mississippi River, jumping from one skyscraper to another in New York City and jumping over 13 cars inside the [[Houston Astrodome]]. While flying back to Butte from a performance tour, Knievel looked out the window and saw the [[Snake River Canyon (Idaho)|Snake River Canyon]]. After finding a location near Twin Falls, Idaho, that was both wide enough, deep enough and on private property, Knievel leased 300 acres (1.2 km²) for $35,000 to stage his jump. He set the date for Labor Day, 1972.

On [[January 7]] and [[January 8]], [[1971]], Knievel set the record by selling over 100,000 tickets to back-to-back performances at the Houston Astrodome. On [[February 28]], he set a new world record by jumping 19 cars in Ontario, California. On [[May 10]], Knievel crashed while attempting to jump 13 Pepsi delivery trucks. His approach was complicated by the fact that he had to start on pavement, cut across grass, and then return to pavement. His lack of speed caused the motorcycle to come down front wheel first. He managed to hold on until the cycle hit the base of the ramp. After being thrown off he skidded for 50 feet (15 m). Knievel broke his collarbone, suffered a compound fracture of his right arm and broke both legs.

Knievel continued to jump and promote his Labor Day assault on the Snake River Canyon. On [[March 3]], [[1972]] at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, Knievel got into a scuffle with a couple of [[Hells Angels]] in the audience. After making a successful jump, he tried to come to a quick stop because of a short landing area. Knievel ended up getting thrown off and run over by his motorcycle, a Harley-Davidson. Knievel ended up with a broken back and a concussion.

ABC Sports was unwilling to pay the price Knievel wanted for the canyon jump, so he ended up hiring Bob Arum's company, Top Rank Productions, to put the event on pay-per-view cable. Arum partnered with Invest West Sports, [[Sheldon Saltman]]'s company, in order to secure from Invest West Sports two things: 1.) the necessary financing for the jump and 2.) the services of Sheldon Saltman, long recognized as one of America's premier public relations and promotion men, to do publicity so that Knievel could concentrate on his jumps. Knievel then hired former NASA engineer [[Robert Truax]] to design and build the X-2 Skycycle. During two test jumps, the first on [[April 15]], [[1972]], and the second on [[June 24]], [[1973]], the rocket failed to make it all the way across the canyon. Knievel said that there would be no more tests and that he would go ahead with the scheduled jump on [[September 8]], [[1974]].

The launch at the Snake River Canyon was at 3:36 p.m. local time. The steam that powered the engine had to get up to a temperature of 700 °F (370 °C). Upon take-off, the drogue parachute accidentally deployed when the three 1/4 inch bolts holding the cover for the chute sheared off with the force of the blast. The deployed chute caused enough drag that even though the skycycle made it all the way across the canyon the wind began to cause it to drift back as the skycycle turned on its side and started to descend into the canyon. By the time it hit the bottom of the canyon, the wind had pushed it across the river enough so that it landed half in and half out of the water, just a couple feet more in the water and Knievel would have drowned. Knievel survived the jump with only minor injuries.

== Later Daredevil career ==
On [[May 26]], [[1975]], in front of 90,000 people at [[Wembley Stadium (1924)|Wembley Stadium]] in [[London]], Knievel crashed while trying to land a jump over thirteen redundant single-deck AEC Merlin buses (the term "London Buses" used in earlier publicity had led to many believing the attempt was to be made over the higher and more traditional Routemaster double-deck type). After the crash, despite breaking his pelvis, Knievel addressed the audience and announced his retirement. After recuperating, Knievel decided that he had spoken too soon, and that he would continue jumping. On [[October 25]], [[1975]], Knievel successfully jumped fourteen [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]] buses at [[Kings Island]], [[Ohio]]. This event scored the highest viewer ratings in the history of ''ABC's Wide World of Sports''. After this jump, he again announced his retirement. Evel jumped on [[October 31]], [[1976]] at the Seattle Kingdome. He only jumped seven Greyhound Buses. The jump was a success. Despite the crowd's pleasure, Knievel felt that it was not his best jump. He apologized to the crowd for the jump not being that great.

Knievel made only a few daredevil appearances after that, jumping for the last time in March 1981 in [[Hollywood, Florida|Hollywood]], [[Florida]].

=== Marketing the image ===
Knievel sought to make more money off of his image. No longer satisfied with just receiving free motorcycles to jump with, Knievel wanted to be paid to use and promote a company's brand of motorcycles. After [[Triumph Motorcycles|Triumph]], the motorcycle that he had been jumping with, refused to meet his demands, Knievel started to propose the idea to other manufacturers. [[American Eagle Motorcycles]] was the first company to sign Knievel to an endorsement deal. At approximately the same time, [[Fanfare Films]] started production of ''[[Evel Knievel (movie)|The Evel Knievel Story]]'', a 1971 movie starring [[George Hamilton (actor)|George Hamilton]] as Knievel.

Knievel kept up his pursuit of getting the [[United States government]] to allow him to jump the Grand Canyon. To push his case, he hired famed San Francisco defense attorney [[Melvin Belli]] to fight the legal battle to obtain government permission. ''ABC's Wide World of Sports'' started showing Knievel's jumps on television with regularity. His popularity, especially with young boys, was ever increasing. He became a hero to a generation of young boys, many of whom were injured trying to imitate his stunts. [[A. J. Foyt]] made him part of his [[pit stop|pit crew]] for the [[Indianapolis 500]] in 1970. His huge fame caused him to start traveling with a bodyguard, Boots Curtis, a long time Knievel friend.

Later in the decade, the merchandising of the Knievel image reached additional mediums. [[Ideal Toys]] released a bendable Knievel action figure in 1974; along with a host of accessories, there was also a female counterpart available—Derry Daring.<ref>{{cite book | last = Mansour | first = David | year = 2005 | title = From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century | location = Kansas City, Mo. | publisher = Andrews McMeel | pages = p. 267 | isbn = 0740751182 | oclc = 57316726 }}</ref> In 1977, [[Bally]] marketed its Knievel pinball machine as the "first fully electronic commercial game"; it has elsewhere been described as one of the "last of the classic pre-digital games."<ref>{{cite book | last = Synge | first = Dan | year = 2004 | title = Cool Collectibles | location = London | publisher = Miller's | pages = p. 60 | isbn = 1840008946 | oclc = 60592526 }}</ref>

Knievel made several television appearances, including a guest spot on ''[[The Bionic Woman]]'' where he played himself. He was a frequent guest on talk shows such as ''[[Dinah!]]'' and [[Johnny Carson]]'s ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson|Tonight Show]]''. On [[January 31]], [[1977]], during a dress rehearsal for a [[CBS]] special on live daredevil stunts at the [[Chicago]] International Amphitheatre, Knievel crashed, breaking both arms and his collarbone. In the process, a misplaced cameraman was injured, losing an eye. In June 1977, [[Warner Bros.]] released ''[[Viva Knievel!]]'', a movie starring Knievel as himself and co-starring [[Lauren Hutton]], [[Gene Kelly]] and [[Red Buttons]]. The movie was a box office [[flop]].

While Knievel was healing from his latest round of injuries, the book ''Evel Knievel on Tour'' was released. Authored by Knievel's promoter for the Snake River Canyon jump, Sheldon Saltman, the book painted a less than perfect picture of Knievel's character and alleged that he abused his wife and kids and that he used drugs. Knievel, with both arms still in casts, flew to California to confront Saltman, a VP at [[Twentieth Century Fox]]. Outside the studio commissary, one of Knievel's friends grabbed Shelly and held him, while Knievel attacked him with an aluminum baseball bat, declaring, "I'm going to kill you!" According to a witness to the attack, Knievel struck repeated blows at Saltman's head, with Saltman blocking the blows with his left arm. Saltman's arm and wrist were shattered in several places before he fell to the ground unconscious. It took numerous surgeries and permanent metal plates in his arm to eventually give Saltman back the use of his arm. He had been a left-handed competitive tennis player before the attack.
Sheldon Saltman's book was pulled from the shelves by the publisher after Knievel threatened to sue. Saltman later produced documents in both criminal and civil court that proved that, although Knievel claimed to have been insulted by statements in Saltman's book, he and his lawyers had actually been given editorial access to the book and had approved and signed off on every word prior to its publication. On [[October 14]], [[1977]], Knievel pleaded guilty to battery and was sentenced to three years probation and six months in the county jail, during which he publicly flaunted his brief incarceration for the press as just one more publicity stunt.

==Post-Daredevil years==

With no income, Knievel eventually had to declare [[bankruptcy]]. In 1981, Saltman was awarded a $13 million judgement against Knievel in a civil trial but never received money from Knievel's estate. In 1983, the [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]] determined that Knievel failed to pay $1.6 million in taxes on earnings from his jumps. In addition to the back taxes, they demanded another $2.5 million in interest and penalties. Then the State of [[Montana]] sued Knievel for $390,000 in back taxes. In 1986, Knievel was arrested for [[soliciting]] an undercover policewoman in [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], [[Missouri]]. Knievel's wife, Linda, left him and returned home to Butte.

In 1994, in [[Sunnyvale, California|Sunnyvale]], California, during a [[domestic violence|domestic disturbance]] call, police found several firearms in Knievel's car. He was convicted and ordered to perform 200 hours of community service for a weapons violation.

Knievel made several attempts to reconcile with his estranged son, [[Robbie Knievel|Robbie]], even appearing with him at a couple of jumps. After Robbie's successful jump of the Caesar's Palace fountains, the two went their separate ways for good. Knievel made somewhat of a marketing comeback in the 1990s, representing [[Maxim Casino]], [[Little Caesar's]] and [[Harley-Davidson]] among other companies. In 1993, Evel Knievel was diagnosed with [[hepatitis C]], apparently contracted during one of his numerous reconstructive surgeries. Knievel required a [[liver transplant]] in 1999 as a result of the condition.

In 1999, Knievel was inducted into the [[Motorcycle Hall of Fame]].

On [[November 19]], [[1999]], on a special platform built on the fountains at [[Caesars Palace]] on the [[Las Vegas Strip]] near [[Las Vegas, Nevada]] (site of Evel’s jump New Year's Eve 1967), Evel married long time girlfriend, 30-year-old Krystal Kennedy of Clearwater, Florida. Standing up for Evel was his oldest son Kelly Knievel; Krystal's twin sister Shawn (Kennedy) Marsh served as Maid of Honor. Long-time friend Engelbert Humperdinck sent a recorded tribute to the couple. They were divorced in 2001.

On [[July 27]], [[2006]], on ''[[The Adam Carolla Show]]'', Knievel said that he has [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]], and requires supplemental oxygen 24 hours a day.

On [[July 28]], [[2006]], at Evel Knievel Days in Butte, Robbie jumped 196 feet in a tribute to his father. Robbie also appeared on stage with his father, Evel.

In December 2006, Knievel sued rapper [[Kanye West]] for trademark infringement in West's video for ''Touch the Sky''. [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/1212061evel1.html] Just days before Knievel's death in November 2007, the case was amicably settled for an undisclosed sum of money. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071128/ap_en_mu/people_knievel_kanye]

=== Conversion to Christianity ===
On [[April 1]], [[2007]], Knievel announced to a worldwide audience that he "believed in [[Jesus Christ]]" for the first time. He professed his personal faith in Christ to more than 4,000 people who gathered inside the [[Crystal Cathedral]] for Palm Sunday services in [[Orange County, California]], and to millions via an ''[[Hour of Power]]'' telecast of the service to over 100 countries.<ref name="KABC">{{cite web | url = http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=local&id=5230422 | title = Evel Knievel Baptized at Crystal Cathedral; Rev. Schuller Admires Daredevil's "Possibility Thinking" | author = [[Associated Press]] | work = abc7.com | publisher = [[KABC-TV]] | date = [[2007-04-20]] | accessdate = 2007-10-04 }}</ref>

Knievel told how he had refused for 68 years convert to Christianity because he didn’t want to surrender his lifestyle of "the gold and the gambling and the booze and the women." He explained his conversion experience by saying, "All of a sudden, I just believed in Jesus Christ. I did, I believed in him!"<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hourofpower.org/booklets/booklets_detail.php?contentid=2404 | first = Robert H. | last = Schuller | authorlink = Robert H. Schuller | coauthors = Evel Knievel | title = Evel Knievel's Leap of Faith | date = [[2007-09-16]] | accessdate = 2007-10-04 }}</ref> Knievel said he knew people were praying for him, including his daughter's church, his ex-wife's church, and the hundreds of people who wrote letters urging him to believe.

Knievel recounted how he "rose up in bed and, I was by myself, and I said, 'Devil, Devil, you bastard you, get away from me. I cast you out of my life….' I just got on my knees and prayed that God would put his arms around me and never, ever, ever let me go."<ref name="CT">{{cite journal | url = http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2007/aprilweb-only/115-43.0.html | title = Evel Overcome With Good; Daredevil Knievel's testimony triggers mass baptisms at Crystal Cathedral | first = Brad A. | last = Greenberg | journal = [[Christianity Today]] | date = [[2007-04-13]] | accessdate = 2007-06-20 | issn = 0009-5753 | id = {{OCLC|1554505}} }}</ref> At his request, he was baptized before the congregation and TV cameras by Dr. [[Robert H. Schuller]], Founding Pastor of the Crystal Cathedral. ''[[Christianity Today]]'' reported that "...Knievel's testimony triggered mass baptisms at the Crystal Cathedral." <ref name="CT" />

=== Evel Knievel: The Rock Opera ===
In 2003, Knievel signed over exclusive rights to Los Angeles composer Jef Bek, authorizing the production of a rock opera based on Knievel's life. <ref name="CBS News">{{cite web | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/04/21/entertainment/main550290.shtml | title = Evel Knievel's Life May Jump Into Opera | author = [[CBS News]] | work = cbsnews.com | date = [[2003-04-21]] | accessdate = 2007-10-13 }}</ref>, <ref name="BBC News">{{cite web | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2966269.stm | title = Evel Knievel gets rock opera | author = [[BBC News]] | work = news.bbc.co.uk | date = [[2003-04-22]] | accessdate = 2007-10-13 }}</ref> Directed by [[Bat Boy: The_Musical|Bat Boy]] co-creator Keythe Farley, the production opened in Los Angeles in September of 2007 to excellent reviews. <ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{cite web | url = http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-evel5oct05,1,579582.story | title = Rock opera 'Knievel' soars through a rebel's life | author = [[Los Angeles Times]] | work = latimes.com | date = [[2007-10-05]] | accessdate = 2007-10-13 }}</ref>, <ref name="LA Weekly">{{cite web | url = http://www.laweekly.com/stage/theater/theater-reviews/17408/ | title = Theater Reviews By L.A. Weekly Theater Critics | author = [[LA Weekly]] | work = laweekly.com | date = [[2007-10-10]] | accessdate = 2007-10-13 }}</ref>

=== Six Flags Evel Knievel Roller Coaster===
Evel Knievel partnered with [[Six Flags St. Louis]] to name a new wooden coaster after "America's Legendary Daredevil."<ref>"Soar the high-energy new coaster, Evel Knievel," http://www.sixflags.com/stLouis/rides/EvelKnievel.aspx</ref> The amusement park in Eureka, Missouri, outside of [[St. Louis, Missouri]], will open the ride in 2008.

== Death ==
Knievel died on November 30, 2007, aged 69. He had been ill for years, suffering from [[hepatitis C]], as well as [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] and [[idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]], an incurable condition that scarred his lungs.<ref>"Evel Knievel Dies at 69" http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iWWuZ0wDGsiJxYa_PFQLAH5qe-AwD8T87UO01M</ref><ref>http://www.abcactionnews.com/news/local/story.aspx?content_id=c4b11285-43ca-4d35-ac83-01fc0eef328f</ref><ref>"Daredevil Evel Knievel dead at 69" http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2007/more/11/30/kneviel.ap/index.html?cnn=yes</ref> Knievel's death was confirmed by his granddaughter, Krysten Knievel.
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Other sources ==
* {{cite book |author= Ace Collins |title= Evel Knievel: An American Hero |publisher= St. Martins Press |year= 1999 |id= ISBN 0-312-26733-9 }}
* {{cite book |author= Steve Mandich |title= Evel Incarnate: The Life and Legend of Evel Knievel |publisher= [[Sidgwick & Jackson]] |year= 2001 |id= ISBN 0-283-06362-9 }}
* {{cite web |url= http://stevemandich.com/evelincarnate/eveltimeline.htm |title= Evel Knievel time line |work= Evel Incarnate |accessmonthday = June 17 |accessyear= 2005 }}
* [[The Hour of Power]], [[April 22]], [[2007]] television broadcast. Streaming video http://www.hourofpower.org/video/video.cfm
* {{cite web |url= http://www.cbn.com/CBNnews/147085.aspx |title= Evel Knievel Dares to Live for Christ |work=CBN news |accessmonthday = April 28 |accessyear= 2007}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.motorcyclejumpers.com |title = Flipper White|accessmonthday = October 2 |accessyear= 2007 }}

== External links ==
* [http://www.evelknievel.com/ Official Website]
* [http://www.knieveldays.com/ Evel Knievel Days]
* [http://espn.go.com/abcsports/wwos/e_knievel.html Evel Knievel on ''ABC's Wide World of Sports'']
* [http://tesla.liketelevision.com/liketelevision/tuner.php?channel=1087&format=movie&theme=guide Evel Knievel TV Movie]
* {{imdb name|id=0460773|name=Evel Knievel}}
* [http://ekrockopera.com/ Evel Knievel: The Rock Opera], a rock musical about Knievel's life, running in Los Angeles during fall 2007.
* [http://www.motorcyclejumpers.com/ motorcyclejumpers.com]

{{Persondata
| NAME = Robert Craig Knievel, Jr. |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Evel Knievel |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = [[Motorcycle]] [[Daredevil]] |
| DATE OF BIRTH = [[October 17]], [[1938]] |
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Butte, Montana]], [[United States of America]] |
| DATE OF DEATH = [[November 30]], [[2007]] |
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Clearwater, Florida]], [[United States of America]] |
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Knievel, Evel}}

[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American motorcycle racers]]
[[Category:American stunt performers]]
[[Category:Eastern Hockey League players]]
[[Category:People from Butte, Montana]]
[[Category:World record holders]]

[[de:Evel Knievel]]
[[es:Evel Knievel]]
[[fr:Evel Knievel]]
[[it:Evel Knievel]]
[[nl:Evel Knievel]]
[[fi:Evel Knievel]]
[[vi:Evel Knievel]]

Final Fight (video game)

2007-11-26T23:36:22Z

75.69.181.109: /* SNES and GBA versions */

{{Infobox VG
|title = Final Fight
|image = [[Image:Final Fight (flyer).jpg|254px]]
|caption = Final Fight arcade flyer - European release
|developer = [[Capcom]]
|publisher = [[Capcom]], [[U.S. Gold Ltd.]], [[Ubisoft]]
|designer = Planners: Pon G, [[Akiman]], Nin
|release ='''[[Arcade game|Arcade]]''' [[Japan|JPN]] December 1989 [[North America|NA]] January 1990 [[Europe|EUR]] 1990 '''[[Super NES]]''' [[Japan|JPN]] [[December 21]] [[1990]] 
[[North America|NA]] [[November 10]] [[1991]] [[Europe|EUR]] [[December 10]] [[1992]]
 '''[[Commodore 64]]''' [[North America|NA]] January 1990 
[[Europe|EUR]] [[1991]] 
'''[[Amstrad CPC]]''' 
[[Europe|EUR]] [[1991]] 
'''[[ZX Spectrum]]''' [[Europe|EUR]] [[1991]] 
'''[[Amiga]]''' [[Europe|EUR]] 1991 
'''[[Atari ST]]''' [[Europe|EUR]] 1991 
'''[[X68000]]''' [[Japan|JPN]] 1992 '''[[Sega CD]]''' [[Japan|JPN]] [[March 26]][[1993]] [[North America|NA]] 1993 [[Europe|EUR]] 1993 '''[[Game Boy Advance]]''' [[North America|NA]] [[September 26]], [[2001]] '''[[Virtual Console]]''' [[Japan|JPN]] [[April 17]], [[2007]] [[North America|NA]] [[May 7]], [[2007]] [[Europe|EUR]] [[April 27]], [[2007]]
|genre=[[Beat 'em up]]
|modes=[[Single player]], 2 player [[Cooperative gameplay|Co-op]]
|platforms=[[Arcade game|Arcade]], [[Amiga]], [[Amstrad CPC]], [[Atari ST]], [[Commodore 64]], [[Game Boy Advance|GBA]], [[PlayStation 2]], [[Sega Mega-CD|Sega CD]], [[ZX Spectrum]], [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super NES]], [[Sharp X68000]], [[Xbox]], [[Game Boy Advance]], [[PlayStation Portable]], [[Virtual Console]]
|input=8-way [[Joystick]], 3 [[Button (control)|Buttons]]
|cabinet=Upright
|arcade system=[[CPS-1]]
|display=[[Raster graphics|Raster]], 384 x 224 pixels (Horizontal), 4096 colors
}}

{{nihongo|'''''Final Fight'''''|ファイナルファイト|Fainaru faito}} is a [[beat 'em up]] series from [[Capcom]]. It is considered to be ''[[Street Fighter (series)|Street Fighter]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s "cousin", and the two series are set in the same universe (characters like Guy, Andore (under the name 'Hugo'), Rolento, Cody, Sodom, and Poison have all appeared in later Street Fighter installments). ''Final Fight'' was originally released as an [[arcade game]] and was ported to several platforms, including the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super NES]], [[Sega Mega-CD|Sega CD]], [[Sharp X68000]] and [[Game Boy Advance]]. It features former wrestler (as seen in ''[[Saturday Night Slam Masters]]''), and mayor of Metro City (Capcom's fictitious city, modeled after [[New York City]]), [[Mike Haggar]].

The early design name for Final Fight was ''Street Fighter '89'', before ''[[Street Fighter II]]'' was planned. The artwork for the promotional poster under this name is the same as the European flyer shown to the right.

== Gameplay ==
''Final Fight'' featured very large and detailed [[sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]] for its day, and the controls were quite fluid and simple. The game also began the strength-based, speed-based, and average character variety that countless other beat 'em up and other genres derived, as one controls [[Mike Haggar|Haggar]] (very powerful yet very slow and vulnerable to attack), [[Guy (Final Fight)|Guy]] (very agile and can use hit-and-run, yet has weak offensive power), or [[Cody Travers|Cody]] (who balances strength and speed, being an excellent choice for beginners). It also featured very long levels and various powerful enemies that could easily crowd the screen and had several fighting tactics against the player.

==Story==

The story of ''Final Fight'' involves the [[kidnapping|abduction]] of Mayor Mike Haggar's daughter, Jessica, because he would not work with Mad Gear to ensure their dominance of the streets. When the Mad Gear thug Damnd contacts Haggar and informs him, Haggar calls up his daughter's boyfriend Cody and his sparring partner Guy (later on stated by Capcom that they never met until then and the dialogue was added for the U.S audience, Guy being Bushin is sworn to fight evil), and the three vigilantes head into the streets to bust Mad Gear's skulls, fighting their way through the hordes of goons littering the city (including the [[Rastafarian]] thug Damnd, the "[[Japanophile]]" [[Sodom (Final Fight)|Sodom]], former Red Beret and [[militia]] leader [[Rolento Schugerg|Rolento]], corrupt cop Edi. E, and the ill-tempered Abigail), to get to Mad Gear's boss, [[Belger]]. On the top floor of a large building, Cody knocks Belger out of the window, sending him falling to his death.

The original Japanese version of the ''Final Fight'' intro states that the game takes place in 1989 and provides the corresponding ages and birthdates for each of the main characters. The English language version of the arcade game's intro is a bit vague, stating only that the game takes place "Sometime in the 1990s..." and only provides the birthdates for the characters. The new English translation featured in ''Final Fight One'' reverts back to the original 1989 date. Since the backstory of the ''[[Street Fighter Alpha]]'' games established that the events of ''Final Fight'' occurred during the same time as the first ''[[Street Fighter (video game)|Street Fighter]]'' tournament set in 1987, some feel that in order for the shared fictional universe to work, the events of ''Final Fight'' must be pushed back to that specific date.

==Playable Characters==
===Cody Travers===
[[Image:Final Fight Cody.png|thumb|254px|Cody wields a knife against an Axl enemy in Stage 1]]
{{see|Cody (Final Fight)}}
*'''Birthdate''': 4/18/1967
*'''Profile''': He is a martial arts expert. He is especially good with knives. His girlfriend, Jessica was kidnapped by the Mad Gear Gang.
*'''Advantage''': Balanced power and speed.
*'''Sure-Kill Technique''': Hurricane Kick.
*'''Weapon of Preference''': The ''Knife''.
*'''Special Ability''': Cody can stab with knives at melee range, which Guy and Haggar cannot do. From a distance, Cody will hurl knives.
*'''Additional Ability''': Cody is the only character that is able to punch at arrows fired from Belger; they then will fall to the ground.

===Guy===
{{see|Guy (Final Fight)}}
*'''Birthdate''': 8/12/1965
*'''Profile''': He has mastered the art of Ninjutsu and attacks with unequaled speed. He often catches his opponents off guard with his special "Off-the-wall" jump.
*'''Advantage''': Unmatched speed.
*'''Sure-Kill Technique''': Bushin Roundhouse Kick.
*'''Weapon of Preference''': The ''Katana Blade''. There are two variations: '''Masamune''' and '''Muramasa'''.
*'''Special Ability''': ''Off-the-wall jump''. Guy can use walls or vertical planes to launch himself towards opponents with a kick that has longer reach and high priority damage. This move can also be altered into using the down attack (elbow) to get more points and set the player up to either knee or throw the opponents.

===Mike Haggar===
{{see|Mike Haggar}}
*'''Birthdate''': 9/3/1943
*'''Profile''': He is a former champion Street Fighter. He's the new mayor of Metro City. He has mastered professional wrestling skills and is an expert at the Backdrop and the Piledriver.
*'''Advantage''': Unmatched power.
*'''Sure-Kill Technique''': Spinning Clothesline.
*'''Weapon of Preference''': The ''lead pipe''.
*'''Special Ability''': Haggar exploits his wrestling skills to throw enemies with fervent ease.
**'''Backdrop''': Haggar performs a German Suplex that slams his opponent from behind.
**'''Piledriver''': Haggar grabs an opponent, leaps several feet into the air and smashes him down on the ground for massive damage.

==Enemies==
As with most games in the genre, ''Final Fight'' features a variety of enemy characters the player must defeat in order to progress through the game. Although there are numerous small fry characters thorough the game, only seven of them are actually unique in terms of appearances and fighting style, while the rest are [[head swap]]/[[palette swap]] counterparts with more or less vitality. There's also six unique boss characters, one for each stage.

===Underlings===

* '''Bred''', along with '''Dug''', '''Simons''' and '''Jake''', serve as the game's standard thug characters. They are dressed in matching pants and tank tops (with jackets for Simons and Jake), with Bred dressed in gray, Dug in red-orange, Simons in gold, and Jake in blue. They have no distinguishing characteristic or attack other than their ability to push oildrums. Bred appears in the game's first bonus round after the player trashes his car. In the GBA version of the first bonus round, Dug appears instead of Bred. Only Jake and Simons, the most powerful of the four, can perform a flying kick.

* '''J''' and '''Two. P''' - A pair of punks dressed in baggy pants and jackets. J is dressed in yellow and blue and has an atomic [[biohazard]] symbol on his back, while Two. P wears orange and green and has a dragon symbol on his back. They tend to strike when the player has their back turn on one of them.

* '''Axl''' and '''Slash''' - A pair of bikers named after [[Axl Rose]] and [[Slash (musician)|Slash]] respectively of [[Guns N' Roses]]. They are the only enemy characters that block the player's attacks. They loosely resemble their real life counterparts, with Axl having blond shoulder-length hair and red bandanna, while Slash has black curly hair. Axl wears a grey uniform, and Slash wears brown.

* '''Holly Wood''' and '''El Gado''' - A pair of knife-wielding fighters dressed in camouflage garb and ski caps. Their fighting style is described in one of the Japanese manuals as being based on dancing. Their most powerful attack is the jumping knife strike. Holly Wood wears orange, and El Gado wears yellow. There are versions of Holly Wood dressed in red that often shows up to throw Molotov cocktails at the player.

* '''Bill Bull''', '''G. Oriber''' and '''Wong Who''' - A group of obese men. Their most powerful attack is the charging [[headbutt]]. Bill Bull wears grey pants, G. Oriber wears blue pants, and Wong Who wears green pants.

*[[Poison (Final Fight)|'''Poison''']] and '''Roxy''' - Two scantily clad bad girls. They wear matching black shorts, white tank tops and hats, with Poison having pink hair and Roxy having orange hair. They attack with an acrobatic fighting style. Because of the U.S. laws of video game morality at the time, they were replaced by two male counterparts named '''Billy''' and '''Sid''' respectively in the English localization of the SNES and GBA versions. Poison is one of the most prominent character in the series and would reappear as a playable character in ''[[Final Fight Revenge]]'', as well as [[Hugo (Street Fighter)|Hugo's]] manager in the ''[[Street Fighter III]]'' games.

* '''Andore''' (pronounced An-Do-Ray as in André) - A pro-wrestling thug modeled after [[André the Giant]]. He wears a [[Pink|shocking pink]]-colored leopard-print outfit and attacks with pro wrestling techniques, including a charge attack, a pile drive and choke attack. He has numerous palette counterparts in the game, with '''Andore Jr.''' (who's dressed in red) appearing alongside him in nearly every instance. '''Grandfather''' (in blue), '''Uncle''' (in dark grey), and '''Father''' (in yellow) appear as sub-bosses in Round 3.

===Bosses===
[[Image:Damnd.png|thumb|40px|left|]] '''Damnd''' - The boss of the Slum area (Round 1). A Caribbean thug who serves as Mad Gear's informant, though he is apparently also an informant for the [[FBI]] and a worshiper of [[Mammon]]<ref>[[SNK vs. Capcom Card Fighters Clash]] card bio for Damnd</ref>. He is the one who calls Haggar in the opening intro and can be seen carrying Jessica at the start of the game. When he takes a certain amount of damage, he summons his underlings to fight in his stead by whistling, while he sits in wait before waiting for the opportunity to strike the player. His name was changed to '''Thrasher''' in the English localizations of the early console versions.
 
[[Image:Sodom.png|thumb|40px|left|]] '''[[Sodom (Final Fight)|Sodom]]''' - The boss of the Subway area (Round 2). A [[Japanophile]] who speaks in broken [[Japanese (language)|Japanese]]. He is dressed in [[samurai]]-like protective gear (including a blue [[kabuto]] helmet that conceals his face) and is armed with twin [[Masamune]] blades. The player can disarm him and use his blades against him, but he will counteract this with a rush attack. His name was changed to '''Katana''' in early English localizations of the console versions as well as the SNES version of ''[[Street Fighter Alpha 2]]''. Sodom would reappear as a playable character in the ''[[Street Fighter Alpha]]'' series.
 
[[Image:Edi E.png|thumb|40px|left|]] '''Edi E.''' - A corrupt police officer who serves as the boss of the West Side area (Round 3). He attacks the player with his nightstick and when he's low on health, he will draw his revolver and start shooting randomly. The gum he spits out just before starting to fight will restore a little health if needed. Makes a cameo appearance in a couple of Cody's win poses in ''Street Fighter Alpha 3''.
 
[[Image:Rolento.png|thumb|40px|left|]] '''[[Rolento]]''' - A former member of the Red Beret special forces who is in charge of Mad Gear's drug plant. The boss of the Industrial Area (Round 4). He attacks the player with his club and grappling techniques. When he is low on health, he will resort to "shadow dashing" around the arena and throwing many grenades. Stage 4 and Rolento are absent from the SNES version. Like Sodom, Rolento would be turned into a playable character in the ''Street Fighter Alpha'' series, starting with ''Alpha 2''.
 
[[Image:Abigail.png|thumb|40px|left|]] '''Abigail''' - The boss of the Bayside area (Round 5). He is a head swap of Andore who wears a white outfit and has a face paint and mohawk (like the wrestler [[Animal (wrestler)|Animal]]). He tends to literally turn red when angry and charges towards the player with a punch. When he's low on health, the charge attacks become more frequent.
 
[[Image:Belger.png|thumb|40px|left|]] '''[[Belger (Final Fight)|Belger]]''' - The final boss and leader of Mad Gear. He poses as a disabled old man on a wheelchair in order to trick his enemies and attacks the player with his crossbow. When he first appears, he is holding Jessica on his lap. When the player defeats him, he is thrown into his window and falls from the high rise building and into the ground. In the English localization of the SNES version, his wheelchair was redrawn into an office chair. The dialogue portrait in Final Fight One shows Belger with a full beard, however his sprite shows that he only has his usual [[neckbeard|neck beard]]. He reappears as a cyborg in ''Mighty Final Fight'' and as a zombie ''Final Fight Revenge''. His brother, Father Bella, serves as the antagonist of ''[[Final Fight Streetwise]]''.

==Ports==
Capcom has produced various home versions of the original ''Final Fight'' throughout the years, with each version offering different changes and additions to the game. The following is a brief summary of each version and the characteristics that make them unique.

===SNES version===
The [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]] version of ''Final Fight'' was first released on [[December 21]], [[1990]] in Japan and in September 1991 in North America. Both releases served as launch titles for their respective regions.

Several aspects of the game were changed from the arcade version, due in part to the limitations of cartridge space at the time. The most notable differences were:
* The game only offered single-player play.
* Guy was removed, leaving only two characters playable.
* Graphical changes to conform to [[Nintendo of America]]'s policies regarding drug use, nudity and transgenderism.
* The fourth stage from the original version, the "Industrial Area," and its boss, Rolento, were removed.

Other differences include a reduced number of on-screen enemies and objects (due to hardware limitations), the omission of transition scenes (including the opening of Stage 1, where Jessica is carried away by Damnd) and the fact that the player must restart the entire stage after continuing from a Game Over, rather than being taken right to the spot where he died.

This version was released to the [[Virtual Console]] in 2007, with no changes.

===''Final Fight Guy''===
A second SNES version of the game, titled ''Final Fight Guy'', was released on [[March 20]], [[1992]] in Japan. This version remained a Japanese-only release for a while until June 1994, in which Capcom released it in North America as a rental-only release. As the title implies, Capcom addressed one of the more common complaints of the first version by bringing back Guy as a playable character. However, they did so by removing Cody from the game. The game's opening and ending sequences are changed accordingly to reflect this change, with the explanation given stating that Cody is away on a training mission. However, the other flaws of the first version were left unaddressed in this version. The missing stage music from the Industrial Area can be heard in the Option Menu, suggesting than an attempt to restore the missing stage was at least made.

This version also fixes some of the [[flicker (screen)|flicker]] effects whenever there are too many enemies and barrels on-screen. There are also two new power-ups added to this version: A Jessica doll, which makes the player's character invulnerable to damage for a short time, and a doll of the player's character, which serves as an [[1-up|extra life]]. The enemy placement is also significantly different from the original (especially on the "Expert" setting) and the background of Stage 3 (the "West Side") has the [[bar (establishment)|bar]] crowd that was missing in the original port.

Note: This was released later in Australia as "Final Fight" on the Super Nintendo, only adding to the confusion.

===''Mighty Final Fight''===
{{main|Mighty Final Fight}}

===''Final Fight CD''===
The [[Sega Mega-CD|Sega CD]] version, titled ''Final Fight CD'', was developed internally by [[Sega]] under license from Capcom and released in 1992. The game was considerably better received by arcade fans over the previous SNES version due to the inclusion of most of the missing elements from the arcade game, such as a playable Guy, the industrial stage with the Rolento boss fight, and simultaneous two-player mode. Due to the use of the [[CD-ROM]] medium, the developers saw fit to add extended opening and ending sequences, featuring full [[voice actor|voice acting]]. An [[arranged]] [[Red Book (audio CD standard)|Red Book]] soundtrack was also composed for this version, and a time attack mode featuring new stages for each character was added.

===''Final Fight One''===
A [[Game Boy Advance]] version, titled ''Final Fight One'', was released in 2001. This version was based on the previous SNES versions (particularly ''Final Fight Guy''), but contained all three playable characters and co-op gameplay through cable linking. The missing Industrial Area stage was restored as well, with the second Bonus Round moved after the fifth stage (the Bay Area). The Guy/Haggar and Jessica doll power-ups were kept, with a Cody doll added to the mix. Most of the scene transitions were added to this version, though a few are still missing such as boarding the train in mission 2 (the doors of the train also do not open as they do in the arcade) and entering the lift in the final mission.

A feature unique to this version, is the added dialogue between the main characters and the enemies prior to boss fights. Sodom and Rolento are shown in their win pose from ''Street Fighter Alpha 3'' when introduced. The game also allows the player to play as the ''Alpha'' versions of Cody and Guy after defeating a determined amount of enemies with the regular version of the characters.

As of now, this one is considered the most definitive version of the game.

===''Capcom Classics Collection''===
{{main|Capcom Classics Collection}}

''Final Fight'' was included as a component in this compilation released in 2005 for the [[PlayStation 2]] and [[Xbox]]. Unlike most of the other games in the compilation (and previous versions of ''Final Fight''), this version of ''Final Fight'' is a direct emulation of the arcade original based on the U.S. version. The compilation also features unlockable tips, music, character profiles and artwork from ''Final Fight'' (among other games). The [[PlayStation Portable]] version was bundled in the ''Capcom Classics Collection Remixed'' released in 2006 and it is a direct Japan arcade port with unlockable elements (the port of the arcade Final Fight is also available on [[GameTap]]).

===''Final Fight: Streetwise''===
''Final Fight'' is an unlockable feature when finishing the main game of Streetwise. This version of ''Final Fight'' is emulated differently from the [[Capcom Classics Collection]] version: the framerate is lower, leading to somewhat slower gameplay. Also the audio is somewhat fuzzy. The video quality is also blurred and blocky.

Capcom Production Studio 8 did not have enough development time to access the code from Capcom Japan to create a perfect emulation.

===Other versions===
''Final Fight'' was ported by Capcom to the [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] [[Sharp X68000]] computer in Japan. This version was considered an accurate port of the arcade game, with the only notable difference being a reduction of the number of on-screen enemies. The X68000 was capable of near arcade quality graphics and sound (more so than the Sega CD version), and included a simultaneous 2 player mode, which was not available in the SNES version. European-based [[U.S. Gold]] also released ports of ''Final Fight'' for the [[Amiga]], [[Atari ST]], [[Commodore 64]], [[ZX Spectrum|Sinclair Spectrum]] and [[Amstrad CPC]]. The Amiga version was considered to be one of the worst arcade to computer conversions ever made. The game suffered from slowdown, having only a one-button joystick for control and was panned for what seemed to be no effort on the programmers part to make the game play anything like the original. The graphics and sound were generally quite faithful though, the background and sprites are well drawn, although somewhat less colourfull renditions of the original and the sound effects were ripped from the arcade ROMs although some FX from the arcade were discovered on the 2 disk set but are never heard in the game. No in game music and basic attack patterns suggest either an early alpha version of the game was hurried into the shops or simply the programmer never played the original, but this is pure speculation. The intro music was taken from an Amiga shareware music disk featuring various artists. The programmers notes can be read in the file s:startup-sequence on the floppy disk.

In the Amiga version Andore makes an appearance on the first stage.

''Final Fight'' was also ported to mobile phones and published by Breakpoint in the UK.

==Censorship==
In addition to the differences between the arcade and home versions of the game, the U.S. home console version of ''Final Fight'' was censored when they were localized to the American market with the later released European versions being identical. It should be noted that censorship does not remove from or change anything in Capcom canon. The original Japanese arcade version of ''Final Fight'' is the canon version, as is the Japanese versions of its sequels ''Final Fight 2'' and ''3''. The following is a list of specific changes made to each version.

===Arcade version===
[[Image:Jessica Haggar.png|thumb|180px|left|Jessica in the Japanese arcade version]]
In the original arcade version of ''Final Fight'' released in [[Japan]], during the game's opening intro, Jessica is shown wearing only her bra when Haggar turns the TV monitor. The shot was removed from the North American and Worldwide versions of the game. Instead, the scene cuts directly to Damnd while Jessica can be heard screaming in the background.

In the Sega CD and SNES ports of the game (as well in ''Final Fight Guy'' and ''Final Fight One''), this scene was redrawn so that Jessica appears to be wearing her red cocktail dress instead. Some of the other home versions featured Jessica with her bra, depending on the regional release.

===Sega CD version===

{| class="infobox bordered" width="200" cellpadding="5"
|- style="text-align: center;"
|[[Image:FinalFight2.gif|80px]] || [[Image:FinalFight2Sega.gif|80px]]
|-
| colspan="2"| The arcade version, on the left, originally exposed half of Poison's breasts. The Sega CD version, on the right, lengthened Poison's tank top and shorts.
|}

The Sega CD version kept Poison and Roxy unchanged in the North American and European releases, with the only graphical alteration made being the length of their shorts and tank tops (which originally exposed half of their breasts). However, some of the other aspects of the game were censored as well similarly to the SNES version, including the names of the first two bosses. The Japanese Sega CD release featured Jessica in her underwear in the opening intro (like in the Japanese arcade version), while the English version features her in her red dress.

[[Image:Ff billy.PNG|thumb|80px|left|Poison's replacement, Billy, from ''Final Fight'' ([[Game Boy Advance|GBA]] version).]]

===SNES and GBA versions===
For the English-language editions of the SNES games, as well as the SEGA CD port, Sodom (the boss of the second stage) was renamed Katana because of fears that the name would be associated with [[sodomy]]. The name of Sodom is intact in ''Final Fight One''. However, some fans feel Katana is a more appropriate name for an [[United States|American]] who wants to be Japanese. The first stage boss, Damnd, was also renamed to Thrasher. The quote at the end of the first bonus stage ''Break Car'' was changed from "Oh, my God!" to "Oh, my car!" for the SNES and GBA versions. When you hit someone with a normal attack in any version, you get a small explosion effect. However, in the Japanese version, when you hit an enemy with a weapon, you will see a little blood squirt, like in the arcade game. This was dropped from other versions, and instead you just have the explosion effect again.
In the West Side level, the sign outside the door is different depending on the version. The Japanese version has "BAR", whilst other versions have "CLUB".
The statues you can often see in the Up Town level are also different. In the Japanese version, the breasts are more exposed, whilst in all other versions they have been covered up significantly. The health power-ups changed, Beer became Rootbeer and whisky became vitamine.
Belger's wheelchair is completely different in all versions but aside from the Japanese one. The Japanese version has Belger's chair looking like the one in the arcade version. However, in the US and PAL version the chair was changed.

The localized SNES ports also had the two "female" enemies in the game, Roxy and Poison, replaced by male versions named Sid and Billy. This was because the developers stated that the character was a [[transsexual]] in the backstory, but the U.S. branch of Capcom was not aware of the character's true gender when they originally released the arcade version. According to the book ''Game Over'' by David Sheff, when a Capcom USA playtester reviewed the contents of the game and objected to the presence of female gang members in the game, one of the designers explained that "there are no female enemies" in the game and that Poison and Roxy were transsexuals. Actually, they were originally females, but this was changed due to the stated objections of Capcom U.S.A. The developers changed their gender, but they did not change the in-game sprites. In Japan, the two characters have always been considered as full-females. In the character descriptions featured in the Super Famicom version's manual, both characters are referred as transsexuals, with Poison being the original and Roxy as a male admirer of Poison who fashioned himself after him. When these character descriptions were translated in ''[[Capcom Classics Collection]]'', Poison was clearly identified as a male, whereas Roxy became female (most likely a translation error, if not deliberate change).

Roxy and Poison were also replaced in ''Final Fight One'' (despite the fact that Damnd and Sodom kept their original names in the English version), although Poison still made an appearance in the game's manual. Despite this, Poison's counterpart (Poison Kiss) in ''Mighty Final Fight'' was featured in the North American version of the game. This was presumably due to the more cartoonish nature of the game compared to realistic look of the original game.

The opening dialogue was also adjusted for these releases; when Haggar asks Damnd "what happened to Jessica", Damnd's line was changed from "Nothing, but we'd enjoy the opportunity" to "Nothing yet.. but we will if..." Also when Haggar turns on his TV, his "You son of a..." is changed to "You fiend!"

== Pop culture ==
There are several tributes in the game to [[popular culture|pop culture]]. Former Capcom Studio 8 lead designer Tom Sakine stated ''Final Fight'' was inspired by the 1984 film ''[[Streets of Fire]]''. The film's plot shares some key similarities to Final Fight's plot. The main character played by [[Michael Paré]] is named 'Tom Cody' and Cody resembles him. Tom Cody also wears jeans and a white shirt at some points during the movie. The movie is set in a rundown city that is plagued by gangs and a motorcycle gang kidnaps Cody’s ex-girlfriend. Also, the cop that arranges a meeting between Cody and the Gang’s boss is a cop by the named 'Ed Price', the only Cop in the game is called 'Edi E.'. The gang's boss, Raven Shaddock, wears an odd-cut pair of black overalls which have a similar design to the character Bred. Finally, at the end of the movie, Cody leaves the girl, just like in the game. Only this time, there is no 'Guy' to stop him from leaving.

There are other influences on Final Fight from other sources of pop culture. Andore was a tribute to professional wrestler [[André the Giant]]. Despite their similarities, Andore and Hugo (from Street Fighter III) have never been clearly referred to as being the same person. Guy was based on [[Guy Picciotto]] of the American punk band [[Fugazi (band)|Fugazi]]. Axl and Slash, were named after band members in [[Guns N' Roses]]. [[Poison (band)|Poison]] got her name from the American [[glam rock]] group of the same name. [[Sodom (band)|Sodom]] got his name from a German thrash band. Abigail is a homage to [[King Diamond]], as his name taken from one of his albums and Abigail's facepaint design is reference to him as well. Billy and Sid, Poison and Roxy's console replacements, were named after [[Billy Idol]] and [[Sid Vicious]], respectively.

The grindcore band [[FDISK]] was influenced by the game as fans and wrote a song, "Metro City, Crime Capital of the World" which features actual clips of gameplay sound effects in the game.

== Relationship to other games ==
The game was originally going to be the [[sequel]] of the original ''[[Street Fighter (video game)|Street Fighter]]''. The [[working title]] for the game was ''Street Fighter '89''. The game was announced in Japanese [[video game magazine|magazines]] with the name ''Street Fighter: The Final Fight'' in March 1989. During the opening to the original version of Street Fighter II, Joe, a character from the original ''Street Fighter'' that physically resembles Cody can be seen punching Mike, another ''Street Fighter'' character. Neither character appears in ''Street Fighter II'', but in ''Street Fighter Alpha 3'', Cody inherits Joe's fighting moves.

Guy, Cody, Sodom, and Rolento are featured in the ''Street Fighter Alpha'' series. Rolento does not appear until ''Street Fighter Alpha 2'' and Cody does not appear until ''Alpha 3''.

The Mad Gear Gang is named after the Capcom driving/shoot-em-up game ''Mad Gear''. [http://www.klov.com/game_detail.php?game_id=8487].

''Final Crash'' was a bootleg of ''Final Fight'' released in the arcades in 1990 by Playmark. [http://www.klov.com/game_detail.php?game_id=7793] It is the same game, only with a modified title screen. Some machines perform a "Test Sound" when they are turned on or reset, all voices and sound effects are played there.

Cody, Guy, Maki, Sodom, Rolento, and Hugo (a character evidently the same as the enemy Andore) also starred in various ''Street Fighter'' games, while Haggar has also appeared in the ''Slam Masters'' series. Hugo, Maki, and Rolento also appeared in the ''[[SNK vs. series]]''. Mike Haggar and Guy both appear in ''[[Namco x Capcom]]'', with the latter partnered with Ninja Commando Ginzu (Shou in Japan) from ''[[Captain Commando]]''.

Mike Haggar was a playable character in ''[[Saturday Night Slam Masters]]'' featuring all of his moves from Final Fight and adding new moves like a body slam.

==Continue screens==
''Final Fight'' (and both of its sequels) featured a notorious [[continue (video games)|continue screen]] in the vein of the arcade version of ''[[Ninja Gaiden (arcade game)|Ninja Gaiden]]''. In ''Final Fight'', once the player has lost all his lives, the screen changes to the character tied to a chair with a bundle of [[dynamite]] ready to explode in his face. If the player does not insert a coin within the ten second countdown, the bomb will detonate, causing the screen to flash black and white. In ''[[Final Fight 2]]'', the character is locked in a well with water slowly rising towards his head. ''[[Final Fight 3]]'' pays tribute to ''Ninja Gaiden'''s continue screen by lowering a giant spike press on top of the character, who is tied down in the same way [[Ryu Hayabusa]] was in the arcade version. Unlike ''Ninja Gaiden'', instead of a scream being heard at the end of the countdown, a sound effect was heard. (An explosion, a splash, etc.)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{nofootnotes}}
*{{KLOV game|id=7794}}
*{{GameFAQs|type=/coinop/arcade|num=563208|name=''Final Fight''}}
*[http://www.finalfight.classicgaming.gamespy.com/ Final Fight Online]
*[http://hg101.classicgaming.gamespy.com/finalfight/finalfight.htm Hardcore Gaming 101 - Final Fight]
*{{moby game|id=/final-fight |name= ''Final Fight''}}
*{{WoS game|id=0009344}}
* {{StrategyWiki}}
*[http://pcbdb.net/?show:1228 Final Fight at PCBdB*]
*[http://www.arcade-history.com/?n=final-fight&page=detail&id=838 Final Fight at ArcadeHistory]
*[http://fightingstreet.com/folders/artworkfolder/artworkpages/ff_art_pages/ff1_art_pages/ff1_art.html Final Fight art at FightingStreet.com]
{{-}}
{{Final Fight series}}
{{Major Street Fighter Characters}}

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Narc (video game)

2007-11-25T14:32:19Z

75.69.181.109: /* Cultural influence */

{{Infobox VG
|title = NARC
|image = [[Image:Narc-logo.png|250 px|Logo of NARC]]
|developer = [[Williams (video game company)|Williams]]
|publisher = Williams
|designer = [[Eugene Jarvis]] (''designer'') [[Brian Schmidt]] (''music'')
|release = [[1988]]
|genre = [[Run and gun]]
|modes = Up to 2 players simultaneously
|platforms = [[Arcade game|Arcade]], [[Nintendo Entertainment System]], [[Amiga]], [[Atari ST]], [[Amstrad CPC]], [[Commodore 64]], [[ZX Spectrum]], [[Xbox]], [[PlayStation 2]]
|cabinet = Upright
|arcade system = '''Williams Z-Unit''' ''CPU'': [[Texas Instruments|TI]] TMS34010 (@ 6 MHz) ''Sound CPU'': (2x) M6809 (@ 2 MHz) ''Sound chips'': [[Yamaha YM2151]] FM, (2x) DAC, [[Intersil|Harris]] HC55536 [[Continuously variable slope delta modulation|CVSD]]
|display = [[Raster graphics|Raster]] Medium Resolution (Horizontal) CRT: Color
|input = [[Joystick]]; 4 buttons
}}

Tagline: Don't Do Drugs

'''''NARC''''' is a 1988 [[arcade game]] designed by [[Eugene Jarvis]] for [[Williams Electronics]]. It was one of the first ultra-violent video games and a frequent target of parental criticism of the [[video game industry|arcade game industry]]. The object is to arrest and kill drug offenders, confiscate their money and drugs, and defeat [[Mr. Big]]. It was ported, not long after, to the [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]] and several home computer systems in 1990. In 2005, it was also updated into a brand new game for the [[Xbox]] and [[PlayStation 2|PS2]].

==The arcade game==
{{Cleanup|date=May 2007}}
Released in 1988, this was the first game in the newly restarted [[Williams Electronics]] coin op division, and features their notable use of digitized graphics (later made famous in games such as [[Mortal Kombat (video game)|Mortal Kombat]]). In fact the quality of the graphics in terms of number of colors would not be surpassed until the game [[Mortal Kombat II]] (released in 1993). The game features what in arcade terminology is termed a [[medium resolution]] monitor - higher resolution than televisions and normal arcade monitors, although often in a smaller physical size. NARC was also the very first arcade game to utilize the TI TMS34010, which is a 32-bit processor.

Narc has what can be considered a pretty basic storyline. The two characters, Max Force and Hit Man, have received a memo from Spencer Williams, Narcotics Opposition Chairman in [[Washington, DC]] dispatching them on Project NARC. Their mission is to apprehend Mr. Big, head of an [[organized crime|underground]] [[drug trafficking]] and [[terrorism|terrorist]] organization.
The player controls either Max Force or Hit Man, who are hunting down junkies, drug dealers and organized crime kingpins. Max and Hit are equipped with an automatic weapon and missile launcher. When an enemy is dispatched using the latter, they explode in a torrent of scorched and bloody body appendages. Some enemies surrender by being arrested and then float away with "BUSTED" over them, this is then added to your tally at the end of the level along with drugs and money confiscated from other enemies that they dropped when killed (despite concerns about violence, the game actually awards more points at the end of a round for arresting enemies ''without'' killing them). The game's objective is to reach and destroy various drug dealing ringleaders.

Project NARC encompasses an illegal [[narcotic]]s laboratory, a [[cannabis]] [[greenhouse]], and several other places of villainy. The levels are:
*The Junkyard
*K.R.A.K. Street (later changed to K.W.A.K. for the NES release)
*The Bridge
*Sunset Strip
*Skyhigh's Nursery
*Downtown
*Red Level 1
*Blue Level 2
*Mr. Big's Office
*Inner Sanctum
*Jackpot!

==Ports and other releases==
''Note: information on the other ports of this game are much needed''
===ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC===
[[Image:NARC (ZX Spectrum).png|thumb|right|The ZX Spectrum version of NARC]]
Programmed by David Leitch at [[Sales Curve Interactive]] and published by [[Ocean Software]], ''NARC'' came at a time when the aging [[ZX Spectrum]] and [[Amstrad CPC]] were being pushed to their limit and accurately captures the gameplay of the arcade original with roughly the same quantities and sizes of enemy sprites and animations, albeit at a lower pixel and colour resolution.

The game received generally positive reviews, including 9/10 from [[CRASH (magazine)|CRASH]], 8/10 from [[Sinclair User]] and 72% from [[Your Sinclair]] - a review in which Matt Bielby neatly summarised the feelings of most critics of the game [http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/narc.htm]:

<blockquote>''I don't think it's really Ocean's fault (it's more down to the original Williams arcade machine) but this is one of the most objectionable Speccy games I've seen in ages. It's very (very) violent, it's pretty repetitive, and the plot is utter nonsense''</blockquote>

===Nintendo Entertainment System===
[[Image:NARC for NES screenshot.png|thumb|The NES version of NARC.]]
This 1990 version of ''NARC'', published by [[Acclaim Entertainment]] and developed by [[Rare (company)|Rare Ltd.]] was billed as "the first video game for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] (NES) with a strong anti-drug message"[http://www.world-of-nintendo.com/manuals/nes/narc.shtml]. Despite the NES's system limitations, the game retained most of its violence and gore.

The gameplay was significantly handicapped because of the NES controller's limited number of buttons (only two buttons on the NES whereas the arcade version has four).

Despite the game's strong anti-drug message, Nintendo forced all drug references to be removed from the actual gameplay.

In 1990, Acclaim released ''NARC'' as a handheld LCD game as well.

===Midway Arcade Treasures 2===
In 2004, the [[Midway Arcade Treasures 2]] compilation featured a re-release of the arcade version of Narc. The game was an [[emulation]] rather than a port of the arcade game, so it was practically a carbon copy of the original. But due to some problems in emulating the game, the sound is prone to cutting out during gameplay.

==2005 update==
The 2005 [[video game console|home console]] update of the 1988 arcade hit of the same title was also [[software developer|develop]]ed and [[publisher|publish]]ed by [[Midway Games]] for the [[Xbox]] and [[PlayStation 2|PS2]]. A planned [[GameCube]] version was later cancelled. Although the update was slated to be a straight remake of the story from the arcade game, the version that was eventually released featured a totally new story. This made the game so different from the arcade version of NARC that it could be considered a completely different game with no relation to the original. The update casts the player as narcotics officer Jack Forzenski & DEA agent Marcus Hill, former partners reunited who are instructed to investigate a new drug on the streets called liquid soul.

Drugs available in ''NARC'' include [[amphetamine|Speed]], [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]], [[ecstasy (drug)|Ecstasy]], [[Methaqualone|Quaaludes]], [[LSD|Acid]], and [[crack cocaine|Crack]]. One of the most [[controversial]] aspects of the game is that after arresting [[drug dealer|dealer]]s and confiscating their stock, the player can either take the confiscated items to the evidence room, or keep them for future use. This confers benefits such as improved weapons accuracy.
Dealing drugs for financial benefit is also possible. However, as in real life, drug use leads to consequences such as [[drug addiction|addiction]], blackouts, and loss of health and reputation points. The integration of drug use by the protagonist is in complete contrast to the [[Just Say No|anti-drug]] message of the original arcade game. The game's [[source code]] dates back to the three-year-old ''[[State of Emergency (video game)|State of Emergency]]''[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A2602-2005Mar26.html].

Several well-known stars are involved with the [[voice acting]] in ''NARC'', including [[Michael Madsen]], [[Bill Bellamy]], and [[Ron Perlman]].

The 2005 update of NARC was rated #9 on [[Screwattack]]'s Top 10 Worst 2D to 3D games, with [[Screwattack]] saying,"While you're pretty much supposed to shoot everything, this time around, it just seems really dull and monotonous".

===Controversy===
A [[March 21]], [[2005]] press release announced the game's shipment to retailers and emphasized that NARC was designed for an "older audience"[http://www.gamingexcellence.com/xbox/news/20050321627.shtml]. Indeed, the game was given an [[ESRB|M rating]].

According to Chris Morris, "Its timing, though, couldn't be worse – and could have long-term ramifications on the industry"[http://money.cnn.com/2004/03/12/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/].

[[Illinois]] Governor [[Rod Blagojevich]] said, "These kinds of games teach kids to do the very things that in real life, we put people in jail for. Just as we don't allow kids to buy [[pornography]] or [[alcohol]] or [[tobacco]], we shouldn't allow them to buy these games."[http://www.jointogether.org/gv/news/summaries/reader/0%2C2061%2C576509%2C00.html] ''NARC'' was banned from [[Australia]] before it was released. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Despite its pre-release controversy, the aftermath of NARC fell considerately short of the influence that other controversially influential games (a prime example being the [[Grand Theft Auto series]]) had. Some reviewers had also flagged NARC as a [[GTA clone]], despite the fact that NARC didn't have any [[carjacking]] in its gameplay - which was a prominent factor of [[Grand Theft Auto]].

===Soundtrack===
Some of the songs featured in NARC:

*[[Curtis Mayfield]] - [[Pusherman]]
*[[Curtis Mayfield]] - [[Freddie's Dead]]
*[[Cypress Hill]] - [[Hits From the Bong]]
*[[DMX (rapper)|DMX]] - [[The Professional]]
*[[Gil Scott Heron]] - [[The Bottle]]
*[[Grandmaster Flash]] - [[White Lines (Don't Do It)]]
*[[Happy Mondays]] - [[Step On]]
*[[Lynyrd Skynyrd]] - [[That Smell]]
*[[The Stranglers]] - [[Golden Brown]]
*[[The Toyes]] - [[Smoke Two Joints]]

===Notes===
*The back of the Xbox version of the game box checks off "Custom Soundtracks" but this feature wasn't implemented.
*Design changes during development meant many levels and features were cut from the game as they could not be finished or no longer fitted the 'direction' of the project. These included:
**South American level - completed to rough design and blockout.
**Eastern Europe - Completed to first pass, all missions designed. Originally intended to be the last level before 'Boss island'
**Dockyard - Extension of HongKong area. Non-sandbox style mission area which culminated in a boss battle. Essentially complete.
**Boss battle - Sumo boss, players fought a massive sumo-style wrestler in the bowels of a container ship. 100% complete
**Boss battle - Airplane, Players fought a drug lord in an aeroplane still inside the hangar. Essentially complete

==Cultural influence==
Rock group [[Pixies]] recorded a cover of the theme song from the original arcade game, and released it as a [[B-Side]] to their 1991 single, "Planet of Sound". They titled the cover "Theme From NARC", and it consisted of [[frontman]] [[Frank Black]] singing the song title several times, while the band played the theme music.

==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=August 2007}}
*A NARC arcade machine is being played by some of the youths in Shredder's compound in the movie Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
*Max Force, Mr. Big, Spike, and Joe all appear on the animated series, The Power Team, which is part of the video game show, [[Video Power]].
*[[ScrewAttack]] named NARC the 9th worst game to go from 2-D to 3-D.

==References==
*[http://www.jointogether.org/gv/news/summaries/reader/0%2C2061%2C576509%2C00.html Citing 'Narc,' Ill. Gov. Seeks Video-Game Sales Ban], Mar. 22, 2005.
*Johnson, Eric (a.k.a. VegitaBOD): [http://faqs.ign.com/articles/400/400655p1.html NARC Walkthrough/FAQ].
*[http://www.gamingexcellence.com/xbox/news/20050321627.shtml Midway Ships NARC for the Xbox], XBox News, Mar. 21, 2005.
*Morris, Chris: [http://money.cnn.com/2004/03/12/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/ Weed, speed and LSD - in a video game?], Mar. 12, 2004.
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A2602-2005Mar26.html NARC; God of War; Heritage of Kings: The Settlers], The Washington Post, Mar. 27, 2005.
*Pepin, Chris: [http://www.world-of-nintendo.com/manuals/nes/narc.shtml NARC NES manual].

==External links==
*{{KLOV game|id=8809|name=NARC}}
*[http://insomnia.ac/reviews/ac/narc/review.php ''Narc'' review] at insomnia.ac
*{{moby game|id=/narc|name=''NARC''(1990)}}
*{{moby game|id=/narc_|name=''NARC''(2005)}}
*[http://www.gamespot.com/news/6105783.html Soundtrack Info]

[[Category:1988 video games]]
[[Category:1990 video games]]
[[Category:2005 video games]]
[[Category:Amiga games]]
[[Category:Arcade games]]
[[Category:Cancelled GameCube games]]
[[Category:Commodore 64 games]]
[[Category:Midway Games]]
[[Category:Nintendo Entertainment System games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]
[[Category:Williams games]]
[[Category:Xbox games]]
[[Category:ZX Spectrum games]]
[[Category:Run and gun games]]
[[Category:Amstrad CPC games]]
[[Category:Video games with digitized sprites]]
[[Category:Video Power]]

Disco

2007-11-21T23:20:54Z

75.69.181.109: /* Decline in popularity and backlash */

{{dablink|This article is about the music genre. For other uses, see [[Disco (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Infobox music genre|name=Disco
|color=gold
|bgcolor=black
|stylistic_origins=[[U.S.]]:[[Funk]] and [[soul music]].
[[Europe]]: French and Italian Pop & [[Eurovision]]
|cultural_origins=[[U.S.]], United States, Early 1970s.
[[Europe]]: The [[Eurovision]] Song contest
|instruments=[[Electric guitar]], [[Bass guitar]], [[Electric piano]], [[Electronic keyboard|Keyboard]], [[Drum kit|Drums]], [[Drum machine]], horn section, string section, orchestral solo instruments (e.g., flute)
|popularity=Most popular in the mid-1970s and early 1980s.
|derivatives=[[Post Disco]], [[Hi-NRG]], [[House music]], [[Eurodisco]], [[Space Disco]], [[Italo disco|Italo Disco]], [[Disco house]], [[Techno]]
|subgenrelist=Subgenres
|fusiongenres=[[Disco-punk]]
|regional_scenes= In US:[[New York]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Atlanta]], [[Miami]], [[Los Angeles]] In Canada: [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]], [[Vancouver]]
|other_topics=[[Discothèque]] [[Nightclubs]], [[Disco orchestration|Orchestration]] [[List of disco artists|Disco artists]]}}
'''Disco''' is a [[genre]] of [[dance]]-oriented [[pop music]] that was popularized in dance clubs ([[discothèque]]s) in the mid-1970s. Disco songs usually have soaring, often reverberated vocals over a steady [[four-on-the-floor (music)|four-on-the-floor]] beat, an [[eighth note]] (quaver) or sixteenth note (semi-quaver) [[hi-hat]] pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat, and a prominent, [[syncopated]] [[bass guitar|electric bass]] line. Strings, horns, electric pianos, and electric guitars create a lush background sound. Orchestral instruments such as the flute are often used for solo melodies, and unlike in rock, [[lead guitar]] is rarely used.

Well-known mid-1970s disco performers included [[ABBA]], [[Boney M.]], [[Chic (band)|Chic]], [[Bee Gees]], [[Donna Summer]], [[Eruption (band)|Eruption]], [[Gloria Gaynor]], [[Diana Ross]], the [[Village People]], [[KC and The Sunshine Band]], the [[Jackson 5]], and [[Barry White]]. While performers and singers garnered the lion's share of public attention, the behind-the-scenes producers played an important role in disco, since they often wrote the songs and created the innovative sounds and production techniques that were part of the "disco sound".<ref>http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:16.</ref> Many non-disco artists recorded disco songs at the height of disco's popularity, and films such as ''[[Saturday Night Fever]]'' and ''[[Thank God It's Friday]]'' contributed to disco's rise in mainstream popularity. While disco music declined in popularity in the early 1980s, it was an important influence on the development of the 1980s and 1990s electric dance music genres of [[house (music)|house]] and [[techno]], as well as [[hip hop music|hip hop]] subgenres of [[crunk]], [[snap music|snap]], and [[hyphy]].

==History==
===Dance music before disco===
During the early 1920s, a popularized dance form of jazz became popular at nightclubs in major cities. Many parallels exist between the dance music of the 1920s and disco music from the 1970s. Both forms of music featured lavish orchestrations. Both came during period of relative social liberalism (see [[Roaring Twenties]]). They both became popularized through black nightclubs. It was during the 1920s that the [[disco ball]] first appeared. An example can be seen in the nightclub sequence of ''[[Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstadt]]'', a German [[silent film]] from 1927. The [[Great Depression]] led to a religious revival and to a socially conservative period in which gay nightclubs were shut down and relations between whites and minorities became strained. By 1935, swing music had replaced the dance music that had characterized the night life of the 1920s. (Another conservative movement would lead to the demise of disco late in 1979.)

===Role of producers and DJs===
Disco has its musical roots in late 1960s soul, especially the [[Philadelphia soul|Philly]] and New York soul, both of which were evolutions of the [[Motown sound]]. The Philly Sound is typified by lavish [[percussion]], which became a prominent part of mid-1970s disco songs. Music with proto-"disco" elements appeared in the late 1960s, with "[[Tighten Up (Archie Bell & the Drells song)|Tighten Up]]" and "[[Mony, Mony]]," "[[Dance to the Music (song)|Dance to the Music]]," "[[Love Child]]" . Two early songs with disco elements include [[Jerry Butler (singer)|Jerry Butler]]’s 1969 "Only the Strong Survive"[http://www.discomusic.com/101-more/7124_0_7_0_C/] and [[Manu Dibango]]'s 1972 "[[Soul Makossa]]" . The term ''disco'' was first used in print in an article by [[Vince Aletti]] in the [[September 13]] [[1973]] edition of [[Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone Magazine]] titled "Discotheque Rock '72: Paaaaarty!"[http://www.jahsonic.com/VinceAletti.html]

The early "disco" sound was largely an urban American phenomenon with such legendary producers and labels such as SalSoul Records (Ken, Joe and Stanley Cayre), Westend Records (Mel Cheren), Casablanca (Neil Bogart) and Prelude (Marvin Schlachter) to name a few, inspiring and influencing such prolific European dance track producers such as [[Giorgio Moroder]] and [[Jean-Marc Cerrone]]. Moroder was the Italian producer, keyboardist, and composer who produced many songs of the singer [[Donna Summer]]. These included the 1975 hit "Love to Love You Baby", a 17 minute-long song with "shimmering sound and sensual attitude". Allmusic.com calls Moroder "one of the principal architects of the disco sound".<ref>By Jason Ankeny, from Allmusic.com. Available at:
http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:jpfqxqw5ldte~T1</ref>

The disco sound was also shaped by the legendary Tom Moulton who wanted to extend the enjoyment of the music thus single-handedly creating the "Remix" which has influenced many other latter genres such as Rap, Hip-Hop and Pop. DJs and remixers would often remix (i.e., re-edit) existing songs using reel to reel tape machines. Their remixed versions would add in percussion breaks, new sections, and new sounds. Influential DJs and remixers who helped to establish what became known as the "disco sound" included [[David Mancuso]], [[Tom Moulton]], [[Nicky Siano]], [[Shep Pettibone]], the legendary and much sought after [[Larry Levan]], [[Walter Gibbons]], and later, New York Born Chicago "Godfather of House" [[Frankie Knuckles]]. Disco was also shaped by nightclub DJ's such as Francis Grasso, who used multiple record players to seamlessly mix tracks from genres such as soul, funk and pop music at discoteques and was the forerunner to later styles such as hip-hop and house.

===Chart topping songs ===
The [[Hues Corporation]]'s 1974 "[[Rock The Boat]]," a U.S. #1 [[single (music)|single]] and million-seller, was one of the early disco songs to hit [[#1]]. Other chart-topping songs included "[[Walking in Rhythm]]" by [[The Blackbyrds]], "[[Love's Theme]]" by [[Barry White]]'s [[Love Unlimited Orchestra]], a chart-topper from earlier in 1974, to be the first to have achieved that distinction. Also in 1974, [[Gloria Gaynor]] released the first side-long [[disco mix]] [[vinyl]] [[album]], which included a remake of [[The Jackson 5]]'s "[[Never Can Say Goodbye]]" and two other songs, "[[Honey Bee]]" and "[[Reach Out (I'll Be There)]]".

[[The Bee Gees]] used [[Barry Gibb]]'s [[falsetto]] to garner hits such as "You Should Be Dancing". In 1975, hits such as [[Van McCoy]]'s "[[The Hustle]]" and [[Donna Summer]]'s "[[Love to Love You, Baby]]" and "[[Could It Be Magic]]", brought disco further into the mainstream. Other notable early disco hits include [[The Jackson 5]]’s "[[Dancing Machine]]" (1974), [[Barry White]]’s "[[You're the First, the Last, My Everything]]" (1974), [[LaBelle]]’s "[[Lady Marmalade]]" (1974), [[The Four Seasons (group)|The Four Seasons]]’ "[[December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)]]" (1975), [[Silver Convention]]’s "[[Fly Robin Fly]]" (1975), and [[The Bee Gees]]’ "[[Jive Talkin']]" (1975). [[Chic (band)|Chic]]'s "[[Le Freak]]" (1978) became a classic and is heard almost everywhere disco is mentioned; other hits by Chic include the often-sampled "[[Good Times (Chic song)|Good Times]]" (1979) and "[[Everybody Dance]]" (1977). Also noteworthy are [[Cheryl Lynn]]'s "[[Got to Be Real]]" (1978) and [[Walter Murphy]]'s various attempts to bring [[classical music]] to the mainstream, most notably his hit, "[[A Fifth Of Beethoven]]" (1977).

Prominent European [[Pop music|pop]] and disco groups were [[Luv']] from the Netherlands and [[Boney M]], a group of four West Indian singers and dancers masterminded by West German record producer [[Frank Farian]]. [[Boney M]] charted worldwide hits with such songs as "[[Daddy Cool]]", "[[Ma Baker]]" and "[[Rivers of Babylon.]]" All three charted in the [[United States|U.S.]]. In France, [[Dalida]] released "[[J'attendrai]]", which became a big hit in [[Canada]] and [[Japan]].

===1975-1979: mainstream popularity===
The release of the film and soundtrack of [[Saturday Night Fever]], which became the number one best-selling soundtrack of all time, turned [[Disco]] into a mainstream music genre. This in turn led many non-Disco artists to record disco songs at the height of its popularity, most often due to demand from record companies who needed a surefire hit. Many of these songs were not "pure" disco, but were instead rock or pop songs with disco overtones. Notable examples include [[Helen Reddy]]’s "[[I Can't Hear You No More]]" (1976); [[Marvin Gaye]]’s "[[Got to Give It Up]]" (1977); [[Barry Manilow]]’s "[[Copacabana (At The Copa)]]" (1978); [[Chaka Khan]]’s "[[I'm Every Woman]]" (1978); [[Wings (band)|Wings]]’ "[[Silly Love Songs]]" (1976) and "[[Goodnight Tonight]]" (1979); [[Barbra Streisand]] & [[Donna Summer]] duet "[[No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)]]" (1979); [[Electric Light Orchestra]]’s "[[Last Train to London]]" and "[[Shine a Little Love]]" (1979); and [[Michael Jackson]]’s "[[Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough]]," "[[Rock With You]]," and "[[Off the Wall (song)|Off the Wall]]" (1979), from his [[Off The Wall]] album.

Disco hit the airwaves with [[Marty Angelo]]'s "[[Disco Step-by-Step Television Show]]" in 1975, Steve Marcus' "Disco Magic/Disco 77", Eddie Rivera's "Soap Factory", and [[Merv Griffin]]'s, "[[Dance Fever]]", hosted by [[Deney Terrio]], who is credited with teaching actor [[John Travolta]] to dance for his upcoming role in the hit movie, "[[Saturday Night Fever]]". Several parodies of the disco style were created, most notably "[[Disco Duck]]" and "[[Dancin' Fool]]." [[Rick Dees]], at the time a radio DJ in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], recorded "Disco Duck", a popular parody. [[Frank Zappa]] famously parodied the lifestyles of disco dancers in "Dancin' Fool" on his [[Sheik Yerbouti]] album.

==The "disco sound"==
The "disco sound" layers soaring, often reverberated vocals, which are often doubled by horns, over a background "pad" of electric pianos and wah-pedaled "chicken-scratch" ([[palm mute]]d) guitars. Other backing keyboard instruments include the [[piano]], string synth, and electroacoustic keyboards such as the Fender Rhodes piano, Wurlitzer electric piano, and Hohner Clavinet. The rhythm is laid down by prominent, syncopated basslines played on the [[bass guitar]] and by drummers using a [[drum kit]], African/[[Latin percussion]], and [[electronic drum]]s such as Simmons and [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] [[sound module|drum modules]]). The sound was enriched with solo lines and harmony parts played by a variety of orchestral instruments, such as [[harp]], [[violin]], [[viola]], [[cello]], [[trumpet]], [[saxophone]], [[trombone]], [[clarinet]], [[flugelhorn]], [[French horn]], [[tuba]], [[English horn]], [[oboe]], [[flute]], and [[piccolo]].

Most disco songs have a steady [[four-on-the-floor (music)|four-on-the-floor]] beat, a [[quaver]] or semi-quaver [[hi-hat]] pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat, and a heavy, syncopated bass line. This basic beat would appear to be related to the Dominican [[merengue]] rhythm. Other Latin rhythms such as the rhumba, the samba and the cha-cha-cha are also found in disco recordings, and Latin [[polyrhythm]]s, such as a rhumba beat layered over a merengue, are commonplace. The quaver pattern is often supported by other instruments such as the rhythm guitar and may be implied rather than explicitly present. It often involves [[syncopation]], rarely occurring on the beat unless a synthesizer is used to replace the bass guitar.

In 1977, [[Giorgio Moroder]] again became responsible for a development in disco. Alongside [[Donna Summer]] and [[Pete Bellotte]] he wrote the song [[I Feel Love]] for Summer to perform. It became the first well-known disco hit to have a completely synthesised backing track. The song is still considered to have been well ahead of its time. Other disco producers, most famously Tom Moulton, grabbed ideas and techniques from dub music (which came with the increased Jamaican migration to NYC in the seventies) to provide alternatives to the four on the floor style that dominated. [[Larry Levan]] utilized style keys from dub and jazz and more as one of the most successful remixers of all time to create early versions of [[house music]] that sparked the genre <ref>{{cite book
| last =Shapiro
| first =Peter
| title =Modulations: A History of Electronic Music
| publisher =Caipirinha Productions, Inc.
| date =2000
| location =
| pages =254 pages
| id =ISBN 0819564982 }} see p.45, 46</ref>.

===Production and development===
The "disco sound" was much more costly to produce than many of the other popular music genres from the 1970s. Unlike the simpler, four-piece [[Band (music)|band]] sound of the [[funk]], [[soul]] of the late 1960s, or the small [[jazz]] [[organ trio]]s, disco music often included a large pop band, with several chordal instruments (guitar, keyboards, synthesizer), several drum or percussion instruments (drumkit, Latin percussion, electronic drums), a [[horn section]], a [[string orchestra]], and a variety of "classical" solo instruments (e.g., flute, piccolo, etc.).

Disco songs were [[arranging (music)|arranged]] and composed by experienced arrangers and [[orchestration|orchestrators]], and producers added their creative touches to the overall sound. Recording complex arrangements with such a large number of instruments and sections required a team that included a [[Conductor (music)|conductor]], [[copyist]]s, [[record producer]]s, and [[audio engineering|mixing engineers]]. Mixing engineers had an important role in the disco production process, because disco songs used as many as 64 [[sound recording|track]]s of vocals and instruments. Mixing engineers compiled these tracks into a fluid composition of verses, bridges, and refrains, complete with [[orchestral build]]s and [[break (music)|break]]s. Mixing engineers helped to develop the "disco sound" by creating a distinctive-sounding [[disco mix]].

Because record sales were often dependent on floor play in clubs, [[DJ]]s were also important to the development and popularization of disco music. Notable DJs include, Rex Potts (Loft Lounge, Sarasota, FL) Jim Burgess, [[Walter Gibbons]], [[John "Jellybean" Benitez]], Richie Kaczar of [[Studio 54]], Rick Gianatos, [[Francis Grasso]] of Sanctuary, [[Larry Levan]], [[Ian Levine]], Neil "Raz" Rasmussen, Mike Pace of L'amour, Preston Powell of Magique, Jennie Costa of Lemontrees, Tee Scott, John Luongo, Robert Ouimet of [[The Limelight]], and [[David Mancuso]].

[[single (music)|Singles]] were initially released on [[Gramophone record|45s]]. However, this format was subsequently replaced by the better sound quality and longer length of [[12-inch single]]s. 12-inch single "...offered better dynamics, deeper bass and extended play capabilities that simply weren’t available from the 7 inch 45 rpm record or the standard 33 1/3 album."<ref>http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:hlIkqC-bMrwJ:www.discomusic.com/people-more/57_0_11_0_C/+development+of+disco&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=52</ref>The 12-inch single format also allowed longer dance time and [[musical form|format]] possibilities. [[Motown Records]]’ "Eye-Cue" label was the first to market 12-inch singles; however, the play time remained the same length as the original 45s. In 1976, Scepter/Wand released the first 12-inch extended-version single, [[Jesse Green]]'s "Nice and Slow." This single was packaged in a collectible picture sleeve, a relatively new concept at the time. Twelve-inch singles became commercially available after the first crossover, [[Tavares (music group)|Tavares]]' "Heaven Must Be Missing an Angel."

==Disco club scene and dancing==
By the late 1970s many major US cities had thriving disco club scenes which were centered around [[discotheque]]s, nightclubs, and private loft parties where [[DJ]]s would play disco hits through powerful [[PA system]]s for the dancers. The DJs played "...a smooth mix of long single records to keep people 'dancing all night long'".<ref>
http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_07/uk/doss13.htm</ref> Some of the most prestigious clubs had elaborate lighting systems that throbbed to the beat of the music.

Some cities had disco dance instructors or dance schools which taught people how to do popular disco dances such as "touch dancing", "the hustle" and "the cha cha." There were also disco fashions that discotheque-goers wore for nights out at their local disco, such as sheer, flowing [[Halston]] dresses for women and shiny polyester [[Qiana]] shirts for men with pointy collars, preferably open at the chest, often worn with double-knit suit jackets. Disco clubs and "...hedonistic loft parties" had a club culture which attracted many [[African American]], and [[latino|hispanic]] people.

Disco dancing is now recognized worldwide as a dance form in its own right. It has since been refined and standardized and is now classified as [[Freestyle Dance]]. Freestyle is still recognizable as 1970s disco dancing, with a strong emphasis on originality and the creation of new and exciting moves. Large scale competitions and championships are held all over the world in which disco and freestyle dancers compete for prizes. These competitions will typically include [[ballroom dance]], [[latin american dance]] and other [[social dance]] forms. As a sport, a talented disco or freestyle dancer can compete professionally and have a career dancing worldwide.

Some notable professional dance troupes of the 1970s include [[Pan's People]] and [[Hot Gossip]]. For many dancers, the primary influence of the 1970s disco age is still predominantly the film Saturday Night Fever. In the 1980s this developed into the music and dance style of such films as ''Fame'', ''Flashdance'', and the musical ''Chorus Line''.

===Drug subculture===
In addition to the dance and fashion aspects of the disco club scene, there was also a thriving drug subculture, particularly for drugs that would enhance the experience of dancing to the loud music and the flashing lights, such as [[cocaine]] <ref>Gootenberg, Paul 1954-
- Between Coca and Cocaine: A Century or More of U.S.-Peruvian Drug Paradoxes, 1860-1980
- Hispanic American Historical Review - 83:1, February 2003, pp. 119-150. He says that "The relationship of cocaine to 1970s disco culture cannot be stressed enough; ..."
- </ref>(nicknamed "blow"), amyl nitrite "[[poppers]]" <ref>Amyl, butyl and isobutyl nitrite (collectively known as alkyl nitrites) are clear, yellow liquids which are inhaled for their intoxicating effects. Nitrites originally came as small glass capsules that were popped open. This led to nitrites being given the name 'poppers' but this form of the drug is rarely found in the UK The drug became popular in the UK first on the disco/club scene of the 1970s and then at dance and rave venues in the 1980s and 1990s. Available at: http://www.drugscope.org.uk/druginfo/drugsearch/ds_results.asp?file=%5Cwip%5C11%5C1%5C1%5Cnitrites.html</ref>, and the "...other quintessential 1970s club drug [[Quaalude]], which suspended [[motor coordination]] and turned one’s arms and legs to [[Jell-O]]."<ref>www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1999/7/1999_7_43.shtml - 76k - </ref> According to [[Peter Braunstein]], the "[m]assive quantities of drugs ingested in discotheques produced the next cultural phenomenon of the disco era: rampant promiscuity and [[public sex]]. While the dance floor was the central arena of seduction, actual sex usually took place in the nether regions of the disco: bathroom stalls, exit stairwells, and so on. In other cases the disco became a kind of “main course” in a [[hedonism|hedonist’s]] menu for a night out."<ref>Peter Braunstein. Available at: http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1999/7/1999_7_43.shtml</ref>

Famous disco bars included "...cocaine-filled [[celebrity|celeb]] hangouts such as [[Manhattan]]'s ''[[Studio 54]]'' ", which was operated by [[Steve Rubell]] and [[Ian Schrager]]. Studio 54 was notorious for the hedonism that went on within; the balconies were known for sexual encounters, and drug use was rampant. Its dance floor was decorated with an image of the "Man in the Moon" that included an animated [[cocaine spoon]].

==Decline in popularity and backlash==
{{see|Disco Demolition Night}}

There are many reasons for the backlash against disco in the extreme late seventies witnessed by the phrase "Disco is dead."

Motivations of the anti-disco backlash ranged from simple personal taste to loyalty to rock.

The popularity of the film ''Saturday Night Fever'' prompted major record labels to mass-produce hits, a move which some perceived as turning the genre from something vital and edgy into a safe "product" homogenized for mainstream audiences. Though disco music had enjoyed several years of popularity, an anti-disco sentiment manifested in America. This sentiment proliferated at the time because of oversaturation and the big business mainstreaming of disco. Worried about declining profits, rock radio stations and record producers encouraged this trend. According to [[Gloria Gaynor]], the music industry supported the destruction of disco because rock music producers were losing money and rock musicians were losing the spotlight.[http://www.emplive.org/exhibits/index.asp?articleID=622] Many [[hard rock]] fans expressed strong disapproval of disco throughout the height of its popularity. Among these fans, the slogan "Disco Sucks" was common by the late 1970s.

Disco music and dancing fads began to be depicted by rock music fans as silly and [[effeminate]], such as in [[Frank Zappa]]'s satirical song [[Sheik Yerbouti|"Dancin' Fool"]]. Some listeners objected to the perceived sexual promiscuity and illegal drug use (e.g., cocaine and Quaaludes) that had become associated with disco music. Others were put off by the exclusivity of the disco scene, especially in major clubs in large cities such as ''Studio 54,'' where [[bouncer]]s only let in fashionably dressed club-goers, [[celebrity|celebrities]], and their hangers-on. Rock fans objected to the idea of centering music around an electronic drum beat and synthesizers instead of live performers.

To further complicate matters, several prominent rock bands recorded songs with disco influences, such as [[Rod Stewart]]'s "[[Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?]]" (1978), [[The Rolling Stones]]’ "[[Miss You]]" (1978), and [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]]'s "[[I Was Made For Lovin' You]]" (1979). Though these fusions of rock and disco were initially met with critical and commercial acclaim, many of the bands were subsequently viewed as "[[sell-out]]s". Since the advent of disco and dance music, rock music has absorbed many of the rhythmic sensibilities of funk-influenced dance music, while nevertheless retaining a distinct sound and audience culture. However, unlike in the U.S., there was never a focused backlash against disco in Europe and discotheques and club culture continued longer in Europe than in the US.

Music historians generally refer to [[July 12]], [[1979]], as the "day disco died"{{Fact|date=August 2007}} because of an anti-disco demonstration that was held in Chicago. Rock station DJs [[Steve Dahl]] and [[Garry Meier]], along with [[Michael Veeck]], son of [[Chicago White Sox]] owner [[Bill Veeck]], staged ''[[Disco Demolition Night]],'' a promotional event with an anti-disco theme, between games at a White Sox doubleheader for disgruntled rock fans. During this event, which involved exploding disco records, the raucous crowd tore out seats and turf in the field and did other damage to [[Comiskey Park]]. It ended in a riot in which police made numerous arrests. The damage done to the field forced the Sox to forfeit the second game. The stadium suffered thousands of dollars in damage.[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmtpp/is_200407/ai_n6834125]

The television industry taking a cue from the music industry, responded with an anti-disco agenda as well. A recurring theme on the television show, "[[WKRP in Cincinnati]]" contained a hateful attitude towards disco music. The anti-disco backlash may have helped to cause changes to the landscape of [[Top 40]] radio. Negative responses from the listenerships of many Top 40 stations encouraged these stations to drop all disco songs from rotation, filling the holes in their playlists with [[New Wave (music)|New Wave]], [[punk rock]], and [[album-oriented rock]] cuts.<ref>For example, [[WLS]] in Chicago, KFJZ-FM (now [[KEGL]]) in [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]]/[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], and [[CHUM-AM]] in [[Toronto]] were among the stations that took this approach. Although WLS continued to list some disco tracks, such as "[[Funkytown]]" by [[Lipps Inc.]], on its record surveys in the early 1980s, it refused to air them.</ref>. Indeed, [[Jello Biafra]] of [[anarcho-punk]] band [[The Dead Kennedys]] likened disco to the cabaret culture of [[Weimar Germany]] for its apathy towards government policy and its escapism (which Biafra saw as delusional).

In the 2000s, most radio stations that play dance music or 1970s-era music play disco and related forms such as [[funk]] and [[Philadelphia soul]]. Both major satellite radio companies also have disco music stations in their lineup. However, dance music stations in general are not known for having consistently high ratings in the U.S., in contrast to the large number of popular dance-oriented radio stations in the UK, among other places. Most recently, the most popular dance format radio stations in the U.S. are Dance and [[Rhythmic Top 40]] combination stations that also stream online (e.g., [[WKTU]]). Other dance music heavy radio stations are non-commercial, listener-sponsored radio stations such as [[WMPH]] and [[KNHC]]. Some radio stations such as [[WBAI]] and [[WRKS]] offer exclusively Dance music only shows included in their lineup.

==From "disco sound" to "dance sound"==
The transition from the late-1970s disco styles to the early-1980s dance styles was marked primarily by the change from complex arrangements performed by large ensembles of studio session musicians (including a horn section and an orchestral string section), to a leaner sound, in which one or two singers would perform to the accompaniment of synthesizer keyboards and drum machines.

In addition, dance music during the 1981-83 period borrowed elements from blues and jazz, creating a style different from the disco of the 1970s. This emerging music was still known as disco for a short time, as the word had become associated with any kind of dance music played in discothèques. Examples of early 1980s dance sound performers include [[D. Train]], [[Kashif]], and [[Patrice Rushen]]. <ref>These changes were influenced by some of the notable R&B and jazz musicians of the 1970s, such as Stevie Wonder and [[Herbie Hancock]], who had pioneered "one-man-band"-type keyboard techniques. Some of these influences had already begun to emerge during the mid-1970s, at the height of disco’s popularity.

Songs such as [[Gloria Gaynor]]’s "[[Never Can Say Goodbye]]" (1974), [[Thelma Houston]]’s "[[Don't Leave Me This Way]]" (1976), [[Donna Summer]]’s "[[Spring Affair]]" (1977), [[Rod Stewart]]’s "[[Do Ya Think I'm Sexy?]]" (1978), [[Donna Summer]]’s "[[Bad Girls (song)|Bad Girls]]" (1979), and [[The Bee Gees]]’ "[[Love You Inside Out]]" (1979) foreshadowed the dramatic change in dance music styles which was to follow in the 1980s. </ref>

During the first years of the 1980s, the "disco sound" began to be phased out, and faster tempos and synthesized effects, accompanied by guitar and simplified backgrounds, moved dance music toward the funk and pop genres. This trend can be seen in singer [[Billy Ocean]]'s recordings between 1979 and 1981. Whereas Ocean's 1979 song
''American Hearts'' was backed with an orchestral arrangement played by the Los Angeles Symphony Orchestra, his 1981 song ''One of Those Nights (Feel Like Gettin' Down)'' had a more bare, stripped-down sound, with no orchestration or symphonic arrangements. This drift from the original disco sound is called [[Post Disco]].

During the early 1980s, dance music dropped the complicated melodic structure and orchestration which typified the "disco sound." Examples of well-known songs which illustrate this difference include [[Kool & the Gang]]’s "[[Celebration (song)|Celebration]]" (1980), [[Rick James]]’ "[[Super Freak]]" (1981), [[Carol Jiani]]'s "Hit N' Run Lover" (1981), [[The Weather Girls]]’ "[[It's Raining Men]]" (1982), [[The Pointer Sisters]]’ "[[I'm So Excited]]" (1982), [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]’s "[[1999 (song)|1999]]" (1983), [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Lucky Star (song)|Lucky Star]]" (1983), [[Irene Cara]]’s "[[Flashdance (What A Feeling)]]" (1983), [[Angela Bofill]]'s "Too Tough" (1983), [[Michael Jackson]]’s "[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]" (1983), [[Thelma Houston]]'s "[[You Used To Hold Me So Tight]]" (1984) and the [[Village People]]’s "[[Sex Over The Phone (song)|Sex Over The Phone]]" (1985).

==Influence==
===Early 1980s hip-hop and dance music===
The disco sound had a major influence on early 1980s [[hip-hop]]. In 1982, [[Afrika Bambataa]] released the single "[[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]]," which incorporated electronica elements from [[Kraftwerk]]'s "[[Trans-Europe Express (album)|Trans-Europe Express]]" and "Numbers." The "Planet Rock" sound also spawned a [[hip-hop]] electronic dance trend, which included such songs as [[Planet Patrol]]'s "Play At Your Own Risk" (1982), C Bank’s "One More Shot" (1982), [[Shannon (singer)|Shannon]]'s "[[Let the Music Play (song)|Let the Music Play]]" (1983), [[Freeez]]'s "I.O.U." (1983), [[Midnight Star]]'s "Freak-A-Zoid" (1983), and [[Chaka Khan]]'s "[[I Feel For You]]" (1984).

===House music===
An Italian record producer and synthesizer pioneer, [[Giorgio Moroder]], had a number of hit disco singles such as "From Here to Eternity" (1977) which influenced the development of the later electric dance music genres such as [[house (music)|house]] and [[techno]]. Both house music and techno rely on the repetitive bass drum rhythm and hi-hat rhythm patterns introduced by disco.

Early house music, which was developed by innovative [[DJ]]s such as [[Larry Levan]] in New York and [[Frankie Knuckles]] in Chicago, consisted of various disco loops overlapped by strong bass beats. House music was usually computer-driven, and longer segments were used for mixing. Clubs associated with the birth of house music include New York's [[Paradise Garage]] and Chicago's [[Warehouse (nightclub)| Warehouse]] and The Music Box.

===1990s and 2000s "disco revival"===
In the 1990s, a revival of the original disco style began to emerge. The disco influence can be heard in songs as [[Gloria Estefan]]'s "[[Get On Your Feet]]" (1991), [[Paula Abdul]]'s "[[Vibeology]]" (1992), [[Whitney Houston]]'s "[[I'm Every Woman]]" (1993), [[U2]]’s "[[Lemon (U2 song)|Lemon]]" (1993), [[Diana Ross]]'s "[[Take Me Higher]]" (1995), The [[Spice Girls]]’ "[[Who Do You Think You Are]]" (1997) and "[[Never Give up on the Good Times]]" (1997), [[Gloria Estefan]]'s "[[Heaven's What I Feel]]" (1998) & "[[Don't Let This Moment End]]" (1999), [[Cher]]’s "[[Strong Enough (Cher song)|Strong Enough]]" (1998), and [[Jamiroquai]]'s "[[Canned Heat (song)|Canned Heat]]" (1999).

The trend continued in the 2000s with hit songs such as [[Kylie Minogue]]’s "[[Spinning Around]]" (2000) and "[[Love at First Sight]]" (2002), [[Sheena Easton]]'s "Givin' Up, Givin' In" (2001), [[Janet Jackson]]'s "[[R&B Junkie]]" (2004), [[La Toya Jackson]]'s "[[Just Wanna Dance]]" (2004), and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s 2005 album ''[[Confessions on a Dancefloor|Confessions on a Dance Floor]]'' echoes traditional disco themes, particularly in the single "[[Hung Up]]," which samples [[ABBA]]'s "[[Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)]]."

In the mid-late 2000s, many disco-influenced songs have been released, becoming hits, including [[Ultra Nate]]'s "Love's The Only Drug" (2006), [[Gina G]]’s "Tonight's The Night" (2006), [[Irene Cara]]'s "Forever My Love" (2006), [[Bananarama]]'s "[[Look on the Floor (Hypnotic Tango)]]" and "Don't Step on My Groove" (2007), [[Dannii Minogue]]'s "[[Perfection (song)|Perfection]]" (2006), [[Akcent]]'s "Kings of Disco" (2007), the [[Freemasons (band)|Freemasons]] "Rain Down Love" (2007), [[Claudja Barry]]'s "I Will Stand" (2006), [[Suzanne Palmer]]'s "Free My Love" (2007), [[Pepper Mashay]]'s "Lost Yo Mind" (2007) and [[Sophie Ellis-Bextor]]’s "[[Me and My Imagination]]" (2007) [[Maroon 5]]'s "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" (2007). Music producer, [[Ian Levine]] has also produced many new songs with such singers as George Daniel Long, [[Hazell Dean]], [[Sheila Ferguson]], [[Steve Brookstein]] and [[Tina Charles]] among others for the compilation album titled, "[[Disco 2008]]." The compilation album "[[Disco 2008]]" is a tribute to Disco music using original material.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Michaels, Mark (1990). ''The Billboard Book of Rock Arranging''. ISBN 0-8230-7537-0.
* Jones, Alan and Kantonen, Jussi (1999). ''Saturday Night Forever: The Story of Disco''. Chicago, Illinois: A Cappella Books. ISBN 1-55652-411-0.

==Further reading==
* Brewster, Bill and Broughton, Frank (1999) ''Last Night a DJ Saved my Life: the History of the Disc Jockey'' Headline Book Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7472-6230-6
* Lawrence, Tim (2004). ''Love Saves the Day: A History of American Dance Music Culture, 1970-1979 ''. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3198-5.
* Angelo, Marty (2006) - ''Once Life Matters: A New Beginning''. Impact Publishing. ISBN 0961895446.
*Peter Shapiro (2005) ''Turn The Beat Around - The Secret History Of Disco''. Faber And Faber. ISBN-10 0865479526 ISBN-13 978-0865479524

==See also==
{{wikiquote}}

* [[Saturday Night Fever]]
* [[Disco orchestration]]
* [[Funk]]
* [[List of disco artists (A-K)]], [[List of disco artists (L-Z)]]
* [[Motown Sound]]
* [[Number-one dance hits of 1978 (USA)]]
* [[Number-one dance hits of 1979 (USA)]]
* [[Philadelphia International Records]]
* [[Philly soul]]
* [[Repetitive music]]
* [[Soul music]]
* [[TK Records]]
* [[African American music]]

==External links==
* [http://www.scaruffi.com/history/cpt34.html Piero Scaruffi's history of disco music]
{{Disco music-footer}}

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David Reimer

2007-11-18T14:52:57Z

75.69.181.109: /* Death */

{{for|the politician David J. Reimer|Christian Heritage Party candidates, 2004 Canadian federal election}}
{{Infobox Person
| name = David Reimer
| image =
| image_size = 200x150px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1965|8|22|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], [[Canada]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|5|4|1965|8|22|mf=y}}
| death_place =
| occupation =
| spouse = Jane Reimer
| parents = Janet Reimer, Ron Reimer
| children =
}}
'''David Reimer''' ([[August 22]], [[1965]] – [[May 4]], [[2004]]) was a Canadian man who was born as a healthy boy, but was [[sex assignment|sexually reassigned]] and raised as female after his [[penis]] was inadvertently destroyed during [[circumcision]]. Psychologist [[John Money]] oversaw the case and reported the reassignment as successful, as evidence that [[gender identity]] is primarily learned. [[Milton Diamond]] later reported that Reimer never identified as female, and that he began living as male at age 14. Reimer later went public with his story to discourage similar medical practices. He committed suicide at the age of 38.

==Overview==
David Reimer was born as a male identical twin in [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]]. His birth name was Bruce; his twin brother was named Brian. At the age of 6 months, after concern was raised about how Bruce and Brian urinated, both boys were diagnosed with [[phimosis]]. They were referred for circumcision at the age of 8 months. On [[April 27]], [[1966]], the surgeon, Dr. Jean-Marie Huot, and the anaesthesiologist Max Cham performed the circumcision with the aid of a [[cauterization|Bovie cautery machine]], which is not intended for use on the extremities or genitals. Bruce's penis was destroyed after the machine malfunctioned. After this, Brian's circumcision was canceled, and he made a full recovery from his condition without further treatment.<ref name=CBCnews>{{cite news| title=David Reimer: The boy who lived as a girl
|date=July, 2002
| publisher=CBC News
| url=http://cbc.ca/news/background/reimer/
| accessdate=2006-01-20
}}</ref> 

Bruce's parents, concerned about his prospects for future happiness and sexual function without a penis, took him to [[Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins Medical Center]] in Baltimore to see Dr. [[John Money]], a [[psychology|psychologist]] who was developing a reputation as a pioneer in the field of sexual development and [[gender identity]], based on his work with [[intersex]] patients. Money was a prominent proponent of the theory that gender identity was relatively plastic in infancy and developed primarily as a result of social learning from early childhood; some academics in the late 1960s believed that all psychological and behavioral differences between males and females were learned. He, and other physicians working with young children born with abnormal genitalia, believed that a penis could not be replaced but that a functional [[vagina]] could be constructed surgically, and that Bruce would be more likely to achieve successful, functional sexual maturation as a girl than as a boy.{{Fact|date=October 2007}}

They persuaded his parents that sex reassignment would be in Bruce's best interest, and, at the age of 17 months, surgery was performed to remove his [[testis|testes]]. He was [[sex assignment|reassigned]] to be [[sex of rearing|raised]] as a female and given the name 'Brenda'. Psychological support for the reassignment and surgery was provided by John Money, who continued to see Brenda for years, both for treatment and to assess the outcome. This reassignment was considered an especially valid test case of the social learning concept of gender identity for two reasons. First, Bruce/Brenda had a twin brother, Brian, who made an ideal control since the two not only shared genes and family environments, but they had shared the intrauterine environment as well. Second, this was reputed to be the first reassignment and reconstruction performed on a male infant who had no abnormality of prenatal or early postnatal [[sexual differentiation]].

For several years, Money reported on Brenda's progress as the "John/Joan case", describing apparently successful female gender development, and using this case to support the feasibility of sex reassignment and surgical reconstruction even in non-intersex cases. Money wrote: "The child's behaviour is so clearly that of an active little girl and so different from the boyish ways of her twin brother." [[Estrogen]] was given to Brenda when she reached adolescence to induce breast development. However, Brenda had experienced the visits to Baltimore as traumatic rather than therapeutic and when Dr. Money started pressuring the family to bring their "her" in for surgery, in which a vagina would be created, the family discontinued the follow-up visits. John Money published nothing further about the case to suggest that the reassignment had not been successful.

Reimer's later account, written two decades later with [[John Colapinto]], described how, contrary to Money's reports, Brenda did not identify as a girl. She was ostracized and bullied by peers, and neither frilly dresses nor female hormones made her feel female. By the age of 13, Brenda was experiencing suicidal depression, and told her parents she would commit suicide if they made her see John Money again. In 1980, Brenda's parents told her the truth about her gender reassignment, following advice from Brenda's [[endocrinologist]] and [[psychiatrist]]. At 13, Brenda decided to assume a male gender identity, calling himself David. After learning of the new relationship with his ex-sister, Brian began to experience a pattern of mental disturbance and later developed [[schizophrenia]]. By 1997, David had undergone treatment to reverse the reassignment, including testosterone injections, a double [[mastectomy]], and two [[phalloplasty]] operations. He also married a woman and became a stepfather to her 3 children.

His case came to international attention in 1997 when he told his story to [[Milton Diamond]], an academic [[sexology|sexologist]] who persuaded David to allow him to report the outcome in order to dissuade physicians from treating other infants similarly. Soon after, David went public with his story and John Colapinto published a widely disseminated and influential account in ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine in December 1997.<ref>[http://infocirc.org/rollston.htm Colapinto, John; "The True Story of John/Joan."; ''Rolling Stone'', [[December 11]], [[1997]]: 54–97.]</ref> They went on to elaborate the story in a book, ''As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl''.<ref>Colapinto, John; ''As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl''; Harper Perennial; 2001; ISBN 0-06-092959-6 revised in 2006</ref>

==Death==
Although the book gave David Reimer more financial security, he had many other problems in his life, including a separation from his wife, severe problems with his parents, and the death of his twin brother Brian in 2002, from a toxic combination of alcohol and antidepressants.

After being told by his wife on the weekend of [[May 2, 2004]] of her wish to separate, Reimer stormed out of the house without revealing where he was going. After he failed to return, his wife called the police to report him missing. The local authorities eventually located him, but told his wife that he did not want her to know where he was. Two hours later, they called again, informing her of his suicide. Reimer had returned home while she was out and retrieved a [[shotgun]], sawing off its barrel before leaving. On the morning of [[May 5, 2004|May 5]], he drove to the nearby parking lot of a grocery store, parked his car and fatally shot himself in the head.<ref>[http://slate.com/id/2101678/] Slate Article by John Colapinto on Reimer's suicide</ref>

==Social impact of David Reimer's story==
The report and subsequent book about Reimer influenced several medical practices and reputations, and even current understanding of the [[biology of gender]]. The case accelerated the decline of sex reassignment and surgery for [[ambiguous genitalia|unambiguous]] [[XY]] male infants with [[micropenis]], various other rare congenital malformations, and penile loss in infancy (described in more detail in [[intersex]].)

It supported the arguments of those who feel that prenatal and early-infantile [[hormone]]s have a strong influence on brain differentiation, gender identity and perhaps other [[sexual dimorphism|sex-dimorphic]] behavior. The applicability of this case to appropriate [[sex assignment]] in cases of intersex conditions involving severe deficiency of [[testosterone]] or [[androgen insensitivity syndrome|insensitivity]] to its effects is more uncertain. For some people, the inability to predict gender identity or preference in this case confirmed skepticism about doctors' abilities to do so in general, or about the wisdom of using [[genital reconstructive surgery]] to commit an infant with an intersex condition or genital defect to a specific [[gender role]] before the child is old enough to claim a [[gender identity]].

[[intactivism|Intactivists]], who oppose circumcision and involuntary sex-reassignment, treat the story of David Peter Reimer as a cautionary tale about why one should not needlessly modify the genitals of unconsenting minors.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}

Among the repercussions was damage to John Money's reputation. Not only had his theory of gender plasticity been dealt a severe blow, but Colapinto's book described bizarrely unpleasant childhood therapy sessions, and implied that Money had ignored or concealed the developing evidence that Brenda's reassignment was not going well. Money's defenders have suggested that some of the allegations about the therapy sessions may have been the result of [[False memory#False memory syndrome|false memory syndrome]].<ref name=GUnews>{{cite news | title=Being Brenda
|date=May 12, 2004
| publisher=''Guardian Unlimited''
| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1214525,00.html
}} Retrieved [[December 19]], [[2005]]</ref>, but David's brother and mother are both agreed that the therapy was simply and obviously not "working" in the sense that "Brenda" was in any way developing a female self-image<ref name=CBCnews>{{cite news | title=INDEPTH:David Reimer
|date=May 10, 2004
| publisher = ''Canadian Broadcast Corporation''
| url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/reimer/
}}</ref>.

The reputation of Johns Hopkins Medical Center as an institution at the forefront of progressive care for people with intersex and [[transgender]] conditions was hurt as well.  Finally, theories of the malleability and cultural construction of gender identity, already falling out of academic fashion in the 1990s, became harder to defend, as the case was used by many to argue that "nature" trumped "nurture".{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

==In popular culture==
The "Boys will Be Girls" episode of ''[[Chicago Hope]]'' that aired on [[February 3]], [[2000]] was based on Reimer's life {{Fact|date=June 2007}}. Additionally, the [[Identity (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)|"Identity"]] episode of ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'' that aired on [[January 18]], [[2005]] featured a male twin who had undergone sex reassignment therapy after an accident similar to David Reimer's and subsequent therapy by a psychiatrist reminiscent of Dr. Money (however, that episode ended with the murder of the doctor by one or both of the twins, who successfully tricked the police into being unable to tell which twin had committed the crime—effectively insulating both from prosecution).
On the album ''[[Reunion Tour]]'' by the band [[The Weakerthans]] a song entitled "Hymn of the Medical Oddity" was inspired by the story of David Reimer. "Born a Boy, Brought up a Girl" is also another television special based on his life as well.

==See also==
*[[Penectomy]]
*[[History of intersex surgery]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite news | title=Sex: Unknown (transcript) |date=October 30, 2001 | publisher=NOVA (TV series) | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2813gender.html}}

==External links==
* Chalmers, Katie (May 10, 2004). "[http://canoe.ca/NewsStand/WinnipegSun/News/2004/05/10/453481.html Sad end to boy/girl life]", ''[[Winnipeg Sun]]''
* Colapinto, John (June 3, 2004). "[http://slate.com/id/2101678/ Gender gap: What were the real reasons behind David Reimer's suicide?]" [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dr_money_prog_summary.shtml BBC documentary: "Dr Money and the Boy with No Penis"] shown (2007) in North America on TLC under the title ''Born a Boy, Brought Up a Girl''.
* [[CBC]] onlne article ''David Reimer The boy who lived as a girl'' additional background information [http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/reimer]
* {{imdb name|id=1635172|name=David Reimer}}

{{Transgender footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reimer, David}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Biology of gender]]
[[Category:Canadians of German descent]]
[[Category:Identical twins]]
[[Category:People from Winnipeg]]
[[Category:Suicides by firearm]]

[[de:David Reimer]]
[[fr:David Reimer]]
[[ko:데이비드 라이머]]
[[ja:デイヴィッド・ライマー]]
[[sv:David Reimer]]

Talk:Al Gore

2007-10-28T14:59:14Z

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== What about South Park? ==

Several times the fct that Gore was made the subject of an episode of South Park was added to the "Gore in Popular Culture" section, only to be deleted. Somehow, I think that Gore being made the subject of a South Park episode qualifies as an instance of "Al Gore in popular culture." Or do I sense a pro-Gore bias?

== Democrat Nomination ==

I am wondering if the article needs an improvement in the section about the 2008 election. Mainly my issue is with the wording of the current section which uses the word "run" which does not actually address the real issue of "nomination", which I think would be a better word to use. Will Al Gore be nominated for the Democratic's canditate at the DNC this year without actually running for it? [[User:Thorton|Thorton]] |[[User talk:Thorton|talk]] 08:22, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

:WP shouldn't speculate. [[User:Anastrophe.|Anastrophe]] 22:01, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

::Most articles can be improved, but I don't understand what you're suggesting. I agree with [[User:Anastrophe.|Anastrophe]] that we should not add our own speculation. Instead, we should ''summarize'' what ''verifiable'' information we can find about the subject. Such information includes what other notible person have said (and such items are presently included). Do you suppose the Democrats will nominate him though he does not run? Dunno, but who ''could'' know? Perhaps Anastrophe and I have missed your point.. can you explain a bit more what you have in mind? [[User:Hult041956|Hult041956]] 22:37, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

:::I've read so much gossip about his nomination at the DNC this year and I was hoping that wiki might have real some info about it. Unfortunately, the section repeats many times that Gore "has no plans for running". I think for many readers these are somewhat weasel-words that obscure his strategic position in this race. (See the last paragraph regarding H.Clinton voters.) Perhaps all the section really needs is a brief sentence to clarify this single point; saying something to the effect that even though Gore has personally chosen not to campaign for the 2008 democrat nomination, he remains a prime candidate for it. Does that make sense?[[User:Thorton|Thorton]] |[[User talk:Thorton|talk]] 14:39, 25 October 2007 (UTC) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/151.204.113.250|151.204.113.250]] ([[User talk:151.204.113.250|talk]]) {{{2|}}} 

::::We presently have "While Gore has frequently stated that 'I'm not planning to be a candidate again,' there are continuing efforts to convince him to run for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination" in the introduction, plus a section with six paragraphs on this in the main body. Seems like it's handled pretty thoroughly. In fact, he ''isn't'' a "prime candidate," so an attempt to "clarify" this for our readers would be inappropriate. What he ''is'' is a subject of quite a lot of public comments and poll taking... and these are fairly presented here, I think. [[User:Hult041956|Hult041956]] 19:01, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

== Google ==
Does anyone know approximately how much Google stock Gore owns? I spot checked Google's recent SEC filings but did not see anything in there regarding Gore's share ownership. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Jaedglass|Jaedglass]] ([[User talk:Jaedglass|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaedglass|contribs]]) 15:35, 13 October 2007 (UTC) 

== electoral votes ==
In the article, two different numbers are given of how many electoral votes he received: 266 and 277. Which is the correct number? --[[User:Male1979|Ben]] [[User_talk:Male1979|T]]/[[Special:Contributions/Male1979|C]] 16:28, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

:266, since 277 would've won the election. [[User:One|One]] 17:40, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

== featured ==

We should write the Al Gore page more times because of its need a star: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Al Gore (pictured) share the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.

== VP of United States surely trumps American politician ==

I wish to explain my action in reverting [[User:Invincible Ninja]]'s work. This editor changed first sentence to "Al Gore is an American politian & environmental activist." I feel "American politian" adds nothing new, since being VP of US, Senator, and Rep surely means being a politician as well. See [[Dan Quayle]], [[Dick Chaney]], and [[Hubert Humphrey]] for example who were VP without it needing to be said that they were politicians. Also, "environmental activist" is treated thoroughly just below. My edit comment said I had reverted [[User:Rillian]]'s work as well. This was not so. Indeed the change from "&" to "and" in Ninja's sentence ''was'' lost, but ''not'' the improved phrasing of the later "environmental and speaker" paragraph. Sorry if I offended or confused. [[User:Hult041956|Hult041956]] 23:00, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

== Criticism of Nobel Peace Prize ==
User id Masterpiece2000 recently added five paragraphs of criticism of Al Gore being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. A couple of points:
:1. This seems rather lopsided, as there is no coverage of all the positive reactions.
:2. All the material seems to be copied almost word-for-word from a single source, even quoting an incorrect book title. Copyright violation?
:3. One of the sources of criticism, Bjørn Lomborg, is pretty much discredited here in his native Denmark.

Something for a more experienced editor to look into? --[[User:RenniePet|RenniePet]] 13:00, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

:I deleted the additions. Criticism of the award is fine, but this was (1) largely copied and pasted, and (2) made the section lopsided/POV. I would limit any criticism in a section that size to a paragraph at most; five is undue weight. --[[user:tom|Tom]] ([[User talk:Tom|talk]] - [[Special:Emailuser/Tom|email]]) 13:24, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

::I agree, the five quotes made the section out of balance. There is currently a NPOV sentence in the section which reads "Response to the event was broad and varied" with two references next to it - one of them, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7041573.stm
::contains both positive and negative reactions to the Nobel. The URL http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22579885-663,00.html?from=mostpop
::could be added to the other two. I'll leave that to consensus. -[[User:Classicfilms|Classicfilms]] 13:41, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

:::Well, the problem was I could find only one source of criticism. I am a new user and I may have made some mistake. However, I think there should be some criticism. [[User:Masterpiece2000|Masterpiece2000]] 14:17, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

::::Criticism is fine, but your additions gave the section [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] against him, and it is important to maintain a [[WP:NPOV|neutral point of view]] when writing articles. The article you cited seems to be an acceptable source, but all of the criticism in it could be summed up in a paragraph or less without giving it undue weight. --[[user:tom|Tom]] ([[User talk:Tom|talk]] - [[Special:Emailuser/Tom|email]]) 17:17, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

:::::I have included criticism in a paragraph. [[User:Masterpiece2000|Masterpiece2000]] 09:01, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

::::::This really improved the responses section of the paragraph - thanks. I moved your edit up to the sentence mentioned above and made modifications according to [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view]] guidelines. I also wikilinked the names that you gave - they should be correct but please do check the wikilinks just to make sure. -[[User:Classicfilms|Classicfilms]] 14:46, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

What happen to this criticism, was it removed, and if so why —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/137.155.23.124|137.155.23.124]] ([[User talk:137.155.23.124|talk]]) 14:11, 17 October 2007 (UTC) 

:Someone has removed the criticism. The criticism should be included. [[User:Masterpiece2000|Masterpiece2000]] 08:46, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

== 2000 Presidential election section ==

I think there should be a discussion about accussations of bias of the Supree Court, and that the majority of
Justices were appointed by Republican presidents, including Bush's father. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/70.104.133.132|70.104.133.132]] ([[User talk:70.104.133.132|talk]]) 13:45, 27 October 2007 (UTC) 

This section on the 2000 election:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore#2000_Presidential_election
offers a pretty good overview. The election is also discussed in detail in the article, [[United States presidential election, 2000]]. The wikilink listed as "main article," [[Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000]], however almost entirely lacks references which does not comply with [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]. It also needs to be re-written to comply with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view]]. I'm thus wondering if the article [[Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000]] is still needed, or if it should be nominated for deletion. -[[User:Classicfilms|Classicfilms]] 15:05, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

: I'm much rather this were resolved the other way around, with the bulk of our (sourced) content here moved to the sub-article. We're hurting for length here, and there are already several Gore sub-articles, so per [[WP:SUMMARY]] we should split discrete sections where possible. [[User:Thumperward|Chris Cunningham]] 11:03, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

::That's a great idea, I like it. There is an enormous amount of unsourced existing information on the [[Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000]] article. Much of it could use editing and clean up as well. Any thoughts on how to go about making the kind of combination you suggest? It's a lot of work for one person - maybe a few people need to go through and clean up the article a bit and then add material? -[[User:Classicfilms|Classicfilms]] 13:14, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

::: [[The Cathedral and the Bazaar|Early and often]], is how I usually do heavy lifting. Even a crude cut-and-paste will get this article back on track, and we've got the weight of the community to help with improving the other article once it contains the good content from this one. My other trick for cleaning up huge amounts of unsourced information on articles on popular and easily-researched subjects is to [[Alien (film)|blast off and nuke the whole thing from orbit]]; pieces can be cribbed from the old revisions as they are sourced. There's no need for this to be done in one sitting by one editor, so long as someone is [[WP:BB|bold]] enough to get it rolling. [[User:Thumperward|Chris Cunningham]] 13:27, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
:::: Funny... Ok, sounds like a good plan. I wonder, since it sounds like you have experience with this type of task, if you would be willing "to get it rolling." Frankly, I looked through the page and was overwhelmed by it. If you start off, I can help out. -[[User:Classicfilms|Classicfilms]] 13:35, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

::::: I did much the same thing on ''this'' article a while back :) I'll have a look into it, though I'm wary of promising anything, what with work contraints and a general lack of trust in myself :) [[User:Thumperward|Chris Cunningham]] 13:44, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
:::::: I remember - and it was a good job, which is why I made the suggestion. One thought would be to just move the whole page to "talk" and fill the space with sourced information from this article until enough people become involved to clean it up. But certainly, only when you, or other editors experienced with this type of task, have the time. -[[User:Classicfilms|Classicfilms]] 13:50, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

==pov tag==
Al Gore doesn't appear in the southpark episode. He is not actually involved in that episode in anyway. He didn't lend his voice or his approval, which makes it unsuitable for the section. It's just fodder for pov pushers who want to add trivia to the section. [[User:Turtlescrubber|Turtlescrubber]] 20:53, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
:You disagree with the inclusion of that content because you deem it unencyclopaedic/irrelevant. You presumably don't disagree with it because it is biased/not [[WP:NPOV|neutral]]. The POV tag isn't really appropriate here. [[User:Melsaran|Melsaran]] ([[User talk:Melsaran|talk]]) 22:25, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
::It is appropriate as you are pushing a particular point of view. Don't try and limit discussion. [[User:Turtlescrubber|Turtlescrubber]] 22:33, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
:::What particular point of view? What information in the article is not "neutral"? [[User:Melsaran|Melsaran]] ([[User talk:Melsaran|talk]]) 09:03, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

==First sentence==
I think that history, and even present opinion, will say that he was much more important as an environmental activist than as the Vice President. Could this be put in the first sentence? [[User:Redddogg|Redddogg]] 22:17, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
:I disagree. [[Wikipedia:Recentism|Recentism]] is to be avoided. In a historical context, Gore was more important as a Vice President (which was an official function and one of the highest positions in the government of a [[superpower]], whilst his role in the debate about environment was influential but not as important). [[User:Melsaran|Melsaran]] ([[User talk:Melsaran|talk]]) 22:27, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
::I'm not sure being the VP of the US is all that important.[[User:Redddogg|Redddogg]] 23:53, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
I concur with Redddogg...his environmentalism was central to his identity at almost every point in his life except the vice presidency...it deserves just as prominent a spot. [[User:Cjs2111|Cjs2111]] 03:22, 16 October 2007 (UTC)
:Thanks. I still think the opening sentence should be "...Vice President and environmental activist." But at least both are mentioned in the first paragraph, so I will not make it an issue any more. [[User:Redddogg|Redddogg]] 22:46, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

== Unaddressed Environmental Incidents and Information. ==

Al Gore has recieved the proverbial Key to the City from the global and national community. However, the praise he recieves--and this article, I might add--ignores one of the most forthright events of outright hypocrisy. Read on:

In 1997, Al Gore championed the privatization of California's National Oil Reserve. Specifically, the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve, which contained three endangered species, and generations of Native American Culture. The subsequent drilling by Occidental resulted in serious environmental damage, destruction to the sacred Native American burial ground, and a windfall for his family trust's Occidental stocks. For further information, refer to the following citizen's groups' sites:

http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03/04/07/0238233

http://www.realchange.org/gore.htm#pollution

http://www.debatethis.org/gore/enviro/

http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=468

In addition, several departments of the U.S. government cite sufficient evidence that these events did, indeed, occur:

http://www.energy.gov/about/timeline1991-2000.htm <<CTRL+F then type in 'Occidental' and search.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/chrn1997.html <<CTRL+F then type in 'October 6'.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/chrn1998.html <<CTRL+F then type in 'February 5', first entry.

http://judiciary.house.gov/judiciary/haut0628.htm <<CTRL+F then type in 'Occidental'

And, as a final reference, the Center for Public Integrity on the issue of the Elk Hills National Reserve:

http://www.publicintegrity.net/report.aspx?aid=457

http://www.publicintegrity.org/report.aspx?aid=460 <<Opinionated, but contains detailed accounts of The Center's attempts to address this issue

This has been a source of aggravation to me for some time, now, and has only been compounded by the Nobel Committee's awarding him the Nobel Peace Prize. Al Gore has shown more than his fair share to both Global Warming AND general environmental and cultural destruction in the name of big business.

The fact that this is neglected from even being mentioned in the article is absolutely unacceptable, as this is a positively outrageous contradiction of his long-standing claims to be pro-environment. Thus, I hereby strongly recommend the addition of, at the very least, a sub-section addressing this disconcerting state of affairs for Mr. Gore.

Also, on a more objective note, I notice that there is minimal reference to the points Mr. Gore outlined in Earth in the Balance. In terms of his environmental record, I would consider this to be central to his person, wouldn't you all?

[[User:Kaiza Roll|Kaiza Roll]] 00:23, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

:Yawn. --[[User:Eleemosynary|Eleemosynary]] 00:26, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

::Is there any reason why this information, specifically about Gore's connections to Occidental and related environmental controversies, should not be included? -- [[User:ToddProuty|Toddmatic]] 02:12, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

:::Yes, you have not yet presented a reliable source about these alleged controversies. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] 14:30, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

== The Nobel Peace Prize icon revert war ==

Enough already. If [[Henry Kissinger]], [[George Marshall]], [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], [[Frank Kellogg]], [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], [[Lech Walesa]], and [[Woodrow Wilson]], et al. get the icon above their photo, so should Gore. (And Gore haters: try not to throw a tantrum and remove all those icons from those pages).

P.S. To the editor who argued that no NPP icon exists on Einstein's page, please note that ''Einstein never won the Nobel Peace Prize''. --[[User:Eleemosynary|Eleemosynary]] 01:55, 17 October 2007 (UTC)
::'''Word.'''—[[User:Gaff|Gaff]] [[User_talk:Gaff|ταλκ]] 01:57, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

:::'''Indubitably'''[[User:Turtlescrubber|Turtlescrubber]] 02:00, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

:for that matter, there ''is no nobel peace prize icon''. there is only the nobel prize icon. and einstein's article does have one, as he won for accomplishments in physics. silly arguments all around. [[User:Anastrophe.|Anastrophe]] 02:23, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

::FYI, Einstein's article didn't have an icon on top of the infobox until I put it there. [[User:Szyslak|szyslak]] 05:29, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

I was removing them from the other pages as well, [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Kissinger&diff=164235500&oldid=164102343 Henry Kissinger], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Carter&diff=164232683&oldid=164227972 Jimmy Carter], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbachev&diff=164235325&oldid=164216794 Mikhail Gorbachev] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Marshall&diff=164235463&oldid=164109714 George Marshall], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa&diff=164232827&oldid=164157640 Lech Walesa], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodrow_Wilson&diff=164232626&oldid=164171700 Woodrow Wilson] and several others. So it has nothing to do with being a Gore hater, please try and assume good faith. If you read, as I posted above, [[User:CambridgeBayWeather/Sandbox]], you can see why the icon needs removing. Also if you read the comments above, nobody said that Albert Einstein had won the NPP. What I said was, that it should be further down in the box, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Einstein&diff=164462385&oldid=164221030 this] edit, and not at the top, alongside the name. By the way [[WP:OTHERCRAPEXISTS]] is not a valid argument. [[User:CambridgeBayWeather|CambridgeBayWeather]] [[User_talk:CambridgeBayWeather|(Talk)]] 03:04, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

:Do not remove the icons, as you have not gained any consensus to do so. Your argument on your sandbox page is hyperbolic, unproven, supported by no consensus, and your behavior here is boorish. Please stop. --[[User:Eleemosynary|Eleemosynary]] 03:09, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

::Your comment about removing them can also be applied to inserting them. After looking over this the page I see no consensus for the icons to be there or not be there at this point. And I suggest that you read [[Wikipedia:Civility]] and [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith]]. [[User:CambridgeBayWeather|CambridgeBayWeather]] [[User_talk:CambridgeBayWeather|(Talk)]] 03:21, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

:::There is a clear consensus to keep the icons where they are on the laureates' pages, evidenced by their longstanding presence on each page and the speed with which your removing them was reverted. Because you don't like them doesn't immediately put them in the category of "other crap." I suggest you read [[WP:POINT]], for starters. --[[User:Eleemosynary|Eleemosynary]] 03:25, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

::::Violating WP:POINT would be running around converting all the articles to the version in my sandbox or adding the clarify tag to the icons. Also if you look at the links in the post above, I stopped removing them several days ago. However, that does not stop me from attempting to discuss their removal. I'll say it again, the icon does not provide the necessary information, what Nobel prize did he win. In the Einstein article the icon is further down in the box with a link to the prize he won and that's how they all should be. [[User:CambridgeBayWeather|CambridgeBayWeather]] [[User_talk:CambridgeBayWeather|(Talk)]] 03:47, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

:::::i tend to agree with CambridgeBayWeather regarding the placement. the placement in the einstein article makes sense to me, visually and stylistically. having it linked as in the einstein article also makes more sense - it's informative there, rather than being merely a decoration, which when clicked on, just goes to a larger version of the image. [[User:Anastrophe.|Anastrophe]] 05:25, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

::::::I concur with Cambridge and Anastrophe. At the top of the infobox, the nobel prize is a small decoration at best. Further down, we can actually spend the space to give it context, which is important. Where it is now, it might as well be the featured article star, for all the reader knows. It should also be added to all nobel prize winners, regardless of prize. — [[User:Pytom|PyTom]] ([[User_talk:Pytom|talk]]) 16:13, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Fortunately, not many of us are arguing against the medal icon on the grounds that Gore "doesn't deserve it". There are advantages and disadvantages to the icon, I'm sure. But the bottom line is, they should either be on all articles about Nobel winners, or none at all. BTW, there was a [[commons:Commons:Deletion requests/Image:Nobel prize medal.svg|failed deletion request on Commons]] about the image. [[User:Szyslak|szyslak]] 05:42, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

:i agree that the icon ''should'' be on all articles for those who've won them; ideally, in the latter format, incorporated into the infobox and linked, rather than just a decoration at the top. [[User:Anastrophe.|Anastrophe]] 05:51, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

The image makes no sense. The top of the infobox shows the name and the name only, period. The article may mention that he won the Nobel Prize, but there's no need to have some silly "icon" next to his name. Images should be informative and not decorative. This image does not substantially increase the reader's understanding of the topic. That [[WP:OTHERCRAPEXISTS|other articles have it]] means that we should remove the icon from those articles as well, and that has nothing to do with being against Gore. [[User:Melsaran|Melsaran]] ([[User talk:Melsaran|talk]]) 12:03, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

The real problem is the infobox. Just get rid of that. End of argument and the page is improved. --[[User:128.120.178.62|128.120.178.62]] 11:14, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

I suggest taking this case to a higher court... namely a Talk page for infoboxes in general, or perhaps for ''biography'' infoboxes. (Is there one?) Al Gore's "currency" makes it hard to have the general-purpose discussion here (since some of us get caught up in what we think of him, etc). I've seen country and state flag icons in some of these, but not all. Likewise, there seems to be little standardizing about what ''info'' should be in an infobox. [[User:Hult041956|Hult041956]] 15:45, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

== "Reactions" to Gore's Nobel Prize ==

In short, there's no reason to include them. Most likely, a few Gore-haters are trying to crowbar some anti-Gore statements into the article via this tactic. Furthermore, MLK Jr.'s Nobel engendered a storm of criticism, but we don't mention it in his article. Nor does Arafat's page mention the outcry when ''he'' won. I'm removing them. --[[User:Eleemosynary|Eleemosynary]] 03:15, 17 October 2007 (UTC)
:I concur. Al won the prize fairly and it should be recognised. Al Gore is a great man and we should let him have this honour without allowing far-rightists to rip it apart --[[User:Danny 17|Danny 17]] 18:29, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

::i believe it's worth pointing out that the ''absence'' of criticism in MLK or Arafat's articles is not a valid justification for removing criticism from this article. Was there a storm of criticism about MLK's Nobel? then the MLK article would be improved by accurately citing it. was there a storm of criticism about Arafat's Nobel? then the article Arafat article would be improved accurately citing it. WP is ostensibly an encyclopedia; adding notable, properly cited information improves it. i'm bothered by the overt speculations about intent and POV. i have my own POV, everyone else has a right to theirs. but by the same - faulty - tactic above, one could say that a few Gore-lovers are refusing to allow some non-gore-loving statements into the article. both are POV. the reaction to gore's nobel was largely positive in the popular press. some have expressed negative reactions. is this not accurate? [[User:Anastrophe.|Anastrophe]] 22:46, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

:::Spare us the sophistry. Unless there was significant, widespread denuncation of Gore's NPP -- which there was not -- it has no place in the article. "Reactions" to Nobel Prize awards do not appear on the pages of any other laureate... and there are ''hundreds'' of such laureates. WP's encyclopedic value is not improved by filling each page with trivia. --[[User:Eleemosynary|Eleemosynary]] 02:45, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

::::how about you and others spare editors who don't fawn over gore such characterizations as "gore-haters" and "far-rightists"? characterizing reaction to the nobel as 'trivia' is unreasonable. trivia is the arguments over whether to include mention of a particular ''cartoon'' in the article. it's notable that MLK and Arafat engendered negative reaction, and i'm frankly surprised it's not mentioned in their articles. it should be. this criterion that 'it doesn't exist in other people's articles therefore it doesn't belong in this' - can you point out where this is codified as a guideline or policy on WP? for that matter - gosh, we can apply this same criterion to the peace prize icon discussion. i've just checked the articles of many past peace prize winners, and their articles don't have the icon. therefore, based on this new criterion - which you seem to have manufactured of whole cloth - the matter of including the icon on this article is settled: it goes. [[User:Anastrophe.|Anastrophe]] 03:31, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

:::::I will comment here, though I would like to request that we all observe [[Wikipedia:No personal attacks]], [[Wikipedia:Civility]], and [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith]]. As someone who likes Gore and thought he deserved the prize, I thought that there were some very nice comments made by notable individuals in the following article: http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/10/12/ap4215589.html which I added a few days back and referenced by listing the names of those in the article. The notability of some of the individuals mentioned was questioned by other editors so I removed the names, added this article: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7041573.stm and rewrote the sentence to comply with [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view]]. When criticism was later added to the paragraph, I also added praise to the section for balance and to maintain [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view]]. I do think it is a fair point to say that praise of Gore outweighed criticism and if the section is re-added, it should be written in such a way as to clarify this point. I also thought there were historically noteworthy comments from individuals such as UN Secretary - General Ban Ki Moon which I would have liked to see in the article. That being said, since there are no hard and fast rules on whether or not to include a paragraph on reactions, I will leave it to [[Wikipedia:Consensus]] to decide. -[[User:Classicfilms|Classicfilms]] 14:34, 18 October 2007 (UTC)
::::::Just for clarity, in reference to the Forbes article, http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/10/12/ap4215589.html - I had originally placed an AP version of the same article in the paragraph. The current Forbes version was added by another editor. -[[User:Classicfilms|Classicfilms]] 14:37, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

:::::::i agree that inclusion of reaction is appropriate, as long as it conforms to [[WP:WEIGHT]], inclusive of NPOV. which is why it definitely needs to note that the reaction was primarily and largely positive, but a few notable individuals also had negative criticism. the section as written when the criticisms were included was clearly not NPOV - "reaction was broad and mixed" was a misrepresentation. i tried finding language that maintained appropriate weight, but the whole section was simply removed thereafter. [[User:Anastrophe.|Anastrophe]] 17:07, 18 October 2007 (UTC)
::::::::Actually, the sentence as written was "Responses to the event were broad and varied" (not "mixed") which was a [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|good faith]] attempt towards NPOV. I did think, however, that the re-write, which stated that most of the responses were positive, was a better edit which more clearly reflected the events. And I agree with your other points. -[[User:Classicfilms|Classicfilms]] 17:20, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

== Majority Vs. Plurality ==

The first sentence of the second paragraph of the page ends with "which he won the popular vote by a small majority". This is not true. Al Gore won a plurality of the popular vote (with 48%) but not a majority (which would be over 50%). —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Phoensvx|Phoensvx]] ([[User talk:Phoensvx|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Phoensvx|contribs]]) 04:31, 17 October 2007 (UTC) 
:Simple majority is another term for plurality. I've changed it to that --[[User:Danny 17|Danny 17]] 18:27, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

::that's incorrect. in the US voting system, what gore had was a very clearly a plurality of votes - not a majority or simple majority. i'd recommend reading the [[Simple majority]] article for clarity. [[User:Anastrophe.|Anastrophe]] 22:49, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

== In popular culture ==

Sections like these stick out like sore thumbs in GA and FA reviews. WP guidelines suggest taking the items in such lists and working them into the flow of the article (or losing the less important ones). So Al Gore has been VP of the United States, Noble Prize winner, and host of SNL?? How about we move that last one to "List of SNL hosts"? [[User:Hult041956|Hult041956]] 23:04, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

== Featured article - What we have to write into this article< ==

Featured article - What we have to write into this article< --[[User:Tamás Kádár|Tamás Kádár]] 23:35, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Al Gore

2007-09-23T15:56:44Z

75.69.181.109: /* Al Gore in popular culture */

{{Mergefrom|Al Gore controversies|date=September 2007}}

{{two other uses|the former Vice President of the United States|his father, U.S. Senator from Tennessee|Albert Gore, Sr.|his son|Al Gore III}}

{{ Infobox Vice President
| name = Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr.
| image = Al Gore, Vice President of the United States, official portrait 1994.jpg
| order = 45th [[Vice President of the United States]]
| term_start = [[January 20]], [[1993]]
| term_end = [[January 20]], [[2001]]
| president = [[Bill Clinton]]
| predecessor = [[Dan Quayle]]
| successor = [[Dick Cheney]]
| jr/sr2 = United States Senator
| state2 = [[Tennessee]]
| term_start2 = [[January 3]], [[1985]]
| term_end2 = [[January 2]], [[1993]]
| predecessor2 = [[Howard Baker]]
| successor2 = [[Harlan Mathews]]
| district3 = [[United States House of Representatives, Tennessee District 6|6th]]
| state3 = Tennessee
| term_start3 = [[January 3]], [[1983]]
| term_end3 = [[January 3]], [[1985]]
| predecessor3 = [[Robin Beard]]
| successor3 = [[Bart Gordon]]
| district4 = [[United States House of Representatives, Tennessee District 4|4th]]
| state4 = Tennessee
| term_start4 = [[January 3]], [[1977]]
| term_end4 = [[January 3]], [[1983]]
| predecessor4 = [[Joe L. Evins]]
| successor4 = [[Jim Cooper]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|3|31}}
| birth_place =[[Washington, D.C.]]
| spouse = [[Tipper Gore|Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" A. Gore]]
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion = [[Baptist]] (formerly [[Southern Baptist]])
| website = http://www.algore.com/
}}

'''Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr.''' (born [[March 31]], [[1948]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[politician]], [[businessman]], and [[Environmentalism|environmentalist]]. Gore served in the [[United States House of Representatives]] (1977–85) and the [[United States Senate]] (1985–93) representing [[Tennessee]]. From 1993 to 2001, he was the forty-fifth [[Vice President of the United States]], under [[Bill Clinton]].

Gore was the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for President in the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 election]], which was one of the most controversial elections in American history.<ref>{{ cite web | title = Al Gore | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037426/Al-Gore | publisher = Encyclopedia Britannica | accessdate = 2007-07-07 }}</ref> After a series of voting discrepancies and court challenges in the state of [[Florida]] the [[United States Supreme Court]], with its final ruling on ''[[Bush v. Gore]]'', stopped ongoing [[ballot]] recounts, giving [[George W. Bush]] the [[electoral college]] victory, and consequently the presidency.<ref>[http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html George W. Bush, et al., Petitioners v. Albert Gore, Jr., et al.], 531 U.S. 98 (2000).</ref>

Today, Gore is president of the American television channel [[Current TV]] (which won the ''Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Television'' award at the 2007 [[Primetime Emmys]] <ref>[http://www.emmys.tv/downloads/2007/pte59emmywinners.pdf 59th Primetime Emmy Awards]</ref>) chairman of [[Generation Investment Management]], a director on the board of [[Apple Inc.]], an unofficial advisor to [[Google]]'s senior management, and chairman of the [[Alliance for Climate Protection]].

Gore lectures widely on the topic of [[global warming]], which he calls "the climate crisis",<ref>{{ cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.05/gore.html|title=The Resurrection of Al Gore |accessdate=2007-02-24 |work=Wired Magazine }}</ref> and in 2006 starred in the [[Academy Award]]-winning [[Documentary film|documentary]] ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]'', discussing global warming and the environment. Under his leadership, one of Gore's organizations, ''[[Save Our Selves]]'', organized the [[benefit concert]] ''[[Live Earth]]'' in an effort to raise awareness about climate change. The concert was held all over the world on [[July 07]], [[2007]] (07.07.07). In July 2007, he announced teaming with actress [[Cameron Diaz]] for a TV climate contest [[60 Seconds to Save the Earth]] to gain people's support in solving the climate crisis.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.andhranews.net/Entertainment/2007/July/21-Gore-Diaz-climate-8817.asp
| title = Al Gore, Diazs TV climate contest to save the planet
}}</ref>

Gore's 2007 book, ''[[The Assault on Reason]]'', is an analysis of what he calls the "emptying out of the [[marketplace of ideas]]" in civic discourse, which, according to Gore, is due to the influence of [[electronic media]], especially [[television]], and which endangers American democracy; but he also expresses the belief that the [[Internet]] can revitalize and ultimately "redeem the integrity of representative democracy."<ref> Gore, Al. ''[[The Assault on Reason]]'' (New York: [[Penguin Press]], 2007): 270 </ref>

While Gore has frequently stated that "I'm not planning to be a candidate again," there is frequent speculation that [[Official and potential 2008 United States presidential election Democratic candidates|he may run for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination]].<ref>[http://weblogs.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/blog/2007/06/gore_hits_chicago_to_chants_of.html Gore hits Chicago to chants of 'Run, Al, Run']</ref>

== Early life ==

Albert A. Gore, Jr. was born in [[Washington, D.C.]], to [[Albert A. Gore, Sr.|Albert Arnold Gore, Sr.]], a U.S. Representative (1939–1944, 1945–1953) and Senator (1953–1971) from [[Tennessee]] and [[Pauline LaFon Gore]], one of the first women to graduate from [[Vanderbilt University Law School]]. He divided his childhood between Washington, and [[Carthage, Tennessee]]:<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/democracy/gore/stories/gore/ | title = Albert Gore Jr.: Son of a senator | accessdate = 2007-02-24 | publisher = CNN }}</ref> as a boy, during the school year, the family lived in a hotel in Washington and during summer vacations, Gore worked on the family farm in Carthage, where hay and tobacco were grown and cattle raised.<ref>{{ cite book | first = Bob | last = Zelnick | title = Al Gore: A Political Life | publisher = Regnery Publishing | year = 1999 | id = ISBN 0-89526-326-2 }}</ref>

Gore attended the elite [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]] where he ranked 25th (of 51) in his senior class.<ref name = "PostGrades">{{cite web | last = Maraniss | first = David | coauthors = Ellen Nakashima | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A37397-2000Mar18 | title=Gore's Grades Belie Image of Studiousness | work=The Washington Post | accessdate = 2006-06-17}}</ref> In preparation for his college applications, Gore scored a 1355 on his SAT (625 in verbal and 730 in math). <ref name = "PostGrades"/> Al Gore's [[IQ]] scores, from tests administered at St. Alban's School in 1961 and 1964 (his freshman and senior years) respectively, have been recorded as 133 and 134. <ref name = "PostGrades"/>

In 1965, Gore enrolled at [[Harvard College]], the only university to which he applied. His roommate (in [[Dunster House]]) was actor [[Tommy Lee Jones]]. He scored in the lower fifth of the class for two years in a row<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A37397-2000Mar18</ref> and, after finding himself bored with his classes in his declared English major, Gore switched majors and found a passion for government and graduated with honors from Harvard in June 1969 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in government. <ref name = "PostGrades"/> After returning from the military he took religious studies courses at [[Vanderbilt University|Vanderbilt]] and then entered the university's law school. He left Vanderbilt without a degree when he left to run for an open seat in Tennessee's 3rd Congressional District in 1976.

[[Image:AlGoreVietnam.gif|thumb|Gore served as a field reporter in Vietnam for five months.]]

Gore opposed the [[Vietnam War]] and could have avoided serving overseas by accepting a spot in the National Guard that a friend of his family had reserved for him or by other means of avoiding the draft. Gore has stated that his sense of civic duty compelled him to serve in some capacity.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/071100wh-gore.html | title = For Gore, Army Years Mixed Vietnam and Family Politics | accessdate = 2007-02-25 | publisher = New York Times }}</ref> He enlisted in the [[United States Army]] on [[August 7]], [[1969]]. After basic training at [[Fort Dix]], Gore was assigned as a military journalist writing for ''The Army Flier'', the base newspaper at [[Fort Rucker]]. With seven months remaining in his enlistment, Gore was shipped to [[Vietnam]], arriving on [[January 2]], [[1971]]. He served for four months with the [[20th Engineer Brigade]] in [[Bien Hoa]] and for another month at the Army Engineer Command in [[Long Binh]].

Gore said in 1988 that his experience in Vietnam:

{{quote|didn't change my conclusions about the war being a terrible mistake, but it struck me that opponents to the war, including myself, really did not take into account the fact that there were an awful lot of South Vietnamese who desperately wanted to hang on to what they called freedom. Coming face to face with those sentiments expressed by people who did the laundry and ran the restaurants and worked in the fields was something I was naively unprepared for.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://issues2000.org/Celeb/More_Al_Gore_Homeland_Security.htm | title = More Al Gore on Homeland Security | accessdate = 2007-02-24 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin }}</ref>}}

As his unit was standing down, he applied for and received a non-essential personnel honorable discharge two months early in order to attend divinity school at [[Vanderbilt University]].<ref>{{ cite web | title = For Gore, a 'Sordid Crusade' | url = http://washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A52119-1999Dec30 | accessdate = 2007-02-24 | publisher = Washington Post }}</ref> Gore left Vanderbilt after completing the required one-year Rockefeller Foundation scholarship for students returning to secular work.<ref name="Spiritual Search">{{ cite web | url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/e2247.htm | title = Al Gore: A Baptist | publisher = USA Today | accessdate = 2007-02-14 }}</ref> In 1970, Gore married [[Tipper Gore|Mary Elizabeth Aitcheson]] (known as Tipper), whom he had first met at his high school senior [[prom]] in Washington, D.C.

Gore then spent five years as a [[reporter]] for ''[[The Tennessean]]'', a newspaper in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]. His investigations of possible corruption among members of Nashville's Metro Council resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two councilmen for separate offenses.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.nashvillepost.com/news/1997/9/17/al_gore_boy_reporter | title = Al Gore, boy reporter | accessdate = 2007-05-09 }}</ref> It frustrated him, however, that a journalist could only expose wrongdoing without being able to correct it. That realization led to a leave of absence from the paper to try law school. Before he could finish, he learned that his local congressman planned to retire in 1976.<ref name="gorebio" />

== Political career (1976–2000) ==
===Congressional service===
When Congressman [[Joe L. Evins]] announced his retirement after 30 years, Gore quit law school in March 1976 to run for the [[United States House of Representatives]], in [[United States House of Representatives, Tennessee District 4|Tennessee's fourth district]]. Gore defeated [[Stanley Rogers]] in the Democratic primary, then ran unopposed in the general election and was elected to his first [[Congress of the United States|Congressional]] post. He was re-elected three times, in [[United States House elections, 1978|1978]], [[United States House elections, 1980|1980]], and [[United States House elections, 1982|1982]]. In [[United States Senate election, 1984|1984]], Gore successfully ran for a seat in the [[United States Senate]], which had been vacated by Republican Majority Leader [[Howard Baker]]. Gore served as a Senator from Tennessee until 1993, when he became Vice President.

While in Congress, Gore was a member of the following committees: [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Armed Services]] (Defense Industry and Technology Projection Forces and Regional Defense; [[Strategic Forces and Nuclear Deterrence]]); [[United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation|Commerce, Science and Transportation]] (Communications; Consumer; Science, Technology and Space — chairman 1992; [[Surface Transportation Board|Surface Transportation]]; [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|National Ocean Policy]] Study); [[U.S. Congress Joint Committee on Printing|Joint Committee on Printing]]; [[U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee|Joint Economic Committee]]; and [[U.S. Senate Committee on Rules and Administration|Rules and Administration]].

On [[March 19]], [[1979]], Gore became the first person to appear on [[C-SPAN]], making a speech in the House chambers.<ref name="Gore Chronology" /> In the late 1980s, Gore introduced the ''Gore Bill'', which was later passed as the [[High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991]]. The bill was one of the most important pieces of legislation directly affecting the expansion of the internet.

'''Opposition to U.S. government support of Saddam Hussein'''

While Senator, Gore twice attempted to get the U.S. government to pull the plug on support to Saddam Hussein, citing Hussein's use of poison gas, support of terrorism, and his burgeoning nuclear program, but was opposed both times by the Reagan and Bush administrations. In the wake of the [[Al-Anfal Campaign]], during which Hussein staged deadly mustard and nerve gas attacks on Kurdish Iraqis, Gore cosponsored the [[Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988]], which would have cut all assistance to Iraq. The bill was defeated in part due to intense lobbying of Congress by the Reagan White House and a veto threat from President Reagan.<ref>[http://www.reasons-for-war-with-iraq.info/gore_speech_9-29-92.html Speech given by Al Gore on September 29, 1992]. </ref> Gore's positions as a Senator with regard to Iraq would later become an issue in his 1992 campaign for Vice President.<ref>[http://www.breitbart.tv/?p=1602 VIDEO: Rewind: Gore Blasts G.H.W. Bush for Ignoring Iraq Terror Ties]. ''Speech given by Al Gore on September 29, 1992''</ref>

===1988 Presidential election===

{{main article|Al Gore presidential campaign, 1988}}

Gore ran for President in the [[United States presidential election, 1988|1988 United States presidential election]], but failed to obtain the Democratic nomination, which went to [[Michael Dukakis]]. During the campaign, Gore's strategy involved skipping the [[Iowa caucus]] and putting little emphasis on the [[New Hampshire Primary]] in order to concentrate his efforts on [[Southern United States|the South]]. He won Arkansas, Kentucky, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Tennessee in the [[Super Tuesday]] primaries but dropped out of the presidential race in April after a poor showing in the New York primary.<ref name="Gore Chronology">[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2000/gore/cron.html Gore Chronology up to 2000] [[Frontline (US TV series)|Frontline]] PBS.org</ref>

On [[April 3]], [[1989]], Gore's six-year-old son Albert was nearly killed in an automobile accident while leaving the [[Baltimore Orioles]]' opening day game. Because of the resulting lengthy healing process, his father chose to stay near him during the recovery instead of laying the foundation for a 1992 presidential primary campaign. Gore started writing ''[[Earth in the Balance]]'', his book on environmental conservation, during his son's recovery. It became the first book written by a sitting Senator to make ''[[The New York Times]]'' [[bestseller]] list since [[John F. Kennedy]]'s ''[[Profiles in Courage]]''.

=== Vice Presidency ===

[[Image:ClintonGore2.jpg|thumb|Vice President Gore talking with President Clinton as the two pass through the Colonnade at the White House.]]

[[Bill Clinton]] chose Gore to be his running mate for the [[United States presidential election, 1992|1992 United States presidential election]] on [[July 9]], [[1992]]. Gore was inaugurated as the 45th Vice President of the United States on [[January 20]], [[1993]]. Clinton and Gore were re-elected to a second term in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1996|1996 election]].

According to the U.S. government, the U.S. economy expanded for all eight years of the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton/Gore administration]].<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://clinton4.nara.gov/New/00BudgetFramework/budget_appendixA2.html | title = The Clinton-Gore Economic Record | accessdate = 2007-02-25 | publisher = United States Executive }}</ref> One factor was the [[Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993]], for which Gore cast the [[U.S. Vice President's tie-breaking votes|tie-breaking vote]]. The Administration worked closely with the Republican-led House to slow federal spending and eventually balance the federal budget. One of Gore's major works as Vice President was the ''National Performance Review'',<ref>[http://ipo.noaa.gov/About/npr.html announcement of National Performance Review]</ref> which pointed out waste, fraud, and other abuse in the federal government and stressed the need for cutting the size of the [[bureaucracy]] and the number of regulations. Gore stated that the National Performance Review later helped guide President Clinton when he down-sized the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]].<ref>[http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/speeches/interego.html Speech by Vice President Gore: International Reinventing Government Conference]. January 14, 1999"</ref>

In 1993, Gore debated [[Ross Perot]] on [[CNN]]'s [[Larry King Live]] on the issue of [[free trade]], with Gore arguing for free trade and the passage of [[NAFTA]], and Perot arguing against it. Public opinion polls taken after the debate showed that a majority of Americans thought Gore won the debate and now supported NAFTA<ref>''Wall Street Journal'', November 11, 1993, page A14;</ref>. The bill subsequently passed 234–200 in the House of Representatives.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://clinton5.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/initiatives/reinventing_government.html | title = Vice President's Reinvention Initiatives | accessdate = 2007-02-25 | publisher = United States Executive }}</ref>

In 1997, Gore became the highest elected official to have run a [[marathon]] while in office. He ran the 1997 [[Marine Corps Marathon]] in 4:58:25 or a pace of 11:25/mile.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.arlingtonunwired.com/faces-nealis.shtml | title = Faces | accessdate = 2007-03-21 | publisher = Arlington Unwired }}</ref>

In 1998, Gore began promoting a [[NASA]] [[satellite]] that would provide a constant view of [[Earth]], marking the first time such an image would have been made since [[The Blue Marble]] photo from the 1972 [[Apollo 17]] mission. The [[Triana (satellite)|"Triana" satellite]] would have been permanently mounted in the L1 [[Lagrangian Point]], 1.5 million km away.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/03/980317071006.htm |title=Earth-Viewing Satellite Would Focus On Educational, Scientific Benefits|accessdate=2007-02-25 |work=Science Daily}}</ref>

Also in 1998, Gore became associated with [[Digital Earth]].<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.isde5.org/history.htm | title = Digital Earth History | work = The 5th International Symposium on Digital Earth }}</ref>

===2000 Presidential election===
[[Image:Gorelieberman.jpg|right|thumb|Gore/Lieberman 2000 campaign logo]]
{{main article|Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000}}

After two terms as Vice President, Gore ran for President again in the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 United States Presidential election]], selecting Senator [[Joe Lieberman]] to be his vice-presidential running mate. The election was one of the closest and most controversial presidential elections in the history of the United States.

During the entire campaign, Gore was neck-and-neck in the polls with [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Governor of Texas]] [[George W. Bush]]. On Election Day, the results were so close that the outcome of the race took over a month to resolve, highlighted by the premature declaration of a winner on election night, and an extremely close result in the state of Florida. On election night, news networks first called Florida for Gore, later retracted the projection, and then called Florida for Bush, before finally retracting that projection as well.

The race was ultimately decided by a margin of only 537 votes in Florida. Florida's 25 electoral votes were awarded to Bush only after numerous court challenges. Gore publicly conceded the election after the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in ''[[Bush v. Gore]]'' ruled 5-4 that the Florida recount was unconstitutional and that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by the December 12 deadline, effectively ending the recounts. Gore strongly disagreed with the Court's decision, but decided "for the sake of our unity as a people and the strength of our democracy, I offer my concession."

Gore became only the third nominee in American history to win the [[popular vote]] (by half a million more votes than his opponent) but lose the electoral vote. Gore ultimately received 267 electoral votes to Bush's 271.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/pacific/magazine/20001120/schlesinger.html "It's a Mess, But We've Been Through It Before"]. ''Time Magazine''. Retrieved on [[September 6]], [[2006]]</ref> Gore also became one of the few nominees to not to carry his home state, the previous most recent being George H.W. Bush.

Running mate Joe Lieberman later criticized Gore for adopting a [[populism|populist]] theme during their 2000 campaign, and stated he had objected to Gore's "people vs. the powerful" message, believing it was not the best strategy for Democrats to use to win the election.<ref>Limbaugh, David. [http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=28519 The left still controls the Democratic Party.] WorldNetDaily August 6, 2002.</ref>

In the introduction to his global warming presentation, Gore has [[Tongue-in-cheek|jokingly]] introduced himself as "the former next President of the United States".

During his 2000 campaign for the presidency, Gore himself attributed positive economic results to his and Clinton's policies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clinton5.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/initiatives/economy.html|title= Vice Presidency's Economic Initiatives|accessdate=2007-02-25 |work=The White House}}</ref> — more than 22 million new jobs, the highest homeownership in American history (up to that time), the lowest unemployment in 30 years, the paying off of $360 billion of the national debt, the lowest poverty rate in 20 years, higher incomes at all levels, the conversion of the hitherto largest budget deficit in American history into the largest surplus, the lowest government spending in three decades, the lowest federal income tax burden in 35 years, and more families owning stocks than had up to that point. However Gore later placed a large share of the blame for his election loss on the economic downturn and [[NASDAQ]] crash of March 2000 in an interview with [[National Public Radio]]'s [[Bob Edwards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=848572|title= Al Gore Takes on Al Gore|accessdate=2007-02-25 |work=National Public Radio}}</ref>

== Post Vice-presidency ==
=== 2004 election activities ===
As the first major speaker at the [[2004 Democratic National Convention]], Gore presented himself as a living reminder that every vote counts. "Let's make sure not only that the Supreme Court does not pick the next president, but also that this president is not the one who picks the next Supreme Court," said Gore. Gore directed remarks to supporters of third-party presidential candidate [[Ralph Nader]], who abandoned the Democratic Party four years ago, asking them, "Do you still believe that there was no difference between the candidates?"<ref>[http://pbs.org/newshour/vote2004/demconvention/speeches/gore.html PBS transcript of Gore speech at 2004 convention]</ref>

Initially, Al Gore was touted as a logical opponent of George W. Bush in the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 Presidential Election]]. "Re-elect Gore!" was a common slogan among many Democrats who felt he had been cheated out of the presidency, on the grounds of his winning the popular vote and the Florida voting controversies. On [[December 16]], [[2002]], however, Gore announced that he would not run in 2004, saying that it was time for "fresh faces" and "new ideas" to emerge from the Democrats. When he appeared on a ''[[60 Minutes]]'' interview, Gore said that he felt if he had run, the focus of the election would be the rematch rather than the issues. Gore's former running mate, [[Joe Lieberman]] quickly announced his own candidacy for the presidency, which he had vowed he would not do if Gore ran.

Despite Gore taking himself out of the race, a handful of his supporters formed a national campaign to "[[political draft|draft]]" him into running. However, that effort largely came to an end when Gore publicly endorsed [[Governor of Vermont]] [[Howard Dean]] (over his former running mate Lieberman) weeks before the first primary of the election cycle. There was still some effort to encourage write-in votes for Gore in the primaries by [[Patriots for Al Gore]] who were separate from the draft movement. Although Gore did receive a small number of votes in New Hampshire and New Mexico, that effort was halted when [[John Kerry]] pulled into the lead for the nomination.

On [[February 9]], [[2004]], on the eve of the [[Tennessee]] primary, Gore gave what some consider his harshest criticism of the president yet when he accused [[George W. Bush]] of betraying the country by using the 9/11 attacks as a justification for the invasion of Iraq. Gore also urged all Democrats to unite behind their eventual nominee proclaiming, "Any one of these candidates is far better than George W. Bush." In March 2004 Gore, along with former Presidents [[Bill Clinton]] and [[Jimmy Carter]], united behind Kerry as the presumptive Democratic nominee.

On [[April 28]], [[2004]], Gore announced that he would be donating $6 million to various Democratic Party groups. Drawing from his funds left over from [[Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000|his 2000 campaign]], Gore pledged to donate $4 million to the [[Democratic National Committee]]. The party's Senate and House committees would each get $1 million, and the party from Gore's home state of [[Tennessee]] would receive $250,000. In addition, Gore announced that all of the surplus funds in his "Recount Fund" from the 2000 election controversy that resulted in the Supreme Court halting the counting of the ballots, a total of $240,000, will be donated to the Florida Democratic Party. Gore stressed the importance of voting and having every vote counted, foreshadowing the [[2004 United States election voting controversies]].

=== 2008 Presidential election plans ===

Gore has not stated that he will participate as a candidate in the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential election]]. However, as he has not rejected the possibility outright, the prospect of a Gore candidacy remains a topic of public speculation. Some of Gore's supporters have publicly encouraged him to join the race. An April 2007 Quinnipiac University poll of 504 registered Democrats in New Jersey showed Gore receiving 12% of the votes in a hypothetical Democratic primary, in third place behind [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Barack Obama]].<ref>[http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1299.xml?ReleaseID=1043 "Giuliani Has Same Lead Over Any Dem In New Jersey, Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; Moving Primary Has Little Impact On Voters"]. ''Quinnipiac University''. April 19, 2007.</ref>

Gore and his family have commented on whether Gore will run in the 2008 presidential election. In December 2006, Gore stated on NBC's ''[[Today (NBC program)|Today]]'': "I am not planning to run for president again [...] I haven't completely ruled it out."<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/blogs/politicalticker/2006/12/cnn-political-ticker-am_06.html "CNN Political Ticker AM"]. ''CNN''. December 6, 2006.</ref> His son, Albert Gore III, followed with a comment in a [[December 14]], [[2006]] article: "I know that [my father] has no plans to run in 2008 [...] Well, I guess I have to add his addendum. I think the way he always says it is, "I don't see any circumstances under which I would run for president.""<ref>Morgan, Spencer.
[http://www.observer.com/node/30947 "Albert Gore: Dad's Doing Well, Not Running in 2008"], ''New York Observer'' December 14, 2006.</ref>

The release of ''An Inconvenient Truth'' in 2006 increased Gore's popularity among progressives.<ref>Jonathan Chait of ''The New Republic'' cites a Daily Kos straw poll and ''An Inconvenient Truth''. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20060604/ai_n16455450 "Gore's popularity soars as Clinton loses her way"]</ref><ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-09-10-gore-remarks_x.htm "Gore says he hasn't ruled out another White House run"]</ref> Gore received 68% of support among "fantasy" potential 2008 Democratic presidential candidates in a May 2006 straw poll of visitors to [[Daily Kos]]<ref>[http://www.dailykos.com/poll/1148396397_RcAkIUdC "Who do you support in 2008?"]. ''Daily Kos''.</ref> and 35% in a [[July 13]], [[2006]] survey of [[AlterNet]] readers.<ref>[http://www.alternet.org/story/38849/ "Readers Speak: Gore, Chomsky and Ivins Are Winners"] ''Alternet''. July 13, 2006.</ref> A [[Gallup poll]] of August 2006 shows that nearly half of Americans viewed Gore favorably (48 percent to 45 percent).<ref>[http://poll.gallup.com/content/default.aspx?ci=23992 "Americans Not Warming to Al Gore"]. ''The Gallup Poll''. August 3, 2006.</ref> A CNN telephone poll conducted by the [[Opinion Research Corporation]] of registered or independent leaning Democrats in November 2006 had Gore with 14% support in a theoretical multi-candidate Democratic [[primary election]].{{Fact|date=June 2007}} 

[[Donna Brazile]], Gore's campaign chairwoman from the [[Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000|2000 campaign]] made cryptic comments during a speech on [[January 31]], [[2007]], at [[Moravian College]] in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]] stating, "Wait till [[Academy awards|Oscar]] night, I tell people: 'I'm dating. I haven't fallen in love yet. On Oscar night, if Al Gore has slimmed down 25 or 30 pounds, Lord knows.'"<ref>[http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/02/02/2008-democrats-in-town "2008: Democrats in Town"]. ''The New York Times''. (Blog). February 2, 2007</ref> The meaning of these remarks became clearer when on award night, while in attendance and acting as a presenter for an award, Gore began a speech that seemed to be leading up to an announcement that he would run for president. However, background music drowned him out and he was escorted offstage, implying it was a rehearsed gag.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6401865.stm "Washington diary: Al meets Oscar"] ''BBC News''. February 28, 2007</ref>

Others have expressed an interest in seeing Gore run in 2008. According to the [[February 6]], [[2007]] issue of ''The Santa Barbara Independent'', when Gore received ''The Sir David Attenborough Award for Excellence in Nature Filmmaking'' at the ''Santa Barbara International Film Festival'' on February 2, director [[James Cameron]] (who presented him with the award) stated: "[I] beseech Mr. Gore to step up to the plate one more time!"<ref>Lisa Knox Burns. [http://www.edhat.com/site/tidbit.cfm?id=1656 "Gore to People: It's Up to US"] ''edhat.com''.</ref>
Furthermore, the [[February 8]], [[2007]] edition of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' notes in the article ''Supporters Push Gore to Run in 2008'', "Veterans of Al Gore's past are quietly assembling a campaign to draft the former vice president into the 2008 presidential race — despite his repeated statements that he's not running [...] In 2002, Gore asked [Dylan] Malone, to stop a draft effort he had begun; Malone did. Malone started up again and, so far, Gore hasn't waved him off."<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020801273.html "Supporters Push Gore to Run in 2008"]. ''The Associated Press''. February 8, 2007.</ref>

The question of whether or not Gore will run is the cover story of the [[May 28]], [[2007]] issue of [[TIME]] magazine, ''The Last Temptation of Al Gore.''<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20070528,00.html "The Last Temptation Of Al Gore"]. ''Time Magazine''. May 28, 2007.</ref>

A [[29 June]] [[2007]] article in the ''[[The Guardian]]'' cited a poll conducted "in New Hampshire by 7News and [[Suffolk University]]" that found that if Gore "were to seek the Democratic nomination, 29% of [[Hillary Clinton|Mrs. Clinton]]'s backers would switch their support to him [...] when defections from other candidates are factored in, the man who controversially lost to Mr. [[George W. Bush|Bush]] in the 2000 election takes command of the field, with 32% support."<ref>{{cite news | first=Simon | last=Tisdall | coauthors= | title=Poll of Democrats reveals Gore could still steal the show | date=[[2007-06-29]] | publisher= | url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/uselections08/story/0,,2114538,00.html | work =The Guardian | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-17 | language = }}</ref>

=== Private citizen ===
In 2001, Gore accepted [[visiting professor]]ships at the [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism]],<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/01/01/gore.html "Former Vice President Al Gore to Teach at Columbia's School of Journalism"]. ''Columbia University''. January 25, 2001.</ref> [[Fisk University]]<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_10_99/ai_71190245/print "Al Gore To Teach At Fisk University — Brief Article"]. ''findarticles.com''. COPYRIGHT 2001 Johnson Publishing Co.. COPYRIGHT 2001 Gale Group.</ref> [[Middle Tennessee State University]],<ref>[http://www.mtsu.edu/~famcom/fall02/gore.htm "The Faculty: Al Gore"]. ©2001-02 ''Middle Tennessee State University''</ref> and [[UCLA]].<ref>[http://www.today.ucla.edu/2001/010213gore.html "TRAINING THE NEXT COMMUNITY BUILDERS: Gore taps faculty expertise"]. Copyright 2001 UC Regents.</ref> At the same time, Gore also became Vice Chairman of [[Los Angeles]] financial firm [[Metropolitan West Financial LLC]].

On [[September 23]], [[2002]], in a speech before the [[Commonwealth Club]], Gore gave what many consider to be one of the strongest speeches by any public figure criticizing [[President George W. Bush]] and [[Congress]] for their rush to war prior to the outbreak of hostilities in [[Iraq]].<ref>[http://www.commonwealthclub.org/archive/02/02-09gore-speech.html Former Vice President Al Gore IRAQ and the War on Terrorism] — September 23, 2002 Commonwealth Club speech transcript</ref> In it, Gore warned of the great expense the war was sure to incur, the risk to America's reputation in the world, and the questionable legality of the [[Bush Doctrine]] of [[preemptive war]].<ref>[http://www.consortiumnews.com/2007/082607.html]</ref>

On [[May 4]], [[2004]], [[INdTV]] Holdings, a company co-founded by Gore and [[Joel Hyatt]], purchased cable news channel [[NewsWorld International]] from [[Vivendi Universal]]. The new network would not "be a liberal network, a Democratic network or a political network", Gore said, but would serve as an "independent voice" for a target audience of people between 18 and 34 "who want to learn about the world in a voice they recognize and a view they recognize as their own."<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/05/04/entertainment/main615523.shtml "Al Gore Buying Int'l News Channel"]. ''CBS News''. May 4, 2005.</ref>

The network was relaunched under the name [[Current TV]] on [[August 1]], [[2005]]. On [[September 16]], [[2007]], [[Current TV]] won the ''Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Television'' award at the 2007 [[Primetime Emmys]] <ref>[http://www.emmys.tv/downloads/2007/pte59emmywinners.pdf 59th Primetime Emmy Awards]</ref> for its use of online technologies with television. In his acceptance speech, Gore stated, "we are trying to open up the television medium so that viewers can help to make television and join the conversation of democracy and reclaim American democracy by talking about the choices we have to make. More to come. Current.com. Next month." <ref>[http://thinkprogress.org/2007/09/16/al-gore-wins-emmy-for-current-tv/ 2007 Primetime Emmys Acceptance Speech]</ref>

In late 2004, Gore launched an investment firm [[Generation Investment Management]], which he chairs, to seek out companies taking a responsible view on big global issues like [[climate change]]. It was created to assist the growing demand for an investment style that can bring returns by blending traditional equity research with a focus on more intangible non-financial factors such as social and environmental responsibility and corporate governance.

In September 2005, Gore chartered two aircraft to evacuate 270 evacuees from New Orleans in the aftermath of [[Hurricane Katrina]].<ref>Duncan Mansfield / Associated Press. [http://www.detnews.com/2005/nation/0509/09/nat4%2D309467.htm "Al Gore airlifts Katrina victims out of New Orleans"]. ''The Detroit News''. September 9, 2005.</ref> He was highly critical of the government and federal response in the days after the hurricane.

On [[March 22]], [[2007]], Gore was awarded an honorary doctorate by Concordia University during the Youth Action Montreal's Youth Summit on Climate Change in Quebec, Canada.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://cjournal.concordia.ca/journalarchives/2006-07/mar_22/009006.shtml | title= Hon Doc for Al Gore | work=Concordia Journal |date=| accessdate=2007-06-14}}</ref>

In April 2007, Gore was elected an honorary Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]. He will be inducted in a ceremony in October 2007 in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].

In Spain, Gore has received 2007 [[Prince of Asturias Prize]] for international cooperation<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premiados/trayectorias/trayectoria815.html |title=Al Gore |accessdate=2007-07-17 |publisher=Prince of Asturias Foundation }}</ref>

== Promoting environmental awareness ==
[[Image:AlGoreGlobalWarmingTalk.jpg|thumb|Gore giving his global warming talk on [[April 7]], [[2006]].]]

Gore has had many epithets directed at him, such as the 'Noah of Modern Times', and 'The Environment Evangelist', for his role in bringing the problem of [[global warming]] to the attention of Americans and other citizens. According to a [[February 27]], [[2007]] article in ''The [[Concord Monitor]]'', "Gore was one of the first politicians to grasp the seriousness of climate change and to call for a reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouses gases. He held the first congressional hearings on the subject in the late [[1970s]]."<ref>{{ cite web | title = Oscar win was one more first for Al Gore | url = http://www.cmonitor.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070227/REPOSITORY/702270330/1027/OPINION01 | date = [[27 February]] [[2007]] | accessdate = 2007-05-29 | work = Monitor editorial | publisher = Concord Monitor | author = Monitor staff }}</ref> During his tenure in Congress, Gore co-sponsored hearings on toxic waste in 1978–79, and hearings on global warming in the [[1980]]s.<ref>[http://pbs.org/now/science/climatechange.html "The Political Climate"]. ''PBS''. April 22, 2005.</ref>

On [[Earth Day]] 1994, Gore launched the [[GLOBE program]], an education and science activity that, according to [[Forbes magazine]], "made extensive use of the Internet to increase student awareness of their environment".<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/facesinthenews/2006/09/21/gore-google-yahoo-face-cx_cn_0920autofacescan06.html "Gore really does get the web"]. Forbes. [[September 21]], [[2006]].</ref>

In the late [[1990s]], Gore strongly pushed for the passage of the [[Kyoto Treaty]], which called for reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://web.archive.org/web/20001207090900/www.algore.com/speeches/speeches_kyoto_120897.html |title=Remarks By Al Gore, Climate Change Conference| accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://clinton5.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/initiatives/environment.html |title=Vice President Gore: Strong Environmental Leadership for the New Millennium |accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref> He was opposed by the Senate, which passed unanimously (95-0) the Byrd-Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98),<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=105&session=1&vote=00205 | title= U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 105th Congress — 1st Session:S.Res. 98| date=[[1997-07-25]] | accessdate=2007-01-31}}</ref> which stated the sense of the Senate was that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol that did not include binding targets and timetables for developing as well as industrialized nations or "would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nationalcenter.org/KyotoSenate.html | title= Text of the Byrd-Hagel Resolution| date=[[1997-07-25]] | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref> On [[November 12]] [[1998]], Gore symbolically signed the protocol. Both Gore and Senator [[Joseph Lieberman]] indicated that the protocol would not be acted upon in the Senate until there was participation by the developing nations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/12/11/kyoto/ |date=[[1997-12-11]] |title=Clinton Hails Global Warming Pact | work =All Politics | publisher =CNN | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref> The Clinton Administration never submitted the protocol to the Senate for ratification.

In recent years, Gore has remained busy traveling the world speaking and participating in events mainly aimed towards [[global warming]] awareness and prevention. His keynote presentation on global warming has received standing ovations, and he has presented it at least 1,000 times according to his monologue in ''An Inconvenient Truth''. His speaking fee is $100,000.<ref>[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0717071gore1.html Al Gore, $100,000 Man] July 17, 2007</ref>

Gore is a vocal proponent of [[Action on climate change#Lifestyle action|carbon neutrality]], buying a [[carbon offset]] each time he travels by aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,1786438,00.html |title=Born Again |publisher=Guardian Unlimited |date=May 31, 2006}}</ref> Gore and his family drive [[hybrid vehicle]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0606/13/lkl.01.html |title=Larry King Live — Interview with Al Gore |publisher=CNN |date=June 13, 2006}}</ref>

Interest in Al Gore's speeches reached such a point that a public lecture at [[University of Toronto]] on [[February 21]], [[2007]], on the topic of global warming, led to a crash of the ticket sales website within minutes of opening.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/article/179465 "An Inconvenient Rush: Thousands out of luck as Gore talk sells out in minutes"]. ''Toronto Star''. February 8, 2007.</ref> A few weeks later, he spoke at another event in the same city and, for the first time, made the argument that employers have a significant role to play in mobilizing their employees to take action on climate change.<ref>[http://www.canadastop100.com/conference "Thank you for attending the 2007 Top Employer Summit"]. (Picture of Al Gore speaking). ''Canada's Top 100 Employers''.</ref>

During [[List of commemorative days#February|Global Warming Awareness Month]], on [[February 9]], [[2007]], Al Gore and [[Richard Branson]] announced the ''[[Virgin Earth Challenge]]'', a competition offering a $25 million prize for the first person or organization to produce a viable design that results in the removal of atmospheric [[greenhouse gases]].<ref>[http://www.virginearth.com/ Virgin Earth Challenge official web site]. Al Gore is listed as a judge.</ref>

On [[July 7]], [[2007]], [[Live Earth]] [[benefit concert]]s were held around the world in an effort to raise awareness about climate change. The event was the brainchild of both Gore and [[Kevin Wall]] of [[Save Our Selves]].

[[Image:AlGoreWin.jpg|thumb|left|Al Gore during the acceptance speech for ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]'' with other members of the crew.]]

Gore starred in the [[documentary film]] ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]'', which won the [[2007]] [[Academy Award for Documentary Feature]].<ref name="79th Oscar">{{cite news |title=79th Annual Academy Awards |url=http://www.oscar.com/oscarnight/winners/?pn=detail&nominee=AnInconvenientTruthDocumentaryFeatureNominee |work= |publisher=OSCAR.com |accessdate=2007-05-24 }}</ref> The Oscar was awarded to director [[Davis Guggenheim]], who asked Gore to join him and other members of the crew on stage. During this time, Gore gave a brief speech: "My fellow Americans, people all over the world, we need to solve the climate crisis. It's not a political issue; it's a moral issue. We have everything we need to get started, with the possible exception of the will to act. That's a renewable resource. Let's renew it."<ref>[http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/gore-wins-hollywood-in-a-landslide/ "Gore Wins Hollywood in a Landslide"]</ref>

The film, released on [[May 24]], [[2006]], documents the evidence for [[anthropogenic]] [[global warming]] and warns of the consequences of people not making immediate changes to their behavior. In late July, it surpassed ''[[Bowling for Columbine]]'' as the third-highest-grossing documentary in U.S. history.<ref name="Box Office Mojo">[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=documentary.htm "DOCUMENTARY: 1982–Present"]. ''Box Office Mojo''. (Rankings).</ref> Gore also published a book of the same title, which became a bestseller.

== Internet and technology ==

{{main article|Al Gore's contributions to the Internet and technology}}

Al Gore was involved in the development and mainstreaming of the Internet as both Senator and Vice-President. Campbell-Kelly and Aspray note in Chapter 12 of their 1996 text, ''[[Computer: A History of the Information Machine]]'', that up until the early [[1990s]], public usage of the Internet was limited. They continue to state that the "problem of giving ordinary Americans network access had exercised Senator Al Gore since the late 1970s" leading him to develop legislation that would alleviate this problem.<ref>Campbell-Kelly and Aspray (1996).''[[Computer: A History of the Information Machine]]''. New York: BasicBooks, 298 </ref> Gore thus began to craft the ''[[High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991]]'' (commonly referred to as "The [[Gore Bill]]"<ref>{{cite news | first=| last=| url=http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/internet_history/internet_history_90s.shtml| title=Computher History Museum Exhibits:1991| work=computerhistory.org|publisher=Computer History Museum| date=| accessdate=2007-06-01}}</ref>) after hearing the 1988 report ''Toward a National Research Network''<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Kleinrock | first1 = Leonard | author1-link = | last2 = Kahn | first2 = Bob | last3 = Clark | first3 = David | last4 = et. al. | first4 = | title = Toward a National Research Network | date = 1988 | url = http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=NI000393 | access-date = 2007-06-01 }}</ref> submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science, [[Leonard Kleinrock]], one of the central creators of the [[ARPANET#Initial ARPA deployment|ARPANET]] (the ARPANET, first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969, is the predecessor of the Internet).<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Kleinrock | first1 = Leonard | author1-link = | last2 = Cerf | first2 = Vint | last3 = Kahn | first3 = Bob | last4 = et. al. | first4 = | title = A Brief History of the Internet | date = [[2003-12-10]] | url = http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml#Transition | access-date = 2007-06-01 }}</ref>

== Family ==
Gore had an elder sister, Nancy Gore Hunger. She died of [[lung cancer]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film review: An Inconvenient Truth |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/film-reviews/an-inconvenient-truth/2006/09/15/1157827139680.html |accessdate=2007-06-09 |publisher=smh.com.au}}</ref>

Gore has four children: [[Karenna Gore Schiff|Karenna]] (born [[August 6]], [[1973]]), married to Andrew "Drew" Schiff<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/07/12/gore.wedding/ Gore's Eldest Daughter Weds New York Doctor In Washington]</ref>; [[Kristin Gore|Kristin Cusack]] (born [[June 5]], [[1977]]), married to Paul Cusack; [[Sarah Gore|Sarah Lee]] (born [[January 7]], [[1979]]), married to [[Taiwanese-American]] businessman Bill Lee<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20046345,00.html |title=Al Gore's Daughter Sarah Gets Married |accessdate=2007-07-17 |last=Wihlborg |first=Ulrica |date=2007-06-14 |publisher=[[People Magazine]] }}</ref> (李君偉)<ref>http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2007/07/25/2003371199</ref>; and [[Al Gore III|Albert III]] (born [[October 19]], [[1982]]). The Gores also have two grandchildren: Wyatt (born [[July 4]], [[1999]]) and Anna Schiff (born [[August 23]], [[2001]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ochealthinfo.com/2004summit/keynote.htm |title=Keynote Speaker |accessdate=2007-07-04 |publisher=Orange County Health Care Agency}}</ref> Sarah is currently a medical student at [[University of California, San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Al Gore's Youngest Daughter Married |url=http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/us/AP-People-Sarah-Gore.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |date=[[2007-07-15]]}}</ref> Albert works as associate publisher of the philanthropic ''Good'' magazine.

The Gores reside in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], and own a small farm near Carthage; they attend New Salem Missionary [[Baptist Church]] in Carthage. In late 2005 the Gores bought a condominium at San Francisco's St. Regis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/12/prweb326327.htm |title=Al Gore's Move to San Francisco Generates Real Estate Buzz | accessdate=2007-02-24|publisher=Newswire}}</ref>

== Al Gore in popular culture ==
[[Image:Al Gore on Futurama.JPG|right|thumb|Gore as depicted in the ''[[Futurama]]'' episode "[[Crimes of the Hot]]".]]
Gore has made numerous appearances in [[popular culture]] related to environmentalism. Gore has also made numerous appearances in [[Matt Groening]]'s hit [[cartoon]] [[sitcom]] ''[[Futurama]]'' as himself, and will reprise the role in the upcoming December 2007 film, ''[[Futurama: Bender's Big Score]].''<ref>{{cite web | first = Jack | last = Zulkey | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jack-zulkey/al-gore-the-futurama_b_51200.html | title = Al Gore, The Futurama President | publisher = [[Huffington Post]] | date = [[June 7]], [[2007]] | accessdate = 2007-06-08 }}</ref> In [[2000]] Gore had offered to appear in the 2000 season finale of ''[[Futurama]]'', ''[[Anthology of Interest I]].'' In this episode, Gore led his team of "[[Vice Presidential Action Rangers]]" in their goal to protect the [[space-time continuum]].<ref>{{ cite web | title = Veep guest stars in TV cartoon | url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/e1831.htm | author = [[Associated Press]] | date = [[May 22]], [[2000]] | accessdate = 2007-06-06 }}</ref> In [[2002]], Gore appeared in the episode ''[[Crimes of the Hot]],''<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20021108-1750-ca-people-gore.html | title = Al Gore reprises role on 'Futurama' cartoon | author = [[Associated Press]] | date = [[November 8]], [[2002]] | accessdate = 2007-06-06 }}</ref> Gore is initially introduced by Van who states: "Thank you all for coming. It is my pleasure to introduce the host of the Kyoto Global Warming Convention. The inventor of the environment and first Emperor of the Moon: Al Gore." Gore then offers his own introduction in which he says: "My fellow Earthicans, as I discuss in my book ''Earth in the Balance'' and the much more popular ''[[Harry Potter]] and the Balance of Earth'', we need to defend our planet against pollution. As well as dark wizards."<ref name="futuramamad"/>

Gore's willingness to poke fun at himself on the show was later cited by pundits as an example of the way he re-invented the purportedly stiff and emotionless persona that he had displayed in public before his electoral loss in 2000.<ref>{{ cite web | last = Marlantes | first = Liz| url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1119/p01s01-uspo.html | title = A 'new' Al Gore returns: front, not quite center | publisher = [[Christian Science Monitor]] | work = USA > Politics | date = [[September 19]], [[2002]] | accessdate = 2007-06-06 }}</ref> In a review of the episode, ''[[Washington Post]]'' writer [[Howard Kurtz]] called it a "groundbreaking role" and suggested that it was "post-election reemergence ... as carefully choreographed as a political campaign".<ref>{{ cite web | last = Kurtz | first = Howard | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3104-2002Nov17 | title = Suddenly for Al Gore, Not a Moment to Lose | publisher = Washington Post | pages = C01 | date = [[November 18]], [[2002]] | accessdate = 2007-06-06 }}</ref>

In 2006 Gore used a short clip from ''[[Futurama]]'' to explain how global warming works in his presentations and in ''An Inconvenient Truth''.<ref>{{cite web | last = Clarke | first = Donald | title = You Go, Gore | publisher = [[Irish Times]] | url = http://www.ireland.com/theticket/articles/2006/0915/1158001563481.html | date = [[September 15]], [[2006]] | accessdate = 2007-06-06 }}</ref>

* In 2006 Gore appeared on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' (episode #603), In an opening sketch, Gore is in a [[multiverse (science)|parallel Earth]] in which he won the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 Presidential race]]. Gore describes the state of the nation: global warming has been stopped; [[gasoline]] costs 19¢ a gallon; George W. Bush is [[Baseball Commissioner]]; welfare and [[Social Security]] have been reformed and America now enjoys [[universal health care]]; Gore helped develop an anti-[[Tropical cyclone|hurricane]]/[[tornado]] machine; and the [[United States public debt|federal surplus]] is down to eleven trillion dollars.
* Gore also appeared on the ''[[Weekend Update]]'' sketch and engaged in a debate on global warming with [[Amy Poehler]].
* In 2002 Gore hosted ''Saturday Night Live'', (episode #533).
* Gore was satirized by South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone in the episode [[ManBearPig]].

== Electoral history ==

; 2000 United States Presidential Election

: '''[[George W. Bush]]''' (R) — 271 Electoral Votes (47.9% of popular vote)
: Al Gore (D) — 266 Electoral Votes (48.4% of popular vote)
: [[Ralph Nader]] (Green) 2.7% of popular vote
: [[Pat Buchanan]] (Reform) 0.4% of popular vote
: [[Harry Browne]] (Libertarian) 0.4% of popular vote
: [[Howard Phillips]] (Constitution) 0.1% of popular vote
: [[John Hagelin]] (Natural Law) 0.1% of popular vote

; 1996 United States Presidential Election (Vice President's seat)

: '''Al Gore''' (D) (inc.) — 379 Electoral Votes (49.2% of popular vote)
: [[Jack Kemp]] (R) 40.7% — 159 Electoral Votes (40.7% of popular vote)
: [[Pat Choate]] 8.4% of popular vote
: [[Jo Jorgensen]] (Libertarian) 0.5% of popular vote
: [[Herbert Titus]] (Taxpayers) 0.2% of popular vote
: Michael Tompkins (Natural Law) 0.1% of popular vote

; 1992 United States Presidential Election (Vice President's seat)

: '''Al Gore''' (D) — 370 Electoral Votes (43.0% of popular vote)
: [[Dan Quayle]] (R) (inc.) — 168 Electoral Votes (37.4% of popular vote)
: [[James Stockdale]] (I) 18.9% of popular vote
: [[Nancy Lord]] (Libertarian) 0.3% of popular vote
: Cy Minett (Populist) 0.1% of popular vote

; 1990 Tennessee United States Senatorial Election

:'''Al Gore''' (D) (inc.) 69.6%
:[[Dwight Henry]] (R) 30.4%

; 1984 Tennessee United States Senatorial Election

: '''Al Gore''' (D) 60.7% of popular vote
: [[Victor Ashe]] (R) 33.8% of popular vote
: Ed McAteer (I) 5.3% of popular vote

== See also ==

* [[Al Gore controversies]]
* [[Manbearpig]]

== Bibliography ==

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2">
; Books and other publications

* {{ cite book | title = [[The Assault on Reason]] | first = Al | last = Gore | year = 2007 | publisher = New York: Penguin | id = ISBN 1594201226 }}
* {{ cite book | title = [[An Inconvenient Truth]]: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We can do about it | first = Al | last = Gore | year = 2006 | publisher = New York: Rodale Books | id = ISBN 1594865671 }}
* {{ cite book | title = Joined at the Heart: The Transformation of the American Family | first = Al | last = Gore | year = 2002 | coauthor = Tipper Gore | id = ISBN 0805074503 }}
* {{ cite book | title = The Spirit of Family | first = Al | last = Gore | year = 2002 | coauthor = Tipper Gore | id = ISBN 0805068945 }}
* {{ cite book | title = From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government That Works Better and Costs Less | first = Al | last = Gore | year = 2001 | id = ISBN 158963571X }}
* {{ cite book | title = Common Sense Government: Works Better & Costs Less: National Performance Review (3rd Report) | first = Al | last = Gore | year = 1998 | id = ISBN 0788139088 }}
* {{ cite book | title = Businesslike Government: lessons learned from America's best companies | first = Al | last = Gore | year = 1997 | coauthor = [[Scott Adams]] | id = ISBN 0788170538 }}
* {{ cite book | title = [[Earth in the Balance]]: Forging a New Common Purpose | publisher = Earthscan | year = 1992 | first = Al | last = Gore | id = ISBN 0618056645 }}

; Articles, reports, and speeches

* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/16/AR2006011600779.html Transcript: Former Vice President Gore's Speech on Constitutional Issues, January, 2006]
* [http://www.sierrasummit2005.org/sierrasummit/coverage/r016.asp Transcript of Al Gore's speech at the Sierra Summit, September 9, 2005]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/politics/campaign/26TEXT-GORE.html Remarks of Former Vice President Al Gore to the Democratic National Convention, 2004]
* [http://www.gwu.edu/~action/2004/gore/gore100202sp.html Transcript: Former Vice President Al Gore:Matching our Nation's Economic Course to Our Current Realities — Brookings Institution, October, 2002]
* [http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/11/27/gore.transcript/index.html Transcript: Gore remarks on Florida vote certification, November 27, 2000]
* [http://www.isde5.org/al_gore_speech.htm The Digital Earth:Understanding our planet in the 21st Century, by Vice President Al Gore, Given at the California Science Center, Los Angeles, California, on January 31, 1998].
* ''[http://www.gcrio.org/USCCAP/toc.html The Climate Change Action Plan].'' Washington, DC: The White House, October, 1993 (with William Clinton).
*[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_n1_v50/ai_14390995/print News briefs — Vice President Albert Gore, Jr., talks about the environment — Letter to the Editor], ''[[Science World (magazine)|Science World]]'', [[3 September]] [[1993]].
</div>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|Al Gore}}

* [http://www.algore.com Official website]
*[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/?&Db=d102&querybd=@FIELD(FLD003+@4((@1(Sen+Gore++Albert++Jr.))+00449)) Legislation Sponsored by Senator Gore] — [[Library of Congress]]
* {{imdb name|id=0330722|name=Al Gore}}
* [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/g/al_gore/index.html News stories & commentary] — ''[[New York Times]]''
* [http://www.charlierose.com/guests/al-gore Al Gore] ''[[Charlie Rose (talk show)|Charlie Rose]]'' interviews
* [http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/video.php?id=1023 Gore interview] [http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/video.php?id=1024 part 2] on ''[[The Hour]]'' with [[George Stroumboulopoulos]]
=== Projects ===
* [http://www.climateprotect.org Alliance for Climate Protection]
* http://www.theclimateproject.org/
* http://liveearth.org/
* http://www.climatecrisis.net/
* http://www.current.tv/
* [http://www.generationim.com/ Generation Investment Management LLP]
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{{2008 U.S. presidential election}}
{{Apple}}



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Al Gore

2007-09-23T12:46:24Z

75.69.181.109: /* See also */

{{Mergefrom|Al Gore controversies|date=September 2007}}

{{two other uses|the former Vice President of the United States|his father, U.S. Senator from Tennessee|Albert Gore, Sr.|his son|Al Gore III}}

{{ Infobox Vice President
| name = Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr.
| image = Al Gore, Vice President of the United States, official portrait 1994.jpg
| order = 45th [[Vice President of the United States]]
| term_start = [[January 20]], [[1993]]
| term_end = [[January 20]], [[2001]]
| president = [[Bill Clinton]]
| predecessor = [[Dan Quayle]]
| successor = [[Dick Cheney]]
| jr/sr2 = United States Senator
| state2 = [[Tennessee]]
| term_start2 = [[January 3]], [[1985]]
| term_end2 = [[January 2]], [[1993]]
| predecessor2 = [[Howard Baker]]
| successor2 = [[Harlan Mathews]]
| district3 = [[United States House of Representatives, Tennessee District 6|6th]]
| state3 = Tennessee
| term_start3 = [[January 3]], [[1983]]
| term_end3 = [[January 3]], [[1985]]
| predecessor3 = [[Robin Beard]]
| successor3 = [[Bart Gordon]]
| district4 = [[United States House of Representatives, Tennessee District 4|4th]]
| state4 = Tennessee
| term_start4 = [[January 3]], [[1977]]
| term_end4 = [[January 3]], [[1983]]
| predecessor4 = [[Joe L. Evins]]
| successor4 = [[Jim Cooper]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|3|31}}
| birth_place =[[Washington, D.C.]]
| spouse = [[Tipper Gore|Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" A. Gore]]
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion = [[Baptist]] (formerly [[Southern Baptist]])
| website = http://www.algore.com/
}}

'''Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr.''' (born [[March 31]], [[1948]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[politician]], [[businessman]], and [[Environmentalism|environmentalist]]. Gore served in the [[United States House of Representatives]] (1977–85) and the [[United States Senate]] (1985–93) representing [[Tennessee]]. From 1993 to 2001, he was the forty-fifth [[Vice President of the United States]], under [[Bill Clinton]].

Gore was the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for President in the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 election]], which was one of the most controversial elections in American history.<ref>{{ cite web | title = Al Gore | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037426/Al-Gore | publisher = Encyclopedia Britannica | accessdate = 2007-07-07 }}</ref> After a series of voting discrepancies and court challenges in the state of [[Florida]] the [[United States Supreme Court]], with its final ruling on ''[[Bush v. Gore]]'', stopped ongoing [[ballot]] recounts, giving [[George W. Bush]] the [[electoral college]] victory, and consequently the presidency.<ref>[http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html George W. Bush, et al., Petitioners v. Albert Gore, Jr., et al.], 531 U.S. 98 (2000).</ref>

Today, Gore is president of the American television channel [[Current TV]] (which won the ''Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Television'' award at the 2007 [[Primetime Emmys]] <ref>[http://www.emmys.tv/downloads/2007/pte59emmywinners.pdf 59th Primetime Emmy Awards]</ref>) chairman of [[Generation Investment Management]], a director on the board of [[Apple Inc.]], an unofficial advisor to [[Google]]'s senior management, and chairman of the [[Alliance for Climate Protection]].

Gore lectures widely on the topic of [[global warming]], which he calls "the climate crisis",<ref>{{ cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.05/gore.html|title=The Resurrection of Al Gore |accessdate=2007-02-24 |work=Wired Magazine }}</ref> and in 2006 starred in the [[Academy Award]]-winning [[Documentary film|documentary]] ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]'', discussing global warming and the environment. Under his leadership, one of Gore's organizations, ''[[Save Our Selves]]'', organized the [[benefit concert]] ''[[Live Earth]]'' in an effort to raise awareness about climate change. The concert was held all over the world on [[July 07]], [[2007]] (07.07.07). In July 2007, he announced teaming with actress [[Cameron Diaz]] for a TV climate contest [[60 Seconds to Save the Earth]] to gain people's support in solving the climate crisis.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.andhranews.net/Entertainment/2007/July/21-Gore-Diaz-climate-8817.asp
| title = Al Gore, Diazs TV climate contest to save the planet
}}</ref>

Gore's 2007 book, ''[[The Assault on Reason]]'', is an analysis of what he calls the "emptying out of the [[marketplace of ideas]]" in civic discourse, which, according to Gore, is due to the influence of [[electronic media]], especially [[television]], and which endangers American democracy; but he also expresses the belief that the [[Internet]] can revitalize and ultimately "redeem the integrity of representative democracy."<ref> Gore, Al. ''[[The Assault on Reason]]'' (New York: [[Penguin Press]], 2007): 270 </ref>

While Gore has frequently stated that "I'm not planning to be a candidate again," there is frequent speculation that [[Official and potential 2008 United States presidential election Democratic candidates|he may run for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination]].<ref>[http://weblogs.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/blog/2007/06/gore_hits_chicago_to_chants_of.html Gore hits Chicago to chants of 'Run, Al, Run']</ref>

== Early life ==

Albert A. Gore, Jr. was born in [[Washington, D.C.]], to [[Albert A. Gore, Sr.|Albert Arnold Gore, Sr.]], a U.S. Representative (1939–1944, 1945–1953) and Senator (1953–1971) from [[Tennessee]] and [[Pauline LaFon Gore]], one of the first women to graduate from [[Vanderbilt University Law School]]. He divided his childhood between Washington, and [[Carthage, Tennessee]]:<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/democracy/gore/stories/gore/ | title = Albert Gore Jr.: Son of a senator | accessdate = 2007-02-24 | publisher = CNN }}</ref> as a boy, during the school year, the family lived in a hotel in Washington and during summer vacations, Gore worked on the family farm in Carthage, where hay and tobacco were grown and cattle raised.<ref>{{ cite book | first = Bob | last = Zelnick | title = Al Gore: A Political Life | publisher = Regnery Publishing | year = 1999 | id = ISBN 0-89526-326-2 }}</ref>

Gore attended the elite [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]] where he ranked 25th (of 51) in his senior class.<ref name = "PostGrades">{{cite web | last = Maraniss | first = David | coauthors = Ellen Nakashima | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A37397-2000Mar18 | title=Gore's Grades Belie Image of Studiousness | work=The Washington Post | accessdate = 2006-06-17}}</ref> In preparation for his college applications, Gore scored a 1355 on his SAT (625 in verbal and 730 in math). <ref name = "PostGrades"/> Al Gore's [[IQ]] scores, from tests administered at St. Alban's School in 1961 and 1964 (his freshman and senior years) respectively, have been recorded as 133 and 134. <ref name = "PostGrades"/>

In 1965, Gore enrolled at [[Harvard College]], the only university to which he applied. His roommate (in [[Dunster House]]) was actor [[Tommy Lee Jones]]. He scored in the lower fifth of the class for two years in a row<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A37397-2000Mar18</ref> and, after finding himself bored with his classes in his declared English major, Gore switched majors and found a passion for government and graduated with honors from Harvard in June 1969 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in government. <ref name = "PostGrades"/> After returning from the military he took religious studies courses at [[Vanderbilt University|Vanderbilt]] and then entered the university's law school. He left Vanderbilt without a degree when he left to run for an open seat in Tennessee's 3rd Congressional District in 1976.

[[Image:AlGoreVietnam.gif|thumb|Gore served as a field reporter in Vietnam for five months.]]

Gore opposed the [[Vietnam War]] and could have avoided serving overseas by accepting a spot in the National Guard that a friend of his family had reserved for him or by other means of avoiding the draft. Gore has stated that his sense of civic duty compelled him to serve in some capacity.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/071100wh-gore.html | title = For Gore, Army Years Mixed Vietnam and Family Politics | accessdate = 2007-02-25 | publisher = New York Times }}</ref> He enlisted in the [[United States Army]] on [[August 7]], [[1969]]. After basic training at [[Fort Dix]], Gore was assigned as a military journalist writing for ''The Army Flier'', the base newspaper at [[Fort Rucker]]. With seven months remaining in his enlistment, Gore was shipped to [[Vietnam]], arriving on [[January 2]], [[1971]]. He served for four months with the [[20th Engineer Brigade]] in [[Bien Hoa]] and for another month at the Army Engineer Command in [[Long Binh]].

Gore said in 1988 that his experience in Vietnam:

{{quote|didn't change my conclusions about the war being a terrible mistake, but it struck me that opponents to the war, including myself, really did not take into account the fact that there were an awful lot of South Vietnamese who desperately wanted to hang on to what they called freedom. Coming face to face with those sentiments expressed by people who did the laundry and ran the restaurants and worked in the fields was something I was naively unprepared for.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://issues2000.org/Celeb/More_Al_Gore_Homeland_Security.htm | title = More Al Gore on Homeland Security | accessdate = 2007-02-24 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin }}</ref>}}

As his unit was standing down, he applied for and received a non-essential personnel honorable discharge two months early in order to attend divinity school at [[Vanderbilt University]].<ref>{{ cite web | title = For Gore, a 'Sordid Crusade' | url = http://washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A52119-1999Dec30 | accessdate = 2007-02-24 | publisher = Washington Post }}</ref> Gore left Vanderbilt after completing the required one-year Rockefeller Foundation scholarship for students returning to secular work.<ref name="Spiritual Search">{{ cite web | url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/e2247.htm | title = Al Gore: A Baptist | publisher = USA Today | accessdate = 2007-02-14 }}</ref> In 1970, Gore married [[Tipper Gore|Mary Elizabeth Aitcheson]] (known as Tipper), whom he had first met at his high school senior [[prom]] in Washington, D.C.

Gore then spent five years as a [[reporter]] for ''[[The Tennessean]]'', a newspaper in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]. His investigations of possible corruption among members of Nashville's Metro Council resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two councilmen for separate offenses.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.nashvillepost.com/news/1997/9/17/al_gore_boy_reporter | title = Al Gore, boy reporter | accessdate = 2007-05-09 }}</ref> It frustrated him, however, that a journalist could only expose wrongdoing without being able to correct it. That realization led to a leave of absence from the paper to try law school. Before he could finish, he learned that his local congressman planned to retire in 1976.<ref name="gorebio" />

== Political career (1976–2000) ==
===Congressional service===
When Congressman [[Joe L. Evins]] announced his retirement after 30 years, Gore quit law school in March 1976 to run for the [[United States House of Representatives]], in [[United States House of Representatives, Tennessee District 4|Tennessee's fourth district]]. Gore defeated [[Stanley Rogers]] in the Democratic primary, then ran unopposed in the general election and was elected to his first [[Congress of the United States|Congressional]] post. He was re-elected three times, in [[United States House elections, 1978|1978]], [[United States House elections, 1980|1980]], and [[United States House elections, 1982|1982]]. In [[United States Senate election, 1984|1984]], Gore successfully ran for a seat in the [[United States Senate]], which had been vacated by Republican Majority Leader [[Howard Baker]]. Gore served as a Senator from Tennessee until 1993, when he became Vice President.

While in Congress, Gore was a member of the following committees: [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Armed Services]] (Defense Industry and Technology Projection Forces and Regional Defense; [[Strategic Forces and Nuclear Deterrence]]); [[United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation|Commerce, Science and Transportation]] (Communications; Consumer; Science, Technology and Space — chairman 1992; [[Surface Transportation Board|Surface Transportation]]; [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|National Ocean Policy]] Study); [[U.S. Congress Joint Committee on Printing|Joint Committee on Printing]]; [[U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee|Joint Economic Committee]]; and [[U.S. Senate Committee on Rules and Administration|Rules and Administration]].

On [[March 19]], [[1979]], Gore became the first person to appear on [[C-SPAN]], making a speech in the House chambers.<ref name="Gore Chronology" /> In the late 1980s, Gore introduced the ''Gore Bill'', which was later passed as the [[High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991]]. The bill was one of the most important pieces of legislation directly affecting the expansion of the internet.

'''Opposition to U.S. government support of Saddam Hussein'''

While Senator, Gore twice attempted to get the U.S. government to pull the plug on support to Saddam Hussein, citing Hussein's use of poison gas, support of terrorism, and his burgeoning nuclear program, but was opposed both times by the Reagan and Bush administrations. In the wake of the [[Al-Anfal Campaign]], during which Hussein staged deadly mustard and nerve gas attacks on Kurdish Iraqis, Gore cosponsored the [[Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988]], which would have cut all assistance to Iraq. The bill was defeated in part due to intense lobbying of Congress by the Reagan White House and a veto threat from President Reagan.<ref>[http://www.reasons-for-war-with-iraq.info/gore_speech_9-29-92.html Speech given by Al Gore on September 29, 1992]. </ref> Gore's positions as a Senator with regard to Iraq would later become an issue in his 1992 campaign for Vice President.<ref>[http://www.breitbart.tv/?p=1602 VIDEO: Rewind: Gore Blasts G.H.W. Bush for Ignoring Iraq Terror Ties]. ''Speech given by Al Gore on September 29, 1992''</ref>

===1988 Presidential election===

{{main article|Al Gore presidential campaign, 1988}}

Gore ran for President in the [[United States presidential election, 1988|1988 United States presidential election]], but failed to obtain the Democratic nomination, which went to [[Michael Dukakis]]. During the campaign, Gore's strategy involved skipping the [[Iowa caucus]] and putting little emphasis on the [[New Hampshire Primary]] in order to concentrate his efforts on [[Southern United States|the South]]. He won Arkansas, Kentucky, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Tennessee in the [[Super Tuesday]] primaries but dropped out of the presidential race in April after a poor showing in the New York primary.<ref name="Gore Chronology">[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2000/gore/cron.html Gore Chronology up to 2000] [[Frontline (US TV series)|Frontline]] PBS.org</ref>

On [[April 3]], [[1989]], Gore's six-year-old son Albert was nearly killed in an automobile accident while leaving the [[Baltimore Orioles]]' opening day game. Because of the resulting lengthy healing process, his father chose to stay near him during the recovery instead of laying the foundation for a 1992 presidential primary campaign. Gore started writing ''[[Earth in the Balance]]'', his book on environmental conservation, during his son's recovery. It became the first book written by a sitting Senator to make ''[[The New York Times]]'' [[bestseller]] list since [[John F. Kennedy]]'s ''[[Profiles in Courage]]''.

=== Vice Presidency ===

[[Image:ClintonGore2.jpg|thumb|Vice President Gore talking with President Clinton as the two pass through the Colonnade at the White House.]]

[[Bill Clinton]] chose Gore to be his running mate for the [[United States presidential election, 1992|1992 United States presidential election]] on [[July 9]], [[1992]]. Gore was inaugurated as the 45th Vice President of the United States on [[January 20]], [[1993]]. Clinton and Gore were re-elected to a second term in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1996|1996 election]].

According to the U.S. government, the U.S. economy expanded for all eight years of the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton/Gore administration]].<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://clinton4.nara.gov/New/00BudgetFramework/budget_appendixA2.html | title = The Clinton-Gore Economic Record | accessdate = 2007-02-25 | publisher = United States Executive }}</ref> One factor was the [[Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993]], for which Gore cast the [[U.S. Vice President's tie-breaking votes|tie-breaking vote]]. The Administration worked closely with the Republican-led House to slow federal spending and eventually balance the federal budget. One of Gore's major works as Vice President was the ''National Performance Review'',<ref>[http://ipo.noaa.gov/About/npr.html announcement of National Performance Review]</ref> which pointed out waste, fraud, and other abuse in the federal government and stressed the need for cutting the size of the [[bureaucracy]] and the number of regulations. Gore stated that the National Performance Review later helped guide President Clinton when he down-sized the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]].<ref>[http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/speeches/interego.html Speech by Vice President Gore: International Reinventing Government Conference]. January 14, 1999"</ref>

In 1993, Gore debated [[Ross Perot]] on [[CNN]]'s [[Larry King Live]] on the issue of [[free trade]], with Gore arguing for free trade and the passage of [[NAFTA]], and Perot arguing against it. Public opinion polls taken after the debate showed that a majority of Americans thought Gore won the debate and now supported NAFTA<ref>''Wall Street Journal'', November 11, 1993, page A14;</ref>. The bill subsequently passed 234–200 in the House of Representatives.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://clinton5.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/initiatives/reinventing_government.html | title = Vice President's Reinvention Initiatives | accessdate = 2007-02-25 | publisher = United States Executive }}</ref>

In 1997, Gore became the highest elected official to have run a [[marathon]] while in office. He ran the 1997 [[Marine Corps Marathon]] in 4:58:25 or a pace of 11:25/mile.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.arlingtonunwired.com/faces-nealis.shtml | title = Faces | accessdate = 2007-03-21 | publisher = Arlington Unwired }}</ref>

In 1998, Gore began promoting a [[NASA]] [[satellite]] that would provide a constant view of [[Earth]], marking the first time such an image would have been made since [[The Blue Marble]] photo from the 1972 [[Apollo 17]] mission. The [[Triana (satellite)|"Triana" satellite]] would have been permanently mounted in the L1 [[Lagrangian Point]], 1.5 million km away.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/03/980317071006.htm |title=Earth-Viewing Satellite Would Focus On Educational, Scientific Benefits|accessdate=2007-02-25 |work=Science Daily}}</ref>

Also in 1998, Gore became associated with [[Digital Earth]].<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.isde5.org/history.htm | title = Digital Earth History | work = The 5th International Symposium on Digital Earth }}</ref>

===2000 Presidential election===
[[Image:Gorelieberman.jpg|right|thumb|Gore/Lieberman 2000 campaign logo]]
{{main article|Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000}}

After two terms as Vice President, Gore ran for President again in the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 United States Presidential election]], selecting Senator [[Joe Lieberman]] to be his vice-presidential running mate. The election was one of the closest and most controversial presidential elections in the history of the United States.

During the entire campaign, Gore was neck-and-neck in the polls with [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Governor of Texas]] [[George W. Bush]]. On Election Day, the results were so close that the outcome of the race took over a month to resolve, highlighted by the premature declaration of a winner on election night, and an extremely close result in the state of Florida. On election night, news networks first called Florida for Gore, later retracted the projection, and then called Florida for Bush, before finally retracting that projection as well.

The race was ultimately decided by a margin of only 537 votes in Florida. Florida's 25 electoral votes were awarded to Bush only after numerous court challenges. Gore publicly conceded the election after the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in ''[[Bush v. Gore]]'' ruled 5-4 that the Florida recount was unconstitutional and that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by the December 12 deadline, effectively ending the recounts. Gore strongly disagreed with the Court's decision, but decided "for the sake of our unity as a people and the strength of our democracy, I offer my concession."

Gore became only the third nominee in American history to win the [[popular vote]] (by half a million more votes than his opponent) but lose the electoral vote. Gore ultimately received 267 electoral votes to Bush's 271.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/pacific/magazine/20001120/schlesinger.html "It's a Mess, But We've Been Through It Before"]. ''Time Magazine''. Retrieved on [[September 6]], [[2006]]</ref> Gore also became one of the few nominees to not to carry his home state, the previous most recent being George H.W. Bush.

Running mate Joe Lieberman later criticized Gore for adopting a [[populism|populist]] theme during their 2000 campaign, and stated he had objected to Gore's "people vs. the powerful" message, believing it was not the best strategy for Democrats to use to win the election.<ref>Limbaugh, David. [http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=28519 The left still controls the Democratic Party.] WorldNetDaily August 6, 2002.</ref>

In the introduction to his global warming presentation, Gore has [[Tongue-in-cheek|jokingly]] introduced himself as "the former next President of the United States".

During his 2000 campaign for the presidency, Gore himself attributed positive economic results to his and Clinton's policies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clinton5.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/initiatives/economy.html|title= Vice Presidency's Economic Initiatives|accessdate=2007-02-25 |work=The White House}}</ref> — more than 22 million new jobs, the highest homeownership in American history (up to that time), the lowest unemployment in 30 years, the paying off of $360 billion of the national debt, the lowest poverty rate in 20 years, higher incomes at all levels, the conversion of the hitherto largest budget deficit in American history into the largest surplus, the lowest government spending in three decades, the lowest federal income tax burden in 35 years, and more families owning stocks than had up to that point. However Gore later placed a large share of the blame for his election loss on the economic downturn and [[NASDAQ]] crash of March 2000 in an interview with [[National Public Radio]]'s [[Bob Edwards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=848572|title= Al Gore Takes on Al Gore|accessdate=2007-02-25 |work=National Public Radio}}</ref>

== Post Vice-presidency ==
=== 2004 election activities ===
As the first major speaker at the [[2004 Democratic National Convention]], Gore presented himself as a living reminder that every vote counts. "Let's make sure not only that the Supreme Court does not pick the next president, but also that this president is not the one who picks the next Supreme Court," said Gore. Gore directed remarks to supporters of third-party presidential candidate [[Ralph Nader]], who abandoned the Democratic Party four years ago, asking them, "Do you still believe that there was no difference between the candidates?"<ref>[http://pbs.org/newshour/vote2004/demconvention/speeches/gore.html PBS transcript of Gore speech at 2004 convention]</ref>

Initially, Al Gore was touted as a logical opponent of George W. Bush in the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 Presidential Election]]. "Re-elect Gore!" was a common slogan among many Democrats who felt he had been cheated out of the presidency, on the grounds of his winning the popular vote and the Florida voting controversies. On [[December 16]], [[2002]], however, Gore announced that he would not run in 2004, saying that it was time for "fresh faces" and "new ideas" to emerge from the Democrats. When he appeared on a ''[[60 Minutes]]'' interview, Gore said that he felt if he had run, the focus of the election would be the rematch rather than the issues. Gore's former running mate, [[Joe Lieberman]] quickly announced his own candidacy for the presidency, which he had vowed he would not do if Gore ran.

Despite Gore taking himself out of the race, a handful of his supporters formed a national campaign to "[[political draft|draft]]" him into running. However, that effort largely came to an end when Gore publicly endorsed [[Governor of Vermont]] [[Howard Dean]] (over his former running mate Lieberman) weeks before the first primary of the election cycle. There was still some effort to encourage write-in votes for Gore in the primaries by [[Patriots for Al Gore]] who were separate from the draft movement. Although Gore did receive a small number of votes in New Hampshire and New Mexico, that effort was halted when [[John Kerry]] pulled into the lead for the nomination.

On [[February 9]], [[2004]], on the eve of the [[Tennessee]] primary, Gore gave what some consider his harshest criticism of the president yet when he accused [[George W. Bush]] of betraying the country by using the 9/11 attacks as a justification for the invasion of Iraq. Gore also urged all Democrats to unite behind their eventual nominee proclaiming, "Any one of these candidates is far better than George W. Bush." In March 2004 Gore, along with former Presidents [[Bill Clinton]] and [[Jimmy Carter]], united behind Kerry as the presumptive Democratic nominee.

On [[April 28]], [[2004]], Gore announced that he would be donating $6 million to various Democratic Party groups. Drawing from his funds left over from [[Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000|his 2000 campaign]], Gore pledged to donate $4 million to the [[Democratic National Committee]]. The party's Senate and House committees would each get $1 million, and the party from Gore's home state of [[Tennessee]] would receive $250,000. In addition, Gore announced that all of the surplus funds in his "Recount Fund" from the 2000 election controversy that resulted in the Supreme Court halting the counting of the ballots, a total of $240,000, will be donated to the Florida Democratic Party. Gore stressed the importance of voting and having every vote counted, foreshadowing the [[2004 United States election voting controversies]].

=== 2008 Presidential election plans ===

Gore has not stated that he will participate as a candidate in the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential election]]. However, as he has not rejected the possibility outright, the prospect of a Gore candidacy remains a topic of public speculation. Some of Gore's supporters have publicly encouraged him to join the race. An April 2007 Quinnipiac University poll of 504 registered Democrats in New Jersey showed Gore receiving 12% of the votes in a hypothetical Democratic primary, in third place behind [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Barack Obama]].<ref>[http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1299.xml?ReleaseID=1043 "Giuliani Has Same Lead Over Any Dem In New Jersey, Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; Moving Primary Has Little Impact On Voters"]. ''Quinnipiac University''. April 19, 2007.</ref>

Gore and his family have commented on whether Gore will run in the 2008 presidential election. In December 2006, Gore stated on NBC's ''[[Today (NBC program)|Today]]'': "I am not planning to run for president again [...] I haven't completely ruled it out."<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/blogs/politicalticker/2006/12/cnn-political-ticker-am_06.html "CNN Political Ticker AM"]. ''CNN''. December 6, 2006.</ref> His son, Albert Gore III, followed with a comment in a [[December 14]], [[2006]] article: "I know that [my father] has no plans to run in 2008 [...] Well, I guess I have to add his addendum. I think the way he always says it is, "I don't see any circumstances under which I would run for president.""<ref>Morgan, Spencer.
[http://www.observer.com/node/30947 "Albert Gore: Dad's Doing Well, Not Running in 2008"], ''New York Observer'' December 14, 2006.</ref>

The release of ''An Inconvenient Truth'' in 2006 increased Gore's popularity among progressives.<ref>Jonathan Chait of ''The New Republic'' cites a Daily Kos straw poll and ''An Inconvenient Truth''. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20060604/ai_n16455450 "Gore's popularity soars as Clinton loses her way"]</ref><ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-09-10-gore-remarks_x.htm "Gore says he hasn't ruled out another White House run"]</ref> Gore received 68% of support among "fantasy" potential 2008 Democratic presidential candidates in a May 2006 straw poll of visitors to [[Daily Kos]]<ref>[http://www.dailykos.com/poll/1148396397_RcAkIUdC "Who do you support in 2008?"]. ''Daily Kos''.</ref> and 35% in a [[July 13]], [[2006]] survey of [[AlterNet]] readers.<ref>[http://www.alternet.org/story/38849/ "Readers Speak: Gore, Chomsky and Ivins Are Winners"] ''Alternet''. July 13, 2006.</ref> A [[Gallup poll]] of August 2006 shows that nearly half of Americans viewed Gore favorably (48 percent to 45 percent).<ref>[http://poll.gallup.com/content/default.aspx?ci=23992 "Americans Not Warming to Al Gore"]. ''The Gallup Poll''. August 3, 2006.</ref> A CNN telephone poll conducted by the [[Opinion Research Corporation]] of registered or independent leaning Democrats in November 2006 had Gore with 14% support in a theoretical multi-candidate Democratic [[primary election]].{{Fact|date=June 2007}} 

[[Donna Brazile]], Gore's campaign chairwoman from the [[Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000|2000 campaign]] made cryptic comments during a speech on [[January 31]], [[2007]], at [[Moravian College]] in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]] stating, "Wait till [[Academy awards|Oscar]] night, I tell people: 'I'm dating. I haven't fallen in love yet. On Oscar night, if Al Gore has slimmed down 25 or 30 pounds, Lord knows.'"<ref>[http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/02/02/2008-democrats-in-town "2008: Democrats in Town"]. ''The New York Times''. (Blog). February 2, 2007</ref> The meaning of these remarks became clearer when on award night, while in attendance and acting as a presenter for an award, Gore began a speech that seemed to be leading up to an announcement that he would run for president. However, background music drowned him out and he was escorted offstage, implying it was a rehearsed gag.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6401865.stm "Washington diary: Al meets Oscar"] ''BBC News''. February 28, 2007</ref>

Others have expressed an interest in seeing Gore run in 2008. According to the [[February 6]], [[2007]] issue of ''The Santa Barbara Independent'', when Gore received ''The Sir David Attenborough Award for Excellence in Nature Filmmaking'' at the ''Santa Barbara International Film Festival'' on February 2, director [[James Cameron]] (who presented him with the award) stated: "[I] beseech Mr. Gore to step up to the plate one more time!"<ref>Lisa Knox Burns. [http://www.edhat.com/site/tidbit.cfm?id=1656 "Gore to People: It's Up to US"] ''edhat.com''.</ref>
Furthermore, the [[February 8]], [[2007]] edition of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' notes in the article ''Supporters Push Gore to Run in 2008'', "Veterans of Al Gore's past are quietly assembling a campaign to draft the former vice president into the 2008 presidential race — despite his repeated statements that he's not running [...] In 2002, Gore asked [Dylan] Malone, to stop a draft effort he had begun; Malone did. Malone started up again and, so far, Gore hasn't waved him off."<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020801273.html "Supporters Push Gore to Run in 2008"]. ''The Associated Press''. February 8, 2007.</ref>

The question of whether or not Gore will run is the cover story of the [[May 28]], [[2007]] issue of [[TIME]] magazine, ''The Last Temptation of Al Gore.''<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20070528,00.html "The Last Temptation Of Al Gore"]. ''Time Magazine''. May 28, 2007.</ref>

A [[29 June]] [[2007]] article in the ''[[The Guardian]]'' cited a poll conducted "in New Hampshire by 7News and [[Suffolk University]]" that found that if Gore "were to seek the Democratic nomination, 29% of [[Hillary Clinton|Mrs. Clinton]]'s backers would switch their support to him [...] when defections from other candidates are factored in, the man who controversially lost to Mr. [[George W. Bush|Bush]] in the 2000 election takes command of the field, with 32% support."<ref>{{cite news | first=Simon | last=Tisdall | coauthors= | title=Poll of Democrats reveals Gore could still steal the show | date=[[2007-06-29]] | publisher= | url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/uselections08/story/0,,2114538,00.html | work =The Guardian | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-17 | language = }}</ref>

=== Private citizen ===
In 2001, Gore accepted [[visiting professor]]ships at the [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism]],<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/01/01/gore.html "Former Vice President Al Gore to Teach at Columbia's School of Journalism"]. ''Columbia University''. January 25, 2001.</ref> [[Fisk University]]<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_10_99/ai_71190245/print "Al Gore To Teach At Fisk University — Brief Article"]. ''findarticles.com''. COPYRIGHT 2001 Johnson Publishing Co.. COPYRIGHT 2001 Gale Group.</ref> [[Middle Tennessee State University]],<ref>[http://www.mtsu.edu/~famcom/fall02/gore.htm "The Faculty: Al Gore"]. ©2001-02 ''Middle Tennessee State University''</ref> and [[UCLA]].<ref>[http://www.today.ucla.edu/2001/010213gore.html "TRAINING THE NEXT COMMUNITY BUILDERS: Gore taps faculty expertise"]. Copyright 2001 UC Regents.</ref> At the same time, Gore also became Vice Chairman of [[Los Angeles]] financial firm [[Metropolitan West Financial LLC]].

On [[September 23]], [[2002]], in a speech before the [[Commonwealth Club]], Gore gave what many consider to be one of the strongest speeches by any public figure criticizing [[President George W. Bush]] and [[Congress]] for their rush to war prior to the outbreak of hostilities in [[Iraq]].<ref>[http://www.commonwealthclub.org/archive/02/02-09gore-speech.html Former Vice President Al Gore IRAQ and the War on Terrorism] — September 23, 2002 Commonwealth Club speech transcript</ref> In it, Gore warned of the great expense the war was sure to incur, the risk to America's reputation in the world, and the questionable legality of the [[Bush Doctrine]] of [[preemptive war]].<ref>[http://www.consortiumnews.com/2007/082607.html]</ref>

On [[May 4]], [[2004]], [[INdTV]] Holdings, a company co-founded by Gore and [[Joel Hyatt]], purchased cable news channel [[NewsWorld International]] from [[Vivendi Universal]]. The new network would not "be a liberal network, a Democratic network or a political network", Gore said, but would serve as an "independent voice" for a target audience of people between 18 and 34 "who want to learn about the world in a voice they recognize and a view they recognize as their own."<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/05/04/entertainment/main615523.shtml "Al Gore Buying Int'l News Channel"]. ''CBS News''. May 4, 2005.</ref>

The network was relaunched under the name [[Current TV]] on [[August 1]], [[2005]]. On [[September 16]], [[2007]], [[Current TV]] won the ''Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Television'' award at the 2007 [[Primetime Emmys]] <ref>[http://www.emmys.tv/downloads/2007/pte59emmywinners.pdf 59th Primetime Emmy Awards]</ref> for its use of online technologies with television. In his acceptance speech, Gore stated, "we are trying to open up the television medium so that viewers can help to make television and join the conversation of democracy and reclaim American democracy by talking about the choices we have to make. More to come. Current.com. Next month." <ref>[http://thinkprogress.org/2007/09/16/al-gore-wins-emmy-for-current-tv/ 2007 Primetime Emmys Acceptance Speech]</ref>

In late 2004, Gore launched an investment firm [[Generation Investment Management]], which he chairs, to seek out companies taking a responsible view on big global issues like [[climate change]]. It was created to assist the growing demand for an investment style that can bring returns by blending traditional equity research with a focus on more intangible non-financial factors such as social and environmental responsibility and corporate governance.

In September 2005, Gore chartered two aircraft to evacuate 270 evacuees from New Orleans in the aftermath of [[Hurricane Katrina]].<ref>Duncan Mansfield / Associated Press. [http://www.detnews.com/2005/nation/0509/09/nat4%2D309467.htm "Al Gore airlifts Katrina victims out of New Orleans"]. ''The Detroit News''. September 9, 2005.</ref> He was highly critical of the government and federal response in the days after the hurricane.

On [[March 22]], [[2007]], Gore was awarded an honorary doctorate by Concordia University during the Youth Action Montreal's Youth Summit on Climate Change in Quebec, Canada.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://cjournal.concordia.ca/journalarchives/2006-07/mar_22/009006.shtml | title= Hon Doc for Al Gore | work=Concordia Journal |date=| accessdate=2007-06-14}}</ref>

In April 2007, Gore was elected an honorary Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]. He will be inducted in a ceremony in October 2007 in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].

In Spain, Gore has received 2007 [[Prince of Asturias Prize]] for international cooperation<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premiados/trayectorias/trayectoria815.html |title=Al Gore |accessdate=2007-07-17 |publisher=Prince of Asturias Foundation }}</ref>

== Promoting environmental awareness ==
[[Image:AlGoreGlobalWarmingTalk.jpg|thumb|Gore giving his global warming talk on [[April 7]], [[2006]].]]

Gore has had many epithets directed at him, such as the 'Noah of Modern Times', and 'The Environment Evangelist', for his role in bringing the problem of [[global warming]] to the attention of Americans and other citizens. According to a [[February 27]], [[2007]] article in ''The [[Concord Monitor]]'', "Gore was one of the first politicians to grasp the seriousness of climate change and to call for a reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouses gases. He held the first congressional hearings on the subject in the late [[1970s]]."<ref>{{ cite web | title = Oscar win was one more first for Al Gore | url = http://www.cmonitor.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070227/REPOSITORY/702270330/1027/OPINION01 | date = [[27 February]] [[2007]] | accessdate = 2007-05-29 | work = Monitor editorial | publisher = Concord Monitor | author = Monitor staff }}</ref> During his tenure in Congress, Gore co-sponsored hearings on toxic waste in 1978–79, and hearings on global warming in the [[1980]]s.<ref>[http://pbs.org/now/science/climatechange.html "The Political Climate"]. ''PBS''. April 22, 2005.</ref>

On [[Earth Day]] 1994, Gore launched the [[GLOBE program]], an education and science activity that, according to [[Forbes magazine]], "made extensive use of the Internet to increase student awareness of their environment".<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/facesinthenews/2006/09/21/gore-google-yahoo-face-cx_cn_0920autofacescan06.html "Gore really does get the web"]. Forbes. [[September 21]], [[2006]].</ref>

In the late [[1990s]], Gore strongly pushed for the passage of the [[Kyoto Treaty]], which called for reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://web.archive.org/web/20001207090900/www.algore.com/speeches/speeches_kyoto_120897.html |title=Remarks By Al Gore, Climate Change Conference| accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://clinton5.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/initiatives/environment.html |title=Vice President Gore: Strong Environmental Leadership for the New Millennium |accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref> He was opposed by the Senate, which passed unanimously (95-0) the Byrd-Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98),<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=105&session=1&vote=00205 | title= U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 105th Congress — 1st Session:S.Res. 98| date=[[1997-07-25]] | accessdate=2007-01-31}}</ref> which stated the sense of the Senate was that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol that did not include binding targets and timetables for developing as well as industrialized nations or "would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nationalcenter.org/KyotoSenate.html | title= Text of the Byrd-Hagel Resolution| date=[[1997-07-25]] | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref> On [[November 12]] [[1998]], Gore symbolically signed the protocol. Both Gore and Senator [[Joseph Lieberman]] indicated that the protocol would not be acted upon in the Senate until there was participation by the developing nations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/12/11/kyoto/ |date=[[1997-12-11]] |title=Clinton Hails Global Warming Pact | work =All Politics | publisher =CNN | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref> The Clinton Administration never submitted the protocol to the Senate for ratification.

In recent years, Gore has remained busy traveling the world speaking and participating in events mainly aimed towards [[global warming]] awareness and prevention. His keynote presentation on global warming has received standing ovations, and he has presented it at least 1,000 times according to his monologue in ''An Inconvenient Truth''. His speaking fee is $100,000.<ref>[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0717071gore1.html Al Gore, $100,000 Man] July 17, 2007</ref>

Gore is a vocal proponent of [[Action on climate change#Lifestyle action|carbon neutrality]], buying a [[carbon offset]] each time he travels by aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,1786438,00.html |title=Born Again |publisher=Guardian Unlimited |date=May 31, 2006}}</ref> Gore and his family drive [[hybrid vehicle]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0606/13/lkl.01.html |title=Larry King Live — Interview with Al Gore |publisher=CNN |date=June 13, 2006}}</ref>

Interest in Al Gore's speeches reached such a point that a public lecture at [[University of Toronto]] on [[February 21]], [[2007]], on the topic of global warming, led to a crash of the ticket sales website within minutes of opening.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/article/179465 "An Inconvenient Rush: Thousands out of luck as Gore talk sells out in minutes"]. ''Toronto Star''. February 8, 2007.</ref> A few weeks later, he spoke at another event in the same city and, for the first time, made the argument that employers have a significant role to play in mobilizing their employees to take action on climate change.<ref>[http://www.canadastop100.com/conference "Thank you for attending the 2007 Top Employer Summit"]. (Picture of Al Gore speaking). ''Canada's Top 100 Employers''.</ref>

During [[List of commemorative days#February|Global Warming Awareness Month]], on [[February 9]], [[2007]], Al Gore and [[Richard Branson]] announced the ''[[Virgin Earth Challenge]]'', a competition offering a $25 million prize for the first person or organization to produce a viable design that results in the removal of atmospheric [[greenhouse gases]].<ref>[http://www.virginearth.com/ Virgin Earth Challenge official web site]. Al Gore is listed as a judge.</ref>

On [[July 7]], [[2007]], [[Live Earth]] [[benefit concert]]s were held around the world in an effort to raise awareness about climate change. The event was the brainchild of both Gore and [[Kevin Wall]] of [[Save Our Selves]].

[[Image:AlGoreWin.jpg|thumb|left|Al Gore during the acceptance speech for ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]'' with other members of the crew.]]

Gore starred in the [[documentary film]] ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]'', which won the [[2007]] [[Academy Award for Documentary Feature]].<ref name="79th Oscar">{{cite news |title=79th Annual Academy Awards |url=http://www.oscar.com/oscarnight/winners/?pn=detail&nominee=AnInconvenientTruthDocumentaryFeatureNominee |work= |publisher=OSCAR.com |accessdate=2007-05-24 }}</ref> The Oscar was awarded to director [[Davis Guggenheim]], who asked Gore to join him and other members of the crew on stage. During this time, Gore gave a brief speech: "My fellow Americans, people all over the world, we need to solve the climate crisis. It's not a political issue; it's a moral issue. We have everything we need to get started, with the possible exception of the will to act. That's a renewable resource. Let's renew it."<ref>[http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/gore-wins-hollywood-in-a-landslide/ "Gore Wins Hollywood in a Landslide"]</ref>

The film, released on [[May 24]], [[2006]], documents the evidence for [[anthropogenic]] [[global warming]] and warns of the consequences of people not making immediate changes to their behavior. In late July, it surpassed ''[[Bowling for Columbine]]'' as the third-highest-grossing documentary in U.S. history.<ref name="Box Office Mojo">[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=documentary.htm "DOCUMENTARY: 1982–Present"]. ''Box Office Mojo''. (Rankings).</ref> Gore also published a book of the same title, which became a bestseller.

== Internet and technology ==

{{main article|Al Gore's contributions to the Internet and technology}}

Al Gore was involved in the development and mainstreaming of the Internet as both Senator and Vice-President. Campbell-Kelly and Aspray note in Chapter 12 of their 1996 text, ''[[Computer: A History of the Information Machine]]'', that up until the early [[1990s]], public usage of the Internet was limited. They continue to state that the "problem of giving ordinary Americans network access had exercised Senator Al Gore since the late 1970s" leading him to develop legislation that would alleviate this problem.<ref>Campbell-Kelly and Aspray (1996).''[[Computer: A History of the Information Machine]]''. New York: BasicBooks, 298 </ref> Gore thus began to craft the ''[[High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991]]'' (commonly referred to as "The [[Gore Bill]]"<ref>{{cite news | first=| last=| url=http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/internet_history/internet_history_90s.shtml| title=Computher History Museum Exhibits:1991| work=computerhistory.org|publisher=Computer History Museum| date=| accessdate=2007-06-01}}</ref>) after hearing the 1988 report ''Toward a National Research Network''<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Kleinrock | first1 = Leonard | author1-link = | last2 = Kahn | first2 = Bob | last3 = Clark | first3 = David | last4 = et. al. | first4 = | title = Toward a National Research Network | date = 1988 | url = http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=NI000393 | access-date = 2007-06-01 }}</ref> submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science, [[Leonard Kleinrock]], one of the central creators of the [[ARPANET#Initial ARPA deployment|ARPANET]] (the ARPANET, first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969, is the predecessor of the Internet).<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Kleinrock | first1 = Leonard | author1-link = | last2 = Cerf | first2 = Vint | last3 = Kahn | first3 = Bob | last4 = et. al. | first4 = | title = A Brief History of the Internet | date = [[2003-12-10]] | url = http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml#Transition | access-date = 2007-06-01 }}</ref>

== Family ==
Gore had an elder sister, Nancy Gore Hunger. She died of [[lung cancer]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film review: An Inconvenient Truth |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/film-reviews/an-inconvenient-truth/2006/09/15/1157827139680.html |accessdate=2007-06-09 |publisher=smh.com.au}}</ref>

Gore has four children: [[Karenna Gore Schiff|Karenna]] (born [[August 6]], [[1973]]), married to Andrew "Drew" Schiff<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/07/12/gore.wedding/ Gore's Eldest Daughter Weds New York Doctor In Washington]</ref>; [[Kristin Gore|Kristin Cusack]] (born [[June 5]], [[1977]]), married to Paul Cusack; [[Sarah Gore|Sarah Lee]] (born [[January 7]], [[1979]]), married to [[Taiwanese-American]] businessman Bill Lee<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20046345,00.html |title=Al Gore's Daughter Sarah Gets Married |accessdate=2007-07-17 |last=Wihlborg |first=Ulrica |date=2007-06-14 |publisher=[[People Magazine]] }}</ref> (李君偉)<ref>http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2007/07/25/2003371199</ref>; and [[Al Gore III|Albert III]] (born [[October 19]], [[1982]]). The Gores also have two grandchildren: Wyatt (born [[July 4]], [[1999]]) and Anna Schiff (born [[August 23]], [[2001]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ochealthinfo.com/2004summit/keynote.htm |title=Keynote Speaker |accessdate=2007-07-04 |publisher=Orange County Health Care Agency}}</ref> Sarah is currently a medical student at [[University of California, San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Al Gore's Youngest Daughter Married |url=http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/us/AP-People-Sarah-Gore.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |date=[[2007-07-15]]}}</ref> Albert works as associate publisher of the philanthropic ''Good'' magazine.

The Gores reside in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], and own a small farm near Carthage; they attend New Salem Missionary [[Baptist Church]] in Carthage. In late 2005 the Gores bought a condominium at San Francisco's St. Regis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/12/prweb326327.htm |title=Al Gore's Move to San Francisco Generates Real Estate Buzz | accessdate=2007-02-24|publisher=Newswire}}</ref>

== Al Gore in popular culture ==
[[Image:Al Gore on Futurama.JPG|right|thumb|Gore as depicted in the ''[[Futurama]]'' episode "[[Crimes of the Hot]]".]]
Gore has made numerous appearances in [[popular culture]] related to environmentalism. Gore has also made numerous appearances in [[Matt Groening]]'s hit [[cartoon]] [[sitcom]] ''[[Futurama]]'' as himself, and will reprise the role in the upcoming December 2007 film, ''[[Futurama: Bender's Big Score]].''<ref>{{cite web | first = Jack | last = Zulkey | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jack-zulkey/al-gore-the-futurama_b_51200.html | title = Al Gore, The Futurama President | publisher = [[Huffington Post]] | date = [[June 7]], [[2007]] | accessdate = 2007-06-08 }}</ref> In [[2000]] Gore had offered to appear in the 2000 season finale of ''[[Futurama]]'', ''[[Anthology of Interest I]].'' In this episode, Gore led his team of "[[Vice Presidential Action Rangers]]" in their goal to protect the [[space-time continuum]].<ref>{{ cite web | title = Veep guest stars in TV cartoon | url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/e1831.htm | author = [[Associated Press]] | date = [[May 22]], [[2000]] | accessdate = 2007-06-06 }}</ref> In [[2002]], Gore appeared in the episode ''[[Crimes of the Hot]],''<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20021108-1750-ca-people-gore.html | title = Al Gore reprises role on 'Futurama' cartoon | author = [[Associated Press]] | date = [[November 8]], [[2002]] | accessdate = 2007-06-06 }}</ref> Gore is initially introduced by Van who states: "Thank you all for coming. It is my pleasure to introduce the host of the Kyoto Global Warming Convention. The inventor of the environment and first Emperor of the Moon: Al Gore." Gore then offers his own introduction in which he says: "My fellow Earthicans, as I discuss in my book ''Earth in the Balance'' and the much more popular ''[[Harry Potter]] and the Balance of Earth'', we need to defend our planet against pollution. As well as dark wizards."<ref name="futuramamad"/>

Gore's willingness to poke fun at himself on the show was later cited by pundits as an example of the way he re-invented the purportedly stiff and emotionless persona that he had displayed in public before his electoral loss in 2000.<ref>{{ cite web | last = Marlantes | first = Liz| url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1119/p01s01-uspo.html | title = A 'new' Al Gore returns: front, not quite center | publisher = [[Christian Science Monitor]] | work = USA > Politics | date = [[September 19]], [[2002]] | accessdate = 2007-06-06 }}</ref> In a review of the episode, ''[[Washington Post]]'' writer [[Howard Kurtz]] called it a "groundbreaking role" and suggested that it was "post-election reemergence ... as carefully choreographed as a political campaign".<ref>{{ cite web | last = Kurtz | first = Howard | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3104-2002Nov17 | title = Suddenly for Al Gore, Not a Moment to Lose | publisher = Washington Post | pages = C01 | date = [[November 18]], [[2002]] | accessdate = 2007-06-06 }}</ref>

In 2006 Gore used a short clip from ''[[Futurama]]'' to explain how global warming works in his presentations and in ''An Inconvenient Truth''.<ref>{{cite web | last = Clarke | first = Donald | title = You Go, Gore | publisher = [[Irish Times]] | url = http://www.ireland.com/theticket/articles/2006/0915/1158001563481.html | date = [[September 15]], [[2006]] | accessdate = 2007-06-06 }}</ref>

* In 2006 Gore appeared on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' (episode #603), In an opening sketch, Gore is in a [[multiverse (science)|parallel Earth]] in which he won the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 Presidential race]]. Gore describes the state of the nation: global warming has been stopped; [[gasoline]] costs 19¢ a gallon; George W. Bush is [[Baseball Commissioner]]; welfare and [[Social Security]] have been reformed and America now enjoys [[universal health care]]; Gore helped develop an anti-[[Tropical cyclone|hurricane]]/[[tornado]] machine; and the [[United States public debt|federal surplus]] is down to eleven trillion dollars.
* Gore also appeared on the ''[[Weekend Update]]'' sketch and engaged in a debate on global warming with [[Amy Poehler]].
* In 2002 Gore hosted ''Saturday Night Live'', (episode #533).

== Electoral history ==

; 2000 United States Presidential Election

: '''[[George W. Bush]]''' (R) — 271 Electoral Votes (47.9% of popular vote)
: Al Gore (D) — 266 Electoral Votes (48.4% of popular vote)
: [[Ralph Nader]] (Green) 2.7% of popular vote
: [[Pat Buchanan]] (Reform) 0.4% of popular vote
: [[Harry Browne]] (Libertarian) 0.4% of popular vote
: [[Howard Phillips]] (Constitution) 0.1% of popular vote
: [[John Hagelin]] (Natural Law) 0.1% of popular vote

; 1996 United States Presidential Election (Vice President's seat)

: '''Al Gore''' (D) (inc.) — 379 Electoral Votes (49.2% of popular vote)
: [[Jack Kemp]] (R) 40.7% — 159 Electoral Votes (40.7% of popular vote)
: [[Pat Choate]] 8.4% of popular vote
: [[Jo Jorgensen]] (Libertarian) 0.5% of popular vote
: [[Herbert Titus]] (Taxpayers) 0.2% of popular vote
: Michael Tompkins (Natural Law) 0.1% of popular vote

; 1992 United States Presidential Election (Vice President's seat)

: '''Al Gore''' (D) — 370 Electoral Votes (43.0% of popular vote)
: [[Dan Quayle]] (R) (inc.) — 168 Electoral Votes (37.4% of popular vote)
: [[James Stockdale]] (I) 18.9% of popular vote
: [[Nancy Lord]] (Libertarian) 0.3% of popular vote
: Cy Minett (Populist) 0.1% of popular vote

; 1990 Tennessee United States Senatorial Election

:'''Al Gore''' (D) (inc.) 69.6%
:[[Dwight Henry]] (R) 30.4%

; 1984 Tennessee United States Senatorial Election

: '''Al Gore''' (D) 60.7% of popular vote
: [[Victor Ashe]] (R) 33.8% of popular vote
: Ed McAteer (I) 5.3% of popular vote

== See also ==

* [[Al Gore controversies]]
* [[Manbearpig]]

== Bibliography ==

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2">
; Books and other publications

* {{ cite book | title = [[The Assault on Reason]] | first = Al | last = Gore | year = 2007 | publisher = New York: Penguin | id = ISBN 1594201226 }}
* {{ cite book | title = [[An Inconvenient Truth]]: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We can do about it | first = Al | last = Gore | year = 2006 | publisher = New York: Rodale Books | id = ISBN 1594865671 }}
* {{ cite book | title = Joined at the Heart: The Transformation of the American Family | first = Al | last = Gore | year = 2002 | coauthor = Tipper Gore | id = ISBN 0805074503 }}
* {{ cite book | title = The Spirit of Family | first = Al | last = Gore | year = 2002 | coauthor = Tipper Gore | id = ISBN 0805068945 }}
* {{ cite book | title = From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government That Works Better and Costs Less | first = Al | last = Gore | year = 2001 | id = ISBN 158963571X }}
* {{ cite book | title = Common Sense Government: Works Better & Costs Less: National Performance Review (3rd Report) | first = Al | last = Gore | year = 1998 | id = ISBN 0788139088 }}
* {{ cite book | title = Businesslike Government: lessons learned from America's best companies | first = Al | last = Gore | year = 1997 | coauthor = [[Scott Adams]] | id = ISBN 0788170538 }}
* {{ cite book | title = [[Earth in the Balance]]: Forging a New Common Purpose | publisher = Earthscan | year = 1992 | first = Al | last = Gore | id = ISBN 0618056645 }}

; Articles, reports, and speeches

* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/16/AR2006011600779.html Transcript: Former Vice President Gore's Speech on Constitutional Issues, January, 2006]
* [http://www.sierrasummit2005.org/sierrasummit/coverage/r016.asp Transcript of Al Gore's speech at the Sierra Summit, September 9, 2005]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/politics/campaign/26TEXT-GORE.html Remarks of Former Vice President Al Gore to the Democratic National Convention, 2004]
* [http://www.gwu.edu/~action/2004/gore/gore100202sp.html Transcript: Former Vice President Al Gore:Matching our Nation's Economic Course to Our Current Realities — Brookings Institution, October, 2002]
* [http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/11/27/gore.transcript/index.html Transcript: Gore remarks on Florida vote certification, November 27, 2000]
* [http://www.isde5.org/al_gore_speech.htm The Digital Earth:Understanding our planet in the 21st Century, by Vice President Al Gore, Given at the California Science Center, Los Angeles, California, on January 31, 1998].
* ''[http://www.gcrio.org/USCCAP/toc.html The Climate Change Action Plan].'' Washington, DC: The White House, October, 1993 (with William Clinton).
*[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_n1_v50/ai_14390995/print News briefs — Vice President Albert Gore, Jr., talks about the environment — Letter to the Editor], ''[[Science World (magazine)|Science World]]'', [[3 September]] [[1993]].
</div>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|Al Gore}}

* [http://www.algore.com Official website]
*[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/?&Db=d102&querybd=@FIELD(FLD003+@4((@1(Sen+Gore++Albert++Jr.))+00449)) Legislation Sponsored by Senator Gore] — [[Library of Congress]]
* {{imdb name|id=0330722|name=Al Gore}}
* [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/g/al_gore/index.html News stories & commentary] — ''[[New York Times]]''
* [http://www.charlierose.com/guests/al-gore Al Gore] ''[[Charlie Rose (talk show)|Charlie Rose]]'' interviews
* [http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/video.php?id=1023 Gore interview] [http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/video.php?id=1024 part 2] on ''[[The Hour]]'' with [[George Stroumboulopoulos]]
=== Projects ===
* [http://www.climateprotect.org Alliance for Climate Protection]
* http://www.theclimateproject.org/
* http://liveearth.org/
* http://www.climatecrisis.net/
* http://www.current.tv/
* [http://www.generationim.com/ Generation Investment Management LLP]
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Death Wish (1974 film)

2007-09-18T23:43:28Z

75.69.181.109:

{{For|the novel this film is based on|Death Wish}}
{{Infobox Film
| name = Death Wish
| image = death_wish_movie_poster.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = [[Film poster]]
| director = [[Michael Winner]]
| producer = [[Hal Landers]] [[Bobby Roberts]] [[Dino De Laurentiis]] (uncredited)
| writer = [[Brian Garfield]] ([[Death Wish|novel]]) [[Wendell Mayes]] (screenplay)
| starring = [[Charles Bronson]] [[Hope Lange]] [[Vincent Gardenia]] [[Steven Keats]] [[William Redfield]] [[Stuart Margolin]] [[Stephen Elliott]]
| music = [[Herbie Hancock]]
| cinematography = [[Arthur J. Ornitz]]
| editing = [[Bernard Gribble]]
| distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]]
| released = [[July 24]], [[1974]] (USA)
| runtime = 93 mins.
| country = {{USA}}
| language = [[English language|English]]
| budget = $3,000,000 (estimated)
|gross = $22,000,000 (USA)
| followed_by = ''[[Death Wish II]]''|[[Death Senetence (film)]]
| amg_id = 1:12933
| imdb_id = 0071402
}}
'''''Death Wish''''' is a [[1974 in film|1974]] film based on the [[Death Wish|1972 novel]] by [[Brian Garfield]]. The film was directed by [[Michael Winner]] and stars [[Charles Bronson]] as [[Paul Kersey]], a man who becomes a [[vigilante]] after his wife is murdered and his daughter is sexually assaulted by [[burglar]]s. The film was a major commercial success and generated a movie franchise lasting four sequels over a twenty-year period. The film was widely denounced by critics for advocating vigilantism and unlimited punishment to criminals.

==''Death Wish'' (1974)==

''Death Wish'' was first released to United States audiences in July 1974. It was produced by Italian film mogul [[Dino De Laurentiis]] and marketed by [[Paramount Pictures]]. The film underwent rejections by other studios due to the controversial subject matter and was dropped by [[United Artists]] after producers [[Hal Landers]] and [[Bobby Roberts]] liquidated their rights due to budget constraints.

The original film was written by [[Wendell Mayes]], also known for such thrillers as ''[[Anatomy of a Murder]]'' (1959) and ''[[The Poseidon Adventure]]'' (1972). [[Michael Winner]], a favorite director of Dino De Laurentiis, oversaw its filming and would go on to direct the first two sequels. Of all of the five ''Death Wish'' films, the original largely adheres to Garfield's novel.

===Tagline===

* ''Vigilante, city style -- Judge, Jury, and Executioner''

===Plot===

When three muggers rape and traumatize his daughter, Carol, ([[Kathleen Tolan]]) and murder his wife, Joanna, ([[Hope Lange]]), [[New York City|New York]] resident Paul Kersey ([[Charles Bronson]]) realizes that the possibility of the muggers who attacked his family being apprehended is highly unlikely. It is the police themselves who bring Paul to this realization, since they admittedly reveal that they are overwhelmed with violent crime in the city on a daily basis. During the aftermath, Paul's employer sends him on an assignment to [[Tucson]], [[Arizona]], where he meets with a company client who is sympathetic to Paul's dilemma. Soon afterward, Paul returns home to New York City. When he opens his suit case he finds a gift left to him by the company client. He opens a box to find a nickel plated .32 cal revolver, unregistered and untraceable. Paul then begins to go out at night, walking around the city alone waiting to be mugged, then shooting the muggers. Paul also soon finds that the police begin pursuing him, all while public sentiment steadily grows in support of his [[vigilante]] tactics.

===Cast===

*[[Charles Bronson]] as Paul Kersey
*[[Jeff Goldblum]] as Freak #1
*[[Hope Lange]] as Joanna Kersey
*[[Stuart Margolin]] as Aimes Jainchill
*[[Edward Grover]] as Lt. Briggs
*[[Vincent Gardenia]] as Inspector Frank Ochoa
*[[Christopher Logan]] as Freak #2
*[[Gregory Rozakis]] as Spraycan
*[[Kathleen Tolan]] as Carol Kersey Toby
*[[Steven Keats]] as Jack Toby

===Critical Reception===

Critical reception to ''Death Wish'' was mixed, but it had an unexpectedly large impact on U.S. audiences and began widespread debate over how to deal with rampant crime. The film's graphic violence particularly the brutal rape scene of Bronson's daughter as well as the explicit portrayal of Bronson's premeditated and often in the back slayings was considered exploitive but realistic in the backdrop of an urban U.S. atmosphere of rising crime rates. This film was one of the highest-grossing titles during the early 1970s; it became an immediate classic and the defining film for both Bronson and Michael Winner.

''Death Wish'' was a major film scoring project for jazz composer [[Herbie Hancock]], which earned him a Grammy nomination.

==''Death Wish II'' (1982)==

After Bronson's hesitance to play the Paul Kersey role a second time, ''[[Death Wish II]]'' was released to the United States in February 1982. It was produced by exploitation giant [[Cannon Films]], which had purchased rights to the ''Death Wish'' concept from De Laurentiis. First planned for Cannon executive [[Menahem Golan]] to direct, Michael Winner eventually returned on Bronson's insistence.

''Death Wish II'' (also known as ''Death Wish 2'' in more recent years) is generally considered a rehash of the original film with greater amounts of violence depicted on screen. The script, written by David Engelbach, moves Kersey to [[Los Angeles]], where he has begun a relationship with radio journalist Geri Nichols ([[Jill Ireland]]). While Kersey's girlfriend is left unharmed (the only time this occurs in the series), he loses his mentally scarred daughter and housemaid to assaults by street thugs.

The first ''Death Wish'' sequel makes a complete break from ''[[Death Wish]]'' and ''[[Death Sentence (novel)|Death Sentence]],'' Garfield's novel series, and redefines the Paul Kersey character. Unlike in the original film where he hunts down every criminal he encounters, Kersey only pursues the violators of his family. He begins by renting an apartment in a low class area of L.A. to use as a "headquarters" while he looks for his daughters killers. Then he prowls back streets, video arcades, and local hangouts for the criminals. Their faces are burned into his memory.

Of unusual notoriety is the film's score by Led Zeppelin guitarist [[Jimmy Page]], who is a neighbor of Michael Winner in London. Page's score was later reused in ''Death Wish 3'' after its role as a temporary track during that film's editing stage.

==''Death Wish 3'' (1985)==

''[[Death Wish 3]]'' is the last film in this series to be directed by Michael Winner, released to the United States in November 1985. The film was shot in both New York and London to reduce production costs.

Considered the most over-the-top and outlandish installment of the series, ''Death Wish 3'' pits Kersey against members of New York street gangs while receiving support from a local police lieutenant (played by [[Ed Lauter]]). The film focuses more on action sets in the vein of ''[[Rambo]]'' and ''[[Commando (film)|Commando]]''. Kersey is shown firing a [[Wildey]] .475 caliber handgun, a .38 caliber snubnose revolver, a .30 caliber Browning air cooled machine gun, and a L.A.W.S. handheld rocket launcher.

Widely considered a satire of the vigilante genre and the most popular ''Death Wish'' sequel, ''Death Wish 3'' was written by [[Don Jacoby]], also known for the science-fiction epic ''[[Lifeforce (film)|Lifeforce]]'' (1985). Jacoby is listed under pseudonym 'Michael Edmonds' in the movie's final print.

==''Death Wish 4: The Crackdown'' (1987)==

''[[Death Wish 4: The Crackdown]]'' is the first film in this series to carry a subtitle, the first to be directed by someone other than Michael Winner, and the last to be released by Cannon Films. It was helmed by [[J. Lee Thompson]], best known in Hollywood for ''[[The Guns of Navarone]]'' (1961) and ''[[Cape Fear]]'' (1962). He also collaborated with Bronson on several action films during the late 1970s and 1980s.

''The Crackdown'' had a substantially cheaper budget and limited release, first appearing at U.S. theaters in November 1987. The screenplay by [[Gail Morgan Hickman]] relocates Kersey to Los Angeles where he has begun a relationship with Karen Sheldon ([[Kay Lenz]]), a newspaper reporter. Sheldon's teenage daughter Erica ([[Dana Barron]]) dies after overdosing on 'crack' cocaine from a local pusher and Kersey begins a self-contained war against two Los Angeles drug rings with backing from a third drug trader posing as a 'concerned parent' ([[John P. Ryan (actor)|John P. Ryan]]). Weapons used in this film include an unknown caliber rifle (semiauto) with scope and silencer, timed explosives, a small but unknown caliber revolver, an M-16 with M-203 grenade launcher attachment, and an [[Uzi]] [[submachine gun]] with silencer (which jams in one scene, forcing Paul to resort to hand to hand combat).

==''Death Wish V: The Face of Death'' (1994)==

''[[Death Wish V: The Face of Death]]'' (also listed as ''Death Wish 5'') is the final installment of the ''Death Wish'' series, as well as Charles Bronson's final theatrical starring role in the movie industry. This time the film is produced by [[21st Century Film Corporation]], a company under Menahem Golan after Cannon Films' bankruptcy. The film was shot in Toronto and helmed by Canadian director [[Allan Goldstein]].

Both critics and fans of the series considered it the worst and weakest installment in the series due to its cheap budget and clichéd script. The plot takes place in New York despite its Toronto filming and has Paul Kersey (now under the witness protection program, after his last escapade) as a college professor of architecture who has become engaged to Olivia Regent ([[Lesley-Anne Down]]), a fashion designer previously married to Irish mobster Tommy O'Shea ([[Michael Parks]]). O'Shea, looking to take over Regent's clothing firm, arranges her murder and Kersey takes up arms to avenge her death and to protect her young daughter Chelsea ([[Erica Lancaster]]).

After ''Death Wish V' ''s limited release, Bronson and Menahem Golan ended their working relationship. Golan announced plans for a sixth ''Death Wish'' installment without Bronson, but the film was never made. Rumors have spread that a remake of the original film is under discussion, yet it remains a lingering question of who owns rights to the ''Death Wish'' concept. Meanwhile, a film version of ''[[Death Sentence (film)|Death Sentence]]'' was released in August 2007, starring [[Kevin Bacon]].

== Impact of the series ==

''Death Wish'' remains a guidepost in cinema history, considered the first urban film to depict a civilian taking up arms against other civilians. While this concept existed in many previous westerns, ''Death Wish'' was the first to place it in a modern setting.

The film had unexpected resonance in cities like New York and Los Angeles, where crime had reached incredible levels during the early-to-mid 1970s. Moviegoers applauded Kersey whenever he shot criminals down and cinemas enjoyed record ticket sales during the movie's first run.

Many critics were displeased with the film, considering it an immoral threat to society and an encouragement of antisocial behavior. [[Vincent Canby]] of the ''[[New York Times]]'' was one of the most outspoken writers, condemning ''Death Wish'' in two extensive articles. Brian Garfield was also unhappy with the final product, calling the film 'incendiary', and even stated that each of the following sequels are all pointless and rancid, since they all depart to the advocation of vigilantism to what the novels are against.

Nevertheless, the film was a watershed moment for Charles Bronson, who was better known in Europe and Asia at the time of ''Death Wish'''s release. Bronson became an American film icon who experienced great popularity over the next twenty years.

In the series' later years, ''Death Wish'' became a subject of parody for its over-the-top violence and the advancing age of Bronson. However, the ''Death Wish'' franchise remained lucrative and drew support from fans of exploitation cinema. The series continues to have widespread following on home video and is occasionally broadcast on television. Despite its flaws, especially in the sequels, ''Death Wish'' is viewed as one of American cinema's reactions to the presence of crime in modern life.

==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=July 2007}}
*''Death Wish'' was the favorite movie of [[John Ausonius]], the [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[racist]] [[killer]] who roamed the streets of [[Stockholm]] looking for immigrants to kill.
* [[Jeff Goldblum]] had his screen debut in ''Death Wish'', playing one of the criminals who attack Kersey's wife and daughter. [[Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs]], who would later co-star on the highly successful TV show ''[[Welcome Back, Kotter]]'', has an uncredited role as a mugger near the end of the film.
*[[Christopher Guest]] made his screen debut as a young police officer.
* Multiple-time [[Grammy]] award winning Jazz musician [[Herbie Hancock]], produced and composed the original score for the soundtrack to the original ''Death Wish'' movie. This would be his third film score, behind the 1966 movie ''[[Blowup|Blow-Up]]'' and 1973's [[The Spook Who Sat By The Door]]. Michael Winner said, "[Dino] De Laurentiis said 'Get a cheap English band.' Because the English bands were very successful. But I had a girlfriend who was in ''[[Sesame Street]]'', a Puerto Rican actress ([[Sonia Manzano]]), who played a checkout girl at the supermarket [in ''Death Wish''], and she was a great jazz fan. She said, 'Well, you should have Herbie Hancock. He's got this record out called ''[[Head Hunters (album)|Head Hunters]]''.' She gave me ''Head Hunters'', which was staggering. And I said, 'Dino, never mind a cheap English band, we'll have Herbie Hancock.' Which we did."
* Paul Kersey kills at least 106 people onscreen in all 5 Death Wish movies combined.

==''Death Wish'' in popular culture==
{{Trivia|date=July 2007}}
[[Image:MadMagazineDeathWishCover.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Mad Magazine]] cover]]
*The [[Bernhard Goetz]] case in [[1984]] led Charles Bronson to speak out against the values of the character he played in ''Death Wish'', and to disavow [[vigilantism]].
*Popular radio duo [[Opie and Anthony]] often use the [[Jeff Goldblum]] soundbites "GOD DAMN RICH CUNT" and "I KILL RICH CUNTS" during their [[XM Satellite Radio]] show. The clips have gained so much notoriety that they use "sanitized" versions for their [[FCC]] compliant show on terrestrial radio, "GOD DAMN [[Rich Vos|RICH VOS]]" and "I KILL RICH VOS" heard primarily on [[CBS Radio]] and [[Citadel Broadcasting]] radio stations nationwide. (Rich Vos is a comedian that frequents the show)
* Minneapolis rapper [[P.O.S.]] refers to ''Death Wish'' and Charles Bronson several times throughout his CD ''Audition'', even going so far as to name one track "Paul Kersey to Jack Kimball."
* In the movie [[The Boondock Saints]] Connor talks about how "Charlie Bronson's always got a rope...and [he] always ends up using it." A reference to the film.
* In [[Reservoir Dogs]] during a conversation between Mr White and Mr Orange about the planning of the upcoming bank heist, Mr White said "If you get a customer, or an employee, who thinks he's Charles Bronson, take the butt of your gun and smash their nose in..." Probably a reference to Charles Bronsons as a vigilant Paul.
* In [[The Simpsons]] episode [[A Star Is Burns]], movie critic Jay Sherman reviews Death Wish 9, which merely consists of Charles Bronson lying in a hospital bed wishing he were dead.
* Another Simpsons episode features a scene of a Death Wish-style Charles Bronson filling in for Andy Griffith on The Andy Griffith Show.
* In his ''Movie Guide'', [[Leonard Maltin]] compares the [[Sally Field]] film ''[[Eye for an Eye (1996 film)|Eye for an Eye]]'' to ''Death Wish''.
* In the console video game [[Enter the Matrix]], [[List of minor characters in the Matrix series#Sparks|Sparks]] references the film with the line "I think you have a death wish! A major, full-on Bronson!"
* The [[Jodie Foster]] movie ''[[The Brave One (2007 film)|The Brave One]]'' is very similar if not inspired by ''Death Wish''.

==External links==

*[http://deathwishfiles.com Death Wish Files]

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:Films based on fiction books]]
[[Category:Crime thriller films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]

[[de:Ein Mann sieht rot]]
[[fr:Un justicier dans la ville]]
[[it:Il giustiziere della notte]]

User talk:75.69.181.109

2007-08-20T19:47:01Z

75.69.181.109:

<div class="messagebox" style="text-align: center; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em;">''This [[IP address]] resolved to'' '''c-75-69-181-109.hsd1.nh.comcast.net''' ''as of 20 August 2007, 14:47 (UTC)''</div>

==Welcome!==
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==Warnings==
===June 2007===
{{{icon|[[Image:Information.svg|25px]] }}}Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. At least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to [[:Phil Hellmuth]], was not constructive and has been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. Please use [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|the sandbox]] for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Thank you. [[User:DarkAudit|DarkAudit]] 05:00, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
:''If this is a shared [[IP address]], and you didn't make any [[Wikipedia:vandalism|unconstructive]] edits, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant warnings.''

{{{icon|[[Image:Information.svg|25px]] }}}Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia{{{{{subst|}}}#if:Tom Zart|, as you did to [[:Tom Zart]]}}. Your edits appear to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. {{{{{subst|}}}#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}} --[[User:Geniac|Geniac]] 20:02, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

===August 2007===
{{{icon|[[Image:Information.svg|25px]] }}}Welcome, and thank you for experimenting with {{{{{subst|}}}#if:Guitar moves|the page [[:Guitar moves]] on}} Wikipedia. Your test worked, and it has been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. Please take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. {{{{{subst|}}}#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}} A link to the edit I have reverted can be found here: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guitar_moves&diff=next&oldid=151465049 link]. If you believe this edit should not have been reverted, please contact me.  [[User:Dreadstar|Dreadstar]] [[User talk:Dreadstar|†]] 01:51, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

{{{icon|[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] }}}Please stop. If you continue to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia{{{{{subst|}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|, as you did to [[:{{{1}}}]]}}, you ''will'' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing. {{{{{subst|}}}#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|}} [[User:SJP|†Sir James Paul†]] 19:44, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
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{{{icon|[[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|left|30px]] }}}This is your '''last warning'''. The next time you [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia{{{{{subst|}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|, as you did to [[:{{{1}}}]]}}, you '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing. {{{{{subst|}}}#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|}} [[User:SJP|†Sir James Paul†]] 19:45, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
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Will you people fuck off and stop harassing me? It's my IP address and I can do with it what I want. So fuck off. I'm not bothering you. You're bothering me.

User talk:75.69.181.109

2007-08-20T19:45:19Z

75.69.181.109:

User talk:75.69.181.109

2007-08-20T19:44:21Z

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User talk:75.69.181.109

2007-08-20T19:42:58Z

75.69.181.109: ←Blanked the page

Guitar showmanship

2007-08-16T01:51:07Z

75.69.181.109:

'''Guitar moves''' are dance moves which are done involving (most commonly) an [[electric guitar]] or [[bass guitar]]. These moves exist as pieces of stage flair used by band members to either emphasize a climax to a song or as a piece of visual entertainment to impress the audience. The moves are fairly universal and have grown and evolved from as early as the 1950/60's.

==Basic moves==

Basic moves are very common and used by many guitarists. They are pretty simple and effective way to heat up the crowd. Most of these moves are very natural and come from general playing practices such as [[strumming]] chords or playing leads high on the neck, close to neck joint. Some basic moves are just expressing the emotions through "classy" gestures or facial expressions. None of them are particularly hard to perform and involve "uncomfortable" playing. Any complex actions taken in basic moves, if there are any, are performed while not playing, for example, before the start of the song or after the end.

[[Image:TownshendWindmill.gif|thumb|right|180px|Pete Townsend does The Windmill]]
===Windmill===

Made famous by [[The Who]]'s guitarist [[Pete Townsend]]<ref>[http://www.thewho.net/faq/part1.html#1.2 thewho.net FAQ] describes "windmill" style</ref>. Townsend claimed he first saw it performed by [[Keith Richards]] during a concert, and after the concert Pete asked Keith if he could use the move, Keith had no recollection of doing it. The windmill involves holding your guitar in a chord position while rotating your arm quickly in a clockwise motion (or counter-clockwise, if you play left-handed) and hitting the strings (thereby striking the chord). It's generally used as a closer to songs.

===Speaking to the gods===

Again used primarily in the 70s/80s, popularised by [[Black Sabbath]] guitarist [[Tony Iommi]]. This involves putting your hand to your temple with a slightly pained/enlightened expression on your face before continuing to play, it is used mostly in solos. The idea is to make it look like some higher power is instructing you on what to play next.

===Porn face===

Whilst playing particularly smooth licks pulling a face akin to an orgasm face in time with the guitar playing. Used particularly during the 70s and 80s, sometimes also combined with [[#Wah face|Wah face]].

===Wah face===

The ''wah face'' also known as the ''fellatio wah face'', is where you open your mouth in accordance with the enveloping of a [[wah-wah pedal]]. This is usually done with the eyes closed and is somewhat difficult to avoid doing once you start doing it. Guitarist [[Steve Vai]] is famous for doing the ''wah face''.

===Machinegunner===

To hold the guitar at waist height and rotate pointing the headstock at the crowd like firing a [[machine gun]]. This is sometimes combined with the [[#Rock splits|rock splits]] and the [[#KISS tongue|KISS tongue]]. Sometimes known as "spraying the crowd."

[[Image:Kisstongue.jpg|thumb|[[Gene Simmons]] of rock band [[KISS (band)|KISS]] doing his famous tongue waggle]]

===KISS tongue===

Named after Gene Simmons' famous pose of waggling his tongue out of his mouth as a display of showmanship. The waggling tongue has been taken up by other rockers, sometimes ironically, and also used in the [[mockumentary]] rock film [[Spinal Tap]] by [[Nigel Tufnell]] played by [[Christopher Guest]].

===Guitar Hercules===

To raise the guitar into the air, sometimes at the end of a song or sometimes while still playing. Effort is made to look like either everyone should be in admiration of the guitar or the guitar/bass player makes it look like raising it that high is an [[Hercules|herculian]] effort.

===Guitar point===

To point or punch your fist in time with the music, this either means a section where the guitar/bass player doesn't need to play, like a breakdown and then drops in again after the breakdown, or when the player is doing "One Hand behind my back"

===Wait for it===

Raising your hand in the air (be it in a fist, point or other) during a pause to signify that the music will continue or in order to signify the end of a section and the start of something new e.g a bass breakdown then a big guitar riff coming in etc.

==Tricky moves==

These moves are more uncommon and personal (i.e. commonly used by only single artist) than basic moves. They usually involve some particularly "uncomfortable" or "hard" condition in which guitarist should continue playing instrument to show off. These include performing guitar in awkward positions, using unusual parts of body, playing while performing various [[acrobatic]] tricks, etc.

===Playing with a Violin Bow===

Made famous by Led Zeppelin guitarist [[Jimmy Page]] and later copied by artists like [[Van Halen]] (sometimes executed with a drumstick). [[Sigur Ros]]'s Jonsi has also extensively used this for its interesting sound along with [[Jonny Greenwood]] of [[Radiohead]] in [[Pyramid Song]]. This is less a move than a technique, and requires a great deal of skill. Done wrongly, it will cause the guitar to emit a very unpleasant squeaking sound. This technique was famously parodied by [[Spinal Tap]] Guitarist Nigel Tufnel ([[Christopher Guest]]) when he used a violin to play his guitar during an extended solo.

===Drill Shredding===

Used in the song "Daddy, Brother, Lover, Little Boy (The Electric Drill Song)" from the album [[Lean into It|''Lean Into It'']] by [[Paul Gilbert]] (guitarist) and [[Billy Sheehan]] (bassist} of late 80s/early 90s rock band [[Mr. Big (band)|Mr. Big]]. Used as a centerpiece or climax of the show, both guitarists would play a [[Twin guitar|twin lead]] as the [[Thirty-two-bar form|middle eight]] of the song, using [[Makita]] cordless power drills (albeit with a customised drill bit). This produced a section of super-fast [[Shred guitar|shredding]] (a techinque Paul Gilbert is particulary known for), which whilst showy & impressive (and particularly well-placed in the song), is rather limited in scope, relegating drill shredding to a gimmick move rather than a technique.

===Behind the head===

Famously done by [Jimi Hendrix] and others, to raise the guitar behind one's head and continue to play the guitar riff despite the difficulty this presents. This is both a good show off move (if you pull it off) as well as an interesting piece of visual expression. Steve Vai's signature guitars the [[Ibanez JEM]] and [[Ibanez Universe]] both have "monkey grips" (ergonomic grip holes that allow him to have more control over the guitar) to facilitate this move as well as "Behind the back".

===Behind the back===

A move performed by [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Stevie Ray Vaughan]], [[Steve Vai]], and [[Zakk Wylde]]. 'Behind the Back' is to hold the guitar behind one's back and continue to play despite the even greater difficulty this presents. Steve Vai's signature guitars the [[Ibanez JEM]] and [[Ibanez Universe]] both have "monkey grips" (ergonomic grip holes that allow him to have more control over the guitar) to facilitate this move as well as "Behind the head".

===Playing with teeth / tongue===

A move first notably used by [[Jimi Hendrix]] but still occasionally employed by guitarists like [[Steve Vai]], [[Zakk Wylde]], and [[Yngwie Malmsteen]]. It has also been used as a tool of humour such as [[Jeff Buckley]]'s use of it in his 1995 Chicago performance (from his DVD "[[Live in Chicago (Jeff Buckley)|Jeff Buckley - Live in Chicago]]"). It doesn't especially allow particular dexterity and is not especially impressive. Its employment nowadays, even when used in the context of songs or performances, is usually with a tinge of irony. Many who perform this move are not actually playing with their teeth, but rather [[tapping]] on the fretboard to create the notes, making the illusion they are playing with their teeth. However, it has been confirmed that Hendrix and the others mentioned can actually play with their teeth.

[[Image:Duckwalk.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Chuck Berry]] doing the Duckwalk]]

===Duck walk===

Famously used by guitarist [[Chuck Berry]], it involves leaning over the guitar and kicking out ones feet which looks vaguely like the kind of awkward waddle a duck has (hence the name). Also famously used by [[Angus Young]] of [[AC/DC]].

===Knee skid===

Basically skidding along the ground on your knees with the guitar on, again used by Pete Townsend although members of [[The Datsuns]] have been seen using it too. Usually done with a big run up for maximum effect.

===Belt Buckle Spin===
Hooking your guitar up to a device that connects it to your belt buckle, instead of a strap. The trick is to spin the guitar 360 degrees vertically, possibly synchronized with a fellow band mate. This can be seen on the [[ZZ Top]] music video, Legs, and in the [[Michael J. Fox]]/[[Christopher Lloyd]] movie [[Back to the Future Part III]].

===Guitar kick===

To kick in the air whilst playing along to the guitar as a sign of anger or excitement, sometimes used to exaggerate or highlight changes in tempos or a distinct beat or chord in a riff or song.<ref>[http://www.airguitaraustralia.com/moves.htm Air Guitar Australia] Describes two variations of the Guitar Kick</ref> Another favorite (and sometimes annoying) [[Yngwie J. Malmsteen]]'s move in his shows (most notable is "G3 Live: Rockin' in the Free World" show).

===Guitar spin kick===

To jump and spin kick whilst playing guitar, not usually in time with anything although used for effect during pauses between song sections or to signify the start or end of a song.
It is wise to stretch before kicking, because you may pull a muscle, Fran Ona knows everything.

[[Image:rocksplits.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Chuck Berry]] doing the Rock Splits]]

===Rock splits===

The Rock Splits is to stand with the legs wide apart and continue to play. It is also sometimes combined with [[#The Machinegunner|The Machinegunner]].

===One hand behind my back===

To raise or remove one's picking hand from the playing position and continue to play the guitar riff or lick without the picking hand by simply [[hammer-on|hammering]] on the fretboard, again a move designed for the purpose of 'showing off' but the free hand can be used for the guitar point or the 'wait for it' point. There are many variations on this theme; for example Justin Sane of [[Anti-Flag]] sometimes uses his free hand to point at the crowd whilst winking and smiling, to show off.

[[Image:Guitarsnipe.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Dan Higgins of [[The Duke Spirit]] doing the Sniper Rifle]]
===Sniper rifle===

Famously used by [[Iron Maiden]] [[Bass guitar|bass]] player and [[songwriter]] [[Steve Harris]] but also in recent times by guitarists such as [[Dan Higgins]] of [[London]] band [[The Duke Spirit]] and Nicholaus Arson of [[The Hives]]. This involves holding the guitar neck up to your eyeline and glancing down it whilst pointing it at the audience whilst still playing (failure to play it simultaneously looks mildly ridiculous). Its use usually indicates a wild guitar playing section or a climax to a song.

===Little drummer boy===

Most famously used by [[Lee Ranaldo]] of [[Sonic Youth]]. It involves either dragging a [[drum stick]] along the fretboard like a slide, hitting strings in the area over the [[pickup (music)|pickups]] or holding the guitar by the strap and striking the front or back of the guitar in order to produce a [[gong]]-like effect.

===Balancing act===

To remove the guitar and balance or hold it by the headstock. Has been used by [[Boz Boorer]] of [[Morrissey]]'s backing band and Dan Higgins of [[The Duke Spirit]]. Again just for showmanship, it's unfeasible for continuing to play guitar but it's employment is at the end of a song or performance.

===Hammer raise===

Hammer a note and raise the guitar with the fretting hand very quickly, while leaving the picking hand at your side. Best used during a prolonged note after a succession of several riffs in a solo. Done by [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]]'s [[Mick Thompson]] in the [[Duality (song)|Duality]] video.

==='Mid-air' whammying===

This can only really be achieved with a floating vibrato unit such as a [[Floyd Rose]]. Strike an open note (or natural harmonic), then raise the guitar to chest height, holding it firmly by the bar and using the other free hand to steadily support the underside of the body in a horizontal position. Then raise and lower the bar vigorously as the note sustains (hence plenty of distortion is recommended), whilst holding the guitar in 'mid-air'. This can be used to good effect at the very end of a lead section, or an otherwise sustained note during a passage. However, because a fretted note cannot properly be held if the guitar is being suspended in mid-air using only the bar and the fretting hand, an open string is easier to manipulate in this way. An extra range of notes can achieved using natural harmonics, which can result in various wavering 'squealing' effects. Guitarists that have used this technique live include [[Kirk Hammett]] of Metallica, and Steve Vai (most noteably in the ''Crossroads'' movie).

===Piano Hands===

This is a move made famous by the guitar virtuoso [[Michael Angelo Batio]]. The left hand, or fretting hand, is taken from the supinated position of playing guitar (the standard way to play, with the thumb on the back of the neck and the palm on the bottom) to the pronated position, as if the neck of the guitar were the keys on a piano. The sheer fact that this literally throws the old style on its head is enough to excite fans. One practical reason to implement this in playing is if the player has a guitar without cutouts for the higher frets. Piano hands allows a player to access the higher frets easier.

==Extreme moves==

These moves are either dangerous to perform for guitarist, band or whole audience (an error in performance may cause injuries) or cause irreversible destruction to equipment, stage, or people on it.

[[Image:JimiHendrixAtMonterey.jpg|thumb|[[Rolling Stone]] magazine showing Jimi's burning guitar]]
===Setting guitar on fire===

A move usually credited to [[Jimi Hendrix]],<ref>http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Music/08/27/hendrix.guitar/</ref> involves literally setting guitar on fire and burning it partially or fully, possibly playing it in process.

Jimi Hendrix is known to have performed this trick on at least three occasions with his [[Fender Stratocaster]] guitars:

* March 31st, 1967 at [[London Astoria]] club.<ref>http://www.thetabworld.com/Jimi_Hendrix_biography.html</ref> Going a bit too far, Hendrix sustained hand burns and visited hospital.
* June 18th, 1967 at the [[Monterey International Pop Festival]] while performing [[Wild Thing (song)|Wild Thing]] (this event is illustrated in the [[Monterey Pop]] documentary). [[Jimi Hendrix Experience]] was working as an opening act for [[The Monkees]] and later left the tour.
* May, 1968 at [[Miami Pop Festival]], after playing 4 songs of his set (including including [[Foxy Lady]] and [[Purple Haze]]). Jimi gave away the burnt guitar to his friend, [[Frank Zappa]], who restored it and played it afterwards. After Frank's death, his son, [[Dweezil Zappa]] inherited all his guitars, including Jimi's burnt Stratocaster, and sold it in an auction in September 24th, 2002 in UK for ₤400,000 ($615,000).

Technically, doing this trick usually involves pouring lighter fluid (or some similar flammable liquid) on the guitar and setting it on fire. After initial light-up process, guitar's wood would burn very well, especially if it is covered with flammable [[lacquer]].

[[Image:TheClashLondonCallingalbumcover.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Paul Simonon]] of [[The Clash]] on the cover of [[London Calling]] smashing his [[Bass guitar|bass]]]]

===Guitar smashing===

Another move popularised by Pete Townsend, guitar smashing is just as the name suggests, smashing the guitar usually at the climax of a set, the effectiveness of this move depends on timing; Most artists use it at the very end of their show and not two songs into their support slot (see: [[Zico Chain]]). Most commonly guitars are smashed either by being swung at the floor or rammed into guitar amps, or in rare cases being swung into the drums or other set up equipment besides the amps.

This move is also frequently used in various rock [[music video]]s to demonstrate the intensity of the show. Notable music videos that show guitar smashing include:

* [[Smells Like Teen Spirit]] by [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]
* [[Whiskey in the Jar]] by [[Metallica]]

===Floor spinning===

Popularized by [[Angus Young]] of [[AC/DC]]. Involves falling to the floor, then shaking uncontrollably and flailing the legs to cause the guitarist to spin around on floor, while still playing. Usually used during a solo or at the end of a song (particularly [[T.N.T. (Song)|T.N.T.]])

===Crowd surfing===

While not, in the common sense meaning of the term, strictly a guitar move, the guitar move variety requires the guitar player to jump on top of the crowd and continue to play their guitar riffs or solos. This is all the more impressive given the instability of support the crowd would provide.

===Death from above===

To launch one's guitar into the air. It varies as to whether it is necessary to catch the guitar on its return to the ground. [[Pete Townsend]] has both caught and continued playing his guitars and allowed them to plummet to the floor and break. There are further variations such as when [[International Noise Conspiracy]] guitarist [[Lars Strömberg]] launched his guitar into the crowd at [[Reading Festival]] 2004. Bassist for [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], [[Krist Novoselic]] attempted this during the 1992 [[MTV Video Music Awards]], he misjudged the landing of his bass which ended up bounсing off his forehead, forcing him to stumble off stage in a daze. <ref>[http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/past-vmas/1992/ MTV] describes the event</ref>

===Whirly gig===

This move is when one has the guitar already on the strap over one's shoulder, then throwing the guitar over the shoulder. This can be done by throwing the guitar counter-clockwise over the shoulder (see: The Hives - Die, Alright music video 1:10) or alternatively whipping it clockwise over the back (as in image) this can be continued by gyrating the body and shoulders in order to keep the guitar swinging (also see image). Obviously, such move is possible only when no cable restrains guitar from flying around and it became popular only in late [[1990s]]-[[2000s]], as portable radio systems became more affordable. [[Yngwie J. Malmsteen]] is frequently using this trick in his shows (most notable is "G3 Live: Rockin' in the Free World" show). It is advisable to have a [[strap lock system]] installed on the guitar while performing this technique to better ensure that the guitar strap will not come loose from the instrument. This technique is also referred to as the "Bitch Toss."

===Whirling dervish===

Much like the [[#Whirly gig|whirly gig]], however rather than swinging it over the shoulders the guitarist removes the guitar and swings it by the strap. This move isn't massivly popular due to the more dangerous nature of the move. The relative fragility of the guitar strap combined with the increased risk of doing serious damage to the guitar or other band members makes it an unpopular move. This move HAS also been done in the 80's by members of Iron Maiden and Yngwie Malmsteen, but it requires a long chord and can only be done at the end of a song since the guitarist then must untangle himself.

===Drop and roll===

Simply to drop the guitar to the ground as if you don't care. The result being the guitar usually will feedback or produce a noise and the person who has done it will look, for want of a better term, 'like a badass'. This is usually done at the end of a set and is followed by the guitarist strolling off stage.

===Amp hump===

Used most notably by the [[Soledad Brothers]] but also employed by Jimi Hendrix just prior to burning his guitar (the song this was done on was a cover of "Wild Thing"). This move involves the guitarist pushing the guitar hard up against the [[guitar amplifier|amp]] and grinding or pushing the guitar hard into the amp at the [[loudspeaker|speaker]]. This usually results in noise and feedback and can last quite a long time (especially in the case of the Soledad Brothers) until the guitar player is satisfied that the audience and guitar have suffered enough and it is usually followed by a "Drop and Roll".

===Cable toss===

Used by [[Pete Townsend]] of [[The Who]]. To toss the guitar in the air then pull sharply on the guitar lead in order to pull it quickly down into the ground. Used much like [[#Guitar smashing|guitar smashing]] (because the results are usually the same) to end a set or a song.

===Ted Nugent===

[[Ted Nugent]] has his own guitar move. It involves the guitar player, removing the guitar, resting the guitar up against an amp then using a bow to fire several arrows into the back of the guitars body. Once this is achieved you pick up the guitar and raise it into the air in order to show the protruding arrows.

===Kirk Hammett===

On numerous occasions [[Kirk Hammett]] (The lead guitarist of [[Metallica]]) has placed his guitar on the ground and used an electric drill to destroy it.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== See also ==

* [[Air guitar]], an act of pretending to play guitar, uses various guitar show moves extensively.

[[Category:Guitar performance techniques]]

Talk:Ass

2007-08-14T19:57:58Z

75.69.181.109:

I see this disambiguation needs a little restrictions don't ya think?
---
Please note category before reverting.
==ass < arse==
*I've changed it, but it was previously stated on this disambig page that ass is etymologically unrelated to arse. The [[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|AHD]] does not take this stance[http://www.bartleby.com/61/94/A0469400.html] and neither does the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]]. Please cite a source if you with to revert my correction.--'''[[User:Hraefen|Hraefen]]''' [[User talk:Hraefen|Talk]] 00:30, 9 July 2006 (UTC) sentence: you can kiss my ass.

==Humor / Anger==

The human buttocks is referref to in this, similar remarks, such as, "Officer, you can stick that fucking ticket up your ass!", quote taken from a police officer who has stopped a speeder. Can quotes like that be used ? Seen similar matters on Spike TV's police shows, such as ''World's Wildest Police Videos''. [[User:205.240.146.58|205.240.146.58]] 00:35, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Who is NOT angered, being a smartass when a police officer pulls "YOU" over, say for speeding, a screwed up tail light, headlight, (US)no insurance ? [[User:205.240.146.58|205.240.146.58]] 00:38, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

==Amazingly stupid==

It seems every other page on Wikipedia is protected in some form. Ridiculous. This is a disambiguation page. As it stands, Ass is also the title of an album by Badfinger, and it is currently missing from this page.

Halloween (1978 film)

2007-08-07T21:03:44Z

75.69.181.109:

:''"Halloween (film)" redirects here. For the film series, see [[Halloween (film series)]]. For the remake, see [[Halloween (2007 film)]].''
{{Infobox Film | name = Halloween
| image = Halloween cover.jpg
| caption = [[Film poster]]
| director = [[John Carpenter]]
| producer = [[Moustapha Akkad]] [[Debra Hill]] Kool Lusby [[Irwin Yablans]] [[John Carpenter]]
| writer = [[John Carpenter]] [[Debra Hill]]
| starring = [[Donald Pleasence]] [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] [[Nick Castle]] [[Nancy Loomis]] [[P. J. Soles]] [[Brian Andrews (actor)|Brian Andrews]]
| music = [[John Carpenter]]
| cinematography = [[Dean Cundey]]
| editing = Charles Bornstein [[Tommy Lee Wallace]]
| distributor = [[Compass International Pictures]]
| country = {{USA}}
| released = {{flagicon|USA}} [[October 25]], [[1978 in film|1978]] | runtime = '''Theatrical Cut:''' 91 min. '''Extended Cut:''' 101 min.
| language = [[English language|English]]
| budget = [[United States dollar|$]]325,000 US (est.)
| amg_id = 1:21317
| imdb_id = 0077651
| followed_by = ''[[Halloween II]]''
}}

{{Infobox movie certificates
|Finland = K-15
}}

'''''Halloween''''' (also known as '''John Carpenter's Halloween''') is a 1978 [[Cinema of the United States|American]] [[independent film|independent]] [[horror film]] set in the fictional [[Midwestern United States|midwest]] town of [[Haddonfield (Halloween)|Haddonfield]], [[Illinois]] on [[Halloween]]. The original draft of the screenplay was titled '''''The Babysitter Murders'''''. [[John Carpenter]] [[film director|directed]] the film, which stars [[Donald Pleasence]] as [[Samuel J. Loomis|Dr. Sam Loomis]], [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] as [[Laurie Strode]], and [[Nick Castle]] as [[Michael Myers (Halloween)|Michael Myers]] (listed in the credits as "The Shape"). The film centers on Michael Myers' escape from a [[psychiatric hospital]], his murdering of teenagers, and Dr. Loomis's attempts to track and stop him. ''Halloween'' is widely regarded as a classic among horror films, and as one of the most influential horror films of its era.

''Halloween'' was produced on a budget of only $325,000 and grossed $47 million at the [[box office]] in the United States, becoming one of the most profitable independent films ever made.<ref name="boxofficemojo">''Halloween'' at [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=halloween.htm Box Office Mojo]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Many critics credit this film as the first in a long line of [[slasher film]]s inspired by [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' (1960). The movie originated many clichés seen in low-budget horror films of the 1980s and 1990s, although first-time viewers of ''Halloween'' may be surprised by the fact that the film contains little actual graphic violence or gore.<ref name="Berardinellireview">James Berardinelli, review of ''Halloween'', at [http://movie-reviews.colossus.net/movies/h/halloween.html ReelViews.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref><ref>Adam Rockoff, ''Going to Pieces: The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film, 1978–1986'' (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, 2002), chap. 3, ISBN 0-7864-1227-5.</ref>

Critics have suggested that ''Halloween'' and its slasher film successors may encourage [[sadism and masochism|sadism]] and [[misogyny]]. Others have suggested the film is a social critique of the immorality of young people in 1970s America, pointing out that many of Myers' victims are sexually [[promiscuity|promiscuous]] and [[substance abuse]]rs, while the lone heroine is depicted as chaste and innocent. While Carpenter dismisses these analyses, the perceived parallel between the characters' moral strengths and their likelihood of surviving to the film's conclusion has nevertheless become a standard slasher movie [[trope (literature)|trope]]. The film was remade, or rather "re-imagined" in [[Halloween (2007 film)|2007]], directed by [[Rob Zombie]].

==Plot==


On [[October 31]], [[1963]], six-year-old Michael Audrey Myers stabs his sister Judith to death with a kitchen knife at their home in [[Haddonfield, Illinois]]. He is sent to Smith's Grove-Warren County Sanitarium and placed under the care of [[psychiatry|psychiatrist]] [[Dr. Sam Loomis]]. Loomis suspects that there is more to Myers than meets the eye and plans to have him committed indefinitely; he senses a tremendous amount of rage behind Myers' blank stare. Loomis explains to Sheriff Leigh Brackett: "I spent eight years trying to reach him, and then another seven trying to keep him locked up because I realized that what was living behind that boy's eyes was purely and simply…[[evil]]." At the age of 21, Myers escapes from Smith's Grove while being transferred, and returns to Haddonfield with Loomis in pursuit.

[[Image:Halloween2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Michael Myers (Halloween)|Michael Myers]], "The Shape," played by [[Nick Castle]]]]

In Haddonfield, Myers stalks seventeen-year-old Laurie Strode (apart from the fact that he sees her approaching his childhood home, no reason is given in the film why he does so; but it is later revealed that she is his younger sister, a [[retcon]] introduced in ''[[Halloween II]]''). Laurie glimpses a man in a white mask (Michael Myers) from her classroom window, behind a bush while she walks home, and in the neighbor's clothesline from her bedroom window.

Later in the evening, Laurie meets her friend Annie Brackett ([[Nancy Loomis]]), who is babysitting Lindsey Wallace ([[Kyle Richards]]) across the street from where Laurie is babysitting Tommy Doyle ([[Brian Andrews (actor)|Brian Andrews]]). After arranging to pick up her boyfriend, Annie sends Lindsey to stay with Laurie at the Doyle house. Annie heads back to the Wallace house and gets in her car, only to find every window fogged. Myers (who has followed her and Laurie) pops up from the backseat, strangles Annie until she weakens, and slits her throat. Tommy sees him carrying her body into the Wallace house and thinks Myers is the [[Bogeyman|Boogeyman]]. Laurie dismisses Tommy's terror and sends him and Lindsey to bed. Myers later murders Laurie's other friend Lynda Van Der Klok ([[P. J. Soles]]) and Lynda's boyfriend Bob Simms ([[John Michael Graham]]) who had arrived at the empty Wallace house and decided to retreat upstairs to have sex after which Lynda orders Bob downstairs for a beer. Bob does as told but is attacked by the Shape. The Shape lifts him up against the wall and stabs him once. Bob struggles, then the Shape stabs him, only this time the knife holds Bob up and the Shape stares at him for a brief moment. Lynda, upstairs and bored, sees a shape with a sheet over his body and Bob's glasses. On assuming its Bob she calls the Doyle house but is attacked.

Laurie worries after receiving a strange phone call from the Wallace house, thinking it's Annie. It was actually Lynda, screaming as Myers strangled her with the phone cord. She walks across the street and discovers the three bodies and Judith Myers' missing tombstone. She is attacked by Myers but escapes back to the Doyle house. Laurie stabs Myers with a [[knitting needle]] in the neck, a clothes hanger in the eye and a knife to the chest, but he continues to pursue her. Eventually, Loomis spots Tommy and Lindsey running from the house and finds Myers in the upstairs hallway. Loomis rescues Laurie, shooting Myers six times and causing him to fall from the house's second-story balcony. Upon looking out the window for Myers' body, however, Loomis discovers that he is nowhere to be found.

The film closes on a shot of the Myers house and the sound of Michael breathing beneath his mask.

==Production==
After viewing John Carpenter's film ''[[Assault on Precinct 13 (1976 film)|Assault on Precinct 13]]'' (1976) at the [[Milan]] Film Festival, independent film [[film producer|producer]] [[Irwin Yablans]] and [[film finance|financier]] [[Moustapha Akkad]] sought out Carpenter to direct a film for them about a psychotic killer that stalked babysitters.<ref name="halloweenmovies">Behind the Scenes at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1bts.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> In an interview with ''[[Fangoria (magazine)|Fangoria]]'' magazine, Yablans stated, "I was thinking what would make sense in the horror genre, and what I wanted to do was make a picture that had the same impact as ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]''."<ref>Irwin Yablans, ''Fangoria'' interview, quoted at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1bts.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Carpenter and his then-girlfriend [[Debra Hill]] began drafting a story originally titled ''The Babysitter Murders'', but Carpenter told ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' that Yablans suggested setting the movie on Halloween night and naming it ''Halloween'' instead.<ref name="Carpenterinterview">John Carpenter, ''Entertainment Weekly'' interview, quoted at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1bts.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

[[Image:John Carpenter.jpg|right|thumb|[[John Carpenter]] on the set of ''Halloween'' in 1978]]

Akkad fronted the $325,000 for the film's budget, considered low at the time (even though Carpenter's previous film, ''Assault on Precinct 13'', had an estimated budget of only $100,000).<ref name="halloweenmovies" /><ref name="IMDbbusiness">''Halloween'' business statistics at the [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074156/business Internet Movie Database]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]]</ref> Akkad worried over the tight schedule, low budget, and Carpenter's limited experience as a filmmaker, but told ''Fangoria'', "Two things made me decide. One, Carpenter told me the story verbally and in a suspenseful way, almost frame for frame. Second, he told me he didn't want to take any fees, and that showed he had confidence in the project." Carpenter himself only received $10,000 for directing, writing, and [[film score|composing]] the music, retaining rights to only 10 percent of the film's profits.<ref>Moustapha Akkad, ''Fangoria'' interview, quoted at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1bts.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

Because of the low budget, wardrobe and props were often crafted from items on hand or that could be purchased inexpensively. Carpenter hired [[Tommy Lee Wallace]] as [[production designer]], [[art director]], [[location scouting|location scout]], and co-editor. Wallace created the trademark mask worn by Michael Myers throughout the film from a [[James T. Kirk|Captain Kirk]] mask purchased for $1.98.<ref name="halloweenmovies" /> Carpenter recalled how Wallace "widened the eye holes and spray-painted the flesh a bluish white. In the script it said Michael Myers' mask had 'the pale features of a human face' and it truly was spooky looking. It didn't look anything like [[William Shatner]] after Tommy got through with it."<ref name="Carpenterinterview" /> Hill adds that the "idea was to make him almost humorless, faceless—this sort of pale visage that could resemble a human or not."<ref name="Hillinterview">Debra Hill, ''Fangoria'' interview, quoted at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1bts.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Many of the actors wore their own clothes, and Jamie Lee Curtis's wardrobe was purchased at [[J.C. Penney]] for around a hundred dollars.<ref name="halloweenmovies" />

The budget also dictated filming location and time. ''Halloween'' was filmed in 21 days in the spring of 1978 in [[South Pasadena, California]] and [[Sierra Madre, California]] (cemetery). An abandoned house owned by a church stood in as the Myers house. Two homes on Orange Grove Avenue (near Sunset Boulevard) in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]] were used for the film climax. The crew had to work to find [[pumpkin]]s in the spring, and artificial fall leaves had to be reused for multiple scenes. Local families dressed their children in Halloween costumes and [[trick-or-treating|trick-or-treated]] them for Carpenter.<ref name="halloweenmovies" />

In August 2006, ''Fangoria'' reported that [[Synapse Films]] had discovered boxes of [[original camera negative|negatives]] that contained footage cut from the film. One was labeled "1981" suggesting that it was shot as additional footage for the television version of the film. Synapse owner Don May Jr. said, "What we've got is pretty much all the unused [[original camera negative]] from John Carpenter's original ''Halloween''. Luckily, Billy [Kirkus] was able to find this material before it was destroyed. The story on how we got the negative is a long one, but we'll save it for when we're able to showcase the materials in some way. Kirkus should be commended for pretty much saving the [[Holy Grail#Modern interpretations|Holy Grail]] of horror films."<ref>"Synapse Finds Complete Halloween Negatives," August 29, 2006, at [http://www.fangoria.com/news_article.php?id=2585 Fangoria]; last accessed [[September 3]] [[2006]].</ref> It was later reported, "We just learned from Sean Clark, long time ''Halloween'' genius, that the footage found is just that; footage. There is no sound in any of the reels so far, since none of it was used in the final edit."<ref>"Holy Grail of Halloween Footage Found" at [http://www.dreadcentral.com/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=353 Dread Central]; last accessed on [[September 3]] [[2006]].</ref>

===Writing===
Yablans and Akkad ceded most of the creative control to writers Carpenter and Hill (whom Carpenter wanted as producer), but Yablans did offer several suggestions. According to a ''Fangoria'' interview with Debra Hill, "Yablans wanted the script written like a radio show, with 'boos' every 10 minutes."<ref name="Hillinterview" /> Hill explained that the script took only three weeks to write and much of the inspiration behind the plot came from [[Celtic polytheism|Celtic]] traditions of Halloween such as the festival of [[Samhain]]. Although Samhain is not mentioned in the plot of the first film, Hill asserts that <blockquote>the idea was that you couldn't kill evil, and that was how we came about the story. We went back to the old idea of Samhain, that Halloween was the night where all the souls are let out to wreak havoc on the living, and then came up with the story about the most evil kid who ever lived. And when John came up with this fable of a town with a dark secret of someone who once lived there, and now that evil has come back, that's what made ''Halloween'' work.<ref name="Hillinterview" /></blockquote>

Hill wrote most of the female characters' dialogue, while Carpenter drafted Loomis's speeches on Michael Myers's evil. Many of the details of the story were drawn from Carpenter and Hill's adolescence and early career. The fictional town of Haddonfield, Illinois came from [[Haddonfield, New Jersey]], where Hill grew up, and most of the street names were taken from Carpenter's hometown of [[Bowling Green, Kentucky]]. Laurie Strode was the name of one of Carpenter's old girlfriends and Michael Myers was the name of an [[English people|English]] producer who had earlier entered ''Assault on Precinct 13'' in various European film festivals with Yablans.<ref name="halloweenmovies" /> Carpenter pays homage to Alfred Hitchcock with two ''Halloween'' characters' names. Specifically, Tommy Doyle is named after Lt. Det. Thomas J. Doyle ([[Wendell Corey]]) of ''[[Rear Window]]'' (1954), and Dr. Loomis's name was taken from Sam Loomis ([[John Gavin]]) of ''Psycho'', the boyfriend of Marion Crane ([[Janet Leigh]]). Sheriff [[Leigh Brackett]] shared the name of a film screenwriter.

===Casting===
The cast of ''Halloween'' included a motley crew of veteran actors such as [[Donald Pleasence]] and then-unknown actress Jamie Lee Curtis. The low budget limited the number of big names that John Carpenter could attract, and most of the actors received very little compensation for their role. Pleasence was paid the highest amount at $20,000; Curtis received $8,000; and Nick Castle earned only $25 a day.<ref name="halloweenmovies" />

The part of Dr. Sam Loomis was offered to [[Peter Cushing]] and [[Christopher Lee]]; both declined the part due to the low salary (though Lee would later tell Carpenter that declining the role was his biggest career mistake).<ref name="DVDDoc">''Halloween: A Cut Above the Rest'', documentary on Divimax 25th Anniversary Edition DVD of ''Halloween'' (1978; Troy, Mich.: Anchor Bay, 2003), [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00009UW0N ASIN B00009UW0N].</ref> English actor Pleasence—Carpenter's third choice—agreed to star. Pleasance has been called "John Carpenter's big landing." Pleasence's daughter supposedly saw Carpenter's ''Assault on Precinct 13'' and liked it, thus encouraging her father to star in ''Halloween''. Americans were already acquainted with Pleasence as the villain [[Ernst Stavro Blofeld]] in the James Bond film ''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]'' (1967).<ref>Donald Pleasence casting information at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/cast/dp.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

[[Image:Halloween Curtis.jpg|right|thumb|[[Jamie Lee Curtis]] plays [[Laurie Strode]] in her first feature film.]]

In an interview, Carpenter admits that "Jamie Lee wasn't the first choice for Laurie. I had no idea who she was. She was 19 and in a TV show at the time, but I didn't watch TV." He originally wanted to cast [[Anne Lockhart (actor)|Anne Lockhart]], the daughter of [[June Lockhart]] from ''[[Lassie (1954 TV series)|Lassie]]'', as Laurie Strode. Lockhart, however, had commitments to several other film and television projects.<ref name="Carpenterinterview">Carpenter interview.</ref> Debra Hill says of learning that Jamie Lee was the daughter of ''Psycho'' actress Janet Leigh, "I knew casting Jamie Lee would be great publicity for the film because her mother was in ''Psycho''."<ref name="Hillinterview" /> ''Halloween'' was Jamie Lee Curtis' feature film debut and launched her career as a "[[scream queen]]" horror star.

Another relatively unknown actress, [[Nancy Kyes]] (credited in the film as Nancy Loomis) was cast as Laurie's promiscuous friend Annie Brackett, daughter of Haddonfield sheriff Leigh Brackett ([[Charles Cyphers]]). Kyes had previously starred in ''Assault on Precinct 13'' (as had Cyphers) and happened to be dating ''Halloween'''s art director Tommy Lee Wallace when filming began.<ref>Nancy Loomis casting information at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/cast/nl.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Carpenter chose [[P. J. Soles]] to play Lynda Van Der Klok, another promiscuous friend of Laurie's best remembered for dialogue peppered with the word "Totally." Soles was an actress familiar for her supporting role in ''[[Carrie (film)|Carrie]]'' (1976) and her minor part in ''[[The Boy in the Plastic Bubble]]'' (1976). According to one source, "Carpenter realized she had captured the aura of a happy go lucky teenage girl in the 70s."<ref>P. J. Soles casting information at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/cast/pjs.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]]</ref>

The role of "The Shape"—as the masked Michael Myers character was billed in the end credits—was played by Nick Castle, who befriended Carpenter while they attended the [[University of Southern California]]. After ''Halloween'', Castle became a director, taking the helm of films such as ''[[The Last Starfighter]]'' (1984), ''[[The Boy Who Could Fly]]'' (1986), and ''[[Major Payne]]'' (1995).<ref>Nick Castle casting information at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/cast/nc.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

===Direction===
Historian Nicholas Rogers notes that film critics contend that John Carpenter's directing and camera work made ''Halloween'' a "resounding success."<ref>Nicholas Rogers, ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 111, ISBN 0-19-516896-8.</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] remarks, "It's easy to create violence on the screen, but it's hard to do it well. Carpenter is uncannily skilled, for example, at the use of foregrounds in his compositions, and everyone who likes thrillers knows that foregrounds are crucial ...."<ref name="Ebertreview">Roger Ebert, review of ''Halloween'', ''Chicago Sun-Times'', [[October 31]] [[1979]], at [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19791031/REVIEWS/40823003/1023 RogerEbert.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

[[Image:HalloweenTitle.jpg|left|thumb|Opening title of ''Halloween'']]

The opening title, featuring a [[jack-o'-lantern]] placed against a black backdrop, sets the mood for the entire movie. The camera slowly focuses on one of the jack-o'-lantern's eyes while the main music for ''Halloween'' plays in the background. Film historian J.P. Telotte says that this scene "clearly announces that [the film's] primary concern will be with the way in which we see ourselves and others and the consequences that often attend our usual manner of perception."<ref>J.P. Telotte, "Through a Pumpkin's Eye: The Reflexive Nature of Horror," in Gregory Waller, ed., ''American Horrors: Essays on the Modern American Horror Film'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), p. 116, ISBN 0-252-01448-0.</ref>

During the conception of the plot, Yablans instructed "that the audience shouldn't see anything. It should be what they thought they saw that frightens them."<ref name="Hillinterview" /> Carpenter seemingly took Yablans's advice literally, filming many of the scenes from a Michael Myers point-of-view that allowed audience participation. Carpenter is not the first director to employ this method or use of a [[steadicam]]; for instance, the first scene of ''Psycho'' offers a [[voyeur]]istic look at lovers in a seedy hotel. Telotte argues, "As a result of this shift in perspective from a disembodied, narrative camera to an actual character's eye ... we are forced into a deeper sense of participation in the ensuing action."<ref>Telotte, "Through a Pumpkin's Eye," pp. 116–117.</ref>

The first scene of the boy Michael's voyeurism is followed by the murder of Judith Myers seen through the eye holes of Michael's [[clown]] costume mask. According to one commentator, Carpenter's "frequent use of the unmounted first-person camera to represent the killer's point of view ... invited [viewers] to adopt the murderer's assaultive gaze and to hear his heavy breathing and plodding footsteps as he stalked his prey."<ref>Rogers, ''Halloween'', p. 111.</ref>

Another technique that Carpenter adapted from Hitchcock's ''Psycho'' and [[Tobe Hooper]]'s ''[[The Texas Chain Saw Massacre]]'' (1974) was suspense and murder without blood and gore. Debra Hill states, "We didn't want it to be gory. We wanted it to be like a jack-in-the box."<ref name="Hillinterview" /> Film analysts refer to this as the "false [[startle reaction|startle]]" or "the old tap-on-the-shoulder routine" in which the stalkers, murderers, or monsters "lunge into our field of vision or creep up on a person."<ref>David Scott Diffrient, "A Film is Being Beaten: Notes on the Shock Cut and the Material Violence of Horror," in Steffen Hantke, ''Horror Film: Creating and Marketing Fear'' (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004), p. 61, ISBN 1-57806-692-1.</ref>

Carpenter worked with the cast to create the desired effect of terror and fear. According to Jamie Lee Curtis, Carpenter created a "fear meter" because the film was shot out-of-sequence and she was not sure what her character's level of terror should be in certain scenes. "Here's about a 7, here's about a 6, and the scene we're going to shoot tonight is about a 9 1/2," remembered Curtis. She had different facial expressions and scream volumes for each level on the meter.<ref>Jamie Lee Curtis interview, quoted at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1bts.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

===Music===
Another major reason for the success of ''Halloween'' is the moody musical score, particularly the main theme. Lacking a [[symphonic]] soundtrack, the film's score consists of a [[piano]] [[melody]] played in a [[time signature|5/4 time]] [[metre (music)|rhythm]] composed by director John Carpenter. Critic [[James Berardinelli]] calls the score "relatively simple and unsophisticated," but admits that "''Halloween'''s music is one of its strongest assets."<ref name="Berardinellireview" /> Carpenter stated in an interview, "I can play just about any keyboard, but I can't read or write a note."<ref name="Carpenterinterview" /> In the end credits, Carpenter bills himself as the "Bowling Green Orchestra" for performing the film's score, but he did receive assistance from composer Dan Wyman, a music professor at [[San José State University]].<ref name="halloweenmovies" /><ref>Dan Wyman's faculty website at [http://www.music.sjsu.edu/admin/faculty/wyman/index.html San José State University]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

Some songs can be heard in the film, one being an untitled song performed by Carpenter and a group of his friends who formed a band called The Coupe DeVilles. It is heard as Laurie steps into Annie's car on her way to babysit Tommy Doyle.<ref name="halloweenmovies" /> Another song, "[[(Don't Fear) The Reaper]]" by [[classic rock]] band [[Blue Öyster Cult]], appears in the film.<ref>''Halloween'' Soundtrack information from [http://halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1soundtrack.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

The soundtrack was first released in the United States in October of 1983, by Varese Sarabande. It was subsequently re-released in 1990, and then again in 2000.

==Reception==
''Halloween'' premiered on [[October 25]] [[1978]] in [[Kansas City, Missouri]], and a few days later in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], and [[New York City]].<ref name="distribution">Distribution at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1distribution.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Although it performed well with little advertising—relying mostly on word-of-mouth—many critics seemed uninterested or dismissive of the film. The first glowing review by a prominent film critic, however, came from Tom Allen of ''[[The Village Voice]]''. Allen noted that the film was sociologically irrelevant, but applauded Carpenter's camera work as "duplicitous hype" and "the most honest way to make a good schlock film." Allen pointed out the stylistic similarities to ''Psycho'' and [[George A. Romero]]'s ''[[Night of the Living Dead]]'' (1968).<ref>Tom Allen, review of ''Halloween'', ''The Village Voice'' (New York), [[November 6]] [[1978]], pp. 67, 70.</ref>

[[Image:Halloweeninternational.jpg|right|thumb|Poster used to advertise ''Halloween'' to audiences in [[West Germany]]; the [[German language|German]] subtitle is ''Die Nacht Des Grauens'' ("The Night of Horror").]]

Following Allen's laudatory essay, other critics took notice. Renowned American critic [[Roger Ebert]] gave the film equal amounts of praise in a 1979 review for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', choosing it as one of his top five films of 1978.<ref name="Ebertreview" /> Once-dismissive critics were impressed by Carpenter's choice of camera angles and simple music and surprised by the lack of blood, gore, and graphic violence.<ref name="Berardinellireview" />

The film grossed $47 million in the United States<ref name="boxofficemojo" /> and an additional $8 million internationally, making the theatrical total around $55 million.<ref name="halloweenmovies" /> While most of the film's success came from American movie-goers, ''Halloween'' premiered in several international locations after 1979 with moderate results. The film was shown mostly in the European countries of [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[West Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Sweden]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Portugal]], [[Yugoslavia]], and [[Iceland]]. Admissions in West Germany totaled around 750,000 and 118,606 in Sweden, earning [[Swedish krona|SEK]] 2,298,579 there. The film was also shown at theaters in [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[Japan]], [[Singapore]], [[Peru]], [[Argentina]], and [[Chile]]. ''Halloween'' grossed [[Australian dollar|AU$]]900,000 in Australia, which was a large and impressive amount of money for a film to gross at the box office in Australia, in that day, and [[HKD]] 450,139 in [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="IMDbbusiness" />

''Halloween'' was nominated for a [[Saturn Award]] by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films for Best Horror Film in 1979, but lost to ''[[The Wicker Man]]'' (1973).<ref>Saturn Award Nominees and Winners, 1979 at [http://imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Academy_of_Science_Fiction_Fantasy_And_Horror_Films_USA/1979 Internet Movie Database]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> The film has received other honors since its theatrical debut. ''Halloween'' is ranked at 68 on the [[American Film Institute]]'s list ''[[AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills]]'', compiled in 2001, featuring important horror and thriller films. In 2006, the [[Library of Congress|United States Library of Congress]] deemed ''Halloween'' to be "historically, culturally or aesthetically important in any way" and selected it for preservation in the [[National Film Registry]].<ref>Press Release for films inducted into National Film Registry on Dec. 27, 2006. [http://www.loc.gov/film/nfr2006.html National Film Registry 2006].</ref> The film was #14 on [[Bravo]]'s ''100 Scariest Movie Moments'' (2004), counting down cinema's scariest moments.

Since ''Halloween'''s premiere, it has been released on [[VHS]], [[laserdisc]], DVD, and [[Universal Media Disc|UMD]]. In its first year on VHS, ''Halloween'' earned $18,500,000 in the United States from rentals.<ref name="IMDbbusiness" /> Early VHS versions were released by [[Media Home Entertainment]] and [[Blockbuster Video]] issued a commemorative edition in 1995. Anchor Bay Entertainment has released several [[film preservation|restored]] editions of ''Halloween'' on VHS and DVD, with the most recent being the 2003 two-disc Divimax 25th Anniversary edition with a lenticular 3D morphing cover and a commentary track including separately recorded contributions by John Carpenter, Debra Hill, and Jamie Lee Curtis plus the documentary ''Halloween: A Cut Above the Rest''.<ref name="distribution" /> The film was included with the 2006 documentary ''[[Halloween: 25 Years of Terror]]'', commemorating the 25th anniversary of ''Halloween''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s release.

===Criticism===
The film received a mostly positive critical response at the time of its initial release, and in 2006 ''Halloween'' maintained a rating of 100 percent "fresh" at [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>''Halloween'' at [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/halloween/ Rotten Tomatoes]; last accessed [[June 12]] [[2007]].</ref> Still, [[Pauline Kael]] wrote a scathing review in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' suggesting that "Carpenter doesn't seem to have had any life outside the movies: one can trace almost every idea on the screen to directors such as Hitchcock and [[Brian De Palma]] and to the [[Val Lewton]] productions" and claiming that "Maybe when a horror film is stripped of everything but dumb scariness — when it isn't ashamed to revive the stalest device of the genre (the escaped lunatic) — it satisfies part of the audience in a more basic, childish way than sophisticated horror pictures do."<ref>Pauline Kael, review of ''Halloween'', ''The New Yorker'', 1978, at [http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Set/1817/halloween/H1-KAEL.HTML TheManWiththeHypnoticEye.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Many compared the film with the work of [[Alfred Hitchcock]], although ''[[TV Guide]]'' calls comparisons made to ''Psycho'' "silly and groundless"<ref>''TV Guide'' review of ''Halloween'' at [http://www.tvguide.com/movies/halloween/review/125497 TVGuide.com]; last accessed [[May 19]] [[2007]].</ref> and critics in the late 1980s and early 1990s blame the film for spawning the slasher sub-genre that rapidly descended into [[sadism]] and [[misogyny]].<ref name="Rogers117-118">Rogers, ''Halloween'', pp. 117–118.</ref> Almost a decade after its premiere, Mick Martin and Marsha Porter critiqued the first-person camera shots that earlier film reviewers had praised and later slasher-film directors utilized for their own films (for example, ''[[Friday the 13th (film)|Friday the 13th]]'' (1980)). Claiming it encouraged audience identification with the killer, Martin and Porter pointed to the way "the camera moves in on the screaming, pleading, victim, 'looks down' at the knife, and then plunges it into chest, ear, or eyeball. Now that's sick."<ref>Mick Martin and Marsha Porter, ''Video Movie Guide 1987'' (New York: Ballantine Books, 1986), p. 60, ISBN 0-345-33872-3.</ref>

Many criticisms of ''Halloween'' and other slasher films come from [[postmodernism|postmodern]] academia. Some [[feminism|feminist]] critics, according to historian Nicholas Rogers, "have seen the slasher movies since ''Halloween'' as debasing women in as decisive a manner as hard-core [[pornography]]."<ref name="Rogers117-118" /> Critics such as John Kenneth Muir point out that female characters such as Laurie Strode survive not because of "any good planning" or their own resourcefulness, but sheer luck. Strode, in fact, is rescued in ''Halloween'' and ''Halloween II'' only when Dr. Loomis arrives to shoot Myers.<ref>John Kenneth Muir, ''Wes Craven: The Art of Horror'' (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, 1998), p. 104, ISBN 0-7864-1923-7.</ref>

On the other hand, other feminist scholars such as [[Carol J. Clover]] argue that despite the violence against women, slasher films turned women into heroines. In many pre-''Halloween'' horror films, women are depicted as helpless victims and are not safe until they are rescued by a strong masculine hero. Despite the fact that Loomis saves Strode, Clover asserts that ''Halloween'' initiates the role of the "[[final girl]]" who ultimately triumphs in the end. Strode herself fought back against Myers and severely wounds him. Had Myers been a normal man, Strode's attacks would have killed him; even Loomis, the male hero of the story, who shoots Michael repeatedly at near point blank range with a large caliber handgun, cannot kill him.<ref>Carol J. Clover, ''Men, Women, and Chain Saws: Gender in the Modern Horror Film'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 189, ISBN 0-691-00620-2.</ref>

Other critics have seen a deeper social critique present in ''Halloween'' and subsequent slasher films. According to Vera Dika, the films of the 1980s spoke to the [[American conservatism|conservative]] [[family values]] advocates of [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] America.<ref>Vera Dika. ''Games of Terror: ''Halloween'', ''Friday the 13th'', and the Films of the Stalker Cycle'' (Cranbury, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1990), p. 138, ISBN 0-8386-3364-1.</ref> Tony Williams says Myers and other slashers were "[[patriarchy|patriarchal]] avengers" who "slaughtered the youthful children of the [[counterculture of the 1960s|1960s generation]], especially when they engaged in illicit activities involving sex and drugs."<ref>Tony Williams, "Trying to Survive on the Darker Side: 1980s Family Horror," in Barry K. Grant, ed., ''The Dread of Difference: Gender and the Horror Film'' (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996), pp. 164–165, ISBN 0-292-72794-1.</ref> Other critics tend to downplay this interpretation, arguing that the portrayal of Myers as a demonic, superhuman monster inhibited his influence among conservatives.<ref>Rogers, ''Halloween'', pp. 121.</ref>

Carpenter himself dismisses the notion that ''Halloween'' is a [[morality play]], regarding it as merely a horror movie. According to Carpenter, critics "completely missed the point there." He explains, "The one girl who is the most sexually uptight just keeps stabbing this guy with a long knife. She's the most [[sexual frustration|sexually frustrated]]. She's the one that's killed him. Not because she's a virgin but because all that sexually repressed energy starts coming out. She uses all those [[phallic symbol]]s on the guy."<ref>John Carpenter, quoted in Alan Jones, ''The Rough Guide to Horror Movies'' (New York: Rough Guides, 2005), p. 102, ISBN 1-84353-521-1.</ref><ref name="DVDDoc" />

===Influence===
''Halloween'' has influenced many films and filmmakers, most notably of the horror genre since its release. Although a [[Cinema of Canada|Canadian]] horror film directed by [[Bob Clark]] titled ''[[Black Christmas (1974 film)|Black Christmas]]'' (1974) preempted the stylistic techniques made famous in ''Halloween'', the latter is generally given credit by film historians and critics for initiating the [[slasher film]] craze of the 1980s and 1990s. First-person camera perspectives, unexceptional settings, and female heroines define the slasher film genre.<ref>Rockoff, ''Going to Pieces'', p. 42.</ref> Riding the wave of success ushered in by ''Halloween'', several films that were already in production when the film premiered, but with similar stylistic elements and themes, became popular with audiences. The ''[[Friday the 13th (film series)|Friday the 13th]]'' and ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street (series)|A Nightmare on Elm Street]]'' films, and countless other slasher films, owe much of their success (if not inspiration) to ''Halloween''.<ref>Jim Harper, ''Legacy of Blood: A Comprehensive Guide to Slasher Movies'' (Manchester, Eng.: Headpress, 2004), p. 126, ISBN 1900486393.</ref><ref>Rick Worland, ''The Horror Film: A Brief Introduction'' (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), p. 106, ISBN 1405139021.</ref>

The unintended theme of "survival of the virgins" seen in ''Halloween'' became a major trope that surfaced in other slasher films. Characters in subsequent horror movies who practice illicit sex and substance abuse generally meet a gruesome end at the hands of the killer. On the other hand, characters portrayed as [[chastity|chaste]] and [[temperance (virtue)|temperate]] face off and defeat the killer at the end of the film. Director [[Wes Craven]]'s [[dark comedy]] ''[[Scream (film)|Scream]]'' (1996) details the "rules" for surviving a horror movie using ''Halloween'' as the primary example: no sex, no alcohol or illicit drugs, and never say "I'll be right back." [[Keenen Ivory Wayans]]'s horror movie [[parody|spoof]] ''[[Scary Movie]]'' (2000) likewise parodies this prominent slasher film trope.

==Versions==

There are several existing versions of ''Halloween''. The version running at 91 minutes is the most widely known and widely seen. A modified television version, released in 1980 that aired on [[NBC]] ran for 101 minuets and featured re-shoot scenes not included in the initial 1978 cut. This edition was released in 2001 on DVD as ''Halloween: The Extended Version''. In 1998, for the 20th anniversary, new sounds where added to the films audio track under [[John Carpenter]]’s approval. Both versions where released on both VHS and DVD.

===Television version===
Television rights to ''Halloween'' were sold to [[NBC]] in 1980 for $4 million. After a debate between John Carpenter, Debra Hill and NBC's [[Standards & Practices]] over [[censorship|censoring]] of certain scenes, ''Halloween'' appeared on television for the first time.<ref name="Hillinterview" /> To fill the two-hour time slot, Carpenter filmed twelve minutes of additional material that include Dr. Loomis at a hospital board review of Myers and Dr. Loomis talking to six-year-old Michael at Smith's Grove, telling him, "You've fooled them, haven't you Michael? But not me." Another extra scene features Dr. Loomis at Smith's Grove examining Michael's abandoned cell and seeing the word "Sister" scratched into the door. Finally, a scene was added in which Lynda comes over to Laurie's house to borrow a silk blouse before Laurie leaves to babysit, just as Annie telephones asking to borrow the same blouse.

The new scene had Laurie's hair hidden by a towel, since Jamie Lee Curtis was now wearing a much shorter hairstyle than she had worn in 1978. The new scenes were shot during production of ''Halloween II''. An extended cut of the television version was released on [[DVD]] by [[Anchor Bay Entertainment]] in 2001 as ''Halloween: Extended Version''.<ref>''Halloween: Extended Version'' (1978; DVD, Troy, Mich.: Anchor Bay Entertainment, 2001), [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00005KHJT/104-5588906-4640745 ASIN B00005KHJT].</ref>

==Adaptations==
{{main|Halloween (novel)|Halloween (video game)}}
[[Image:Halloween novel.jpg|right|thumb|''Halloween'' [[novelization]] by Curtis Richards]]

Shortly following ''Halloween'''s release in theaters, a [[mass market paperback]] [[Halloween (novel)|novelization]] by Curtis Richards was published by [[Bantam Books]] in 1979 and reissued in 1982, although it is currently out of print. The novel elaborates on aspects not featured in the film such as the origins of the curse of Samhain and Michael Myers's life in Smith's Grove Sanitarium. For example, the opening reads:<blockquote>The horror started on the eve of Samhain, in a foggy vale in northern Ireland, at the dawn of the Celtic race. And once started, it trod the earth forevermore, wreaking its savagery suddenly, swiftly, and with incredible ferocity.<ref>Curtis Richards, ''Halloween'' (Bantam Books, 1979), ISBN 0-553-13226-1; 1982 reissue ISBN 0-553-26296-3.</ref></blockquote>

In 1983, ''Halloween'' was adapted as a [[Halloween (video game)|video game]] for the [[Atari 2600]] by Wizard Video. Either as the result of poor research by developers or as an effort to save on licensing fees, none of the main characters in the game were named. Players take on the role of a teenage babysitter who tries to save as many children from an unnamed, knife-wielding killer as possible. The game was not popular with parents or players and the graphics were simple, as was typical of the 1980s. The game contained more gore than the film, however. When the babysitter is killed, her head disappears and is replaced by blood pulsating from the neck. The main similarity to the film is the theme music that plays when the killer appears on screen.<ref>Review of ''Halloween'' video game at [http://www.x-entertainment.com/halloween/2004/october29/ X-Entertainment.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref><ref>Gregory D. George, "History of Horror: A Primer of Horror Games for Your Atari" at [http://www.ataritimes.com/features/horror.html The Atari Times]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

==Sequels==
{{main|Halloween (film series)}}

''Halloween'' spawned seven sequels, and a remake — tentatively titled ''[[Halloween (2007 film)|Halloween]]'' and directed by [[Rob Zombie]] — is scheduled for release on Aug. 31st 2007.<ref>[http://halloweenmovies.com/movies_lobby.html HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]]; the title of ''Halloween 9'' has yet to be named on the series' official website, but many websites including the [[Internet Movie Database]] are reporting that title is ''Halloween: Retribution''.</ref><ref name="Zombieinterview">Rob Zombie stated in a 2006 interview that the title so far is simply ''Halloween''. Rob Zombie interview, June 16, 2006, at [http://halloweenmovies.com/h9_lobby.html HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Of these films, only ''[[Halloween II]]'' (1981) was written by John Carpenter and Debra Hill. ''Halloween II'' begins exactly where ''Halloween'' ends and was intended to wind up the story of Michael Myers and Laurie Strode. Carpenter did not direct any of the other films in the ''Halloween'' series, although he produced ''[[Halloween III: Season of the Witch]]'' (1982), the plot of which is unrelated to any of the other films in the series.<ref>Behind the Scenes of ''Halloween III: Season of the Witch'' at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h3bts.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

The sequels feature more explicit violence and gore, and are generally dismissed by mainstream film critics. They were filmed on larger budgets than the original: in contrast to ''Halloween''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s modest budget of $325,000, ''Halloween II'''s budget was around $2.5 million,<ref>Business statistics for ''Halloween II'' at [http://imdb.com/title/tt0082495/business Internet Movie Database]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> while the most recently released sequel, ''[[Halloween: Resurrection]]'' (2002), boasted a budget of $25 million.<ref>Business statistics for ''Halloween: Resurrection'' at [http://imdb.com/title/tt0220506/business Internet Movie Database]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Financier Moustapha Akkad continued to work closely with the ''Halloween'' franchise, acting as [[executive producer]] of every sequel in the series until his death in the [[2005 Amman bombings]].<ref>"Moustapha Akkad," London ''Telegraph'', 12 November 2005, at [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/11/12/db1203.xml&sSheet=/portal/2005/11/12/ixportal.html news.telegraph]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

''Halloween'''s sequels continue to develop the character of Michael Myers and the theme of [[Samhain]]. Even without considering the third film, the ''Halloween'' series is plagued with storyline [[continuity (fiction)|continuity]] issues, most likely stemming from the different writers and directors involved in each film.<ref name="Zombieinterview" />

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
<div class="references-small">
* Badley, Linda. ''Film, Horror, and the Body Fantastic''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1995. ISBN 0-313-27523-8.
* Baird, Robert. "The Startle Effect: Implications for Spectator Cognition and Media Theory." ''Film Quarterly'' 53 (No. 3, Spring 2000): pp. 12–24.
* Carroll, Noël. "The Nature of Horror." ''Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism'' 46 (No. 1, Autumn 1987): pp. 51–59.
* Cumbow, Robert C. ''Order in the Universe: The Films of John Carpenter''. 2nd ed., Lanham, Md.: Scarcrow Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8108-3719-6.
* Johnson, Kenneth. "The Point of View of the Wandering Camera." ''Cinema Journal'' 32 (No. 2, Winter 1993): pp. 49–56.
* King, Stephen. ''Danse Macabre''. New York: Berkley Books, 1981. ISBN 0-425-10433-8.
* Prince, Stephen, ed. ''The Horror Film''. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8135-3363-5.
* Schneider, Steven Jay, ed. ''Horror Film and Psychoanalysis: Freud's Worst Nightmare''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-82521-0.
* Williams, Tony. ''Hearths of Darkness: The Family in the American Horror Film''. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8386-3564-4.</div>

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.halloweenmovies.com Official site] of the ''Halloween'' series
* [http://www.theofficialjohncarpenter.com/ Official site] of John Carpenter
* {{imdb title|id=0077651|title=Halloween}}
* [http://www.seeing-stars.com/Locations/Halloween/index.shtml/ Filming locations and photos] by director [[David Winning]].

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[[Category:1970s horror films]]
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:Films directed by John Carpenter]]
[[Category:Films set in Illinois]]
[[Category:Halloween (film series)|Halloween 1]]
[[Category:Independent films]]
[[Category:RiffTrax movies]]
[[Category:United States National Film Registry]]

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Halloween (1978 film)

2007-08-07T21:02:24Z

75.69.181.109:

:''"Halloween (film)" redirects here. For the film series, see [[Halloween (film series)]]. For the remake, see [[Halloween (2007 film)]].''
{{Infobox Film | name = Halloween
| image = Halloween cover.jpg
| caption = [[Film poster]]
| director = [[John Carpenter]]
| producer = [[Moustapha Akkad]] [[Debra Hill]] Kool Lusby [[Irwin Yablans]] [[John Carpenter]]
| writer = [[John Carpenter]] [[Debra Hill]]
| starring = [[Donald Pleasence]] [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] [[Nick Castle]] [[Nancy Loomis]] [[P. J. Soles]] [[Brian Andrews (actor)|Brian Andrews]]
| music = [[John Carpenter]]
| cinematography = [[Dean Cundey]]
| editing = Charles Bornstein [[Tommy Lee Wallace]]
| distributor = [[Compass International Pictures]]
| country = {{USA}}
| released = {{flagicon|USA}} [[October 25]], [[1978 in film|1978]] | runtime = '''Theatrical Cut:''' 91 min. '''Extended Cut:''' 101 min.
| language = [[English language|English]]
| budget = [[United States dollar|$]]325,000 US (est.)
| amg_id = 1:21317
| imdb_id = 0077651
| followed_by = ''[[Halloween II]]''
}}

{{Infobox movie certificates
|Finland = K-15
}}

'''''Halloween''''' (also known as '''John Carpenter's Halloween''') is a 1978 [[Cinema of the United States|American]] [[independent film|independent]] [[horror film]] set in the fictional [[Midwestern United States|midwest]] town of [[Haddonfield (Halloween)|Haddonfield]], [[Illinois]] on [[Halloween]]. The original draft of the screenplay was titled '''''The Babysitter Murders'''''. [[John Carpenter]] [[film director|directed]] the film, which stars [[Donald Pleasence]] as [[Samuel J. Loomis|Dr. Sam Loomis]], [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] as [[Laurie Strode]], and [[Nick Castle]] as [[Michael Myers (Halloween)|Michael Myers]] (listed in the credits as "The Shape"). The film centers on Michael Myers' escape from a [[psychiatric hospital]], his murdering of teenagers, and Dr. Loomis's attempts to track and stop him. ''Halloween'' is widely regarded as a classic among horror films, and one of the most influential horror films of its era.

''Halloween'' was produced on a budget of only $325,000 and grossed $47 million at the [[box office]] in the United States, becoming one of the most profitable independent films ever made.<ref name="boxofficemojo">''Halloween'' at [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=halloween.htm Box Office Mojo]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Many critics credit this film as the first in a long line of [[slasher film]]s inspired by [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' (1960). The movie originated many clichés seen in low-budget horror films of the 1980s and 1990s, although first-time viewers of ''Halloween'' may be surprised by the fact that the film contains little actual graphic violence or gore.<ref name="Berardinellireview">James Berardinelli, review of ''Halloween'', at [http://movie-reviews.colossus.net/movies/h/halloween.html ReelViews.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref><ref>Adam Rockoff, ''Going to Pieces: The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film, 1978–1986'' (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, 2002), chap. 3, ISBN 0-7864-1227-5.</ref>

Critics have suggested that ''Halloween'' and its slasher film successors may encourage [[sadism and masochism|sadism]] and [[misogyny]]. Others have suggested the film is a social critique of the immorality of young people in 1970s America, pointing out that many of Myers' victims are sexually [[promiscuity|promiscuous]] and [[substance abuse]]rs, while the lone heroine is depicted as chaste and innocent. While Carpenter dismisses these analyses, the perceived parallel between the characters' moral strengths and their likelihood of surviving to the film's conclusion has nevertheless become a standard slasher movie [[trope (literature)|trope]]. The film was remade, or rather "re-imagined" in [[Halloween (2007 film)|2007]], directed by [[Rob Zombie]].

==Plot==


On [[October 31]], [[1963]], six-year-old Michael Audrey Myers stabs his sister Judith to death with a kitchen knife at their home in [[Haddonfield, Illinois]]. He is sent to Smith's Grove-Warren County Sanitarium and placed under the care of [[psychiatry|psychiatrist]] [[Dr. Sam Loomis]]. Loomis suspects that there is more to Myers than meets the eye and plans to have him committed indefinitely; he senses a tremendous amount of rage behind Myers' blank stare. Loomis explains to Sheriff Leigh Brackett: "I spent eight years trying to reach him, and then another seven trying to keep him locked up because I realized that what was living behind that boy's eyes was purely and simply…[[evil]]." At the age of 21, Myers escapes from Smith's Grove while being transferred, and returns to Haddonfield with Loomis in pursuit.

[[Image:Halloween2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Michael Myers (Halloween)|Michael Myers]], "The Shape," played by [[Nick Castle]]]]

In Haddonfield, Myers stalks seventeen-year-old Laurie Strode (apart from the fact that he sees her approaching his childhood home, no reason is given in the film why he does so; but it is later revealed that she is his younger sister, a [[retcon]] introduced in ''[[Halloween II]]''). Laurie glimpses a man in a white mask (Michael Myers) from her classroom window, behind a bush while she walks home, and in the neighbor's clothesline from her bedroom window.

Later in the evening, Laurie meets her friend Annie Brackett ([[Nancy Loomis]]), who is babysitting Lindsey Wallace ([[Kyle Richards]]) across the street from where Laurie is babysitting Tommy Doyle ([[Brian Andrews (actor)|Brian Andrews]]). After arranging to pick up her boyfriend, Annie sends Lindsey to stay with Laurie at the Doyle house. Annie heads back to the Wallace house and gets in her car, only to find every window fogged. Myers (who has followed her and Laurie) pops up from the backseat, strangles Annie until she weakens, and slits her throat. Tommy sees him carrying her body into the Wallace house and thinks Myers is the [[Bogeyman|Boogeyman]]. Laurie dismisses Tommy's terror and sends him and Lindsey to bed. Myers later murders Laurie's other friend Lynda Van Der Klok ([[P. J. Soles]]) and Lynda's boyfriend Bob Simms ([[John Michael Graham]]) who had arrived at the empty Wallace house and decided to retreat upstairs to have sex after which Lynda orders Bob downstairs for a beer. Bob does as told but is attacked by the Shape. The Shape lifts him up against the wall and stabs him once. Bob struggles, then the Shape stabs him, only this time the knife holds Bob up and the Shape stares at him for a brief moment. Lynda, upstairs and bored, sees a shape with a sheet over his body and Bob's glasses. On assuming its Bob she calls the Doyle house but is attacked.

Laurie worries after receiving a strange phone call from the Wallace house, thinking it's Annie. It was actually Lynda, screaming as Myers strangled her with the phone cord. She walks across the street and discovers the three bodies and Judith Myers' missing tombstone. She is attacked by Myers but escapes back to the Doyle house. Laurie stabs Myers with a [[knitting needle]] in the neck, a clothes hanger in the eye and a knife to the chest, but he continues to pursue her. Eventually, Loomis spots Tommy and Lindsey running from the house and finds Myers in the upstairs hallway. Loomis rescues Laurie, shooting Myers six times and causing him to fall from the house's second-story balcony. Upon looking out the window for Myers' body, however, Loomis discovers that he is nowhere to be found.

The film closes on a shot of the Myers house and the sound of Michael breathing beneath his mask.

==Production==
After viewing John Carpenter's film ''[[Assault on Precinct 13 (1976 film)|Assault on Precinct 13]]'' (1976) at the [[Milan]] Film Festival, independent film [[film producer|producer]] [[Irwin Yablans]] and [[film finance|financier]] [[Moustapha Akkad]] sought out Carpenter to direct a film for them about a psychotic killer that stalked babysitters.<ref name="halloweenmovies">Behind the Scenes at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1bts.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> In an interview with ''[[Fangoria (magazine)|Fangoria]]'' magazine, Yablans stated, "I was thinking what would make sense in the horror genre, and what I wanted to do was make a picture that had the same impact as ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]''."<ref>Irwin Yablans, ''Fangoria'' interview, quoted at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1bts.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Carpenter and his then-girlfriend [[Debra Hill]] began drafting a story originally titled ''The Babysitter Murders'', but Carpenter told ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' that Yablans suggested setting the movie on Halloween night and naming it ''Halloween'' instead.<ref name="Carpenterinterview">John Carpenter, ''Entertainment Weekly'' interview, quoted at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1bts.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

[[Image:John Carpenter.jpg|right|thumb|[[John Carpenter]] on the set of ''Halloween'' in 1978]]

Akkad fronted the $325,000 for the film's budget, considered low at the time (even though Carpenter's previous film, ''Assault on Precinct 13'', had an estimated budget of only $100,000).<ref name="halloweenmovies" /><ref name="IMDbbusiness">''Halloween'' business statistics at the [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074156/business Internet Movie Database]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]]</ref> Akkad worried over the tight schedule, low budget, and Carpenter's limited experience as a filmmaker, but told ''Fangoria'', "Two things made me decide. One, Carpenter told me the story verbally and in a suspenseful way, almost frame for frame. Second, he told me he didn't want to take any fees, and that showed he had confidence in the project." Carpenter himself only received $10,000 for directing, writing, and [[film score|composing]] the music, retaining rights to only 10 percent of the film's profits.<ref>Moustapha Akkad, ''Fangoria'' interview, quoted at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1bts.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

Because of the low budget, wardrobe and props were often crafted from items on hand or that could be purchased inexpensively. Carpenter hired [[Tommy Lee Wallace]] as [[production designer]], [[art director]], [[location scouting|location scout]], and co-editor. Wallace created the trademark mask worn by Michael Myers throughout the film from a [[James T. Kirk|Captain Kirk]] mask purchased for $1.98.<ref name="halloweenmovies" /> Carpenter recalled how Wallace "widened the eye holes and spray-painted the flesh a bluish white. In the script it said Michael Myers' mask had 'the pale features of a human face' and it truly was spooky looking. It didn't look anything like [[William Shatner]] after Tommy got through with it."<ref name="Carpenterinterview" /> Hill adds that the "idea was to make him almost humorless, faceless—this sort of pale visage that could resemble a human or not."<ref name="Hillinterview">Debra Hill, ''Fangoria'' interview, quoted at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1bts.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Many of the actors wore their own clothes, and Jamie Lee Curtis's wardrobe was purchased at [[J.C. Penney]] for around a hundred dollars.<ref name="halloweenmovies" />

The budget also dictated filming location and time. ''Halloween'' was filmed in 21 days in the spring of 1978 in [[South Pasadena, California]] and [[Sierra Madre, California]] (cemetery). An abandoned house owned by a church stood in as the Myers house. Two homes on Orange Grove Avenue (near Sunset Boulevard) in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]] were used for the film climax. The crew had to work to find [[pumpkin]]s in the spring, and artificial fall leaves had to be reused for multiple scenes. Local families dressed their children in Halloween costumes and [[trick-or-treating|trick-or-treated]] them for Carpenter.<ref name="halloweenmovies" />

In August 2006, ''Fangoria'' reported that [[Synapse Films]] had discovered boxes of [[original camera negative|negatives]] that contained footage cut from the film. One was labeled "1981" suggesting that it was shot as additional footage for the television version of the film. Synapse owner Don May Jr. said, "What we've got is pretty much all the unused [[original camera negative]] from John Carpenter's original ''Halloween''. Luckily, Billy [Kirkus] was able to find this material before it was destroyed. The story on how we got the negative is a long one, but we'll save it for when we're able to showcase the materials in some way. Kirkus should be commended for pretty much saving the [[Holy Grail#Modern interpretations|Holy Grail]] of horror films."<ref>"Synapse Finds Complete Halloween Negatives," August 29, 2006, at [http://www.fangoria.com/news_article.php?id=2585 Fangoria]; last accessed [[September 3]] [[2006]].</ref> It was later reported, "We just learned from Sean Clark, long time ''Halloween'' genius, that the footage found is just that; footage. There is no sound in any of the reels so far, since none of it was used in the final edit."<ref>"Holy Grail of Halloween Footage Found" at [http://www.dreadcentral.com/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=353 Dread Central]; last accessed on [[September 3]] [[2006]].</ref>

===Writing===
Yablans and Akkad ceded most of the creative control to writers Carpenter and Hill (whom Carpenter wanted as producer), but Yablans did offer several suggestions. According to a ''Fangoria'' interview with Debra Hill, "Yablans wanted the script written like a radio show, with 'boos' every 10 minutes."<ref name="Hillinterview" /> Hill explained that the script took only three weeks to write and much of the inspiration behind the plot came from [[Celtic polytheism|Celtic]] traditions of Halloween such as the festival of [[Samhain]]. Although Samhain is not mentioned in the plot of the first film, Hill asserts that <blockquote>the idea was that you couldn't kill evil, and that was how we came about the story. We went back to the old idea of Samhain, that Halloween was the night where all the souls are let out to wreak havoc on the living, and then came up with the story about the most evil kid who ever lived. And when John came up with this fable of a town with a dark secret of someone who once lived there, and now that evil has come back, that's what made ''Halloween'' work.<ref name="Hillinterview" /></blockquote>

Hill wrote most of the female characters' dialogue, while Carpenter drafted Loomis's speeches on Michael Myers's evil. Many of the details of the story were drawn from Carpenter and Hill's adolescence and early career. The fictional town of Haddonfield, Illinois came from [[Haddonfield, New Jersey]], where Hill grew up, and most of the street names were taken from Carpenter's hometown of [[Bowling Green, Kentucky]]. Laurie Strode was the name of one of Carpenter's old girlfriends and Michael Myers was the name of an [[English people|English]] producer who had earlier entered ''Assault on Precinct 13'' in various European film festivals with Yablans.<ref name="halloweenmovies" /> Carpenter pays homage to Alfred Hitchcock with two ''Halloween'' characters' names. Specifically, Tommy Doyle is named after Lt. Det. Thomas J. Doyle ([[Wendell Corey]]) of ''[[Rear Window]]'' (1954), and Dr. Loomis's name was taken from Sam Loomis ([[John Gavin]]) of ''Psycho'', the boyfriend of Marion Crane ([[Janet Leigh]]). Sheriff [[Leigh Brackett]] shared the name of a film screenwriter.

===Casting===
The cast of ''Halloween'' included a motley crew of veteran actors such as [[Donald Pleasence]] and then-unknown actress Jamie Lee Curtis. The low budget limited the number of big names that John Carpenter could attract, and most of the actors received very little compensation for their role. Pleasence was paid the highest amount at $20,000; Curtis received $8,000; and Nick Castle earned only $25 a day.<ref name="halloweenmovies" />

The part of Dr. Sam Loomis was offered to [[Peter Cushing]] and [[Christopher Lee]]; both declined the part due to the low salary (though Lee would later tell Carpenter that declining the role was his biggest career mistake).<ref name="DVDDoc">''Halloween: A Cut Above the Rest'', documentary on Divimax 25th Anniversary Edition DVD of ''Halloween'' (1978; Troy, Mich.: Anchor Bay, 2003), [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00009UW0N ASIN B00009UW0N].</ref> English actor Pleasence—Carpenter's third choice—agreed to star. Pleasance has been called "John Carpenter's big landing." Pleasence's daughter supposedly saw Carpenter's ''Assault on Precinct 13'' and liked it, thus encouraging her father to star in ''Halloween''. Americans were already acquainted with Pleasence as the villain [[Ernst Stavro Blofeld]] in the James Bond film ''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]'' (1967).<ref>Donald Pleasence casting information at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/cast/dp.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

[[Image:Halloween Curtis.jpg|right|thumb|[[Jamie Lee Curtis]] plays [[Laurie Strode]] in her first feature film.]]

In an interview, Carpenter admits that "Jamie Lee wasn't the first choice for Laurie. I had no idea who she was. She was 19 and in a TV show at the time, but I didn't watch TV." He originally wanted to cast [[Anne Lockhart (actor)|Anne Lockhart]], the daughter of [[June Lockhart]] from ''[[Lassie (1954 TV series)|Lassie]]'', as Laurie Strode. Lockhart, however, had commitments to several other film and television projects.<ref name="Carpenterinterview">Carpenter interview.</ref> Debra Hill says of learning that Jamie Lee was the daughter of ''Psycho'' actress Janet Leigh, "I knew casting Jamie Lee would be great publicity for the film because her mother was in ''Psycho''."<ref name="Hillinterview" /> ''Halloween'' was Jamie Lee Curtis' feature film debut and launched her career as a "[[scream queen]]" horror star.

Another relatively unknown actress, [[Nancy Kyes]] (credited in the film as Nancy Loomis) was cast as Laurie's promiscuous friend Annie Brackett, daughter of Haddonfield sheriff Leigh Brackett ([[Charles Cyphers]]). Kyes had previously starred in ''Assault on Precinct 13'' (as had Cyphers) and happened to be dating ''Halloween'''s art director Tommy Lee Wallace when filming began.<ref>Nancy Loomis casting information at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/cast/nl.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Carpenter chose [[P. J. Soles]] to play Lynda Van Der Klok, another promiscuous friend of Laurie's best remembered for dialogue peppered with the word "Totally." Soles was an actress familiar for her supporting role in ''[[Carrie (film)|Carrie]]'' (1976) and her minor part in ''[[The Boy in the Plastic Bubble]]'' (1976). According to one source, "Carpenter realized she had captured the aura of a happy go lucky teenage girl in the 70s."<ref>P. J. Soles casting information at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/cast/pjs.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]]</ref>

The role of "The Shape"—as the masked Michael Myers character was billed in the end credits—was played by Nick Castle, who befriended Carpenter while they attended the [[University of Southern California]]. After ''Halloween'', Castle became a director, taking the helm of films such as ''[[The Last Starfighter]]'' (1984), ''[[The Boy Who Could Fly]]'' (1986), and ''[[Major Payne]]'' (1995).<ref>Nick Castle casting information at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/cast/nc.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

===Direction===
Historian Nicholas Rogers notes that film critics contend that John Carpenter's directing and camera work made ''Halloween'' a "resounding success."<ref>Nicholas Rogers, ''Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 111, ISBN 0-19-516896-8.</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] remarks, "It's easy to create violence on the screen, but it's hard to do it well. Carpenter is uncannily skilled, for example, at the use of foregrounds in his compositions, and everyone who likes thrillers knows that foregrounds are crucial ...."<ref name="Ebertreview">Roger Ebert, review of ''Halloween'', ''Chicago Sun-Times'', [[October 31]] [[1979]], at [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19791031/REVIEWS/40823003/1023 RogerEbert.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

[[Image:HalloweenTitle.jpg|left|thumb|Opening title of ''Halloween'']]

The opening title, featuring a [[jack-o'-lantern]] placed against a black backdrop, sets the mood for the entire movie. The camera slowly focuses on one of the jack-o'-lantern's eyes while the main music for ''Halloween'' plays in the background. Film historian J.P. Telotte says that this scene "clearly announces that [the film's] primary concern will be with the way in which we see ourselves and others and the consequences that often attend our usual manner of perception."<ref>J.P. Telotte, "Through a Pumpkin's Eye: The Reflexive Nature of Horror," in Gregory Waller, ed., ''American Horrors: Essays on the Modern American Horror Film'' (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), p. 116, ISBN 0-252-01448-0.</ref>

During the conception of the plot, Yablans instructed "that the audience shouldn't see anything. It should be what they thought they saw that frightens them."<ref name="Hillinterview" /> Carpenter seemingly took Yablans's advice literally, filming many of the scenes from a Michael Myers point-of-view that allowed audience participation. Carpenter is not the first director to employ this method or use of a [[steadicam]]; for instance, the first scene of ''Psycho'' offers a [[voyeur]]istic look at lovers in a seedy hotel. Telotte argues, "As a result of this shift in perspective from a disembodied, narrative camera to an actual character's eye ... we are forced into a deeper sense of participation in the ensuing action."<ref>Telotte, "Through a Pumpkin's Eye," pp. 116–117.</ref>

The first scene of the boy Michael's voyeurism is followed by the murder of Judith Myers seen through the eye holes of Michael's [[clown]] costume mask. According to one commentator, Carpenter's "frequent use of the unmounted first-person camera to represent the killer's point of view ... invited [viewers] to adopt the murderer's assaultive gaze and to hear his heavy breathing and plodding footsteps as he stalked his prey."<ref>Rogers, ''Halloween'', p. 111.</ref>

Another technique that Carpenter adapted from Hitchcock's ''Psycho'' and [[Tobe Hooper]]'s ''[[The Texas Chain Saw Massacre]]'' (1974) was suspense and murder without blood and gore. Debra Hill states, "We didn't want it to be gory. We wanted it to be like a jack-in-the box."<ref name="Hillinterview" /> Film analysts refer to this as the "false [[startle reaction|startle]]" or "the old tap-on-the-shoulder routine" in which the stalkers, murderers, or monsters "lunge into our field of vision or creep up on a person."<ref>David Scott Diffrient, "A Film is Being Beaten: Notes on the Shock Cut and the Material Violence of Horror," in Steffen Hantke, ''Horror Film: Creating and Marketing Fear'' (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004), p. 61, ISBN 1-57806-692-1.</ref>

Carpenter worked with the cast to create the desired effect of terror and fear. According to Jamie Lee Curtis, Carpenter created a "fear meter" because the film was shot out-of-sequence and she was not sure what her character's level of terror should be in certain scenes. "Here's about a 7, here's about a 6, and the scene we're going to shoot tonight is about a 9 1/2," remembered Curtis. She had different facial expressions and scream volumes for each level on the meter.<ref>Jamie Lee Curtis interview, quoted at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1bts.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

===Music===
Another major reason for the success of ''Halloween'' is the moody musical score, particularly the main theme. Lacking a [[symphonic]] soundtrack, the film's score consists of a [[piano]] [[melody]] played in a [[time signature|5/4 time]] [[metre (music)|rhythm]] composed by director John Carpenter. Critic [[James Berardinelli]] calls the score "relatively simple and unsophisticated," but admits that "''Halloween'''s music is one of its strongest assets."<ref name="Berardinellireview" /> Carpenter stated in an interview, "I can play just about any keyboard, but I can't read or write a note."<ref name="Carpenterinterview" /> In the end credits, Carpenter bills himself as the "Bowling Green Orchestra" for performing the film's score, but he did receive assistance from composer Dan Wyman, a music professor at [[San José State University]].<ref name="halloweenmovies" /><ref>Dan Wyman's faculty website at [http://www.music.sjsu.edu/admin/faculty/wyman/index.html San José State University]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

Some songs can be heard in the film, one being an untitled song performed by Carpenter and a group of his friends who formed a band called The Coupe DeVilles. It is heard as Laurie steps into Annie's car on her way to babysit Tommy Doyle.<ref name="halloweenmovies" /> Another song, "[[(Don't Fear) The Reaper]]" by [[classic rock]] band [[Blue Öyster Cult]], appears in the film.<ref>''Halloween'' Soundtrack information from [http://halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1soundtrack.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

The soundtrack was first released in the United States in October of 1983, by Varese Sarabande. It was subsequently re-released in 1990, and then again in 2000.

==Reception==
''Halloween'' premiered on [[October 25]] [[1978]] in [[Kansas City, Missouri]], and a few days later in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], and [[New York City]].<ref name="distribution">Distribution at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h1distribution.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Although it performed well with little advertising—relying mostly on word-of-mouth—many critics seemed uninterested or dismissive of the film. The first glowing review by a prominent film critic, however, came from Tom Allen of ''[[The Village Voice]]''. Allen noted that the film was sociologically irrelevant, but applauded Carpenter's camera work as "duplicitous hype" and "the most honest way to make a good schlock film." Allen pointed out the stylistic similarities to ''Psycho'' and [[George A. Romero]]'s ''[[Night of the Living Dead]]'' (1968).<ref>Tom Allen, review of ''Halloween'', ''The Village Voice'' (New York), [[November 6]] [[1978]], pp. 67, 70.</ref>

[[Image:Halloweeninternational.jpg|right|thumb|Poster used to advertise ''Halloween'' to audiences in [[West Germany]]; the [[German language|German]] subtitle is ''Die Nacht Des Grauens'' ("The Night of Horror").]]

Following Allen's laudatory essay, other critics took notice. Renowned American critic [[Roger Ebert]] gave the film equal amounts of praise in a 1979 review for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', choosing it as one of his top five films of 1978.<ref name="Ebertreview" /> Once-dismissive critics were impressed by Carpenter's choice of camera angles and simple music and surprised by the lack of blood, gore, and graphic violence.<ref name="Berardinellireview" />

The film grossed $47 million in the United States<ref name="boxofficemojo" /> and an additional $8 million internationally, making the theatrical total around $55 million.<ref name="halloweenmovies" /> While most of the film's success came from American movie-goers, ''Halloween'' premiered in several international locations after 1979 with moderate results. The film was shown mostly in the European countries of [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[West Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Sweden]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Portugal]], [[Yugoslavia]], and [[Iceland]]. Admissions in West Germany totaled around 750,000 and 118,606 in Sweden, earning [[Swedish krona|SEK]] 2,298,579 there. The film was also shown at theaters in [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[Japan]], [[Singapore]], [[Peru]], [[Argentina]], and [[Chile]]. ''Halloween'' grossed [[Australian dollar|AU$]]900,000 in Australia, which was a large and impressive amount of money for a film to gross at the box office in Australia, in that day, and [[HKD]] 450,139 in [[Hong Kong]].<ref name="IMDbbusiness" />

''Halloween'' was nominated for a [[Saturn Award]] by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films for Best Horror Film in 1979, but lost to ''[[The Wicker Man]]'' (1973).<ref>Saturn Award Nominees and Winners, 1979 at [http://imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Academy_of_Science_Fiction_Fantasy_And_Horror_Films_USA/1979 Internet Movie Database]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> The film has received other honors since its theatrical debut. ''Halloween'' is ranked at 68 on the [[American Film Institute]]'s list ''[[AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills]]'', compiled in 2001, featuring important horror and thriller films. In 2006, the [[Library of Congress|United States Library of Congress]] deemed ''Halloween'' to be "historically, culturally or aesthetically important in any way" and selected it for preservation in the [[National Film Registry]].<ref>Press Release for films inducted into National Film Registry on Dec. 27, 2006. [http://www.loc.gov/film/nfr2006.html National Film Registry 2006].</ref> The film was #14 on [[Bravo]]'s ''100 Scariest Movie Moments'' (2004), counting down cinema's scariest moments.

Since ''Halloween'''s premiere, it has been released on [[VHS]], [[laserdisc]], DVD, and [[Universal Media Disc|UMD]]. In its first year on VHS, ''Halloween'' earned $18,500,000 in the United States from rentals.<ref name="IMDbbusiness" /> Early VHS versions were released by [[Media Home Entertainment]] and [[Blockbuster Video]] issued a commemorative edition in 1995. Anchor Bay Entertainment has released several [[film preservation|restored]] editions of ''Halloween'' on VHS and DVD, with the most recent being the 2003 two-disc Divimax 25th Anniversary edition with a lenticular 3D morphing cover and a commentary track including separately recorded contributions by John Carpenter, Debra Hill, and Jamie Lee Curtis plus the documentary ''Halloween: A Cut Above the Rest''.<ref name="distribution" /> The film was included with the 2006 documentary ''[[Halloween: 25 Years of Terror]]'', commemorating the 25th anniversary of ''Halloween''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s release.

===Criticism===
The film received a mostly positive critical response at the time of its initial release, and in 2006 ''Halloween'' maintained a rating of 100 percent "fresh" at [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>''Halloween'' at [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/halloween/ Rotten Tomatoes]; last accessed [[June 12]] [[2007]].</ref> Still, [[Pauline Kael]] wrote a scathing review in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' suggesting that "Carpenter doesn't seem to have had any life outside the movies: one can trace almost every idea on the screen to directors such as Hitchcock and [[Brian De Palma]] and to the [[Val Lewton]] productions" and claiming that "Maybe when a horror film is stripped of everything but dumb scariness — when it isn't ashamed to revive the stalest device of the genre (the escaped lunatic) — it satisfies part of the audience in a more basic, childish way than sophisticated horror pictures do."<ref>Pauline Kael, review of ''Halloween'', ''The New Yorker'', 1978, at [http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Set/1817/halloween/H1-KAEL.HTML TheManWiththeHypnoticEye.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Many compared the film with the work of [[Alfred Hitchcock]], although ''[[TV Guide]]'' calls comparisons made to ''Psycho'' "silly and groundless"<ref>''TV Guide'' review of ''Halloween'' at [http://www.tvguide.com/movies/halloween/review/125497 TVGuide.com]; last accessed [[May 19]] [[2007]].</ref> and critics in the late 1980s and early 1990s blame the film for spawning the slasher sub-genre that rapidly descended into [[sadism]] and [[misogyny]].<ref name="Rogers117-118">Rogers, ''Halloween'', pp. 117–118.</ref> Almost a decade after its premiere, Mick Martin and Marsha Porter critiqued the first-person camera shots that earlier film reviewers had praised and later slasher-film directors utilized for their own films (for example, ''[[Friday the 13th (film)|Friday the 13th]]'' (1980)). Claiming it encouraged audience identification with the killer, Martin and Porter pointed to the way "the camera moves in on the screaming, pleading, victim, 'looks down' at the knife, and then plunges it into chest, ear, or eyeball. Now that's sick."<ref>Mick Martin and Marsha Porter, ''Video Movie Guide 1987'' (New York: Ballantine Books, 1986), p. 60, ISBN 0-345-33872-3.</ref>

Many criticisms of ''Halloween'' and other slasher films come from [[postmodernism|postmodern]] academia. Some [[feminism|feminist]] critics, according to historian Nicholas Rogers, "have seen the slasher movies since ''Halloween'' as debasing women in as decisive a manner as hard-core [[pornography]]."<ref name="Rogers117-118" /> Critics such as John Kenneth Muir point out that female characters such as Laurie Strode survive not because of "any good planning" or their own resourcefulness, but sheer luck. Strode, in fact, is rescued in ''Halloween'' and ''Halloween II'' only when Dr. Loomis arrives to shoot Myers.<ref>John Kenneth Muir, ''Wes Craven: The Art of Horror'' (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, 1998), p. 104, ISBN 0-7864-1923-7.</ref>

On the other hand, other feminist scholars such as [[Carol J. Clover]] argue that despite the violence against women, slasher films turned women into heroines. In many pre-''Halloween'' horror films, women are depicted as helpless victims and are not safe until they are rescued by a strong masculine hero. Despite the fact that Loomis saves Strode, Clover asserts that ''Halloween'' initiates the role of the "[[final girl]]" who ultimately triumphs in the end. Strode herself fought back against Myers and severely wounds him. Had Myers been a normal man, Strode's attacks would have killed him; even Loomis, the male hero of the story, who shoots Michael repeatedly at near point blank range with a large caliber handgun, cannot kill him.<ref>Carol J. Clover, ''Men, Women, and Chain Saws: Gender in the Modern Horror Film'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 189, ISBN 0-691-00620-2.</ref>

Other critics have seen a deeper social critique present in ''Halloween'' and subsequent slasher films. According to Vera Dika, the films of the 1980s spoke to the [[American conservatism|conservative]] [[family values]] advocates of [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] America.<ref>Vera Dika. ''Games of Terror: ''Halloween'', ''Friday the 13th'', and the Films of the Stalker Cycle'' (Cranbury, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1990), p. 138, ISBN 0-8386-3364-1.</ref> Tony Williams says Myers and other slashers were "[[patriarchy|patriarchal]] avengers" who "slaughtered the youthful children of the [[counterculture of the 1960s|1960s generation]], especially when they engaged in illicit activities involving sex and drugs."<ref>Tony Williams, "Trying to Survive on the Darker Side: 1980s Family Horror," in Barry K. Grant, ed., ''The Dread of Difference: Gender and the Horror Film'' (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996), pp. 164–165, ISBN 0-292-72794-1.</ref> Other critics tend to downplay this interpretation, arguing that the portrayal of Myers as a demonic, superhuman monster inhibited his influence among conservatives.<ref>Rogers, ''Halloween'', pp. 121.</ref>

Carpenter himself dismisses the notion that ''Halloween'' is a [[morality play]], regarding it as merely a horror movie. According to Carpenter, critics "completely missed the point there." He explains, "The one girl who is the most sexually uptight just keeps stabbing this guy with a long knife. She's the most [[sexual frustration|sexually frustrated]]. She's the one that's killed him. Not because she's a virgin but because all that sexually repressed energy starts coming out. She uses all those [[phallic symbol]]s on the guy."<ref>John Carpenter, quoted in Alan Jones, ''The Rough Guide to Horror Movies'' (New York: Rough Guides, 2005), p. 102, ISBN 1-84353-521-1.</ref><ref name="DVDDoc" />

===Influence===
''Halloween'' has influenced many films and filmmakers, most notably of the horror genre since its release. Although a [[Cinema of Canada|Canadian]] horror film directed by [[Bob Clark]] titled ''[[Black Christmas (1974 film)|Black Christmas]]'' (1974) preempted the stylistic techniques made famous in ''Halloween'', the latter is generally given credit by film historians and critics for initiating the [[slasher film]] craze of the 1980s and 1990s. First-person camera perspectives, unexceptional settings, and female heroines define the slasher film genre.<ref>Rockoff, ''Going to Pieces'', p. 42.</ref> Riding the wave of success ushered in by ''Halloween'', several films that were already in production when the film premiered, but with similar stylistic elements and themes, became popular with audiences. The ''[[Friday the 13th (film series)|Friday the 13th]]'' and ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street (series)|A Nightmare on Elm Street]]'' films, and countless other slasher films, owe much of their success (if not inspiration) to ''Halloween''.<ref>Jim Harper, ''Legacy of Blood: A Comprehensive Guide to Slasher Movies'' (Manchester, Eng.: Headpress, 2004), p. 126, ISBN 1900486393.</ref><ref>Rick Worland, ''The Horror Film: A Brief Introduction'' (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), p. 106, ISBN 1405139021.</ref>

The unintended theme of "survival of the virgins" seen in ''Halloween'' became a major trope that surfaced in other slasher films. Characters in subsequent horror movies who practice illicit sex and substance abuse generally meet a gruesome end at the hands of the killer. On the other hand, characters portrayed as [[chastity|chaste]] and [[temperance (virtue)|temperate]] face off and defeat the killer at the end of the film. Director [[Wes Craven]]'s [[dark comedy]] ''[[Scream (film)|Scream]]'' (1996) details the "rules" for surviving a horror movie using ''Halloween'' as the primary example: no sex, no alcohol or illicit drugs, and never say "I'll be right back." [[Keenen Ivory Wayans]]'s horror movie [[parody|spoof]] ''[[Scary Movie]]'' (2000) likewise parodies this prominent slasher film trope.

==Versions==

There are several existing versions of ''Halloween''. The version running at 91 minutes is the most widely known and widely seen. A modified television version, released in 1980 that aired on [[NBC]] ran for 101 minuets and featured re-shoot scenes not included in the initial 1978 cut. This edition was released in 2001 on DVD as ''Halloween: The Extended Version''. In 1998, for the 20th anniversary, new sounds where added to the films audio track under [[John Carpenter]]’s approval. Both versions where released on both VHS and DVD.

===Television version===
Television rights to ''Halloween'' were sold to [[NBC]] in 1980 for $4 million. After a debate between John Carpenter, Debra Hill and NBC's [[Standards & Practices]] over [[censorship|censoring]] of certain scenes, ''Halloween'' appeared on television for the first time.<ref name="Hillinterview" /> To fill the two-hour time slot, Carpenter filmed twelve minutes of additional material that include Dr. Loomis at a hospital board review of Myers and Dr. Loomis talking to six-year-old Michael at Smith's Grove, telling him, "You've fooled them, haven't you Michael? But not me." Another extra scene features Dr. Loomis at Smith's Grove examining Michael's abandoned cell and seeing the word "Sister" scratched into the door. Finally, a scene was added in which Lynda comes over to Laurie's house to borrow a silk blouse before Laurie leaves to babysit, just as Annie telephones asking to borrow the same blouse.

The new scene had Laurie's hair hidden by a towel, since Jamie Lee Curtis was now wearing a much shorter hairstyle than she had worn in 1978. The new scenes were shot during production of ''Halloween II''. An extended cut of the television version was released on [[DVD]] by [[Anchor Bay Entertainment]] in 2001 as ''Halloween: Extended Version''.<ref>''Halloween: Extended Version'' (1978; DVD, Troy, Mich.: Anchor Bay Entertainment, 2001), [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00005KHJT/104-5588906-4640745 ASIN B00005KHJT].</ref>

==Adaptations==
{{main|Halloween (novel)|Halloween (video game)}}
[[Image:Halloween novel.jpg|right|thumb|''Halloween'' [[novelization]] by Curtis Richards]]

Shortly following ''Halloween'''s release in theaters, a [[mass market paperback]] [[Halloween (novel)|novelization]] by Curtis Richards was published by [[Bantam Books]] in 1979 and reissued in 1982, although it is currently out of print. The novel elaborates on aspects not featured in the film such as the origins of the curse of Samhain and Michael Myers's life in Smith's Grove Sanitarium. For example, the opening reads:<blockquote>The horror started on the eve of Samhain, in a foggy vale in northern Ireland, at the dawn of the Celtic race. And once started, it trod the earth forevermore, wreaking its savagery suddenly, swiftly, and with incredible ferocity.<ref>Curtis Richards, ''Halloween'' (Bantam Books, 1979), ISBN 0-553-13226-1; 1982 reissue ISBN 0-553-26296-3.</ref></blockquote>

In 1983, ''Halloween'' was adapted as a [[Halloween (video game)|video game]] for the [[Atari 2600]] by Wizard Video. Either as the result of poor research by developers or as an effort to save on licensing fees, none of the main characters in the game were named. Players take on the role of a teenage babysitter who tries to save as many children from an unnamed, knife-wielding killer as possible. The game was not popular with parents or players and the graphics were simple, as was typical of the 1980s. The game contained more gore than the film, however. When the babysitter is killed, her head disappears and is replaced by blood pulsating from the neck. The main similarity to the film is the theme music that plays when the killer appears on screen.<ref>Review of ''Halloween'' video game at [http://www.x-entertainment.com/halloween/2004/october29/ X-Entertainment.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref><ref>Gregory D. George, "History of Horror: A Primer of Horror Games for Your Atari" at [http://www.ataritimes.com/features/horror.html The Atari Times]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

==Sequels==
{{main|Halloween (film series)}}

''Halloween'' spawned seven sequels, and a remake — tentatively titled ''[[Halloween (2007 film)|Halloween]]'' and directed by [[Rob Zombie]] — is scheduled for release on Aug. 31st 2007.<ref>[http://halloweenmovies.com/movies_lobby.html HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]]; the title of ''Halloween 9'' has yet to be named on the series' official website, but many websites including the [[Internet Movie Database]] are reporting that title is ''Halloween: Retribution''.</ref><ref name="Zombieinterview">Rob Zombie stated in a 2006 interview that the title so far is simply ''Halloween''. Rob Zombie interview, June 16, 2006, at [http://halloweenmovies.com/h9_lobby.html HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Of these films, only ''[[Halloween II]]'' (1981) was written by John Carpenter and Debra Hill. ''Halloween II'' begins exactly where ''Halloween'' ends and was intended to wind up the story of Michael Myers and Laurie Strode. Carpenter did not direct any of the other films in the ''Halloween'' series, although he produced ''[[Halloween III: Season of the Witch]]'' (1982), the plot of which is unrelated to any of the other films in the series.<ref>Behind the Scenes of ''Halloween III: Season of the Witch'' at [http://www.halloweenmovies.com/filmarchive/h3bts.htm HalloweenMovies.com]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

The sequels feature more explicit violence and gore, and are generally dismissed by mainstream film critics. They were filmed on larger budgets than the original: in contrast to ''Halloween''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s modest budget of $325,000, ''Halloween II'''s budget was around $2.5 million,<ref>Business statistics for ''Halloween II'' at [http://imdb.com/title/tt0082495/business Internet Movie Database]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> while the most recently released sequel, ''[[Halloween: Resurrection]]'' (2002), boasted a budget of $25 million.<ref>Business statistics for ''Halloween: Resurrection'' at [http://imdb.com/title/tt0220506/business Internet Movie Database]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Financier Moustapha Akkad continued to work closely with the ''Halloween'' franchise, acting as [[executive producer]] of every sequel in the series until his death in the [[2005 Amman bombings]].<ref>"Moustapha Akkad," London ''Telegraph'', 12 November 2005, at [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/11/12/db1203.xml&sSheet=/portal/2005/11/12/ixportal.html news.telegraph]; last accessed [[April 19]] [[2006]].</ref>

''Halloween'''s sequels continue to develop the character of Michael Myers and the theme of [[Samhain]]. Even without considering the third film, the ''Halloween'' series is plagued with storyline [[continuity (fiction)|continuity]] issues, most likely stemming from the different writers and directors involved in each film.<ref name="Zombieinterview" />

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
<div class="references-small">
* Badley, Linda. ''Film, Horror, and the Body Fantastic''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1995. ISBN 0-313-27523-8.
* Baird, Robert. "The Startle Effect: Implications for Spectator Cognition and Media Theory." ''Film Quarterly'' 53 (No. 3, Spring 2000): pp. 12–24.
* Carroll, Noël. "The Nature of Horror." ''Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism'' 46 (No. 1, Autumn 1987): pp. 51–59.
* Cumbow, Robert C. ''Order in the Universe: The Films of John Carpenter''. 2nd ed., Lanham, Md.: Scarcrow Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8108-3719-6.
* Johnson, Kenneth. "The Point of View of the Wandering Camera." ''Cinema Journal'' 32 (No. 2, Winter 1993): pp. 49–56.
* King, Stephen. ''Danse Macabre''. New York: Berkley Books, 1981. ISBN 0-425-10433-8.
* Prince, Stephen, ed. ''The Horror Film''. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8135-3363-5.
* Schneider, Steven Jay, ed. ''Horror Film and Psychoanalysis: Freud's Worst Nightmare''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-82521-0.
* Williams, Tony. ''Hearths of Darkness: The Family in the American Horror Film''. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8386-3564-4.</div>

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.halloweenmovies.com Official site] of the ''Halloween'' series
* [http://www.theofficialjohncarpenter.com/ Official site] of John Carpenter
* {{imdb title|id=0077651|title=Halloween}}
* [http://www.seeing-stars.com/Locations/Halloween/index.shtml/ Filming locations and photos] by director [[David Winning]].

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{{Halloween series}}
{{John Carpenter Films}}
{{featured article}}

[[Category:1970s horror films]]
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:Films directed by John Carpenter]]
[[Category:Films set in Illinois]]
[[Category:Halloween (film series)|Halloween 1]]
[[Category:Independent films]]
[[Category:RiffTrax movies]]
[[Category:United States National Film Registry]]

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Tiger Army

2007-06-17T17:44:18Z

75.69.181.109:

{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Tiger Army
|Genre = [[Psychobilly]], [[Rockabilly|Neo-Rockabilly]], [[Punkrock]]
|Label = Chapter Eleven Records [[Hellcat Records]]
|URL = [http://www.tigerarmy.com/ www.tigerarmy.com]
|Current_members = [[Nick 13]] - [[Vocals]], [[guitar]] (1995-Present) Jeff Roffredo - [[Upright bass]] (2004-Present) James Meza - [[Drums]] (2004-Present)
| Past_members = [[Joel Day]] - [[Stand-up bass]] (1995-1997) [[Geoff Kresge]] - Stand-up bass (1999-2004) [[Adam Carson]] - Drums (1995-2000) [[London May]] - Drums (2000-2002) Fred Hell - Drums (2002-2004)
}}

'''Tiger Army''' is a [[psychobilly]] band that was formed in 1995 in [[Berkeley, California]].

==History==
The band played their first show at legendary venue [[924 Gilman Street]] in [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], California, with [[AFI (band)|AFI]] on [[March 29]], [[1996]]. After making a name for themselves playing shows throughout the California area alongside AFI and [[England|English]] psychobilly pioneers [[The Meteors]], they were signed to [[Chapter Eleven Records]].

Tiger Army first entered the studio in the summer of 1996 to record a self-titled [[vinyl record]] [[Extended play|EP]], now referred to as the ''[[Temptation EP]]''. This EP caught the attention of [[Tim Armstrong]], owner of [[Hellcat Records]], who signed the band. Tiger Army recorded their first full-length, the self-titled [[Tiger Army (album)|''Tiger Army'']], in January of 1999. It was released that October. Stand-up bassist [[Joel Day]] left Tiger Army before the band was signed, so the [[The Quakes|Quakes]] stand-up bassist [[Rob Peltier]] was hired to play on the album.

During the ensuing California mini-tour promoting the album, Nick 13 (vocals and guitar of Tiger Army) asked [[Geoff Kresge]], one of his former bandmates from his first band, Influence 13, to join the band. Kresge accepted, and joined as a permanent member a few months later. The band was asked to play on the [[Danzig (band)|Danzig]] and [[Samhain (band)|Samhain]] tour in 2000, where they befriended Samhain drummer [[London May]]. He joined the band when [[Adam Carson]] left.

The band recorded a second album, ''[[Tiger Army II: Power of Moonlite]]'' in 2001. London May left shortly after the recording, and was replaced with Fred Hell.

On [[March 10]], [[2003]], Fred Hell was shot four times in the head by armed robbers who broke into his friend's apartment in [[Chino, California]]. A bullet became lodged in his brain, making it necessary for him to go through physical therapy before he could play drums again. At the time, the band was in the process of recording the album ''[[Tiger Army III: Ghost Tigers Rise]]''. At first, the record was repeatedly delayed to make time for him to recover enough to perform, but his injuries proved serious enough for the band to hire a studio drummer, [[Mike Fasano]], drum tech for both [[Rancid (band)|Rancid]] and Tiger Army, to play on the album. Hell attempted to play on the tour supporting the album's release, but he was again forced to stay and recover while Fasano joined the band on the road. In July 2004, Hell decided to depart from the band in light of his injuries.

Only months later, in September 2004, Geoff Kresge departed the band to focus his efforts on his new record label, Dead Body Records and began recruiting members for a new band called [[Viva Hate (band)|Viva Hate]]. He would join his wife Kamilla with [[Horrorpops]] as a guitarist a month later. Nick 13 quickly announced a new line-up for Tiger Army, featuring drummer "Wasted" James Meza (formerly of numerous other small [[Los Angeles]] psychobilly bands, and a former touring drummer for the [[Nekromantix]]) and stand-up bassist Jeff Roffredo (formerly of Cosmic Voodoo and Calavera), who are now full-time members of Tiger Army.

Tiger Army's fourth album, titled ''[[Music From Regions Beyond]]'', was released on [[June 5]], [[2007 in music|2007]]<ref>http://www.tigerarmy.com/disc.html</ref> and was produced by [[Jerry Finn]].<ref>http://www.tigerarmy.com/news.html</ref>

Tiger Army are currently featured on the main stage for the entire 2007 [[Vans Warped Tour]].<ref>http://www.warpedtour.net/banddetail.asp?bandID=207</ref>

==Discography==
===Studio Albums===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left" valign="top"|Title
!align="left" valign="top" width="135px"|Release date
!align="left" valign="top"|Notes
!align="left" valign="top" width="120px"|Label
|-
|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Tiger Army (album)|Tiger Army]]''
|align="left" valign="top"|October 26, 1999
|align="left" valign="top"|
|align="left" valign="top"|Hellcat Records
|-
|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Tiger Army II: Power of Moonlite]]''
|align="left" valign="top"|July 24, 2001
|align="left" valign="top"|
|align="left" valign="top"|Hellcat Records
|-
|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Tiger Army III: Ghost Tigers Rise]]''
|align="left" valign="top"|June 29, 2004
|align="left" valign="top"|
|align="left" valign="top"|Hellcat Records
|-
|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Music From Regions Beyond]]''
|align="left" valign="top"|June 5, 2007
|align="left" valign="top"|
|align="left" valign="top"|Hellcat Records
|-
|}

===EPs===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left" valign="top"|Title
!align="left" valign="top" width="135px"|Release date
!align="left" valign="top"|Notes
!align="left" valign="top" width="120px"|Label
|-
|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Temptation EP]]''
|align="left" valign="top"|January, 1997
|align="left" valign="top"|
|align="left" valign="top"|Chapter Eleven Records
|-
|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Early Years EP]]''
|align="left" valign="top"|October 8, 2002
|align="left" valign="top"|
|align="left" valign="top"|Hellcat Records
|-
|align="left" valign="top"|''[[Ghost Tigers EP]]''
|align="left" valign="top"|June 8, 2004
|align="left" valign="top"|
|align="left" valign="top"|Hellcat Records
|-
|}

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.tigerarmy.com/ Official site]
* [http://www.ghosttigers.com/ Ghost Tigers fansite]
* [http://www.myspace.com/tigerarmy Official Myspace page]
* [http://machomaniac.org/fan/tigerarmy/ TFL-approved Fanlisting]
* [http://www.tigerarmy.nl/ Dutch Tiger Army Website]
* [http://www.distortedmagazine.com/June2007/ Interview with Tiger Army]

[[Category:Psychobilly groups]]
[[Category:Hellcat Records groups]]
[[Category:California musical groups]]
[[Category:American musical groups]]

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[[nl:Tiger Army]]
[[sv:Tiger Army]]

Men Without Hats

2007-06-11T01:12:03Z

75.69.181.109:

{{Infobox musical artist | 
| Name = Men Without Hats
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Background = group_or_band
| Origin = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec|QC]], [[Canada]]
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] 
| Years_active = 1980 - 1992 2003 (For one album)
| Label = [[MCA Records]] 
| URL = [http://www.menwithouthats.com/]
| Current_members =
| Past_members = [[Ivan Doroschuk]] Stefan Doroschuk [[Allan McCarthy]] (deceased) Colin Doroschuk Tracy Howe Mike Gabriel Jean-Marc Pisapia Lenny Pinkas Roman Martyn Jeremy Arrobas
}}

'''Men Without Hats''' were a [[pop music|pop]] group from [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] who achieved their greatest popularity in the early to mid [[1980s]]. They were characterized by the deep, expressive [[vocals]] of their lead singer [[Ivan Doroschuk|Ivan]] and their elaborate use of [[synthesizers]] and electronic processing. Their most-remembered single was titled "[[The Safety Dance]]".

== History ==
'''Men Without Hats''' were always, at the core, [[Ivan Doroschuk]] and his brother Stefan, with various other members, including his third brother, Colin Doroschuk, as well as Jeremy Arrobas, Tracy Howe, Roman Martyn, Mike Gabriel, Jean-Marc Pisapia, Lenny Pinkas, and [[Allan McCarthy]]. They emerged with an EP called ''[[Folk of the 80's]]'' (1980). Tracy Howe was only with the band briefly, but long enough to be credited on a reprint of ''Folk of the 80s'', despite not appearing on it. Pisapia went on to form [[The_Box_%28band%29|The Box]], and later, Arrobas and Gabriel left to work with him for a while, eventually founding their own group, Isinglass.

A popular but unconfirmed tale is that the name originated from a misread announcement to one of their early gigs as "Men Without Hate" by a francophone MC in Montréal. Though that tale may be unconfirmed there is fact that Men Without Hats first started off in bars as Men With Hats, but they decided to change the name to Men Without Hats as they always threw their hats off at the end of a performance.

The band erupted onto the international scene a couple of years later with their hit single "[[The Safety Dance]]" from their debut album ''[[Rhythm of Youth]]''. They charted once again with the title track from their 1987 album, ''[[Pop Goes the World]]''. The song was also featured in the movie ''[[Date with an Angel]]'' (1987), starring [[Phoebe Cates]], [[Emmanuelle Béart]] and Michael E. Knights. The next album ''[[The Adventures of Women & Men Without Hate in the 21st Century]]'', released in 1989 featured a cover of [[ABBA]]'s song "[[SOS (ABBA song)|SOS]]".

Their 1991 album ''[[Sideways (album)|Sideways]]'', dominated by processed [[electric guitar]]s instead of keyboards, revealed a dramatically different sound for the band. The album failed to attract an [[United States|American]] label, and the band broke up.

Following the break-up, Ivan released a solo album, ''The Spell'', in 1997. Stefan and Mack MacKenzie (of 3 O'Clock Train) released ''Ride of Glory'', a post-modern Western-themed CD.

Stefan and Ivan regrouped to release ''[[No Hats Beyond This Point]]'' in 2003.

== Discography==
=== Studio albums ===
* [[Image:folk_of_80s.jpg]] ''[[Folk of the 80's]]'' ([[1980 in music|1980]]) (EP)
* [[Image:Mwh-roy.jpg|75px]] ''[[Rhythm of Youth]]'' ([[1982 in music|1982]])
* [[Image:folk_of_80s 3.jpg]] ''[[Folk of the 80's (Part III)]]'' ([[1984 in music|1984]])
* [[Image:freeways.jpg]] ''[[Freeways (EP)|Freeways]]'' ([[1985 in music|1985]]) (EP)
* [[Image:pop_goes_world.jpg]] ''[[Pop Goes the World]]'' ([[1987 in music|1987]])
* [[Image:adventures_men_and_women_without_hate.jpg]] ''[[The Adventures of Women & Men Without Hate in the 21st Century]]'' ([[1989 in music|1989]])
* [[Image:sideways.jpg]] ''[[Sideways (album)|Sideways]]'' ([[1991 in music|1991]])
* [[Image:no_hat_beyond_point.jpg]]''[[No Hats Beyond This Point]]'' ([[2003 in music|2003]])

=== Compilations ===
* ''[[Men Without Hats: Collection]]'' ([[1996 in music|1996]])
* ''[[Men Without Hats: Greatest Hats]]'' ([[1996 in music|1996]])
* ''[[Men Without Hats: My Hats]]'' ([[2006 in music|2006]])

=== Ivan solo albums ===
* ''The Spell'' ([[1997 in music|1997]])

=== Music videos ===
* "The Safety Dance"
* "I Like"
* "Where Do the Boys Go?"
* "Pop Goes the World"
* "Moonbeam"
* "Hey Men"
* "..In the 21st Century"
* "Sideways"
* "Open Your Eyes" (Ivan)
* "SuperBadGirls" (Ivan)

=== DVDs ===
* ''Live Hats'' (Le Spectrum show, from ''Freeways'' tour) released in June 2006
:This DVD has been pulled and is now a 'bootleg'. Stefan reports that the company that released the DVD did not get permission from the record company and has been pulled off shelves as of late December, 2006.

== Trivia ==
*[[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] frontman [[Ian Anderson (musician)|Ian Anderson]] played flute on the song "On Tuesday" on ''[[Pop Goes the World]]''.
*The little person in the music video "[[The Safety Dance]]" is actor [[Mike Edmonds]] (''[[Return of the Jedi]], [[Time Bandits]], [[Flash Gordon (film)|Flash Gordon]]'').
*In an episode of US comedy [[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]], Turk sings 5 lines from "The Safety Dance" while discussing the problems of parenthood with his fiancee, Carla. In this case they are referring to their son wanting to dance instead of playing football with his friends.
*In an episode of [[The Simpsons (TV series)|The Simpsons]], Homer makes fun of the song Safety Dance by singing "Everybody look at your pants!"
*In an episode of [[Family Guy (TV series)|Family Guy]], Brian makes fun of the band by referring to them as "Men Without Jobs"
*In [[Futurestock]] , an episode of [[Futurama (TV series)|Futurama]] Fry meets another guy from his own time, and they discuss Safety Dance. Fry doesn't think that the dance is safe at all, while the other guy keeps imitating the keyboard part throughout the episode.
*In [[Bio-Dome]], the Safety Dance video is in part recreated by the cast of the movie, complete with the dancing little person.

== Covers ==

* ''[[The Adventures of Women & Men Without Hate in the 21st Century]]'' featured a cover of [[ABBA|Abba]]'s "S.O.S."
* ''[[Sideways (album)|Sideways]]'' featured a cover of [[The Beatles]]' "I Am the Walrus" (subtitled "'No You're Not', Said Little Nicola").
* The ''Collection'' and ''Greatest Hats'' compilations featured a cover of [[Roxy Music]]'s "Editions of You"

== See also ==
*[[List of Quebec musicians]]
*[[Music of Quebec]]
*[[Culture of Quebec]]
*[[List of number-one dance hits (United States)]]
*[[List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.menwithouthats.com/ Men Without Hats official site]
* [http://www.swcp.com/lazlo-bin/discogs?hats Lazlo's Discography Machine: Men Without Hats]
* [http://ubl.artistdirect.com/music/artist/bio/0,,467241,00.html?artist=Men+Without+Hats Men Without Hats at UBL.com]

[[Category:1980s music groups]]
[[Category:Men Without Hats]]
[[Category:Canadian dance music groups]]
[[Category:Canadian New Wave groups]]
[[Category:New Wave groups|Men Without Hats]]
[[Category:Synthpop]]
[[Category:Montreal musical groups]]

[[de:Men Without Hats]]
[[sv:Men Without Hats]]

Phil Hellmuth

2007-06-06T04:47:29Z

75.69.181.109:

{{infobox poker player
|firstname=Phil
|lastname=Hellmuth
|nickname=The Poker Brat
|image=Hellmuth1.jpg
|caption=Phil Hellmuth at the [[1989 WSOP]]
|hometown=Palo Alto, California
|wsop bracelet count=10
|wsop money finishes=57(+1)
|wsop main event best finish rank=Winner
|wsop main event best finish year=1989
|multi-year wsop winner
|wpt titles
|wpt final tables=2(+2)
|wpt money finishes=9
}}

'''Phillip J. Hellmuth, Jr.''' (born [[July 16]] [[1964]] in [[Madison, Wisconsin]]) is a professional [[poker]] player and a whiny bitch.

==Biography==

In [[1989]], the 24-year-old Hellmuth became the youngest World Champion of Poker by defeating the two-time defending champion, [[Johnny Chan (poker player)|Johnny Chan]], in the [[World Series of Poker]] main event.

Hellmuth attended the [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] for three years before dropping out to play poker full time (much to the chagrin of his father, a professor at the school who holds a MBA, a J.D. and a Ph.D.). He earned the nickname of "poker brat" because of his perceived attitude and ego. Despite this reputation, his accomplishments are highly respected in the poker community. As of [[2006]], he has won ten WSOP bracelets, each one in [[Texas hold 'em]] events. Hellmuth is also the season three champion of [[Late Night Poker]].

In 2005 Hellmuth won the [[inaugural]] [[National Heads-Up Poker Championship]]. He defeated [[Men Nguyen]], [[Paul Phillips (poker player)|Paul Phillips]], [[Huck Seed]], [[Lyle Berman]] and [[Antonio Esfandiari]] on the way to the final against [[Chris Ferguson]] whom he defeated in two out of three games. While trying to repeat in 2006, he lost in the first round to [[Chip Reese]].

As of 2006, his total live tournament winnings exceed $8,800,000

He appeared in the first season of the [[Game Show Network|GSN]] series [[High Stakes Poker]].

In the spring of 2006, Hellmuth replaced [[Phil Gordon]] as commentator on [[Bravo (television network)|Bravo]]'s ''[[Celebrity Poker Showdown]]''.

When Hellmuth did an interview on [[Sirius Satellite Radio]] recently, he said that he will be on the next season of [[VH1]]'s [[The Surreal Life]], along with professional wrestler [[Randy Savage]], [[Playboy Playmate]] [[Tina Marie Jordan]], and [[Type O Negative]] frontman [[Peter Steele]]. Savage has confirmed his involvement, though VH1 hasn't officially announced who will be on the cast.

At the [[2006 World Series of Poker]], after making it down to the last two in a prior event, he captured his record 10th World Series of Poker bracelet in the $1,000 No Limit Hold'em with rebuys event. This tied him with fellow poker legends [[Doyle Brunson]] and [[Johnny Chan]]. However, unlike Brunson and Chan, all of his bracelets are in Texas hold'em.

Hellmuth resides in [[Palo Alto, California]] with his wife Katherine Sanborn (a psychiatrist at [[Stanford University]]) and two sons, Phillip III and Nicholas.

== World Series of Poker Bracelets ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Tournament
!Prize (US$)
|-
|[[1989 World Series of Poker|1989]]
|$10,000 No Limit Hold'em World Championship
|$755,000
|-
|[[1992 World Series of Poker|1992]]
|$5,000 Limit Hold'em
|$188,000
|-
|[[1993 World Series of Poker|1993]]
|$1,500 Limit Hold'em
|$138,000
|-
|1993
|$2,500 No Limit Hold'em
|$161,400
|-
|1993
|$5,000 No Limit Hold'em
|$173,000
|-
|[[1997 World Series of Poker|1997]]
|$3,000 Pot Limit Hold'em
|$204,000
|-
|[[2001 World Series of Poker|2001]]
|$2,000 No Limit Hold'em
|$316,000
|-
|[[2003 World Series of Poker|2003]]
|$2,500 Limit Hold'em
|$171,400
|-
|2003
|$3,000 No Limit Hold'em
|$410,860
|-
|[[2006 World Series of Poker|2006]]
|$1,000 No Limit Hold'em with rebuys
|$631,863
|}

To date, Hellmuth has won $4,765,894 at the World Series of Poker.

== Personality and controversy ==
{{unreferenced|date=July 2006}}
[[Image:Phil Hellmuth - 2003 WSOP.jpg|left|thumb|Phil Hellmuth at the [[2003 World Series of Poker]] playing against Sam Grizzle.]]
Hellmuth is one of the most recognizable figures in poker and many fans have strong opinions of him, both negative and positive. While his ten WSOP bracelets bring him much recognition, his notoriety is also due to his perceived inability to gracefully handle adversity and defeat.

He has made many notable boasts while playing poker tournaments, usually after suffering a "[[bad beat]]". Some televised examples include "If luck weren't involved, I guess I'd win every one," and "I've revolutionized the way to play Texas hold 'em." During the 2005 Main Event at the [[World Series of Poker]], he stated "I can dodge bullets, baby!" after laying down Ace King to an opponent with Aces, and even accused an amateur player of not even being able to spell poker (after the player put all his money in the pot preflop with King Jack against Hellmuth's Ace King and hit a three-outer to win the pot). He is sometimes referred to as "Hell Mouth", a play on his surname. While many players may not like Hellmuth's antics, producers of televised poker tournaments certainly do, since it is rare (especially during the World Series of Poker) that a camera is not on him to capture a moment where he speaks his mind.

At the 2002 WSOP, while commentating with Gabe Kaplan, he offered to have his head shaved if amateur [[Robert Varkonyi]], who was short-stacked at the time, could win the event. When Varkonyi won, Hellmuth followed through; ESPN's coverage of the event ends with Hellmuth's locks getting shorn.

Hellmuth wrote a book titled ''Poker Brat'', which contains autobiographical material as well as poker advice.

While many professional players, amateurs, and fans alike consider his antics distasteful and abrasive at times, they respect his talent for the game and his personality when he is away from the table. It can be contended that Hellmuth engages in some bad etiquette purposely, since a large part of selling his image is as a "poker brat."

There are several instances where he does do helpful things for poker and its participants (fans and players alike). For example, during the WSOP 2005 main event final table, [[Card Player Magazine]] decided to have top pros like Hellmuth, [[Daniel Negreanu]], [[Jennifer Harman]], and [[Erick Lindgren]] comment on the action live on streaming audio hand by hand until a champion was declared. The event lasted a substantial time, starting at around mid evening and lasting until early morning the next day. Despite all the other scheduled commentators leaving to go out to play poker or sleep, Hellmuth stayed behind the mic for the duration of the tournament in order to comment for the listeners. During the broadcast, Hellmuth turned 41 years old.

He has participated in numerous charities and events and also likes to voice his opinion in several segments during the World Series of Poker and in [[World Poker Tour]] events. He has also been in several podcasts related to poker, including Phil Gordon's coverage of the 2005 World Series of Poker.

Internet celebrity Kevin Bowen created a series of videos available online where he acts as "Bill Fillmaff", a character who mimics Hellmuth's appearance and behavior. Fillmaff exaggerates Hellmuth's idiosyncrasies and mannerisms and epitomizes the term "poker brat." Hellmuth even made a cameo in the final episode of Bowen's online video series, and goes head-to-head against Bowen (as Fillmaff) in the online series "Ultimatebet.com's Bill vs. Phil".

In the first week of the show [[Poker After Dark]] on NBC, after fellow pros [[Shawn Sheikhan]], [[Annie Duke]], [[Steve Zolotow]], [[Gus Hansen]], and [[Huck Seed]] refused to stop talking while it was his turn to act on his hand after Duke raised him, he threatened to never play in these tournaments again and then he walked away. He eventually came back and was eliminated a few hands later. In week 5, after folding several hands in a row when someone would raise into him, he claimed his strategy was to fold and appear to be weak in order to set up for a big hand. However, when he eventually moved all-in to a reraise with pocket nines he was defeated by [[Phil Laak]], who was holding pocket queens on the final night. Hellmuth's hand failed to improve, giving him a fourth-place finish.

== Hellmuth as a business person ==
Hellmuth is involved in many endeavors away from the felt. He is the author of many articles for Card Player Magazine and poker books, including ''Play Poker like the Pros'', ''Bad Beats and Lucky Draws'', and ''The Greatest Poker Hands ever Played''. He has made several instructional poker videos, including his Ultimate White to Black Belt Poker Course and ''Phil Hellmuth's Million Dollar Poker Secrets''. Hellmuth is also a spokesperson for (and player at) [[Ultimate Bet]], an online poker room. More recently, he has worked with [[Oakley, Inc.|Oakley]] to develop his signature series of poker style sunglasses as well as currently working on a clothing line. Hellmuth also appeared in promotional commercials for the [[Arena Football League]] during the 2006 season as well as an Infomercial promoting his Ultimate White to Black Belt Poker Course. It aired throughout the US. In an online interview with ESPN, he estimated that he could earn anywhere up to $400 million off the poker table.

== In Popular Culture ==

*Phil Hellmuth was referenced in the American television comedy [[The Office (US TV series)|The Office]] in Season 2 Episode 22 "Casino Night". Michael says "If luck weren't involved, I would always be winning." Hellmuth infamously coined a similar phrase at the 2004 World Series of Poker.

==External links==
* [http://www.philhellmuth.com/ Official site]
* [http://www.camphellmuth.com/ Camp Hellmuth]
* [http://www.cardplayer.com/poker_magazine/writers/view/name/Phil_Hellmuth Cardplayer Magazine articles]
* [http://www.worldpokertour.com/players/?x=profile&id=2352 World Poker Tour profile]
* [http://www.pokerpages.com/articles/profiles/philhellmuth.htm Poker Pages profile]
* [http://www.poker-babes.com/bio/phil-hellmuth/ Poker Babes profile]
* [http://www.allinmag.com/article.php?article=78 All In Magazine interview]
* [http://www.pokerplayermagazine.co.uk/theplayers/playerinterviews/297/phil_hellmuth.html PokerPlayer magazine interview]
* [http://www.onlinepokercenter.com/articles/book_reviews/play_poker_like_the_pros_by_phil_hellmuth_book_review.php Online Poker Center book review]
* [http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=r&n=117 Hendon Mob tournament results]
* [http://www.insidepokermag.co.uk/poker/players/1497/phil_hellmuth.html InsidePoker magazine interview]

{{World Series of Poker Winners}}
{{Late Night Poker Winners}}
{{National Heads-Up Poker Championship Winners}}

[[Category:1964 births|Hellmuth, Phil]]
[[Category:Living people|Hellmuth, Phil]]
[[Category:American poker players|Hellmuth, Phil]]
[[Category:Late Night Poker series winners|Hellmuth, Phil]]
[[Category:Poker commentators|Hellmuth, Phil]]
[[Category:World Series of Poker bracelet winners|Hellmuth, Phil]]
[[Category:World Series of Poker Main Event winners|Hellmuth, Phil]]
[[Category:American gambling writers|Hellmuth, Phil]]
[[Category:People from Madison, Wisconsin|Hellmuth, Phil]]
[[Category:People from the San Francisco Bay Area|Hellmuth, Phil]]
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Billy Squier

2007-05-22T18:04:38Z

75.69.181.109:

'''Billy Squier''' (born [[May 12]] [[1951]], in Wellesley Hills, [[Massachusetts]]) is a [[Rock music|rock]] [[musician]]. Squier had a string of [[Arena rock]] and [[Power ballad]] hits in the [[1980s]]. He is probably best known for the song "The Stroke" on his [[1981]] album release ''Don't Say No''. Other hits include "In The Dark", "Rock Me Tonite", "Lonely Is the Night", "My Kinda Lover", "Everybody Wants You", "All Night Long" and "Emotions in Motion".

==Career==
Billy Squier originally performed with The Sidewinders, a [[Band (music)|band]] that premiered during the early [[1970s]]. He played with members including Mike Reed, Alex Phillips, Henry Stern, Dead and Bloated, and Bryan Chase. Squier left the group to form the band [[Piper (band)|Piper]], which released a couple of [[album]]s in the mid '70s, ''Piper'' and ''Can't Wait'', but broke off soon after. Upon reviewing the debut ''Piper'', ''[[Circus (magazine)|Circus magazine]]'' touted it as the greatest debut album ever produced by an American rock band. Piper was managed by the same management company as Kiss, and opened for Kiss for some of their most memorable performances during their 1977 tour, including a three-night, sold-out run at New York's Madison Square Garden.

Squier signed with [[Capitol Records]] to release his solo debut in [[1980 in music|1980]]. "Tale of the Tape" was a minor hit, partly because Squier played a mixture of [[pop music|pop]] and rock, which earned him a large crossover audience. The song "You Should Be High Love" received a fair amount of play on album rock stations, but no single cracked the pop charts. Years later, the song "The Big Beat" was sampled in rap songs.

Squier asked [[Brian May]] to produce his album ''Don't Say No''. Unfortunately, May had to decline due to scheduling conflicts, but he recommended instead [[Reinhold Mack]] who had produced [[Queen (band)|Queen]]'s most successful album ever ''[[The Game (album)|The Game]]''. Squier agreed, and Mack went on to produce ''Don't Say No''. The album became a smash, with the lead single "The Stroke" becoming a hit all around the world, hitting the Top 20 in the US and even topping the singles chart in Australia. "In The Dark" and "My Kinda Lover" were successful follow-up singles. Squier was a monster act on Album Rock radio with literally every track on the album receiving airplay. ''Don't Say No'' reached the Top 5 and lasted well over two years on Billboard's album chart, selling nearly 4 million copies in the US. What truly distinguished the disc was the amazing longevity of the tracks, many of which still receive recognition on "classic rock" radio stations.

Billy Squier's third album for Capitol, ''Emotions In Motion'', was released in 1982 and became nearly as successful as ''Don't Say No''. This album also climbed into Billboard's Top 5 and sold nearly 3 million US copies. The lead single was the disc's title track but the major hit was "Everybody Wants You" which hit #1 on Billboard's Album Rock Tracks chart and #32 on the Hot 100. Billy was also enjoyed tremendous play on the then-booming MTV music video channel. That same year, Billy recorded a song for the movie [[Fast Times at Ridgemont High]].

Two years passed between ''Emotions In Motion'' and Squier's next album ''Signs Of Life''. It was his third consecutive Platinum album. The disc's first single release, "Rock Me Tonite" was Billy biggest pop hit. It reached #15 on Billboard's Hot 100 - as well as #1 on the Album Rock Tracks chart - in late 1984.

Billy Squier's career took a major downturn afterward. His next two albums, released in 1986 and 1989, sold in the neighborhood of 300,000 copies each. Billy also began playing smaller venues like music theatres. The 1990s would find Squier largely off the radar and recording and performing considerably less.

Squier is also known for his collaborations with [[Freddie Mercury]] on Squier's [[1986 in music|1986]] release ''Enough Is Enough'' ("Love Is The Hero", "Lady With A Tenor Sax"). Mercury also sang background vocal's on Squier's hit single "Emotions in Motion".

In 1983, Squier did his first headlining arena US tour with [[Def Leppard]] as opening act and Def Leppard upstaged him. Squier confirmed this on the VH1 show Ultimate Albums on the episode which spotlighted the making of Def Leppard's [[Pyromania]] album.

On that same show, Squier revealed that his career as a chart-topping rocker came to a stunningly rapid and sudden end with the release of the music video for "Rock Me Tonite", universally derided by his fans (who saw him as a guitar hero) for its effeminate set (a bedroom dressed in soft, pastel fabrics) and Squier's bizarre, vaguely homoerotic prancing and ripping of his clothing, reminiscent of [[Jennifer Beals]]' performance in the film "[[Flashdance]]". The video was a devastating blow to Squier's image among his fans, who deserted him virtually overnight. Billy confirmed that his career didn't recover after that video. Ironically the same medium (music video) that ruined Squier's career took his former opening act from a year earlier (Def Leppard) to the top of the music world.

==Recent activity and influence==
Squier played a special acoustic show at BB King's in NYC on November 30, 2005. Highlights of the show were acoustic versions of "Everybody Wants You", "Nobody Knows", "Learn How to Live", "The Stroke", "Christmas is the Time to Say I Love You", and most of the 1998 ''Happy Blue'' CD. [[VH1 Classic]] and New York classic rock icon introduced Squier that night, describing him as "one of the great singer/songwriters in the history of rock."

Squier now lives in New York's Upper West Side. Sampling of "The Big Beat" continues. The late [[Jam Master Jay]]'s reference to the song as a classic beat in the early days of hip hop has paid great dividends for Squier. [[Jay Z]]'s "99 Problems," a massive hit in 2004, is based on that beat, as well as British grime/hip-hop MC [[Dizzee Rascal]]'s "Fix Up, Look Sharp".

Squier's hobbies include such disparate activities as mountain climbing and gardening. He also has written an award-winning screenplay (Sundance Film Festival).

In 2006, Squier joined [[Rod Argent]], [[Richard Marx]], [[Edgar Winter]], and [[Sheila E]] touring with [[Ringo Starr]] & His All Starr Band.

"The Stroke" can be heard in the film ''[[Billy Madison]]''.

RZA referenced Billy on Masta Killa's "Iron God Chamber." On the 2006 song, RZA said:
"I got a 'big'ger 'beat' than Billy Squier" at about 1:22. The song appeared on [[Masta Killa]]'s ''[[Made In Brooklyn]]''.

[[Hard rock]] band [[Buckcherry]] cover "the Stroke" frequently in live concerts, while [[Damone (band)|Damone]] have recorded a version of "Everybody Wants You" for the [[CW Network]].

Squier's "The Big Beat" was sampled by [[Kanye West]] on the track "Addiction" in his 2005 album, "[[Late Registration]]".

The drum track from "The Stroke" can be heard throughout the song "Opticon" by [[Orgy (band)]]

"The Stroke" can be heard in the film "Blades Of Glory" with Will Ferrell and Jon Heder, during a performance routine by Ferrell.

==Discography==
*''[[Tale of the Tape]]'' ([[1980 in music|1980]]) #169 US
*''[[Don't Say No]]'' ([[1981 in music|1981]]) #5 US
*''[[Emotions in Motion]]'' ([[1982 in music|1982]]) #5 US
*''[[Signs of Life (Billy Squier album)|Signs of Life]]'' ([[1984 in music|1984]]) #11 US
*''[[Enough Is Enough (album)|Enough Is Enough]]'' ([[1986 in music|1986]]) #61 US
*''[[Hear & Now]]'' ([[1989 in music|1989]]) #64 US
*''[[Creatures of Habit (album)|Creatures of Habit]]'' ([[1991 in music|1991]]) #117 US
*''[[Tell the Truth (album)|Tell the Truth]]'' ([[1993 in music|1993]])
*''[[A Rock and Roll Christmas]]'' ([[1994 in music|1994]])
*''[[16 Strokes: The Best Of Billy Squier]]'' ([[1995 in music|1995]])
*''[[King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Billy Squier]]'' ([[1996 in music|1996]])
*''[[Reach For The Sky: The Anthology]]'' (1996)
*''[[Happy Blue]]'' ([[1998 in music|1998]])

==Singles==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Song
! [[Billboard Hot 100|US Hot 100]]
! [[Mainstream Rock Tracks|US MSR]]
! [[UK singles chart|UK singles]]
! Album
|-
| [[1981 in music|1981]]
| "The Stroke"
| 17
| 3
| 52
| ''Don't Say No''
|-
| [[1981 in music|1981]]
| "In The Dark"
| 35
| 7
| -
| ''Don't Say No''
|-
| [[1981 in music|1981]]
| "Lonely Is The Night"
| -
| 28
| -
| ''Don't Say No''
|-
| [[1982 in music|1982]]
| "My Kinda Lover"
| 45
| 31
| -
| ''Don't Say No''
|-
| [[1982 in music|1982]]
| "Everybody Wants You"
| 32
| '''1'''
| -
| ''Emotions In Motion''
|-
| [[1982 in music|1982]]
| "Emotions In Motion"
| 68
| 20
| -
| ''Emotions In Motion''
|-
| [[1982 in music|1982]]
| "Learn How To Live"
| -
| 15
| -
| ''Emotions In Motion''
|-
| [[1982 in music|1982]]
| "Keep Me Satisfied"
| -
| 46
| -
| ''Emotions In Motion''
|-
| [[1983 in music|1983]]
| "She's A Runner"
| 75
| 44
| -
| ''Emotions In Motion''
|-
| [[1984 in music|1984]]
| "Rock Me Tonite"
| 15
| '''1'''
| -
| ''Signs Of Life''
|-
| [[1984 in music|1984]]
| "All Night Long"
| 75
| 10
| -
| ''Signs Of Life''
|-
| [[1984 in music|1984]]
| "Eye On You"
| 71
| 29
| -
| ''Signs Of Life''
|-
| [[1986 in music|1986]]
| "Love Is The Hero"
| 80
| 17
| -
| ''Enough Is Enough''
|-
| [[1986 in music|1986]]
| "Shot O' Love"
| -
| 30
| -
| ''Enough Is Enough''
|-
| [[1989 in music|1989]]
| "Don't Say You Love Me"
| 58
| 4
| -
| ''Hear And Now''
|-
| [[1989 in music|1989]]
| "Tied Up"
| -
| 20
| -
| ''Hear And Now''
|-
| [[1989 in music|1989]]
| "Don't Let Me Go"
| -
| 38
| -
| ''Hear And Now''
|-
| [[1991 in music|1991]]
| "She Goes Down"
| -
| 4
| -
| ''Creatures Of Habit''
|-
| [[1991 in music|1991]]
| "Facts Of Life"
| -
| 37
| -
| ''Creatures Of Habit''
|-
| [[1993 in music|1993]]
| "Angry"
| -
| 15
| -
| ''Tell The Truth''
|}

==External links==
* [http://www.billysquier.com/ Official website]
* [http://www.vh1.com/artists/az/squier_billy/bio.jhtml VH1 Biography on Squier]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Squier, Billy}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American guitarists]]
[[Category:American rock musicians]]
[[Category:People from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Norfolk County, Massachusetts]]

Alphaville (film)

2007-04-14T16:13:32Z

75.69.181.109: /* Plot summary */

:''For other uses, see [[Alphaville]]''.
{{Infobox Film |
name = Alphaville|
image = Alphaville1965.jpg|
caption = Theatrical poster for ''Alphaville''|
director = [[Jean-Luc Godard]] |
writer = [[Jean-Luc Godard]] |
starring = [[Eddie Constantine]] [[Anna Karina]] [[Akim Tamiroff]]|
producer = André Michelin|
music = [[Paul Misraki]]|
cinematography = [[Raoul Coutard]]|
distributor = [[Athos Films]]|
released = {{flagicon|France}} [[May 5]], [[1965]] {{flagicon|United States}} [[25 October]], [[1965]] |
runtime = 99 min. |
language = [[French language|French]] |
imdb_id = 0058898|
amg_id = 1:1719|
}}
'''''Alphaville''''' is a [[1965]] [[black-and-white]] [[French film|French]] [[science fiction film]] directed by [[Jean-Luc Godard]]. Its original French title is '''''Alphaville, une étrange aventure de Lemmy Caution''''' (''Alphaville, a Strange Adventure of Lemmy Caution''). The film stars [[Eddie Constantine]], [[Anna Karina]], [[Howard Vernon]] and [[Akim Tamiroff]]. The film won the Golden Bear award of the [[Berlin Film Festival]] in 1965.

''Alphaville'' combines the [[genre]]s of [[dystopia]]n [[science fiction]] and ''[[film noir]]''. Although set far in the future on another planet, there are no special effects or elaborate sets; instead, the film was shot in real locations in [[Paris]], the night-time streets of the capital becoming the streets of Alphaville, while modernist glass and concrete buildings represent the city's interiors. In addition, the characters refer to twentieth century events; for example, the hero describes himself as a [[Battle of Guadalcanal|Guadalcanal veteran]].

Eddie Constantine plays Lemmy Caution, a [[trenchcoat]]-wearing secret agent. Constantine had already played this role in dozens of previous films; the character was originally created by British pulp novelist [[Peter Cheyney]]. However, in ''Alphaville'', director Jean-Luc Godard moves Caution away from his usual twentieth century setting, and places him in a futuristic sci-fi dystopia, the [[technocratic]] [[dictatorship]] of Alphaville.

==Plot summary==
{{spoiler}}

Lemmy Caution is an agent from "Outland". He poses as a journalist called Ivan Johnson, and claims to work for the ''[[Le Figaro|Figaro]]-[[Pravda]]''. He always wears a huge tan overcoat where he keeps various items. He carries a camera with him always and photographs everything he sees, particularly the things that would ordinarily be unimportant to a journalist. Despite the futuristic setting, he calls himself a Nevertheless, chronological references still set the action in XX century, e.g. Caution's self-representation as ''a Guadalcanal veteran'', as well as a series of milestone dates.

Caution is in fact on a series of missions. First, he must search for missing agent Henry Dickson; second, he must capture or kill the creator of Alphaville, Professor Von Braun; lastly, he must destroy Alphaville and its dictatorial computer, Alpha 60. Created by Von Braun, Alpha 60 is a sentient computer system which is in complete control of all of Alphaville.

Alpha-60 outlaws free-thought and individualist concepts like [[love]], [[poetry]], [[emotion]] in the city, replacing them with new, contradictory concepts or eliminating them altogether. One of Alpha 60's dictates is that "people should not ask 'why', but only say 'because'". People who show signs of emotion (weeping at the death of a wife, or a smile on the face) are presumed to be acting illogically, and are gathered up, interrogated, and executed. In an image reminiscent of [[George Orwell]]'s concept of [[Newspeak]], there is a "Bible" in each room: actually a [[dictionary]] that is continuously updated when words that are deemed to evoke emotion become banned. As a result, Alphaville is an inhuman, alienated society of mindless drones - many the apparent victim of re-education campaigns by Alpha 60 that are implicitly reminiscent of [[Nazism]] and [[Communism]].

Alpha-60's dictates have had some surprising results. Caution is told that men are killed at a ratio of fifty to every one woman executed. He also learns that Swedes, Germans and Americans assimilate well. Images of the [[mass-energy equivalence|''E'' = ''mc''²]] and [[Planck postulate|''E'' = ''hf'']] [[equation]]s are displayed several times throughout the film as a symbol of the regime of logical science that rules Alphaville. At one point, Caution passes through a place called the Grand Omega Minus, from where brainwashed people are sent out to the other "galaxies" to start [[strike]]s, [[revolution]]s, family rows and student revolts.

As an archetypal American private eye [[anti-hero]] in trench-coat and weathered visage, Lemmy Caution's old-fashioned machismo conflicts with the puritanical computer (Godard originally wanted to title the film ''[[Tarzan]] versus [[IBM]]''.<ref name="Darke_1">{{Harv|Darke|2005|p=10}}</ref> The opposition of his role to logic (and that of other dissidents to the regime) is represented by faux-quotations from ''[[La Capitale de la Douleur]]'' (''The Capital of Pain''), a book of poems by [[Paul Éluard]].

Caution enlists the assistance of Natascha Von Braun ([[Anna Karina]]), a programmer of Alpha-60 who is also the daughter of Prof. Von Braun (although she says "I have never met him"). Natascha is a citizen of Alphaville, and when questioned says she does not know the meaning of "love" or "conscience". Caution falls in love with her, and his love introduces emotion and unpredictability into the city that the computer has crafted in its own image. Natascha discovers, with the help of Lemmy Caution, that she was actually born outside of Alphaville. (Interestingly enough, the city name is given as ''Nueva'' York -[[Spanish language|Spanish]] for [[New York]] instead of either the original English name or the French literal rendering "Nouvelle York").

Professor Von Braun was originally known as Leonard Nosferatu (a tribute to [[F. W. Murnau]]'s film ''[[Nosferatu]]''), but Caution is repeatedly told that Nosferatu no longer exists. The Professor himself talks infrequently, referring only vaguely to his hatred for journalists, and offering Caution the chance to join Alphaville, even going so far as to offer him his own galaxy. When he refuses Caution's enticement to go back to the 'outlands', Caution kills him with a pistol shot.

Alpha-60 converses with Lemmy Caution several times throughout the film, and its voice is seemingly ever-present in the city, serving as a sort of bizarre narrator. Caution eventually destroys or incapacitates it by telling it a riddle that involves something Alpha-60 can not comprehend: poetry (although many of its lines are actually quotes from the Argentine poet [[Jorge Luis Borges]]; the opening line of the film, along with others, is an extract of Borges's essay "Forms of a Legend" and other references throughout the movie are made by Alpha-60 to Borges's "A New Refutation of Time"). The concept of the individual self has been lost to the collectivized citizens of Alphaville, and this is the key to Caution's riddle.

At the end, as Paul Misraki's musical score reaches its crescendo, Natascha realizes that it is her understanding of herself as an individual with desires that saves her, and destroys Alpha 60. The film ends with her line, "''Je vous aime'' (''I love you'')".

{{spoiler-end}}

==Influences==

[[Jean Cocteau]] was one of the artists who exerted significant influences on Godard's films,<ref name="Godard_1">{{Harv|Godard|1986|p=277}}</ref> and parallels between ''Alphaville'' and Cocteau's 1950 film ''[[Orphée]]'' are evident. For example, Orphée's search for Cégeste and Caution's for Harry Dickson, between the poems Orphée hears on the radio and the aphoristic questions given by Alpha 60, between Orphée's victory over Death through the recovery of his poetic powers and Caution's use of poetry to destroy Alpha 60.<ref name="Godard_1"/> Moreover, Godard openly acknowledges his debt to Cocteau on several occasions.<ref name="Godard_2">{{Harv|Godard|1986|p=278}}</ref> When Alpha 60 is destroyed, for instance, people stagger down labyrinthine corridors or cling blindly to the walls like the inhabitants of Cocteau's "''Zone de la mort''", and, at the end of the film, Caution tells Natasha not to look back, like Orphée did to [[Eurydice]].<ref name="Godard_2"/>

The voice of Alpha 60, played by a man with a [[Mechanical larynx|mechanical voice box]] replacing his [[Cancer of the larynx|cancer-damaged]] [[larynx]],<ref name="Darke_2">{{Harv|Darke|2005|p=39}}</ref> descends from the hypnotic power of [[Doctor Mabuse|Mabuse]]'s disembodied voice in the 1933 film ''[[The Testament of Dr Mabuse]]''.<ref name="Darke_3">{{Harv|Darke|2005|p=101}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[List of French language films]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{Harvard reference
| Author=Darke, Chris
| Last=Darke
| First=Chris
| Title=Alphaville (French Film Guides)
| Publisher=University of Illinois Press
| Year=2005
| ID=ISBN 0252073290
}}.
* {{Harvard reference
| Author=Godard, Jean-Luc
| Last=Godard
| First=Jean-Luc
| Title=Godard on Godard: Critical Writings by Jean-Luc Godard
| Publisher=Da Capo Press
| Year=1986
| ID=ISBN 0306802597
}}.

==External links==
*{{imdb title|id=0058898|title=Alphaville, une étrange aventure de Lemmy Caution}}
*[http://www.talkingpix.co.uk/Article_Alphaville.html The City of Pain - Alphaville]
*[http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/13904/epistemology_in_jean_luc_godards_alphaville.html Essay on Epistemology in ''Alphaville'']
*[http://www.criterionco.com/asp/release.asp?id=25&eid=44&section=essay Criterion Collection essay by Andrew Sarris]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Berlin International Film Festival|Golden Bear winner]]
| years=1965
| before=''[[Susuz Yaz]]''
| after=''[[Cul-de-Sac]]''}}
{{end}}

[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:Dystopian films]]
[[Category:French films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jean-Luc Godard]]
[[Category:Tech-noir films]]

[[de:Lemmy Caution gegen Alpha 60]]
[[fr:Alphaville, une étrange aventure de Lemmy Caution]]
[[hr:Alphaville (1965)]]
[[nl:Alphaville, une étrange aventure de Lemmy Caution]]
[[ja:アルファヴィル]]
[[ru:Альфавиль (фильм, 1965)]]

Bob Seger

2007-04-14T01:49:13Z

75.69.181.109: /* Later years: 1988-present */

{{Infobox musical artist | 
| Name = Bob Seger
| Img = Bob Seger - Stranger in Town.jpg
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Robert Clark Seger
| Alias =
| Born = {{birth date and age|1945|5|6}} [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], [[United States|USA]]
| Died =
| Instrument = [[vocals]], [[guitar]], [[piano]]
| Genre = [[Rock and roll]] [[Heartland rock]] | Occupation = [[Singer-songwriter]], [[guitarist]]
| Years_active = 1960s–present
| Label = [[Capitol Records]]
| Associated_acts = [[Silver Bullet Band]]
| URL = [http://www.bobseger.com/ BobSeger.com]
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Robert Clark "Bob" Seger''' (born [[May 6]], [[1945]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[rock music|rock]] [[musician]] from [[Michigan]], who after years of local [[Detroit]]-area success starting in the mid-1960s, achieved his greatest national success starting in the mid-1970s, which extended into the 1980s, finally reaching its zenith in the 1990s.

Best known for his work with the '''Silver Bullet Band''', a group he formed in 1974, Seger is a [[Midwest United States|Midwestern]] [[roots rock]]er whose songs deal with [[blue-collar]] themes and who toured constantly in support of his frequent album releases. Seger has recorded many [[rock and roll]] hits, including "[[Turn the Page (Bob Seger song)|Turn the Page]]", "[[Night Moves (song)|Night Moves]]", "[[We've Got Tonight]]", "[[Like a Rock (song)|Like a Rock]]", and his iconic [[signature song]] "[[Old Time Rock and Roll]]", named one of the [[Songs of the Century]] in [[2001 in music|2001]]. He was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in 2004.

==Biography==
===Early years===
Bob Seger was born at the [[Henry Ford Hospital]] in [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]]. He was raised in the Detroit suburb of [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]] until age 6, when his family moved to the college town of [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]. When Seger [[was]] 10 years old, his father left the family and moved to [[California]]. Seger attended [[Tappan Middle School]] and Ann Arbor High School (now [[Pioneer High School]]) in Ann Arbor, graduating in 1963.

===Regional favorite: 1966-1976===
Seger started his musical career in 1961 in Detroit as a member of The Decibels and there met his future manager and [[record producer]], [[Punch Andrews]]. Seger returned to Ann Arbor where he played with [[The Town Criers]] and then [[Doug Brown and the Omens]]. With them he released his first single in 1965, for the local [[Hideout Records]] label. In 1966 Seger sang on Doug Brown and the Omens' parody of the song "[[Ballad of the Green Berets]]", titled "Ballad of the Yellow Berets", which mocked [[draft dodger]]s. Soon after its release [[Barry Sadler]] and his record label threatened Seger with a lawsuit and the recording was withdrawn from the market.

In 1966 Seger left Brown's group but retained him as a producer. As '''Bob Seger and the Last Heard''', Seger had his first big Detroit hit with "East Side Story", which sold more than 50,000 copies, almost all in Detroit and leading to a deal with [[Cameo-Parkway Records]]. Another of Seger's biggest early hit singles in the Detroit area was "Heavy Music" in 1967, which sold even more copies and had potential to break out nationally except that Cameo-Parkway folded. Nevertheless, "Heavy Music" would stay in his live act for many years to come. During these early Detroit years, Seger became friendly with [[Glenn Frey]], who would later become one of the founding members of the [[Eagles]].

In 1968, Bob Seger signed with major label [[Capitol Records]] and formed '''The Bob Seger System'''. This incarnation was essentially a Michigan [[proto-punk]] band not very unlike the [[SRC (band)|SRC]] or [[The Frost]]. His and their first album was ''[[Ramblin' Gamblin' Man]]'' in 1969; the title song was a moderate hit, which made it to #17 on the national [[Billboard Hot 100|Billboard pop singles chart]], while the album reached #62 on the [[Billboard 200|Billboard pop albums chart]]. The same album's "2+2=?" is considered by some to be one of the most fiery anti-war songs ever written, and reflected a change in his political attitudes.

Seger was unable to follow up this early moderate success; the Seger System's follow-up album ''[[Noah (album)|Noah]]'' failed to chart at all, leading Seger to briefly quit the music industry and attend college. Seger returned the following year, but his next few albums, released on Punch Andrews' Palladium label and distributed by [[Reprise Records]], were stylistically erratic and appeared in the low 100s on the Billboard albums chart, if at all. Seger maintained his regional appeal in Detroit, and had built a modest following in [[Florida]] (necessitating many drives back and forth), but to the general music world was regarded as a [[one-hit wonder]].

In [[1974]] Seger formed the '''Silver Bullet Band''' and put out the album ''[[Seven (Bob Seger album)|Seven]]'', which contained the Detroit-area hard-rock hit "Get Out of Denver". 1975 saw ''[[Beautiful Loser]]'', whose single "[[Katmandu]]" was another Detroit-area hit and marked Seger's return to Capitol Records. In April 1976 Seger and the Silver Bullet Band came close to their breakthrough with ''[[Live Bullet]]'', recorded over two nights in Detroit's [[Cobo Hall]] in September 1975. It contained Seger's rendition of [[Tina Turner]]'s "[[Nutbush City Limits]]" as well as Seger's own classic take on life on the road, "[[Turn the Page (Bob Seger song)|Turn the Page]]" (later covered by "[[Metallica]]").

Critic [[Dave Marsh]] later wrote that "''Live Bullet'' is one of the best live albums ever made ... In spots, particularly during the medley of 'Travelin' Man'/'Beautiful Loser', Seger sounds like a man with one last shot at the top." ''Live Bullet'' began to get attention in other parts of the country, and became his best-selling album since ''Ramblin' Gamblin' Man''. In July [[1976]] he was a featured performer at the [[Pontiac Silverdome]] outside Detroit in front of nearly 80,000 fans. Yet three nights before in [[Chicago]] he had played before 50 people in a bar.

===National success: 1976-1987===
Seger finally achieved his commercial breakthrough with his October 1976 album ''[[Night Moves (album)|Night Moves]]''. The title song "[[Night Moves (song)|Night Moves]]" was a highly evocative, nostalgic, time-spanning tale that was not only critically praised, but became a #4 hit single on the Billboard pop singles chart as well as a heavy [[album-oriented rock]] airplay mainstay. The album also contained "Mainstreet", a #24 hit ballad that emphasized Seger's heartland rock credentials, as well as the AOR anthem "Rock and Roll Never Forgets". ''Night Moves'' was Seger's first [[Top 10]] album in the [[Billboard 200]], and through late 2006 had sold over 6 million copies in the U.S. Furthermore it activated sales of Seger's recent back catalog, so that ''Beautiful Loser'' would eventually sell 2 million and ''Live Bullet'' 5 million copies in the U.S.

Seger followed this up strongly with [[1978]]'s ''[[Stranger in Town]]''. First single "Still the Same" emphasized Seger's talent for mid-tempo numbers that revealed a sense of purpose, and made the Top 5 on the pop singles chart. "Hollywood Nights" was an up-tempo rocker Top 15 hit, while "[[We've Got Tonight]]" was a slow us-against-the-world ballad that not only was a Top 15 hit on its own, but would become an [[adult contemporary]] mainstay in years to come for both Seger and other artists. The final single, [[1979]]'s "[[Old Time Rock & Roll]]", was the least successful single from the album, reaching only the [[Top 30]], but achieved substantial AOR airplay. Moreover, it would later became one of Seger's most recognizable songs following its memorable [[Tom Cruise]]-dancing-in-his-underwear use in the 1983 film ''[[Risky Business]]''. Album tracks from ''Stranger in Town'' were equally strong, with "Feel Like a Number" being especially memorable for its raging powerless fury. Around this time Seger also co-wrote the [[Eagles]]' #1 hit song "[[Heartache Tonight]]" from their 1979 album ''[[The Long Run (album)|The Long Run]]'', their collaboration resulting from Seger and [[Glenn Frey]]'s early days together in Detroit.

In 1980 Seger released ''[[Against the Wind (album)|Against the Wind]]''; it became his first (and as of late 2006, only) #1 album on the Billboard 200. First single "[[Fire Lake]]" featured Eagles [[Don Henley]], [[Timothy B. Schmit]], and Frey on backing vocals and reached #6 on the singles chart, while title song "[[Against the Wind (Bob Seger song)|Against the Wind]]" reached #5 as a single. "You'll Accomp'ny Me" became the third hit single from the record. ''Against the Wind'' would also win two [[Grammy Awards]]. Through late 2006 both ''Stranger in Town'' and ''Against the Wind'' had sold over 5 million copies in the U.S., and were followed by the 1981 live album ''[[Nine Tonight]]'' which encapsulated this three-album peak of Seger's commercial career. Seger's take on [[Eugene Williams]]' "Tryin' to Live My Life Without You" became a Top 5 hit from ''Nine Tonight'', which would go on to sell 4 million copies.

Seger released ''[[The Distance (album)|The Distance]]'' in 1982. Critically praised for representing a tougher sound than some of his recent material, the album spawned hits with "[[Shame on the Moon]]" (which also did moderately well as a [[country music]] song), "Even Now", and "[[Roll Me Away]]". But perhaps because Seger and his band were ill-equipped to exploit the new [[MTV]] era, Seger's album sales dropped noticeably, with ''The Distance'' only selling at the 1 million copies level. The following year country music superstar [[Kenny Rogers]] would team up with pop singer [[Sheena Easton]] to cover "We've Got Tonight". This version was a world wide hit and was so successful Rogers used it as the title cut to one of his own albums.

Seger was no longer as prolific and four years elapsed before his last studio album,1986's ''[[Like a Rock]]'' emerged. The fast-paced "American Storm" garnered both pop and rock airplay, and "[[Like a Rock (song)|Like a Rock]]" became yet another successful Seger ballad, later most familiar to many Americans through its association with a long-running [[Chevrolet]] [[ad campaign]] (something Seger explicitly chose to do to support struggling American automobile workers in Detroit). Seger's 1986-1987 American Storm Tour was his self-stated last major tour, playing 105 shows over 9 months and selling almost 1.5 million tickets. But yet again, despite all this promotion the album only reached the 1 million sales level in an era when Springsteen, Mellencamp, and [[Tom Petty]], the other major heartland rockers, were at the peaks of their commercial powers. The following year Seger's "[[Shakedown (Bob Seger song)|Shakedown]]", a somewhat uncharacteristic song off the 1987 film ''[[Beverly Hills Cop II]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s soundtrack, became his first and only #1 hit on the pop singles chart. Despite this, the era of Seger's commercial prime was over.

===Later years: 1988-present===
[[Image:BobSegerAlbum.jpg|200px|thumb|Bob Seger on the cover of his first ''Greatest Hits'' album]]
By the time of Seger's next record, 1991's ''[[The Fire Inside]]'', Seger's brand of rock was completely out of vogue, with [[hair metal]], [[grunge]] and [[alternative rock]], and [[rap metal]] all taking the forefront. Seger still had enough hard-core fans to show decent sales, but his new music found little visibility on radio or elsewhere. A similar fate befell 1995's ''[[It's a Mystery]]''. In between, however, his ''[[Greatest Hits (Bob Seger album)|Greatest Hits]]'' compilation was a major success, achieving sales of over 8 million units through late 2006. Seger did go back on the road again for a 1996 tour, which was successful and sold the fourth-largest number of tickets of any North American tour that year.

In June 1997 Seger drove his automobile off the [[Trans-Canada Highway]] in [[Nipigon, Ontario]].<ref>[http://www.kool995.com/KOOLWeekInRock.cfm] KOOL Week in Rock</ref>

Seger took a sabbatical from the music business for about ten years to spend time with his wife and two young children. He was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] on [[March 15]], [[2004]]; fellow Detroiter [[Kid Rock]] gave the induction speech, and Michigan Governor [[Jennifer Granholm]] proclaimed that date Bob Seger Day in his honor.<ref>[http://www.michigan.gov/gov/0,1607,7-168-23442_25488_28123-88157--,00.html] Michigan.gov</ref>

Seger's first new album in 11 years, titled ''[[Face the Promise]]'', was released on September 12, 2006. In its first 45 days, the album sold more than 400,000 copies, according to [[Soundscan]]. His supporting tour has also been eagerly anticipated, with many shows selling out within minutes. Showing that Seger's legendary appeal in Michigan had not diminished, all 15,000 tickets available for his first show at the [[Van Andel Arena]] sold out in under five minutes; three additional shows were subsequently added, each of which also sold out.<ref>[http://www.mlive.com/entertainment/grpress/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-2/1160243103255010.xml&coll=6] mLive.com</ref>

On October 21, 2006 Seger performed "[[America the Beautiful]]" at the first game of the [[2006 World Series]] between the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] and the [[Detroit Tigers]].

Events in late March of 2007 suggested that Seger may move on from Capital records because those who had worked with him to this point are now gone from the label. The same press release also confirmed Seger's intention to release a live CD/DVD package chronicling his Face the Promise tour at some point in the fall.

==Influences==
Growing up, Seger listened to [[WLAC]] In [[Nashville]]. He especially liked [[James Brown]] saying that among him and his friends, [[Live at the Apollo (1963 album)|Live at the Apollo]] was the absolute favorite record. "I learned how to sing 100 percent hard all the time, full beat stop and how to move from him." The first record he bought was "Come Go With Me" by [[The Del Vikings]]. Regarding Springsteen, Petty, Fogerty and Mellencamp, Seger said: "We all listen to each other. I think we all sound like each other at times." Mentioning [[Frankie Miller]], [[Graham Parker]], [[Bruce Springsteen]], ....Seger said: "There's a whole little clique of male vocalists. We're just sort of all connected. I think every last one of us has a connection with [[Van Morrison]]."<ref>[http://www.segerfile.com/influences.html] Seger Influences</ref>

==Silver Bullet Band==
The Silver Bullet Band was formed in [[1974]]. Its original members were:
* [[Drew Abbott]], [[guitar]]
* [[Charlie Allen Martin]], [[drums]]
* [[Rick Mannassa]], [[keyboard instrument|keyboards]]
* [[Chris Campbell]], [[bass guitar]]
* [[Alto Reed]] (''real name'': Thomas Neal Cartmell[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1264759/bio][http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/music/artist/bio/0,,483640,00.html]), [[saxophone]]s and [[flute]]
Seger himself does all lead vocals and plays guitar and piano.

In [[1982]] Abbott was replaced by [[Dawayne Bailey]] on guitar.
Around [[1977]] Martin was replaced by [[Dave Teegarden]] on drums, who in [[1983]] was replaced by [[Don Brewer]].
In [[1975]] Mannassa was replaced by [[Robyn Robbins]] on keyboards, who in [[1980]] was replaced by [[Craig Frost]].

Seger has almost always used [[session musician]]s on his albums as well.

==Discography==
===Albums===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
*''[[Ramblin' Gamblin' Man]]'' (1969)
*''[[Noah (album)|Noah]]'' (1969)
*''[[Mongrel (album)|Mongrel]]'' (1970)
*''[[Brand New Morning]]'' (1971)
*''[[Smokin' O.P.'s]]'' (1972)
*''[[Back in '72]]'' (1973)
*''[[Seven (Bob Seger album)|Seven]]'' (1974)
{{col-3}}
*''[[Beautiful Loser]]'' (1975)
*''[['Live' Bullet]]'' (1976)
*''[[Night Moves (album)|Night Moves]]'' (1976)
*''[[Stranger in Town]]'' (1978)
*''[[Against the Wind (album)|Against the Wind]]'' (1980)
*''[[Nine Tonight]]'' (1981)
*''[[The Distance (album)|The Distance]]'' (1982)
{{col-3}}
*''[[Like a Rock]]'' (1986)
*''[[The Fire Inside]]'' (1991)
*''[[Greatest Hits (Bob Seger album)|Greatest Hits]]'' (1994)
*''[[It's a Mystery]]'' (1995)
*''[[Greatest Hits 2 (Bob Seger album)|Greatest Hits 2]]'' (2003)
*''[[Face the Promise]]'' (2006)
{{col-end}}

With the single exception of ''Smokin' O.P.'s,'' rereleased on [[compact disc]] by Capitol in 2005, all of Seger's albums prior to ''Beautiful Loser'' (the pre-Silver Bullet Band releases) have long remained out of print and command extremely high prices if offered for sale. As of March 2007, genuine prints of the brief 1993 Capitol CD release of ''Ramblin' Gamblin' Man'' are offered for over US$180 on various on-line marketplaces.

===Singles===
:''Regional as well as national singles are listed, to document Seger's career arc.''
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
*1961 "The Lonely One" (The Decibels) - acetate demo, played once on radio
*1965 "TGIF" (Doug Brown and the Omens)
*1966 "Ballad Of The Yellow Beret/Florida Time Are you Kidding Me Label H-1010" (Doug Brown and the Omens, listed as D. Dodger)
*1966 "East Side Story/East Side Sound Hideout H-1013" #3 in Detroit
*1966 "Persecution Smith/Chain Smokin’ Hideout H-1014"
*1966 "Sock It To Me Santa/Florida Time Cameo C-444"
*1967 "Vagrant Winter/Very Few Cameo Parkway C-473"
*1967 "Heavy Music/Heavy Music Part 2 Cameo Parkway C-494" - Started his National Debut
*1968 "2+2=?/Death Row Capitol 2143"
*1968 "Ramblin’ Gamblin’ Man/Tales Of Lucy Blue Capitol 2297" #17 US
*1969 "Ivory/The Last Song Capitol 2480" #97 US
*1969 "Noah/Lennie Johnson Capitol 2576"
*1970Innervenus Eyes/Lonely Man Capitol 2640"
*1970 "Lucifer/Big River Capitol 2748" #84 US
*1971 "Lookin' Back" #96 US, #2 in Detroit - Was only released on a 45 record
*1972 "Midnight Rider Palladium PRO 571" Was only released on a promo 45 record
*1972 "If I Were A Carpenter/Jesse James Palladium P-1079" #76 US
*1973 "Who Do You Love/Turn On Your Love Light Reprise REP-1117"
*1973 "Rosalie/Neon Sky Palladium 1143"
*1974 "Need Ya/Seen A lot Of Floors Palladium 1171"
*1974 "Get Out Of Denver/Long Song Comin’ Palladium 1205" #80 US
*1974 "U. M. C. Upper Middle Class/This Old House Palladium 1316" This Old House was only released on the B side of this 45 record
*1975 "Katmandu" #43 US
*1976 "[[Nutbush City Limits]]" #69 US
{{col-3}}
*1977 "[[Night Moves (song)|Night Moves]]" #4 US, #45 UK (1995 release)
*1977 "Mainstreet" #24 US
*1977 "Rock and Roll Never Forgets" #41 US
*1978 "Still the Same" #4 US
*1978 "Hollywood Nights" #12 US, #42 US
*1978 "[[We've Got Tonight]]" #13 US, #41 UK (#22 UK in 1995)
*1979 "[[Old Time Rock & Roll]]" #28 US
*1980 "[[Fire Lake]]" #6 US
*1980 "[[Against the Wind (Bob Seger song)|Against the Wind]]" #5 US
*1980 "You'll Accomp'ny Me" #14 US
*1980 "The Horizontal Bop" #42 US
*1981 "Tryin' To Live My Life Without You" #5 US
*1982 "Feel Like a Number" #48 US
*1983 "[[Shame on the Moon]]" #2 US (#15 Country US)
*1983 "Even Now" #12 US, #73 UK
*1983 "[[Roll Me Away]]" #27 US
{{col-3}}
*1984 "Understanding" #17 US
*1986 "American Storm" #13 US, #78 UK
*1986 "[[Fortunate Son (song)|Fortunate Son]]"
*1986 "It's You" #52 US
*1986 "[[Like a Rock (song)|Like a Rock]]" #12 US
*1986 "Miami" #70 US
*1986 "Tightrope"
*1986 "The Aftermath"
*1987 "[[Shakedown (Bob Seger song)|Shakedown]]" #1 US, #88 UK
*1989 "Blue Monday"
*1991 "Take A Chance"
*1991 "The Fire Inside"
*1991 "The Real Love" #24 US
*1995 "Lock And Load" #57 UK
*1995 "Manhattan"
*1996 "Hands In The Air"
*1998 "Chances Are"
*2006 "Wait For Me" #52 US Country
*2006 "Wreck This Heart"
{{col-end}}

==See also==
* [[List of best selling music artists]]
* [[Notable Ann Arborites]]

==References==
{{Moresources|date=December 2006}}
* 1983 ''[[Rolling Stone Record Guide]]''
* [[Joel Whitburn]], ''The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits'', 1983. ISBN 0-8230-7511-7.
* [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]], [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:r7ae4j171wa4~T1 [[All Music Guide]] biographical entry on Bob Seger]
* In the 2007 movie, Reign Over Me, Adam Sandler refers to Bob Seeger as "An American original."

'''Notes'''
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

==External links==
*[http://www.bobseger.com Official website]
*[http://www.segerfile.com The Seger File] - Extensive fan website, with many newspaper/magazine cites
*[http://www.segerbob.com SegerBob.com] - Fan website, with tour dates, lyrics, and more.
*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1169432/ Bob Seger] - [[IMDb]] profile

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seger, Bob}}

[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:American pop singers]]
[[Category:American rock musicians]]
[[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:People from Detroit]]
[[Category:Michigan musicians]]
[[Category:People from Ann Arbor]]
[[Category:Ann Arbor music]]
[[Category:Hollywood Walk of Fame]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]

[[de:Bob Seger]]
[[fr:Bob Seger]]
[[it:Bob Seger]]
[[pl:Bob Seger]]
[[pt:Bob Seger]]
[[sv:Bob Seger]]

Bob Seger

2007-04-14T01:48:00Z

75.69.181.109: /* National success: 1976-1987 */

{{Infobox musical artist | 
| Name = Bob Seger
| Img = Bob Seger - Stranger in Town.jpg
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Robert Clark Seger
| Alias =
| Born = {{birth date and age|1945|5|6}} [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], [[United States|USA]]
| Died =
| Instrument = [[vocals]], [[guitar]], [[piano]]
| Genre = [[Rock and roll]] [[Heartland rock]] | Occupation = [[Singer-songwriter]], [[guitarist]]
| Years_active = 1960s–present
| Label = [[Capitol Records]]
| Associated_acts = [[Silver Bullet Band]]
| URL = [http://www.bobseger.com/ BobSeger.com]
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Robert Clark "Bob" Seger''' (born [[May 6]], [[1945]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[rock music|rock]] [[musician]] from [[Michigan]], who after years of local [[Detroit]]-area success starting in the mid-1960s, achieved his greatest national success starting in the mid-1970s, which extended into the 1980s, finally reaching its zenith in the 1990s.

Best known for his work with the '''Silver Bullet Band''', a group he formed in 1974, Seger is a [[Midwest United States|Midwestern]] [[roots rock]]er whose songs deal with [[blue-collar]] themes and who toured constantly in support of his frequent album releases. Seger has recorded many [[rock and roll]] hits, including "[[Turn the Page (Bob Seger song)|Turn the Page]]", "[[Night Moves (song)|Night Moves]]", "[[We've Got Tonight]]", "[[Like a Rock (song)|Like a Rock]]", and his iconic [[signature song]] "[[Old Time Rock and Roll]]", named one of the [[Songs of the Century]] in [[2001 in music|2001]]. He was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in 2004.

==Biography==
===Early years===
Bob Seger was born at the [[Henry Ford Hospital]] in [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]]. He was raised in the Detroit suburb of [[Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn]] until age 6, when his family moved to the college town of [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]. When Seger [[was]] 10 years old, his father left the family and moved to [[California]]. Seger attended [[Tappan Middle School]] and Ann Arbor High School (now [[Pioneer High School]]) in Ann Arbor, graduating in 1963.

===Regional favorite: 1966-1976===
Seger started his musical career in 1961 in Detroit as a member of The Decibels and there met his future manager and [[record producer]], [[Punch Andrews]]. Seger returned to Ann Arbor where he played with [[The Town Criers]] and then [[Doug Brown and the Omens]]. With them he released his first single in 1965, for the local [[Hideout Records]] label. In 1966 Seger sang on Doug Brown and the Omens' parody of the song "[[Ballad of the Green Berets]]", titled "Ballad of the Yellow Berets", which mocked [[draft dodger]]s. Soon after its release [[Barry Sadler]] and his record label threatened Seger with a lawsuit and the recording was withdrawn from the market.

In 1966 Seger left Brown's group but retained him as a producer. As '''Bob Seger and the Last Heard''', Seger had his first big Detroit hit with "East Side Story", which sold more than 50,000 copies, almost all in Detroit and leading to a deal with [[Cameo-Parkway Records]]. Another of Seger's biggest early hit singles in the Detroit area was "Heavy Music" in 1967, which sold even more copies and had potential to break out nationally except that Cameo-Parkway folded. Nevertheless, "Heavy Music" would stay in his live act for many years to come. During these early Detroit years, Seger became friendly with [[Glenn Frey]], who would later become one of the founding members of the [[Eagles]].

In 1968, Bob Seger signed with major label [[Capitol Records]] and formed '''The Bob Seger System'''. This incarnation was essentially a Michigan [[proto-punk]] band not very unlike the [[SRC (band)|SRC]] or [[The Frost]]. His and their first album was ''[[Ramblin' Gamblin' Man]]'' in 1969; the title song was a moderate hit, which made it to #17 on the national [[Billboard Hot 100|Billboard pop singles chart]], while the album reached #62 on the [[Billboard 200|Billboard pop albums chart]]. The same album's "2+2=?" is considered by some to be one of the most fiery anti-war songs ever written, and reflected a change in his political attitudes.

Seger was unable to follow up this early moderate success; the Seger System's follow-up album ''[[Noah (album)|Noah]]'' failed to chart at all, leading Seger to briefly quit the music industry and attend college. Seger returned the following year, but his next few albums, released on Punch Andrews' Palladium label and distributed by [[Reprise Records]], were stylistically erratic and appeared in the low 100s on the Billboard albums chart, if at all. Seger maintained his regional appeal in Detroit, and had built a modest following in [[Florida]] (necessitating many drives back and forth), but to the general music world was regarded as a [[one-hit wonder]].

In [[1974]] Seger formed the '''Silver Bullet Band''' and put out the album ''[[Seven (Bob Seger album)|Seven]]'', which contained the Detroit-area hard-rock hit "Get Out of Denver". 1975 saw ''[[Beautiful Loser]]'', whose single "[[Katmandu]]" was another Detroit-area hit and marked Seger's return to Capitol Records. In April 1976 Seger and the Silver Bullet Band came close to their breakthrough with ''[[Live Bullet]]'', recorded over two nights in Detroit's [[Cobo Hall]] in September 1975. It contained Seger's rendition of [[Tina Turner]]'s "[[Nutbush City Limits]]" as well as Seger's own classic take on life on the road, "[[Turn the Page (Bob Seger song)|Turn the Page]]" (later covered by "[[Metallica]]").

Critic [[Dave Marsh]] later wrote that "''Live Bullet'' is one of the best live albums ever made ... In spots, particularly during the medley of 'Travelin' Man'/'Beautiful Loser', Seger sounds like a man with one last shot at the top." ''Live Bullet'' began to get attention in other parts of the country, and became his best-selling album since ''Ramblin' Gamblin' Man''. In July [[1976]] he was a featured performer at the [[Pontiac Silverdome]] outside Detroit in front of nearly 80,000 fans. Yet three nights before in [[Chicago]] he had played before 50 people in a bar.

===National success: 1976-1987===
Seger finally achieved his commercial breakthrough with his October 1976 album ''[[Night Moves (album)|Night Moves]]''. The title song "[[Night Moves (song)|Night Moves]]" was a highly evocative, nostalgic, time-spanning tale that was not only critically praised, but became a #4 hit single on the Billboard pop singles chart as well as a heavy [[album-oriented rock]] airplay mainstay. The album also contained "Mainstreet", a #24 hit ballad that emphasized Seger's heartland rock credentials, as well as the AOR anthem "Rock and Roll Never Forgets". ''Night Moves'' was Seger's first [[Top 10]] album in the [[Billboard 200]], and through late 2006 had sold over 6 million copies in the U.S. Furthermore it activated sales of Seger's recent back catalog, so that ''Beautiful Loser'' would eventually sell 2 million and ''Live Bullet'' 5 million copies in the U.S.

Seger followed this up strongly with [[1978]]'s ''[[Stranger in Town]]''. First single "Still the Same" emphasized Seger's talent for mid-tempo numbers that revealed a sense of purpose, and made the Top 5 on the pop singles chart. "Hollywood Nights" was an up-tempo rocker Top 15 hit, while "[[We've Got Tonight]]" was a slow us-against-the-world ballad that not only was a Top 15 hit on its own, but would become an [[adult contemporary]] mainstay in years to come for both Seger and other artists. The final single, [[1979]]'s "[[Old Time Rock & Roll]]", was the least successful single from the album, reaching only the [[Top 30]], but achieved substantial AOR airplay. Moreover, it would later became one of Seger's most recognizable songs following its memorable [[Tom Cruise]]-dancing-in-his-underwear use in the 1983 film ''[[Risky Business]]''. Album tracks from ''Stranger in Town'' were equally strong, with "Feel Like a Number" being especially memorable for its raging powerless fury. Around this time Seger also co-wrote the [[Eagles]]' #1 hit song "[[Heartache Tonight]]" from their 1979 album ''[[The Long Run (album)|The Long Run]]'', their collaboration resulting from Seger and [[Glenn Frey]]'s early days together in Detroit.

In 1980 Seger released ''[[Against the Wind (album)|Against the Wind]]''; it became his first (and as of late 2006, only) #1 album on the Billboard 200. First single "[[Fire Lake]]" featured Eagles [[Don Henley]], [[Timothy B. Schmit]], and Frey on backing vocals and reached #6 on the singles chart, while title song "[[Against the Wind (Bob Seger song)|Against the Wind]]" reached #5 as a single. "You'll Accomp'ny Me" became the third hit single from the record. ''Against the Wind'' would also win two [[Grammy Awards]]. Through late 2006 both ''Stranger in Town'' and ''Against the Wind'' had sold over 5 million copies in the U.S., and were followed by the 1981 live album ''[[Nine Tonight]]'' which encapsulated this three-album peak of Seger's commercial career. Seger's take on [[Eugene Williams]]' "Tryin' to Live My Life Without You" became a Top 5 hit from ''Nine Tonight'', which would go on to sell 4 million copies.

Seger released ''[[The Distance (album)|The Distance]]'' in 1982. Critically praised for representing a tougher sound than some of his recent material, the album spawned hits with "[[Shame on the Moon]]" (which also did moderately well as a [[country music]] song), "Even Now", and "[[Roll Me Away]]". But perhaps because Seger and his band were ill-equipped to exploit the new [[MTV]] era, Seger's album sales dropped noticeably, with ''The Distance'' only selling at the 1 million copies level. The following year country music superstar [[Kenny Rogers]] would team up with pop singer [[Sheena Easton]] to cover "We've Got Tonight". This version was a world wide hit and was so successful Rogers used it as the title cut to one of his own albums.

Seger was no longer as prolific and four years elapsed before his last studio album,1986's ''[[Like a Rock]]'' emerged. The fast-paced "American Storm" garnered both pop and rock airplay, and "[[Like a Rock (song)|Like a Rock]]" became yet another successful Seger ballad, later most familiar to many Americans through its association with a long-running [[Chevrolet]] [[ad campaign]] (something Seger explicitly chose to do to support struggling American automobile workers in Detroit). Seger's 1986-1987 American Storm Tour was his self-stated last major tour, playing 105 shows over 9 months and selling almost 1.5 million tickets. But yet again, despite all this promotion the album only reached the 1 million sales level in an era when Springsteen, Mellencamp, and [[Tom Petty]], the other major heartland rockers, were at the peaks of their commercial powers. The following year Seger's "[[Shakedown (Bob Seger song)|Shakedown]]", a somewhat uncharacteristic song off the 1987 film ''[[Beverly Hills Cop II]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s soundtrack, became his first and only #1 hit on the pop singles chart. Despite this, the era of Seger's commercial prime was over.

===Later years: 1988-present===
[[Image:BobSegerAlbum.jpg|200px|thumb|Bob Seger on the cover of his first ''Greatest Hits'' album]]
By the time of Seger's next record, 1991's ''[[The Fire Inside]]'', Seger's brand of rock was completely out of vogue, with [[hair metal]], [[grunge]] and [[alternative rock]], and [[rap metal]] all taking the forefront. Seger still had enough hard-core fans to show decent sales, but his new music found little visibility on radio or elsewhere. A similar fate befell 1995's ''[[It's a Mystery]]''. In between, however, his ''[[Greatest Hits (Bob Seger album)|Greatest Hits]]'' compilation was a major success, achieving sales of over 8 million units through late 2006. Seger did go back on the road again for a 1996 tour, which was successful and sold the fourth-largest number of tickets of any North American tour that year.

In June 1997 Seger drove his automobile off the [[Trans-Canada Highway]] in [[Nipigon, Ontario]].<ref>[http://www.kool995.com/KOOLWeekInRock.cfm] KOOL Week in Rock</ref>

Seger took a sabbatical from the music business for about ten years to spend time with his wife and two young chldren. He was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] on [[March 15]], [[2004]]; fellow Detroiter [[Kid Rock]] gave the induction speech, and Michigan Governor [[Jennifer Granholm]] proclaimed that date Bob Seger Day in his honor.<ref>[http://www.michigan.gov/gov/0,1607,7-168-23442_25488_28123-88157--,00.html] Michigan.gov</ref>

Seger's first new album in 11 years, titled ''[[Face the Promise]]'', was released on September 12, 2006. In its first 45 days, the album sold more than 400,000 copies, according to [[Soundscan]]. His supporting tour has also been eagerly anticipated, with many shows selling out within minutes. Showing that Seger's legendary appeal in Michigan had not diminished, all 15,000 tickets available for his first show at the [[Van Andel Arena]] sold out in under five minutes; three additional shows were subsequently added, each of which also sold out.<ref>[http://www.mlive.com/entertainment/grpress/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-2/1160243103255010.xml&coll=6] mLive.com</ref>

On October 21, 2006 Seger performed "[[America the Beautiful]]" at the first game of the [[2006 World Series]] between the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] and the [[Detroit Tigers]].

Events in late March of 2007 suggested that Seger may move on from Capital records because those who had worked with him to this point are now gone from the label. The same press release also confirmed Seger's intention to release a live CD/DVD package chronicling his Face the Promise tour at some point in the fall.

==Influences==
Growing up, Seger listened to [[WLAC]] In [[Nashville]]. He especially liked [[James Brown]] saying that among him and his friends, [[Live at the Apollo (1963 album)|Live at the Apollo]] was the absolute favorite record. "I learned how to sing 100 percent hard all the time, full beat stop and how to move from him." The first record he bought was "Come Go With Me" by [[The Del Vikings]]. Regarding Springsteen, Petty, Fogerty and Mellencamp, Seger said: "We all listen to each other. I think we all sound like each other at times." Mentioning [[Frankie Miller]], [[Graham Parker]], [[Bruce Springsteen]], ....Seger said: "There's a whole little clique of male vocalists. We're just sort of all connected. I think every last one of us has a connection with [[Van Morrison]]."<ref>[http://www.segerfile.com/influences.html] Seger Influences</ref>

==Silver Bullet Band==
The Silver Bullet Band was formed in [[1974]]. Its original members were:
* [[Drew Abbott]], [[guitar]]
* [[Charlie Allen Martin]], [[drums]]
* [[Rick Mannassa]], [[keyboard instrument|keyboards]]
* [[Chris Campbell]], [[bass guitar]]
* [[Alto Reed]] (''real name'': Thomas Neal Cartmell[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1264759/bio][http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/music/artist/bio/0,,483640,00.html]), [[saxophone]]s and [[flute]]
Seger himself does all lead vocals and plays guitar and piano.

In [[1982]] Abbott was replaced by [[Dawayne Bailey]] on guitar.
Around [[1977]] Martin was replaced by [[Dave Teegarden]] on drums, who in [[1983]] was replaced by [[Don Brewer]].
In [[1975]] Mannassa was replaced by [[Robyn Robbins]] on keyboards, who in [[1980]] was replaced by [[Craig Frost]].

Seger has almost always used [[session musician]]s on his albums as well.

==Discography==
===Albums===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
*''[[Ramblin' Gamblin' Man]]'' (1969)
*''[[Noah (album)|Noah]]'' (1969)
*''[[Mongrel (album)|Mongrel]]'' (1970)
*''[[Brand New Morning]]'' (1971)
*''[[Smokin' O.P.'s]]'' (1972)
*''[[Back in '72]]'' (1973)
*''[[Seven (Bob Seger album)|Seven]]'' (1974)
{{col-3}}
*''[[Beautiful Loser]]'' (1975)
*''[['Live' Bullet]]'' (1976)
*''[[Night Moves (album)|Night Moves]]'' (1976)
*''[[Stranger in Town]]'' (1978)
*''[[Against the Wind (album)|Against the Wind]]'' (1980)
*''[[Nine Tonight]]'' (1981)
*''[[The Distance (album)|The Distance]]'' (1982)
{{col-3}}
*''[[Like a Rock]]'' (1986)
*''[[The Fire Inside]]'' (1991)
*''[[Greatest Hits (Bob Seger album)|Greatest Hits]]'' (1994)
*''[[It's a Mystery]]'' (1995)
*''[[Greatest Hits 2 (Bob Seger album)|Greatest Hits 2]]'' (2003)
*''[[Face the Promise]]'' (2006)
{{col-end}}

With the single exception of ''Smokin' O.P.'s,'' rereleased on [[compact disc]] by Capitol in 2005, all of Seger's albums prior to ''Beautiful Loser'' (the pre-Silver Bullet Band releases) have long remained out of print and command extremely high prices if offered for sale. As of March 2007, genuine prints of the brief 1993 Capitol CD release of ''Ramblin' Gamblin' Man'' are offered for over US$180 on various on-line marketplaces.

===Singles===
:''Regional as well as national singles are listed, to document Seger's career arc.''
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
*1961 "The Lonely One" (The Decibels) - acetate demo, played once on radio
*1965 "TGIF" (Doug Brown and the Omens)
*1966 "Ballad Of The Yellow Beret/Florida Time Are you Kidding Me Label H-1010" (Doug Brown and the Omens, listed as D. Dodger)
*1966 "East Side Story/East Side Sound Hideout H-1013" #3 in Detroit
*1966 "Persecution Smith/Chain Smokin’ Hideout H-1014"
*1966 "Sock It To Me Santa/Florida Time Cameo C-444"
*1967 "Vagrant Winter/Very Few Cameo Parkway C-473"
*1967 "Heavy Music/Heavy Music Part 2 Cameo Parkway C-494" - Started his National Debut
*1968 "2+2=?/Death Row Capitol 2143"
*1968 "Ramblin’ Gamblin’ Man/Tales Of Lucy Blue Capitol 2297" #17 US
*1969 "Ivory/The Last Song Capitol 2480" #97 US
*1969 "Noah/Lennie Johnson Capitol 2576"
*1970Innervenus Eyes/Lonely Man Capitol 2640"
*1970 "Lucifer/Big River Capitol 2748" #84 US
*1971 "Lookin' Back" #96 US, #2 in Detroit - Was only released on a 45 record
*1972 "Midnight Rider Palladium PRO 571" Was only released on a promo 45 record
*1972 "If I Were A Carpenter/Jesse James Palladium P-1079" #76 US
*1973 "Who Do You Love/Turn On Your Love Light Reprise REP-1117"
*1973 "Rosalie/Neon Sky Palladium 1143"
*1974 "Need Ya/Seen A lot Of Floors Palladium 1171"
*1974 "Get Out Of Denver/Long Song Comin’ Palladium 1205" #80 US
*1974 "U. M. C. Upper Middle Class/This Old House Palladium 1316" This Old House was only released on the B side of this 45 record
*1975 "Katmandu" #43 US
*1976 "[[Nutbush City Limits]]" #69 US
{{col-3}}
*1977 "[[Night Moves (song)|Night Moves]]" #4 US, #45 UK (1995 release)
*1977 "Mainstreet" #24 US
*1977 "Rock and Roll Never Forgets" #41 US
*1978 "Still the Same" #4 US
*1978 "Hollywood Nights" #12 US, #42 US
*1978 "[[We've Got Tonight]]" #13 US, #41 UK (#22 UK in 1995)
*1979 "[[Old Time Rock & Roll]]" #28 US
*1980 "[[Fire Lake]]" #6 US
*1980 "[[Against the Wind (Bob Seger song)|Against the Wind]]" #5 US
*1980 "You'll Accomp'ny Me" #14 US
*1980 "The Horizontal Bop" #42 US
*1981 "Tryin' To Live My Life Without You" #5 US
*1982 "Feel Like a Number" #48 US
*1983 "[[Shame on the Moon]]" #2 US (#15 Country US)
*1983 "Even Now" #12 US, #73 UK
*1983 "[[Roll Me Away]]" #27 US
{{col-3}}
*1984 "Understanding" #17 US
*1986 "American Storm" #13 US, #78 UK
*1986 "[[Fortunate Son (song)|Fortunate Son]]"
*1986 "It's You" #52 US
*1986 "[[Like a Rock (song)|Like a Rock]]" #12 US
*1986 "Miami" #70 US
*1986 "Tightrope"
*1986 "The Aftermath"
*1987 "[[Shakedown (Bob Seger song)|Shakedown]]" #1 US, #88 UK
*1989 "Blue Monday"
*1991 "Take A Chance"
*1991 "The Fire Inside"
*1991 "The Real Love" #24 US
*1995 "Lock And Load" #57 UK
*1995 "Manhattan"
*1996 "Hands In The Air"
*1998 "Chances Are"
*2006 "Wait For Me" #52 US Country
*2006 "Wreck This Heart"
{{col-end}}

==See also==
* [[List of best selling music artists]]
* [[Notable Ann Arborites]]

==References==
{{Moresources|date=December 2006}}
* 1983 ''[[Rolling Stone Record Guide]]''
* [[Joel Whitburn]], ''The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits'', 1983. ISBN 0-8230-7511-7.
* [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]], [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:r7ae4j171wa4~T1 [[All Music Guide]] biographical entry on Bob Seger]
* In the 2007 movie, Reign Over Me, Adam Sandler refers to Bob Seeger as "An American original."

'''Notes'''
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

==External links==
*[http://www.bobseger.com Official website]
*[http://www.segerfile.com The Seger File] - Extensive fan website, with many newspaper/magazine cites
*[http://www.segerbob.com SegerBob.com] - Fan website, with tour dates, lyrics, and more.
*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1169432/ Bob Seger] - [[IMDb]] profile

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seger, Bob}}

[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:American pop singers]]
[[Category:American rock musicians]]
[[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:People from Detroit]]
[[Category:Michigan musicians]]
[[Category:People from Ann Arbor]]
[[Category:Ann Arbor music]]
[[Category:Hollywood Walk of Fame]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]

[[de:Bob Seger]]
[[fr:Bob Seger]]
[[it:Bob Seger]]
[[pl:Bob Seger]]
[[pt:Bob Seger]]
[[sv:Bob Seger]]

Talk:Hanson (band)

2007-04-12T21:10:50Z

75.69.181.109: /* Mess, mess, mess!!! */

{{WPBiography|living=yes|class=Start|priority=Mid|musician-work-group=yes|needs-photo=yes}}
==Guys?==
According to this crazy article, these girls are GUYS!! Funny joke, but everyone knows otherwise.

==Google==
It's almost impossible to find this page just by searching for Hanson or the Hanson brothers, why is that? Even though the Hanson Brother are already a band Hanson seem to be refered to as that, often

== Which is it? MMMBop or Mmmbop? ==

Here's the situation with redirects and disambiguation (dab) pages:
* [[MMMBop]] is a dab page directing to [[MMMBop (album)]] and [[MMMBop (song)]]
* [[MMMBop (album)]] is a redirect targeting [[Hanson (band)]]
* [[MMMBop (song)]] is a redirect to [[Mmmbop]]
My suggestions as to actions:
* There does not seem to be an album named "MMMBop", so I would suggest that this redirect page be deleted via {{tl|RFD}}
* the content of [[Mmmbop]] should be moved to and redirected to [[MMMBop]] and tagged with {{tl|R from misspelling}}
* [[MMMBop (song)]] should be redirected to [[MMMBop]] without an R-tag
I think it's best that I leave it to people who are more familiar with the topic to refine, advance, or reject this proposal and act upon it if that is desired. Regards, [[User:Ceyockey|Courtland]] 15:47, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

There actually was an album named MMMBop which was released before Hanson was signed by Mercury. I'll add an album stub for it with a track listing.

Hanson are not girls. The middle child is married and has three kids, his '''wifes'''' name is Natalie

==Photo==
Anyone have a photo to add? --''[[User:Buckdj|buck]] 14:32, 20 January 2006 (UTC)''

Every photo that is added are deleted over copyright issues.

If there's anyway to get around those issues, let me know. I have a ton of recent photos of them that I would love to share with the world (via wikipedia)! --Molly 06:31, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

What if someone puts a photo on that they took themselves, like at a concert or something? I have several I've taken.
I'm just wondering, because those wouldn't be actully copyrighted, like one from a photoshoot would. If anyone knows if that will work, let me know. --Jena 07:45PM, 12, March, 2007 (Et)
:That would be fine. You'd just upload it to WP or Commons under a free license. I have a number that I've taken as well, but the good quality ones of the whole group are from almost 7 years ago. If yours are more recent than that (and they are indeed your pictures that you have the right to release), then by all means...please! [[User:LaMenta3|LaMenta3]] 18:29, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

==Merger Discussion==
Support merger of individual members into current page: 1) the group members have no notability outside the group (no single projects); 2) the individual entries are identical to this one, even the personal information is repeated in this article and consists of one sentence each. Support '''Merge'''. [[User:Jtmichcock|Jtmichcock]] 14:00, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
:I agree. Unless the Hansons release solo projects, they should be redirected to this article. If a member has any notable biographical information independent of his brothers (is married, has a child, etc) it should be included in this article. --''[[User:Buckdj|buck]] 15:07, 14 February 2006 (UTC)''

Yeah, it's best to merge the three articles with the main page- prehaps have their own little section in the Hanson main page.

So is someone going to cut and past this individual info onto the main Hanson page?

:Yeah, if you're going to do it part-way, let's see you do this all the way. Thanks in advance. -[[User:Rhymeless|Tim Rhymeless]] [[User talk:Rhymeless| (Er...let's shimmy)]] 04:55, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Why? Tons of other bands that have members who haven't done anything 'notable' outside their band have their own wikipedia pages, like Julian Casablancas from The Strokes. Shit, the Hanson page doesn't even mention which instrument each guy plays.

== Personal life ==
Changes made to the personal life section should only be made if the content is verifiable by a legitamate source such as a news article or official release, or is common knowledge within the fan community. I say this because the band members are very protective of their personal lives and as such, information based upon speculation, rumor, or stalking (this includes unauthorized access to MySpace pages!) is an invasion of privacy and is inappropriate for any venue. That said, I am changing the statement regarding Isaac's supposed engagement for a final time and will leave it to other reasonable people to maintain this stance until such time that a change in this information can be VERIFIED. [[User:LaMenta3|LaMenta3]] 07:21, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

== Mess, mess, mess!!! ==
This article is a complete mess and shit. It has to be redone and reedited. It's complete shit. The discography sucks ass and the the bio is so shitty that I just feel hardly any interest in the band, speaking from a neutral point of view. It needs more work! More fucking work, you lazy bastards! [[User:Painbearer|Painbearer]] 18:48, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

:Your vulgarities are tone are completely uncalled for. You should be ashamed of your language. If you want to improve the page, by all means do so, but do not do so in a vulgar manner. --[[User:Merodoc|William]] 23:00, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

shit shit shit shit shit shit shit shit shit shit shit shit shit. How d'ya like that?

Why do people keep changing it back to 'The Walk'? Even on hanson.net news, and the video they posted up, it says it's going to be titled 'Taking The Walk'. Grrr.

Taylor has said in the July 2006 Hanson.Net chat that the name of the album will be "The Walk". "Taking the Walk" is something different. Some think it might be the upcoming tour, others think it might be the release of the SETB doc but with the making of "The Walk" added on, others think it might be just the making of "The Walk" and so on... no one is really sure yet what "Taking the Walk" truly is, but the album name is definitely "The Walk". (If you notice in the H.Net video it says "a story unfolds" - to me that indicates it's most likely a DVD release of sorts, but that's just speculation on my part and some other fans on H.Net). [[User:Crazylamb1|Crazylamb1]] 11:34, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

In fairness, this article is a mess. It's completely biased towards the group and certainly needs some neutrality editing done. I honestly thought it was written by the band the first time i read it. Can someone flag it for its bias, or does an admin need oto do that? It really is a mess. [[User:81.76.119.195|81.76.119.195]] 16:24, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
It is, at the very least, unbalanced. There is way to much information about the band in the last 5 years but literally nothing about the band in 1997, when it was at its height in popularity. There is no mention in the bio of the release of their Middle of Nowhere album. It just skips that and has tons of info on Hanson in 2005-2006, though I think most people who search for the article want to know about the Hanson of the late 1990s not the current Hanson.

==Copyediting==
Hey guys, I'm copyediting this article for you. If you don't like something I did, please tell me on my talk page[[User:Mysticfeline|Mysticfeline]] 23:03, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Seagull (disambiguation)

2007-03-19T01:30:42Z

75.69.181.109:

'''Seagull''' or '''Seagulls''' may refer to:
*[[Gull]], a family of seabird, members of which are often called ''seagulls''.
*[[Jonathan Livingston Seagull]], a fable by [[Richard Bach]]
*"Seagull", a song by Ride from their 1990 album ''[[Nowhere (album)|Nowhere]]''
*"Seagull", a song by [[Bad Company]] from their self-titled debut album.
*[[The Seagull]], a play by [[Anton Chekhov]].
*[[A Flock of Seagulls]], a British New Wave band, or their [[A Flock of Seagulls (album)|self-titled album]].
*"Seagulls" is the nickname of [[Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.]], an English football team.
*The [[Seagull Monument]] in [[Salt Lake City, Utah|Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]].
*[[Operation Seagull]], a [[United Kingdom|British]] action during [[World War II]].
*The [[SOC Seagull]], single-engined scout observation biplane.
*[[British Seagull]], a manufacturer of outboard engines.
*[[Song to a Seagull]], the debut album of [[Joni Mitchell]], or its title track.
*The [[Runaway Bay Seagulls]], a Rugby League club.
*Seagull is the name of a Chinese Camera company.
*The "Seagulls" mascot for [[Salisbury University]], a [[Division III]] university.
*The "Seagull" is the mascot for [[Staten Island Technical High School]], New York City.
*[[Seagull (Guitars)|Seagull]] is a Canadian based company which manufactures acoustic guitars.
*[[Bell Seagull and Seamew | Seagull]] - An 18ft. marine plywood sailing boat popular in the 1960/70's still has a small following see: [http://www.seagullmew.org 'owners organisation']. The Seagull was designed by Ian Proctor in the late 1950's.
*[[Steven Seagal]]'s last name is sometimes misspelt or mispronounced as "Seagull"
*[[Seagull]] is also the name of a prestigious seafaring camp for boys on the coast of North Carolina run by the YMCA [http://www.seagull-seafarer.org 'camp website']
{{disambig}}

[[de:Tschaika]]
[[fr:Laridé]]
[[nl:Meeuwen]]
[[ja:シーガル]]
[[ru:Чайка]]

Guitar showmanship

2007-01-29T04:00:24Z

75.69.181.109: /* Around the World */

{{verify}}
'''Guitar moves''' are moves or stunts, which are done involving (most commonly) an [[electric guitar]] or [[bass guitar]]. These moves exist as pieces of stage flair used by band members to either emphasize a climax to a song or as a piece of visual entertainment to impress the audience.

[[Image:TownshendWindmill.gif|thumb|right|180px|Pete Townshend does The Windmill at Woodstock in 1969]]
===Windmill===

Made famous by [[The Who]]'s guitarist [[Pete Townshend]]<ref>[http://www.thewho.net/faq/part1.html#1.2 thewho.net FAQ] describes "windmill" style</ref>. Townshend claimed he first saw it performed by [[Keith Richards]] while warming up for a concert, and after the concert Pete asked Keith if he could use the move, Keith had no recollection of doing it. The windmill involves holding the guitar in a chord position while rotating the picking arm quickly in a counterclockwise motion and hitting the strings, thereby striking the chord.

Doing this to a bass guitar causes a "banging" noise, as shown by [[Morty Black]] in the video for TNT's Seven Seas.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8rpH4ork3M Morty Black at TNT's Seven Seas video] at [[YouTube]]</ref>

===Playing with a violin bow===

A technique made famous by [[Led Zeppelin]] guitarist [[Jimmy Page]].It can be heard on [[How Many More Times]] and [[Dazed and Confused (song)|Dazed and Confused]] from their [[Led Zeppelin (album)|first album]]. Live performances of the latter often featured extended solos with the bow.

===Behind the back===

A move performed by [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Stevie Ray Vaughan]], [[Steve Vai]], [[Ronni Le Tekro]] (who is seen doing this in the video for Harley Davidson), [[Zakk Wylde]], [[Slash]] and recently [[Yngwie Malmsteen]]; Hendrix reportedly took the technique from [[Buddy Guy]]. 'Behind the Back' is to hold the guitar behind one's back and continue to play despite the difficulty this presents. Steve Vai's signature guitar the [[Ibanez JEM]] has a "monkey grip" (ergonomic grip holes that allow him to have more control over the guitar) to facilitate this move. [[Ronni Le Tekro]] invented a variant on this in which he spins the guitar like a [[hula hoop]] while he continues to play it.

[[Image:Guitartongue.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Steve Vai]] using his tongue]]

===Playing with teeth / tongue===

A move first notably used by [[Jimi Hendrix]] but still occasionally employed by guitarists like [[Steve Vai]]. Has been used as a tool of humour. [[Yngwie Malmsteen]] use his mouth while playing Black Star.

== Playing with an Electric Drill ==

[[Eddie Van Halen]] uses an Electric Drill in the intro to the song [[Poundcake]] on their album [[For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge]] . Paul Gilbert also used the electric drill in his solo, in the Mr Big song ; Daddy, brother, lover, little boy.
Adrian Belew also uses an electric drill in the King Crimson ''Déjà VROOOM'' DVD

== Duck Walk ==
{{main|Duck walk}}

==Use of drumsticks==

This involves either dragging a [[drum stick]] along the fretboard like a slide, hitting strings in the area over the [[pickup (music)|pickups]], or holding the guitar by the strap and striking the front or back of the guitar in order to produce a [[gong]]-like effect. This effect has been used by many such as Metallica's lead guitarist [[Kirk Hammett]], who uses the drum stick of his fellow band member [[Lars Ulrich]]. Additionally [[Lee Ranaldo]] of [[Sonic Youth]] has been known to use all three moves and was videotaped doing so on a performance for [[Jools Holland]]'s "Later! with Jools Holland". This recording was then put on the "Later! and Louder with Jools Holland" DVD compilation.

==3rd Bridge==
[[3rd Bridge]] is a technique where you put something (a drumstick or a pencil) under the strings and play the inverse side, so that the other side is resonating in a harmonic overtone.

See [[3rd Bridge]] for a larger explanation.

==Setting guitar on fire==

[[Image:JimiHendrixAtMonterey.jpg|thumb|[[Rolling Stone]] magazine showing Jimi's burning guitar]]

A move usually credited to [[Jimi Hendrix]],<ref>http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Music/08/27/hendrix.guitar/</ref> involves literally setting the guitar on fire and burning it partially or fully, sometimes playing it during the process, sometimes with injurious outcomes.

Jimi Hendrix is known to have performed this trick on at least three occasions with his [[Fender Stratocaster]] guitars:

* March 31st, 1967 at [[London Astoria]] club.<ref>http://www.thetabworld.com/Jimi_Hendrix_biography.html</ref> Going a bit too far, Hendrix sustained hand burns and visited the hospital.
* June 18th, 1967 at the [[Monterey International Pop Festival]] while performing "[[Wild Thing (The Troggs song)|Wild Thing]]" (this event is illustrated in the [[Monterey Pop]] documentary). [[Jimi Hendrix Experience]] was working as an opening act for [[The Monkees]] and later left the tour.
* May, 1968 at [[Miami Pop Festival]], after playing 4 songs of his set (including [[Foxy Lady]] and [[Purple Haze]]). Jimi gave away the burnt guitar to his friend, [[Frank Zappa]], who restored it and played it afterwards. After Frank's death, his son, [[Dweezil Zappa]] inherited all his guitars, including Jimi's burnt Stratocaster, and sold it in an auction in September 24th, 2002 in UK for ₤400,000 ($615,000).

Technically, doing this trick usually involves pouring lighter fluid (or some similar flammable liquid) on the guitar and setting it on fire. After initial light-up process, guitar's wood would burn very well, especially if it is covered with flammable [[lacquer]].

[[Image:TheClashLondonCallingalbumcover.jpg|thumb|[[Paul Simonon]] of [[The Clash]] on the cover of [[London Calling]] smashing his [[Bass guitar|bass]]]]

===Guitar smashing===

Another move popularised by [[Pete Townshend]], guitar smashing is just as the name suggests, smashing the guitar usually at the climax of a set, the effectiveness of this move depends on timing. Most artists use it at the very end of their show, and not two songs into their support slot (see: [[Zico Chain]]). Most commonly guitars are smashed either by being swung at the floor or rammed into guitar amps, or in rare cases being swung into the drums or other set up equipment besides the amps.

This move is also frequently used in various rock [[music video]]s to demonstrate the intensity of the show. Notable music videos that show guitar smashing include:

* "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]" by [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]
* [[Whiskey in the Jar]] by [[Metallica]]
* "Don't Cry" by [[Slash (musician) |Slash]] of [[Guns N Roses]]
* "[[Victim]]" by [[Eighteen Visions]] (done by [[Keith Barney]])

==Around the World==

This move is done by taking the guitar and throwing it over one's shoulder sucessfully and then having it return to the same spot as before. Most guitarists like to kick one of their feet back and jump slightly but on rare occasions they getting into a sitting stance and perform it, this version gives the guitar more speed because the center of gravity is more focused.

This trick, also known as the spinning guitar or "Bitch Toss," was made famous by the hard rock band [[Cinderella (band)|Cinderella]], and they can be seen performing it in the music videos for [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4zA9TesH-Q "Shake Me"] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bP-Q03HixLA "The More Things Change"].

== References ==

<references/>

== See also ==

* [[Air guitar]]

[[Category:Guitar moves]]