Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Chime (company)

2024-12-19T01:28:07Z

76.14.100.192: /* References */ADDED OWNER

{{Short description|American financial services company}}
{{Distinguish|Chime Communications Limited|Chime Communications (Australia)}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Chime Financial, Inc.
| logo = Chime_company_logo.svg
| image = Chime Financial, Inc. Headquarters in San Francisco.jpg
| image_caption = Headquarters in San Francisco, California
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2012}}
| founders = Chris Britt and Ryan King<ref>Maria Deutscher,{{cite news|title=Mobile banking startup Chime lands $485M mega-round at $14.5B valuation|url=https://siliconangle.com/2020/09/18/mobile-banking-startup-chime-lands-485m-mega-round-14-5b-valuation/|accessdate=23 April 2015|publisher=siliconangle.com|date=18 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="CNBC">{{cite news|title=25. Chime|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/16/chime-disruptor-50.html|accessdate=23 April 2015|publisher=cnbc.com|date=16 June 2020}}</ref>
| hq_location = [[101 California Street]]<br />[[San Francisco, California]], [[United States]]
| num_employees =
| key_people = {{Unbulletedlist|Chris Britt ([[CEO]])|Ryan King ([[Organizational founder|Co-Founder]])}}
| products = Checking accounts, savings accounts, debit cards, P2P, credit cards, fee-free overdraft
| revenue = {{increase}} {{USD|200 million}} (2019)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2019 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/donnafuscaldo/2019/12/05/digital-bank-chime-now-has-a-valuation-of-58-billion/|title=Digital Bank Chime Now Has a Valuation of $5.8 Billion|first=Donna|last=Fuscaldo|website=Forbes}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|chime.com}}
}}

'''Chime Financial, Inc.''' is a San Francisco–based [[financial technology]] company that provides fee-free [[mobile banking]] services through two national banks, Stride Bank and The Bancorp Bank.<ref name="CNBC"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything You Need to Know About Banking With Chime|date=4 November 2021 |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/business-news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-banking-with-chime/395534 |access-date=2023-07-23 |publisher=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ForbesAdvReview"/><ref name=ref1/><ref name=ref2/><ref name=ref3/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/cnn-underscored/money/chime-bonus-offers|title=Chime promotions and bonuses|last=Barnett|first=Ashley|date=12 September 2024|website=CNN}}</ref>

The company offers early access to paychecks, negative account balances without overdraft fees,<ref name="CNBC"/> high-yield savings accounts,<ref name="ForbesAdvReview"/> peer-to-peer payments,<ref name=ref1>{{Cite web |title=Digital Banking Challenger Chime Now Allows Users to Send Money to "Anyone and Everyone" |url=https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2021/04/174311-digital-banking-challenger-chime-now-allows-users-to-send-money-to-anyone-and-everyone/|access-date=2021-04-17|publisher=[[Crowdfund Insider]] |language=en}}</ref> and an interest-free [[Credit card#Secured credit cards|secured credit card]].<ref name=ref3>{{Cite web |title=Best credit cards for rebuilding your credit of August 2023 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/blueprint/credit-cards/best-credit-cards-for-rebuilding-credit/|date=2023-08-23|publisher=[[USA Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Chime's mobile banking services do not rely on monthly service or overdraft fees or minimum balance requirements. Chime earns the majority of its revenue from the collection of [[Interchange fee|interchange]] fees on debit card transactions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Online bank Chime is said to near funding at $1.5 billion value|url=https://www.americanbanker.com/articles/online-bank-chime-is-said-to-near-funding-at-15-billion-value|access-date=2019-12-08|website=American Banker|date=6 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Chime is able to offer its services via its relationships with banks despite the company not being a bank itself. Although customer money is held in [[FDIC]]-insured accounts at Chime’s partner banks, FDIC bank insurance does not directly protect Chime's customers.<ref name=ref4/><ref name="FDICandFintech">{{cite web |date=May 31, 2024 |title=Banking with Third-Party Apps |url=https://www.fdic.gov/consumer-resource-center/2024-06/banking-third-party-apps |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=[[FDIC]]:Consumer Resource Center }}</ref> In 2021 and 2022, Chime was criticized for closing customer accounts without notice and not returning funds in a timely manner.<ref name="CST2022-11-25">{{Cite news |last=Zimmermann |first=Stephanie |date=November 25, 2022 |title=Closed accounts, no money: Chime app users complain they were suddenly shut out of their online accounts |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2022/11/25/23473765/chime-fintech-neobank-app-account-consumer-financial-protection-bureau-cfpb |access-date=2022-11-26 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ProPublica2021-07-06"/> The company was penalized for the use of the word "bank" in its marketing, following which it agreed to include disclaimers that Chime is not a bank in its marketing materials. In 2024, Chime settled investigations for its handling of the account closures and to pay fines.<ref name="DFPI-2024-02-27"/>

==History==
Chime was founded by Chris Britt (CEO) and Ryan King (CTO) in 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chime.com/about-us/|website=Chime|language=en|access-date=2023-06-15|title=Chime About Us}}</ref> in [[San Francisco]], [[California]] as an alternative to traditional banking to serve less affluent communities and people living paycheck to paycheck.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/life-at-chime/meet-the-team-product-at-chime-204e613f8a03|title=Meet the Team: Product at Chime|website=Medium.com|date=12 January 2022 |language=en|access-date=2022-02-19}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The company launched on April 15, 2014, on the ''[[Dr. Phil|Dr. Phil Show]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtdDPszN8nY|title=Dr. Phil Surprises a Guest Preparing for a New Baby|first=Phil|last=McGraw|date=April 15, 2014|website=YouTube}}</ref> As of 2021, Chime has raised $2.3 billion in private funding. In 2022, Chime was named as one of [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'s ''Best Places to Work''.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/18/chime-is-now-worth-14point5-billion-surging-past-robinhood-as-the-most-valuable-us-consumer-fintech-.html|title=Chime is now worth $14.5 billion, surging past Robinhood as the most valuable US consumer fintechs|website=CNBC|date=18 September 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-11-01}}</ref><ref name=fortune>[https://fortune.com/ranking/best-small-workplaces-bay-area/2022/ 75 Best Small and Medium Workplaces in the Bay Area][[Fortune (magazine)]]</ref>

Chime provides mobile banking services via its bank partners without monthly or overdraft fees, and it does not require an opening deposit or minimum balance to open a free checking account.<ref name="ForbesAdvReview"/>

In 2018, Chime acquired Pinch, a startup focused on helping millennials and young adults build their credit scores by reporting on-time rent payments to credit bureaus. Pinch's co-founders joined Chime's team as a part of the acquisition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/09/14/mobile-bank-chime-picks-up-credit-score-improvement-service-pinch-in-all-stock-deal/|title=Mobile bank Chime picks up credit score improvement service Pinch in all-stock deal|date=14 September 2018 }}</ref>

On October 16, 2019, Chime experienced a service outage leaving users without access to their deposits. The issue was resolved the next day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/17/digital-bank-chime-goes-dark-for-millions-of-customers.html|title=Mobile bank Chime goes dark for millions of customers as it seeks $5 billion valuation|first1=Hugh|last1= Son|first2=Kate|last2=Rooney|date=October 17, 2019|website=CNBC}}</ref>

In January 2020, Chime announced a partnership with the [[Dallas Mavericks]] as their jersey sponsor as a part of a multi-year deal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/doylerader/2020/01/17/dallas-mavericks-chime-bank-new-jersey-sponsor-patch/|title=Dallas Mavericks Announce Multi-Year Partnership With Chime As Jersey Sponsor|first=Doyle|last=Rader|website=Forbes}}</ref> Chime had 8 million account holders in February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chime has hit 8 million accounts and is now offering a 1.6% interest rate on savings products |website=[[Business Insider]] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chime-cracks-8-million-account-milestone-2020-2}}</ref>

In April 2020, in response to the financial strain of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Chime announced a pilot program to provide users who e-filed tax returns with the IRS a $1,200 advance on the Economic Stimulus Payment via SpotMe, Chime's fee-free overdraft product.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/02/chime-bank-pilots-way-to-get-1200-stimulus-checks-to-users-instantly.html|title=Chime pilots way to get $1,200 stimulus checks to users instantly after talks with Mark Cuban|first=Hugh|last=Son|date=April 2, 2020|website=CNBC}}</ref> Chime later announced the successful processing of over $375 million in stimulus payments one week ahead of the scheduled government disbursement date.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chime.com/blog/getting-americans-faster-access-to-covid-19-stimulus-payments/|title=#ChimeCARES Update: Initial stimulus payments have been received. More on the way. | Chime|date=April 10, 2020|website=Banking Made Awesome}}</ref>

In September 2021, Chime leased 192,000 square feet of office space across six floors in a San Francisco building owned by [[Hines Interests Limited Partnership|Hines]].<ref>[https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2021/09/16/chime-signs-big-downtown-lease.html Done deal: Chime signs the largest new San Francisco lease of the year at downtown skyscraper][[San Francisco Business Times]]</ref> According to a report by ''Forbes'', Chime had planned to hold an [[initial public offering]] (IPO) in March 2022. The company delayed its IPO, however, in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=With Fintech Stocks Down 40%, Chime Delays Its IPO|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffkauflin/2022/02/18/with-fintech-stocks-down-chime-delays-ipo-to-second-half-of-2022/?sh=13fcd28547ca|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Forbes|language=en-US}}</ref> Chime laid off 160 positions, equalling 12% of its workforce, in November 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=León |first1=Riley de |title=Chime cuts 12% of its workforce, adding to recent wave of tech layoffs |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/03/chime-cuts-12percent-of-its-workforce-adding-to-recent-wave-of-tech-layoffs.html |access-date=3 November 2022 |work=CNBC |date=3 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> {{as of|2024|5}}, the company, which operates under a hybrid work model, reported having 1,300 employees and 7 million customers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kauflin |first=Jeff |title=Exclusive: The Inside Story Of Chime, America's Biggest Digital Bank |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffkauflin/2024/05/03/exclusive-the-inside-story-of-chime-americas-biggest-digital-bank/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> At the time, it was processing $8 billion worth of transactions monthly. Chime's revenue in 2023 was approximately $1.3 billion. The company's customers are largely made up of young Americans with incomes ranging from $35,000 to $65,000 annually.<ref name=":0" />

In August 2021, Chime Financial raised $750 million in a series G funding round, led by investor [[Sequoia Capital]] Global Equities,<ref name="WSJ">Corrie Driebusch & Peter Rudegeair,{{Cite web|title=Chime Financial Raises $750 Million in Latest Funding Round|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/chime-financial-raises-750-million-in-latest-funding-round-11628872069|date=2021-08-13|access-date=2021-08-23|website=wsj.com|language=en-US}}</ref> giving the company a valuation of about $25 billion.<ref name="WSJ" />
In 2024, Chime was named to the [[CNBC#History|CNBC Disruptor 50 list]].<ref>{{cite web |website=CNBC
|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/14/chime-cnbc-disruptor-50.html
|title= 22. Chime
|date=May 14, 2024
|access-date=October 11, 2024
}}</ref>

In September 2024, it was announced that [[Morgan Stanley]] would lead Chime's IPO in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2024/09/26/morgan-stanley-chime-ipo/|title=Morgan Stanley to lead fintech company Chime’s IPO|last=Roof|first=Katie|date=26 September 2024|website=Fortune}}</ref>

=== Funding ===
Some of Chime’s notable early investors include seed investors Satya Patel of Homebrew and [[Kirsten Green]] of [[Forerunner Ventures|Forerunner]]; Series A investors [[Lauren Kolodny]] of [[Acrew Capital]] (formerly [[Aspect Ventures]]) and [[Crosslink Capital]]. Later rounds included [[Menlo Ventures]], [[DST Global|DST]], [[General Atlantic]] and [[Coatue Management|Coatue]].

==Consumer and regulatory problems==
===Marketing as a bank===
Chime, which is not a bank, in 2021 came to agreements with two state financial regulators, the [[California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation]] and the [[Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation]], to stop representing itself as a bank. The company agreed to stop using the URL "chimebank.com", change its use of the word "bank" in marketing, and add disclaimers to its marketing and product text. It paid $200,000 in the settlement with Illinois.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 5, 2021 |title=California Prohibits Fintech Chime From Calling Itself a Bank |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/banking-law/california-prohibits-fintech-chime-from-calling-itself-a-bank |access-date=2022-11-26 |work=Bloomberg Law |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CST2022-09-30">{{Cite news |last=Zimmermann |first=Stephanie |date=September 30, 2022 |title=Chime refunds $977 amid Sun-Times questions, as neo-bank apps face thousands of consumer complaints |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2022/9/30/23380015/chime-financial-spotme-app-fintech-neobank-national-consumer-law-center-cfpb-stride-bancorp |access-date=2022-11-26 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BHLawFirm">{{cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Eli A. |date=May 27, 2021 |title=Whose "Bank" is it Anyway? State Enforcement Actions Against Chime Underscore the Pitfalls of Using "Bank" Terminology |url=https://www.bairdholm.com/blog/whose-bank-is-it-anyway-state-enforcement-actions-against-chime-underscore-the-pitfalls-of-using-bank-terminology/ |publisher=Baird Holm Attorneys at Law |access-date=2022-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chime has agreed to stop using the word "bank," after a California regulator pushed back|url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/05/05/chime-has-agreed-to-stop-using-the-word-bank-after-a-california-regulator-pushed-back/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=TechCrunch|date=5 May 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Account closures, difficulty recovering deposits===
In July 2021, [[ProPublica]] published an article detailing Chime's record of closing customer accounts without notice or explanation, sometimes refusing to return customer deposits.<ref name="ProPublica2021-07-06">{{cite news |last1=Kessler |first1=Carson |title=A Banking App Has Been Suddenly Closing Accounts, Sometimes Not Returning Customers' Money |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/chime |access-date=8 July 2021 |work=[[ProPublica]] |date=July 6, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Chime has attributed the closures to the accidental byproduct of fraud prevention.<ref name="ProPublica2021-07-06"/>

In 2022, Chime's practice of closing customer accounts without notice or explanation was again reported. The company has no obligation to provide a reason to close an account. As of the November, 2022 report the [[Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] had received 3,500 complaints about Chime since the beginning of 2020. Customers with closed accounts sometimes had difficulty retrieving their deposits in a timely fashion. Since Chime customers are not customers of any bank, their recourse is often limited.<ref name="CST2022-11-25"/><ref name="CST2022-09-30"/>

The U.S. [[Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] in 2024 assessed a $3.25 million penalty plus at least $1.3 million in redress to customers for not returning deposits from closed accounts in a timely manner. Until 2021 Chime's customer service agreement said deposits would be issued by check, mailed within 14 days. Thousands of customers waited 90 days or longer. The settlement gives at least $150 in redress to any customer who had a $10 balance after 14 days from account closure. The $3.25 million penalty was paid to the CFPB victims relief fund. The company attributed the problem to a "configuration error" in 2020 and 2021.<ref name="CFPB-2024-05-07">{{Cite press release |date=May 7, 2024 |title=CFPB Takes Action Against Chime Financial for Illegally Delaying Consumer Refunds |url=https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-takes-action-against-chime-financial-for-illegally-delaying-consumer-refunds/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |publisher=[[Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name="NBC-2024-05-07">{{Cite news |last=Wile |first=Rob |date=May 7, 2024 |title=Biden administration orders online banker Chime to pay $4.55 million over delayed refunds to customers |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/chime-online-bank-fined-4point5-million-over-delayed-refunds-rcna151053 |access-date=2024-05-29 |work=NBC News}}</ref>

===Handling customer complaints===
In 2024 Chime entered into a consent order with the [[California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation]] (DFPI) and paid a $2.5 million penalty to resolve an investigation into the company's customer service. The DFPI found that customer compliants were not being handled fairly, accurately, and in a timely manner in compliance with the California Consumer Financial Protection law.<ref name="DFPI-2024-02-27">{{Cite press release |date=February 27, 2024 |title=DFPI Orders Chime Financial to Pay $2.5 Million, Improve Customer Service Standards Due to Unfair Complaint Handling |url=https://dfpi.ca.gov/2024/02/27/dfpi-orders-chime-financial-to-pay-2-5-million-improve-customer-service-standards-due-to-unfair-complaint-handling/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |publisher=The Department of Financial Protection and Innovation |language=en}}</ref> The company agreed to provide 24-hour 7-days per week customer service support with sufficient training and staffing to be in compliance. Chime agreed to report on its compliance to DFPI for two years.<ref name="DFPI-2024-02-27"/>

== Products ==
[[File:Chime Card.jpg|thumb|Chime debit card]]
Chime offers various fee-free banking products, including checking accounts with no minimum balance, an automated savings feature, high-yield savings accounts,<ref name="ForbesAdvReview"/> peer-to-peer payments,<ref name=ref1/> and an early paycheck feature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chime-earns-another-win-in-growth-trajectory-2019-12|title=Chime's recent earnings marks the largest single equity investment in a neobank|first=Rachel|last=Green|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

In September 2019, Chime launched SpotMe, a fee-free overdraft service where customers can overdraw their accounts up to $100 without incurring an overdraft fee; once the overdraft limit is reached, purchases will be declined but no traditional negative balance fees charged.<ref name=ref2>{{Cite web|title=Chime now has 5 million customers and introduces overdraft alternative|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/09/04/chime-now-has-5-million-customers-and-introduces-overdraft-alternative/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=TechCrunch|date=4 September 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Chime launched Credit Builder with Stride Bank, N.A in June 2020, which is a credit card designed to help consumers build their credit history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/30/u-s-challenger-bank-chime-launches-credit-builder-a-credit-card-that-works-more-like-debit/|title=US challenger bank Chime launches Credit Builder, a credit card that works more like debit|website=Techcrunch|date=30 June 2020 }}</ref> Chime was the most downloaded digital banking app in the U.S. during the first half of 2021, according to data collected by Apptopia.<ref>[https://www.bankingdive.com/news/chime-current-lead-us-banking-app-downloads-in-first-half-of-2021-report/602875/ Chime, Current lead US banking app downloads in first half of 2021: report]''Banking Dive''</ref>

In 2024, Chime launched MyPay, an [[earned wage access]] (EWA) product which allows users to access up to $500 of wages prior to payday. MyPay has no mandatory fees or interest, and it does not require a credit check.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/digital-bank-chime-debuts-advance-wage-product-ahead-anticipated-ipo-2024-05-14/|title=Digital bank Chime debuts advance wage product ahead of anticipated IPO|last=Lang|first=Hannah|date=15 May 2024|website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sponsor-story/chime/2024/08/27/chime-takes-aim-at-outdated-2-week-pay-cycle-with-national-tour/74922173007/|title=Chime takes aim at outdated 2-week pay cycle with national tour|last=Walden|first=Stephanie|date=27 August 2024|website=USA Today}}</ref>

==Customer service==
{{as of|2024|5}}, Chime has a 'A' rating from the [[Better Business Bureau]] (BBB), with 8,000 customer complaints during the previous 3 years.<ref name="BBBProfile">{{Cite web |title=Chime Financial, Inc.: Business Profile |url=https://www.bbb.org/us/ca/san-francisco/profile/financial-technology/chime-financial-inc-1116-530173 |access-date=2024-05-06 |publisher=[[Better Business Bureau]] |language=en}}</ref>

Chime has no physical branches and does not charge monthly or [[overdraft]] fees, nor does it require an opening deposit or minimum balance to open a free checking account.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Online Banking |url=https://www.chime.com/online-banking/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Chime |language=en-US}}</ref> Bank accounts that are provided via Chime's partners are FDIC insured up to the standard maximum deposit insurance amount of $250,000, however FDIC bank insurance on Chime accounts does not directly protect Chime's customers.<ref name=ref4>{{Cite magazine |last=Mason |first=Emily |title=Is Your Money Really Safe In An 'FDIC-Insured' Fintech Account? |date=June 17, 2024 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/emilymason/2024/06/17/is-your-money-really-safe-in-an-fdic-insured-fintech-account/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |magazine=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FDICandFintech"/><ref name="ForbesAdvReview">{{Cite web |last=Rowan |first=Lisa |date=2021-08-26 |title=Chime Review |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/banking/chime-review/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Forbes Advisor |language=en-US}}</ref> Accounts are only available for individuals of personal accounts; all money received must be in the name of the individual account owner. Customers cannot appeal to banking regulators to retrieve their deposits, which may not be returned in a timely fashion.<ref name="CST2022-11-25"/>

Chime can close user accounts with no notice, it is not required to provide a reason for the cancellation to the customer. Chime's partner banks have a duty under “know your customer” rules to guard against money-laundering or other suspicious activity, including closing down suspicious accounts.<ref name="CST2022-11-25"/><ref name="ProPublica2021-07-06"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Challenger bank]]
* [[Financial technology]]
* [[Payment card industry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:American companies established in 2012]]
[[Category:Companies based in PACHECO CA]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in California]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2012]]
[[Category:Financial technology companies]]
[[Category: SATAN'S BANK]]

Service of process

2024-12-15T23:21:37Z

76.14.100.192:

Active Royal Navy weapon systems

2024-10-22T10:03:29Z

76.14.100.192:

{{Royal Navy}}
This is a list of '''Active Royal Navy weapon systems'''.KING. MAESTR. SATAN DAVID LUICIEF III IS ON DUTY FOR LOCAL PACHECO CA.

==Guns==
===4.5-inch Mark 8 naval gun===
{{main|4.5-inch Mark 8 naval gun}}
The {{convert|4.5|in|mm|adj=on|0}} Mark 8 gun can be found on all the [[Royal Navy]]'s [[frigate]]s and [[destroyer]]s and was used from the [[Falklands War]] to the [[War in Iraq]]. The gun can fire up to 24 high explosive shells per minute, each weighing more than {{convert|40|kg}}, at targets more than {{convert|12|mi}} away – this can be extended to nearly {{convert|18|mi}} if special extended-range shells are used.

The main purpose of the gun is [[naval gunfire support]] – artillery bombardment of shore targets. In this role the gun is capable of firing the equivalent of a six-gun shore battery. It can still be used as an anti-ship weapon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/4-5in-Gun |title=4.5IN MK8 GUN (archive) |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140410004405/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/4-5in-Gun |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

===30 mm DS-30B Mk 1/DS30M Mark 2 naval gun===
{{main|30mm DS30M Mark 2 Automated Small Calibre Gun}}
The 30 mm DS-30B Mk 1 and DS30M Mark 2 are {{convert|30|mm|in|adj=on}} automated naval gun systems designed to defend ships from fast inshore attack craft armed with short-range weaponry. The DS30M Mark 2 system consists of a [[Bushmaster II|30 mm Mark 44 Bushmaster II]] cannon on a fully automated mount with an off-mount electro-optical [[Director (military)|director]] (EOD). The systems are fitted to all [[Type 23 frigate]]s (Mk2s), [[Type 45 destroyer]]s (said to be carrying Mk1s as of 2021), Batch 2 {{sclass2|River|offshore patrol vessel}}s (OPVs) (Mk2s), [[Hunt-class mine countermeasures vessel]]s (Mk1s), [[Sandown-class minehunter]] (Mk1) and several [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]] (RFA) ships ([[Bay-class landing ship|Bay]], [[Tide-class tanker|Tide]] and [[Wave-class tanker|Wave]] classes) all reported to be carrying Mk1s when they have weapons packages added. The system is capable of being deployed on the [[aircraft carrier]]s {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|R08|6}} and {{HMS|Prince of Wales|R09|6}}, but as of 2021 had not been fitted.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/625454/July_Desider_2017-small.pdf |title=Supporting the fleet's gun system |pages=36 |date=July 2017 |issue=108 |magazine=Desider |access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navylookout.com/close-in-defence-for-the-royal-navys-aircraft-carriers/|title=Close-in defence for the Royal Navy's aircraft carriers|publisher=navylookout.com|date=28 April 2021|access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Navy Lookout">{{cite web |url=https://www.navylookout.com/the-all-rounder-the-30mm-automated-small-calibre-gun-in-focus/ |title=The all-rounder – the 30mm Automated Small Calibre Gun in focus |work= Navy Lookout|date=13 January 2021 |access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref>

===Oerlikon 20 mm cannon===
{{main|Oerlikon 20 mm cannon}}
The Oerlikon {{cvt|20|mm|in}} cannon can be found on the {{sclass|Albion|landing platform dock}}s, the Batch 1 River-class OPVs, the primary casualty receiving ship {{RFAux|Argus|A135|6}}, and the multi-role replenishment ship {{sclass|Fort Victoria|replenishment oiler|5}}.<ref name="Navy Lookout"/>

===Browning .50-calibre (12.7 mm) heavy machine gun===
{{main|M2 Browning}}
The Browning .50-calibre heavy machine gun can be found fitted to ships, the first of which was {{HMS|Atherstone|M38|6}} in 2014,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2014/november/25/141125-atherstone-gun-firings |title=Atherstone Increasing the Calibre of MCM |date=November 25, 2014 |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> and in 2021 it was reported that {{HMS|Lancaster|F229|6}} had also been fitted with them.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 9, 2021 |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2021/february/09/20210209-lancaster-hmg |title=Lancaster Lays Down the Lead Testing Extra Firepower |publisher=[[Royal Navy]] |access-date=March 12, 2021}}</ref> As of 2023, .50 heavy machine guns were said to be replacing the former 7.62 mm minigun on Royal Navy ships.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navylookout.com/in-focus-the-fleet-solid-support-ship-design/ |title=In focus: the Fleet Solid Support ship design |publisher=Navy Lookout |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>

===7.62 mm miniguns===
{{main|Minigun}}
[[File:Royal Navy Minigun Firing Firing from HMS Monmouth MOD 45152706.jpg|thumb|A [[minigun]] aboard {{HMS|Monmouth|F235|6}}]]
All Royal Navy ships carried miniguns for close in defence.<ref name="Gunnery">[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140410004410/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/Gunnery Royal Navy Gunnery (archive)], royalnavy.mod.uk, Retrieved 11 June 2014</ref><ref name="Warfare Department">{{cite web|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/type-45-destroyers/hms-daring/departments/the-warfare-department |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100616001232/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/type-45-destroyers/hms-daring/departments/the-warfare-department |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-06-16 |title=HMS ''Daring''{{'}}s Warfare Department |publisher=Royal Navy website |accessdate=2010-06-08 }}</ref> But the system was scheduled to be retired from service in 2023 and replaced with Browning .50 caliber heavy machine guns.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navylookout.com/in-focus-the-50-cal-heavy-machine-gun-in-royal-navy-service/ |title=In focus: the 50 cal heavy machine gun in Royal Navy service |publisher=Navy Lookout |date=5 May 2023 |access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref>

===7.62 mm General Purpose Machine Gun (GPMG)===
{{main|FN MAG}}
[[FN MAG|GPMGs]] are used for close in defence.<ref name="Gunnery"/><ref name="Warfare Department"/>

==Close-in weapon systems==
===Phalanx 20 mm===
{{main|Phalanx CIWS}}
The Phalanx [[Close-in weapon system|Close-in Weapon System]] (CIWS) is an [[anti-ship missile]] defence system. It is fitted to the Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers, {{HMS|Albion|L14|6}}, the Type 45 destroyers as well as Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessels when those vessels have weapon packages added.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navylookout.com/last-ditch-defence-the-phalanx-close-in-weapon-system-in-focus/ |title=Last ditch defence – the Phalanx close-in weapon system in focus |work= Navy Lookout |date=10 August 2020 |access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref> It is also currently in the designs{{When|date=March 2023}} for the new [[Type 26 frigate]]. During [[Operation Telic]], Phalanx guns were removed from ships and were crewed by Royal Navy personnel based at [[Basra airport]], as part of the Centurion [[Counter Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar|C-RAM]] system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/Phalanx |title=Phalanx (archive) |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140410004413/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/Phalanx |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

Phalanx is now the only CIWS fitted to Royal Navy ships following the decommissioning of {{HMS|Invincible|R05|6}}, {{HMS|Illustrious|R06|6}} and the [[Type 22 frigate]]s which were equipped with [[Goalkeeper CIWS|Goalkeeper]]. The last active Goalkeeper system was removed from {{HMS|Bulwark|L15|6}} when she entered extended readiness in 2016.

==Torpedoes==
===Spearfish torpedo===
{{main|Spearfish torpedo}}
The Spearfish torpedo is the Royal Navy's heavyweight torpedo, weighing nearly {{convert|2|MT|lk=on}}, which is carried by both the [[attack submarine]]s and [[ballistic missile submarine]]s. It has a range of more than {{cvt|30|mi}} with a speed in excess of {{convert|92|mph}} and can be used either against other submarines or ships of any size. It carries a {{cvt|300|kg}} explosive charge and is guided either by its in-built [[sonar]] or via a copper-cadmium wire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/Spearfish-Torpedo |title=Spearfish Torpedo (archive) |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140410004420/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/Spearfish-Torpedo |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

The Spearfish is undergoing a major upgrade program which will provide sophisticated advances in its homing, warheads, tactical and fueling systems, as well an upgraded guidance link.<ref>[http://www.baesystems.com/product/BAES_020819?_afrLoop=249474503819000&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null&baeSessionId=kG49TBQbV2dJGLZYw1Rx1jmpyzGLJbrjTfxSsFGQLbQxGJJhCG3x!-391540760#%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26baeSessionId%3DkG49TBQbV2dJGLZYw1Rx1jmpyzGLJbrjTfxSsFGQLbQxGJJhCG3x%2521-391540760%26_afrLoop%3D249474503819000%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dw1e40hthm_4 BAE Systems Spearfish torpedo], baesystems.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221213448/http://www.baesystems.com/product/BAES_020819?_afrLoop=249474503819000&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null&baeSessionId=kG49TBQbV2dJGLZYw1Rx1jmpyzGLJbrjTfxSsFGQLbQxGJJhCG3x!-391540760#%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26baeSessionId%3DkG49TBQbV2dJGLZYw1Rx1jmpyzGLJbrjTfxSsFGQLbQxGJJhCG3x%2521-391540760%26_afrLoop%3D249474503819000%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dw1e40hthm_4 |date=2014-02-21 }}</ref>

===Sting Ray torpedo===
{{main|Sting Ray torpedo}}
The Sting Ray torpedo is the Royal Navy's lightweight torpedo which is designed to be carried by the [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] helicopters [[AgustaWestland Merlin]] and [[Lynx Wildcat]]. It has a range of around {{cvt|5|mi}} with a speed of more than {{cvt|52|mph}} and is designed to be used predominantly against submarines. It carries a {{cvt|45|kg}} explosive charge which is powerful enough to punch through the [[double hull]]s of modern submarines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/Sting-Ray-Torpedo |title=Sting Ray torpedo (archive) |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524053849/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/Sting-Ray-Torpedo |access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=2012-05-24 }}</ref> It is also integrated on board the Type 23 frigates, deployed by two twin torpedo launchers.

==Depth charges==
The Mk11 Depth Charge is a [[depth charge]] used by Lynx Wildcat or Merlin Mk2 helicopters to attack enemy submarines.<ref>{{cite web|first=Michael |last=Fallon |url=https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/defence/141009_SoS_re_Type_26_Global_Combat_Ship.pdf |title=Type 26 Global Combat Ship |publisher=parliament.uk |date=9 October 2014 |access-date=12 March 2019}}</ref>

==Mine disposal system ==
===Seafox===
{{main|Seafox drone}}
The Seafox Mine Disposal System is an [[unmanned underwater vehicle]] (UUV) used by both the {{sclass2|Sandown|minehunter|5}} and {{sclass2|Hunt|mine countermeasures vessel|5}}-class [[minehunter]]s to counter [[naval mine]]s. The unit incorporates a remotely controlled surveillance system in order to identify a target, guided from the parent ship via [[fibre optic]] cables. Once a mine has been identified, an expendable autonomous or remote guided unit is guided to the target and detonates a shaped charge to destroy the mine. Four independent reversible motors and a hover thruster provide high manoeuvrability, allowing for exact placement prior to charge detonation. The Seafox has been used by the Royal Navy clearing coastal waters in both Iraq and Libya conflicts.

==Surface-to-air missiles==
===Sea Ceptor===
{{main|Sea Ceptor}}
The Sea Ceptor missile is currently being integrated {{When|date=March 2023}} into the Type 23 frigates, as a replacement to the [[Sea Wolf (missile)|Sea Wolf missile]]. It has a maximum range over {{convert|25|km}} and can reach [[Mach number|Mach 3]]. The manufacturer states it has a "wide target set", including the capability to engage small naval vessels, which would give the missile a limited surface-to-surface role. A Royal Navy officer of the Type 23 frigate [[HMS Westminster (F237)|HMS ''Westminster'']] stated: "Westminster managed to explore the real potential of the system during her training and to say it is a real game changer is an understatement. Unlike its predecessor, the system is capable of defending ships other than Westminster herself. Whether it's engaging multiple air threats or fast incoming attack craft, Sea Ceptor represents a massive capability upgrade for the Type 23 frigate."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2017/december/20/171220-missile-success-for-hms-westminster-as-second-ship-to-fire-new-sea-ceptor|title=Missile success for HMS Westminster as second ship to fire new Sea Ceptor|website=www.royalnavy.mod.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-03-21}}</ref>

===Sea Viper===
{{main|Sea Viper}}
[[File:HMS Defender Sea Viper.jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Defender|D36|6}} firing an Aster missile.]]
The Sea Viper is the main weapon of the [[Type 45 destroyer]]s. As part of [[PAAMS]], it can defend an entire [[Task force|naval task group]] against aerial threats up to {{cvt|70|mi}} away.

Internationally, the Sea Viper system is known as [[PAAMS|Principal Anti-Air Missile System]]. It comprises the [[SAMPSON]] radar, a Combat Management System, [[S1850M]] long-range radar, the [[Sylver (missile launcher)|Sylver]] [[vertical launching system]] and [[Aster 15]] ({{cvt|20|mi|disp=comma}}) and [[Aster 30]] ({{cvt|75|mi|disp=comma}}) missiles, which are highly manoeuvrable and capable of speeds over [[Mach number|Mach 4]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/Sea-Viper |title=Sea Viper (archive) |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524053812/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/Sea-Viper |access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=2012-05-24 }}</ref>

==Anti-ship missiles==
===Naval Strike Missile===
{{main|Naval Strike Missile}}
In November 2022, UK Secretary of State for Defence, [[Ben Wallace (politician)|Ben Wallace]], confirmed that Norway's Naval Strike Missile would be purchased to equip a total of eleven of the Royal Navy's Type 23 frigates and Type 45 destroyers on an interim basis.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2022 |url=https://www.navylookout.com/royal-navy-to-buy-the-naval-strike-missile/ |title=Royal Navy to buy the Naval Strike Missile |work=Navy Lookout |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2022 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/royal-navy-ships-to-be-fitted-with-advanced-new-missile-system |title=Royal Navy ships to be fitted with advanced new missile system |work=[[gov.uk]] |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> Beginning in late 2023, the Naval Strike Missile (NSM) began being fit to a total of 11 Type 23 frigates and Type 45 destroyers in a 2×4 canister configuration to replace the [[Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon Block 1C anti-ship missile]], which was formally retired at the end of 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/first-nsm-fit-on-rn-type-23-frigate |title=First NSM fit on RN Type 23 frigate |website=Janes |last=Scott |first=Richard |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> The missile also has the capability to attack land targets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vg.no/i/q5rdL|title=Norges ukjente supervåpen: Marinefartøyene har kryssermissiler|website=www.vg.no|date=30 May 2016 }}</ref>

The permanent replacement for Harpoon will be the [[FC/ASW]] (Future Cruise/Anti Ship Weapon), first announced in 2016, it will fly at [[hypersonic speed]] and will equip the new Type 26 frigates from 2028.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbda-systems.com/uk-france-confirm-fcasw-conception-phase-starting-march-2017/|title=UK AND FRANCE CONFIRM FC/ASW CONCEPTION PHASE STARTING IN MARCH 2017|date=16 December 2016|publisher=MBDA|access-date=August 5, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Royal Navy's Type 26 Frigates to be equipped with cruise missiles by 2028 {{!}} Navy Lookout|url=https://www.navylookout.com/royal-navys-type-26-frigates-to-be-equipped-with-cruise-missiles-by-2028/|access-date=August 5, 2022|website=www.navylookout.com|date=9 July 2021}}</ref> In October 2021 this was put on hold.<ref name="latribune">{{cite news |last1=Cabirol |first1=Michel |title=Sous-marins australiens : le programme franco-britannique de missiles de croisière en suspens |language=French |url=https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/aeronautique-defense/sous-marins-australiens-le-programme-franco-britannique-de-missiles-de-croisiere-en-suspens-893639.html |work=[[La Tribune]] |date=4 October 2021|access-date=August 5, 2022}}</ref><ref name="meretmarine1">{{cite news |last1=GroizeIeau |first1=Vincent |title=Missiles : le programme franco-britannique FMAN/FMC en suspens |url=https://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/missiles-le-programme-franco-britannique-fmanfmc-en-suspens |work=Mer et Marine |date=1 October 2021 |language=French|access-date=August 5, 2022}}</ref> Then it was announced in November that the introduction of these weapons may be delayed until the 2030s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navylookout.com/royal-navy-rows-back-on-plans-to-acquire-new-anti-ship-missiles-before-2030s/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104094541/https://www.navylookout.com/royal-navy-rows-back-on-plans-to-acquire-new-anti-ship-missiles-before-2030s/ |archive-date=4 November 2021 |title=Royal Navy rows back on plans to acquire new anti-ship missiles before 2030s {{!}} Navy Lookout |access-date=August 5, 2022}}</ref>

===Martlet===
{{main|Lightweight Multirole Missile}}
The Martlet is a lightweight air-to-surface and surface-to-surface missile under development by Thales Air Defence for the United Kingdom. As of 2021, Martlet entered initial service on the Fleet Air Arm's AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat in the air-to-surface mode with up to twenty Martlet missiles envisaged for deployment on a single Wildcat helicopter. The missile is intended to counter light fast attack boats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/42849/watch-a-royal-navy-wildcat-helicopter-fire-its-first-operational-martlet-missile|title = Watch a Royal Navy Wildcat Helicopter Fire Its First Operational Martlet Missile| date=22 October 2021 }}</ref> Full operating capability is anticipated in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/martlet-achieves-progress-in-operating-capabilities/|title=Martlet achieves progress in operating capabilities |website=UK Defence Journal |last=Allison |first=George |date=23 July 2023}}</ref>

The Martlet has also been tested in the surface-to-surface mode on the Type 23 frigate, using a launcher mounted on the side of the 30 mm cannon, as a relatively inexpensive missile to use against small craft and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s.

===Sea Venom===
{{main|Sea Venom (missile)}}
The Sea Venom is a helicopter-launched lightweight anti-ship missile developed by [[MBDA]] to replace the [[Sea Skua]]. Sea Venom missiles were reported deployed with Royal Navy [[AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat|Wildcat]] helicopters operating as part of the Royal Navy's carrier strike group in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/rn-wildcats-field-new-anti-surface-guided-weapons-for-csg21|title = RN Wildcats field new anti-surface guided weapons for CSG21}}</ref> The missile weighs {{cvt|110|kg}} and has a warhead of {{cvt|30|kg}}. However, operating challenges were reported in 2023 as "ongoing" and full operating capability for Sea Venom was delayed until 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navylookout.com/royal-navys-sea-venom-light-anti-ship-missile-full-operating-capability-delayed-until-2026/|title = Royal Navy’s Sea Venom light anti-ship missile full operating capability delayed until 2026 |website=Navy Lookout |date=21 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="savetheroyalnavy4">{{cite web|url=https://www.savetheroyalnavy.org/in-focus-the-wildcat-multi-role-helicopter-in-service-with-the-royal-navy/ |title=In focus: the Wildcat multi role helicopter in service with the Royal Navy |publisher=Save the Royal Navy |date=2019-02-04 |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> It is optimized to attack [[Fast attack craft|fast inshore attack craft (FIAC)]], however it can also damage targets up to [[corvette]] size.<ref>{{cite news |title=Light Naval Strike: MBDA's Sea Venom / ANL Missile |url=https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/light-naval-strike-mbdas-fasgw-h-anl-missile-012879/ |agency=Defense Industry Daily |date=19 December 2018}}</ref>

==Land attack missiles==
[[File:Tomahawk Land Attack Missile ( Cruise Missile) (TLAM) flying through the air. 12-04-2000 MOD 45138116.jpg|thumb|A Royal Navy Tomahawk Land Attack Cruise Missile]]
[[File:Trident II missile image.jpg|thumb|A Trident II Submarine Launched Intercontinental Ballistic Missile]]

===Tomahawk missile===
{{main|Tomahawk (missile family)}}
The Tomahawk missile, also known as TLAM (Tomahawk Land Attack Cruise Missile), allows the Navy's submarines to strike at targets on land accurately. The missile has been in use with the Royal Navy since the late 1990s and has been used in the [[Kosovo conflict]] and in the campaigns in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] and [[War in Iraq|Iraq]]. It is fired from a boat's [[torpedo tube]]s. Once it reaches the surface, a booster rocket ignites to propel the missile skywards. The Tomahawk then heads for its target at {{cvt|550|mph}}, delivering a {{cvt|1,000|lb}} explosive warhead.

The Tomahawk IV is the latest version of the missile. It has a longer range than its predecessors and can be directed at a new target in-flight, and can also beam back images of the battlefield. In British service it is fitted to all {{sclass|Trafalgar|submarine|5}} and {{sclass|Astute|submarine|5}}-class submarines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/Tomahawk-Cruise-Missile |title=Tomahawk Cruise Missile (archive) |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140410004423/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/Tomahawk-Cruise-Missile |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> It is currently planned to be{{When|date=March 2023}} phased out of service in the [[United States Navy]], with no more weapons to be produced after 2015, meaning that it may no longer be an option for the Royal Navy from around the end of the decade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2014/04/tomahawk-cancellation-an-error-of-defense-strategy-and-alliance-policy |title=Tomahawk Cancellation an Error of Defense Strategy and Alliance Policy |website=heritage.org |date=2 April 2014 |access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref> The UK last bought 65 Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles in July 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/united-kingdom-tomahawk-block-iv-torpedo-launched-land-attack-missiles |title=United Kingdom - Tomahawk Block IV Torpedo Launched Land-Attack Missiles |publisher=dsca.mil |date=1 July 2014 |access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref>

===Trident II D5 ballistic missile===
{{main|UGM-133 Trident II}}
The Trident nuclear missile is [[United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction|Britain's]] [[nuclear deterrent]]. Carried only by the four {{sclass|Vanguard|submarine|0}} submarines, the missiles travel up to {{cvt|7000|miles}} at over {{cvt|13,000|mph}}. Each Vanguard boat can carry up to sixteen missiles, and each missile can deliver up to eight warheads. Each variable yield warhead can have a yield up to 100 [[TNT equivalent|kt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/Trident |title=Trident D5 Ballistic Missile (archive) |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140410004424/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Weapons-Systems/Trident |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom}}
*[[List of active Royal Navy ships]]
*[[List of Royal Navy equipment]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk Royal Navy] (royalnavy.mod.uk)
* [http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships Royal Navy — The Equipment — Ships] (royalnavy.mod.uk)

[[Category:Naval weapons of the United Kingdom]]

Dublin, California

2024-10-08T09:25:55Z

76.14.100.192: HEADER

{{Short description|City in California, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dublin, California
| official_name = City of Dublin
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in California|City]]
| image_skyline = Dublin,CAPublicLibrary11-26-04.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Public library in Dublin
| image_flag = Flag of Dublin, California.gif
| image_seal = Seal of Dublin, California.svg
| image_map = Alameda County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Dublin Highlighted.svg
| mapsize = 250x200px
| map_caption = Location of Dublin in Alameda County, California
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =
| pushpin_map = California#USA
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in California
| coordinates = {{coord|37|42|08|N|121|56|09|W|region:US-CA|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{USA}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|California}}
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alameda County, California|Alameda]]
| established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date = February 1, 1982<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc|title=California Cities by Incorporation Date|format=Word|publisher=California Association of [[Local Agency Formation Commission]]s|access-date=March 27, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc|archive-date=November 3, 2014}}</ref>
| government_type =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Melissa Hernandez Strah<ref name=MCC>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ci.dublin.ca.us/index.aspx?nid=71|title=Mayor/City Council|publisher=Dublin, CA|access-date=December 2, 2014}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[California's 7th State Senate district|State Senate]]
| leader_name1 = {{Representative|casd|7|fmt=sleader}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://senate.ca.gov/senators|title=Senators|access-date=March 18, 2013|publisher=State of California}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_06.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 30, 2021}}</ref>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 39.44
| area_total_sq_mi = 15.23
| area_land_km2 = 39.44
| area_land_sq_mi = 15.23
| area_water_km2 = 0.00
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.00
| area_water_percent = 0.03
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite GNIS|1655980|Dublin}}</ref>
| elevation_ft = 367
| population_total = 72589
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 1840.36
| population_density_sq_mi = 4766.50
| population_metro =
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]
| postal_code = 94568
| area_code = [[Area code 925|925]]
| website = {{URL|https://dublin.ca.gov/}}
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = [[California's 16th State Assembly district|State Assembly]]
| leader_name2 = {{Representative|caad|16|fmt=sleader}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assembly.ca.gov/assemblymembers|title=Members Assembly|access-date=March 18, 2013|publisher=State of California}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[California's 15th congressional district|U. S. Congress]]
| leader_name3 = {{Representative|cacd|10|fmt=usleader}} and {{Representative|cacd|14|fmt=usleader}}<ref>{{Cite GovTrack|CA|15|access-date=March 14, 2013}}</ref>
| timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]]
| utc_offset = −8
| timezone_DST = PDT
| utc_offset_DST = −7
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 06-20018
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature IDs
| blank1_info = {{GNIS4|1655980}}, {{GNIS4|2410362}}
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_est =
}}

'''Dublin''' is a suburban city of the [[East Bay]] in [[California]], United States. It is located within the [[Amador Valley]] of [[Alameda County, California|Alameda County]]'s [[Tri-Valley]] region. It is located along the north side of [[Interstate 580 (California)|Interstate 580]] at the intersection with [[Interstate 680 (California)|Interstate 680]], roughly {{convert|35|mi|km}} east of downtown [[San Francisco]], {{convert|23|mi|km}} east of downtown [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], and {{convert|31|mi|km}} north of downtown [[San Jose, California|San Jose]].

It was referred to as "Dublin" in reference to the city of [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], because of the large number of [[Irish people|Irish]] who lived there.<ref name="capace">{{cite book |last1=Capace |first1=Nancy |title=Encyclopedia of California|date=1999|publisher=Somerset Publishers, Incorporated |isbn=9780403093182 |page=230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wGpZagXWlsC&pg=PA230 |language=en}}</ref> The post office formally adopted the name in the 1890s.<ref name="capace" />

The population was 72,589 as of the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]], which had grown from 46,063 in [[2010 United States Census|2010]].<ref name="CensusQuickFacts">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts, Dublin city, California|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/dublincitycalifornia|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 26, 2021}}</ref> In 2013, Dublin was the second fastest-growing city in the state of California, behind only [[Santa Clarita, California|Santa Clarita]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://patch.com/california/dublin/dublin-is-the-second-fastest-growing-city-in-california |title=Dublin Is The Second Fastest Growing City In California |last=Mills |first=David |date=May 2, 2013 |publisher=Dublin Patch |access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref> In 2019, census data showed Dublin as one of the fastest-growing cities in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Dublin-is-once-again-California-s-13882869.php|title=Dublin is once again California's fastest-growing city - SFChronicle.com|last=Veklerov|first=Kimberly|date=May 23, 2019|website=www.sfchronicle.com|language=en-US|access-date=May 24, 2019}}</ref>

==History==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2020}}
[[File:José María Amador (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Dublin was originally part of [[Rancho San Ramon (Amador)|Rancho San Ramón]], granted in 1834 to [[José María Amador]], a [[Californio]] miner and ranchero. The area was known as Amador until the name was changed to Dublin.]]
[[File:Murray Schoolhouse, 1856, Dublin, CA.jpg|thumb|The Murray Schoolhouse was built in 1856 and moved twice to its present location in the Dublin Heritage Center.]]
[[File:2009-0724-CA-Dublin-GreensStore.jpg|thumb|Historic Green's Store is now used as a church.]]

In 1835, [[José María Amador]] was granted 16,500 acres for his service as a Mexican soldier and in Mission San Jose where he was an administrator in the valley which was named [[Amador Valley]] after him. In 1850, Irish settlers bought land from Amador and founded a town.

Several historical sites are preserved and located where Dublin Boulevard is crossed by Donlon Way, itself formerly the northernmost segment of the main road to [[Sunol, California|Sunol]] and [[Niles Canyon]] (present-day Foothill Road):
* The Murray Schoolhouse (established in 1856 with 50 pupils)
* Green's Store (opened in 1860) current home of the Dublin Church of Christ.
* [[Dublin Pioneer Cemetery|The old cemetery]] was formally established in 1859, although people had been buried in the churchyard for years before 1859.
* [[Old St. Raymond Church]] (built 1859), is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]

Dublin [[Boulevard]], a generally east–west road running just north of [[Interstate 580 (California)|Interstate 580]], was a part of the [[Lincoln Highway]] and later [[U.S. Route 50 in California|U.S. Route 50]]. The street formerly curved southward near today's Hansen Drive to follow present-day Dublin Canyon Road toward [[Hayward, California|Hayward]].

In 1960, the first housing tracts were built in West Dublin, transforming the formerly rural community into a suburb. It grew steadily from the early 1960s onward as both a residential and retail center. The City became incorporated in February 1982.

Although a post office operated from 1860 to 1908 in [[Dougherty, Alameda County, California|Dougherty]], which broke off from Dublin, Dublin's first post office was opened in 1963, and is still in operation today.<ref name=CGN>{{California's Geographic Names|626}}</ref>

===''MythBusters'' cannonball incident===
{{see also|MythBusters#Cannonball accident{{!}}''MythBusters'' § Cannonball accident}}
On December 6, 2011, during shooting for an episode of ''[[MythBusters]]'' at Camp Parks, a cannonball went skyward and zoomed through a nearby residence, coming to rest in a car. Many residents were shaken and the community was shocked, but nobody was injured. ''MythBusters'' cast members [[Adam Savage]] and [[Kari Byron]] hosted a student engineering event at Dublin High School, a move to express gratitude to the community of Dublin for the access to Camp Parks as a shooting location. The Dublin Film Commission declared December 6 "Victory in the battle for Dublin", poking at the rogue cannonball incident, and announced plans to host a film festival every December 6 to honor Dublin's fallen cannonball. On December 6, 2012, Tri-Valley Film Coalition President Morgan Finley King hosted a film festival at the Dublin Library, in which winners of each category were awarded a "Golden Cannonball Award".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/12/06/BA1D1M99V5.DTL | work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] | first1=Demian | last1=Bulwa | first2=Henry K. | last2=Lee | title='Mythbusters' cannonball hits Dublin home, minivan | date=January 6, 2012}}</ref>

===Measure M===
In 2000, following a conflict with Mayor [[Guy Houston]] and developers of the West Dublin Hills, Morgan King and David Bewley began a ballot initiative known as Measure M. The objective of the measure was to prevent the Dublin Hills from becoming overwhelmed with housing that had been promised to voters and that the housing would not be built on preserved open space.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ballotpedia.org/City_of_Dublin_Annexation_of_Doolan_Canyon,_Measure_T_(November_2014)|title=City of Dublin Annexation of Doolan Canyon, Measure T (November 2014)|website=Ballotpedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2014/01/31/dublin-ballot-measure-would-create-growth-restrictions-on-east-side/|title = Dublin ballot measure would create growth restrictions on east side|date = January 31, 2014}}</ref> Measure M won in every precinct in Dublin and on the absentee ballots.<ref>City Council Minutes March 19, 2001</ref>

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|14.9|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1}} of which 0.03% is water.

===Neighborhoods===
Wallis Ranch is a subdivision developed by Trumark Communities with approximately 816 units which opened its first phase in September 2016. Trumark divided the project into eight neighborhoods, selling seven of them to other homebuilders including Warmington Residential, [[PulteGroup]], [[Taylor Morrison]], [[KB Home]] and [[D.R. Horton]]. Architects KTGY Architecture + Planning, Dahlin Group and Gates & Associates were the master plan architects. [[Teichert (company)|Teichert Construction]] built the infrastructure.<ref>[https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/real-estate/2016/09/dublin-wallis-ranch-trumark-housing-development.html $1 billion East Bay housing project opens first homes, 800 planned]</ref>

Tassajara Hills is another subdivision built by [[Toll Brothers]], approximately 370 detached homes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ci.dublin.ca.us/DocumentCenter/View/15389/Annual-General-Plan-Progress-Report-2016_FINAL|title=Dublin City General Plan Report}}</ref> Transit-oriented development around the city's two BART stations continues with the Aster and Valor Crossing developments. Valor Crossing is an affordable housing project specifically designed for veterans and their families. Avalon Dublin Station is another recently completed luxury rental development by [[AvalonBay Communities]].

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
| 1970 = 13641
| 1980 = 13496
| 1990 = 23229
| 2000 = 29973
| 2010 = 46036
| 2020 = 72589
| estimate = 72917
| estyear = 2024
| estref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2024 |title=E-5 Population and Housing Estimates for Cities, Counties, and the State, 2020-2024 |url=https://dof.ca.gov/forecasting/demographics/estimates/e-5-population-and-housing-estimates-for-cities-counties-and-the-state-2020-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515114422/https://dof.ca.gov/forecasting/demographics/estimates/e-5-population-and-housing-estimates-for-cities-counties-and-the-state-2020-2024/ |archive-date=May 15, 2024 |access-date=May 25, 2024 |website=State of California Department of Finance}}</ref>
| footnote = U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2016}}</ref>
}}

===2010===
The [[2010 United States Census]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0620018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023165120/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0620018|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 23, 2014|title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Dublin city|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> reported that Dublin had a population of 46,036, which grew over 57,000 as of 2016, and nearly 65,000 in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Dublin-is-once-again-California-s-13882869.php|title=Dublin is once again California's fastest-growing city - SFChronicle.com|date=May 27, 2019|website=www.sfchronicle.com|language=en-US|access-date=July 1, 2019}}</ref> It has been one of the fastest-growing cities in California, with its population nearly doubling during the past decade. Once the building of homes is finished in East Dublin, the city will have a capacity for over 75,000 citizens. The [[population density]] in 2010 was 3,087.1 people per square mile (1,192.0/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of Dublin was 23,634 (51.3%) [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 4,347 (9.4%) [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 246 (0.5%) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 12,321 (26.8%) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 287 (0.6%) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 2,458 (5.3%) from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2,743 (6.0%) from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 6,663 persons (14.5%).

The Census reported that 40,262 people (87.5% of the population) lived in households, 92 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 5,682 (12.3%) were institutionalized.

There were 14,913 households, out of which 5,897 (39.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 8,615 (57.8%) were [[marriage|opposite-sex married couples]] living together, 1,383 (9.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 615 (4.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 775 (5.2%) [[POSSLQ|unmarried opposite-sex partnerships]], and 142 (1.0%) [[same-sex partnerships|same-sex married couples or partnerships]]. 3,201 households (21.5%) were made up of individuals, and 578 (3.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70. There were 10,613 [[family (U.S. Census)|families]] (71.2% of all households); the average family size was 3.19.

The population was spread out, with 10,297 people (22.4%) under the age of 18, 3,703 people (8.0%) aged 18 to 24, 17,587 people (38.2%) aged 25 to 44, 11,092 people (24.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 3,357 people (7.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.4 males.

There were 15,782 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,058.3|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}, of which 14,913 were occupied, of which 9,425 (63.2%) were owner-occupied, and 5,488 (36.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.0%. 26,954 people (58.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 13,308 people (28.9%) lived in rental housing units.

The median income for a household in the city was $114,699, and the median income for a family was $128,737. The per capita income for the city was $44,679.

{|
|-
|align="left" |
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align: right;font-size: 90%;"
! Demographic profile<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/|title=Bay Area Census|website=www.bayareacensus.ca.gov}}</ref>
! 2010
|-
|align="left" | Total Population || 46,036 - 100.0%
|-
|align="left" | One Race || 43,293 - 94.0%
|-
|align="left" | Not Hispanic or Latino || 39,373 - 85.5%
|-
|align="left" | White alone || 20,380 - 44.3%
|-
|align="left" | Black or African American alone || 4,214 - 9.2%
|-
|align="left" | American Indian and Alaska Native alone || 164 - 0.4%
|-
|align="left" | Asian alone || 12,170 - 26.4%
|-
|align="left" | Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone || 277 - 0.6%
|-
|align="left" | Some other race alone || 141 - 0.3%
|-
|align="left" | Two or more races alone || 2,027 - 4.4%
|-
|align="left" | Hispanic or Latino (of any race) || 6,663 - 14.5%
|}
|}

===2000===
In 2000, there were 9,325 households and 6,508 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|3,232.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There are about 9,872 housing units at an average density of {{convert|784.3|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}.

There were 9,325 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.8% had someone living alone who was 65  years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the city, the population was 21.0% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 44.1% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 4.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.4 males. The average [[income]] for a household in the city is $101,550.<ref name="ci.dublin.ca.us">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ci.dublin.ca.us/DepartmentSubLevel2.cfm?PL=econ&SL=demog&dsplyID=862|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050909233223/http://www.ci.dublin.ca.us/DepartmentSubLevel2.cfm?PL=econ&SL=demog&dsplyID=862|url-status=dead|title=The City of Dublin, California - Demographic Information|archivedate=September 9, 2005}}</ref> Males had a median income of $77,605 versus $48,116 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $29,451. About 1.9% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 3.2% of those under age 18 and 3.2% of those age 65 or over.

==Economy==
Dublin has also undergone significant remodeling and expansion, with almost every shopping center in Dublin being remodeled while new shopping centers continued to be built.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shopping {{!}} Dublin, CA - Official Website |url=http://dublinca.gov/447/Shopping |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914064301/http://dublinca.gov/447/Shopping |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 14, 2016 |access-date=June 7, 2019 |date=September 14, 2016}}</ref> Dublin Place and Dublin Retail Center were followed by Hacienda Crossings,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hacienda Crossings Shopping Center - Shops,Services,Restaurants |url=http://www.hacienda-crossings.com/ |website=www.hacienda-crossings.com |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref> The Shops at Waterford, The Shops at Tralee Village, Grafton Station, Fallon Gateway, and Persimmon Place.<ref>{{cite web |title=Persimmon Place, Dublin, CA 94568 – Retail Space {{!}} Regency Centers |url=http://www.regencycenters.com/retail-space/ca/dublin/persimmon-place#.V94B8uSQJPY |website=www.regencycenters.com |access-date=June 7, 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Dublin is the site of [[Santa Rita Jail]], the principal jail for Alameda County. The third largest jail in California and the fifth largest in the United States, Santa Rita Jail is considered a "mega-jail", specified to hold 4,000 prisoners at any one time, making it as large as, or larger than, many of California's state prisons. It was completed at a cost of $172 million in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alamedacountysheriff.org/dc_srj.php|title="Santa Rita Jail", Alameda County Sheriff's Office}}</ref> Dublin also hosts the [[Federal Correctional Institution, Dublin]], one of five federal prisons for women in the United States. Designed to house 250 inmates, FCI Dublin currently houses 1,077 as of April 11, 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/;jsessionid=CF5583C41F9863DA3B29062F9584443E|title=BOP: Statistics|website=www.bop.gov}}</ref> There are 3 areas at FCI Dublin: Low security, Minimum security and the Federal Detention Center.

The [[Parks Reserve Forces Training Area]] (PRFTA), historically known as Camp Parks, is located in Dublin. A sub-installation of Fort Hunter Liggett, Camp Parks is the only training facility within a short drive for the 11,000-plus reservists in the San Francisco Bay Area. Firing ranges and a wide variety of training facilities are available. The post is home to the Regional Training Site-Intelligence, Regional Training Site-Medical and the 91st DIV Battle Projection Center. Growth is on the horizon as new facilities have been built and more are programmed for construction in the near future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/camp-parks.htm|title=Camp Parks Reserve Forces Training Area (PRFTA)|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref>

Dublin was formerly home to the headquarters of [[Sybase|Sybase, Inc]] (now part of [[SAP SE]]) and is currently home to the headquarters for [[CallidusCloud]], [[Patelco Credit Union]], [[Ross Stores]], [[TriNet]], Medley Health,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medley Health |url=http://www.MedleyHealth.com}}</ref> Challenge Dairy and [[Arlen Ness]].

===Top employers===
According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,<ref>[https://dublin.ca.gov/Archive.aspx?ADID=1131 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report 2020]</ref> the top employers in the city are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of Employees
|-
|1
|United States Government<br />(including [[Federal Correctional Institution, Dublin]])
|1,400
|-
|2
|[[Alameda County, California|County of Alameda]]
|1,165
|-
|3
|[[Dublin Unified School District]]
|1,115
|-
|4
|[[Ross Stores]]
|1,100
|-
|5
|[[Kaiser Permanente]]
|510
|-
|6
|[[Zeiss Meditec]]
|450
|-
|7
|[[TriNet]]
|400
|-
|8
|[[Target Stores|Target]]
|380
|-
|9
|[[Patelco Credit Union]]
|380
|-
|10
|City of Dublin
|332
|}

==Arts and culture==
The annual [[Saint Patrick's Day]] celebration includes a 5K Fun Run and Walk, a pancake breakfast, a two-day festival, and a parade.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 19, 2020|title=Local Event: CANCELED: St. Patrick's Day Festival, Parade 2020: Dublin|url=https://patch.com/california/dublin/calendar/event/20200314/779397/canceled-st-patrick-s-day-festival-parade-2020-dublin|access-date=February 9, 2021|website=Dublin, CA Patch|language=en}}</ref> The parade is popular with residents and visitors from outside Dublin alike and has been growing in popularity each year. It is sponsored by the Dublin Host Lions Club and features bands and colorful floats.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=February 25, 2020|title=Cancelled: Dublin's St. Patrick's Day 2020: Parade, Festival, Run|url=https://patch.com/california/dublin/dublins-st-patricks-day-2020-parade-festival-fun-run|access-date=February 9, 2021|website=Dublin, CA Patch|language=en}}</ref> The Dublin firefighters sponsor the pancake breakfast,<ref name=":0" /> and tours of the firehouse are popular with children. The festival continues all weekend and features food, games, kiddie rides, arts & crafts, and information about local organizations. The festival had been held near the end of the parade route in Shamrock Village on Amador Valley Blvd but was relocated to the Civic Center on Dublin Blvd in 2007, moving it closer to the growing population in the eastern part of Dublin.

==Parks and recreation==
Dublin has two dog parks: Dougherty Hills Dog Park, which comprises an area for large dogs and another area for small dogs <ref>{{cite web |title=Dougherty Hills Dog Park |url=http://www.dublin.ca.gov/facilities/facility/Details/1 |website=Dublin |access-date=June 7, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and a dog run at Bray Commons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bray Commons |url=http://www.dublin.ca.gov/facilities/facility/details/Bray-Commons-4 |website=Dublin |access-date=June 7, 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Dublin opened Fallon Sports Park <ref>{{cite web |title=Fallon Sports Park |url=http://www.dublin.ca.gov/facilities/facility/details/Fallon-Sports-Park-22 |website=Dublin |access-date=June 7, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> in East Dublin in 2010. The first phase of the Fallon Sports Park includes two adult softball fields, two little league baseball fields, two synthetic turf soccer fields, four lighted basketball courts, four lighted tennis courts, and a rough grade BMX bike facility. The second lower extension was completed in March 2018. The extension added two fully lit turf soccer fields, a 90-foot baseball diamond, tanbark playground, additional restrooms, family picnic tables, and four bocce ball courts. In October 2022, the upper third expansion was completed, closest to the Dublin Fire Station 18. This extension added a cricket field, four sand volleyball courts, two Little League fields, and multi-sport batting cages. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fallon Sports Park |url=https://dublin.ca.gov/facilities/facility/details/Fallon-Sports-Park-22 |access-date=November 28, 2023 |website=Dublin |language=en}}</ref>

Emerald Glen Park is the largest community park in Dublin. On Memorial Day weekend 2017, the City opened The Wave at Emerald Glen Park, a 31,000-square foot facility which is anchored by an indoor pool for year-round swimming lessons, exercise programs, and recreational use.

== GOVERNMENT X - KING. LUICIEFER SATAN DAVID MOORE ==
=== Local ===
The City of Dublin is a general law city operating under a City Council / City Manager form of local government. This form of government combines an elected mayor and council and an appointed local government administrator. The City Council elections are nonpartisan. The Mayor serves a two-year term, and Council members serve four-year terms.

The Mayor and City Council, as a collegial body, are responsible for setting policy, setting / prioritizing goals and objectives, and approving the budget. The Mayor, with confirmation by the City Council, makes appointments to the city's advisory commissions and committees.

The Council appoints the City Manager, who is responsible for the day-to-day administrative operation of the city, including:
* Delivery of services
* Hiring of personnel
* Implementation of capital projects
* Preparation of the budget

{{As of|2024|3|post=,}} the Council consisted of Mayor Melissa Hernandez, Vice Mayor Sherry Hu, Jean Josey, Michael McCorriston, and Kashef Qaadri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dublin.ca.gov/71/Mayor-City-Council|title=Mayor / City Council | Dublin, CA - Official Website|website=dublin.ca.gov}}</ref>

Additionally, Dublin has a Youth Advisory Committee, for teens aged 13–18; a Planning Commission; Parks and Community Services Commission; Heritage and Cultural Arts Commission; Human Services Commission; and a Senior Center Advisory Committee.

=== State and federal ===
In the House of Representatives, Dublin is part of two districts: [[California's 10th congressional district]], represented by Democrat [[Mark DeSaulnier]], and [[California's 14th congressional district]], represented by Democrat [[Eric Swalwell]]. In the State Assembly, it is in {{Representative|caad|16|fmt=adistrict}}, and in {{Representative|casd|7|fmt=sdistrict}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dublin.ca.gov/80/Other-Elected-Officials|title=Other Elected Officials | Dublin, CA - Official Website|website=dublin.ca.gov}}</ref>

Dublin has 28,798 registered voters with 12,071 (41.9%) registered as Democrats, 5,044 (17.5%) registered as Republicans, and 10,505 (36.5%) [[Decline to State|decline to state]] voters.<ref>https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/ror/ror-odd-year-2019/politicalsub.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
{{Update section|date=February 2021}}
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2020}}
}}

[[Dublin Unified School District]] operates the [[State school|public schools]], including seven elementary schools (Amador, Dougherty, Dublin, Frederiksen, John Green, Kolb, and Murray), one K-8 school (Cottonwood Creek), two middle schools (Wells and Fallon), one alternative high school ([[Valley High School (Dublin, California)|Valley]]), and two comprehensive high schools.

* [[Dublin High School (Dublin, California)|Dublin High School]] is located on Village Parkway. As of 2017, Dublin High School had 2,499 students and a faculty of 150.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=0600019&ID=060001909273|title=Search for Public Schools - School Detail for Dublin High|website=nces.ed.gov|language=EN|access-date=July 1, 2019}}</ref> Dublin High School's API ([[Academic Performance Index]]) in 2012 was 880 (a 12-point increase over 2010) and graduation rate in 2011 was 98% (up from 96.16% in 2010).<ref name="Dublin High School 2011 API, STAR and CHSEE Results">{{cite web | url = http://onedublin.org/dublin-unified-school-district-api-results/dublin-high-school-2011-api-star-and-chsee-results/ | title = Dublin High School 2011 API, STAR and CHASEE Results | date = August 31, 2011}}</ref> Dublin High completed a $120 million renewal project in 2016 (which began in 2008) funded by Bond Measure 'C' and has a capacity for 2,500 students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onedublin.org/2010/01/16/dublin-high-renewal-or-120m-of-your-tax-dollars-in-action/|title=Dublin High Renewal (or, $120M of your tax dollars in action)|first=James|last=Morehead|date=January 16, 2010}}</ref> All academic classes were rebuilt by January 2011. The renewal included a new gymnasium, courtyard, and a 500-seat Center for Performing Arts and Education, completed in 2014. The principal of Dublin High School is Mrs. Maureen Byrne. Dublin High School was included in Newsweek's 2010 List of America's Top Public High Schools.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://onedublin.org/2010/01/17/dublin-high-one-of-americas-top-public-high-schools-newsweek/|title=Dublin High – One of America's Top Public High Schools (Newsweek)|first=James|last=Morehead|newspaper=Onedublin.org |date=January 17, 2010}}</ref>
* [[Emerald High School]] is located on Central Parkway. It was established in 2023 and the campus opened to students in 2024.
* DPIE (Dublin Partners in Education) was founded by a Dublin resident. Today, DPIE offers afterschool and summer programs for students attending local public schools. At the high school level, DPIE offers a 6-week course for high-school students, located at Dublin High.

Dublin is also home to the following [[private school]]s:

* [[Valley Christian School]]s, a ministry of Valley Christian Center, located just west of Dublin Blvd. and San Ramon Rd. in Dublin, California, is a 1,300 student Christian [[University-preparatory school|prep school]] comprising Valley Christian Preschool, [[Valley Christian Elementary School]], Valley Christian Junior High and Valley Christian Senior High.
* [[The Quarry Lane School|Quarry Lane School]], a non-parochial K-12 school. [[The Quarry Lane School|Quarry Lane School]] has two other branches in the neighboring city of [[Pleasanton, CA]]. [[The Quarry Lane School|Quarry Lane School]] offers an [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB) Diploma program at the high school level.<ref name="The Quarry Lane School Offers Tri-Valley’s First International Baccalaureate (IB) Program">{{cite web | url = http://dublin.patch.com/articles/quarry-lane-builds-on-tri-valleys-first-international-baccalaureate-ib-program | date = September 30, 2010 | title = The Quarry Lane School Offers Tri-Valley's First International Baccalaureate (IB) Program | publisher = Dublin Patch | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110715051431/http://dublin.patch.com/articles/quarry-lane-builds-on-tri-valleys-first-international-baccalaureate-ib-program | archive-date = July 15, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
* St. Raymond School, Catholic school (grades K–8).
* St. Philip Lutheran School. Preschool and grades K–8.

==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===

==== Public Transit ====
Dublin is served by [[Bay Area Rapid Transit|BART]] with two rail stations, [[Dublin/Pleasanton station|Dublin/Pleasanton]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin / Pleasanton {{!}} bart.gov |url=https://www.bart.gov/stations/dubl |access-date=February 25, 2020 |website=www.bart.gov}}</ref> and [[West Dublin/Pleasanton station|West Dublin/Pleasanton]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Dublin / Pleasanton {{!}} bart.gov |url=https://www.bart.gov/stations/wdub |access-date=February 25, 2020 |website=www.bart.gov}}</ref> The West Dublin station began construction in 2007. The project cost $80 million and opened in March 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bart.gov/about/projects/WestDublinPleasanton.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706035836/http://www.bart.gov/about/projects/WestDublinPleasanton.asp|url-status=dead|title=BART - Projects, West Dublin/Plesanton|archivedate=July 6, 2008}}</ref> The [[West Dublin/Pleasanton (BART station)|West Dublin/Pleasanton]] station includes a hotel, restaurant, 210 apartments, and {{convert|170000|sqft|m2|-3|abbr=on}}. of office space.

Local bus service is provided by [[WHEELS (California)|WHEELS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livermore Amador Valley Transit Authority : About Us |url=https://www.wheelsbus.com/about/ |access-date=February 25, 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Roads ====
Dublin is situated at the intersection of [[Interstate 580 (California)|Interstate 580]] and [[Interstate 680 (California)|Interstate 680]]. No [[United States Numbered Highway System|US Routes]] or major [[State highways in California|California State Highways]] run directly through Dublin, though [[California State Route 84]] orbits Dublin and surrounding cities from its south to its east.

The [[Iron Horse Regional Trail]], a walking and biking [[rail trail]], goes through Dublin.

==== Airports ====
Dublin's closest airport is [[Livermore Municipal Airport]], though the airport is a [[general aviation]] airport with no regularly-scheduled commercial service. Through BART, Dublin is accessible to all three major [[San Francisco Bay Area]] airports; distance-wise, it is closest to [[Oakland International Airport]].

===Law enforcement===
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2020}}
There are full-time 911 emergency services. Police services are contracted to and provided by the [[Alameda County Sheriff's Office]]. Fire services are provided by Alameda County Fire Department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ci.dublin.ca.us/91/Police-Services|title=Police Services {{!}} Dublin, CA - Official Website|website=www.ci.dublin.ca.us|access-date=May 25, 2016}}</ref>

The California Highway Patrol (CHP) Dublin Office is located off of Gleason Drive. The CHP provides safety, service, and security to the public on freeways/unincorporated highways and on state property.

==Notable people==
* [[Christopher Andersen]], journalist, former editor of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' and ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazines, No. 1 [[The New York Times Bestseller List|''New York Times'' bestselling]] author
* [[Catharine Baker]], attorney and former member of the [[California State Assembly]]
* [[Alex Cappa]], Offensive tackle for the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]]
*[[Tanner Damonte]], professional ''[[League of Legends]]'' player for [[100 Thieves]]
* [[Steve Souza]], vocalist for [[Exodus (American band)|Exodus]] and [[Dublin Death Patrol]]
* [[Phil Demmel]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] guitarist (formerly of [[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]])
* [[Droop-E]], Bay Area hip-hop producer and rapper
* [[Guy Houston]], former member of the [[California State Assembly]] and former mayor of Dublin
* [[Robert Jenkins (American football)|Robert Jenkins]], former NFL left/right tackle and coach for the [[Los Angeles Rams]] and [[Oakland Raiders]]
* [[Ted Leonard]], singer and guitarist for [[Enchant (band)|Enchant]] and [[Spock's Beard]]
* [[Miriam Nakamoto]], professional female [[Muay Thai]] fighter and mixed martial artist
* [[Justin Peelle]], [[National Football League|NFL]] tight end with the [[San Francisco 49ers]]<ref name="Dublin's Peelle Excited by Opportunity to Play for 49ers">{{cite web | url = http://dublin.patch.com/articles/dublins-peele-excited-by-opportunity-to-play-for-49ers | title = Dublin's Peelle Excited by Opportunity to Play for 49ers | date = September 16, 2011 | publisher = DublinPatch.com}}</ref>
* [[Nor Sanavongsay]], award-winning writer and illustrator and the founder of Sahtu Press, Inc.
* [[Eric Swalwell]], [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] from [[California's 15th congressional district]]<ref name="Dublin High School Alumni Eric Swalwell Defeats 40-Year Congressman Pete Stark">{{cite web | url = http://onedublin.org/2012/11/07/dublin-high-school-alumni-eric-swalwell-defeats-40-year-congressman-pete-stark/ | title = Dublin High School Alumni Eric Swalwell Defeats 40-Year Congressman Pete Stark | date = November 7, 2012 | publisher = OneDublin.org}}</ref>
* [[Ned Yost]], former manager of the [[Kansas City Royals]]<ref name="Dublin High School Attends Royals Spring Training, Hosted by Yost">{{cite news | url = http://www.kansascity.com/2013/02/21/4079236/royals-spring-training-thursday.html | title = Dublin High School Attends Royals Spring Training, Hosted by Yost (photos 3 and 4) | newspaper = The Kansas City Star}}</ref>

==Twin city==
Dublin is twinned with [[Bray, County Wicklow]] in Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Twinned with Dublin|url=http://www.bray.ie/twinned-dublin-calfornia/|website=bray.ie|access-date=April 13, 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|San Francisco Bay Area}}
* [[Dublin, Ohio]]
* [[List of Irish place names in other countries]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Dublin (California)|Dublin}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Geographic Location
|Center = Dublin
|North = [[San Ramon, California|San Ramon]]
|Northeast = [[San Ramon, California|San Ramon]], [[Danville, California|Danville]]
|East = [[Pleasanton, California|Pleasanton]], [[Livermore, California|Livermore]]
|Southeast = [[Pleasanton, California|Pleasanton]]
|South = [[Pleasanton Ridge Regional Park]]
|Southwest = [[Castro Valley, California|Castro Valley]], [[Hayward, California|Hayward]]
|West = [[Castro Valley, California|Castro Valley]]
|Northwest = [[San Ramon, California|San Ramon]]
}}
{{Dublin, California}}
{{SF Bay Area}}
{{Alameda County, California}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Dublin, California| ]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Cities in Alameda County, California]]
[[Category:Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Incorporated cities and towns in California]]
[[Category:Amador Valley]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1982]]
[[Category:Irish-American culture in California]]
[[Category:Irish-American neighborhoods]]

Ish-bosheth

2024-10-05T05:36:35Z

76.14.100.192:

{{Short description|Biblical figure and Israelite monarch}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = DAVID(1984=-CURRENT)
| image = [[File:Ishbosheth is slain.gif|230px|Illustration from the [[Morgan Bible]] depicting the death of Ish-bosheth.]]
| caption = Illustration from the [[Morgan Bible]] depicting the death of Ish-bosheth
| succession = [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|King of Israel]]
| successor = [[David]]
| predecessor = [[Saul]]
| royal house = [[House of Saul]]
| father = [[Saul]]
}}

'''Ish-bosheth''' ({{lang-he|{{Script/Hebrew|אִישׁ־בֹּשֶׁת}}|translit=ʼĪš-bōšeṯ}}, "man of shame"), also called '''Eshbaal''' ({{Script/Hebrew|אֶשְׁבַּעַל}}, {{Text|''’Ešba‘al''}}; alternatively spelled '''Ishbaal''', "man of [[Baal]]") was, according to the [[Hebrew Bible]], the second monarch of the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Kingdom of Israel]]. After the death of his father, [[Saul]], Ish-bosheth ascended to the throne and reigned for two years.{{sfn|Garfinkel|Ganor|Hasel|2018|p=182}}

During his reign, Ish-bosheth engaged in a protracted conflict with [[David]], who had been anointed as Saul's successor by the [[Tribe of Judah]]. This rivalry between the two leaders shaped the political landscape of the kingdom at the time. The Hebrew Bible recounts that Ish-bosheth's reign was marked by war with David's forces, as both factions vied for control and legitimacy. According to biblical accounts, he was killed by two of his own army captains, [[Baanah]] and [[Rechab]], who believed that assassinating Ish-bosheth would earn them favour with David. This act not only brought a premature conclusion to Ish-bosheth's rule but also played a significant role in the subsequent unification of the kingdom under David's leadership.

==Biblical narrative==
In the biblical account, [[Abner]], the captain of Saul's army, proclaimed Ish-bosheth king over Israel at [[Mahanaim]] in [[Transjordan in the Bible| Transjordan]] ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|2:8|HE}}), after the slaying of Ish-bosheth's father and brothers in the [[battle of Gilboa]] ({{bibleverse|1|Samuel|31:1|HE}}). Ish-bosheth was 40 years old at this time and reigned for two years ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|2:10|HE}}).

However, after the death of King Saul, the [[tribe of Judah]] seceded from the rule of the House of Saul by proclaiming [[David]] as its king ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|2:4|HE}}), and war ensued ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|2:12|HE}}). David's faction eventually prevailed against Ish-bosheth's ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|3:1|HE}}), but the war continued until Abner joined David ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|3:6|HE}}).

Before the death of Saul, David had been married to Saul's daughter [[Michal]], Ish-bosheth's sister, until Saul and David had a falling-out and Saul gave her to another man ({{bibleverse|1 Samuel|25:44|HE}}). Later, at the conclusion of the war with Ish-bosheth, David's terms for peace required returning Michal to him, and Ish-bosheth complied ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|3:14|HE}}). After Abner's death, Ish-bosheth seems to have given up hope of retaining power ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|4:1|HE}}).

Two of Ish-bosheth's own army-captains, [[Rechab]] and [[Baanah]], assassinated the deposed king, ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|4:5|HE}}) expecting a reward from David for this. David, however, refused to give any commendation for [[high treason]]; he had both killers executed and their hands and feet cut off. David's supporters buried the head of Ish-bosheth in Abner's grave at [[Hebron]] ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|4:12|HE}}).

==Problem of naming==
{{refimprove section|date=July 2015}}
The names ''Ish-bosheth'' and ''Eshbaal'' have ambiguous meanings in the original [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. In Hebrew, ''Ish-bosheth'' means "Man of shame".{{sfn|Bright|2000|p=195}} He is also called ''Eshbaal'', in Hebrew meaning "Baal exists",{{sfn|Bright|2000|p=195}} or "fire of Baal".

Critical scholarship suggests that ''Bosheth'' was a substitute for ''Baʿal'', beginning when Baʿal became an unspeakable word;{{sfn|Margalith|1994|p=38}} as (in the opposite direction) [[Adonai]] became substituted for the ineffable [[Tetragrammaton]] (see [[taboo deformation]]).

===As Ish-bosheth===
He is exclusively called Ish-bosheth in the [[Books of Samuel]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]]:
:Now Abner the son of [[Ner (biblical figure)|Ner]], captain of Saul's host, had taken '''Ish-bosheth''' the son of Saul, and brought him over to Mahanaim; and he made him king over Gilead, and over the [[Ashurite]]s, and over [[Jezreel (city)|Jezreel]], and over [[Tribe of Ephraim|Ephraim]], and over [[Tribe of Benjamin|Benjamin]], and over all Israel. '''Ish-bosheth''' Saul's son was forty years old when he began to reign over Israel, and he reigned two years. ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|2:8–10|HE}}, Jewish Publication Society, 1917)

When he was assassinated and King [[David]] punished the killers:
:... [[Rechab]] and [[Baanah]], went, and came about the heat of the day to the house of Ish-bosheth, as he took his rest at noon, and they came into the house, as though they would have fetched wheat; and they struck him in the groin; and Rechab and Baanah his brother escaped. ... And they brought the head of '''Ish-bosheth''' to David in Hebron, and said to the king: "Behold the head of '''Ish-bosheth''' the son of Saul your enemy, who sought your life; and the Lord has avenged my lord the king this day of Saul, and of his seed." ... And David answered ... "shall I not now require his blood of your hand, and take you away from the earth?" ... But they took the head of '''Ish-bosheth''', and buried it in the grave of Abner in Hebron. ({{bibleverse|2|Samuel|4:5–12|HE}})

===As Eshbaal===
Meanwhile, in the [[Books of Chronicles]], he is exclusively called Eshbaal:

:And Ner begot Kish; and Kish begot Saul; and Saul begot Jonathan, and Malchi-shua, and Abinadab, and '''Eshbaal.''' ({{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|8:33|HE}} and {{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|9:39|HE}}, Jewish Publication Society, 1917)

==Archaeology==
In 2012, according to the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]], archaeologists had discovered a 3,000-year-old inscription on a reconstructed large ceramic jar found in [[Khirbet Qeiyafa]], containing the name "Eshbaal ben Beda". Though this Eshbaal is a different person than the Eshbaal/Ish-bosheth of the Bible, it was the first time the name was discovered in an ancient inscription. It is one of only four Hebrew inscriptions ever discovered dating to the 10th century BC.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/b8381704e55445cfbfeb84273ce822b6/israeli-archaeologists-find-inscription-name-bible | title=Israeli archaeologists find inscription of name from Bible | publisher=Associated Press | date=June 16, 2015 | access-date=July 18, 2015 | archive-date=July 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724062539/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/b8381704e55445cfbfeb84273ce822b6/israeli-archaeologists-find-inscription-name-bible | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/inscription-bearing-name-from-davidic-era-found-at-ancient-site/ | title=Inscription bearing name from Davidic era found at ancient site | work=[[Times of Israel]] | access-date=July 18, 2015 | date=June 16, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|first=John|last=Bright|title=A History of Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VG67yLs-LAC&pg=PA195|year=2000|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22068-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Garfinkel |first1=Yosef |last2=Ganor |first2=Saar |last3=Hasel |first3=Michael G. |title=In the Footsteps of King David: Revelations from an Ancient Biblical City |date=2018 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=9780500774281 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_NjDwAAQBAJ&q=Eshbaal+second+King+of+Israel&pg=PT182}}
*{{cite book |last=Margalith |first=Othniel |title=The Sea Peoples in the Bible |date=1994 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03516-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-5HBlbJ-OYC&q=Bosheth+was+a+substitute+for+Ba%CA%BFal%2C&pg=PA38}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=276&letter=I&search=Ish-bosheth Ish-bosheth (Article by: Emil G. Hirsch and M. Seligsohn in Jewish Encyclopedia)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040911161807/http://www.geocities.com/thekingsofisrael/biography_Ishbosheth.html King Ishbosheth - Biography (Christian view)]
*[http://www.reference-guides.com/eastons_bible_dictionary/Ish-bosheth/ Easton's Bible Dictionary (Ish-bosheth)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517074908/http://www.reference-guides.com/eastons_bible_dictionary/Ish-bosheth/ |date=2011-05-17 }}
*[http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=4122 "Eshbaʽal Ben Bedaʽ" pottery inscription discovery, from the Time of King David]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Saul|House of Saul]]|||||[[Tribe of Benjamin]]}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Saul the King|Saul]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|King of Israel]]|years=}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{IsraeliteKings}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1050s BC births]]
[[Category:1010s BC deaths]]
[[Category:Kings of Israel (united monarchy)]]
[[Category:Israelite civil conflicts]]
[[Category:11th-century BCE Hebrew people]]
[[Category:Biblical murder victims]]
[[Category:11th-century BC murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:Dethroned monarchs]]
[[Category:Children of Saul]]

Act of God

2024-09-30T11:06:34Z

76.14.100.192: /* UK – England and Wales */

{{Short description|Natural disaster outside human control}}
{{About|the legal term|the religious concept|divine intervention|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
[[File:Tornado Damage, Illinois 2.JPG|right|thumb|This [[tornado]] damage to an [[Illinois]] home could be considered an "act of God" for insurance purposes in the United States, if the insurance policy did not specifically account for tornadoes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 2015|title=Insurance: What exactly constitutes an "Act of God"?|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/media/insurance-what-exactly-constitutes-an-act-of-god/|access-date=2020-07-07|website=CBS News|language=en-US}}</ref>]]
{{Admiralty law}}

In legal usage in the [[English-speaking world]], an '''act of God''', '''act of nature''', or '''damnum fatale''' ("loss arising from inevitable accident") is an event caused by no direct human action (e.g. [[Severe weather|severe]] or [[extreme weather]] and other [[natural disaster]]s) for which individual persons are not responsible and cannot be held [[legal liability|legally liable]] for loss of life, injury, or [[property damage]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of DAMNUM FATALE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/damnum+fatale |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=act of God |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095348332 |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=act of God|website=Legal Information Institute|publisher=Cornell Law School|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/act_of_god|access-date=June 6, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=act of nature|website=Legal Information Institute|publisher=Cornell Law School|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/act_of_nature|access-date=June 6, 2024}}</ref> An act of God may amount to an exception to liability in contracts (as under the [[Hague–Visby Rules]]),<ref>Art. IV (2) "Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting from: ... (d) Act of God"</ref> or it may be an "insured peril" in an [[insurance policy]].<ref>Marine Insurance Act 1906 – Rules for construction of policy</ref> In [[Scots law]], the equivalent term is ''damnum fatale'',<ref name="Garner 918">{{cite book|author=Bryan A. Garner|title=A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35dZpfMmxqsC&pg=PA918|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514236-5|page=918}}</ref> while most [[Common law]] proper legal systems use the term ''act of God''.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Black |first=Henry Campbell |url=https://archive.org/details/blackslawdiction00blac_1 |title=Black's Law Dictionary |publisher=West Publishing Co. |year=1990 |isbn=0-314-76271-X |edition=6th |location=[[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/blackslawdiction00blac_1/page/33 33] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

It is legally distinct from—though often related to—a common clause found in [[Contract|contract law]] known as ''[[force majeure]]''.<ref>LII / Legal Information Institute. “Force Majeure.” Retrieved January 21, 2024. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/force_majeure.</ref> In light of the [[scientific consensus on climate change]], its modern applicability has been questioned by legal scholars.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dellinger|first=Myanna|year=2016|title=An 'Act of God'? Rethinking Contractual Impracticability in an Era of Anthropogenic Climate Change|journal=[[Hastings Law Journal]]|publisher=[[University of California College of the Law, San Francisco|University of California, Hastings College of the Law]]|volume=67|issue=6|pages=1551–1620|url=https://repository.uclawsf.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol67/iss6/2/|access-date=June 6, 2024}}</ref>

== Contract law ==
In the law of [[contract]]s, an act of God may be interpreted as an implied defense under the rule of [[Impossibility of performance|impossibility]] or [[impracticability]]. If so, the promise is discharged because of unforeseen occurrences, which were unavoidable and would result in insurmountable delay, expense, or other [[material breach]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tour de Force: What Constitutes an "Act of God," and Other Developments in Force Majeure Law |url=https://www.pillsburylaw.com/en/news-and-insights/tour-de-force-what-constitutes-act-of-god-force-majeure-law.html |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Pillsbury Law |language=en}}</ref>

Under the [[English Common Law|English common law]], contractual obligations were deemed [[Sacrosanctity|sacrosanct]], so failure to honor a contract could lead to an order for [[specific performance]] or internment in a [[debtor's prison]]. In 1863, this harsh rule was softened by the case of ''[[Taylor v Caldwell]]'' which introduced the doctrine of [[Frustration of purpose|frustration of contract]], which provided that "where a contract becomes impossible to perform and neither party is at fault, both parties may be excused their obligations". In this case, a music hall was burned down by act of God before a contract of hire could be fulfilled, and the court deemed the contract frustrated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taylor v Caldwell - 1863 |url=https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/taylor-v-caldwell.php |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.lawteacher.net |language=en}}</ref>

In other contracts, such as [[Indemnity|indemnification]], an act of God may be no excuse, and in fact may be the central risk assumed by the promisor—e.g.'','' [[flood insurance]] or [[crop insurance]]—the only variables being the timing and extent of the damage. In many cases, failure by way of ignoring obvious risks due to "natural phenomena" will not be sufficient to excuse performance of the obligation, even if the events are relatively rare: e.g.'','' the [[year 2000 problem]] in computers. Under the [[Uniform Commercial Code]], 2-615, failure to deliver goods sold may be excused by an "act of God" if the absence of such act was a "basic assumption" of the contract, and the act has made the delivery "[[commercially impracticable]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Force Majeure Clauses: Key Issues in Selected Commercial Transactions |url=http://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-024-8344?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Practical Law |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Recently, human activities have been claimed to be the root causes of some events previously considered natural disasters. In particular:
* [[Geothermal activity|Geothermal]] injections of water provoking earthquakes ([[Basel]], Switzerland, 2003)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/beben-nach-erdwaermeprojekt-gericht-spricht-schweizer-geologen-frei-a-668549.html |title=Beben nach Erdwärmeprojekt – Gericht spricht Schweizer Geologen frei |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=22 December 2009 |access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref>
* [[Drilling]] provoking [[mud volcano]] ([[Java]], 2008)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2008/06/09_lusi.shtml |title=Javan mud volcano triggered by drilling, not quake |author2=Robert Sanders |first=Claire |last=Whitelaw |date=9 June 2008 |access-date=22 February 2011}}</ref>

As a general principle of act of God,<ref>Gordon D. Kaufman Vol. 61, No. 2 (Apr., 1968), pp. 175–201</ref> epidemic can be classified as an act of God if the epidemic was unforeseeable and renders the promise discharged if the promisor cannot avoid the effect of the epidemic by exercise of reasonable prudence, diligence and care, or by the use of those means which the situation renders reasonable to employ.<ref>Starr, Samuel M. Tony; Roy, Alyssa B.; Leonard, Kaitlyn C.; Prober, Clare. "What the COVID-19 Pandemic Means for Force Majeure Provisions". ''www.mintz.com''. Retrieved 2020-03-31.</ref>

== Tort law and delict law==

===UK – England and Wales===

An act of God is an unforeseeable natural phenomenon. Explained by [[John Hobhouse, Baron Hobhouse of Woodborough|Lord Hobhouse]] in ''[[Transco plc v Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council]]'' as describing an event:
{{ordered list|list_style_type=lower-roman
| which involves no human agency
| which is not realistically possible to guard against
| which is due directly and exclusively to natural causes and
| which could not have been prevented by any amount of foresight, plans, and care.}}

I SATAN CALL RETORT ON GOD FOR A LACK OF ACTION. TART THE FRUITLESS PPL

===UK – Scotland===

In ''Tennant v Earl of Glasgow'' (1864 2 M (HL) 22) [[Lord Chancellor]] [[Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury|Westbury]] described a case as: "what is denominated in the law of Scotland ''damnum fatale'' — occurrences and circumstances which no human foresight can provide against, and of which human prudence is not bound to recognize the possibility; and which, when they do occur, therefore, are calamities that do not involve the obligation of paying for the consequences that may result from them."<ref name="Tennent">{{cite web | title=Hugh Tennent v. The Earl of Glasgow - [1864] UKHL 2_Paterson_1229 - United Kingdom House of Lords - Judgment - Law | website=CaseMine | url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5a8ff8c760d03e7f57ecd345 | access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref>

===United States===
In the law of [[tort]]s, an ''act of God'' may be asserted as a type of intervening cause, the lack of which would have avoided the cause or diminished the result of liability (e.g., but for the earthquake, the old, poorly constructed building would be standing). However, foreseeable results of unforeseeable causes may still raise liability. For example, a bolt of lightning strikes a ship carrying volatile compressed gas, resulting in the expected explosion. Liability may be found if the carrier did not use [[duty of care|reasonable care]] to protect against sparks—regardless of their origins. Similarly, [[strict liability]] could defeat a defense for an ''act of God'' where the defendant has created the conditions under which any accident would result in harm. For example, a long-haul truck driver takes a shortcut on a back road and the load is lost when the road is destroyed in an unforeseen flood. Other cases find that a common carrier is not liable for the unforeseeable forces of nature. See ''Memphis & Charlestown RR Co. v. Reeves'', 77 U.S. 176 (1870).

One example is that of "rainmaker" [[Charles Hatfield]], who was hired in 1915 by the city of [[San Diego, California|San Diego]] to fill the Morena reservoir to capacity with rainwater for $10,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's Raining Man! |url=https://sandiegohistory.org/exhibition/rainingman/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=San Diego History Center {{!}} San Diego, CA {{!}} Our City, Our Story |language=en-US}}</ref> The region was soon flooded by heavy rains, nearly bursting the reservoir's dam, killing nearly 20 people, destroying 110 bridges (leaving 2), knocking out [[telephone]] and [[telegraph]] lines, and causing an estimated $3.5 million in damage in total. When the city refused to pay him (he had forgotten to sign the contract), he sued the city. The floods were ruled an act of God, excluding him from liability but also from payment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Flood of 1916 - South Bay Historical Society |url=http://sunnycv.com/history/exhibits/flood.html |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=sunnycv.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Force majeure]]''
*''[[Vis major]]''
* [[Lawsuits against God]]
* [[Extreme event attribution]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Insurance}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Emergency management]]
[[Category:Tort law legal terminology]]
[[Category:Natural disasters]]
[[Category:Insurance law legal terminology]]
[[Category:Contract law legal terminology]]
[[Category:Common law legal terminology]]

They have pierced my hands and my feet

2024-09-30T08:44:44Z

76.14.100.192:

'''"They have pierced my hands and my feet"''', or '''"They pierced my hands and my feet"''' is a phrase that occurs in some English translations of {{bibleref2|Psalm|22:16}} (Psalm 21:17 in the Greek [[Septuagint]] and Latin [[Vulgate]]; Psalm 22:16 [[King James HOLDINGS]]).

==Text of Psalm 22:16 (21:17)==
King James Version
16 For dogs have compassed me: the assembly of the wicked have inclosed me: they pierced my hands and my feet.
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
This verse, which is Psalm 22:17 in the [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|Hebrew verse numbering]], reads in most versions of the [[Masoretic Text]] as: כארי ידי ורגלי, which may be read literally as "like a lion my hands and my feet". The full verse of the Masoretic Text reads: {{Script/Hebrew|כִּ֥י סְבָב֗וּנִי כְּלָ֫בִ֥ים עֲדַ֣ת מְ֭רֵעִים הִקִּיפ֑וּנִי כָּ֝אֲרִ֗י יָדַ֥י וְרַגְלָֽי}} (''Kî sĕḇāḇûnî kĕlāḇîm 'ăḏaṯ mĕrē'îm hiqqîp̄ûnî kā'ărî yāḏay wĕraḡlāy''). The syntactical form of this Hebrew phrase appears to be lacking a verb. In this context the phrase was commonly explained in [[targum|early Rabbinical paraphrases]] as "they bite like a lion my hands and my feet".

The [[Septuagint]], a Jewish translation of the Hebrew Bible into [[Koine Greek]] made before the [[Common Era|Christian Era]], has "ὤρυξαν χεῗράς μου καὶ πόδας" ("they dug my hands and feet"), which Christian commentators argue could be understood in the general sense as "pierced"{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}. This reading was retained by [[Jerome]] in his translation from the Greek [[Hexapla]] into the Latin of his Gallican Psalter (''Foderunt manus meas et pedes meos'') which was incorporated into both the Vulgate and the [[Liturgy of the Hours|Divine Office]]. While this translation is highly controversial, it is asserted in Christian apologetics that the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] lend weight to the translation as "They have pierced my hands and my feet", by lengthening the ending yud in the Hebrew word כארי (like a lion) into a vav כארו "Kaaru", which is not a word in the Hebrew language but when the aleph is omitted becomes כרו, dig, similar to the Septuagint translation.<ref>The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated and with commentary by Martin Abegg Jr., Peter Flint and Eugene Ulrich. (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1999</ref>

The oldest surviving manuscript of the psalm comes from the Dead Sea Scrolls, first discovered in 1947. Significantly, the 5/6 H. ev–Sev4Ps Fragment 11 of Psalm 22 contains the crucial word in the form of what some have suggested may be a third person plural verb, written כארו (“dug”). This may suggest that the Septuagint translation preserved the meaning of the original Hebrew. This rendering is present in a minority of manuscripts of the Masoretic text.<ref>https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3716&context=byusq {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

[[Aquila of Sinope]], a 2nd-century CE Greek convert to Christianity and later to [[Judaism]], undertook two translations of the Psalms from Hebrew to Greek. In the first, he renders the verse "they disfigured my hands and feet"; in the second he revised this to "they have bound my hands and feet".

The [[Jewish Publication Society]] translates the phrase as "Like a lion, they are at my hands and my feet".

==English translations==
Some English language translations, primarily those translated by or for Christian communities, render the text as: "They have pierced my hands and my feet" although English translations are not uniform in this rendering. Versions translated outside of Christian circles, such as the Jewish Publication Society and The Judaica Press, use different English renderings based on the Masoretic text rather than the Septuagint or Dead Sea Scrolls.

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
! Translation !! Text
|-
| [[Vespasian Psalter|Vespasian]] || "dulfun honda mine ⁊ foet mine"
|-
| [[Wycliffe's Bible|Wycliffe]] || "Thei delueden myn hondis and my feet"
|-|-
| [[Coverdale Bible|Coverdale]] || "They pearsed my hondes and my fete"
|-
| [[King James Version|KJV]] || "they pierced my hands and my feet."
|-
| [[New International Version|NIV]] || "they pierce my hands and my feet."
|-
| [[English Standard Version|ESV]] || "they have pierced my hands and feet"
|-
| [[Jewish Publication Society|JPS]] || "like a lion, they are at my hands and my feet"
|}

The Vespasian Psalms use ''dulfun'', the preterite form of the Old English strong verb ''delfan'' (to dig). Wycliffe's Bible of 1395 uses ''delueden'', an alternate spelling of "delveden", the preterite form of the Middle English weak verb ''delven''. Modern English uses the late Middle English form, "delve". The archaic meaning of "delved" is to dig or excavate, a literal translation of the Latin Vulgate term ''foderunt'' (from Jerome's Hexaplar Psalms), from ''fodio'', I dig. Miles Coverdale in 1535, likely influenced by Luther's German translation as ''durchgraben'' (dig through, penetrate), chooses ''pearsed'' (pierced); and this has been retained in the majority of subsequent English versions.

The translation of the New International Version as "they pierce my hands and feet" is based on the evidence of the Dead Sea Scrolls.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%2022%3A16&version=NIV|title=Psalm 22:16 NIV - - Bible Gateway}}</ref>

==Explanations and interpretations==
[[Rashi]] follows the [[Masoretic Text]] and paraphrases the phrase as "like lions (they maul) my hands and my feet."<ref>Cited in {{cite journal |first=Brent A. |last=Strawn |title=Psalm 22:17b: More Guessing |journal=[[Journal of Biblical Literature]] |volume=119 |year=2000 |issue=3 |pages=439–451 [p. 442] |doi=10.2307/3268408 |jstor=3268408 }}</ref> Rashi bases his translation of Psalm 22:16/17 on the other uses of the phrase (כָּ אֲרִי) ''ka'ari'' throughout the biblical text. Rashi cites Isaiah 38:13, in which translators uniformly render כָּאֲרִי as “like/as a lion”.

The Masoretic Text [[niqqud|points]] כָּאֲרִי as a phrase: the prefix כָּ denotes "like" or "as", and ארי "lion". A variant form of the word for lion ( אריה ) ''arie'' occurs twice in Psalm 22, in verses 13/14 and 21/22.

To explain how divergent translations from the biblical text came about, Gregory Vall, a Christian professor of Religious Studies at [[Trinity Western University]], speculated that the Septuagint translators were faced with כארו; i.e. as in the Masoretic text, but ending with the longer letter ''vav'' ('''ו''') rather than the shorter ''yod'' ('''י'''), giving כארו ''ka'aru''. This is not a word in the Hebrew language, but without the [[aleph]] it becomes כרו, "dug", "mined", or "excavated".<ref>{{cite journal |first=Gregory |last=Vall |title=Psalm 22:17b: The Old Guess |journal= Journal of Biblical Literature|volume=116 |issue=1 |year=1997 |pages=45–56 [p. 45] |doi=10.2307/3266745 |jstor=3266745 }}</ref> Biblical and Hebrew scholars, such as Brent Strawn, support the Masoretic Text reading of כארי ("like a lion"), based on textual analysis (i.e. derivatives of the word "lion" appear numerous times in the psalm and are a common metaphor in the Hebrew Bible), as well as its appearance in virtually every ancient Hebrew manuscript.<ref>Strawn (2000), p. 440.</ref> An exception to this is a Psalms fragment from [[Discoveries in the Judaean Desert|Nahal Hever]], where the word in question is written as כארו, ''karu'', which becomes "dug" when omitting the aleph, as Vall had previously speculated. This finding is called into question by the Nahal Hever scribe's other numerous misspellings, such as one in the very same sentence, where ידיה is written instead of the correct ידי, making the Hebrew word ידי ''yadai'' "my hands" into ידיה ''yadeha'', “her hands".<ref>Charlesworth and others, in consultation with J VanderKam and M Brady. Miscellaneous Texts from the Judaean Desert. DJD XXXVIII. Oxford: Clarendon, 2000.</ref>

In [[Peter Craigie]]'s view, "MT’s כָּאֲרִי ('like a lion') presents numerous problems and can scarcely be correct." Reading the consonantal text כארו or כרו, he says that the Septuagint “they pierced my hands and feet” (ὤρυξαν) "may perhaps presuppose a verb כרה, 'to dig,' or כור, 'to pierce, bore'." Craigie notes alternative possibilities for the verb אָרָה (“to pluck, pick clean”), or כרה, “to be shrunken, shriveled”, but follows E. J. Kissane's proposal of an original text כלו, “consumed”, changed to כרו (noting the occasional interchange of ל and ר), with the nuance "my hands and my feet were exhausted".<ref>[[Peter Craigie]]. ''Word Biblical Commentary: Psalms 1–50.'' Word, Incorporated, 1983. {{ISBN|0-8499-0218-5}}. Pages 195–6.</ref> Gregory Vall proposes that the text originally read אסרו (’asaru), which means “they have bound” before ס and א got inadvertently swapped, resulting in the meaningless סארו, which was later changed into כארי (''ka'aru''); this could explain why [[Aquila of Sinope]], [[Symmachus (translator)|Symmachus]], and [[Jerome]] all translated it the word as “to bind”.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Gregory |last=Vall |title=Psalm 22:17b: The Old Guess |journal= Journal of Biblical Literature|volume=116 |issue=1 |year=1997 |pages=45–56 |doi=10.2307/3266745 |jstor=3266745 }}</ref>

The translation "they have pierced" is preferred by many Christian commentators for its [[christological]] implications. For example, [[Craig Blomberg]], commenting on the allusions to [[Psalm 22]] in the [[Gospel of Matthew]], includes "he is surrounded by wicked onlookers (22:16a) who pierce his hands and feet (22:16b)" among "an astonishing number of close parallels to the events of Jesus' crucifixion".<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Beale|editor-last2=Carson|title=[[Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament]]|page=99, on {{bibleverse||Matthew|27:46|NIV}} |year=2007}}</ref> However, the phrase is not quoted directly in the [[New Testament]], despite the Septuagint Greek reading "dug" that might be thought to prefigure the piercing of Jesus' hands and feet. This translation is brimming with problems, not least of which is that there is no such Hebrew root as כאר and there is not a single instance of aleph being used as an infix in the Hebrew language, thus the form כארו is completely meaningless in Hebrew. The form as presented in the Masoretic Text, i.e. כארי, however, is perfect grammatical Hebrew for "like a lion" or "as a lion."<ref>Tim Hegg. ''Studies in the Biblical Text: Psalm 22:16 - 'like a lion' or 'they pierced'?'' (2021); online: https://tr-pdf.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/articles/psalm-22-16-like-a-lion-or-they-pierced.pdf.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Biblical phrases]]
[[Category:Christianity and Judaism related controversies]]
[[Category:Crucifixion of Jesus]]
[[Category:Old Testament theology]]
[[Category:Psalms]]
[[Category:Septuagint words and phrases]]

User talk:76.14.100.192

2024-09-29T15:37:17Z

76.14.100.192: /* THE "SELF ACCUSER" HAS BECOME JUDGE... OF ANOTHER? */ new section

== September 2024 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Indigobeam|Indigobeam]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/76.14.100.192|your recent contributions]] to [[:Trinomial nomenclature]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]] or the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|Help desk]]. Thanks. [[User:Indigobeam|Indigobeam]] ([[User talk:Indigobeam|talk]]) 06:35, 25 September 2024 (UTC)
{{Block indent|''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''}}

== THE "SELF ACCUSER" HAS BECOME JUDGE... OF ANOTHER? ==

Until now it hasn't been possible, but do you know why? This generation is mostly not ours. [[Special:Contributions/76.14.100.192|76.14.100.192]] ([[User talk:76.14.100.192#top|talk]]) 15:37, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

Trinomial nomenclature

2024-09-25T06:32:10Z

76.14.100.192: Call dividends

{{Short description|System of naming taxonomic ranks below species}}
In biology, '''trinomial nomenclature''' is the system of names for [[Taxon|taxa]] below the [[Taxonomic rank|rank]] of [[species]]. These names have three parts. The usage is different in [[zoology]] and [[botany]].KING DAVID RETURNS DAVID CORP END PROXY

==In zoology==
[[File:Cormorant_(Phalacrocorax_carbo)_(14).JPG|left|thumb|Drying great cormorant subspecies known as "''Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae"'']]
[[File:Western_lowland_gorilla_(Gorilla_gorilla_gorilla)_closeup_eating.jpg|thumb|Pictured is the [[Critically Endangered|critically endangered]] western lowland gorilla. Its trinomen is ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''.]]
In [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|zoological nomenclature]], a '''trinomen''' ({{plural form|trinomina}}), trinominal name, or ternary name is the name of a [[subspecies]]. Examples are ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'' ([[Thomas S. Savage|Savage]], 1847) for the [[western lowland gorilla]] (genus ''[[Gorilla]]'', species [[western gorilla]]), ''Gorilla gorilla diehli'' for the [[Cross River gorilla]], ''Bison bison bison'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) for the [[plains bison]] (genus ''[[Bison]]'', species [[American bison]]), and ''Bison bison athabascae'' for the [[wood bison]].

A trinomen is a name with three parts: [[Genus#Generic name|generic name]], [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] and [[subspecific name]]. The first two parts alone form the [[binomen]] or [[species]] name. All three names are typeset in italics, and only the first letter of the generic name is capitalised. No indicator of rank is included: in [[zoology]], subspecies is the only rank below that of species. For example: "''Buteo jamaicensis borealis'' is one of the subspecies of the [[red-tailed hawk]] (''Buteo jamaicensis'')."

In a [[Alpha taxonomy|taxonomic]] publication, a name is incomplete without an author citation and publication details. This indicates who published the name, in what publication, and the date of the publication. For example: "''Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae'' (Stephens, 1826)" denotes a subspecies of the [[great cormorant]] (''Phalacrocorax carbo'') introduced by [[James Francis Stephens]] in 1826<ref>''General zoology, or Systematic natural history'' London, Printed for G. Kearsley, ''Aves'' (1815–1826).</ref> under the subspecies name ''novaehollandiae'' ("of New Holland").

If the generic and specific name have already been mentioned in the same paragraph, they are often abbreviated to initial letters. For example, one might write: "The great cormorant ''Phalacrocorax carbo'' has a distinct subspecies in [[Australasia]], the black shag ''P. c. novaehollandiae''".

While binomial nomenclature came into being and immediately gained widespread acceptance in the mid-18th century, it was not until the early 20th century that the current unified standard of {{not a typo|trinominal}} nomenclature was agreed upon. This became the standard mainly because of tireless promotion by [[Elliott Coues]] – even though trinomina in the modern usage were pioneered in 1828 by [[Carl Friedrich Bruch]] and around 1850 were widely used especially by [[Hermann Schlegel]] and [[John Cassin]]. As late as the 1930s, the use of trinomina was not fully established in all fields of zoology. Thus, when referring especially European works of the preceding era, the nomenclature used is usually not in accord with contemporary standards.

==In botany==
{{main article|Infraspecific name}}

For algae, fungi, plants, and their fossils, there is an indeterminate number of infraspecific ranks allowed below the level of species. The secondary ranks below the species rank are [[variety (botany)|variety]] and [[forma (botany)|forma]], and more ranks can be made by using the prefix "sub" to make subspecies, subvariety, subforma. Very rarely even more forms are created, such as supersubspecies. Not all of these ranks need to be specified, for example, some authors prefer to divide plant species into subspecies, while others prefer to use varieties.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hamilton, C.W. |author2=Reichard, S.H. |year=1992|title=Current practice in the use of subspecies, variety, and forma in the classification of wild plants|journal=Taxon|volume=41|issue=3|pages=485–498|jstor=1222819|doi=10.2307/1222819}}</ref>

These ranks are components of a [[biological classification]], for example ''[[Corylopsis]] sinensis'' var. ''calvescens'' f. ''veitchiana'' is an ornamental garden plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=2535|title=Royal Horticultural Society Plant Selector|access-date=2012-11-01|archive-date=2019-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214235321/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=2535|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, a [[correct name (botany)|name]] is not the same as a classification, and the name of this plant is a trinomial with only three parts,<ref>{{cite book |author1=McNeill, J. |author2=Barrie, F.R. |author3=Buck, W.R. |author4=Demoulin, V. |author5=Greuter, W. |author6=Hawksworth, D.L. |author7=Herendeen, P.S. |author8=Knapp, S. |author9=Marhold, K. |author10=Prado, J. |author11=Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F. |author12=Smith, G.F. |author13=Wiersema, J.H. |author14=Turland, N.J. |year=2012 |volume=Regnum Vegetabile 154 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 |publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG |isbn=978-3-87429-425-6 |url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title |access-date=2014-06-09 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104060236/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title |url-status=dead }} article 24.1</ref> the two parts of the species name ''Corylopsis sinensis'', plus the forma epithet ''veitchiana'', to give ''Corylopsis sinensis'' f. ''veitchiana''.

==See also==
*[[Binomial nomenclature]]
*[[Nomenclature]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trinomial Nomenclature}}
[[Category:Biological nomenclature]]