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List of solar eclipses visible from the United States

2024-02-09T21:25:13Z

8.38.177.4: /*Harrisburg, PA */

{{Short description|None}}
[[File:2017EclipseOR.jpg|thumb|Totality over [[Timothy Lake]], [[Oregon]], during the [[solar eclipse of August 21, 2017]].]]
{{Lists of solar eclipses}}
This is '''an incomplete list of solar eclipses visible from the United States''' between 1001 and 3000. All eclipses whose path of [[Solar_eclipse#Types|totality or annularity]] passes through the land territory of the current fifty [[U.S. state]]s are included. For lists of eclipses worldwide, see the [[List of solar eclipses in the 20th century|list of 20th-century solar eclipses]] and [[List of solar eclipses in the 21st century|21st-century solar eclipses]].

== Eclipses between 1001 and 2251 ==
=== Albuquerque, NM ===
* 1806 Jun 16 (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of May 20, 2012|2012 May 20]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of October 14, 2023|2023 Oct 14]] (Annular)
* 2024 Apr 8 (Total) <ref>{{cite web |title=Eclipses in Albuquerque, NM, USA - New Mexico |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/in/usa/albuquerque?iso=20240408 |website=Time and Date}}</ref>
* 2205 Jan 21 (Total)
* 2238 Oct 08 (Annular)

=== Anchorage, AK ===
* 1149 Apr 09 (Total)
* 1458 Feb 13 (Total)
* 1482 May 17 (Annular)
* 1509 May 18 (Annular)
* 1523 Aug 11 (Total)
* 1527 May 30 (Annular)
* 1565 Nov 22 (Annular)
* 1939 Apr 19 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of February 4, 1943|1943 Feb 04]] (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of June 21, 2039|2039 Jun 21]] (Annular)
* 2205 Jan 21 (Total)
=== Atlanta, GA ===
* 1205 Sep 14 (Total)
* 1259 Oct 17 (Total)
* 1301 Feb 09 (Annular)
* 1394 Jul 28 (Annular)
* 1491 May 08 (Annular)
* 1536 Jun 18 (Annular)
* 1608 Aug 10 (Annular)
* 1623 Oct 23 (Total)
* 1628 Dec 25 (Annular)
* 1673 Feb 16 (Annular)
* 1778 Jun 24 (Total)
* 1831 Feb 12 (Annular)
* 1865 Oct 19 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of May 30, 1984|1984 May 30]] (Annular)
* 2028 Jan 26 (Annular) <ref>{{cite web |title=Eclipses visible in Atlanta |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/in/usa/atlanta?iso=20280126 |website=Time and Date}}</ref>
* [[Solar eclipse of May 11, 2078|2078 May 11]] (Total)
* 2165 Sep 05 (Annular)

=== Austin, TX ===
* 1079 Jul 01 (Total)
* 1165 Nov 05 (Annular)
* 1180 Jan 28 (Annular)
* 1231 May 03 (Total)
* 1259 Oct 17 (Total)
* 1372 Sep 27 (Hybrid)
* 1395 Jan 21 (Total)
* 1397 May 26 (Total)
* 1608 Aug 10 (Annular)
* 1651 Apr 19 (Annular)
* 1673 Feb 16 (Annular)
* 1683 Jan 27 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of November 22, 1919|1919 Nov 22]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of April 7, 1940|1940 Apr 07]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024|2024 Apr 08]] (Total)
*2029 Jan 14 (Annular) <ref>{{cite web |title=Eclipses visible in Austin |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/in/usa/austin?iso=20290114 |website=Time and Date}}</ref>
* [[Solar eclipse of November 15, 2077|2077 Nov 15]] (Annular)

=== Boston, MA ===
* 1008 Oct 30 (Annular)
* 1234 Mar 01 (Annular)
* 1281 Aug 15 (Annular)
* 1536 Jun 18 (Annular)
* 1791 Apr 03 (Annular)
* 1806 Jun 16 (Total)
* 1854 May 26 (Annular)
* 1875 Sep 29 (Annular)
* 2200 Apr 14 (Total)
* 2247 Sep 29 (Annular)

=== Charleston, SC ===
* 1219 Dec 08 (Annular)
* 1437 Apr 05 (Annular)
* 1442 Jul 07 (Total)
* 1491 May 08 (Annular)
* 1628 Dec 25 (Annular)
* 1834 Nov 30 (Total)
* 1865 Oct 19 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of March 7, 1970|1970 Mar 07]] (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017|2017 Aug 21]] (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of March 30, 2052|2052 Mar 30]] (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of October 17, 2153|2153 Oct 17]] (Total)
* 2165 Sep 05 (Annular)

===Charleston, WV ===

* 1008 Oct 31 (Annular)
* 1125 Dec 26 (Annular)
* 1234 Mar 01 (Annular)
* 1478 Jul 29 (Total)
* 1694 Jun 22 (Annular)
* 1791 Apr 03 (Annular)
* 1838 Sep 18 (Annular)
* 2121 Jul 14 (Annular)
* 2154 Apr 12 (Annular)

=== Charlotte, NC ===
* 1257 Jun 13 (Total)
* 1301 Feb 09 (Annular)
* 1394 Jul 28 (Annular)
* 1442 Jul 07 (Total)
* 1491 May 08 (Annular)
* 1536 Jun 18 (Annular)
* 1623 Oct 23 (Total)
* 1673 Feb 16 (Annular)
* 1778 Jun 24 (Total)
* 1831 Feb 12 (Annular)
* 1869 Aug 07 (Total)
* 2017 Aug 21 (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of May 11, 2078|2078 May 11]] (Total)
* 2153 Oct 17 (Total)

=== Cheyenne, WY ===

* 1057 Sep 01 (Annular)
* 1117 Jan 04 (Annular)
* 1274 Jan 09 (Annular)
* 1455 Apr 16 (Annular)

=== Chicago, IL ===
* 1008 Oct 30 (Annular)
* 1194 Apr 22 (Total)
* 1379 May 16 (Total)
* 1558 Apr 18 (Total)
* 1806 Jun 16 (Total)
* 1811 Sep 17 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of May 10, 1994|1994 May 10]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of September 14, 2099|2099 Sep 14]] (Total)
* 2205 Jan 21 (Total)

=== Cincinnati, OH ===
* 1395 Jan 21 (Total)
* 1791 Apr 03 (Annular)
* 2154 Apr 12 (Annular)

=== Cleveland, OH ===
* 1451 Jun 28 (Total)
* 1791 Apr 03 (Annular)
* 1806 Jun 16 (Total)
* 1811 Sep 17 (Annular)
* 1838 Sep 18 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of May 10, 1994|1994 May 10]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024|2024 Apr 08]] (Total)
* 2111 Aug 04 (Annular)

=== Columbus, OH ===
* 1395 Jan 21 (Total)
* 1791 Apr 03 (Annular)
* 1811 Sep 17 (Annular)
* 1838 Sep 18 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024|2024 Apr 08]] (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of September 14, 2099|2099 Sep 14]] (Total)
* 2154 Apr 12 (Annular)
* 2251 Jul 19 (Annular)

=== Dallas, TX ===
* 1057 Sep 01 (Annular)
* 1062 Dec 03 (Annular)
* 1394 Jul 28 (Annular)
* 1557 Apr 28 (Total)
* 1623 Oct 23 (Total)
* 1777 Jan 09 (Annular)
* 1821 Aug 27 (Annular)
* 1878 Jul 29 (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024|2024 Apr 08]] (Total)
* 2165 Sep 05 (Annular)
* 2238 Oct 08 (Annular)
=== Denver, CO ===
* 1618 Jul 21 (Total)
* 1878 Jul 29 (Total)
* 1918 Jun 08 (Total)
* 2193 Aug 26 (Annular)
=== Detroit, MI ===
* 1008 Oct 30 (Annular)
* 1048 Sep 10 (Annular)
* 1062 Dec 03 (Annular)
* 1451 Jun 28 (Total)
* 1806 Jun 16 (Total)
* 1811 Sep 17 (Annular)
* 1838 Sep 18 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of May 10, 1994|1994 May 10]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of September 14, 2099|2099 Sep 14]] (Total)
* 2111 Aug 04 (Annular)
=== El Paso, TX ===
* 1062 Dec 03 (Annular)
* 1318 Aug 26 (Hybrid)
* 1623 Oct 23 (Total)
* 1694 Jun 22 (Annular)
* 1821 Aug 27 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of May 10, 1994|1994 May 10]] (Annular)
* 2165 Sep 05 (Annular)
* 2251 Jul 19 (Annular)
=== Fort Worth, TX ===
* 1057 Sep 01 (Annular)
* 1062 Dec 03 (Annular)
* 1394 Jul 28 (Annular)
* 1557 Apr 28 (Total)
* 1623 Oct 23 (Total)
* 1777 Jan 09 (Annular)
* 1821 Aug 27 (Annular)
* 1878 Jul 29 (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024|2024 Apr 08]] (Total)
* 2165 Sep 05 (Annular)
* 2238 Oct 08 (Annular)
=== Hawaii ===
* 1756 Aug 25 (Annular)
* 1839 Sep 07 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of July 11, 1991|1991 Jul 11]] (Total)
* 2183 Sep 16 (Annular)
=== Houston, TX ===
* 1100 May 11 (Annular)
* 1165 Nov 5 (Annular)
* 1180 Jan 28 (Annular)
* 1259 Oct 17 (Total)
* 1286 Nov 17 (Total)
* 1673 Feb 16 (Annular
* 1683 Jan 27 (Annular)
* 1831 Feb 12 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of November 22, 1919|1919 Nov 22]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of April 7, 1940|1940 Apr 07]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of November 15, 2077|2077 Nov 15]] (Annular)
* 2193 Aug 26 (Annular)
=== Indianapolis, IN ===
* 1008 Oct 30 (Annular)
* 1062 Dec 03 (Annular)
* 1205 Sep 14 (Total)
* 1791 Apr 03 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024|2024 Apr 08]] (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of October 17, 2153|2153 Oct 17]] (Total)
* 2154 Apr 12 (Annular)
* 2251 Jul 19 (Annular)
=== Jacksonville, FL ===
* 1137 May 21 (Annular)
* 1151 Aug 13 (Total)
* 1192 Dec 06 (Annular)
* 1219 Dec 08 (Annular)
* 1437 Apr 05 (Annular)
* 1557 Apr 28 (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of April 7, 1940|1940 Apr 07]] (Annular)
* 2198 Nov 28 (Total)
* 2238 Oct 08 (Annular)
=== Kansas City, MO ===
* [[Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017|2017 Aug 21]] (Total)
* 2156 Apr 12 (Annular)
=== Las Vegas, NV ===
* 1062 Dec 03 (Annular)
* 1117 Jan 04 (Annular)
* 1234 Mar 01 (Annular)
* 1257 Jun 13 (Total)
* 1318 Aug 26 (Hybrid)
* 1679 Apr 10 (Total)
* 1724 May 22 (Total)
* 1782 Apr 12 (Annular)
* 2207 Nov 20 (Total)
=== Los Angeles, CA ===
* 1062 Dec 03 (Annular)
* 1117 Jan 04 (Annular)
* 1196 Sep 13 (Total)
* 1225 Mar 10 (Annular)
* 1557 Apr 28 (Total)
* 1623 Oct 23 (Total)
* 1647 Jan 05 (Annular)
* 1679 Apr 10 (Total)
* 1724 May 22 (Total)
* 1782 Apr 12 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of January 4, 1992|1992 Jan 04]] (Annular)
*2031 Nov 14 (Total) <ref>{{cite web |title=Eclipses in Los Angeles, CA, USA |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/in/usa/los-angeles?iso=20311114 |website=Time and Date}}</ref>
* 2121 Jul 14 (Annular)
* 2131 Dec 19 (Annular)

=== Louisville, KY ===
* 1395 Jan 21 (Total)
* 1531 Mar 18 (Hybrid)
* 1694 Jun 22 (Annular)
* 1791 Apr 03 (Annular)
* 1869 Aug 07 (Total)
* 2121 Jul 14 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of October 17, 2153|2153 Oct 17]] (Total)
* 2154 Apr 12 (Annular)
* 2251 Jul 19 (Annular)
=== Miami, FL ===
* 1077 Feb 25 (Total)
* 1130 Apr 09 (Total)
* 1383 Mar 04 (Annular)
* 1481 May 28 (Annular)
* 1619 Jan 15 (Annular)
* 1737 Mar 01 (Annular)
* 1752 May 13 (Total)
* 1777 Jan 09 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of August 12, 2045|2045 Aug 12]] (Total)
* 2197 Jun 15 (Annular)
* 2240 Feb 23 (Annular)
=== Milwaukee, WI ===
* 1811 Sep 17 (Annular)
* 1838 Sep 18 (Annular)
* 2048 Jun 11 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of September 14, 2099|2099 Sep 14]] (Total)
* 2111 Aug 04 (Annular)
* 2205 Jan 21 (Total)
* 2213 Feb 21 (Annular)
=== Minneapolis, MN ===
* 1205 Sep 14 (Total)
* 1285 Jun 04 (Hybrid)
* 1503 Mar 27 (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of June 30, 1954|1954 Jun 30]] (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of September 14, 2099|2099 Sep 14]] (Total)
* 2106 May 03 (Total)
* 2111 Aug 04 (Annular)
* 2213 Feb 21 (Annular)
=== Nashville, TN ===
[[File:On eclipse watch, at NSF and elsewhere (37180181386).jpg|thumb|Totality over [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Tennessee]] during the [[solar eclipse of August 21, 2017]].]]
* 1062 Dec 03 (Annular)
* 1151 Aug 13 (Total)
* 1205 Sep 14 (Total)
* 1234 Mar 01 (Annular)
* 1257 Jun 13 (Total)
* 1279 Apr 12 (Annular)
* 1442 Jul 07 (Total)
* 1478 Jul 29 (Total)
* 1628 Dec 25 (Annular)
* 1865 Oct 19 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017|2017 Aug 21]] (Total)
=== New Orleans, LA ===
* 1180 Jan 28 (Annular)
* 1259 Oct 17 (Total)
* 1491 May 08 (Annular)
* 1618 Jul 21 (Total)
* 1651 Apr 19 (Annular)
* 1727 Mar 22 (Annular)
* 1777 Jan 09 (Annular)
* 1778 Jun 24 (Total)
* 1900 May 28 (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of May 30, 1984|1984 May 30]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of May 11, 2078|2078 May 11]] (Total)
* 2238 Oct 08 (Annular)
=== New York City, NY ===
* 1008 Oct 30 (Annular)
* 1079 Jul 01 (Total)
* 1142 Aug 22 (Total)
* 1234 Mar 01 (Annular)
* 1349 Dec 10 (Total)
* 1357 Jul 17 (Annular)
* 1478 Jul 29 (Total)
* 1520 Oct 11 (Annular)
* 1536 Jun 18 (Annular)
* 1574 Nov 13 (Annular)
* 1791 Apr 03 (Annular)
* 1838 Sep 18 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of January 24, 1925|1925 Jan 24]] (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of May 1, 2079|2079 May 01]] (Total)
* 2144 Oct 26 (Total)
* 2200 Apr 14 (Total)

=== Oklahoma City, OK ===
* 1531 Mar 18 (Hybrid)
* 1618 Jul 21 (Total)
* 1918 June 08 (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of August 12, 2045|2045 Aug 12]] (Total)
* 2251 Jul 19 (Annular)
=== Orlando, FL ===
* 1050 Jan 25 (Total)
* 1064 Apr 19 (Annular)
* 1180 Jan 28 (Annular)
* 1181 Jul 13 (Annular)
* 1259 Oct 17 (Total)
* 1325 Apr 13 (Total)
* 1355 Mar 14 (Annular)
* 1557 Apr 28 (Total)
* 1600 Jul 10 (Total)
* 1625 Mar 08 (Total)
* 1737 Mar 01 (Annular)
* 1908 Jun 28 (Annular)
* 1918 Jun 08 (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of August 12, 2045|2045 Aug 12]] (Total)
=== Philadelphia, PA ===
* 1008 Oct 30 (Annular)
* 1079 Jul 01 (Total)
* 1142 Aug 22 (Total)
* 1234 Mar 01 (Annular)
* 1478 Jul 29 (Total)
* 1536 Jun 18 (Annular)
* 1574 Nov 13 (Annular)
* 1684 Jul 12 (Hybrid)
* 1694 Jun 22 (Annular)
* 1791 Apr 03 (Annular)
* 1811 Sep 17 (Annular)
* 1838 Sep 18 (Annular)
* 2144 Oct 26 (Total)
* 2154 Apr 12 (Annular)
* 2200 Apr 14 (Total)

=== Phoenix, AZ ===
* 1062 Dec 03 (Annular)
* 1076 Mar 07 (Total)
* 1379 May 16 (Total)
* 1623 Oct 23 (Total)
* 1806 Jun 16 (Total)
* 2154 Apr 12 (Annular)
* 2207 Nov 20 (Total)
=== Pittsburgh, PA ===
* 1395 Jan 21 (Total)
* 1451 Jun 28 (Total)
* 1791 Apr 03 (Annular)
* 1811 Sep 17 (Annular)
* 1838 Sep 18 (Annular)
* 2111 Aug 04 (Annular)
* 2251 Jul 19 (Annular)
=== Portland, OR ===
* 1455 Apr 16 (Annular)
* 1527 May 30 (Annular)
* 1603 May 11 (Annular)
* 1618 Jul 21 (Total)
* 1865 Oct 19 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of February 26, 1979|1979 Feb 26]] (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of November 15, 2077|2077 Nov 15]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of July 3, 2084|2084 Jul 03]] (Annular)
* 2169 Jun 25 (Total)
=== Sacramento, CA ===
* 1104 Feb 27 (Total)
* 1540 Apr 07 (Annular)
* 1597 Mar 17 (Annular)
=== Salem, OR ===
* 1097 Jul 11 (Total)
* 1427 Apr 26 (Annular)
* 1455 Apr 16 (Annular)
* 1503 Mar 27 (Total)
* 1742 Jun 03 (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017|2017 Aug 21]] (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of November 15, 2077|2077 Nov 15]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of July 3, 2084|2084 Jul 03]] (Annular)
=== San Antonio, TX ===
* 1079 Jul 01 (Total)
* 1097 Jul 11 (Total)
* 1395 Jan 21 (Total)
* 1397 May 26 (Total)
* 1673 Feb 16 (Annular)
* 1683 Jan 27 (Annular)
* 1737 Mar 01 (Annular)
* 1831 Feb 12 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of November 22, 1919|1919 Nov 22]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of April 7, 1940|1940 Apr 07]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of October 14, 2023|2023 Oct 14]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024|2024 Apr 08]] (Total)
=== San Diego, CA ===
* 1062 Dec 03 (Annular)
* 1117 Jan 04 (Annular)
* 1156 Nov 14 (Annular)
* 1196 Sep 13 (Total)
* 1496 Aug 08 (Total)
* 1782 Apr 12 (Annular)
* 1923 Sep 10 (Total)
* 1992 Jan 04 (Annular)
* 2131 Dec 19 (Annular)
* 2154 Apr 12 (Annular)
=== San Francisco, CA ===
* 1051 Jul 10 (Annular)
* 1062 Dec 3 (Annular)
* 1424 Jun 26 (Total)
=== San Jose, CA ===
* 1062 Dec 03 (Annular)
* 1313 Nov 18 (Total)
=== Seattle, WA ===
* 1527 May 30 (Annular)
* 1565 Nov 22 (Annular)
* 1860 Jul 18 (Total)
* 1865 Oct 19 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of July 3, 2084|2084 Jul 03]] (Annular)
* 2169 Jun 25 (Total)
=== St. Louis, MO ===
* 1442 Jul 07 (Total)
* 1628 Dec 25 (Annular)
* 1791 Apr 03 (Annular)
* 1865 Oct 19 (Annular)
* 1869 Aug 07 (Total)
* [[Solar eclipse of May 10, 1994|1994 May 10]] (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017|2017 Aug 21]] (Total)
* 2024 Apr 8 (Total)
* 2154 Apr 12 (Annular)
=== Tampa, FL ===
* 1050 Jan 25 (Total)
* 1064 Apr 19 (Annular)
* 1180 Jan 28 (Annular)
* 1181 Jul 13 (Annular)
* 1325 Apr 13 (Total)
* 1355 Mar 14 (Annular)
* 1600 Jul 10 (Total)
* 1625 Mar 08 (Total)
* 1737 Mar 01 (Annular)
* 1908 Jun 28 (Annular)
* [[Solar eclipse of August 12, 2045|2045 Aug 12]] (Total)
=== Tucson, AZ ===
* 1062 Dec 3 (Annular)
* 1379 May 16 (Total)
* 1623 Oct 23 (Total)
* 1740 Dec 18 (Annular)
* 1821 Aug 27 (Annular)
=== Washington DC ===
* 1008 Oct 30 (Annular)
* 1079 Jul 01 (Total)
* 1234 Mar 01 (Annular)
* 1451 Jun 28 (Total)
* 1478 Jul 29 (Total)
* 1536 Jun 18 (Annular)
* 1694 Jun 22 (Annular)
* 1791 Apr 03 (Annular)
* 1811 Sep 17 (Annular)
* 1838 Sep 18 (Annular)
* 2111 Aug 04 (Annular)
* 2154 Apr 12 (Annular)

==1900–1950==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align=center
|[[Solar eclipse of June 28, 1908|June 28, 1908]] [[File:SE1908Jun28A.png|150px]] Annular
|[[Solar eclipse of June 8, 1918|June 8, 1918]] [[File:SE1918Jun08T.png|150px]] Total
|[[Solar eclipse of November 22, 1919|November 22, 1919]] [[File:SE1919Nov22A.png|150px]] Annular
|[[Solar eclipse of September 10, 1923|September 10, 1923]] [[File:SE1923Sep10T.png|150px]] Total
|- align=center
|[[Solar eclipse of January 24, 1925|January 24, 1925]] [[File:SE1925Jan24T.png|150px]] Total
|[[Solar eclipse of June 29, 1927|June 29, 1927]] [[File:SE1927Jun29T.png|150px]] Total
|[[Solar eclipse of April 28, 1930|April 28, 1930]] [[File:SE1930Apr28H.png|150px]] Hybrid
|[[Solar eclipse of August 31, 1932|August 31, 1932]] [[File:SE1932Aug31T.png|150px]] Total
|- align=center
|[[Solar eclipse of April 19, 1939|April 19, 1939]] [[File:SE1939Apr19A.png|150px]] Annular
|[[Solar eclipse of April 7, 1940|April 7, 1940]] [[File:SE1940Apr07A.png|150px]] Annular
|[[Solar eclipse of February 4, 1943|February 4, 1943]] [[File:SE1943Feb04T.png|150px]] Total
|[[Solar eclipse of July 9, 1945|July 9, 1945]] [[File:SE1945Jul09T.png|150px]] Total
|- align=center
|[[Solar eclipse of May 9, 1948|May 9, 1948]] [[File:SE1948May09A.png|150px]] Annular
|}

==1951–2000==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align=center
|[[Solar eclipse of September 1, 1951|September 1, 1951]] [[File:SE1951Sep01A.png|150px]] Annular
|[[Solar eclipse of June 30, 1954|June 30, 1954]] [[File:SE1954Jun30T.png|150px]] Total
|[[Solar eclipse of October 2, 1959|October 2, 1959]] [[File:SE1959Oct02T.png|150px]] Total
|[[Solar eclipse of July 20, 1963|July 20, 1963]] [[File:SE1963Jul20T.png|150px]] Total
|- align=center
|[[Solar eclipse of March 7, 1970|March 7, 1970]] [[File:SE1970Mar07T.png|150px]] Total
|[[Solar eclipse of July 10, 1972|July 10, 1972]] [[File:SE1972Jul10T.png|150px]] Total
|[[Solar eclipse of February 26, 1979|February 26, 1979]] [[File:SE1979Feb26T.png|150px]] Total
|[[Solar eclipse of May 30, 1984|May 30, 1984]] [[File:SE1984May30A.png|150px]] Annular
|- align=center
|[[Solar eclipse of July 22, 1990|July 22, 1990]] [[File:SE1990Jul22T.png|150px]] Total
|[[Solar eclipse of July 11, 1991|July 11, 1991]] [[File:SE1991Jul11T.png|150px]] Total
|[[Solar eclipse of January 4, 1992|January 4, 1992]] [[File:SE1992Jan04A.png|150px]] Annular
|[[Solar eclipse of May 10, 1994|May 10, 1994]] [[File:SE1994May10A.png|150px]] Annular
|- align=center
|}

==2001–2050==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align=center
|[[Solar eclipse of May 20, 2012|May 20, 2012]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Espenak|first1=Fred|title=Total Solar Eclipse of 2012 May 20|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2012May20A.GIF|website=NASA|access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> [[File:SE2012May20A.png|150px]] Annular
|[[Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017|August 21, 2017]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Espenak|first1=Fred|title=Total Solar Eclipse of 2017 Aug 21|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2017Aug21T.GIF|website=NASA|access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> [[File:SE2017Aug21T.png|150px]] Total
|[[Solar eclipse of October 14, 2023|October 14, 2023]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Espenak|first1=Fred|title=Total Solar Eclipse of 2023 Oct 14|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2023Oct14A.GIF|website=NASA|access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> [[File:SE2023Oct14A.png|150px]] Annular
|[[Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024|April 8, 2024]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Espenak|first1=Fred|title=Total Solar Eclipse of 2024 Apr 08|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2024Apr08T.GIF|website=NASA|access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> [[File:SE2024Apr08T.png|150px]] Total
|- align=center
|[[Solar eclipse of March 30, 2033|March 30, 2033]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Espenak|first1=Fred|title=Total Solar Eclipse of 2033 Mar 30|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2033Mar30T.GIF|website=NASA|access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> [[File:SE2033Mar30T.png|150px]] Total
|[[Solar eclipse of June 21, 2039|June 21, 2039]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Espenak|first1=Fred|title=Total Solar Eclipse of 2039 Jun 21|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2039Jun21A.GIF|website=NASA|access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> [[File:SE2039Jun21A.png|150px]] Annular
|[[Solar eclipse of August 23, 2044|August 23, 2044]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Espenak|first1=Fred|title=Total Solar Eclipse of 2044 Aug 23|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2044Aug23T.GIF|website=NASA|access-date=10 August 2017}}</ref> [[File:SE2044Aug23T.png|150px]] Total
|[[Solar eclipse of August 12, 2045|August 12, 2045]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Espenak|first1=Fred|title=Total Solar Eclipse of 2045 Aug 12|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2045Aug12T.GIF|website=NASA|access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> [[File:SE2045Aug12T.png|150px]] Total
|- align=center
|[[Solar eclipse of February 5, 2046|February 5, 2046]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Espenak|first1=Fred|title=Total Solar Eclipse of 2046 Feb 05|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2046Feb05T.GIF|website=NASA|access-date=5 August 2017}}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[File:SE2046Feb05A.png|150px]] Annular
|[[Solar eclipse of June 11, 2048|June 11, 2048]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Espenak|first1=Fred|title=Total Solar Eclipse of 2048 Jun 11|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2048Jun11T.GIF|website=NASA|access-date=11 August 2017}}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[File:SE2048Jun11A.png|150px]] Annular
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Solar eclipses}}

[[Category:Solar eclipses by country|United States]]
[[Category:Historical events in the United States]]
[[Category:Lists of events in the United States|Solar eclipses]]

Big Van Vader

2024-01-23T16:59:57Z

8.38.177.4: /* World Wrestling Federation (1996-1998) */

{{Short description|American professional wrestler and football player (1955–2018)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{redirects|Vader (wrestler)|other uses|Vader (disambiguation){{!}}Vader}}
{{Infobox person
| birthname = Leon Allen White<ref name=NFL/>
| name = Big Van Vader
| image = Vader One Night Only.jpg
| caption = Vader in September 1997
| alma_mater = [[University of Colorado Boulder|University of Colorado]]
| birth_place = [[Lynwood, California]], U.S.<ref name=Cage>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.de/?id=2&nr=132&gimmick=Leon+Allen+White|title=Big Van Vader|work=Cagematch}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date|1955|5|14}}<ref name=Cage/>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|6|18|1955|5|14}}<ref name="deathtweet">{{cite tweet|user=itsvadertime|number=1009447756778360832|title=It is with a heavy heart to inform everyone that my father, Leon White, passed away on Monday night (6/18/18) at approximately 7:25pm.|date=June 20, 2018}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Denver]], [[Colorado]], U.S.
| spouse = {{marriage|Grace Connelly|1979|2007|end=div}}
| children = [[Jake Carter (wrestler)|Jake Carter]]
| module = {{Infobox professional wrestler|child=yes
| names = Baby Bull<ref name=rej/> Bull Power <ref name=rej/> Big Van Vader<ref name="PuroCentral"/> Leon White<ref name=Cage/> Vader<ref name="WWEalumni">{{cite news|url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/wwealumni/vaderalumni/|title=Vader|publisher=[[WWE]]|work=WWE.com|access-date=January 3, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626093411/http://www.wwe.com/superstars/wwealumni/vaderalumni/|archive-date=June 26, 2010}}</ref>
| billed = [[Boulder, Colorado]], U.S. "[[The Rocky Mountains]]"<ref name="WWEalumni"/>
| height = 6 ft 5 in<ref name="WWEalumni"/>
| weight = 450 lb<ref name="WWEalumni"/>
| trainer = [[Brad Rheingans]]<ref name=Cage/><ref name=PuroCentral>{{cite web|url=http://www.puroresucentral.com/vader.html|title=Puroresu Central profile|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227070416/http://www.puroresucentral.com/vader.html|archive-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref>
| debut = 1985<ref name=Cage/><ref name=PuroCentral/>
| retired = August 26, 2017<ref name="Cagematch"/>
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox NFL biography
| embed = yes
| name = Leon White
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| number = 75
| status =
| position = [[Center (gridiron football)|Center]]
| college = [[Colorado Buffaloes football|University of Colorado]]
| high_school = [[Bell High School (California)|Bell]] ([[Los Angeles, California]])
|draftyear=1978
|draftround=3
|draftpick=80
|pastteams=
* [[Los Angeles Rams]] ({{NFL Year|1978}}–{{NFL Year|1979}})
| highlights =
* Second-team [[College Football All-America Team|All-American]] ([[1977 College Football All-America Team|1977]])
}}
}}
'''Leon Allen White'''<ref name=NFL/> (May 14, 1955 – June 18, 2018),<ref name="AJPW">{{cite web|url=http://www.all-japan.co.jp/profile/bigb.php |script-title=ja:ビッグバン・ベイダー |access-date=December 11, 2012 |work=[[All Japan Pro Wrestling]] |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204023020/http://www.all-japan.co.jp/profile/bigb.php |archive-date=December 4, 2012 }}</ref> better known by his [[ring name]]s '''Big Van Vader''' or simply '''Vader''', was an American [[professional wrestler]] and professional [[American football|football]] player. Throughout his career, he performed for [[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] (NJPW), [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW), the [[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF), [[All Japan Pro Wrestling]] (AJPW), and [[Pro Wrestling Noah]] (NOAH) during the 1990s and 2000s. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest super-heavyweight professional wrestlers of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbssports.com/general/news/still-wrestling-despite-heart-issue-vader-prefers-to-die-having-fun-in-the-ring/|title=Still wrestling despite heart issue, Vader prefers to die 'having fun in the ring'|last=Burkholder|first=Denny|date=March 3, 2017|work=[[CBS Sports]]|access-date=November 12, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113216/https://www.cbssports.com/general/news/still-wrestling-despite-heart-issue-vader-prefers-to-die-having-fun-in-the-ring/|archive-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref>

White performed as a monstrous wrestler, and he was capable of aerial maneuvers: his diving [[moonsault]] was voted the "[[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Best Wrestling Maneuver|Best Wrestling Maneuver]]" of 1993 by ''[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]'' (''WON'') readers. Among other accolades in WCW, Mexico and Japan, he won the [[IWGP Heavyweight Championship]] and the [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship]] three times each, the [[UWA World Heavyweight Championship]] once, the [[Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship]] twice, the [[WWE United States Championship|WCW United States Heavyweight Championship]] [[List of WWE United States Champions|once]], and won the [[Professional wrestling battle royal|battle royal]] main event of the 1993 [[Battlebowl]] [[pay-per-view]] (PPV). He headlined multiple [[List of WWE pay-per-view and WWE Network events|PPV events for the WWF]] and [[List of NWA/WCW closed-circuit events and pay-per-view events|WCW]]. Vader was inducted into the [[Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame|''Wrestling Observer Newsletter'' Hall of Fame]] in 1996 and the [[WWE Hall of Fame]] in 2022.

==Early life==
Leon Allen White was born in [[Lynwood, California]], on May 14, 1955, and grew up in [[Compton, California]].<ref name=NFL/><ref name="AJPW"/><ref name="GNW1">{{cite web|title=Interview: Big Van Vader|last=Nicholson|first=Devon|date=January 12, 2017|work=Great North Wrestling|access-date=January 15, 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pDFhYBPsxg|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407010014/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pDFhYBPsxg|archive-date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> He was raised with his sister in a rough area of Los Angeles known as [[South Central, Los Angeles|South Central]], where the siblings experienced a home break-in.<ref name=Part2/> His father was a [[United States Marines|US Marine]].<ref name="GNW1"/> His father also was an [[underwater welder]] for the [[US Navy]] and invented an automobile [[Hoist (device)|hoist]], which made the family wealthier and let them move to a safer neighborhood in [[Bell, California|Bell]], where White attended [[Bell High School (Bell, California)|Bell High School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://podcastone.com/Steve-Austin-Show-Clean|title=''The Steve Austin Show'', Episode 119, "Big Van Vader aka Leon White" (starting around 27:00)|publisher=Podcastone.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226090105/http://podcastone.com/Steve-Austin-Show-Clean|archive-date=February 26, 2014}}</ref> In high school, he competed in [[shot put]] on the track and field team, wrestled, and played football.

==American football career==
White was a nationally ranked [[Center (gridiron football)|center]] that was recruited by forty colleges. He played [[American football positions#Offensive (interior) line|offensive line]] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University of Colorado]], where he was named a second-team [[College Football All-America Team|All-American]] at [[guard (gridiron football)|guard]] by [[United Press International]] for the [[Colorado Buffaloes football|Buffaloes]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite news|title=UPI All-America|newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|date=December 2, 1977|page=2C|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4546267/notre_dame_trio_head_upi_allamerica/}}</ref> He earned a business administration degree.

===Professional career===
{{expand section|date=October 2019}}
In the [[1978 NFL Draft]], White was drafted as a center by the [[Los Angeles Rams]] with the 24th pick of the 3rd Round (80th overall).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfl.com/draft/history/fulldraft?season=1978#round3 |quote=80 – Los Angeles Rams – Leon White – Colorado |title=NFL Draft History |website=[[NFL.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921192754/http://www.nfl.com/draft/history/fulldraft?season=1978#round3 |archive-date=September 21, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="TO1">{{cite news|url=http://newsok.com/article/2916835|title=NFL career was ended by an injury Pro wrestler Vader has son playing with OU|last=Buckner|first=Brandon|date=October 23, 2005|work=The Oklahoman|access-date=January 15, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135009/http://newsok.com/article/2916835|archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref> White's [[1979 Los Angeles Rams season|second season]] saw the Rams go to the [[Super Bowl XIV|Super Bowl]] and earned White an [[NFC West|NFC]] [[championship ring]]. White spent the season on the injured reserve list due to knee problems. He did not play a single down and registered no statistics. White was forced into retirement by a ruptured [[patella]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Dufresne |first=Chris |date=August 11, 1989 |title=CENTERPIECE : Doug Smith Quietly Gives the Rams an Anchor for the Offensive Line |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-08-11-sp-320-story.html |quote=In 1978, the Rams drafted Colorado center Leon White in the third round. He, not Smith, was to be the team’s center. But five knee surgeries in two years took White out of the picture,...}}</ref>

== Professional wrestling career ==
=== American Wrestling Association (1985–1987) ===
While working out at a gym, White was spotted by a man who remembered him from his college football days who suggested he look into professional wrestling. Trained by [[Brad Rheingans]], White got his first national exposure in the [[American Wrestling Association]] (AWA). He went by the moniker '''Baby Bull''', which was later changed to Bull Power. White honed his skills during this time, and his ring work improved significantly to the point that he was booked in a match with [[Stan Hansen]] for the [[AWA World Heavyweight Championship]], where he was defeated.<ref name="PWInsider">{{cite web |url=https://pwinsider.com/article/118273/looking-at-the-life-and-career-of-leon-vader-white.html?p=1 |title=Looking At The Life of Leon 'Vader' White |work=Pro Wrestling Insider |last=Johnson |first=Mike |date=June 20, 2018 |access-date=June 21, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621094700/https://pwinsider.com/article/118273/looking-at-the-life-and-career-of-leon-vader-white.html?p=1 |archive-date=June 21, 2018 }}</ref>

=== Catch Wrestling Association (1986–1987, 1989–1991) ===
In May 1986, White went to Europe to compete for [[Otto Wanz]] and his promotion, [[Catch Wrestling Association]], touring Austria and Germany, using the name '''Bull Power'''. That summer, he took part in the three-day tournament for the Vienna Catch Cup, in Austria. He made it to the finals, before losing to [[Klaus Wallas]]. On March 22, 1987, he won his first championship, the [[CWA World Heavyweight Championship]], defeating Otto Wanz in Denver, Colorado, ending Wanz's reign of nearly nine years in its only title change in the United States. He held onto the title for nearly four months, before losing back to Wanz on July 11 in Graz, Austria. In December 1987, he participated in his second tournament, the Bremen Catch Cup, in Germany. He defeated [[Luc Poirier|Rambo]] in the finals, to win his first tournament.

In 1989, Bull Power returned to the CWA, to challenge Otto Wanz for the CWA World Heavyweight Championship. On August 21 in Vienna, Austria, he defeated Wanz to win his second CWA World title. He held onto the title for a little over four months before losing it back to Wanz in Bremen, Germany, on December 22. A year later, Otto Wanz retired and the CWA World title was held up. Bull Power defeated Rambo to win the vacant title for the third and final time. He held to the title for over six months, before losing it to Rambo in Graz, Austria on July 6, 1991. Five months later, he defeated [[Tatsumi Fujinami]] to become the inaugural [[CWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship|CWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion]]. He vacated the title in 1992 after signing with [[World Championship Wrestling]].

=== New Japan Pro-Wrestling (1987-1992) ===
==== Early years (1987–1989) ====
Although originally signed to [[All Japan Pro Wrestling]] (AJPW), AJPW owner [[Giant Baba]] traded White's contract over to [[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] (NJPW) in 1987 after consideration.<ref name=rej/> Upon joining NJPW, White was given the ring name '''Big Van Vader''' and began to wear a black [[wrestling mask]]. His new identity was based on a strong warrior of the same name from [[Japanese folklore]].<ref name="vader-folklore">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-6DoPuiRkEC&pg=PA243|chapter=The Monsters|title=The Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame: The Heels|last1=Oliver|first1=Greg|last2=Johnson|first2=Steven|location=[[Toronto]]|publisher=[[ECW Press]]|page=243|year=2007|isbn=978-1-55022-759-8|quote=Derived from Japanese folklore, where Vader was a top warrior who once fought for his village seventy-two hours straight, White was given a huge, black device for his head that shot smoke. }}</ref><ref>{{cite podcast|last=Steve|first=Austin|title=The Steve Austin Show – EP122 – Big Van Vader Pt 2|publisher=Podcast One|date=June 5, 2014|url=http://www.podcastone.com/embed?progID=436&pid=417258|access-date=June 9, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164829/http://www.podcastone.com/embed?progID=436&pid=417258|archive-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref> He was introduced as the crown jewel of the Takeshi Puroresu Gundan [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Stable|stable]] which was [[Manager (professional wrestling)|managed]] by [[Takeshi Kitano]]. Vader challenged [[Antonio Inoki]], who had already defeated [[Riki Choshu]], and defeated the worn-down Inoki. The pro-Inoki audience rioted, resulting in NJPW being banned from Sumo Hall, its home arena. The ban remained in effect until 1989, when NJPW did its first show back in Sumo Hall on February 22.<ref name="PWInsider"/>

==== IWGP Heavyweight Champion (1989–1991) ====
After winning the final match of an eight-man tournament against [[Shinya Hashimoto]] at [[Battle Satellite in Tokyo Dome]], Vader was declared the new [[IWGP Heavyweight Championship|IWGP Heavyweight Champion]]. He was the first gaijin (non-Japanese) wrestler to hold the title.<ref name="rej"/> On May 25, one month after being crowned champion, Vader lost the title to Russian [[suplex]] master [[Salman Hashimikov]]. Hashimikov dropped the title to Vader's old rival, Riki Choshu, on July 12. On August 10, Vader defeated Choshu to become a two-time IWGP Heavyweight Champion.

On February 10, 1990, Vader faced [[Stan Hansen]] at an AJPW versus NJPW supercard show called [[Super Fight in Tokyo Dome]]. Before Vader entered the ring, Hansen accidentally broke Vader's nose with the bull rope Hansen carried to the ring for his matches. During an exchange of stiff punches, Hansen unintentionally poked Vader's left eye with his thumb during their brawl, which caused the eye to pop out of its socket.<ref name=HansenBio>{{cite web|url=http://www.puroresucentral.com/hansen.html|title=Stan Hansen's Puroresu Central profile|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022063956/http://www.puroresucentral.com/hansen.html|archive-date=October 22, 2013}}</ref> After removing his mask, pushing the eye back into its socket and holding it in place with his eyelid, Vader continued wrestling Hansen until the match was rendered a no contest.<ref name=HansenBio/> As a result of the injury, Vader required a metal plate to be surgically placed under his eye.<ref name=HansenBio/> Vader's success garnered the attention of [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW), who convinced him to work for them while still the IWGP Heavyweight Champion and an active competitor in NJPW.

In January 1991, Vader defeated Tatsumi Fujinami to earn himself a third IWGP Heavyweight Title reign. During this match, Vader began bleeding from his eye, which required surgery when he returned to the United States.<ref name=02251991WON>{{cite web|url=https://members.f4wonline.com/wrestling-observer-newsletter/february-25-1991-wrestling-observer-newsletter-full-wrestlemania-card|title=February 25, 1991 Observer Newsletter: Full Wrestlemania card released|author=Observer Staff|publisher=Wrestling Observer Newsletter|website=F4WOnline.com|date=February 25, 1991|access-date=December 8, 2019}} {{subscription required}}</ref> This reign was short-lived, however, as Vader lost the title back to Fujinami on March 4. At this point, WCW and NJPW were reaching a tentative working agreement. This benefited Vader, as he could now have his schedule coordinated far more easily. This helped alleviate his difficulty in gaining notoriety in WCW, as his previously infrequent appearances did not allow the audience to see him very often.

==== Big, Bad, and Dangerous (1992) ====
On March 1, 1992, he and [[Bam Bam Bigelow]] began teaming up as "Big, Bad, and Dangerous". The duo went on to win the [[IWGP Tag Team Championship]] from [[Hiroshi Hase]] and [[Keiji Muto|Keiji Mutoh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.de/?id=28&nr=166|title=Bam Bam Bigelow and Vader's tag team profile|publisher=CageMatch}}</ref> In May, Vader faced Mutoh, now known as The Great Muta, one on one and suffered a legitimate knee injury. This injury was a factor in him and Bigelow losing the title to the [[WCW World Tag Team Championship|WCW World Tag Team Champions]], The [[Steiner Brothers]] after a nearly four-month reign. This also marked a decrease in his NJPW appearances, as Vader began to focus almost entirely on WCW and the [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship]].

=== Universal Wrestling Association (1989–1990) ===
In November 1989, White, as Big Van Vader, made his debut in Mexico for [[Universal Wrestling Association]]. On November 12, he defeated [[El Canek]] to win the [[UWA World Heavyweight Championship]]. Five days later, he made a couple of shows for [[Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre]] in trios matches, teaming with [[Ken Timbs|Fabuloso Blondy]]. He kept the UWA World title for over a year, before losing it back to Canek on December 9.

=== World Championship Wrestling (1990-1995) ===
====Early run (1990–1991)====
Vader was originally signed with [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW) in 1990 but was only used sparingly until 1991.<ref name=rej/> Vader's first match in WCW took place on July 7, 1990, at [[The Great American Bash (1990)|The Great American Bash]], where he defeated [[Tom Zenk]] in a little over two minutes. Seven months later, he returned for [[WrestleWar (1991)|WrestleWar]], where he battled Stan Hansen to a double disqualification. Eight months later, he returned to [[Halloween Havoc (1991)|Halloween Havoc]] and took part in the Chamber of Horrors match, in which Vader's team lost due to [[Abdullah the Butcher]] being electrocuted by their partner, [[Mick Foley|Cactus Jack]]. Two months later, he took part in [[Starrcade (1991)|Starrcade]]'s Lethal Lottery, where he teamed with [[Curtis Hughes|Mr. Hughes]] and defeated [[Rick Steiner]] and [[Bryan Clark|The Nightstalker]] (who was subbing for an injured [[Scott Hall|Diamond Studd]]) to advance to the Battlebowl battle royal, in which he was eliminated.

==== World Heavyweight Champion (1992–1993) ====
When he began working for WCW full-time, Vader was paired with a manager, [[Harley Race]], and received a shot at [[Sting (wrestler)|Sting]]'s [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship|World Heavyweight Championship]] on April 12, 1992, and was disqualified. Sting suffered a pair of cracked ribs and a ruptured spleen in the match after taking a ''[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Corner slingshot splash|Vader Bomb]]'' from Vader, though he continued to compete infrequently while recuperating. Vader received a rematch with Sting on July 12 at [[The Great American Bash (1992)|The Great American Bash]], which he won to become the new WCW World Heavyweight Champion. His reign was short-lived, as he re-injured his knee, forcing him to lose the title three weeks later to [[Ron Simmons]], who substituted for Sting after he was attacked by [[Jake Roberts]] earlier that night.<ref name="mf225">Foley, p. 225.</ref> Vader was out of action after Clash of the Champions in September as he underwent knee surgery. Upon his return at [[Halloween Havoc (1992)|Halloween Havoc]], Vader sent Nikita Koloff into retirement and [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#L|legitimately]] sprained the back of [[Job (professional wrestling)|jobber]] Joe Thurman, sending him to the hospital.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Tal1irzLzSk Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190825181320/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tal1irzLzSk Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tal1irzLzSk| title = Vader on allegedly Hurting Wrestlers | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> At [[Starrcade (1992)|Starrcade]], Vader lost to Sting in the finals of the King of Cable tournament. Two days later, Vader defeated Simmons by taking advantage of a shoulder injury of Simmons's to regain the World Heavyweight Championship. On March 11, 1993, Vader lost the WCW World Heavyweight Championship to Sting but regained it six days later.

Upon returning to WCW, [[Mick Foley]], then wrestling as Cactus Jack, defeated Vader via count out on the April 17 episode of ''[[WCW Saturday Night|Saturday Night]]''.<ref name="mf240">Foley, p. 239–241.</ref> During the match, Jack suffered a broken nose and needed 27 stitches on his face.<ref name="mf240" /> The match was heavily edited for broadcast, as WCW did not wish to show severe bleeding.<ref name="mf240" /> In a rematch on April 24, Vader [[powerbomb]]ed Jack onto the concrete floor outside the ring,<ref name="mf243">Foley, p. 243–244.</ref> resulting in Jack suffering a concussion and temporary loss of feeling in his left hand and leg.<ref name="mf243" /> In the meantime, Vader began to feud with a new arrival to WCW, [[Davey Boy Smith]]. They met at [[Slamboree (1993)|Slamboree]] in May for the World Heavyweight Championship. Vader lost by disqualification when he hit Smith with a chair, though he retained the title. Vader and [[Sid Eudy|Sid Vicious]] then formed a partnership and called themselves The Masters of the Powerbomb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.de/?id=28&nr=591|title=The Masters of the Powerbomb's profile|publisher=CageMatch}}</ref> They were defeated by Smith and his new partner, Sting, at [[Beach Blast (1993)|Beach Blast]] in July. Following this, Vader and Cactus Jack's feud was restarted as Jack was cleared to return for [[Halloween Havoc (1993)|Halloween Havoc]] to face Vader in a [[Last Man Standing match|Texas Death match]].<ref name="mf265">Foley, p. 265.</ref> Vader won when Harley Race stunned Jack with a cattle prod that kept him down for a ten count. On March 16, 1994, Foley lost his right ear in a match with Vader in [[Munich]], [[Germany]]; Foley's head became trapped in the ropes, which were under excessive tension, causing his ear to be torn off.<ref name="mf6">Foley, p. 6–9.</ref> In 2013, Vader reveals and admitted that he ripped Foley's right ear off, from the WWE 2013 [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] release ''For All Mankind: The Life and Career of Mick Foley''.

Vader was originally scheduled to face Sid Vicious at [[Starrcade (1993)|Starrcade]]. The real-life dismissal of Vicious after [[Arn Anderson]] stabbed him in England, however, forced WCW to find a quick replacement. Executive producer [[Eric Bischoff]] placed [[Ric Flair]] in the match, which was scheduled in Flair's hometown of [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. In the storyline, Vader did not take Flair seriously until he agreed to put his career on the line against Vader's title. Vader dominated the match, but Flair capitalized on failed interference by Race and Vader's weakened knees to win the match with a rollup and end Vader's third World Heavyweight Championship reign.

====United States Champion; Dungeon of Doom (1994–1995)====
Vader continued to feud with Flair until [[SuperBrawl IV]], when Flair once again defeated Vader, this time in a "[[Thundercage]]" match, with the help of the special guest referee [[Big Boss Man (wrestler)|The Boss]]. As a result, Vader began feuding with Boss, whom he defeated at [[Spring Stampede (1994)|Spring Stampede]]. He also faced Sting at [[Slamboree (1994)|Slamboree]] for the vacant [[WCW International World Heavyweight Championship|International World Heavyweight Championship]]. Sting requested the match rather than be awarded the title after an injury to his original opponent, [[Rick Rude]], and defeated Vader. At [[Bash at the Beach]], he defeated the former Boss, now known as The Guardian Angel by disqualification. Two months later at [[Fall Brawl]], he defeated Angel and Sting in a triangle match to determine the number one contender for the [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship]], now held by [[Hulk Hogan]]. A month later at [[Halloween Havoc]], he defeated the Guardian Angel in a rematch. At [[Clash of the Champions XXIX]], Vader defeated Dustin Rhodes and earned the opportunity to face the [[WWE United States Championship|United States Heavyweight Champion]] [[Jim Duggan]] at [[Starrcade (1994)|Starrcade]], where Vader defeated Duggan with the aid of Duggan's 2x4 to win the United States Heavyweight Championship.

In January 1995, Vader had to end his alliance with Harley Race, because in real life, Race was involved in an automobile crash and Race left WCW. Vader confronted the World Heavyweight Champion [[Hulk Hogan]], and informed him that he could not avoid the monster. The two met at [[SuperBrawl V]], with Vader managing to kick out of Hogan's [[leg drop]] after a count of one. The referee was knocked out before Vader hit the ''Vader Bomb'' on Hogan. Ric Flair ran to the ring, made the three count, and attacked Hogan, resulting in Vader's disqualification. A rematch was signed, a strap match for the inaugural [[Uncensored (1995)|Uncensored]] pay-per-view. Flair once again intervened (this time in [[Drag (clothing)|drag]] to avoid revealing his presence) and managed to cost Vader the match by getting himself carried by Hogan as he touched all four turnbuckle pads. Vader was stripped of the United States Heavyweight Championship on April 23, 1995, for multiple violent offenses. However, Vader gained another opportunity to win the World Heavyweight Championship from Hogan at [[Bash at the Beach (1995)|Bash at the Beach]] in a [[Steel Cage match]]. He conspired with [[Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)|Kevin Sullivan]] and the [[The Dungeon of Doom|Dungeon of Doom]] to gain a psychological edge before the encounter, which Vader lost when Hogan escaped the cage. He then restarted his feud with Flair, based on his frustration at Flair's constant interference in his title matches and Flair's annoyance at his inability to defeat Hogan. At [[Clash of the Champions XXXI]], Vader defeated Flair and Arn Anderson in a 2-on-1 handicap match. Following the event, Hogan grew interested in Vader and asked for his assistance in his developing feud with the Dungeon of Doom by asking him to join him, [[Randy Savage]], and Sting for WarGames. Vader complied but the storyline never developed as, shortly after, Vader was fired from WCW after he was involved in a locker room brawl with [[Paul Orndorff]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story|author=Guerrero, Eddie|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2005|isbn=0-7434-9353-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/cheatingdeathste00guer/page/126 126]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/cheatingdeathste00guer/page/126}}</ref>

The title video for the September 4 debut edition of ''[[WCW Monday Nitro|Monday Nitro]]'' featured multiple shots of Vader (one of four wrestlers featured, along with Hogan, Sting and Savage),<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Title video|series=WCW Monday Nitro|series-link=WCW Monday Nitro|network=[[TNT (U.S. TV network)|TNT]]|station=[[Turner Broadcasting System|TBS, Inc]]|date=September 4, 1995|season=1|number=1|minutes=0}}</ref> who parted ways with WCW shortly thereafter. Absent from the first episode, he had been scheduled to face Hogan for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship on the September 11 episode but was replaced by [[Lex Luger]], who issued a challenge to Hogan on the debut show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Torch_Today_2/article_73083.shtml |title=SEPT. 4 IN HISTORY: WCW Nitro launches|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116094000/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Torch_Today_2/article_73083.shtml |archive-date=January 16, 2014|publisher=PWTorch}}</ref>

===UWF International (1993–1995)===
In late February 1993, White signed an eight-date agreement with the [[UWF International|Union of Wrestling Forces International]] (UWFi), where he competed as Super Vader due to legal issues concerning the Big Van Vader name. By September 1993, he was simply known as Vader in the United States. He worked with UWFi for over two years, winning the Best of the World Tournament, which started on April 3 and ended on August 18, 1994. Vader first defeated [[Salman Hashimikov]] and then [[Masahito Kakihara]] in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, Vader defeated [[Kiyoshi Tamura]], and beat [[Nobuhiko Takada]] in the finals to win the tournament and the UWFi Pro-Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship. He would hold onto the title for over eight months, before losing the title to Takada on April 20, 1995. He left shortly thereafter.

=== Return to NJPW (1996) ===
At [[Wrestling World 1996|Wrestling World]] on January 4, Vader had his first post-WCW match, facing the man whose four-year winning streak Vader had ended over eight years prior, Antonio Inoki. Inoki was over 50 years old at the time, but the match lasted nearly fourteen minutes before Inoki won the match.

=== World Wrestling Federation (1996-1998) ===
==== Camp Cornette (1996–1997) ====
{{Main|Camp Cornette|l1=Camp Cornette}}
[[File:Big Van Vader (1996).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Vader in 1996]]
In the weeks leading up to the [[Royal Rumble (1996)|1996 Royal Rumble]], Vader's debut was heavily hyped on television as he was billed as "The Man They Call Vader" (though [[Vince McMahon]] had originally wanted to rename him "The Mastodon"). He made his first [[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF) appearance as a participant in the Royal Rumble match, as he entered at number 13 and eliminated [[Jake Roberts]], [[Doug Gilbert]], one member of the [[The Headhunters (professional wrestling)|Squat Team]], and [[Savio Vega]]; he also fought with his ally [[Yokozuna (wrestler)|Yokozuna]], but Vader was eliminated by [[Shawn Michaels]] before he re-entered the ring and started assaulting everyone, including Michaels. Vader defeated Vega on the following ''[[WWE Raw|Monday Night Raw]]'', before assaulting WWF officials and eventually, WWF President [[Gorilla Monsoon]] demanded that Vader cease his attacks and received a Vader Bomb for his efforts. As a result, Vader was suspended for his actions, though in reality, he needed time off for shoulder surgery.

[[Jim Cornette]] campaigned for Vader's reinstatement, and by the time Vader returned, Yokozuna had left Cornette's management. At February's [[In Your House 6]], Vader appeared during Yokozuna's match against [[Davey Boy Smith|The British Bulldog]], and as Yokozuna was about to [[Pin (professional wrestling)|pin]] The Bulldog, Vader attacked him, handcuffed him, and delivered a severe beating. This led to what was supposed to be a one-on-one encounter between Vader and Yokozuna at [[WrestleMania XII]]. However, the match became a six-man [[tag team]] match pitting Vader, [[Owen Hart]], and The British Bulldog against Yokozuna, [[Ahmed Johnson]], and Jake Roberts, with the stipulation that if Yokozuna's team won the match, he would have five minutes alone with Cornette in the ring; this never occurred as Vader's team won the match when Vader pinned Roberts.

Vader then attacked the [[WWE Championship|WWF World Heavyweight Champion]] Shawn Michaels after one of Michaels' matches, which earned him a spot in a six-man tag team match at [[In Your House 9: International Incident]], where Vader, Owen Hart, and The British Bulldog teamed up against Michaels, Ahmed Johnson, and [[Sid Eudy|Sycho Sid]]; Vader pinned Michaels to win the match for his team. Vader faced Michaels again at [[SummerSlam (1996)|SummerSlam]], where Michaels won by pinfall.

Following his feud with Michaels, Vader faced off against [[The Undertaker]] in a singles match at the [[Royal Rumble (1997)|Royal Rumble]], and during the match, The Undertaker's former manager, [[Paul Bearer]], attacked him and helped Vader win; Bearer then became Vader's manager. Both Vader and Undertaker went on to compete in the [[Royal Rumble match]], during which Stone Cold Steve Austin was eliminated by [[Bret Hart]]; however, the referees did not see this, as they were attending to [[Terry Funk]] and [[Mick Foley|Mankind]] on the floor, allowing Austin to sneak back into the ring and eliminate both Vader and Undertaker, then Bret Hart, who was busy eliminating [[Kane (wrestler)|Fake Diesel]], and win the Royal Rumble. As a result of this, Vader and the other men eliminated by Austin, Bret Hart and The Undertaker, were put into the [[Professional wrestling match types#Basic elimination matches|four-way main event]] of February's [[In Your House 13: Final Four]] for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, in which Vader, after bleeding profusely, was eliminated by The Undertaker. Bearer then persuaded his two proteges, Vader and Mankind, to go after the [[World Tag Team Championship (WWE)|WWF Tag Team Championship]], despite the fact that the two men often brawled between themselves. They failed in their bid to win the tag team gold at [[WrestleMania 13]].

==== Various feuds and departure (1997–1998) ====
Vader again received an opportunity to face The Undertaker, this time for the WWF Championship at [[In Your House 16: Canadian Stampede]], but lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoffco-inc.com/wwe/ppv/ppv/iyh16.html|title=WWF In Your House 16: "Canadian Stampede"|access-date=2008-03-10|work=CompleteWWE.com|archive-date=February 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229161059/http://www.hoffco-inc.com/wwe/ppv/ppv/iyh16.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the following night's ''Raw is War'', Vader wrestled [[The Patriot (wrestler)|The Patriot]], who won the match and then went after Bret Hart, who came to ringside during the match; Vader attacked The Patriot and then brought him back into the ring, where he went for the Vader Bomb, but Hart came into the ring and laid the [[Flag of Canada|Canadian flag]] over The Patriot, so Vader got down, picked up the Canadian flag, broke it, and started a brawl with Hart. This [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Turn|turned]] Vader's [[Face (professional wrestling)|face]] and served to bring Vader into the USA vs. Canada [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feud]], which culminated at [[Survivor Series (1997)|Survivor Series]], where Vader was the leader of Team USA, with [[Goldust]], [[Marc Mero]], and [[Steve Blackman]] (replacing the injured Patriot) as they faced Team Canada, composed of the British Bulldog, [[Jim Neidhart]], [[Doug Furnas]], and [[Philip Lafond|Phil LaFon]]; during the match, Goldust walked out on his team and Team USA lost the match after The Bulldog pinned Vader after hitting him with the ring bell. Goldust and Vader feuded throughout the fall and finally faced off at the [[Royal Rumble (1998)|Royal Rumble]], in a match that Vader won. Goldust eliminated Vader from the Royal Rumble match later that night (Vader entered at number 30).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/198811511/results/|title=Royal Rumble 1998 Results|access-date=July 10, 2008|publisher=WWE}}</ref>

Following his feud with Goldust, Vader began feuding with Kane, and both faced off for the first time at [[No Way Out of Texas]], where Vader lost after a [[chokeslam]] and a [[Tombstone Piledriver]] before Kane subsequently attacked him with a large steel wrench, resulting in Vader being taken away on a stretcher and was kept off of television for a while.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/history/1998/results/|title=No Way Out of Texas Results|access-date=2008-07-12|publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref> Two months later, at [[Unforgiven: In Your House]], Vader returned during Kane's [[inferno match]] against The Undertaker; as Kane was attempting to leave the match, Vader appeared and fought him back to the ring to continue the match, which Kane lost.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unforgiven Results|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/unforgiven/history/1998/results/|access-date=2007-09-16|publisher=WWE|archive-date=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605025836/http://www.wwe.com/shows/unforgiven/history/1998/results|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vader and Kane had a rematch at [[Over the Edge: In Your House|Over the Edge]] in a [[mask vs. mask match]], in which Vader attempted to use a wrench on Kane like the one used on him months before, but Kane managed to recover and defeat Vader, costing him his mask in the process. In a post-match interview with [[Michael Cole (wrestling)|Michael Cole]], Vader said, "I made the biggest mistake of my life. Maybe Vader time is over. I'm nothing but a big piece of shit. A big fat piece of shit".<ref name=shit>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=John|title=Stone Cold Beats the Odds|url=http://slam.canoe.com/SlamWrestlingArchive/jun1_overtheedge.html|publisher=Slam Wrestling|access-date=July 9, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925180546/http://slam.canoe.com/SlamWrestlingArchive/jun1_overtheedge.html|archive-date=September 25, 2015}}</ref>

Subsequently, Vader had a series of losses and was reduced to the status of a [[Job (professional wrestling)|jobber to the stars]], having a feud with [[Mark Henry]] which Vader lost. After considering retirement, Vader instead negotiated his own release from the WWF so he could once again wrestle in Japan.<ref name=rej>{{cite web|url=http://www.canoe.com/SlamWrestlingEditorial/jan5_molinaro.html|title=Vader rejuvenated in Japan|author=Molinaro, John F.|publisher=SLAM! Wrestling|access-date=November 12, 2009|date=January 6, 2000|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312022024/http://www.canoe.com/SlamWrestlingEditorial/jan5_molinaro.html|archive-date=March 12, 2005}}</ref> His final WWF pay-per-view match was a loss to [[John Layfield|Bradshaw]] at [[Breakdown: In Your House]] in a No Holds Barred match. He lost to [[Edge (wrestler)|Edge]] on the October 11, 1998, episode of ''[[WWE Heat|Sunday Night Heat]]'' in his final televised WWF match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwwew.net/tv/heat/981011.htm|title=Sunday Night Heat — October 11, 1998|work=pwwew.net|access-date=January 14, 2019}}</ref> In a shoot interview, Jim Cornette said part of the reason that Vader's WWF run was not as successful as what was hoped was due to the failure to properly book Vader.<ref>{{YouTube|kUZizMxgSlY}}</ref>

=== All Japan Pro Wrestling (1998–2000) ===
After leaving the WWF, Vader returned to Japan. He returned to All Japan Pro Wrestling<ref name=rej/> forming a team with his old foe [[Stan Hansen]], with whom he made it to the finals of the [[World's Strongest Tag Determination League#1998|1998]] [[World's Strongest Tag Determination League]], where they were defeated by [[Kenta Kobashi]] and [[Jun Akiyama]].<ref name=rej/> At the beginning of 1999, he became the number one contender to the Triple Crown by defeating Kobashi. He then won the (vacant) Triple Crown Title on March 6, 1999, by defeating [[Akira Taue]].<ref name=rej/> He then won the 1999 [[Champion Carnival]].<ref name=rej/> Vader lost the Triple Crown to Misawa on May 2, 1999, at the Giant Baba Memorial Show, and he regained it from Misawa on October 30.<ref name=rej/>

While defending the Triple Crown, Vader won the [[World Tag Team Championship (AJPW)|World Tag Team Championship]] with a recently returned [[Steve Williams (wrestler)|"Dr. Death" Steve Williams]] on February 20, 2000. However, the week after on February 27, Vader lost the Triple Crown to Kenta Kobashi. Upon losing the title, Vader continued defending his tag team titles with Williams before Vader took some time off, disappearing from TV in April 2000 after a singles loss to Misawa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/vader-201.html?prom_id=37&year=2000&res=5000|title = Vader: Profile & Match Listing - Internet Wrestling Database (IWD)}}</ref> The Tag Team titles were vacated that month, and Williams went on to feud with [[Mike Barton]] to set up their [[WWF Brawl for All|Brawl For All]] revenge angle.

=== Pro Wrestling NOAH (2000–2003) ===

Upon returning from his hiatus, Vader joined [[Mitsuharu Misawa|Mitsuharu Misawa's]] newly created [[Pro Wrestling Noah]] promotion in October 2000. He had a strong dominance in the tag team division with [[2 Cold Scorpio]], where they had a great number of victories on television and pay-per-views. Vader earned many singles victories as well against several of the roster's Japanese wrestlers. He often had matches against [[Jun Akiyama]] as part of a grudge feud that was carried over from their times facing each other in AJPW. While teaming together, Vader and Scorpio often found themselves fighting against Akiyama and whatever Japanese partner he had at the moment.

Vader and Scorpio won the grudge feud by defeating Jun Akiyama and [[Akitoshi Saito]] on an October 19, 2001, pay-per-view, where they became the inaugural [[GHC Tag Team Championship|GHC Tag Team Champions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noah.puroresufan.com/results/tugofwar01.php |title=NOAH Tug of War tour results |access-date=2007-08-31 |publisher=Green Destiny |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083558/http://noah.puroresufan.com/results/tugofwar01.php |archive-date=2007-09-29 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/vader-201.html?prom_id=40&year=2001&res=5000|title = Vader: Profile & Match Listing - Internet Wrestling Database (IWD)}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/0QTHc2wxNQE Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201123171433/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QTHc2wxNQE Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QTHc2wxNQE| title = Team KAOS (Scorpio/Vader) vs. STERNNESS (Saito/Akiyama) c (NOAH 2001/10/19) [GHC Tag Championship!] | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> They lost the titles to [[Mitsuharu Misawa]] and [[Yoshinari Ogawa]] on November 30.<ref name="Noah"/> Having lost the tag team titles, Vader tried to reprioritize himself and pursue Jun Akiyama's [[GHC Heavyweight Championship]] (the top title of the company), where it culminated in a much hyped pay-per-view main event on December 9, 2001.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/QqrIK6wpMhU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201121211243/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqrIK6wpMhU Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqrIK6wpMhU| title = Vader vs. Jun Akiyama (c) (NOAH) | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Vader lost the match by submitting to Akiyama, and right after the event he took a break from wrestling for two months.

Vader returned to NOAH's television programs in March 2002. He and Scorpio continued teaming, and despite them not winning the titles again, they continued having many victories in the tag team and singles division throughout 2002. Vader's last appearance in NOAH was in January 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/vader-201.html?prom_id=40&res=5000|title = Vader: Profile & Match Listing - Internet Wrestling Database (IWD)}}</ref>

=== NWA Total Nonstop Action (2003, 2015) ===
On February 19, 2003, Vader appeared in [[Impact Wrestling|NWA Total Nonstop Action]] (NWA-TNA) to defend [[Dusty Rhodes]], who was fighting with [[The Harris Brothers]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=The Time Dusty Rhodes Teamed With Vader In TNA - Atletifo |url=https://atletifo.com/news/the-time-dusty-rhodes-teamed-with-vader-in-tna/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref> He and Dusty won a tag team match the next week against the Harris Brothers via disqualification. He then began a feud with [[Nikita Koloff]], whose career Vader ended long ago. However, TNA and Vader soon parted ways.

Vader made a one-off return to TNA on the June 24, 2015, episode of ''[[Impact! (TV series)|Impact!]]'' for a singles match against [[Bram (wrestler)|Bram]]. Vader won the match via disqualification after Bram used a ring wrench to hit Vader in the head. [[Matt Morgan]] then entered the ring to save Vader and take out Bram. This was his final appearance for the company.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pritchard|first=Bill|title=TNA Impact Wrestling Results (6/24) – New X Division Champion, Full Metal Mayhem, Jeff Jarrett Returns!|url=http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/590949-tna-impact-wrestling-results-062415|work=Wrestlezone|date=June 24, 2015|access-date=June 25, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626003439/http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/590949-tna-impact-wrestling-results-062415|archive-date=June 26, 2015}}</ref>

=== Sporadic returns to WWE (2005, 2012, 2016) ===
[[File:Slater's veteran conquerors.jpg|thumb|Vader (far right) and other WWE legends after attacking [[Heath Slater]] at ''[[WWE Raw 1000]]'' in July 2012]]
Vader returned to the WWF, now [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] (WWE), on the October 31, 2005, episode of ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'' when [[Jonathan Coachman]] announced that Vader and [[Goldust]] would be in his corner for his street fight against Stone Cold Steve Austin the next night at [[Taboo Tuesday (2005)|Taboo Tuesday]].<ref name=Oct3105>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/results/raw/raw2005/1130824906.shtml|title=Raw – October 31, 2005|access-date=June 23, 2009|publisher=Wrestle View|first=Martin|last=Adam|date=November 1, 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318051514/http://www.wrestleview.com/results/raw/raw2005/1130824906.shtml|archive-date=March 18, 2012}}</ref> When Austin decided not to participate, he was replaced by [[Dave Bautista|Batista]]. Vader and Goldust interfered in the match on Coachman's behalf and received [[professional wrestling throws#Spinebuster|spinebusters]] for their efforts.

On the June 11, 2012, episode of ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'', Vader defeated [[Heath Slater]] in a singles match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2012-06-11/wwe-raw-results/page-6|title=WWE Raw SuperShow results: Big Show knocked out Mr. McMahon!|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014153855/http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2012-06-11/wwe-raw-results/page-6 |archive-date=October 14, 2012|url-status=live|publisher=WWE|date=June 11, 2012|access-date=February 20, 2016}}</ref> On July 23 on the [[WWE Raw 1000|1000th episode of ''Raw'']], Vader and several other legends prevented Slater from leaving in his match against [[Lita (wrestler)|Lita]], which she won.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=CALDWELL'S WWE RAW RESULTS 7/23: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw #999 – WWE recognizes 1,000 episodes, WWE Title match, Lesnar, Rock, DX, wedding|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_63621.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=July 29, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726225443/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_63621.shtml|archive-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref>

In April 2016, Vader made a one-night appearance at the [[WWE Hall of Fame (2016)|2016 WWE Hall of Fame]] ceremony to induct [[Stan Hansen]] into the [[WWE Hall of Fame]]. On March 7, 2022, it was announced that he would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1500852535715897347|user=WWE|title=BREAKING: As first reported by @BleacherReport, Vader will be posthumously inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame’s Cla…|date=March 7, 2022}}</ref>

=== Independent circuit (2004–2007, 2010–2017) ===
Vader returned to Japan, wrestling at a NJPW Wrestle Land show. He also worked in the independent circuit as Big Van Vader, including a tag match with [[Mike Awesome]] against [[Samoa Joe]] and [[Dan Maff]] in [[Jersey All Pro Wrestling]] on June 5, 2004. On May 12, 2007, Vader faced [[Brutus Beefcake]] at Spartan Slamfest, a World Wrestling Coalition charity show. The match was held at the Kingston Armory in [[Kingston, Pennsylvania]]. After wrestling his last match in 2007, White began working as a high school football coach and retired from the sport.<ref name=Cage/>

[[File:Vader 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|Vader in 2014]]
On April 29, 2010, White made a return to wrestling under his Vader ring name at the event Vader Time 5 Return of the Emperor. At the event, he teamed with his son Jesse and former tag team partner [[2 Cold Scorpio]] to successfully defeat [[Makoto Hashi]], [[Tamon Honda]] and [[Tatsumi Fujinami]] in the main event.<ref name=Cage/>

Vader made his in-ring return to the United States on January 28, 2012. He defeated Arik Royal and [[Adam Page]] in a handicap match at [[WrestleReunion|WrestleReunion: Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/DVDs_-_VGames_-_Books_25/article_61196.shtml|title=RADICAN'S PWS WRESTLEREUNION LA REVIEW 1/28 – Outlaws vs. Steiner Brothers, Legends Wrestle Royale, Smith-Richards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513043431/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/DVDs_-_VGames_-_Books_25/article_61196.shtml |archive-date=May 13, 2012|url-status=live|publisher=PWTorch.com|date=May 8, 2012|access-date=February 20, 2016}}</ref> On May 11, 2012, at [[Resistance Pro]]'s event A Small Deadly Space, Vader defeated [[Jay Bradley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.resistancepro.com/events/|title=Events: Resistance Pro Wrestling|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611015917/http://www.resistancepro.com/events/ |archive-date=June 11, 2012|publisher=Resistancepro.com|access-date=February 20, 2016}}</ref>

In May 2016, [[Will Ospreay]] and [[Ricochet]] faced each other during the NJPW tournament Best of the Super Juniors. During the match, both wrestlers performed a high flying, fast-paced sequence. When Vader saw the sequence, he complained on social media about the current direction of pro wrestling, specifically about matches being too scripted and overly choreographed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.solowrestling.com/new/52728-vader-sobre-el-ospreay-vs-ricochet-me-entristece-la-direccion-que-esta-tomando-el-wrestling|title=Vader sobre el Ospreay vs Ricochet|last=Solowrestling|date=May 30, 2016|website=www.solowrestling.com}}</ref> During the following weeks, Vader and Ospreay feuded on Twitter,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.solowrestling.com/new/53172-nuevo-choque-entre-vader-y-will-ospreay-en-las-redes-sociales|title=Nuevo choque entre Vader y Will Ospreay en las redes sociales|last=Solowrestling|date=June 17, 2016|website=www.solowrestling.com}}</ref> which led to England-based promotion [[Revolution Pro Wrestling]] (RevPro) booking a match between them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.solowrestling.com/new/53373-revpro-anuncia-la-lucha-entre-vader-y-will-ospreay-para-uprising-2016|title=RevPro anuncia la lucha entre Vader y Will Ospreay para Uprising 2016|last=Solowrestling|date=June 26, 2016|website=www.solowrestling.com}}</ref> The match took place on August 12, 2016, with Vader defeating Ospreay. Two days later, Vader made an appearance in Colchester, England for the [[XWA (professional wrestling)|XWA Wrestling]] (XWA) promotion, defeating "Savvy" Sid Scala.

On April 20, 2017, Vader made an appearance in [[Japan]] at [[Korakuen Hall]] as part of the [[Dradition]] show to celebrate the 45th anniversary of the debut of [[Tatsumi Fujinami]]. Following a six-man tag team match, Vader collapsed due to being dropped on his head during the match, but he was able to walk backstage under his own power and he remained in Japan as he was scheduled to work two more shows in [[Fukuoka]] and [[Osaka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/vader-briefly-collapses-after-match-japan-234051|title=Vader briefly collapses after match in Japan|last=Meltzer|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Meltzer|date=April 20, 2017|access-date=April 21, 2017|work=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421045036/http://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/vader-briefly-collapses-after-match-japan-234051|archive-date=April 21, 2017}}</ref> On April 22, Vader, [[Takuma Sano]], and [[Yoshiaki Fujiwara]] lost a six-man tag team match to [[Koji Kanemoto]], [[Shiro Koshinaka]] and Tatsumi Fujinami. On April 23, Vader, [[Riki Choshu]], and Tatsumi Fujinami defeated Shiro Koshinaka, Takuma Sano, and Yoshiaki Fujiwara. The final match of his career took place August 26, 2017, for Top Rope Promotions with Vader coming out victorious.<ref name="Cagematch">{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=201096|title=WrestleJam V « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|website=www.cagematch.net}}</ref>

===Return to AJPW (2011–2012)===
In the aftermath of the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|2011 natural disasters in Japan]], Vader and his son Jesse wrestled on special tribute cards for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) and [[Pro Wrestling Zero1]]. On December 7, 2012, Vader returned to AJPW once again, teaming with Keiji Mutoh and [[Kenzo Suzuki|Kenso]] to defeat [[Bambi Killer]], Franz Dynamite and Mazada in a six-man tag team match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.all-japan.co.jp/schedule/tour03.php?taikai_id=329 |title=40th Anniversary Final Tour |access-date=December 11, 2012 |work=[[All Japan Pro Wrestling]] |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214072425/http://all-japan.co.jp/schedule/tour03.php?taikai_id=329 |archive-date=December 14, 2012 }}</ref>

==Professional wrestling style and persona==
[[File:Vader-Michaels in 1996.jpg|thumb|right|Vader performing a ''Vader Bomb'' on [[Shawn Michaels]]]]
White is considered one of the greatest super-heavyweight professional wrestlers of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theringer.com/2018/6/20/17486696/big-van-vader-leon-white-obituary|title=Remembering Big Van Vader|last=Bateman|first=Oliver Lee|date=June 20, 2018|access-date=August 17, 2019|publisher=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=King of the Ring: The Harley Race Story|last1=Race|first1=Harley|last2=Tritz|first2=Gerry|isbn=1-58261-818-6|publisher=[[Sports Publishing]]|date=2004|quote=In fact, he might be the best big man to ever enter the ring.}}</ref> He used his size and weight as part of his moves making them look much more painful than when performed by someone half his size. For example, his finishing move, called the Vader Bomb,<ref name="WWEalumni"/> which is a [[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Corner slingshot splash|corner slingshot splash]], when he would bounce off the middle rope and land on a prone opponent.<ref name=PuroCentral/> He was also noted for his impressive agility, as he can perform a simple [[dropkick]] despite his {{convert|450|lb|kg|abbr=on}} frame.<ref name="WWEalumni"/> One of his signature moves was the ''Vader Sault'',<ref name="WWEalumni"/> [[Moonsault#Rounding_moonsault|a moonsault or a backward somersault jump off the top rope]],<ref name=Cage/><ref name=PuroCentral/> a move that requires significant agility and is usually performed by much smaller wrestlers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2018/06/20/22780104.html|title='Vader' Leon White dead at age 63|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canoe.com|Canadian Online Explorer]]|first1=Steven|last1=Johnson|first2=Greg|last2=Oliver|date=June 20, 2018|access-date=May 17, 2020}}</ref>

==Other media==
===Filmography===
* ''[[Fist of the North Star (1995 film)|Fist of the North Star]]'' (1995) as 'Goliath'<ref name=IMDB>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0113074/|title=Fist of the North Star (1995)|work=IMDb|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915232904/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0113074/|archive-date=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows]]'' (1998) as himself<ref>{{cite web|title= Quick Daily Review #128: Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows (1998)|publisher=vortexeffect.net| url= http://vortexeffect.net/2015/06/11/quick-daily-review-128-hitman-hart-wrestling-with-shadows-1998/|access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref>
* ''The Unreal Story of Professional Wrestling'' (1999) as himself<ref name=IMDB/>
Leon was also in the movie Major Payne.

===Television appearances===
* ''[[Boy Meets World]]'' (1995, 1996) as Francis Albert Leslie 'Frankie' Stecchino, Sr. (3 episodes)<ref name=IMDB/>
* ''[[Baywatch]]'' (1996) "Bash at the Beach" as himself (1 episode)<ref name=IMDB/>

===Video games===
The ''[[Fatal Fury (series)|Fatal Fury]]'' character [[Raiden (Fatal Fury character)|Raiden]], also known as "Big Bear", is based on Vader's appearance in Japan. The character [[Saturday Night Slam Masters#Featured in all games|Alexander the Grater]] from ''[[Saturday Night Slam Masters]]'' bears a resemblance to Vader. Alexander also wears a mask very similar to the mastodon mask Vader wore during ring entrances in the 1980s and early 1990s. Vader himself appears as a playable character in the WCW video games ''[[WCW Wrestling]]'', ''[[WCW: The Main Event]]'', and ''[[WCW SuperBrawl Wrestling]]'', the WWE video game ''[[WWF In Your House (video game)|WWF In Your House]]'', and as a [[downloadable content|downloadable]] or [[Player character#Non-player and secret characters|unlockable]] legend in ''[[WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009]]'', ''[[WWE '12]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/inside/thq/wwe-12/thq-wwe-12-roster-reveal-september|title=Superstar roster revealed for THQ's "WWE '12"|publisher=[[WWE|WWE.com]]|last=Clayton|first=Corey|date=September 2, 2011|access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref> ''[[WWE '13]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ign.com/wikis/wwe-13/Roster|title=Roster - WWE '13 Wiki Guide|website=[[IGN]]|access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K16]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/inside/2k/wwe-2k16/wwe-2k16-roster-playable-characters-superstars-divas|title=Superstars and Divas featured on WWE 2K16 roster list|publisher=[[WWE|WWE.com]]|access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K17]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/section/wwe-2k17/article/wwe-2k17-roster-playable-characters-superstars|title=Superstars to be featured on WWE 2K17 roster|publisher=[[WWE|WWE.com]]|access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K18]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/section/wwe-2k18/article/wwe-2k18-roster-playable-character-list|title=WWE 2K18 roster: Meet the Superstars joining the list of playable characters|publisher=[[WWE|WWE.com]]|access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref> and ''[[WWE 2K19]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwe.2k.com/roster/wwe-2k19|title=WWE 2K19 Roster|publisher=[[WWE 2K]]|access-date=August 17, 2019|archive-date=April 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423183805/https://wwe.2k.com/roster/wwe-2k19|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has also been featured, both officially and unofficially, in numerous Japanese wrestling games, such as the ''[[Fire Pro Wrestling]]'' series, ''[[Virtual Pro Wrestling]]'', ''King of Colosseum'' (he is a preset model in ''[[King of Colosseum II]]''{{'}}s EDIT mode), the latter two editions of the ''[[All Star Pro-Wrestling]]'' series, and ''[[Wrestle Kingdom 2]]'', where he is also featured in the cover art.

==Personal life==
White and his wife Grace Connelly, married in 1979.<ref name=Part2/> Together they have a son, [[Jake Carter (wrestler)|Jesse White]], who was born on April 19, 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intelius.com/results.php?ReportType=1&qf=Jesse&qmi=&qn=White&qcs=Boulder%2C+CO&focusfirst=0|title=People Search from Intelius searches billions of public records instantly. Search free now!|publisher=Intelius.com|access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hscolorado.scout.com/a.z?s=385&p=8&c=1&nid=1996706|title=Jesse White profile|publisher=Hscolorado.scout.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502152628/http://hscolorado.scout.com/a.z?s=385&p=8&c=1&nid=1996706|archive-date=May 2, 2012}}</ref> In July 2009, Jesse began training to become a professional wrestler in Japan.<ref name="wrestlingtruth">Balderson, Keelan (July 3, 2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20090705071422/http://wrestlingtruth.com/news/tna-game-doomed-vader-training-junior-tara-blogs-lance-hoyt-update/ TNA Game Doomed, Vader Training Junior? Tara Blogs, Lance Hoyt Update]. wrestlingtruth.com</ref> He originally committed to the [[University of Oklahoma]] and was touted for the [[National Football League]], but was taken out with a hip injury.<ref name=Cage/><ref name="NFL">[http://nfldraft.rivals.com/viewprospect.asp?Sport=1&pr_key=26405 Rivals] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820013355/http://rivals.yahoo.com/ncaa/football/recruiting/player-Jesse-White-26405 |date=August 20, 2012}}. Nfldraft.rivals.com. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref> In April 2011, he signed a developmental contract with WWE,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1304176563 |title=WWE signs Vader's son to a developmental deal |date=April 30, 2011 |last=Tedesco |first=Mike |access-date=April 30, 2011 |publisher=WrestleView |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930182606/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1304176563 |archive-date=September 30, 2012 }}</ref> and used the name Jake Carter, until September 16, 2013, when he was released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=80314|title=Three Wwe Releases Today Including Son Of Hall Of Famer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061121/http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=80314 |archive-date=September 21, 2013|publisher=PWInsider.com|date=September 16, 2013|access-date=February 20, 2016}}</ref>

White was a [[Born again|born again Christian]].<ref name=Part3/>

While in [[Kuwait]] during a WWF tour in April 1997, White appeared on the television program ''Good Morning Kuwait'' along with [[The Undertaker|Mark Calaway]], who was WWF World Heavyweight Champion at that time.<ref name=Cage/><ref name=kuwait>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/1997-12-31/news/18047941_1_kuwaiti-fined-kuwait-kuwait|title=Wrestler Vader Fined|work=New York Daily News|date=December 31, 1997|access-date=November 12, 2009}}</ref> During the interview, the host asked both of them if wrestling was fake.<ref name=Cage/><ref name=kuwait/> In response, White flipped over the table they were sitting at and grabbed the host by the tie, asking him if it seemed fake while using foul language. He was then arrested and detained by Kuwaiti authorities for two weeks.<ref name=Cage/><ref name=kuwait/> In December, White was fined $164 for this incident. In a later interview, it was revealed that this incident was in fact scripted, as it was pitched to both White and Earl Hebner by the producers of the show in an attempt to boost viewership numbers; however, the host was not apprised of the plan, which resulted in him filing for charges against White.<ref name=kuwait/>

===Health problems and death===
Partially due to years of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] abuse and travel, White and his wife divorced in 2007, inspiring him to quit drinking and curtail his travel.<ref name=Part2>Murphy, Ryan. (May 25, 2011) [http://www.wwe.com/superstars/wherearetheynow/where-are-they-now-vader/where-are-they-now-vader-part-two Where Are They Now? Vader, Part Two] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925015446/http://www.wwe.com/classics/wherearetheynow/where-are-they-now-vader/where-are-they-now-vader-part-two |date=September 25, 2012}}. WWE.com. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>

White had double [[knee replacement]] surgery, resulting in wound infection, and he was bedridden for six months. Soon after recovering, he passed out during a plane trip to Japan for an autograph session. He was in a [[coma]] for 33 days, during which he lost 112 pounds.<ref name=Part3>Murphy, Ryan. (May 25, 2011) [http://www.wwe.com/superstars/wherearetheynow/where-are-they-now-vader/where-are-they-now-vader-part-three Where Are They Now? Vader, Part Three] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002021852/http://www.wwe.com/classics/wherearetheynow/where-are-they-now-vader/where-are-they-now-vader-part-three |date=October 2, 2012}}. WWE.com. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>

In November 2016, White was involved in a rollover car accident that left him unconscious for 35 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/772329-former-world-champion-vader-involved-in-car-accident-photos|title=Former World Champion Vader Involved in Car Accident (Photos)|date=November 8, 2016|publisher=WrestleZone|access-date=November 8, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110164624/http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/772329-former-world-champion-vader-involved-in-car-accident-photos|archive-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> Being diagnosed with [[congestive heart failure]], he consulted two heart doctors, who told him he had two years to live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildpitchsports.com/2016/11/15/doctors-tell-big-van-vader-two-years-live/|title=Doctors tell Big Van Vader he has two years to live|date=November 15, 2016|website=wildpitchsports.com|access-date=November 15, 2016|archive-date=November 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116022006/http://www.wildpitchsports.com/2016/11/15/doctors-tell-big-van-vader-two-years-live/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He later received another opinion that was more optimistic.<ref>{{ cite web|url=http://dailyddt.com/2016/12/14/wwe-news-vader-health-status-update/|title=WWE: Vader Provides Good News on His Health Status|date=December 14, 2016|access-date=February 28, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301180235/http://dailyddt.com/2016/12/14/wwe-news-vader-health-status-update/|archive-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref> In a March 2017 interview on the ''Two Man Power Trip of Wrestling'' podcast, White explained that he regretted tweeting about his diagnosis.<ref name="podcast"/> He said he would continue to wrestle and if the tests were proven to be true, he would like to die in the ring.<ref name="podcast">{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=YFo6YqnFEeg| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/YFo6YqnFEeg| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|title=Vader Emotionally Shares His Legacy Left In Professional Wrestling - March 2017|author=Two Man Power Trip of Wrestling|date=June 20, 2018|access-date=August 17, 2019|via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In March 2018, White went in for heart surgery<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wrestlinginc.com/wi/news/2018/0313/637851/former-wcw-and-wcw-star-vader-undergoing-heart-surgery/|title=Former WWE And WCW Star Vader Undergoing Heart Surgery - WrestlingInc.com|date=March 12, 2018 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314175743/http://wrestlinginc.com/wi/news/2018/0313/637851/former-wcw-and-wcw-star-vader-undergoing-heart-surgery/|archive-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref> followed by another to treat an arrhythmia.<ref name=Johnson/> White died on June 18, 2018, after a month-long hospitalization for [[pneumonia]]. He was 63 years old.<ref name=Johnson>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2018/06/20/22780104.html|title='Vader' Leon White dead at age 63}}</ref> In the months before his death, White was frequently visited and supported by fellow wrestler [[Sting (wrestler)|Sting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2018/06/24/vader-sting-jesse-white-comfort-final-days/|title=Sting Comforted Vader In His Final Days, Vader's Son Says|website=TMZ}}</ref>

== Championships and accomplishments ==
* '''[[All Japan Pro Wrestling]]'''
** [[Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship]] ([[Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship#Reigns|2 times]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/wtcaj.html|title=AJPW – ALL JAPAN PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING - WTCAJ WRESTLING|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529012918/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/wtcaj.html |archive-date=May 29, 2013|url-status=live|publisher=Solie.org|access-date=February 20, 2016}}</ref>
** [[World Tag Team Championship (AJPW)|World Tag Team Championship]] ([[World Tag Team Championship (AJPW)#Title history|1 time]]) – with [["Dr. Death" Steve Williams|Steve Williams]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/wtttajpw.html|title=AJPW – ALL JAPAN PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING - WTTTAJPW|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529015914/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/wtttajpw.html |archive-date=May 29, 2013|url-status=live|publisher=Solie.org|access-date=February 20, 2016}}</ref>
** [[Champion Carnival]] ([[Champion Carnival#1999|1999]])<ref name="AJPW"/><ref name=PuroCentral/>
* '''[[Catch Wrestling Association]]'''
** [[CWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship]] ([[CWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship#Title History|1 time]])<ref>[http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/ictcwa.html Solie's Title Histories: CWA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205111749/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/ictcwa.html |date=February 5, 2012}}. Solie.org (December 21, 1991). Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>
** [[CWA World Heavyweight Championship]] ([[CWA World Heavyweight Championship#Title history|3 times]])<ref>[http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/htcwa.html Solie's Title Histories: CWA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609065845/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/htcwa.html |date=June 9, 2013}}. Solie.org (August 2, 1973). Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>
** CWA Bremen Catch Cup (1987)
*'''Impact Zone Wrestling'''
**IZW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* '''[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]'''
** [[IWGP Heavyweight Championship]] ([[List of IWGP Heavyweight Champions|3 times]])<ref name="AJPW"/><ref>[http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/htiwgp.html Solie's Title Histories: I.W.G.P] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404091344/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/htiwgp.html |date=April 4, 2012}}. Solie.org. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>
** [[IWGP Tag Team Championship]] ([[List of IWGP Tag Team Champions|1 time]]) – with [[Bam Bam Bigelow]]<ref name="AJPW"/><ref>[http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/ttiwgp.html Solie's Title Histories: I.W.P.G] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224051106/http://solie.org/titlehistories/ttiwgp.html |date=February 24, 2012}}. Solie.org. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>
** [[Super Grade Tag League]] ([[G1 Climax Tag League#1991|1991]]) – with [[Tatsumi Fujinami]]<ref name=G1TagClimax>{{cite book |author=Royal Duncan & Gary Will |title=Wrestling Title Histories | publisher=Archeus Communications |chapter = Japan: New Japan G-1 (Grade-1) Climax Tag Tournament Champions| page = 374 |year= 2000 |isbn=0-9698161-5-4}}</ref>
** IWGP Title Tournament (1989)<ref>[http://prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/japan/newjapan/title.html#89 New Japan Singles Title Tournaments] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216150542/http://prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/japan/newjapan/title.html |date=December 16, 2014}}. Prowrestlinghistory.com. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>
* '''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''''
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Wrestler of the Year|Wrestler of the Year]] (1993)<ref name="PWI Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html|title=PWI Awards|work=[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]|publisher=[[Kappa Publishing Group]]|access-date=June 20, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121172943/http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html|archive-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref>
** Ranked No. 2 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the ''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated#PWI 500|PWI 500]]'' in 1993<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profightdb.com/pwi-500/1993.html|title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) 500 for 1993|publisher=The Internet Wrestling Database|access-date=June 20, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114083926/http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-500/1993.html|archive-date=November 14, 2017}}</ref>
** Ranked No. 27 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003<ref name=PWI>{{cite web|url=http://www.willywrestlefest.fr/Ressources/PWI/PWI500_PWI_Years_2003.htm|title=PWI Years 500|work=Willy Wrestlefest|access-date=July 31, 2018|language=fr}}</ref>
** Ranked No. 36 of the top 100 tag teams of the "PWI Years" with Bam Bam Bigelow in 2003<ref name=PWI />
* '''[[Pro Wrestling Noah]]'''
** [[GHC Tag Team Championship]] ([[GHC Tag Team Championship#Title history|1 time]]) – with [[2 Cold Scorpio|Scorpio]]<ref name="Noah">[http://www.noah-usa.cc/GHC%20Heavyweight%20Tag%20Team%20Champ%20sub%20title%20page.html noah-usa.cc] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421035028/http://www.noah-usa.cc/GHC%20Heavyweight%20Tag%20Team%20Champ%20sub%20title%20page.html |date=April 21, 2013}}. noah-usa.cc. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>
** [[GHC Tag Team Championship|GHC Tag Team Title Tournament]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=5562|work=Cage Match|title=NOAH Navigation Tug of War 2001 - Tag 10|access-date=November 27, 2022}}</ref> (2001) - with Scorpio
* '''''[[Tokyo Sports]]'''''
** [[Tokyo Sports Puroresu Awards#Best Tag Team Award|Best Tag Team Award]] (1998) with [[Stan Hansen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/wrestling/wrestling_past3/|script-title=ja:東京スポーツプロレス大賞|access-date=January 20, 2014|work=[[Tokyo Sports]]|language=ja|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014233953/https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/wrestling/wrestling_past3/|archive-date=October 14, 2017}}</ref>
* '''[[Universal Wrestling Association]]'''
** [[UWA World Heavyweight Championship]] ([[UWA World Heavyweight Championship#Title history|1 time]])<ref name=UWAChamp>{{cite web|url=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/whtuwa.html|title=UWA World Heavyweight Championship history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614085610/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/whtuwa.html|archive-date=June 14, 2012}}</ref>
* '''[[UWF International|Union of Wrestling Forces International]]'''
**Pro-Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/whtuwfi.html|title=UWFI World Heavyweight Championship history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614085614/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/whtuwfi.html|archive-date=June 14, 2012}}</ref>
** Best of the World Tournament (1994)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=445 |title=Best Of The World 1994 Tournament « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH |publisher=Cagematch.net |date=August 18, 1994 |access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref>
* '''[[World Championship Wrestling]]'''
** [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship]] ([[List of WCW World Heavyweight Champions|3 times]])<ref name=FirstWCW>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150928191127/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/3044541109 WCW World Championship – Vader. July 12, 1992 – August 02, 1992]. wwe.com</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151213015229/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411013 WCW World Championship – Vader. December 30, 1992 – March 11, 1993]. wwe.com</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150919071626/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411017 WCW World Championship – Vader. March 17, 1993 – December 27, 1993]. wwe.com</ref>
** [[WWE United States Championship|WCW United States Heavyweight Championship]] ([[List of WWE United States Champions|1 time]])<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150905095530/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/unitedstates/30445413211 United States Championship – Vader. December 27, 1994 – March 25, 1995]. wwe.com.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/unitedstates/|title=WWE United States Championship|access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref>
** [[Battlebowl|BattleBowl (1993)]]<ref>[http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/bbwcw.html Solie's Title Histories: WCW] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313120903/http://solie.org/titlehistories/bbwcw.html |date=March 13, 2016}}. Solie.org. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>
* '''[[WWE|World Wrestling Federation/WWE]]'''
**[[WWE Hall of Fame]] ([[WWE Hall of Fame (2022)|Class of 2022]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mundowrestling.es/vader-entra-al-hall-of-fame-de-wwe/ |title=Vader entra al Hall of Fame de WWE |lang=es |website=Mundo Wrestling|date=March 7, 2022 }}</ref>
** [[Slammy Award]] (1 time)
*** Crime of the Century ([[1996 Slammy Awards|1996]])<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110908073222/http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/wwf/slammy.htm WWE Slammy Awards]. 100megsfree4.com</ref> – {{small|Assault on WWF President [[Gorilla Monsoon]]}}
* '''''[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]'''''
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Best Heel|Best Heel]] (1993)<ref name="won">{{cite journal|last=Meltzer|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Meltzer|date=January 26, 2011|title=Biggest issue of the year: The 2011 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Awards Issue|periodical=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|location=Campbell, CA|pages=1–40|issn=1083-9593}}</ref>
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Best Wrestling Maneuver|Best Wrestling Maneuver]] (1993) {{small|[[Moonsault]]}}<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Most Improved|Most Improved Wrestler]] (1999)<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Wrestler of the Year|Wrestler of the Year]] (1993)<ref name="won" />
** [[Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame]] (Class of 1996)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/hallofame.html|title=Wrestling Observer Hall of Fame|work=[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]|publisher=[[Kappa Publishing Group]]|access-date=June 20, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714111434/http://pwi-online.com/pages/hallofame.html|archive-date=July 14, 2008}}</ref>

== Luchas de Apuestas record ==
{{See also|Lucha libre#Luchas de Apuestas|l1=Luchas de Apuestas}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" width=100% style="text-align: center"
|-
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20% scope="col"|Winner (wager)
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20% scope="col"|Loser (wager)
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20% scope="col"|Location
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20% scope="col"|Event
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=15% scope="col"|Date
!class="unsortable" style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=5% scope="col"|Notes
|-
|[[Kane (wrestler)|Kane]] (mask) || Vader (mask) || Milwaukee, Wisconsin || [[Over the Edge: In Your House|Over the Edge]] || {{dts|1998|05|31}} ||
|}

==See also==
* [[List of premature professional wrestling deaths]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last=Foley|first=Mick|title=[[Have a Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks]]|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2000|isbn=978-0-06-103101-4}}
* {{cite book|title=King of the Ring: The Harley Race Story|last1=Race|first1=Harley|last2=Tritz|first2=Gerry|isbn=1-58261-818-6|publisher=[[Sports Publishing]]|date=2004}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|name = Leon White}}
* {{Twitter|name = Big Van Vader}}
* {{wwe superstar|name = Vader}}
* {{Professional wrestling profiles}}

{{Navboxes|
|list1=
{{Los Angeles Rams 1978 draft navbox}}
{{Champion Carnival}}
{{CWA World Heavyweight Championship}}
{{CWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Champions}}
{{IWGP Heavyweight Championship}}
{{IWGP Tag Team Championship}}
{{G1 Tag League}}
{{All Japan Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship}}
{{GHC Tag Team Championship}}
{{UWA World Heavyweight Championship}}
{{WCW World Heavywieght Championship}}
{{WWE United States Championship}}
{{WWE Hall of Fame}}
}}

{{WWE Hall of Fame}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vader, Big Van}}
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Big Van Vader

2024-01-23T16:35:47Z

8.38.177.4:

{{Short description|American professional wrestler and football player (1955–2018)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{redirects|Vader (wrestler)|other uses|Vader (disambiguation){{!}}Vader}}
{{Infobox person
| birthname = Leon Allen White<ref name=NFL/>
| name = Big Van Vader
| image = Vader One Night Only.jpg
| caption = Vader in September 1997
| alma_mater = [[University of Colorado Boulder|University of Colorado]]
| birth_place = [[Lynwood, California]], U.S.<ref name=Cage>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.de/?id=2&nr=132&gimmick=Leon+Allen+White|title=Big Van Vader|work=Cagematch}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date|1955|5|14}}<ref name=Cage/>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|6|18|1955|5|14}}<ref name="deathtweet">{{cite tweet|user=itsvadertime|number=1009447756778360832|title=It is with a heavy heart to inform everyone that my father, Leon White, passed away on Monday night (6/18/18) at approximately 7:25pm.|date=June 20, 2018}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Denver]], [[Colorado]], U.S.
| spouse = {{marriage|Grace Connelly|1979|2007|end=div}}
| children = [[Jake Carter (wrestler)|Jake Carter]]
| module = {{Infobox professional wrestler|child=yes
| names = Baby Bull<ref name=rej/> Bull Power <ref name=rej/> Big Van Vader<ref name="PuroCentral"/> Leon White<ref name=Cage/> Vader<ref name="WWEalumni">{{cite news|url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/wwealumni/vaderalumni/|title=Vader|publisher=[[WWE]]|work=WWE.com|access-date=January 3, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626093411/http://www.wwe.com/superstars/wwealumni/vaderalumni/|archive-date=June 26, 2010}}</ref>
| billed = [[Boulder, Colorado]], U.S. "[[The Rocky Mountains]]"<ref name="WWEalumni"/>
| height = 6 ft 5 in<ref name="WWEalumni"/>
| weight = 450 lb<ref name="WWEalumni"/>
| trainer = [[Brad Rheingans]]<ref name=Cage/><ref name=PuroCentral>{{cite web|url=http://www.puroresucentral.com/vader.html|title=Puroresu Central profile|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227070416/http://www.puroresucentral.com/vader.html|archive-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref>
| debut = 1985<ref name=Cage/><ref name=PuroCentral/>
| retired = August 26, 2017<ref name="Cagematch"/>
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox NFL biography
| embed = yes
| name = Leon White
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| number = 75
| status =
| position = [[Center (gridiron football)|Center]]
| college = [[Colorado Buffaloes football|University of Colorado]]
| high_school = [[Bell High School (California)|Bell]] ([[Los Angeles, California]])
|draftyear=1978
|draftround=3
|draftpick=80
|pastteams=
* [[Los Angeles Rams]] ({{NFL Year|1978}}–{{NFL Year|1979}})
| highlights =
* Second-team [[College Football All-America Team|All-American]] ([[1977 College Football All-America Team|1977]])
}}
}}
'''Leon Allen White'''<ref name=NFL/> (May 14, 1955 – June 18, 2018),<ref name="AJPW">{{cite web|url=http://www.all-japan.co.jp/profile/bigb.php |script-title=ja:ビッグバン・ベイダー |access-date=December 11, 2012 |work=[[All Japan Pro Wrestling]] |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204023020/http://www.all-japan.co.jp/profile/bigb.php |archive-date=December 4, 2012 }}</ref> better known by his [[ring name]]s '''Big Van Vader''' or simply '''Vader''', was an American [[professional wrestler]] and professional [[American football|football]] player. Throughout his career, he performed for [[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] (NJPW), [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW), the [[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF), [[All Japan Pro Wrestling]] (AJPW), and [[Pro Wrestling Noah]] (NOAH) during the 1990s and 2000s. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest super-heavyweight professional wrestlers of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbssports.com/general/news/still-wrestling-despite-heart-issue-vader-prefers-to-die-having-fun-in-the-ring/|title=Still wrestling despite heart issue, Vader prefers to die 'having fun in the ring'|last=Burkholder|first=Denny|date=March 3, 2017|work=[[CBS Sports]]|access-date=November 12, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113216/https://www.cbssports.com/general/news/still-wrestling-despite-heart-issue-vader-prefers-to-die-having-fun-in-the-ring/|archive-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref>

White performed as a monstrous wrestler, and he was capable of aerial maneuvers: his diving [[moonsault]] was voted the "[[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Best Wrestling Maneuver|Best Wrestling Maneuver]]" of 1993 by ''[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]'' (''WON'') readers. Among other accolades in WCW, Mexico and Japan, he won the [[IWGP Heavyweight Championship]] and the [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship]] three times each, the [[UWA World Heavyweight Championship]] once, the [[Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship]] twice, the [[WWE United States Championship|WCW United States Heavyweight Championship]] [[List of WWE United States Champions|once]], and won the [[Professional wrestling battle royal|battle royal]] main event of the 1993 [[Battlebowl]] [[pay-per-view]] (PPV). He headlined multiple [[List of WWE pay-per-view and WWE Network events|PPV events for the WWF]] and [[List of NWA/WCW closed-circuit events and pay-per-view events|WCW]]. Vader was inducted into the [[Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame|''Wrestling Observer Newsletter'' Hall of Fame]] in 1996 and the [[WWE Hall of Fame]] in 2022.

==Early life==
Leon Allen White was born in [[Lynwood, California]], on May 14, 1955, and grew up in [[Compton, California]].<ref name=NFL/><ref name="AJPW"/><ref name="GNW1">{{cite web|title=Interview: Big Van Vader|last=Nicholson|first=Devon|date=January 12, 2017|work=Great North Wrestling|access-date=January 15, 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pDFhYBPsxg|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407010014/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pDFhYBPsxg|archive-date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> He was raised with his sister in a rough area of Los Angeles known as [[South Central, Los Angeles|South Central]], where the siblings experienced a home break-in.<ref name=Part2/> His father was a [[United States Marines|US Marine]].<ref name="GNW1"/> His father also was an [[underwater welder]] for the [[US Navy]] and invented an automobile [[Hoist (device)|hoist]], which made the family wealthier and let them move to a safer neighborhood in [[Bell, California|Bell]], where White attended [[Bell High School (Bell, California)|Bell High School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://podcastone.com/Steve-Austin-Show-Clean|title=''The Steve Austin Show'', Episode 119, "Big Van Vader aka Leon White" (starting around 27:00)|publisher=Podcastone.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226090105/http://podcastone.com/Steve-Austin-Show-Clean|archive-date=February 26, 2014}}</ref> In high school, he competed in [[shot put]] on the track and field team, wrestled, and played football.

==American football career==
White was a nationally ranked [[Center (gridiron football)|center]] that was recruited by forty colleges. He played [[American football positions#Offensive (interior) line|offensive line]] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University of Colorado]], where he was named a second-team [[College Football All-America Team|All-American]] at [[guard (gridiron football)|guard]] by [[United Press International]] for the [[Colorado Buffaloes football|Buffaloes]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite news|title=UPI All-America|newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|date=December 2, 1977|page=2C|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4546267/notre_dame_trio_head_upi_allamerica/}}</ref> He earned a business administration degree.

===Professional career===
{{expand section|date=October 2019}}
In the [[1978 NFL Draft]], White was drafted as a center by the [[Los Angeles Rams]] with the 24th pick of the 3rd Round (80th overall).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfl.com/draft/history/fulldraft?season=1978#round3 |quote=80 – Los Angeles Rams – Leon White – Colorado |title=NFL Draft History |website=[[NFL.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921192754/http://www.nfl.com/draft/history/fulldraft?season=1978#round3 |archive-date=September 21, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="TO1">{{cite news|url=http://newsok.com/article/2916835|title=NFL career was ended by an injury Pro wrestler Vader has son playing with OU|last=Buckner|first=Brandon|date=October 23, 2005|work=The Oklahoman|access-date=January 15, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135009/http://newsok.com/article/2916835|archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref> White's [[1979 Los Angeles Rams season|second season]] saw the Rams go to the [[Super Bowl XIV|Super Bowl]] and earned White an [[NFC West|NFC]] [[championship ring]]. White spent the season on the injured reserve list due to knee problems. He did not play a single down and registered no statistics. White was forced into retirement by a ruptured [[patella]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Dufresne |first=Chris |date=August 11, 1989 |title=CENTERPIECE : Doug Smith Quietly Gives the Rams an Anchor for the Offensive Line |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-08-11-sp-320-story.html |quote=In 1978, the Rams drafted Colorado center Leon White in the third round. He, not Smith, was to be the team’s center. But five knee surgeries in two years took White out of the picture,...}}</ref>

== Professional wrestling career ==
=== American Wrestling Association (1985–1987) ===
While working out at a gym, White was spotted by a man who remembered him from his college football days who suggested he look into professional wrestling. Trained by [[Brad Rheingans]], White got his first national exposure in the [[American Wrestling Association]] (AWA). He went by the moniker '''Baby Bull''', which was later changed to Bull Power. White honed his skills during this time, and his ring work improved significantly to the point that he was booked in a match with [[Stan Hansen]] for the [[AWA World Heavyweight Championship]], where he was defeated.<ref name="PWInsider">{{cite web |url=https://pwinsider.com/article/118273/looking-at-the-life-and-career-of-leon-vader-white.html?p=1 |title=Looking At The Life of Leon 'Vader' White |work=Pro Wrestling Insider |last=Johnson |first=Mike |date=June 20, 2018 |access-date=June 21, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621094700/https://pwinsider.com/article/118273/looking-at-the-life-and-career-of-leon-vader-white.html?p=1 |archive-date=June 21, 2018 }}</ref>

=== Catch Wrestling Association (1986–1987, 1989–1991) ===
In May 1986, White went to Europe to compete for [[Otto Wanz]] and his promotion, [[Catch Wrestling Association]], touring Austria and Germany, using the name '''Bull Power'''. That summer, he took part in the three-day tournament for the Vienna Catch Cup, in Austria. He made it to the finals, before losing to [[Klaus Wallas]]. On March 22, 1987, he won his first championship, the [[CWA World Heavyweight Championship]], defeating Otto Wanz in Denver, Colorado, ending Wanz's reign of nearly nine years in its only title change in the United States. He held onto the title for nearly four months, before losing back to Wanz on July 11 in Graz, Austria. In December 1987, he participated in his second tournament, the Bremen Catch Cup, in Germany. He defeated [[Luc Poirier|Rambo]] in the finals, to win his first tournament.

In 1989, Bull Power returned to the CWA, to challenge Otto Wanz for the CWA World Heavyweight Championship. On August 21 in Vienna, Austria, he defeated Wanz to win his second CWA World title. He held onto the title for a little over four months before losing it back to Wanz in Bremen, Germany, on December 22. A year later, Otto Wanz retired and the CWA World title was held up. Bull Power defeated Rambo to win the vacant title for the third and final time. He held to the title for over six months, before losing it to Rambo in Graz, Austria on July 6, 1991. Five months later, he defeated [[Tatsumi Fujinami]] to become the inaugural [[CWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship|CWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion]]. He vacated the title in 1992 after signing with [[World Championship Wrestling]].

=== New Japan Pro-Wrestling (1987-1992) ===
==== Early years (1987–1989) ====
Although originally signed to [[All Japan Pro Wrestling]] (AJPW), AJPW owner [[Giant Baba]] traded White's contract over to [[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]] (NJPW) in 1987 after consideration.<ref name=rej/> Upon joining NJPW, White was given the ring name '''Big Van Vader''' and began to wear a black [[wrestling mask]]. His new identity was based on a strong warrior of the same name from [[Japanese folklore]].<ref name="vader-folklore">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-6DoPuiRkEC&pg=PA243|chapter=The Monsters|title=The Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame: The Heels|last1=Oliver|first1=Greg|last2=Johnson|first2=Steven|location=[[Toronto]]|publisher=[[ECW Press]]|page=243|year=2007|isbn=978-1-55022-759-8|quote=Derived from Japanese folklore, where Vader was a top warrior who once fought for his village seventy-two hours straight, White was given a huge, black device for his head that shot smoke. }}</ref><ref>{{cite podcast|last=Steve|first=Austin|title=The Steve Austin Show – EP122 – Big Van Vader Pt 2|publisher=Podcast One|date=June 5, 2014|url=http://www.podcastone.com/embed?progID=436&pid=417258|access-date=June 9, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164829/http://www.podcastone.com/embed?progID=436&pid=417258|archive-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref> He was introduced as the crown jewel of the Takeshi Puroresu Gundan [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Stable|stable]] which was [[Manager (professional wrestling)|managed]] by [[Takeshi Kitano]]. Vader challenged [[Antonio Inoki]], who had already defeated [[Riki Choshu]], and defeated the worn-down Inoki. The pro-Inoki audience rioted, resulting in NJPW being banned from Sumo Hall, its home arena. The ban remained in effect until 1989, when NJPW did its first show back in Sumo Hall on February 22.<ref name="PWInsider"/>

==== IWGP Heavyweight Champion (1989–1991) ====
After winning the final match of an eight-man tournament against [[Shinya Hashimoto]] at [[Battle Satellite in Tokyo Dome]], Vader was declared the new [[IWGP Heavyweight Championship|IWGP Heavyweight Champion]]. He was the first gaijin (non-Japanese) wrestler to hold the title.<ref name="rej"/> On May 25, one month after being crowned champion, Vader lost the title to Russian [[suplex]] master [[Salman Hashimikov]]. Hashimikov dropped the title to Vader's old rival, Riki Choshu, on July 12. On August 10, Vader defeated Choshu to become a two-time IWGP Heavyweight Champion.

On February 10, 1990, Vader faced [[Stan Hansen]] at an AJPW versus NJPW supercard show called [[Super Fight in Tokyo Dome]]. Before Vader entered the ring, Hansen accidentally broke Vader's nose with the bull rope Hansen carried to the ring for his matches. During an exchange of stiff punches, Hansen unintentionally poked Vader's left eye with his thumb during their brawl, which caused the eye to pop out of its socket.<ref name=HansenBio>{{cite web|url=http://www.puroresucentral.com/hansen.html|title=Stan Hansen's Puroresu Central profile|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022063956/http://www.puroresucentral.com/hansen.html|archive-date=October 22, 2013}}</ref> After removing his mask, pushing the eye back into its socket and holding it in place with his eyelid, Vader continued wrestling Hansen until the match was rendered a no contest.<ref name=HansenBio/> As a result of the injury, Vader required a metal plate to be surgically placed under his eye.<ref name=HansenBio/> Vader's success garnered the attention of [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW), who convinced him to work for them while still the IWGP Heavyweight Champion and an active competitor in NJPW.

In January 1991, Vader defeated Tatsumi Fujinami to earn himself a third IWGP Heavyweight Title reign. During this match, Vader began bleeding from his eye, which required surgery when he returned to the United States.<ref name=02251991WON>{{cite web|url=https://members.f4wonline.com/wrestling-observer-newsletter/february-25-1991-wrestling-observer-newsletter-full-wrestlemania-card|title=February 25, 1991 Observer Newsletter: Full Wrestlemania card released|author=Observer Staff|publisher=Wrestling Observer Newsletter|website=F4WOnline.com|date=February 25, 1991|access-date=December 8, 2019}} {{subscription required}}</ref> This reign was short-lived, however, as Vader lost the title back to Fujinami on March 4. At this point, WCW and NJPW were reaching a tentative working agreement. This benefited Vader, as he could now have his schedule coordinated far more easily. This helped alleviate his difficulty in gaining notoriety in WCW, as his previously infrequent appearances did not allow the audience to see him very often.

==== Big, Bad, and Dangerous (1992) ====
On March 1, 1992, he and [[Bam Bam Bigelow]] began teaming up as "Big, Bad, and Dangerous". The duo went on to win the [[IWGP Tag Team Championship]] from [[Hiroshi Hase]] and [[Keiji Muto|Keiji Mutoh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.de/?id=28&nr=166|title=Bam Bam Bigelow and Vader's tag team profile|publisher=CageMatch}}</ref> In May, Vader faced Mutoh, now known as The Great Muta, one on one and suffered a legitimate knee injury. This injury was a factor in him and Bigelow losing the title to the [[WCW World Tag Team Championship|WCW World Tag Team Champions]], The [[Steiner Brothers]] after a nearly four-month reign. This also marked a decrease in his NJPW appearances, as Vader began to focus almost entirely on WCW and the [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship]].

=== Universal Wrestling Association (1989–1990) ===
In November 1989, White, as Big Van Vader, made his debut in Mexico for [[Universal Wrestling Association]]. On November 12, he defeated [[El Canek]] to win the [[UWA World Heavyweight Championship]]. Five days later, he made a couple of shows for [[Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre]] in trios matches, teaming with [[Ken Timbs|Fabuloso Blondy]]. He kept the UWA World title for over a year, before losing it back to Canek on December 9.

=== World Championship Wrestling (1990-1995) ===
====Early run (1990–1991)====
Vader was originally signed with [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW) in 1990 but was only used sparingly until 1991.<ref name=rej/> Vader's first match in WCW took place on July 7, 1990, at [[The Great American Bash (1990)|The Great American Bash]], where he defeated [[Tom Zenk]] in a little over two minutes. Seven months later, he returned for [[WrestleWar (1991)|WrestleWar]], where he battled Stan Hansen to a double disqualification. Eight months later, he returned to [[Halloween Havoc (1991)|Halloween Havoc]] and took part in the Chamber of Horrors match, in which Vader's team lost due to [[Abdullah the Butcher]] being electrocuted by their partner, [[Mick Foley|Cactus Jack]]. Two months later, he took part in [[Starrcade (1991)|Starrcade]]'s Lethal Lottery, where he teamed with [[Curtis Hughes|Mr. Hughes]] and defeated [[Rick Steiner]] and [[Bryan Clark|The Nightstalker]] (who was subbing for an injured [[Scott Hall|Diamond Studd]]) to advance to the Battlebowl battle royal, in which he was eliminated.

==== World Heavyweight Champion (1992–1993) ====
When he began working for WCW full-time, Vader was paired with a manager, [[Harley Race]], and received a shot at [[Sting (wrestler)|Sting]]'s [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship|World Heavyweight Championship]] on April 12, 1992, and was disqualified. Sting suffered a pair of cracked ribs and a ruptured spleen in the match after taking a ''[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Corner slingshot splash|Vader Bomb]]'' from Vader, though he continued to compete infrequently while recuperating. Vader received a rematch with Sting on July 12 at [[The Great American Bash (1992)|The Great American Bash]], which he won to become the new WCW World Heavyweight Champion. His reign was short-lived, as he re-injured his knee, forcing him to lose the title three weeks later to [[Ron Simmons]], who substituted for Sting after he was attacked by [[Jake Roberts]] earlier that night.<ref name="mf225">Foley, p. 225.</ref> Vader was out of action after Clash of the Champions in September as he underwent knee surgery. Upon his return at [[Halloween Havoc (1992)|Halloween Havoc]], Vader sent Nikita Koloff into retirement and [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#L|legitimately]] sprained the back of [[Job (professional wrestling)|jobber]] Joe Thurman, sending him to the hospital.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Tal1irzLzSk Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190825181320/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tal1irzLzSk Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tal1irzLzSk| title = Vader on allegedly Hurting Wrestlers | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> At [[Starrcade (1992)|Starrcade]], Vader lost to Sting in the finals of the King of Cable tournament. Two days later, Vader defeated Simmons by taking advantage of a shoulder injury of Simmons's to regain the World Heavyweight Championship. On March 11, 1993, Vader lost the WCW World Heavyweight Championship to Sting but regained it six days later.

Upon returning to WCW, [[Mick Foley]], then wrestling as Cactus Jack, defeated Vader via count out on the April 17 episode of ''[[WCW Saturday Night|Saturday Night]]''.<ref name="mf240">Foley, p. 239–241.</ref> During the match, Jack suffered a broken nose and needed 27 stitches on his face.<ref name="mf240" /> The match was heavily edited for broadcast, as WCW did not wish to show severe bleeding.<ref name="mf240" /> In a rematch on April 24, Vader [[powerbomb]]ed Jack onto the concrete floor outside the ring,<ref name="mf243">Foley, p. 243–244.</ref> resulting in Jack suffering a concussion and temporary loss of feeling in his left hand and leg.<ref name="mf243" /> In the meantime, Vader began to feud with a new arrival to WCW, [[Davey Boy Smith]]. They met at [[Slamboree (1993)|Slamboree]] in May for the World Heavyweight Championship. Vader lost by disqualification when he hit Smith with a chair, though he retained the title. Vader and [[Sid Eudy|Sid Vicious]] then formed a partnership and called themselves The Masters of the Powerbomb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.de/?id=28&nr=591|title=The Masters of the Powerbomb's profile|publisher=CageMatch}}</ref> They were defeated by Smith and his new partner, Sting, at [[Beach Blast (1993)|Beach Blast]] in July. Following this, Vader and Cactus Jack's feud was restarted as Jack was cleared to return for [[Halloween Havoc (1993)|Halloween Havoc]] to face Vader in a [[Last Man Standing match|Texas Death match]].<ref name="mf265">Foley, p. 265.</ref> Vader won when Harley Race stunned Jack with a cattle prod that kept him down for a ten count. On March 16, 1994, Foley lost his right ear in a match with Vader in [[Munich]], [[Germany]]; Foley's head became trapped in the ropes, which were under excessive tension, causing his ear to be torn off.<ref name="mf6">Foley, p. 6–9.</ref> In 2013, Vader reveals and admitted that he ripped Foley's right ear off, from the WWE 2013 [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] release ''For All Mankind: The Life and Career of Mick Foley''.

Vader was originally scheduled to face Sid Vicious at [[Starrcade (1993)|Starrcade]]. The real-life dismissal of Vicious after [[Arn Anderson]] stabbed him in England, however, forced WCW to find a quick replacement. Executive producer [[Eric Bischoff]] placed [[Ric Flair]] in the match, which was scheduled in Flair's hometown of [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. In the storyline, Vader did not take Flair seriously until he agreed to put his career on the line against Vader's title. Vader dominated the match, but Flair capitalized on failed interference by Race and Vader's weakened knees to win the match with a rollup and end Vader's third World Heavyweight Championship reign.

====United States Champion; Dungeon of Doom (1994–1995)====
Vader continued to feud with Flair until [[SuperBrawl IV]], when Flair once again defeated Vader, this time in a "[[Thundercage]]" match, with the help of the special guest referee [[Big Boss Man (wrestler)|The Boss]]. As a result, Vader began feuding with Boss, whom he defeated at [[Spring Stampede (1994)|Spring Stampede]]. He also faced Sting at [[Slamboree (1994)|Slamboree]] for the vacant [[WCW International World Heavyweight Championship|International World Heavyweight Championship]]. Sting requested the match rather than be awarded the title after an injury to his original opponent, [[Rick Rude]], and defeated Vader. At [[Bash at the Beach]], he defeated the former Boss, now known as The Guardian Angel by disqualification. Two months later at [[Fall Brawl]], he defeated Angel and Sting in a triangle match to determine the number one contender for the [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship]], now held by [[Hulk Hogan]]. A month later at [[Halloween Havoc]], he defeated the Guardian Angel in a rematch. At [[Clash of the Champions XXIX]], Vader defeated Dustin Rhodes and earned the opportunity to face the [[WWE United States Championship|United States Heavyweight Champion]] [[Jim Duggan]] at [[Starrcade (1994)|Starrcade]], where Vader defeated Duggan with the aid of Duggan's 2x4 to win the United States Heavyweight Championship.

In January 1995, Vader had to end his alliance with Harley Race, because in real life, Race was involved in an automobile crash and Race left WCW. Vader confronted the World Heavyweight Champion [[Hulk Hogan]], and informed him that he could not avoid the monster. The two met at [[SuperBrawl V]], with Vader managing to kick out of Hogan's [[leg drop]] after a count of one. The referee was knocked out before Vader hit the ''Vader Bomb'' on Hogan. Ric Flair ran to the ring, made the three count, and attacked Hogan, resulting in Vader's disqualification. A rematch was signed, a strap match for the inaugural [[Uncensored (1995)|Uncensored]] pay-per-view. Flair once again intervened (this time in [[Drag (clothing)|drag]] to avoid revealing his presence) and managed to cost Vader the match by getting himself carried by Hogan as he touched all four turnbuckle pads. Vader was stripped of the United States Heavyweight Championship on April 23, 1995, for multiple violent offenses. However, Vader gained another opportunity to win the World Heavyweight Championship from Hogan at [[Bash at the Beach (1995)|Bash at the Beach]] in a [[Steel Cage match]]. He conspired with [[Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)|Kevin Sullivan]] and the [[The Dungeon of Doom|Dungeon of Doom]] to gain a psychological edge before the encounter, which Vader lost when Hogan escaped the cage. He then restarted his feud with Flair, based on his frustration at Flair's constant interference in his title matches and Flair's annoyance at his inability to defeat Hogan. At [[Clash of the Champions XXXI]], Vader defeated Flair and Arn Anderson in a 2-on-1 handicap match. Following the event, Hogan grew interested in Vader and asked for his assistance in his developing feud with the Dungeon of Doom by asking him to join him, [[Randy Savage]], and Sting for WarGames. Vader complied but the storyline never developed as, shortly after, Vader was fired from WCW after he was involved in a locker room brawl with [[Paul Orndorff]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Cheating Death, Stealing Life: The Eddie Guerrero Story|author=Guerrero, Eddie|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2005|isbn=0-7434-9353-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/cheatingdeathste00guer/page/126 126]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/cheatingdeathste00guer/page/126}}</ref>

The title video for the September 4 debut edition of ''[[WCW Monday Nitro|Monday Nitro]]'' featured multiple shots of Vader (one of four wrestlers featured, along with Hogan, Sting and Savage),<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Title video|series=WCW Monday Nitro|series-link=WCW Monday Nitro|network=[[TNT (U.S. TV network)|TNT]]|station=[[Turner Broadcasting System|TBS, Inc]]|date=September 4, 1995|season=1|number=1|minutes=0}}</ref> who parted ways with WCW shortly thereafter. Absent from the first episode, he had been scheduled to face Hogan for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship on the September 11 episode but was replaced by [[Lex Luger]], who issued a challenge to Hogan on the debut show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Torch_Today_2/article_73083.shtml |title=SEPT. 4 IN HISTORY: WCW Nitro launches|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116094000/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Torch_Today_2/article_73083.shtml |archive-date=January 16, 2014|publisher=PWTorch}}</ref>

===UWF International (1993–1995)===
In late February 1993, White signed an eight-date agreement with the [[UWF International|Union of Wrestling Forces International]] (UWFi), where he competed as Super Vader due to legal issues concerning the Big Van Vader name. By September 1993, he was simply known as Vader in the United States. He worked with UWFi for over two years, winning the Best of the World Tournament, which started on April 3 and ended on August 18, 1994. Vader first defeated [[Salman Hashimikov]] and then [[Masahito Kakihara]] in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, Vader defeated [[Kiyoshi Tamura]], and beat [[Nobuhiko Takada]] in the finals to win the tournament and the UWFi Pro-Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship. He would hold onto the title for over eight months, before losing the title to Takada on April 20, 1995. He left shortly thereafter.

=== Return to NJPW (1996) ===
At [[Wrestling World 1996|Wrestling World]] on January 4, Vader had his first post-WCW match, facing the man whose four-year winning streak Vader had ended over eight years prior, Antonio Inoki. Inoki was over 50 years old at the time, but the match lasted nearly fourteen minutes before Inoki won the match.

=== World Wrestling Federation (1996-1998) ===
==== Camp Cornette (1996–1997) ====
{{Main|Camp Cornette|l1=Camp Cornette}}
[[File:Big Van Vader (1996).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Vader in 1996]]
In the weeks leading up to the [[Royal Rumble (1996)|1996 Royal Rumble]], Vader's debut was heavily hyped on television as he was billed as "The Man They Call Vader" (though [[Vince McMahon]] had originally wanted to rename him "The Mastodon"). He made his first [[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF) appearance as a participant in the Royal Rumble match, as he entered at number 13 and eliminated [[Jake Roberts]], [[Doug Gilbert]], one member of the [[The Headhunters (professional wrestling)|Squat Team]], and [[Savio Vega]]; he also fought with his ally [[Yokozuna (wrestler)|Yokozuna]], but Vader was eliminated by [[Shawn Michaels]] before he re-entered the ring and started assaulting everyone, including Michaels. Vader defeated Vega on the following ''[[WWE Raw|Monday Night Raw]]'', before assaulting WWF officials and eventually, WWF President [[Gorilla Monsoon]] demanded that Vader cease his attacks and received a Vader Bomb for his efforts. As a result, Vader was suspended for his actions, though in reality, he needed time off for shoulder surgery.

[[Jim Cornette]] campaigned for Vader's reinstatement, and by the time Vader returned, Yokozuna had left Cornette's management. At February's [[In Your House 6]], Vader appeared during Yokozuna's match against [[Davey Boy Smith|The British Bulldog]], and as Yokozuna was about to [[Pin (professional wrestling)|pin]] The Bulldog, Vader attacked him, handcuffed him, and delivered a severe beating. This led to what was supposed to be a one-on-one encounter between Vader and Yokozuna at [[WrestleMania XII]]. However, the match became a six-man [[tag team]] match pitting Vader, [[Owen Hart]], and The British Bulldog against Yokozuna, [[Ahmed Johnson]], and Jake Roberts, with the stipulation that if Yokozuna's team won the match, he would have five minutes alone with Cornette in the ring; this never occurred as Vader's team won the match when Vader pinned Roberts.

Vader then attacked the [[WWE Championship|WWF World Heavyweight Champion]] Shawn Michaels after one of Michaels' matches, which earned him a spot in a six-man tag team match at [[In Your House 9: International Incident]], where Vader, Owen Hart, and The British Bulldog teamed up against Michaels, Ahmed Johnson, and [[Sid Eudy|Sycho Sid]]; Vader pinned Michaels to win the match for his team. Vader faced Michaels again at [[SummerSlam (1996)|SummerSlam]], where Michael's won by pinfall.

Following his feud with Michaels, Vader faced off against [[The Undertaker]] in a singles match at the [[Royal Rumble (1997)|Royal Rumble]], and during the match, The Undertaker's former manager, [[Paul Bearer]], attacked him and helped Vader win; Bearer then became Vader's manager. Both Vader and Undertaker went on to compete in the [[Royal Rumble match]], during which Stone Cold Steve Austin was eliminated by [[Bret Hart]]; however, the referees did not see this, as they were attending to [[Terry Funk]] and [[Mick Foley|Mankind]] on the floor, allowing Austin to sneak back into the ring and eliminate both Vader and Undertaker, then Bret Hart, who was busy eliminating [[Kane (wrestler)|Fake Diesel]], and win the Royal Rumble. As a result of this, Vader and the other men eliminated by Austin, Bret Hart and The Undertaker, were put into the [[Professional wrestling match types#Basic elimination matches|four-way main event]] of February's [[In Your House 13: Final Four]] for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, in which Vader, after bleeding profusely, was eliminated by The Undertaker. Bearer then persuaded his two proteges, Vader and Mankind, to go after the [[World Tag Team Championship (WWE)|WWF Tag Team Championship]], despite the fact that the two men often brawled between themselves. They failed in their bid to win the tag team gold at [[WrestleMania 13]].

==== Various feuds and departure (1997–1998) ====
Vader again received an opportunity to face The Undertaker, this time for the WWF Championship at [[In Your House 16: Canadian Stampede]], but lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoffco-inc.com/wwe/ppv/ppv/iyh16.html|title=WWF In Your House 16: "Canadian Stampede"|access-date=2008-03-10|work=CompleteWWE.com|archive-date=February 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229161059/http://www.hoffco-inc.com/wwe/ppv/ppv/iyh16.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the following night's ''Raw is War'', Vader wrestled [[The Patriot (wrestler)|The Patriot]], who won the match and then went after Bret Hart, who came to ringside during the match; Vader attacked The Patriot and then brought him back into the ring, where he went for the Vader Bomb, but Hart came into the ring and laid the [[Flag of Canada|Canadian flag]] over The Patriot, so Vader got down, picked up the Canadian flag, broke it, and started a brawl with Hart. This [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Turn|turned]] Vader's [[Face (professional wrestling)|face]] and served to bring Vader into the USA vs. Canada [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feud]], which culminated at [[Survivor Series (1997)|Survivor Series]], where Vader was the leader of Team USA, with [[Goldust]], [[Marc Mero]], and [[Steve Blackman]] (replacing the injured Patriot) as they faced Team Canada, composed of the British Bulldog, [[Jim Neidhart]], [[Doug Furnas]], and [[Philip Lafond|Phil LaFon]]; during the match, Goldust walked out on his team and Team USA lost the match after The Bulldog pinned Vader after hitting him with the ring bell. Goldust and Vader feuded throughout the fall and finally faced off at the [[Royal Rumble (1998)|Royal Rumble]], in a match that Vader won. Goldust eliminated Vader from the Royal Rumble match later that night (Vader entered at number 30).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/198811511/results/|title=Royal Rumble 1998 Results|access-date=July 10, 2008|publisher=WWE}}</ref>

Following his feud with Goldust, Vader began feuding with Kane, and both faced off for the first time at [[No Way Out of Texas]], where Vader lost after a [[chokeslam]] and a [[Tombstone Piledriver]] before Kane subsequently attacked him with a large steel wrench, resulting in Vader being taken away on a stretcher and was kept off of television for a while.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/history/1998/results/|title=No Way Out of Texas Results|access-date=2008-07-12|publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref> Two months later, at [[Unforgiven: In Your House]], Vader returned during Kane's [[inferno match]] against The Undertaker; as Kane was attempting to leave the match, Vader appeared and fought him back to the ring to continue the match, which Kane lost.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unforgiven Results|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/unforgiven/history/1998/results/|access-date=2007-09-16|publisher=WWE|archive-date=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605025836/http://www.wwe.com/shows/unforgiven/history/1998/results|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vader and Kane had a rematch at [[Over the Edge: In Your House|Over the Edge]] in a [[mask vs. mask match]], in which Vader attempted to use a wrench on Kane like the one used on him months before, but Kane managed to recover and defeat Vader, costing him his mask in the process. In a post-match interview with [[Michael Cole (wrestling)|Michael Cole]], Vader said, "I made the biggest mistake of my life. Maybe Vader time is over. I'm nothing but a big piece of shit. A big fat piece of shit".<ref name=shit>{{cite web|last=Powell|first=John|title=Stone Cold Beats the Odds|url=http://slam.canoe.com/SlamWrestlingArchive/jun1_overtheedge.html|publisher=Slam Wrestling|access-date=July 9, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925180546/http://slam.canoe.com/SlamWrestlingArchive/jun1_overtheedge.html|archive-date=September 25, 2015}}</ref>

Subsequently, Vader had a series of losses and was reduced to the status of a [[Job (professional wrestling)|jobber to the stars]], having a feud with [[Mark Henry]] which Vader lost. After considering retirement, Vader instead negotiated his own release from the WWF so he could once again wrestle in Japan.<ref name=rej>{{cite web|url=http://www.canoe.com/SlamWrestlingEditorial/jan5_molinaro.html|title=Vader rejuvenated in Japan|author=Molinaro, John F.|publisher=SLAM! Wrestling|access-date=November 12, 2009|date=January 6, 2000|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050312022024/http://www.canoe.com/SlamWrestlingEditorial/jan5_molinaro.html|archive-date=March 12, 2005}}</ref> His final WWF pay-per-view match was a loss to [[John Layfield|Bradshaw]] at [[Breakdown: In Your House]] in a No Holds Barred match. He lost to [[Edge (wrestler)|Edge]] on the October 11, 1998, episode of ''[[WWE Heat|Sunday Night Heat]]'' in his final televised WWF match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwwew.net/tv/heat/981011.htm|title=Sunday Night Heat — October 11, 1998|work=pwwew.net|access-date=January 14, 2019}}</ref> In a shoot interview, Jim Cornette said part of the reason that Vader's WWF run was not as successful as what was hoped was due to the failure to properly book Vader.<ref>{{YouTube|kUZizMxgSlY}}</ref>

=== All Japan Pro Wrestling (1998–2000) ===
After leaving the WWF, Vader returned to Japan. He returned to All Japan Pro Wrestling<ref name=rej/> forming a team with his old foe [[Stan Hansen]], with whom he made it to the finals of the [[World's Strongest Tag Determination League#1998|1998]] [[World's Strongest Tag Determination League]], where they were defeated by [[Kenta Kobashi]] and [[Jun Akiyama]].<ref name=rej/> At the beginning of 1999, he became the number one contender to the Triple Crown by defeating Kobashi. He then won the (vacant) Triple Crown Title on March 6, 1999, by defeating [[Akira Taue]].<ref name=rej/> He then won the 1999 [[Champion Carnival]].<ref name=rej/> Vader lost the Triple Crown to Misawa on May 2, 1999, at the Giant Baba Memorial Show, and he regained it from Misawa on October 30.<ref name=rej/>

While defending the Triple Crown, Vader won the [[World Tag Team Championship (AJPW)|World Tag Team Championship]] with a recently returned [[Steve Williams (wrestler)|"Dr. Death" Steve Williams]] on February 20, 2000. However, the week after on February 27, Vader lost the Triple Crown to Kenta Kobashi. Upon losing the title, Vader continued defending his tag team titles with Williams before Vader took some time off, disappearing from TV in April 2000 after a singles loss to Misawa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/vader-201.html?prom_id=37&year=2000&res=5000|title = Vader: Profile & Match Listing - Internet Wrestling Database (IWD)}}</ref> The Tag Team titles were vacated that month, and Williams went on to feud with [[Mike Barton]] to set up their [[WWF Brawl for All|Brawl For All]] revenge angle.

=== Pro Wrestling NOAH (2000–2003) ===

Upon returning from his hiatus, Vader joined [[Mitsuharu Misawa|Mitsuharu Misawa's]] newly created [[Pro Wrestling Noah]] promotion in October 2000. He had a strong dominance in the tag team division with [[2 Cold Scorpio]], where they had a great number of victories on television and pay-per-views. Vader earned many singles victories as well against several of the roster's Japanese wrestlers. He often had matches against [[Jun Akiyama]] as part of a grudge feud that was carried over from their times facing each other in AJPW. While teaming together, Vader and Scorpio often found themselves fighting against Akiyama and whatever Japanese partner he had at the moment.

Vader and Scorpio won the grudge feud by defeating Jun Akiyama and [[Akitoshi Saito]] on an October 19, 2001, pay-per-view, where they became the inaugural [[GHC Tag Team Championship|GHC Tag Team Champions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noah.puroresufan.com/results/tugofwar01.php |title=NOAH Tug of War tour results |access-date=2007-08-31 |publisher=Green Destiny |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083558/http://noah.puroresufan.com/results/tugofwar01.php |archive-date=2007-09-29 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/vader-201.html?prom_id=40&year=2001&res=5000|title = Vader: Profile & Match Listing - Internet Wrestling Database (IWD)}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/0QTHc2wxNQE Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201123171433/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QTHc2wxNQE Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QTHc2wxNQE| title = Team KAOS (Scorpio/Vader) vs. STERNNESS (Saito/Akiyama) c (NOAH 2001/10/19) [GHC Tag Championship!] | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> They lost the titles to [[Mitsuharu Misawa]] and [[Yoshinari Ogawa]] on November 30.<ref name="Noah"/> Having lost the tag team titles, Vader tried to reprioritize himself and pursue Jun Akiyama's [[GHC Heavyweight Championship]] (the top title of the company), where it culminated in a much hyped pay-per-view main event on December 9, 2001.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/QqrIK6wpMhU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201121211243/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqrIK6wpMhU Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqrIK6wpMhU| title = Vader vs. Jun Akiyama (c) (NOAH) | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Vader lost the match by submitting to Akiyama, and right after the event he took a break from wrestling for two months.

Vader returned to NOAH's television programs in March 2002. He and Scorpio continued teaming, and despite them not winning the titles again, they continued having many victories in the tag team and singles division throughout 2002. Vader's last appearance in NOAH was in January 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/vader-201.html?prom_id=40&res=5000|title = Vader: Profile & Match Listing - Internet Wrestling Database (IWD)}}</ref>

=== NWA Total Nonstop Action (2003, 2015) ===
On February 19, 2003, Vader appeared in [[Impact Wrestling|NWA Total Nonstop Action]] (NWA-TNA) to defend [[Dusty Rhodes]], who was fighting with [[The Harris Brothers]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=The Time Dusty Rhodes Teamed With Vader In TNA - Atletifo |url=https://atletifo.com/news/the-time-dusty-rhodes-teamed-with-vader-in-tna/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref> He and Dusty won a tag team match the next week against the Harris Brothers via disqualification. He then began a feud with [[Nikita Koloff]], whose career Vader ended long ago. However, TNA and Vader soon parted ways.

Vader made a one-off return to TNA on the June 24, 2015, episode of ''[[Impact! (TV series)|Impact!]]'' for a singles match against [[Bram (wrestler)|Bram]]. Vader won the match via disqualification after Bram used a ring wrench to hit Vader in the head. [[Matt Morgan]] then entered the ring to save Vader and take out Bram. This was his final appearance for the company.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pritchard|first=Bill|title=TNA Impact Wrestling Results (6/24) – New X Division Champion, Full Metal Mayhem, Jeff Jarrett Returns!|url=http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/590949-tna-impact-wrestling-results-062415|work=Wrestlezone|date=June 24, 2015|access-date=June 25, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626003439/http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/590949-tna-impact-wrestling-results-062415|archive-date=June 26, 2015}}</ref>

=== Sporadic returns to WWE (2005, 2012, 2016) ===
[[File:Slater's veteran conquerors.jpg|thumb|Vader (far right) and other WWE legends after attacking [[Heath Slater]] at ''[[WWE Raw 1000]]'' in July 2012]]
Vader returned to the WWF, now [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] (WWE), on the October 31, 2005, episode of ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'' when [[Jonathan Coachman]] announced that Vader and [[Goldust]] would be in his corner for his street fight against Stone Cold Steve Austin the next night at [[Taboo Tuesday (2005)|Taboo Tuesday]].<ref name=Oct3105>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/results/raw/raw2005/1130824906.shtml|title=Raw – October 31, 2005|access-date=June 23, 2009|publisher=Wrestle View|first=Martin|last=Adam|date=November 1, 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318051514/http://www.wrestleview.com/results/raw/raw2005/1130824906.shtml|archive-date=March 18, 2012}}</ref> When Austin decided not to participate, he was replaced by [[Dave Bautista|Batista]]. Vader and Goldust interfered in the match on Coachman's behalf and received [[professional wrestling throws#Spinebuster|spinebusters]] for their efforts.

On the June 11, 2012, episode of ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'', Vader defeated [[Heath Slater]] in a singles match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2012-06-11/wwe-raw-results/page-6|title=WWE Raw SuperShow results: Big Show knocked out Mr. McMahon!|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014153855/http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2012-06-11/wwe-raw-results/page-6 |archive-date=October 14, 2012|url-status=live|publisher=WWE|date=June 11, 2012|access-date=February 20, 2016}}</ref> On July 23 on the [[WWE Raw 1000|1000th episode of ''Raw'']], Vader and several other legends prevented Slater from leaving in his match against [[Lita (wrestler)|Lita]], which she won.<ref>{{cite web|last=Caldwell|first=James|title=CALDWELL'S WWE RAW RESULTS 7/23: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw #999 – WWE recognizes 1,000 episodes, WWE Title match, Lesnar, Rock, DX, wedding|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_63621.shtml|work=Pro Wrestling Torch|access-date=July 29, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726225443/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_63621.shtml|archive-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref>

In April 2016, Vader made a one-night appearance at the [[WWE Hall of Fame (2016)|2016 WWE Hall of Fame]] ceremony to induct [[Stan Hansen]] into the [[WWE Hall of Fame]]. On March 7, 2022, it was announced that he would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1500852535715897347|user=WWE|title=BREAKING: As first reported by @BleacherReport, Vader will be posthumously inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame’s Cla…|date=March 7, 2022}}</ref>

=== Independent circuit (2004–2007, 2010–2017) ===
Vader returned to Japan, wrestling at a NJPW Wrestle Land show. He also worked in the independent circuit as Big Van Vader, including a tag match with [[Mike Awesome]] against [[Samoa Joe]] and [[Dan Maff]] in [[Jersey All Pro Wrestling]] on June 5, 2004. On May 12, 2007, Vader faced [[Brutus Beefcake]] at Spartan Slamfest, a World Wrestling Coalition charity show. The match was held at the Kingston Armory in [[Kingston, Pennsylvania]]. After wrestling his last match in 2007, White began working as a high school football coach and retired from the sport.<ref name=Cage/>

[[File:Vader 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|Vader in 2014]]
On April 29, 2010, White made a return to wrestling under his Vader ring name at the event Vader Time 5 Return of the Emperor. At the event, he teamed with his son Jesse and former tag team partner [[2 Cold Scorpio]] to successfully defeat [[Makoto Hashi]], [[Tamon Honda]] and [[Tatsumi Fujinami]] in the main event.<ref name=Cage/>

Vader made his in-ring return to the United States on January 28, 2012. He defeated Arik Royal and [[Adam Page]] in a handicap match at [[WrestleReunion|WrestleReunion: Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/DVDs_-_VGames_-_Books_25/article_61196.shtml|title=RADICAN'S PWS WRESTLEREUNION LA REVIEW 1/28 – Outlaws vs. Steiner Brothers, Legends Wrestle Royale, Smith-Richards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513043431/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/DVDs_-_VGames_-_Books_25/article_61196.shtml |archive-date=May 13, 2012|url-status=live|publisher=PWTorch.com|date=May 8, 2012|access-date=February 20, 2016}}</ref> On May 11, 2012, at [[Resistance Pro]]'s event A Small Deadly Space, Vader defeated [[Jay Bradley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.resistancepro.com/events/|title=Events: Resistance Pro Wrestling|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611015917/http://www.resistancepro.com/events/ |archive-date=June 11, 2012|publisher=Resistancepro.com|access-date=February 20, 2016}}</ref>

In May 2016, [[Will Ospreay]] and [[Ricochet]] faced each other during the NJPW tournament Best of the Super Juniors. During the match, both wrestlers performed a high flying, fast-paced sequence. When Vader saw the sequence, he complained on social media about the current direction of pro wrestling, specifically about matches being too scripted and overly choreographed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.solowrestling.com/new/52728-vader-sobre-el-ospreay-vs-ricochet-me-entristece-la-direccion-que-esta-tomando-el-wrestling|title=Vader sobre el Ospreay vs Ricochet|last=Solowrestling|date=May 30, 2016|website=www.solowrestling.com}}</ref> During the following weeks, Vader and Ospreay feuded on Twitter,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.solowrestling.com/new/53172-nuevo-choque-entre-vader-y-will-ospreay-en-las-redes-sociales|title=Nuevo choque entre Vader y Will Ospreay en las redes sociales|last=Solowrestling|date=June 17, 2016|website=www.solowrestling.com}}</ref> which led to England-based promotion [[Revolution Pro Wrestling]] (RevPro) booking a match between them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.solowrestling.com/new/53373-revpro-anuncia-la-lucha-entre-vader-y-will-ospreay-para-uprising-2016|title=RevPro anuncia la lucha entre Vader y Will Ospreay para Uprising 2016|last=Solowrestling|date=June 26, 2016|website=www.solowrestling.com}}</ref> The match took place on August 12, 2016, with Vader defeating Ospreay. Two days later, Vader made an appearance in Colchester, England for the [[XWA (professional wrestling)|XWA Wrestling]] (XWA) promotion, defeating "Savvy" Sid Scala.

On April 20, 2017, Vader made an appearance in [[Japan]] at [[Korakuen Hall]] as part of the [[Dradition]] show to celebrate the 45th anniversary of the debut of [[Tatsumi Fujinami]]. Following a six-man tag team match, Vader collapsed due to being dropped on his head during the match, but he was able to walk backstage under his own power and he remained in Japan as he was scheduled to work two more shows in [[Fukuoka]] and [[Osaka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/vader-briefly-collapses-after-match-japan-234051|title=Vader briefly collapses after match in Japan|last=Meltzer|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Meltzer|date=April 20, 2017|access-date=April 21, 2017|work=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421045036/http://www.f4wonline.com/other-wrestling/vader-briefly-collapses-after-match-japan-234051|archive-date=April 21, 2017}}</ref> On April 22, Vader, [[Takuma Sano]], and [[Yoshiaki Fujiwara]] lost a six-man tag team match to [[Koji Kanemoto]], [[Shiro Koshinaka]] and Tatsumi Fujinami. On April 23, Vader, [[Riki Choshu]], and Tatsumi Fujinami defeated Shiro Koshinaka, Takuma Sano, and Yoshiaki Fujiwara. The final match of his career took place August 26, 2017, for Top Rope Promotions with Vader coming out victorious.<ref name="Cagematch">{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=201096|title=WrestleJam V « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|website=www.cagematch.net}}</ref>

===Return to AJPW (2011–2012)===
In the aftermath of the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|2011 natural disasters in Japan]], Vader and his son Jesse wrestled on special tribute cards for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) and [[Pro Wrestling Zero1]]. On December 7, 2012, Vader returned to AJPW once again, teaming with Keiji Mutoh and [[Kenzo Suzuki|Kenso]] to defeat [[Bambi Killer]], Franz Dynamite and Mazada in a six-man tag team match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.all-japan.co.jp/schedule/tour03.php?taikai_id=329 |title=40th Anniversary Final Tour |access-date=December 11, 2012 |work=[[All Japan Pro Wrestling]] |language=ja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214072425/http://all-japan.co.jp/schedule/tour03.php?taikai_id=329 |archive-date=December 14, 2012 }}</ref>

==Professional wrestling style and persona==
[[File:Vader-Michaels in 1996.jpg|thumb|right|Vader performing a ''Vader Bomb'' on [[Shawn Michaels]]]]
White is considered one of the greatest super-heavyweight professional wrestlers of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theringer.com/2018/6/20/17486696/big-van-vader-leon-white-obituary|title=Remembering Big Van Vader|last=Bateman|first=Oliver Lee|date=June 20, 2018|access-date=August 17, 2019|publisher=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=King of the Ring: The Harley Race Story|last1=Race|first1=Harley|last2=Tritz|first2=Gerry|isbn=1-58261-818-6|publisher=[[Sports Publishing]]|date=2004|quote=In fact, he might be the best big man to ever enter the ring.}}</ref> He used his size and weight as part of his moves making them look much more painful than when performed by someone half his size. For example, his finishing move, called the Vader Bomb,<ref name="WWEalumni"/> which is a [[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Corner slingshot splash|corner slingshot splash]], when he would bounce off the middle rope and land on a prone opponent.<ref name=PuroCentral/> He was also noted for his impressive agility, as he can perform a simple [[dropkick]] despite his {{convert|450|lb|kg|abbr=on}} frame.<ref name="WWEalumni"/> One of his signature moves was the ''Vader Sault'',<ref name="WWEalumni"/> [[Moonsault#Rounding_moonsault|a moonsault or a backward somersault jump off the top rope]],<ref name=Cage/><ref name=PuroCentral/> a move that requires significant agility and is usually performed by much smaller wrestlers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2018/06/20/22780104.html|title='Vader' Leon White dead at age 63|work=Slam! Sports|publisher=[[Canoe.com|Canadian Online Explorer]]|first1=Steven|last1=Johnson|first2=Greg|last2=Oliver|date=June 20, 2018|access-date=May 17, 2020}}</ref>

==Other media==
===Filmography===
* ''[[Fist of the North Star (1995 film)|Fist of the North Star]]'' (1995) as 'Goliath'<ref name=IMDB>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0113074/|title=Fist of the North Star (1995)|work=IMDb|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915232904/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0113074/|archive-date=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows]]'' (1998) as himself<ref>{{cite web|title= Quick Daily Review #128: Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows (1998)|publisher=vortexeffect.net| url= http://vortexeffect.net/2015/06/11/quick-daily-review-128-hitman-hart-wrestling-with-shadows-1998/|access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref>
* ''The Unreal Story of Professional Wrestling'' (1999) as himself<ref name=IMDB/>
Leon was also in the movie Major Payne.

===Television appearances===
* ''[[Boy Meets World]]'' (1995, 1996) as Francis Albert Leslie 'Frankie' Stecchino, Sr. (3 episodes)<ref name=IMDB/>
* ''[[Baywatch]]'' (1996) "Bash at the Beach" as himself (1 episode)<ref name=IMDB/>

===Video games===
The ''[[Fatal Fury (series)|Fatal Fury]]'' character [[Raiden (Fatal Fury character)|Raiden]], also known as "Big Bear", is based on Vader's appearance in Japan. The character [[Saturday Night Slam Masters#Featured in all games|Alexander the Grater]] from ''[[Saturday Night Slam Masters]]'' bears a resemblance to Vader. Alexander also wears a mask very similar to the mastodon mask Vader wore during ring entrances in the 1980s and early 1990s. Vader himself appears as a playable character in the WCW video games ''[[WCW Wrestling]]'', ''[[WCW: The Main Event]]'', and ''[[WCW SuperBrawl Wrestling]]'', the WWE video game ''[[WWF In Your House (video game)|WWF In Your House]]'', and as a [[downloadable content|downloadable]] or [[Player character#Non-player and secret characters|unlockable]] legend in ''[[WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009]]'', ''[[WWE '12]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/inside/thq/wwe-12/thq-wwe-12-roster-reveal-september|title=Superstar roster revealed for THQ's "WWE '12"|publisher=[[WWE|WWE.com]]|last=Clayton|first=Corey|date=September 2, 2011|access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref> ''[[WWE '13]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ign.com/wikis/wwe-13/Roster|title=Roster - WWE '13 Wiki Guide|website=[[IGN]]|access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K16]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/inside/2k/wwe-2k16/wwe-2k16-roster-playable-characters-superstars-divas|title=Superstars and Divas featured on WWE 2K16 roster list|publisher=[[WWE|WWE.com]]|access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K17]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/section/wwe-2k17/article/wwe-2k17-roster-playable-characters-superstars|title=Superstars to be featured on WWE 2K17 roster|publisher=[[WWE|WWE.com]]|access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref> ''[[WWE 2K18]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/section/wwe-2k18/article/wwe-2k18-roster-playable-character-list|title=WWE 2K18 roster: Meet the Superstars joining the list of playable characters|publisher=[[WWE|WWE.com]]|access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref> and ''[[WWE 2K19]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwe.2k.com/roster/wwe-2k19|title=WWE 2K19 Roster|publisher=[[WWE 2K]]|access-date=August 17, 2019|archive-date=April 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423183805/https://wwe.2k.com/roster/wwe-2k19|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has also been featured, both officially and unofficially, in numerous Japanese wrestling games, such as the ''[[Fire Pro Wrestling]]'' series, ''[[Virtual Pro Wrestling]]'', ''King of Colosseum'' (he is a preset model in ''[[King of Colosseum II]]''{{'}}s EDIT mode), the latter two editions of the ''[[All Star Pro-Wrestling]]'' series, and ''[[Wrestle Kingdom 2]]'', where he is also featured in the cover art.

==Personal life==
White and his wife Grace Connelly, married in 1979.<ref name=Part2/> Together they have a son, [[Jake Carter (wrestler)|Jesse White]], who was born on April 19, 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intelius.com/results.php?ReportType=1&qf=Jesse&qmi=&qn=White&qcs=Boulder%2C+CO&focusfirst=0|title=People Search from Intelius searches billions of public records instantly. Search free now!|publisher=Intelius.com|access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hscolorado.scout.com/a.z?s=385&p=8&c=1&nid=1996706|title=Jesse White profile|publisher=Hscolorado.scout.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502152628/http://hscolorado.scout.com/a.z?s=385&p=8&c=1&nid=1996706|archive-date=May 2, 2012}}</ref> In July 2009, Jesse began training to become a professional wrestler in Japan.<ref name="wrestlingtruth">Balderson, Keelan (July 3, 2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20090705071422/http://wrestlingtruth.com/news/tna-game-doomed-vader-training-junior-tara-blogs-lance-hoyt-update/ TNA Game Doomed, Vader Training Junior? Tara Blogs, Lance Hoyt Update]. wrestlingtruth.com</ref> He originally committed to the [[University of Oklahoma]] and was touted for the [[National Football League]], but was taken out with a hip injury.<ref name=Cage/><ref name="NFL">[http://nfldraft.rivals.com/viewprospect.asp?Sport=1&pr_key=26405 Rivals] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820013355/http://rivals.yahoo.com/ncaa/football/recruiting/player-Jesse-White-26405 |date=August 20, 2012}}. Nfldraft.rivals.com. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref> In April 2011, he signed a developmental contract with WWE,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1304176563 |title=WWE signs Vader's son to a developmental deal |date=April 30, 2011 |last=Tedesco |first=Mike |access-date=April 30, 2011 |publisher=WrestleView |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930182606/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1304176563 |archive-date=September 30, 2012 }}</ref> and used the name Jake Carter, until September 16, 2013, when he was released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=80314|title=Three Wwe Releases Today Including Son Of Hall Of Famer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061121/http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=80314 |archive-date=September 21, 2013|publisher=PWInsider.com|date=September 16, 2013|access-date=February 20, 2016}}</ref>

White was a [[Born again|born again Christian]].<ref name=Part3/>

While in [[Kuwait]] during a WWF tour in April 1997, White appeared on the television program ''Good Morning Kuwait'' along with [[The Undertaker|Mark Calaway]], who was WWF World Heavyweight Champion at that time.<ref name=Cage/><ref name=kuwait>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/1997-12-31/news/18047941_1_kuwaiti-fined-kuwait-kuwait|title=Wrestler Vader Fined|work=New York Daily News|date=December 31, 1997|access-date=November 12, 2009}}</ref> During the interview, the host asked both of them if wrestling was fake.<ref name=Cage/><ref name=kuwait/> In response, White flipped over the table they were sitting at and grabbed the host by the tie, asking him if it seemed fake while using foul language. He was then arrested and detained by Kuwaiti authorities for two weeks.<ref name=Cage/><ref name=kuwait/> In December, White was fined $164 for this incident. In a later interview, it was revealed that this incident was in fact scripted, as it was pitched to both White and Earl Hebner by the producers of the show in an attempt to boost viewership numbers; however, the host was not apprised of the plan, which resulted in him filing for charges against White.<ref name=kuwait/>

===Health problems and death===
Partially due to years of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] abuse and travel, White and his wife divorced in 2007, inspiring him to quit drinking and curtail his travel.<ref name=Part2>Murphy, Ryan. (May 25, 2011) [http://www.wwe.com/superstars/wherearetheynow/where-are-they-now-vader/where-are-they-now-vader-part-two Where Are They Now? Vader, Part Two] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925015446/http://www.wwe.com/classics/wherearetheynow/where-are-they-now-vader/where-are-they-now-vader-part-two |date=September 25, 2012}}. WWE.com. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>

White had double [[knee replacement]] surgery, resulting in wound infection, and he was bedridden for six months. Soon after recovering, he passed out during a plane trip to Japan for an autograph session. He was in a [[coma]] for 33 days, during which he lost 112 pounds.<ref name=Part3>Murphy, Ryan. (May 25, 2011) [http://www.wwe.com/superstars/wherearetheynow/where-are-they-now-vader/where-are-they-now-vader-part-three Where Are They Now? Vader, Part Three] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002021852/http://www.wwe.com/classics/wherearetheynow/where-are-they-now-vader/where-are-they-now-vader-part-three |date=October 2, 2012}}. WWE.com. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>

In November 2016, White was involved in a rollover car accident that left him unconscious for 35 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/772329-former-world-champion-vader-involved-in-car-accident-photos|title=Former World Champion Vader Involved in Car Accident (Photos)|date=November 8, 2016|publisher=WrestleZone|access-date=November 8, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110164624/http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/772329-former-world-champion-vader-involved-in-car-accident-photos|archive-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> Being diagnosed with [[congestive heart failure]], he consulted two heart doctors, who told him he had two years to live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildpitchsports.com/2016/11/15/doctors-tell-big-van-vader-two-years-live/|title=Doctors tell Big Van Vader he has two years to live|date=November 15, 2016|website=wildpitchsports.com|access-date=November 15, 2016|archive-date=November 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116022006/http://www.wildpitchsports.com/2016/11/15/doctors-tell-big-van-vader-two-years-live/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He later received another opinion that was more optimistic.<ref>{{ cite web|url=http://dailyddt.com/2016/12/14/wwe-news-vader-health-status-update/|title=WWE: Vader Provides Good News on His Health Status|date=December 14, 2016|access-date=February 28, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301180235/http://dailyddt.com/2016/12/14/wwe-news-vader-health-status-update/|archive-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref> In a March 2017 interview on the ''Two Man Power Trip of Wrestling'' podcast, White explained that he regretted tweeting about his diagnosis.<ref name="podcast"/> He said he would continue to wrestle and if the tests were proven to be true, he would like to die in the ring.<ref name="podcast">{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=YFo6YqnFEeg| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/YFo6YqnFEeg| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|title=Vader Emotionally Shares His Legacy Left In Professional Wrestling - March 2017|author=Two Man Power Trip of Wrestling|date=June 20, 2018|access-date=August 17, 2019|via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In March 2018, White went in for heart surgery<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wrestlinginc.com/wi/news/2018/0313/637851/former-wcw-and-wcw-star-vader-undergoing-heart-surgery/|title=Former WWE And WCW Star Vader Undergoing Heart Surgery - WrestlingInc.com|date=March 12, 2018 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314175743/http://wrestlinginc.com/wi/news/2018/0313/637851/former-wcw-and-wcw-star-vader-undergoing-heart-surgery/|archive-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref> followed by another to treat an arrhythmia.<ref name=Johnson/> White died on June 18, 2018, after a month-long hospitalization for [[pneumonia]]. He was 63 years old.<ref name=Johnson>{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2018/06/20/22780104.html|title='Vader' Leon White dead at age 63}}</ref> In the months before his death, White was frequently visited and supported by fellow wrestler [[Sting (wrestler)|Sting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2018/06/24/vader-sting-jesse-white-comfort-final-days/|title=Sting Comforted Vader In His Final Days, Vader's Son Says|website=TMZ}}</ref>

== Championships and accomplishments ==
* '''[[All Japan Pro Wrestling]]'''
** [[Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship]] ([[Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship#Reigns|2 times]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/wtcaj.html|title=AJPW – ALL JAPAN PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING - WTCAJ WRESTLING|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529012918/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/wtcaj.html |archive-date=May 29, 2013|url-status=live|publisher=Solie.org|access-date=February 20, 2016}}</ref>
** [[World Tag Team Championship (AJPW)|World Tag Team Championship]] ([[World Tag Team Championship (AJPW)#Title history|1 time]]) – with [["Dr. Death" Steve Williams|Steve Williams]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/wtttajpw.html|title=AJPW – ALL JAPAN PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING - WTTTAJPW|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529015914/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/wtttajpw.html |archive-date=May 29, 2013|url-status=live|publisher=Solie.org|access-date=February 20, 2016}}</ref>
** [[Champion Carnival]] ([[Champion Carnival#1999|1999]])<ref name="AJPW"/><ref name=PuroCentral/>
* '''[[Catch Wrestling Association]]'''
** [[CWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship]] ([[CWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship#Title History|1 time]])<ref>[http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/ictcwa.html Solie's Title Histories: CWA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205111749/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/ictcwa.html |date=February 5, 2012}}. Solie.org (December 21, 1991). Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>
** [[CWA World Heavyweight Championship]] ([[CWA World Heavyweight Championship#Title history|3 times]])<ref>[http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/htcwa.html Solie's Title Histories: CWA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609065845/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/htcwa.html |date=June 9, 2013}}. Solie.org (August 2, 1973). Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>
** CWA Bremen Catch Cup (1987)
*'''Impact Zone Wrestling'''
**IZW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* '''[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]]'''
** [[IWGP Heavyweight Championship]] ([[List of IWGP Heavyweight Champions|3 times]])<ref name="AJPW"/><ref>[http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/htiwgp.html Solie's Title Histories: I.W.G.P] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404091344/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/htiwgp.html |date=April 4, 2012}}. Solie.org. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>
** [[IWGP Tag Team Championship]] ([[List of IWGP Tag Team Champions|1 time]]) – with [[Bam Bam Bigelow]]<ref name="AJPW"/><ref>[http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/ttiwgp.html Solie's Title Histories: I.W.P.G] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224051106/http://solie.org/titlehistories/ttiwgp.html |date=February 24, 2012}}. Solie.org. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>
** [[Super Grade Tag League]] ([[G1 Climax Tag League#1991|1991]]) – with [[Tatsumi Fujinami]]<ref name=G1TagClimax>{{cite book |author=Royal Duncan & Gary Will |title=Wrestling Title Histories | publisher=Archeus Communications |chapter = Japan: New Japan G-1 (Grade-1) Climax Tag Tournament Champions| page = 374 |year= 2000 |isbn=0-9698161-5-4}}</ref>
** IWGP Title Tournament (1989)<ref>[http://prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/japan/newjapan/title.html#89 New Japan Singles Title Tournaments] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216150542/http://prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/japan/newjapan/title.html |date=December 16, 2014}}. Prowrestlinghistory.com. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>
* '''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''''
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Wrestler of the Year|Wrestler of the Year]] (1993)<ref name="PWI Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html|title=PWI Awards|work=[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]|publisher=[[Kappa Publishing Group]]|access-date=June 20, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121172943/http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html|archive-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref>
** Ranked No. 2 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the ''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated#PWI 500|PWI 500]]'' in 1993<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profightdb.com/pwi-500/1993.html|title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) 500 for 1993|publisher=The Internet Wrestling Database|access-date=June 20, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114083926/http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-500/1993.html|archive-date=November 14, 2017}}</ref>
** Ranked No. 27 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003<ref name=PWI>{{cite web|url=http://www.willywrestlefest.fr/Ressources/PWI/PWI500_PWI_Years_2003.htm|title=PWI Years 500|work=Willy Wrestlefest|access-date=July 31, 2018|language=fr}}</ref>
** Ranked No. 36 of the top 100 tag teams of the "PWI Years" with Bam Bam Bigelow in 2003<ref name=PWI />
* '''[[Pro Wrestling Noah]]'''
** [[GHC Tag Team Championship]] ([[GHC Tag Team Championship#Title history|1 time]]) – with [[2 Cold Scorpio|Scorpio]]<ref name="Noah">[http://www.noah-usa.cc/GHC%20Heavyweight%20Tag%20Team%20Champ%20sub%20title%20page.html noah-usa.cc] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421035028/http://www.noah-usa.cc/GHC%20Heavyweight%20Tag%20Team%20Champ%20sub%20title%20page.html |date=April 21, 2013}}. noah-usa.cc. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>
** [[GHC Tag Team Championship|GHC Tag Team Title Tournament]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=5562|work=Cage Match|title=NOAH Navigation Tug of War 2001 - Tag 10|access-date=November 27, 2022}}</ref> (2001) - with Scorpio
* '''''[[Tokyo Sports]]'''''
** [[Tokyo Sports Puroresu Awards#Best Tag Team Award|Best Tag Team Award]] (1998) with [[Stan Hansen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/wrestling/wrestling_past3/|script-title=ja:東京スポーツプロレス大賞|access-date=January 20, 2014|work=[[Tokyo Sports]]|language=ja|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014233953/https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/wrestling/wrestling_past3/|archive-date=October 14, 2017}}</ref>
* '''[[Universal Wrestling Association]]'''
** [[UWA World Heavyweight Championship]] ([[UWA World Heavyweight Championship#Title history|1 time]])<ref name=UWAChamp>{{cite web|url=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/whtuwa.html|title=UWA World Heavyweight Championship history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614085610/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/whtuwa.html|archive-date=June 14, 2012}}</ref>
* '''[[UWF International|Union of Wrestling Forces International]]'''
**Pro-Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/whtuwfi.html|title=UWFI World Heavyweight Championship history|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614085614/http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/whtuwfi.html|archive-date=June 14, 2012}}</ref>
** Best of the World Tournament (1994)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=26&nr=445 |title=Best Of The World 1994 Tournament « Tournaments Database « CAGEMATCH |publisher=Cagematch.net |date=August 18, 1994 |access-date=May 31, 2013}}</ref>
* '''[[World Championship Wrestling]]'''
** [[WCW World Heavyweight Championship]] ([[List of WCW World Heavyweight Champions|3 times]])<ref name=FirstWCW>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150928191127/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/3044541109 WCW World Championship – Vader. July 12, 1992 – August 02, 1992]. wwe.com</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151213015229/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411013 WCW World Championship – Vader. December 30, 1992 – March 11, 1993]. wwe.com</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150919071626/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411017 WCW World Championship – Vader. March 17, 1993 – December 27, 1993]. wwe.com</ref>
** [[WWE United States Championship|WCW United States Heavyweight Championship]] ([[List of WWE United States Champions|1 time]])<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150905095530/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/unitedstates/30445413211 United States Championship – Vader. December 27, 1994 – March 25, 1995]. wwe.com.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/unitedstates/|title=WWE United States Championship|access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref>
** [[Battlebowl|BattleBowl (1993)]]<ref>[http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/bbwcw.html Solie's Title Histories: WCW] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313120903/http://solie.org/titlehistories/bbwcw.html |date=March 13, 2016}}. Solie.org. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</ref>
* '''[[WWE|World Wrestling Federation/WWE]]'''
**[[WWE Hall of Fame]] ([[WWE Hall of Fame (2022)|Class of 2022]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mundowrestling.es/vader-entra-al-hall-of-fame-de-wwe/ |title=Vader entra al Hall of Fame de WWE |lang=es |website=Mundo Wrestling|date=March 7, 2022 }}</ref>
** [[Slammy Award]] (1 time)
*** Crime of the Century ([[1996 Slammy Awards|1996]])<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110908073222/http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/wwf/slammy.htm WWE Slammy Awards]. 100megsfree4.com</ref> – {{small|Assault on WWF President [[Gorilla Monsoon]]}}
* '''''[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]'''''
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Best Heel|Best Heel]] (1993)<ref name="won">{{cite journal|last=Meltzer|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Meltzer|date=January 26, 2011|title=Biggest issue of the year: The 2011 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Awards Issue|periodical=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|location=Campbell, CA|pages=1–40|issn=1083-9593}}</ref>
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Best Wrestling Maneuver|Best Wrestling Maneuver]] (1993) {{small|[[Moonsault]]}}<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Most Improved|Most Improved Wrestler]] (1999)<ref name="won" />
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Wrestler of the Year|Wrestler of the Year]] (1993)<ref name="won" />
** [[Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame]] (Class of 1996)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/hallofame.html|title=Wrestling Observer Hall of Fame|work=[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]|publisher=[[Kappa Publishing Group]]|access-date=June 20, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714111434/http://pwi-online.com/pages/hallofame.html|archive-date=July 14, 2008}}</ref>

== Luchas de Apuestas record ==
{{See also|Lucha libre#Luchas de Apuestas|l1=Luchas de Apuestas}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" width=100% style="text-align: center"
|-
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20% scope="col"|Winner (wager)
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20% scope="col"|Loser (wager)
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20% scope="col"|Location
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20% scope="col"|Event
!style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=15% scope="col"|Date
!class="unsortable" style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=5% scope="col"|Notes
|-
|[[Kane (wrestler)|Kane]] (mask) || Vader (mask) || Milwaukee, Wisconsin || [[Over the Edge: In Your House|Over the Edge]] || {{dts|1998|05|31}} ||
|}

==See also==
* [[List of premature professional wrestling deaths]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last=Foley|first=Mick|title=[[Have a Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks]]|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2000|isbn=978-0-06-103101-4}}
* {{cite book|title=King of the Ring: The Harley Race Story|last1=Race|first1=Harley|last2=Tritz|first2=Gerry|isbn=1-58261-818-6|publisher=[[Sports Publishing]]|date=2004}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|name = Leon White}}
* {{Twitter|name = Big Van Vader}}
* {{wwe superstar|name = Vader}}
* {{Professional wrestling profiles}}

{{Navboxes|
|list1=
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{{GHC Tag Team Championship}}
{{UWA World Heavyweight Championship}}
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{{WWE United States Championship}}
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{{WWE Hall of Fame}}
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Gardens of Stone

2024-01-17T13:34:25Z

8.38.177.4: /* Cast */

{{short description|1987 film by Francis Ford Coppola}}
{{use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gardens of Stone
| image = gardens_of_stone.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Francis Ford Coppola]]
| producer = Francis Ford Coppola Michael I. Levy
| screenplay = [[Ronald Bass]]
| based_on = ''Gardens of Stone'' by Nicholas Proffitt
| starring = {{Plainlist |
* [[James Caan (actor)|James Caan]]
* [[Anjelica Huston]]
* [[James Earl Jones]]
* [[D. B. Sweeney]]
* [[Dean Stockwell]]
* [[Mary Stuart Masterson]]
}}
| music = [[Carmine Coppola]]
| cinematography = [[Jordan Cronenweth]]
| editing = [[Barry Malkin]]
| studio = [[American Zoetrope]] ML Delphi Premier Productions
| distributor = [[TriStar Pictures|Tri-Star Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|1987|5|8}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| language = English
| country = United States
| budget = $13.5 million<ref name="afi">{{cite web |title=Gardens of Stone (1987) |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/57625 |website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref>
| gross = $5.2 million<ref name="mojo" />
}}

'''''Gardens of Stone''''' is a 1987 American [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Francis Ford Coppola]], based on a novel of the same name by Nicholas Proffitt. It stars [[James Caan]], [[Anjelica Huston]], [[James Earl Jones]], [[D. B. Sweeney]], [[Dean Stockwell]] and [[Mary Stuart Masterson]].

==Plot==
A hardened [[Korean War|Korean]] and [[Vietnam War]] veteran, Sergeant First Class Clell Hazard would rather be an instructor at the U.S. Army Infantry School at [[Fort Benning, Georgia|Fort Benning]] to train soldiers for Vietnam but instead is assigned to the 1st Battalion [[3rd United States Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard)|3d Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard)]] at [[Fort Myer]], [[Virginia]], which provides the ceremonial honor guard for the funerals of fallen soldiers and guards the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] at [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. Hazard calls them the "toy soldiers" and hates his job until Jackie Willow, the son of an old friend and fellow soldier, is assigned to his platoon; Hazard sees in him an opportunity to make sure at least one man comes home from Vietnam alive.

Hazard tries to warn Willow about Vietnam but Willow sees it as his duty as a soldier to fight for his country, no matter what kind of war it is facing. Hazard hates how the war in Vietnam is being fought and feels that good soldiers are being wounded and killed in the "wrong" war in which the U.S. is not fighting to win.

Among the others in Hazard's life are his longtime friend and superior, Sergeant Major "Goody" Nelson, and his girlfriend Samantha Davis, a writer for ''[[The Washington Post]]'' who is against the Vietnam War for different reasons. Willow marries a colonel's daughter named Rachel Feld, who at first refuses to marry Jackie as long as he is a soldier. Rachel also hates the war in Vietnam and is afraid for her husband.

Hazard is divorced and hasn't seen his son in years due to the bitter divorce. After Willow's father, who is a retired U.S. Army master sergeant and a former Korean War comrade in arms of Hazard's and Nelson's, dies of a heart attack, Hazard comes to look upon Willow as a "son." He tries to teach Willow all he can about soldiering and surviving in combat.

Willow in turn tries to teach his platoon-mate Private Albert Wildman, a chronic screw-up, how to be a soldier. Wildman is later ordered to Vietnam, where he distinguishes himself as a heroic soldier and effective combat infantryman. He returns from Vietnam promoted to the rank of sergeant and is a recipient of the [[Medal of Honor]] for heroism in combat. Sergeant Flanagan, a fellow member of Hazard's platoon, receives his orders for Vietnam at the same time.

Willow excels, is promoted to sergeant and is recommended to attend Officer's Candidate School, which he completes and is [[commissioned officer|commissioned]] as a second lieutenant. He is ordered to serve in a combat unit in Vietnam. Willow writes Hazard from Vietnam about all the good men in his platoon that are being lost in combat. Hazard then finds out that Willow has been killed in action when he sees the burial orders for Willow's remains.

Hazard requests to be sent to Vietnam for his third tour of duty as a platoon sergeant in a combat infantry unit. He places his [[Combat Infantryman Badge]] on Willow's flag-draped coffin at the chapel at Arlington National Cemetery. Wildman and Flanagan, at that time both sergeants and just recently returned from Vietnam, are also present at Willow's funeral.

The film ends with military honors being rendered at Willow's graveside at Arlington and Hazard speaking to the mourners prior to the firing of the rifle salute and the playing of "[[Taps (bugle call)|Taps]]".

==Cast==
* [[James Caan (actor)|James Caan]] as Sergeant First Class Clell Hazard, platoon sergeant
* [[Anjelica Huston]] as Samantha Davis
* [[James Earl Jones]] as Sergeant Major "Goody" Nelson, regimental sergeant major
* [[D. B. Sweeney]] as Specialist / Sergeant / Second Lieutenant Jack "Jackie" Willow, Honor Guardsman
* [[Dean Stockwell]] as Captain Homer Thomas, Hazard's company commander
* [[Mary Stuart Masterson]] as Rachel Feld
* [[Dick Anthony Williams]] as First Sergeant R. "Slasher" Williams, company first sergeant
* [[Lonette McKee]] as Betty Rae Nelson, Sergeant Major Nelson's wife
* [[Sam Bottoms]] as Second Lieutenant / First Lieutenant Webber, Hazard's platoon leader
* [[Elias Koteas]] as Specialist / Sergeant Pete Deveber, company clerk
* [[Larry Fishburne]] as Sergeant / Specialist Flanagan, Willow's squad leader
* [[Casey Siemaszko]] as Private First Class / Sergeant Albert Wildman, a fellow soldier in the platoon
* [[Peter Masterson]] as Colonel Feld
* [[Carlin Glynn]] as Mrs. Feld

==Production==
The film marked Caan's return to filmmaking after a number of years' absence.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Filmink|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/the-stardom-of-james-caan/|title=The Stardom of James Caan|first= Stephen|last= Vagg|date=September 27, 2022}}</ref>

[[Griffin O'Neal]] was initially cast in ''Gardens of Stone'' to play Albert Wildman, but was replaced by [[Casey Siemaszko]] after his involvement in the accidental speedboating death of Coppola's eldest son, [[Gian-Carlo Coppola]], in May 1986.<ref>{{cite book|first=Tatum |last=O'Neal |author-link=Tatum O'Neal |title=A Paper Life |year=2005 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0060751029 |page=158}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was entered into the [[15th Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref name="Moscow1987">{{cite web |title=15th Moscow International Film Festival (1987) |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1987 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194338/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1987 |archive-date=2013-01-16 |access-date=2013-02-21 |work=MIFF}}</ref>

The movie had a limited release in 612 theaters and made $1,645,588 on its opening weekeend, for a total domestic gross of $5,262,047.<ref name="mojo">{{cite web |title=Gardens of Stone |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2975172097/weekend/ |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film earned mixed reviews from critics and holds a 44% rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 4.9/10.<ref name="RT">{{cite web |title=Gardens of Stone |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gardens_of_stone |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0093073|title=Gardens of Stone}}
* {{Amg title|19240|title=Gardens of Stone}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|gardens_of_stone|Gardens of Stone}}
* {{Mojo title|gardensofstone|Gardens of Stone}}
* [http://film.virtual-history.com/film.php?filmid=300 Movie stills]

{{Francis Ford Coppola}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gardens Of Stone}}
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 drama films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Francis Ford Coppola]]
[[Category:Films produced by Francis Ford Coppola]]
[[Category:Vietnam War films]]
[[Category:American Zoetrope films]]
[[Category:TriStar Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Ronald Bass]]
[[Category:Films scored by Carmine Coppola]]
[[Category:1980s English-language films]]
[[Category:1980s American films]]

Ironside (1967 TV series)

2024-01-12T05:21:04Z

8.38.177.4: /* Plot */

{{short description|American television crime drama, 1967-1975}}
{{About|the original 1967–1975 television series|the remake|Ironside (2013 TV series)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ironside Title Screen.png
| genre = [[Detective fiction]]
| creator = [[Collier Young]]
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{Unbulleted list | [[Raymond Burr]] | [[Don Galloway]] | [[Barbara Anderson (actress)|Barbara Anderson]] | [[Don Mitchell (actor)|Don Mitchell]] | [[Elizabeth Baur]]}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = [[Quincy Jones]]
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_seasons = 8
| num_episodes = 199
| list_episodes = List of Ironside episodes
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = [[Harbour Productions Unlimited]] [[Universal Television]]
| channel = [[NBC]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1967|9|14}}
| last_aired = {{End date|1975|1|16}}
| related = ''[[Sarge (TV series)|Sarge]]'' ''[[The Bold Ones: The New Doctors]]''
 ''[[Amy Prentiss]]'' ''[[Ironside (2013 TV series)|Ironside]]'' (2013)
}}

'''''Ironside''''' is an American television [[Crime film#Crime drama|crime drama]] that aired on [[NBC]] over eight seasons from 1967 to 1975. The show starred [[Raymond Burr]] as Robert T. Ironside (usually addressed by the title "Chief Ironside"), a consultant for the San Francisco police department (formerly chief of detectives), who was paralyzed from the waist down after being shot while on vacation. The character debuted on March 28, 1967, in a TV movie entitled ''Ironside''. When the series was broadcast in the United Kingdom, from late 1967 onward, it was broadcast as ''A Man Called Ironside''. The show earned Burr six [[Emmy Award|Emmy]] and two [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]] nominations.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0061266/awards?ref_=tt_awd | title=Awards for Ironside | publisher=[[IMDb|Internet Movie Database]] | access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>

''Ironside'' was a production of Burr's [[Harbour Productions Unlimited]] in association with [[Universal Television]].

== Plot ==
The series revolves around former [[San Francisco Police Department]] (SFPD) Chief of [[Detective]]s Robert T. Ironside ([[Raymond Burr]]), a Navy veteran, widower, a veteran of 25 years of police service, forced to retire from the department after a [[sniper]]'s bullet to the spine [[Paraplegia|paralyzed him from the waist down]], resulting in his reliance on a [[wheelchair]]. In the pilot episode, a [[Television film|television movie]], Ironside shows his strength of character and gets himself appointed a peculiar and unprecedented job; a "special department consultant", by his good friend, [[Police commissioner|Police Commissioner]] Dennis Randall. He does this by calling a press conference and then tricking Commissioner Randall into meeting his terms. In the pilot, Ironside eventually solves the mystery of the ambush. He requests Ed Brown and Eve Whitfield be assigned to him as his own private law enforcement squad.

[[File:Raymond burr ironside.JPG|thumb|170px|Raymond Burr as Ironside]]
Supporting characters on ''Ironside'' included Det. Sgt. Edward "Ed" Brown ([[Don Galloway]]) and a young socialite-turned-plainclothes officer, Eve Whitfield ([[Barbara Anderson (actress)|Barbara Anderson]]). In addition, delinquent-turned assistant Mark Sanger ([[Don Mitchell (actor)|Don Mitchell]]), who subsequently attends and graduates from law school (night classes were mentioned from early on), joins the San Francisco police force himself in the sixth season, then marries late in the run of the series. Commissioner Randall was played by [[Gene Lyons (actor)|Gene Lyons]].

After the program's fourth season, Anderson left for personal reasons, and her character was then replaced by another young policewoman, Fran Belding ([[Elizabeth Baur]]), who filled much the same role for four more years.

Ironside uses a fourth-floor room (for living and office space) in the old San Francisco [[Hall of Justice (San Francisco)|Hall of Justice]] building, which housed the city's police headquarters. He recruits Mark Sanger to be his personal assistant after Sanger is brought in as a suspect who wanted to kill Ironside. Ironside acquires a specially equipped, former fleet-modified 1940 {{frac|1|1|2}}-ton Ford police patrol wagon, with bulletproof glass and a specially modified high-performance supercharged and fuel-injected V-8 engine. This is replaced in the episode titled "Poole's Paradise" after the van is destroyed by Sergeant Brown as part of a plan to trick a corrupt sheriff. At the end of the episode, the patrol wagon is replaced by a one-off fully custom modified 1969 1-ton [[Ford E-Series|Ford Econoline]] Window Van.

The show became a success as Ironside depended on brains and initiative in solving cases. Although Ironside is portrayed as good-hearted and honest, he maintains a gruff persona. The series enjoyed a seven-and-a-half-season run on NBC, drawing respectable, if not always high ratings. As the shortened eighth and final season began (only 16 of 19 episodes produced were aired by NBC), Universal released a [[Broadcast syndication|syndicated]] rerun package of episodes from earlier seasons under the title ''The Raymond Burr Show,'' reflecting the practice of that time to differentiate original network episodes from syndicated reruns whenever possible. After NBC's midseason cancellation, however, the syndicated episodes reverted to the ''Ironside'' title.

== Cast ==
* [[Raymond Burr]] as Chief Robert T. Ironside
* [[Don Galloway]] as Detective Sergeant Ed Brown
* [[Barbara Anderson (actress)|Barbara Anderson]] as Officer Eve Whitfield
* [[Don Mitchell (actor)|Don Mitchell]] as Mark Sanger
* [[Elizabeth Baur]] as Officer Fran Belding
* [[Gene Lyons (actor)|Gene Lyons]] as Commissioner Dennis Randall (recurring role)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmX_mIf32TAC&pg=PA91|title=Raymond Burr: A Film, Radio and Television Biography|page=91|first=Ona|last=Hill|publisher=McFarland|date=February 9, 2012|isbn=9780786491377}}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Locations ===
The show was filmed in a mixture of locations, sometimes in San Francisco, but also with a large number of studio scenes (including scenes with conversations in a moving vehicle, where a traffic backdrop is used). The shows contained stock footage of San Francisco, with pan shots of [[Coit Tower]] or clips of traffic scenes.

Ironside and his team used a rather large open space on the fourth floor of the Old Hall of Justice in San Francisco at 750 Kearny Street between Washington and Merchant Streets. The Old Hall had already been demolished while ''Ironside ''was still in production. It had been abandoned in 1961 and demolished in late 1967. The SFPD had begun using their new home by January 1962. In December 1967, demolition finally began. Wrecking balls and bulldozers took 5 months to raze the building.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.sfsdhistory.com/eras/county-jail-no.-1-1915-to-1961 |title=County Jail No. 1 – 1915 to 1961 |work=History of the San Francisco Sheriff's Department |year=2015 |access-date=June 7, 2015}}</ref>

=== Music ===
The opening theme music was composed by [[Quincy Jones]], and was the first synthesizer-based television theme song. In 1971, Jones recorded a fuller four-minute band version for the album ''[[Smackwater Jack]]''.<ref>[http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/printmember/jon0bio-1 Quincy Jones Biography – Academy of Achievement: Print Preview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405031640/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/printmember/jon0bio-1 |date=April 5, 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.soundtrack.net/albums/database/?id=3356 Kill Bill, Vol. 1 (2003) Soundtrack]</ref> This recording was then edited and used for the opening credits of the fifth through eighth seasons (1971–1975). (The entire album track can be heard in the fifth-season episode "Unreasonable Facsimile" as Ironside and team track a suspect on the streets of San Francisco.) The iconic theme music has since been sampled in numerous recordings and soundtracks to recent television commercials and shows, including "[[All Caps (song)|All Caps]]" by the hip-hop duo [[Madvillain]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whosampled.com/album/Madvillain/Madvillainy/|title = Madvillainy by Madvillain: Album Samples, Covers and Remixes|website = [[WhoSampled]]}}</ref>

In addition to the opening theme music, Quincy Jones composed the entire score for the first eight episodes. [[Oliver Nelson]] took over those duties up to the end of the winter to spring 1972 episodes. Nelson was then replaced by [[Marty Paich]] for nearly all of the episodes from the beginning of the fall of that year until the last episode that was produced, in late 1974. The song "Even When You Cry", with music composed by Jones and lyrics written by [[Alan and Marilyn Bergman]], was performed by [[James Farentino]] in the episode "Something for Nothing", while [[Marcia Strassman]] had already sung it off-screen in the earlier episode "The Man Who Believed"; both installments were originally broadcast during season one.

===Personnel===

*[[Freddie Hubbard]] − [[trumpet]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ironside (1967/1974) |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/jots.200016414/ |website=Library of Congress}}</ref>
*[[Frank Rosolino]] − [[trombone]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ironside (1967/1974) |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/jots.200016414/ |website=Library of Congress}}</ref>
*[[Hubert Laws]] − [[flute]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ironside (1967/1974) |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/jots.200016414/ |website=Library of Congress}}</ref>
*[[Anthony Ortega (musician)|Anthony Ortega]], [[Jerome Richardson]], [[Dan Higgins]] − [[reed (mouthpiece)|reeds]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ironside (1967/1974) |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/jots.200016414/ |website=Library of Congress}}</ref>
*[[Howard Roberts]], [[Bill Pitman]] − [[guitar]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ironside (1967/1974) |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/jots.200016414/ |website=Library of Congress}}</ref>
*[[Carol Kaye]] − [[electric bass]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ironside (1967/1974) |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/jots.200016414/ |website=Library of Congress}}</ref>
*[[Shelly Manne]], [[Earl Palmer]] − [[drums]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ironside (1967/1974) |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/jots.200016414/ |website=Library of Congress}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
=== Episode list ===
{{Main|List of Ironside episodes}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Season
! rowspan="2" |Episodes
! colspan="2" |Originally aired
|-
! First aired
! Last aired
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#DC143C"|
| Pilot *
| 1
| colspan="2" | {{Start date|1967|03|28}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#39AE6C"|
| 1
| 28
| {{Start date|1967|09|14}}
| {{Start date|1968|04|04}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#7D2AA6"|
| 2
| 26
| {{Start date|1968|09|19}}
| {{Start date|1969|04|10}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#FF8C00"|
| 3
| 26
| {{Start date|1969|09|18}}
| {{Start date|1970|04|09}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#00FFFF"|
| 4
| 26
| {{Start date|1970|09|17}}
| {{Start date|1971|04|15}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#A9A9A9"|
| 5
| 25
| {{Start date|1971|09|21}}
| {{Start date|1972|03|09}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#CA940C"|
| 6
| 24
| {{Start date|1972|09|14}}
| {{Start date|1973|03|22}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#000080"|
| 7
| 25
| {{Start date|1973|09|13}}
| {{Start date|1974|05|23}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#000000"|
| 8
| 19 **
| {{Start date|1974|09|12}}
| {{Start date|1975|01|16}}
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#8B0000"|
| TV movie
| 1
| colspan=2| {{Start date|1993|05|04}}
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The pilot episode was titled ''A Man Called Ironside''. 
<nowiki>**</nowiki> The last three episodes of the series were not broadcast on NBC, but were later seen in syndication, as well as released on DVD.

=== TV reunion movie ===
Burr and the main cast reunited for a made-for-TV movie in 1993, ''The Return of Ironside'', which aired on May 4, 1993, on NBC, not long before Burr's death. At the time, Burr was starring in a series of telefilms for NBC playing his most famous character, [[Perry Mason (TV film series)|Perry Mason]]. In the years between the end of ''Ironside'' in 1975 and the first ''Perry Mason'' movie in 1985, Burr's appearance had undergone some changes. His hair was grayer, he had gained a significant amount of weight, and after years of playing clean-shaven characters, he grew a beard.

Since nearly 20 years had passed since ''Ironside'' left the air, and as he had been playing Perry Mason on television for the previous eight years, Burr felt that he was more associated with Perry Mason. He believed that to play Ironside properly and not confuse viewers, he would need to undergo a small makeover to distinguish the Ironside character from the more identifiable Perry Mason. Burr thus had his hair colored (which was unnecessary, since Burr was already gray-haired when ''Ironside'' originally aired) and cut his beard down to a goatee. One thing Burr did not need to do, however, was pretend to be disabled. At the time the ''Ironside'' reunion went into production, Burr had been suffering from [[kidney cancer]] that had metastasized to his liver, and the disease left him unable to stand or walk without assistance. Thus, like Ironside, Burr used a wheelchair to get around.

Unlike the original series, which took place in San Francisco, the reunion was set and filmed in [[Denver]], [[Colorado]], with the justification that the character Ed Brown had become the city's deputy chief of police. (Denver was also where most of Burr's ''Perry Mason'' TV movies were produced.) Galloway, Mitchell, Anderson, and Baur recreated their roles for the movie, though Anderson and Baur had not worked at the same time on the original series.

== Broadcast history ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Season !! Time slot
|-
| 1 (1967–1968) || rowspan="4" | Thursday at 8:30-9:30 pm (EST)
|-
| 2 (1968–1969)
|-
| 3 (1969–1970)
|-
| 4 (1970–1971)
|-
| 5 (1971–1972) || Tuesday at 7:30-8:30 pm (EST) (September 21 – November 23, 1971) Thursday at 9:00–10:00 pm (EST) (November 25, 1971 – March 9, 1972)
|-
| 6 (1972–1973) || rowspan="3" | Thursday at 9:00–10:00 pm (EST)
|-
| 7 (1973–1974)
|-
| 8 (1974–1975)
|}

== Notable guest appearances ==
{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Episode(s)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Geraldine|Brooks|Geraldine Brooks (actress)}}
| "Ironside" (pilot, 1967)
|-

! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Tiny |Tim|Tiny Tim (musician)}}
| "Ironside" (Pilot, 1967)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Wally|Cox}}
| "Ironside" (Pilot, 1967)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Joel|Fabiani}}
| "Ironside" (Pilot, 1967)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Susan|Saint James}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Girl in the Night" (1967) | "Something for Nothing" (1968)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|E. G.|Marshall}}
| "Five Days in the Death of Sgt. Brown: Part I" (1972)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Harrison|Ford}}
| "The Past Is Prologue" (1967)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Desi|Arnaz}}
| "Riddle at 24000" (1974)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Paul|Winfield}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Robert Phillips vs. the Man" (1968) | "Find a Victim" (1972)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Alan|Hewitt}}
| "The Laying on of Hands" (1970)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Paul|Fix}}
| "The Laying on of Hands" (1970)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Harold|Gould}}
| "The Armageddon Gang" (1973)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Gerald S.|O'Loughlin}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Not with a Whimper, But a Bang" (1969) | "The Man on the Inside" (1970)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Jackie|Cooper}}
| "The Countdown" (1972)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Michael|Bell|Michael Bell (actor)}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Little Jerry Jessup" (1970) | "The Man on the Inside" (1970) | "Murder Impromptu" (1971) | "Shadow Soldiers" (1972) | "Two Hundred Large" (1974) | "Run Scared" (1974)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|James|Farentino}}
| "Something for Nothing" (1968)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Robert|Reed}}
| "Light at the End of the Journey" (1967)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Carl|Betz}}
| "The Lonely Way to Go" (1970)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Bill|Bixby}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Sergeant Mike" (1968) | "Tom Dayton Is Loose Among Us" (1970) | "Raise the Devil: Part 1" (1974) | "Raise the Devil: Part 2" (1974)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Jack|Kelly|Jack Kelly (actor)}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Tagged for Murder" (1967), | "Cold Hard Cash" (1972)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|David|Cassidy}}
| "Stolen on Demand" (1969)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|David|Carradine}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Due Process of Law" (1968) | "The Quincunx" (1971) | "License to Kill" (1971)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Rod|Serling}}
| "Bubble, Bubble, Toil and Murder" (1972)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Alan|Napier}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Return to Fiji" (1970) | "All About Andrea" (1973) | "The Lost Cotillon" (1974)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname |James|Shigeta}}
| "No Motive for Murder" (1971)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Richard|Basehart}}
| "Noel's Gonna Fly" (1970)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Martin|Sheen}}
| "No Game for Amateurs" (1970)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Dana|Wynter}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Beyond a Shadow" (1969) | "In the Forests of the Night" (1973)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Mort|Sahl}}
| "Beyond a Shadow" (1969)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Anne|Baxter}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "An Obvious Case of Guilt" (1968) | "Programmed for Danger" (1969)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Ed|Asner}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "The Fourteenth Runner" (1967) | "Not with a Whimper, But a Bang" (1969)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Forrest|Tucker}}
| "Too Many Victims" (1970)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Eddie|Garrett}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Side Pocket" (1968) | "The Machismo Bag" (1969)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Darwin|Joston}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Warrior's Return" (1970) | "The Target" (1971) | "Cross Doublecross" (1974)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|John|Rubinstein}}
| "The Leaf in the Forest" (1967)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|James|Gregory|James Gregory (actor)}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Message from Beyond" (1967), | "Rundown on a Bum Rap" (1969) | "Programmed for Panic" (1972) | "The Hidden Man" (1973)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Jack|Lord}}
| "Dead Man's Tale" (1967)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Scott|Marlowe}}
| "The Deadly Gamesmen" (1972)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Norman|Fell}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "An Inside Job" (1967) | "Seeing Is Believing" (1969)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|James|Drury}}
| "The Professionals" (1971)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Fritz|Weaver}}
| "Ransom" (1970)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|John|Saxon}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "An Inside Job" (1967) | "Ransom" (1970)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Khigh|Dhiegh}}
| "Love My Enemy" (1969)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Pernell|Roberts}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "To Kill a Cop" (1968) | "The Organizer" (1975)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Val|Avery}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Achilles' Heel" (1972) | "Love Me in December" (1973)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|George|Takei}}
| "No Motive for Murder" (1971)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Jodie|Foster}}
| "Bubble, Bubble, Toil and Murder" (1972)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Eve|McVeagh}}
| "An Obvious Case of Guilt" (1968)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Ricardo|Montalbán}}
| "The Sacrifice" (1968)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Gavin|MacLeod}}
| "Return of the Hero" (1968)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Burgess|Meredith}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "The Macabre Mr. Micawber" (1968) | "Unreasonable Facsimile" (1972)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Bruce|Lee}}
| "Tagged for Murder" (1967)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Robert|Alda}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "The Taker" (1967) | "The Sacrifice" (1968) | "A Bullet for Mark" (1969)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Leo G.|Carroll}}
| "Little Dog, Gone" (1970)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|David|Opatoshu}}
| "L'Chayim" (1969)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|William|Shatner}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Little Jerry Jessup" (1970) | "Walls Are Waiting" (1971) | "Amy Prentiss: Part 1" (1974) | "Amy Prentiss: Part 2" (1974)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|DeForest|Kelley}}
| "Warrior's Return" (1970)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Dana|Elcar}}
| {{Unbulleted list | "Eye of the Hurricane" (1969) | "A Killing at the Track" (1971) | "Joss Sticks and Wedding Bells" (1971) | "The Savage Sentry" (1972)}}
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Vito|Scotti}}
| "The Machismo Bag" (1969)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Robert|Lansing|Robert Lansing (actor)}}
| "The Lonely Hostage" (1968)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Ellen|Corby}}
| "Why the Tuesday Afternoon Bridge Club Met on Thursday" (1969)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Ron|Thompson|Ron Thompson (actor)}}
| "Amy Prentiss: Part 1" (1974)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Walter|Burke}}
| "All in a Day's Work" (1968)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Pete|Duel}}
| "Perfect Crime" (1968)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Barbara|Hale}}
| "Murder Impromptu" (1971)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Walter|Koenig}}
| "The Summer Soldier" (1971)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Dorothy|Malone}}
| "Confessions: From a Lady of the Night" (1973)
|-
! scope="row" | {{Sortname|Frank|Gorshin}}
| "What's New With Mark?" (1974)
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cameron|Mitchell|Cameron Mitchell (actor)}}
| "What's New With Mark?" (1974)
|-
! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Carradine}}
| "Gentle Oaks" (1971)
|}

== Crossovers and spinoffs ==
At the start of its sixth season, ''Ironside'' did a two-part crossover episode with ''[[The Bold Ones: The New Doctors]]'', titled "Five Days in the Death of Sergeant Brown", where Ed is critically injured by a sniper and is treated by Dr. David Craig and his medical staff. Part 1 was broadcast on ''Ironside'' and part 2 on ''The New Doctors''. Part 2 is now shown in reruns as an episode of ''Ironside''. E. G. Marshall and David Hartman (stars of ''The New Doctors'') received starring credit in the opening credits of both episodes. Part 2 features a longer edited version of Quincy Jones' "Ironside" theme as heard on his 1971 album ''Smackwater Jack''.

NBC's 1971 fall TV season opened with a two-hour crossover between ''Ironside'' and a new series, ''[[Sarge (TV series)|Sarge]]'', starring [[George Kennedy]] as a cop-turned-priest. Kennedy's San Diego–based Father Samuel Cavanaugh comes to San Francisco because of the death of a friend and fellow priest, and his investigation gets him embroiled with Ironside and his staff. The special consolidated the two shows' consecutive time slots and has been subsequently seen as a TV-movie, ''The Priest Killer''.

[[Jessica Walter]] guest-starred in a spin-off episode for the series ''[[Amy Prentiss]]'', which aired as part of ''[[The NBC Mystery Movie]]'' during the 1974–1975 season. She played a relatively young investigator who becomes chief of detectives for the San Francisco Police Department. [[Helen Hunt]], in an early role, played Prentiss' preteen daughter, Jill. Three two-hour episodes were aired.

The 22nd episode of season 7, airing in March 1974, and entitled "Riddle at 24,000," was a pilot for "Dr. Domingo," a proposed spin-off series starring [[Desi Arnaz]] as a crime-solving physician in a small, California town. It was written by Lane Slate, perhaps best known as the screenwriter of ''[[They Only Kill Their Masters]]'', the [[James Garner]] movie about a small-town police chief.
<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Lee |title=Unsold Television Pilots: 1955-1989|date=June 29, 2015 |page=279 |isbn=9781511590679}}</ref>

== 2013 remake ==
{{Main|Ironside (2013 TV series)}}
In 2013, a short-lived [[remake]] with the [[Ironside (2013 TV series)|same name]] aired on NBC. Actor [[Blair Underwood]] took on the title role (with none of the other characters from the original series being used), while the action was relocated from San Francisco to New York City. This version of the character was more in the tough cop mold, often at odds with his superiors over his unrelenting, even violent approach to police work. The series was lambasted by critics and ignored by viewers, and was cancelled and pulled after the airing of just four episodes (of 9 produced).

== Parodies ==
An episode of ''[[Get Smart]]'' that aired in March 1969 was titled "Leadside" and featured a wheelchair-using master criminal by that name (and his assistants). Leadside could not walk, but he was able to run.
Leadside was directed by Gary Nelson. Nelson never directed on ''Ironside'' during its original stint as a television series but instead directed the reunion television movie ''The Return of Ironside''.

Another ''Get Smart'' episode, called "Ironhand," had a KAOS operative with a hand encased in metal hence why he was known as Ironhand.

The December 1970 issue of ''[[Mad (magazine)|Mad]]'' magazine included a parody of ''Ironside'' titled "Ironride."

On ''[[The Benny Hill Show]]'', [[Benny Hill]] played Ironside in a few sketches, most notably in a sketch called "Murder on the Oregon Express," which parodied several television detective characters.

Impressionist [[Billy Howard]] included Ironside as one of the detectives parodied in his novelty hit record "King of the Cops."

The 1980 television movie ''[[Murder Can Hurt You]]'' spoofs numerous television detectives from the 1970s and '80s, and includes [[Victor Buono]] playing the wheelchair-using detective Ironbottom.

''[[American Dad!|American Dad]]'' has an episode, "Wheels and Legman," that loosely parodies ''Ironside'' and similar programs in which Roger and Steve have a fictional detective agency.

In the "Gone Efficient" episode of ''[[Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law]]'', a man in a wheelchair is shown pleading a case in front of Judge Mentok (who strongly resembles Raymond Burr) as a nod to both ''Ironside'' and ''Perry Mason''.

A promo for the adult animated sitcom ''[[Archer (2009 TV series)|Archer]]'' was made in the style of the show's opening sequence, replacing Ironside with the character Ray Gillette, who had been temporary confined to a wheelchair after a spinal injury.

== Home media ==
[[Shout! Factory]] has released the first four seasons of ''Ironside'' on DVD in Region 1. Seasons 3 and 4 were released as ''Shout Factory Exclusives'', available exclusively through Shout!'s online store.

On May 9, 2017, Shout! Factory re-released season 3 as a general retail release.<ref>[http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Ironside-Season-3/23061 'Season 3' Returns to DVD: in Stores this Spring from Shout!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302030720/http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Ironside-Season-3/23061 |date=March 2, 2017}}</ref> Season 4 was re-released on August 22, 2017.<ref>[http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Ironside-Season-4/23288 Shout! to Wheel Out 'Season 4' DVDs in 'Wide' General Release] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616123319/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Ironside-Season-4/23288 |date=June 16, 2017}}</ref>

In Region 2, [[Anchor Bay Entertainment]] released the first season on DVD in the UK on August 25, 2008.<ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B0013URJUA Ironside Series 1 [DVD]: Amazon.co.uk: Raymond Burr, Don Galloway, Barbara Anderson, Don Mitchell: Film & TV]</ref>

In Region 4, [[Madman Entertainment]] released all eight seasons on DVD. The eighth and final season, which included the 1993 TV reunion movie ''The Return of Ironside'', was released on October 19, 2011.<ref>[http://www.madman.com.au/catalogue/view/13479/ironside-the-complete-eighth-season Ironside – The Complete Eighth Season]</ref>

Season 5 includes the two-part crossover TV movie episode ''The Priest Killer'', a crossover with the series ''[[Sarge (TV series)|Sarge]]''.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"|DVD name
! rowspan="2"|Ep#
! colspan="3"|Release dates
|-
! Region 1
! Region 4
|-
| Season 1
| align="center"|29 (includes pilot movie)
| April 24, 2007
| August 16, 2007
|-
| Season 2
| align="center"|26
| October 16, 2007
| November 8, 2007
|-
| Season 3
| align="center"|26
| January 19, 2010♦ May 9, 2017 (re-release)
| September 16, 2008
|-
| Season 4
| align="center"|26
| October 19, 2010♦ August 22, 2017 (re-release)
| June 24, 2009
|-
| Season 5
| align="center"|25
| N/A
| May 19, 2010
|-
| Season 6
| align="center"|24
| N/A
| August 11, 2010
|-
| Season 7
| align="center"|25
| N/A
| February 2, 2011
|-
| Season 8
| align="center"|19
| N/A
| October 19, 2011
|}

♦ – Shout! Factory Exclusives title, sold exclusively through Shout's online store

== See also ==
*[[Jessie McTavish]], British woman who was alleged to have murdered a woman after being inspired by the plot of ''Ironside''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0061266|title=Ironside}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1960s American crime television series]]
[[Category:1967 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:1970s American crime drama television series]]
[[Category:1975 American television series endings]]
[[Category:English-language television shows]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the San Francisco Police Department]]
[[Category:NBC original programming]]
[[Category:1970s American police procedural television series]]
[[Category:Television series by Universal Television]]
[[Category:Television shows set in San Francisco]]
[[Category:American detective television series]]
[[Category:Television shows about disability]]
[[Category:NBC television dramas]]

Fighting with My Family

2024-01-10T19:04:20Z

8.38.177.4:

{{short description|2019 film by Stephen Merchant}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Fighting with My Family
| image = Fighting_With_My_Family_poster.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Stephen Merchant]]
| writer = Stephen Merchant
| based_on = {{based_on|''The Wrestlers: Fighting with My Family''|Max Fisher}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kevin Misher]]
* [[Dwayne Johnson]]
* [[Dany Garcia]]
* Stephen Merchant
* Michael J. Luisi
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Florence Pugh]]
* [[Lena Headey]]
* [[Nick Frost]]
* [[Jack Lowden]]
* [[Vince Vaughn]]
* Dwayne Johnson
}}
| cinematography = [[Remi Adefarasin]]
| editing = Nancy Richardson
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vik Sharma]]
* [[Graham Coxon]]
}}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
* [[Film4 Productions]]
* The Ink Factory
* [[Seven Bucks Productions]]
* Misher Films
* [[WWE Studios]]
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (North America)
* [[Lionsgate UK]] (United Kingdom and Ireland)
* [[Universal Pictures]] (International)
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|1|28|[[2019 Sundance Film Festival|Sundance]]|2019|2|14|United States|2019|2|27|United Kingdom}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = {{ubl|United Kingdom|United States}}
| language = English
| budget = $11 million<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dwayne-rock-johnson-goes-indie-fighting-my-family-1182192|title="We Wanted a Studio to Buy Into It, And No One Did": Why Dwayne Johnson Went Indie for His New Movie|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Rebecca|last=Keegan|date=4 February 2019|access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref>
| gross = $41.5 million<ref name="BOM"/><ref name="NUM"/>
}}

'''''Fighting with My Family''''' is a 2019 [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[Sports film|sports]] [[comedy-drama]] film written and directed by [[Stephen Merchant]]. Based on the 2012 documentary ''The Wrestlers: Fighting with My Family'' by Max Fisher, it depicts the career of English [[professional wrestler]] [[Paige (wrestler)|Paige]] as she makes her way to [[WWE]], while also following her brother [[Zak Zodiac]], as he struggles with his failure to achieve similar success. [[Florence Pugh]] and [[Jack Lowden]] star as Paige and Zodiac respectively, alongside [[Lena Headey]], [[Nick Frost]], [[Vince Vaughn]], and [[Dwayne Johnson]], with the latter also acting as producer.

The film premiered at the [[2019 Sundance Film Festival|Sundance Film Festival]] on 28 January 2019, and was theatrically released in the United States on 14 February 2019. It received positive reviews from critics, particularly for Merchant's directing and the performances of Pugh and Vaughn. The film grossed $41.5 million worldwide.

==Plot==
Wrestlers [[Ricky Knight|Rick]] and [[Sweet Saraya|Julia Knight]] raise their children, [[Paige (wrestler)|Saraya]] and [[Zak Zodiac|Zak]], to follow in their footsteps; as young adults, the siblings apply to join the [[WWE]], and are evaluated by veteran trainer Hutch Morgan, who agrees to let them try out before a [[SmackDown]] taping at The [[The O2 Arena|O2 Arena]], where they meet WWE legend [[Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson]]. Shortly before her tryout, Saraya adopts the stage name "Paige".

Morgan chooses Paige to train for the WWE, but not Zak, despite Paige's protests. Morgan forces Zak to return home after making it clear he will never be signed to the WWE, leaving Paige with no one to stick up for her. Arriving at [[NXT (WWE brand)|NXT]] in Florida, Paige has difficulty with the training, especially given that her fellow trainees are mostly models and cheerleaders who have no wrestling experience and thus make poor opponents. Paige also struggles with performing choreographed promos as they clash with her own natural instincts, and suffers from Morgan's constant belittlement of her mistakes.

During her WWE debut at an NXT live event, Paige is heckled by the crowd and freezes, leaving the ring in tears. She tries bleaching her dark hair and gets a spray tan in a desperate attempt to fit in with her peers. After failing an obstacle course, Paige lashes out at the other trainees for gossiping about her when they weren't. A sympathetic Morgan then reveals to Paige the real reason he didn't let Zak sign up: the league would have forced him to work as a [[Job (professional wrestling)|jobber]], which would have ruined his health. Morgan implies that a similar experience forced him to give up on his own wrestling career.

Believing that professional wrestling isn't worth it and that she'd have a much happier life helping her parents train other wrestlers, Paige decides to quit the WWE and return to her hometown. She travels home for the Christmas break to inform her family of her decision. Angry that she is giving up on the dream that he failed to achieve, Zak attacks Paige during a wrestling match, then gets in a drunken bar fight. Paige changes her mind after Zak berates her for giving up, and she returns to Florida to rejoin the WWE. She reasserts her individuality by re-adopting her original hair color and skin tone, rapidly improves in training, and befriends and encourages many of her fellow trainees.

Morgan brings the trainees to [[WrestleMania XXX]], where The Rock greets Paige and tells her she will make her [[WWE Raw|Raw]] debut the following night against the current [[WWE Divas Championship|WWE Divas Champion]], [[AJ Lee]]. Paige makes her Raw debut, where she again freezes, and takes a severe beating from Lee before finally turning the tables and beating the champion. Claiming Lee's title for herself, she proudly declares that "this is MY house now!" as her family and friends cheer her victory back home.

==Cast==
* [[Florence Pugh]] as [[Paige (wrestler)|Saraya "Paige" Bevis]], Zak's little sister and Patrick and Julia's daughter. Her stunts during wrestling scenes were performed by [[Tessa Blanchard]].
** Tori Ellen Ross as young Paige
* [[Lena Headey]] as [[Sweet Saraya|Julia "Sweet Saraya Knight" Hamer]], Paige and Zak's mother and Patrick's wife.
* [[Nick Frost]] as [[Ricky Knight|Patrick "Rowdy Ricky Knight" Bevis]], Paige and Zak's father and Julia's husband.
* [[Jack Lowden]] as [[Zak Zodiac|Zak "Zodiac Knight" Bevis]], Paige's older brother and Patrick and Julia's son.
* [[Vince Vaughn]] as Hutch Morgan, a recruiter and coach for the WWE.
* [[Dwayne Johnson]] as himself/The Rock
* [[James Burrows (actor)|James Burrows]] as [[Roy Bevis|Roy Knight]], Patrick's son, Julia's stepson and Zak and Paige's older half-brother.
* [[Hannah Rae]] as Courtney, Zak's girlfriend and mother of his son, Caden.
* [[Zelina Vega|Thea Trinidad]] as [[AJ Lee|April Jeanette "AJ Lee" Mendez]]
* [[Kim Matula]] as Jeri-Lynn
* Aqueela Zoll as Kirsten
* Ellie Gonsalves as Maddison
* [[Elroy Powell]] as Union Jack
* Jack Gouldbourne as Calum
* [[Stephen Merchant]] as Hugh, Courtney's father.
* [[Julia Davis]] as Daphne, Courtney's mother.

Additionally, [[WWE]] wrestlers [[Big Show]], [[Sheamus]] and [[The Miz]] make appearances as themselves, while an uncredited actor played [[John Cena]]. [[Michael Cole (wrestling)|Michael Cole]], [[Jerry Lawler]], and [[John Layfield]] provide commentary on the Paige vs. AJ Lee match. Several other WWE wrestlers (including Cena himself), as well as the real Knight family, appear in [[WWE Libraries|archival footage]] throughout the film, while [[Zak Zodiac]] himself appears in a cameo as a gang lieutenant.

==Production==
On 7 February 2017, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' reported that [[Dwayne Johnson]] and [[Stephen Merchant]] had teamed with [[WWE Studios]] and [[Film4]] to produce a film based on the life of [[Paige (wrestler)|Saraya "Paige" Bevis]], a professional wrestler with the [[WWE]].<ref name="hollywood reporter">{{cite news|last1=Ford|first1=Rebecca|last2=Ritman|first2=Alex|title=Dwayne Johnson Gets in the Ring for 'Fighting With My Family' Wrestling Film (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dwayne-johnson-gets-ring-fighting-my-family-wrestling-film-starring-florence-pugh-972551|date=7 February 2017|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216140352/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dwayne-johnson-gets-ring-fighting-my-family-wrestling-film-starring-florence-pugh-972551|archive-date=16 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Merchant would write and direct the film, while Johnson would [[Cameo appearance|cameo]] in the film and executive produce. In the days after the announcement, the main cast was revealed: [[Florence Pugh]] as Saraya,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/feb/08/stephen-merchant-direct-dwayne-johnson-female-wrestling-drama-paige|title=Stephen Merchant to direct Dwayne Johnson in female wrestling drama|last=Shoard|first=Catherine|date=8 February 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=6 March 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306160744/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/feb/08/stephen-merchant-direct-dwayne-johnson-female-wrestling-drama-paige|archive-date=6 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jack Lowden]] as Saraya's brother Zak, and [[Lena Headey]] and [[Nick Frost]] as their parents.<ref name="Synopsis">{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2017/02/lena-headey-dwayne-johnson-fighting-with-my-family-1201906046/|title=Lena Headey & Nick Frost Join Dwayne Johnson In 'Fighting With My Family'|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|date=9 February 2017|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=6 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215211311/http://deadline.com/2017/02/lena-headey-dwayne-johnson-fighting-with-my-family-1201906046/|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=live|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] acquired the distribution rights on 10 February for US$17.5 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2017/02/dwayne-johnson-mgm-fighting-with-my-family-17-5-million-world-rights-deal-berlin-lena-headey-nick-frost-1201908786/|title=MGM Headlocks World Rights To 'Fighting With My Family' In $17.5M Deal: Berlin|last1=Lodderhose|first1=Diana|date=11 February 2017|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=6 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211022958/http://deadline.com/2017/02/dwayne-johnson-mgm-fighting-with-my-family-17-5-million-world-rights-deal-berlin-lena-headey-nick-frost-1201908786/|archive-date=11 February 2017|url-status=live|last2=Fleming Jr.|first2=Mike|language=en-US}}</ref> On 14 February, Johnson announced that [[Vince Vaughn]] had been cast, and filming would commence the following day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/vince-vaughn-dwayne-johnsons-fighting-with-my-family-1201988165/|title=Vince Vaughn Joins Dwayne Johnson's 'Fighting With My Family'|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=14 February 2017|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=6 March 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118223108/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/vince-vaughn-dwayne-johnsons-fighting-with-my-family-1201988165/|archive-date=18 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Makuch|first=Eddie|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-rocks-wwe-paige-biopic-adds-a-big-name-actor/1100-6447880/|title=The Rock's WWE Paige Biopic Adds A Big-Name Actor|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=15 February 2017|access-date=6 March 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202203123/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-rocks-wwe-paige-biopic-adds-a-big-name-actor/1100-6447880/|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In-ring scenes were filmed after ''[[WWE Raw]]'' on 20 February at the [[Staples Center]] in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Meltzer|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Meltzer|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-news/rock-raw-filming-fighting-my-family-230451|title=The Rock at Raw for filming of 'Fighting with my Family'|date=20 February 2017|access-date=10 April 2018|work=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411111553/https://www.f4wonline.com/wwe-news/rock-raw-filming-fighting-my-family-230451|archive-date=11 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Goldman|first=Eric|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/02/21/the-rock-evokes-cm-punk-and-aj-lee-in-a-big-way-for-crowd-at-wwe-show|title=The Rock evokes CM Punk and AJ Lee in a big way for crowd at WWE show|date=21 February 2017|access-date=10 April 2018|work=[[IGN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222080835/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/02/21/the-rock-evokes-cm-punk-and-aj-lee-in-a-big-way-for-crowd-at-wwe-show|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Filming also took place around Bracknell, Berkshire, specifically the Harmans Water area, also in and around [[Norwich]], [[Norfolk]], [[England]], with locations around the city used in the film, as well as the seaside town of [[Great Yarmouth]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greatyarmouthmercury.co.uk/news/fighting-with-my-family-film-crew-takes-over-great-yarmouth-seafront-as-they-shoot-scenes-for-wwe-studios-movie-1-4963775|title=Great Yarmouth Mercury|website=Great Yarmouth Mercury}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Pochin|first=Courtney|url=http://www.greatyarmouthmercury.co.uk/news/filming-for-the-rock-s-fighting-with-my-family-to-finish-in-great-yarmouth-1-4961449|title=Filming for The Rock's Fighting With My Family to finish in Great Yarmouth|date=4 April 2017|access-date=10 April 2018|work=[[Great Yarmouth Mercury]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411111539/http://www.greatyarmouthmercury.co.uk/news/filming-for-the-rock-s-fighting-with-my-family-to-finish-in-great-yarmouth-1-4961449|archive-date=11 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and at [[Pinewood Studios]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fighting with My Family |url=https://pinewoodgroup.com/pinewood-today/credits/fighting-with-my-family |website=[[Pinewood Studios]] |access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>

===Historical accuracy===
Like many biographical films, the film took several liberties with Paige's journey with WWE. The film had her start her WWE career performing for NXT when she actually first performed in [[Florida Championship Wrestling]], Paige's time in NXT was kept minimal with no mention of her reign as [[NXT Women's Championship|NXT Women's Champion]], and several characters were fictional, including Hutch Morgan. Additionally, Paige had previously failed a WWE tryout before being successful in another. Johnson himself never met Paige (or any of the Bevis/Knight family) until seeing the original documentary in 2012, unlike the film's fictionalized portrayal of Johnson meeting Paige and Zak backstage of a WWE event in England; Johnson himself had just returned to WWE in 2011 after a seven-year absence when Paige signed with WWE in April 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2019/02/paige-explains-how-dwayne-the-rock-johnson-first-approached-651296/|title=Paige Explains How Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson First Approached Her To Make "Fighting With My Family"|date=23 February 2019|website=Wrestling Inc.}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Fighting with My Family'' premiered at the [[2019 Sundance Film Festival]] on 28 January. It was released in the United States on 14 February 2019, in four theatres in Los Angeles and New York,<ref name=Deadline1/> and expanded to a wide release on 22 February 2019. It was released on 27 February 2019 in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/dwayne-johnson-fighting-with-my-family-sundance-film-festival-surprise-screening-1202524984/|title=Dwayne Johnson & Dany Garcia's Seven Bucks/MGM Pic 'Fighting With My Family' Making World Premiere At Sundance As Surprise Screening|first1=Anthony|last1=D'Alessandro|date=11 January 2019|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=McNary|first=Dave|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/dwayne-johnson-fighting-with-my-family-2019-1202790528/|title=Dwayne Johnson's Wrestling Drama 'Fighting With My Family' Moved Back to 2019|date=27 April 2018|access-date=28 April 2018|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428011701/http://variety.com/2018/film/news/dwayne-johnson-fighting-with-my-family-2019-1202790528/|archive-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie was pre-sold internationally by sales representative Bloom.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/322727/ | title=Stephen Merchant set for Fighting with My Family | date=9 February 2017 }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Fighting with My Family'' grossed {{US$|41.5 million|long=no}} worldwide against a production budget of {{US$|11 million|long=no}}.<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fightingwithmyfamily.htm |title=Fighting with My Family (2019)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="NUM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Fighting-With-My-Family-(2019)|title=Fighting With My Family (2019) |website= [[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>

In its limited opening weekend, ''Fighting with My Family'' made $162,567 from four theaters over the four-day President's Day weekend.<ref name=Deadline1>{{cite news |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title='Alita' Battles Her Way To $41M+ 5-Day, But Remains Far From Heaven At The B.O.|url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/alita-battle-angel-box-office-bomb-1202558922/|access-date=18 February 2019 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=17 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The film expanded to 2,711 theaters the following weekend and made $2.6 million on its first Friday wide, including $450,000 from Thursday night previews, and went on to gross $8 million for the weekend, finishing fourth at the box office.<ref name=opening>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/weekend-box-office-how-to-train-your-dragon-dwayne-johnson-fighting-with-my-family-1202562635/|title='How To Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World' Fires Up $3M On Thursday|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=22 February 2018|first=Anthony |last=D'Alessandro |access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref> In its second weekend of wide release, the film made $4.7 million, dropping 40% and finishing seventh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title='Dragon 3' Keeps The Fire Burning At No. 1 With $30M Second Weekend; 'Madea' Mints $27M|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/madea-famliy-funeral-how-to-train-your-dragon-weekend-box-office-1202567796/|access-date=3 March 2019 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=3 March 2019}}</ref>

===Critical response===
On [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of {{RT data|score}} based on {{RT data|count}} reviews, with an average rating of {{RT data|average}}. The website's critical consensus reads, "Much like the sport it celebrates, ''Fighting with My Family'' muscles past clichés with a potent blend of energy and committed acting that should leave audiences cheering."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fighting_with_my_family|title=Fighting With My Family (2019)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date={{RT data|access date|df=dmy}}}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a [[weighted average]] score of 68 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/fighting-with-my-family |title=Fighting with My Family Reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, while those at [[PostTrak]] gave it an overall positive score of 83% and a 57% "definite recommend".<ref name=opening/>

Nick Allen of ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' opined in a three-out-of-four star review: "Even though ''Fighting with My Family'' is undoubtedly about branding the WWE as a fantasy factory, its biggest strengths are its wit and surprisingly big heart."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/fighting-with-my-family-2019|title=Fighting with My Family Movie Review (2019)|last=Allen|first=Nick|website=[[RogerEbert.com]]|language=en|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6513120}}

{{Stephen Merchant}}
{{WWE Studios}}
{{Knight wrestling family}}
{{Women in WWE}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2010s American films]]
[[Category:2010s British films]]
[[Category:2010s sports comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American coming-of-age comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American films based on actual events]]
[[Category:American sports comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:British coming-of-age comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:British films based on actual events]]
[[Category:British sports comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:2010s English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films directed by Stephen Merchant]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dwayne Johnson]]
[[Category:Films set in 2002]]
[[Category:Films set in 2011]]
[[Category:Films set in 2012]]
[[Category:Films set in 2014]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in New Orleans]]
[[Category:Films set in Norfolk]]
[[Category:Films set in Orlando, Florida]]
[[Category:Films shot at Pinewood Studios]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films shot in Norfolk]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Stephen Merchant]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]
[[Category:Seven Bucks Productions films]]
[[Category:Sports films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Women in WWE]]
[[Category:Women's professional wrestling films]]
[[Category:WWE Studios films]]

Sunitha (Telugu singer)

2024-01-02T22:45:12Z

8.38.177.4: /* As Voice actor */

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunitha
| image = Sunitha Title.jpg
| caption = Sunitha in 2015
| image size =
| birth_name = Sunitha Upadrashta
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|05|10}}
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| alma_mater =
| known for =
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|television presenter|voice artist}}
| yearsactive = 1995–present
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Kiran Kumar Goparaju|1997|2017|end=divorced}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugu360.com/singer-sunitha-going-through-a-rough-patch/|title=Singer Sunitha going through a rough patch|date=25 July 2016}}</ref>|{{marriage|Rama Krishna Veerapaneni|2021}}}}
| children = 2
| signature =
| awards = [[#Awards|See below]]
| honours =
}}

'''Sunitha Upadrashta''' is an Indian [[playback singer]] and [[voice actor]] who primarily works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 October 2005|first=Mridula |last=Chunduri|title=Sunitha, the heroine of voice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sunitha-the-heroine-of-voice/articleshow/1249504.cms|access-date=22 May 2019|website=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rangarajan|first=A. D.|date=30 December 2014|title=Sunitha, a bridge between two generations of singers|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sunitha-a-bridge-between-two-generations-of-singers/article6735989.ece|access-date=22 May 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She is a recipient of nine [[Nandi Awards]] and two [[Filmfare Awards South]] in various categories. She also received a [[National Award]] from All India Radio under light music category when she was 15 years old.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sunitha won National Award at 15|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/sunitha-won-national-award-at-15/articleshow/36931300.cms|access-date=2022-02-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> She received her first Nandi award in the year 1999 and bagged [[Nandi Awards]] in a row for the years 2002 to 2006 and again for the years 2010 to 2012. She was also honored with [[Lata Mangeshkar]] Best Singer Award for 2011 by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honours of the Indian Nightingale|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2011/sep/30/honours-of-the-indian-nightingale-295869.html|access-date=2022-02-04|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Oct 7, 2011|title=Lata awards for Shankar, Chitra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lata-awards-for-shankar-chitra/articleshow/10261278.cms|access-date=2022-02-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Sunitha's commercial singing career began in the year 1995 with the movie [[Gulabi (1995 film)|Gulabi]]. She is also known as an anchor and host for music based programs and flagship programs, one among them was anchoring the historical Amaravati foundation-laying ceremony in the year 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reddy|first=Phanindra|date=2015-10-22|title=Amaravati foundation stone-laying event: Two hosts say they're 'blessed'|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151022/nation-current-affairs/article/amaravati-foundation-stone-laying-event-two-hosts-say-they%E2%80%99re-|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-10-22|title=Modi lays foundation for Amaravati: As it happened|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/live-amaravati-new-capital-of-andhra-pradesh-foundation-ceremony/article7792142.ece|access-date=2022-02-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Sunitha is also associated as a judge to musical reality shows in various channels, among them [[Padutha Theeyaga]], a musical show that has been running for the last two decades on [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] which was launched and hosted by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-05|title=SP Balasubrahmanyam's Padutha Theeyaga: SPB Charan, Sunitha & lyricist Chandrabose to host the show|url=https://indianmemes.in/sp-balasubrahmanyams-padutha-theeyaga-spb-charan-sunitha-lyricist-chandrabose-to-host-the-show/|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Indian Memes|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-16|title=Iconic show 'Padutha Theeyaga' gets new judges|url=https://telanganatoday.com/iconic-show-padutha-theeyaga-gets-new-judges|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-05|title=SP Charan to step into dad SP Balasubrahmanyam's shoes, to host popular music show Paadutha Theeyaga|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/sp-charan-to-step-into-dad-sp-balasubrahmanyam-s-shoes-to-host-popular-music-show-paadutha-theeyaga-101622896078417.html|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Her contributions are widely noted as a voice-over artist giving voice to over 110 actresses in more than 750 films.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

Sunitha traveled extensively across 19 foreign countries as an artist. Countries include USA (almost every year since 1999), UK, UAE, Singapore, Malaysia, Uganda, Nigeria, Tanzania, South Africa, Australia, Scotland, Ireland, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Japan, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, Mauritius.

==Early and personal life==
Sunitha was born on 10 May 1978 in [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=Singer Sunitha Engaged: Facts You Need To Know About The Telugu Star And Her Second Husband Ram Veerapaneni|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/who-is-ram-veerapaneni-singer-sunitha-announces-engagement-on-social-media-with-emotional-post-1406832|access-date=2021-03-19|website=ABP Live|language=en}}</ref> At the age of 6, she got training in music from Shri Pemmaraju Surya Rao in Carnatic Vocal and Light music from Kalaga Krishna Mohan. At a very early age, she got many opportunities to participate and perform in several concerts, including programs featured by All India Radio. At the age of 13, she also participated in Tyagaraja Aradhana Utsavalu along with her Guru Pemaraju Surya Rao. She received numerous awards and appreciations in various competitions for her performances as a child prodigy, one of the special mentions is her scholarship from Central Government to pursue her musical trainings.

She belongs to a music-loving family and her parents are fond of music. She got married at the age of 19 to Kiran Kumar Goparaju who works in the media and they later got divorced. The couple has two children Akash and Shreya.<ref name=":0"/> Shreya sang her debut song, "Tick... Tick... Tick..." in Telugu movie [[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]].

In January 2021, Sunitha married a businessman Rama Krishna Veerapaneni in the presence of her family members and close friends.<ref name="marriage">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-11|title=Sunitha Upadrasta ties the knot with Rama Krishna Veerapaneni, see pictures|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/sunitha-upadrasta-ties-the-knot-with-rama-krishna-veerapaneni-7140903/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugubulletin.com/i-still-dont-know-how-much-my-husband-earns-singer-sunitha-141272|title=Sunitha talking about her Husband Ram|date=23 August 2021|website=Telugu Bulletin|access-date=23 Aug 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=August 2021}}

=== Playback singing ===
[[File:Sunitha Title.jpg|thumb]]
Sunitha has begun her singing career as a playback singer in films at an age of 17. [[Shashi Preetam|Sashi Preetham]], a music director first gave her a chance to sing in her debut film [[Gulabi (1995 film)|Gulabi]] and her debut song is "Ee Vela Lo Neevu" written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]. She sang a single card for the Kannada film [[Bhoomi Geetha|''Bhoomi Geeth''a]] in 1997, music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja|Ilayaraja]]. Apart from that she also sang Telugu TV serial title songs such as ''Ruturagalu'' and ''Antarangalu''. She received her first [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] from the combined state of Andhra Pradesh for singing title song of ''Antharangalu'' in 1999.

She has worked under the supervision of music directors like [[Ilaiyaraaja|Ilayaraja]], [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[M. M. Keeravani|M.M. Keeravani]], [[A. R. Rahman|A.R Rahman]], [[S. V. Krishna Reddy|S.V. Krishna Reddy]], Koti, Raj, [[Vandemataram Srinivas|Vandematharam Srinivas]], [[Mani Sharma]], [[Ramana Gogula]], [[S. A. Rajkumar|S.A. Raj Kumar]], [[Sandeep Chowta|Sandeep Choutha]], [[Mickey J. Meyer|Mickey J. Mayer]], [[Devi Sri Prasad|Devisri Prasad]], [[R. P. Patnaik|R.P. Patnaik]], [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]], Nihal, Kalyani Malik, [[Anup Rubens]], Sunil Kashyap, Saluri Vasu Rao, Madhavapeddi Suresh, Saketha Sairam, Bunty, V. Harikrishna, Jassie Gift, S. Thaman, etc. She rendered nearly 3000 songs in many south Indian films.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=Singer Sunitha Engaged: Facts You Need To Know About The Telugu Star And Her Second Husband Ram Veerapaneni|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/who-is-ram-veerapaneni-singer-sunitha-announces-engagement-on-social-media-with-emotional-post-1406832|access-date=2022-02-05|website=news.abplive.com|language=en}}</ref> She has sung in Telugu, Tamil, and Kannada.

=== Voice acting ===
Sunitha stepped in to the world of dubbing quite unwillingly after release of the movie [[Choodalani Vundi|Choodalani Undi]] in the year 1998 starring Mega star Chiranjeevi and Soundarya, in which she gave her voice to Soundarya. She achieved a very rare feat as a voice-over artist in Telugu film industry with a record breaking contribution of lending voice to 110+ actresses spread across 750+ films.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Dubbing: Its 750 films for Sunitha!|url=http://www.ragalahari.com/tollywood-news-2017-january/93320/dubbing-its-750-films-for-sunitha|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.ragalahari.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Anchor Sunitha debuts in T'wood|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/anchor-sunitha-debuts-in-twood/articleshow/30051419.cms|access-date=2022-02-05|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Pillay |first1=Dipika }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=MRIDULA CHUNDURI|date=Oct 2, 2005|title=Sunitha, the heroine of voice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/sunitha-the-heroine-of-voice/articleshow/1249504.cms|access-date=2022-02-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> She also holds a record of giving her voice for 60 movies in a single year. Gautamiputra Satakarni is her 750th movie as a dubbing artist in which she gave her voice to Shriya Saran.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-17|title=సునీత... 750 నాటౌట్‌!|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/singer-sunitha-has-dubbed-to-750-movies-now-conitnues-441889|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref> Her top 10 movies as a voice-over artist include Choodalani Vundi, Ninne Premista, Nuvvu Vastavani, Shankar Dada MBBS, Manmadhudu, Sri Ramadasu, Nenunnanu, Anand, Godavari, Jayam.

==Discography==
===Telugu===
Selective works of singer Sunitha as a playback singer listed below
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Song(s)
!Music Director(s)
!Co-Singer(s)
|-
|1995
!''[[Gulabi (1995 film)|Gulabi]]''
|"Ee Velalo Neevu"
|Sashi Preetam
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997
! rowspan="2" |''[[Egire Paavurama]]''
|"Maaghaa Maasam"
| rowspan="2" |S.V. Krishna Reddy
|
|-
|"Gunde Gutiki"
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1998
! rowspan="7" |''[[Sri Sita Ramula Kalyanam Chootamu Raarandi]]''
|"Nee Oohallo"
| rowspan="7" |M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
|"Om Ani"
|
|-
|"Raamayana Saaram"
|
|-
|"Yevamma Computeramma"
|
|-
|"O Prema"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|"Yevamma Vinavemamma"
|
|-
|"Shuklam Baradharam"
|
|-
|1999
!''[[Thammudu (film)|Thammudu]]''
|"Pedhavi Datani"
|Ramana Gogula
|Ramana Gogula
|-
| rowspan="8" |2000
! rowspan="4" |''[[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]]''
|"Vevela Mainala Gaanam"
| rowspan="4" |Ramana Gogula
|
|-
|"Bangalakathamlo"
|
|-
|"Chali Pidugullo"
|
|-
|"Hey Chikitha"
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]]''
|"Manasemo"
| rowspan="3" |[[Ramana Gogula]]
|
|-
|"Tholivalape Tiyyanidi"
|
|-
|"Chandamama"
|
|-
!''[[Tirumala Tirupati Venkatesa]]''
|"Abbo Naa Bangaru Laddu"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2001
!''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]''
|"Alanati Ramachandruni"
|Mani Sharma
|Jikki, Sandhya
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Naa Manasistha Raa]]''
|"Punnami Jabilli"
| rowspan="3" |S.A. Rajukumar
|SP. Balu
|-
|"Kadantaava Cheppu"
|
|-
|"Twinkle Twinkle Twinkle"
|
|-
|2002
!''[[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]]''
|"Nee Navvula"
|Mani Sharma
|Mallikarjun
|-
| rowspan="16" |2003
!''[[Vijayam (film)|Vijayam]]''
| "Meghala Pallaki"
| [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Nenu Pelliki Ready]]''
|"Nuvvunte Chalu"(Female)
| rowspan="2" |Chakri
|
|-
|"Mugguru Bhamala"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Ela Cheppanu]]''
|"Meghala Pallakilona"
| rowspan="2" |Koti
|
|-
|"Rangula Taaraka"
|
|-
!''[[Ee Abbai Chala Manchodu]]''
|"Chandamama Kathalo"
|M.M. Keeravani
|Kalyani Malik
|-
!''[[Gangotri (film)|Gangotri]]''
|"Ganga"
|M.M. Keeravani
|SPB. Charan
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Maa Alludu Very Good]]''
|"Paluke Bangaramayena"
| rowspan="2" |M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
|"Padaka Padaka"
|MM Keeravani
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Seetayya|Seethaiah]]''
|"Samayaniki"
| rowspan="2" |M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
|"Adhishankarula"
|SPB.Charan
|-
!''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]''
|"Nannedo Seyyamaku"
|M.M. Keeravani
|M.M. Keeravani
|-
! rowspan="2" |''2 Much''
|"Papa Nee Votu"
| rowspan="2" |K. Veeru
|
|-
|"Talentu Bayata Pettu"
|
|-
!''[[Anaganaga O Kurraadu]]''
|"Sakku Sakku"
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|
|-
!''[[Appudappudu]]''
|"Nee Kalalu Kaavali"
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2004
!''[[Pithamagan|Siva Puthrudu]]''
|"Chirugali Veechene"(Duet)
|Ilayaraja
|R.P. Patnaik
|-
!''[[Letha Manasulu (2004 film)|Letha Manasulu]]''
|"Letha Manasulu"
|M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Nenunnanu]]''
|"Nenunnanani"
| rowspan="2" |M.M. Keeravani
|M.M. Keeravani
|-
|"Ryali Ravalapadu"
|Tippu
|-
!''[[Pallakilo Pellikoothuru]]''
|"Naa Peru Cheppukondi"
|M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Athade Oka Sainyam]]''
|"Naa Paata Teta Telugu"
| rowspan="3" |S.V. Krishna Reddy
|
|-
|"Maa Intiki Ninnu Pilichi"
|
|-
|"Hey Apparao"
|
|-
!''[[Swarabhishekam]]''
|"Kudikannu Adirene"
|Vidya Sagar
|SP. Balu
|-
!''[[Anji (film)|Anji]]''
|"Maanava Maanava"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|tippu
|-
!''[[Apparao Driving School]]''
|"Ninnu Chuse Velalone"
|Ghantadi Krishna
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2005
! rowspan="2" |''[[Chhatrapati (film)|Chatrapathi]]''
|"Gundusudi"
| rowspan="2" |M.M. Keeravani
|M.M. Keeravani
|-
|"Summa Maasuriya"
|
|-
!''[[Allari Bullodu]]''
|"Andhamante Evaridi"
|M.M. Keeravani
|SPB. Charan
|-
!''[[Athadu]]''
|"Avunu Nijam"
|Mani Sharma
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Radha Gopalam]]''
|"Maa Muddu Radhamma"
| rowspan="2" |Mani Sharma
|
|-
|"Nee Vaalu Jada"
|sp Balasubramaniam
|-
!''[[That Is Pandu]]''
|"Vennelona Adapillanu"
|Mani Sharma
|
|-
!''[[Manasu Maata Vinadhu]]''
|"Nuvvu Nijam"
|[[Kalyan Koduri]]
|
|-
!''Alex''
|"O Meghamala"
|Bunty
|
|-
!''[[Allari Pidugu]]''
|"Maa Subbalachamma"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| rowspan="15" |2006
!''[[Shiva (2006 film)|Shiva 2006]]''
|"Adaganidhe Cheppedi Yela"
|Ilayaraja
|Vijay Prakash
|-
!''[[Vikramarkudu]]''
|"Jum jum Maya"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|m.m keeravani
|-
!''[[Godavari (2006 film)|Godavari]]''
|"Andhanga Lena"
|K.M. RadhaKrishnan
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |''[[Sri Ramadasu]]''
|"Chalu Chalu'
| rowspan="4" |M.M. Keeravani
|sp.charan
|-
|"Idigidigo Naa Ramudu"
|
|-
|"Nanubrovamani"
|
|-
|"Thandrimatanu"
|
|-
!''Kokila''
|"Shubhamo Sukhamo"
|Madhukar
|
|-
! rowspan="5" |''[[Boss (2006 film)|Boss]]''
|"Yedho Thamasaga"
| rowspan="5" |Kalyan Koduri
|
|-
|"Naa Kallu Valle"
|
|-
|"Andhagadu Muttukunte"
|
|-
|"Anaganaganaga"
|
|-
|"Veluthunna"
|
|-
!''[[Chinnodu]]''
|"Hey Manasa"
|Ramana Gogula
|Venu
|-
!''[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]''
|"Thara Thaluku Thara"
|Ramana Gogula
|
|-
| rowspan="16" |2007
!''[[M. M. Keeravani|Sangamam]]''
|"Chinuku Chinuku'
| rowspan="2" |M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
!''[[Yamadonga]]''
|"Noonugu Meesalodu"
|M.M. Keeravani
|-
!''[[Sunil Kashyap|Gita]]''
|"Neekosam Nennunantu"
|Sunil Kashyap
|
|-
!''[[Yogi (2007 film)|Yogi]]''
|"Nee Illu Bangaram"
| rowspan="2" |Ramana Gogula
|Ramana Gogula
|-
!''[[Viyyalavari Kayyalu]]''
|"Neelala Neekallu"
|Sri Krishna
|-
!''[[Aata (2007 film)|Aata]]''
|"Yela Yela"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
!''[[Bhookailas (2007 film)|Bookailas]]''
|"Venu Madhava"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
!''[[Chirutha]]''
|"Ivvale"
| rowspan="2" |[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
!''[[Godava]]''
|"Okkasaari"
|
|-
!''[[Gundamma Gaari Manavadu]]''
|"Chengaavi Rangu Cheera"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|Manchu Kurise Velalo]]''
|"Andhama Nee Vooredhamma"
| rowspan="2" |Usha Kanna, Krishna Mohan
|
|-
|"Choodalani Vundi"
|
|-
![[Vandemataram Srinivas|''Nee Navve Chaalu'']]
|"Poola Pallaki"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
![[Telugu cinema|''O Chinnari korika'']]
|"Aataladukundam"
|Nagendra Kumar Vepuri
|
|-
!''[[Okkadunnadu]]''
|"Adugaduguna"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
!''[[Anup Rubens|Veduka]]''
|"Mallela Mancham"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2008
! rowspan="2" |''[[Pandurangadu]]''
|"Govindhude Kokachutti"
| rowspan="2" |M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
|"Kosaladeshapu Kamalitho"
|
|-
!''[[Kantri|Kanthri]]''
|"Vayassunami"
|Mani Sharma
|Hema Chandra
|-
! rowspan="7" |''[[Rainbow (2008 film)|Rainbow]]''
|"Aasha Chinni Aasha"
| rowspan="7" |Nihal
|
|-
|"Manasa Chalinchake"
|
|-
|"Challu Challu"
|
|-
|"Naa Kallalo"
|
|-
|"O Lalana"
|
|-
|"Sala Sala"
|
|-
|"Swamy Raa"(Thillana)
|
|-
!''Aalayam''
|"Neetho Vasthunna"
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|
|-
!''Bhuma''
|"Abba Yem Kandaluro"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2009
!''Nachav Alludu''
|"Enthentha Dhooram"
|Koti
|Hema Chandra
|-
! rowspan="7" |''[[M. M. Keeravani|Vengamamba]]''
|"Alaka Nabambhu Chalada"
| rowspan="7" |M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
|"Harinama"(Kruthi)
|
|-
|"Hari Alasiti"
|
|-
|"O Thalli Ganga"
|
|-
|"Srikaramuganu"
|
|-
|"Sri Rukminilola"
|
|-
|"Thirukonda Harathi"
|
|-
!''[[Boni (film)|Boni]]''
|"Nammaleni Kale Nijamayena"
|Ramana Gogula
|Deepu
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Saarai Veerraju]]''
|"Needho Naadho"
| rowspan="2" |V. Sri Sai
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
|"Veeche Gaali"
|
|-
!''Aa Intlo''
|"Hrudayavedhana"
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
! rowspan="2" |''[[Jhummandi Naadam]]''
|"Entha Entha"
| rowspan="2" |M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
|"Sannayi Mogindhi"
|
|-
!''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]''
|"Egiripothe Entha Baguntundi"
|M.M. Keeravani
|M.M. Keeravani
|-
!''[[Subapradam|Subhapradam]]''
|"Nee Navve Kadadaka"
|Mani Sharma
|Karthik
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011
! rowspan="2" |''Raaj''
|"Bheemavaram Bulloda"
| rowspan="2" |Koti
|
|-
|"Sutiga Chusava"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Aha Naa Pellanta! (2011 film)|''Aha Naa Pellanta!'']]
|"Subhramanyam"
| rowspan="2" |[[Raghu Kunche]]
|
|-
|"Saturday Evening"
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2012
!''[[Damarukam (film)|Damarukam]]''
|"Kanya Kumari"
|Devisri Prasad
|Jaspreet Jasz
|-
! rowspan="5" |''[[Shirdi Sai]]''
|"Saranu Saranu"
| rowspan="5" |M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
|"Sai Ante Thalli'
|
|-
|"Ekkadayya Sai"
|
|-
|"Nee Padamulu"
|
|-
|"Aarati"
|
|-
!''Aakashamlo Sagam''
|"Naaku Neevu Pranam"
|Yasho Krishna
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2013
! rowspan="2" |''[[Anthaka Mundu Aa Tarvatha]]''
|"Thamari Thone"
| rowspan="2" |Kalyani Koduri
|
|-
|"Nenea Aa Nenena"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Intinta Annamayya''
|"Venkatadri Samam"
| rowspan="2" |M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
|"Neeke Saranu"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Maha Bhaktha Siriyala''
|"Ee Dehamu Pranamu"
| rowspan="2" |Mangala Poornachandh
|
|-
|"Kalyana Sugunakara"
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2014
! rowspan="2" |''[[Lakshmi Raave Maa Intiki]]''
|"Aa Venneladaina"
| rowspan="2" |K.M. RadhaKrishnan
|
|-
|"Venu Gaana Lolude"
|
|-
!''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]''
|"Em Sandeham Ledu"
|Kalyani Koduri
|Kalyani Koduri
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Anamika (2014 film)|Anamika]]''
|"Kshanam Kshanam"
| rowspan="3" |M.M. Keeravani
|
|-
|"The Search"
|
|-
|"Dead & Live"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Ice Cream 2]]''
|"Kiss Me"
| rowspan="2" |Satya Kashyap
|
|-
|"Kiss Me"(Remix)
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Alibaba Okkade Donga''
|"Adugadugu"
| rowspan="2" |Sai Srikanth
|
|-
|"Aakasham"
|
|-
!''[[April Fool (2014 film)|April Fool]]''
|"Raa Raa"
|Bunty
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
! rowspan="2" |''[[Maryan (film)|Mariyaan]]''
|"Inka Konchem Sepu"
| rowspan="2" |A.R. Rahman
|Vijay Prakash
|-
|"Sonapareeya"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Yes''
|"Ee Vela Madilona"
| rowspan="2" |Indraganti Laxmi srinivas
|
|-
|"Premante Maayele"
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2016
!''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]''
|"Chakkandaala Chukka"
|Kalyani Koduri
|Kalyani Koduri
|-
!''Manalo Okadu''
|"Madhuram"
|R.P. Patnaik
|
|-
!''Raagam''
|"Yeenadu Neepai Jaali Padadhe"
|Sunil Kashyap
|Sunil Kashyap
|-
!''Evaro Taanevvaro''
|"Kammani Kalalu"
|S Sriram
|
|-
!''Atu Itu Kaani Hrudayam Thoti''
|"Maruvaleni"
|GP Raavin
|
|-
!''Aa Mugguru''
|"Pachani Pandiri"
|Sathya Kashyap
|
|-
!''Jilakarra Bellam''
|"Vintha Vinthaga"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
!''[[Sri Sri (film)|Sri Sri]]''
|"Nela Nichi"
|E.S.Murthy
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
! rowspan="2" |''Mixture Potlam''
|"Allari Godhari"
| rowspan="2" |[[Madhavapeddi Suresh]]
|
|-
|"Nee Maate"
|
|-
!''[[Om Namo Venkatesaya]]''
|"Vayyari Kalahamsika"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
!''[[Malli Raava]]''
|"Malli Raava"(Reprise)
|Shravan Bharadwaj
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
! rowspan="2" |''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]''
|"Modalaudaam"
| rowspan="2" |Mickey J Meyer
|[[Anurag Kulkarni]]
|-
|"Vinavamma Toorupu Chukka"
|
|-
!''[[Mahanati]]''
|"Chivaraku Migiledi"
|Mickey J Meyer
|
|-
!''[[Bluff Master (2019 film)|Bluff Master]]''
|"Ye Maayo Yemo Teliyade"
|Sunil Kashyap
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
!''[[N.T.R: Mahanayakudu|NTR Mahanayakudu]]''
|"Ramanna Katha"
|M.M. Keeravani
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
!''Pranavam''
|"Edo Edo Kaavalantu"
|Padmanav Bharadwaj
|
|-
!''[[Oorantha Anukuntunnaru]]''
|"Alavaatu Lo Leni"
|[[K. M. Radha Krishnan]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
!''Paarari''
|"Siggu"
|Mahith Narayan
|[[Yazin Nizar]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
!''[[30 Rojullo Preminchadam Ela]]''
|"Neeli Neeli Aakasham"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|[[Sid Sriram]]
|-
!''[[Pattas|Local Boy]]''
|"Tholi Suryuda"
|[[Vivek–Mervin]]
|
|-
!''Nireekshana''
|"Kalalu Yenno"
|Mantra Anand
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
!''Guduputani''
|"Neeli Ningi Thaakalani"
|Pratap Vidya
|
|-
!''[[Bro (2021 film)|Bro]]''
|"Annayya "
|Shekar Chandra
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2022
![[Madhi (2022 film)|Madhi]]
|"Soul Of Madhi"
|[[P.V.R. Raja]]
|Deepu<ref>{{cite web | url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3SlUyMOe63oECFTWcZUDOa?si=9919b331e19f44f5 | title=Soul of Madhi | website=[[Spotify]] }}</ref>

|}

=== Kannada ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Music Director(s)
!Co-Singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" |1997
! rowspan="3" |[[Bhoomi Geetha|''Bhoomi geetha'']]
|"Boodyaviya Habba"
| rowspan="3" |Ilayaraaja
|Ilayaraaja, Nepolean
|-
|"Nodiravva Nodiravva"
|
|-
|"Are Kamali Kamali"
|
|-
|2007
!''[[Savi Savi Nenapu]]''
|"Sooryanu Ee Divasa"
|R.P. Patnaik
|Rajesh
|-
|2009
![[Abhay (2009 film)|''Abhay'']]
|"Baanu Kempadante"
|V. Hari Krishna
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010
! rowspan="2" |''[[Cheluveye Ninne Nodalu]]''
|"Janumada Jodi"

| rowspan="2" |V. Hari Krishna
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
|"O Priyathama"
|
|-
!''[[Modalasala]]''
|"Prathama Olava"
|V. Hari Krishna
|Srinivas
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
! rowspan="2" |''[[Hudugaru]]''
|"Neerinalli Sanna Ale"(Duet)
| rowspan="2" |V. Hari Krishna
|Sonu Nigam
|-
|"Neerinalli Sanna Ale"(Solo)
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2012
![[Drama (2012 film)|''Drama'']]
|"Hambalada Hoovanu"
|V. Hari Krishna
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Katari Veera Surasundarangi]]''
|"Jum Jumka"

| rowspan="3" |V. Hari Krishna
|Sonu Nigam
|-
|"Oorige Nee"
|Upendra
|-
|"Parijatha"
|
|-
!''[[Ko Ko]]''
|Mellane
Naa Kolluve
|Ramana Gogula
|Karthik, Ramana Gogula
|-
!''[[Kiladi Kitty]]''
|Thumba thumba
|Jassie Gift
|Sonu Nigam
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
!''[[Agraja]]''
|Rara priyachora
|Nandhan Raj
|
|-
![[Rose (2014 film)|''Rose'']]
|Preethige Rose Andaru
|Anoop Seelin
|Nakul Abhyankar
|-
|2016
!''[[Santhu Straight Forward]]''
|Koodi itta
|V. Hari Krishna
|Sonu Nigam
|}

===Tamil===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Song
!Music Director(s)
!Co-Singer(s)
|-
|1997
!'''''Punniyavathi'''''
|Subburaj
|Unakkoruthi
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
|2000
|'''''[[Kadhal Rojavae]]'''''
|[[Keyaar]]
|Ninaitha varam
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|-
|2001
|[[Badri (2001 film)|'''''Badri''''']]
|[[P. A. Arun Prasad]]
|Kadhal Solvadhu
|[[Ramana Gogula]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|}

=== Other ===
====Non film songs====
Sunitha sang Television film title songs for various serials and she also lent her voice as a dubbing artist for the TV film series ''Andam''.
{| class="wikitable"
!Serial Name
!Song
|-
|''Antharangaalu''
|"Gundeki Savvadenduku"
|-
|''Ruthuraagaalu''
|"Vaasanta Sameeramlaa"
|-
|''Maunaraagam''
|"Ningi Taakutunnade Neeloni Dhairyam"
|-
|''Antahpuram''
|"Antahpuram.. Silaleni Kovelamundu"
|-
|''Koyilamma''
|"Anaganagaa Oka Thotalona"
|-
|''Varudhini Parinayam''
|"Chandamaama Ni Sarijodu"
|-
|''Enneno janmala bandham''
| "Enneno janmala bandham"
|}

==== Private albums ====

Sunitha was part of numerous private album recordings. Meera padavali and Aanota – Manasu palike vela are her two most known works composed by her Guru Kalaga Krishna Mohan. She also featured in the private album Sri Ramachandra Krupalu, a bhajan by Tulsi Das and produced by sunithanmusic.com.

Chandrashekara Ashtakam also takes a special mention for which music is composed by Sai Madhukar.

Few other private albums to mention are Raghuram, Sai Sudha, Sri Venkateswara Thatwanidhi, Sri Vallabha Bhakthi Geethalu, Sai Darshanam, Sri Chidvilasam, Amma durgamma, Pahimaam, Sri Rama Charanam, Govinda Ganamrutham, Saye Dhaivam, Bathuku Paata.

==== Performances ====
Sunitha traveled extensively across 19 foreign countries offering her exclusive live performances across the world as an artist. Countries include USA (almost every year since 1999), UK, UAE, Singapore, Malaysia, Uganda, Nigeria, Tanzania, South Africa, Australia, Scotland, Ireland, SriLanka, Thailand, Japan, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, Mauritius. In 2009, she started her Melodious Moments with Sunitha musical journey which in 2019 was organized in 5 major USA cities San Jose, Charlotte, Cleveland, Indianapolis and Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charlotte Telangana Association {{!}} Melodious moments with Sunitha|url=http://northcarolina.nris.com/events/view/Charlotte-Telangana-Association-Melodious-moments-with-Sunitha-13588|access-date=2022-02-05|website=northcarolina.nris.com/|language=en}}</ref> The event in Indianapolis witnessed its performance in the iconic [[Old National Centre|Old National Center]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Molodious moments with singer sunitha and live band capricio Indianapolis IN Showtimes Tickets Schedules|url=https://desiindy.com/events2.php?id=364|access-date=2022-02-05|website=desiindy.com}}</ref> Celebrating this success, Melodious Moments with Sunitha unveiled its first live show in Hyderabad on 4 August 2019 in Shilpakala vedika which then extended to various cities and towns in Telugu states.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2019-08-03|title=Sunitha Upadrashta and Lydian Nadhaswaram to perform in Hyderabad|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sunitha-upadrashta-and-lydian-nadhaswaram-to-perform-in-hyderabad/article28806178.ece|access-date=2022-02-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Her other noted performances include groundbreaking ceremony for Amaravathi - new capital of Andhra Pradesh, 200 years of Secunderabad celebrations by the state Government, hosting 50 years celebrations in the state Assembly, singing Vande Mataram along with S.P.Balasubrahmanyam at the Congress Plenary Meet during 50 years of Indian Independence,

==Filmography==

=== As Voice actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! scope="row" style="background:Khaki;"| Dubbed for
! | Films
|-
| [[Soundarya]]
| [[Choodalani Vundi]] (1998) [[Ninne Premistha]] (2000) [[Seetayya]] (2003) [[Swetha Naagu]] (2004) [[Shiva Shankar (film)|Shiva Shankar]] (2004)
|-
| [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]]
| [[Pelli Pandiri]] (1998) [[Sandade Sandadi]] (2002) [[Sriramachandrulu]] (2003)
|-
| [[Sanghavi (actor)|Sanghavi]]
| [[Seetharama Raju]] (1999) [[Ravanna (film)|Ravanna]] (2000)
|-
| [[Antara Mali]]
| [[Prema Kadha]] (1999)
|-
| [[Preeti Jhangiani]]
| [[Thammudu (film)|Thammudu]] (1999) [[Adhipathi]] (2001) [[Apparao Driving School]] (2004)
|-
| [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
| [[Goppinti Alludu]] (2000) 
[[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]] (2000)
|-
| [[Sakshi Sivanand]]
| [[Maa Pelliki Randi]] (2000) [[Simharasi]] (2001)
|-
| [[Priya Gill]]
| [[Rayalaseema Ramanna Chowdary]] (2000)
|-
| [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
| [[Choosoddaam Randi]] (2000)
|-
| [[Ameesha Patel]]
| [[Badri (2000 film)|Badri]] (2000) [[Naani]] (2004) [[Narasimhudu]] (2005)
|-
| [[Namrata Shirodkar]]
| [[Vamsi (film)|Vamsi]] (2000)
|-
| [[Bhumika Chawla]]
| [[Yuvakudu]] (2000) [[Snehamante Idera]] (2001) [[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]] (2003) [[Aadanthe Ado Type]] (2003) [[Jai Chiranjeeva]] (2005) [[Mayabazar (2006 film)|Mayabazar]] (2006) [[Anasuya (film)|Anasuya]] (2007) [[Amaravati]] (2009) [[Naa Style Veru]] (2009) [[Yagam (2010 film)|Yagam]] (2010) [[Collector Gari Bharya]] (2010) [[Laddu Babu]] (2014)
|-
| [[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
| [[Manoharam (2000 film)|Manoharam]] (2000) [[Naalo Unna Prema]] (2001) [[Vijayendra Varma]] (2004)
|-
| [[Shaheen Khan (Indian actress)|Shaheen Khan]]
| [[Chiru Navvutho]] (2000)
|-
| [[Asha Saini]]
| [[Antha Mana Manchike]] (2000) [[Subhakaryam]] (2000)
|-
| [[Reemma Sen]]
| [[Chitram]] (2000) [[Bava Nachadu]] (2001) [[Seema Simham]] (2002) [[Veede]] (2003) [[Yamagola Malli Modalayindi]] (2007) [[Mugguru]] (2011)
|-
| [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
| [[Priyamaina Neeku]](2001) [[Tholi Valapu]] (2001) [[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]] (2001) [[Venky]] (2004) [[Radha Gopalam]] (2005) [[Sankranti]] (2005) [[Sri Ramadasu]] (2005) [[That Is Pandu]] (2005) [[Evandoi Srivaru]] (2006) [[Maharadhi]] (2007) [[Madhumasam]] (2007) [[Pandurangadu]] (2008) [[Adi Vishnu]] (2008) [[Nee Sukhame Ne Korukunna]] (2008) [[Amaravathi (2009 film)|Amaravathi]] (2009) [[Rajanna]] (2011) [[Ulavacharu Biryani]] (2014)
|-
| [[Anjala Zhaveri]]
| [[Prema Sandadi]] (2001) [[Aaptudu]] (2004)
|-
| [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]]
| [[Navvuthu Bathakalira]] (2001)
|-
| [[Sindhu Menon]]
| [[Bhadrachalam (film)|Bhadrachalam]] (2001)
|-
| [[Tanu Roy]]
| [[Manasantha Nuvve]] (2001) [[Itlu Sravani Subramanyam]] (2001)
|-
| [[Shruthi Raj]]
| [[Veedekkadi Mogudandi?]] (2001) [[O Chinadana]] (2002)
|-
| [[Anita Hassanandani]]
| [[Nuvvu Nenu]] (2001) [[Thotti Gang]] (2002) [[Ninne Ishtapaddanu]] (2003) [[Aadanthe Ado Type]] (2003) [[Nenu Pelliki Ready]] (2004)
|-
| [[Sonali Joshi]]
| [[Subbu]] (2001)
|-
| [[Rekha Vedavyas]]
| [[Jabili]] (2001)
|-
| [[Gajala]]
| [[Student No.1]] (2001) [[O Chinadana]] (2002) [[Adrustam]] (2002) [[Allari Ramudu]] (2002) [[Bharatasimha Reddy]] (2002) [[Vijayam]] (2003) [[Money Money, More Money]] (2011)
|-
| [[Ashima Bhalla]]
| [[Daddy (2001 film)|Daddy]] (2001)
|-
| [[Kanchi Kaul]]
| [[Sampangi]] (2001) [[Cheppalani Vundhi]] (2001) [[Family Circus]] (2001) [[Idi Maa Ashokgadi Love Story]] (2002) [[Siva Rama Raju]] (2002)
|-
| [[Gracy Singh]]
| [[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]] (2002)
|-
| [[Rachna Banerjee]]
| [[Neethone Vuntanu]] (2002) [[Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo]] (2002)
|-
| [[Richa Pallod]]
| [[Naa Manasistha Raa]] (2002) [[Holi (2002 film)|Holi]] (2002)
|-
| [[Rimi Sen]]
| [[Nee Thodu Kavali]] (2002)
|-
| [[Sonali Bendre]]
| [[Manmadhudu]] (2002) [[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]] (2002) [[Shankar Dada MBBS]] (2004)
|-
| [[Sadha]]
| ''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]'' (2002) [[Naaga]] (2003) [[Praanam]] (2003) [[Leela Mahal Center]] (2004) [[Donga Dongadi]] (2004) [[Avunanna Kaadanna]] (2005) [[Chukkallo Chandrudu]] (2006) [[Veerabhadra]] (2006) [[Classmates (2007 film)|Classmates]] (2007) [[Shankar Dada Zindabad]] (2007)
|-
| [[Shriya Saran]]
| [[Nuvve Nuvve]] (2002) [[Chennakesava Reddy]] (2002) [[Neeku Nenu Naaku Nuvvu]] (2003) [[Nenunnanu]] (2004) [[Mogudu Pellam O Dongodu]] (2005) [[Bhageeratha]] (2005) [[Sada Mee Sevalo]] (2005) [[Balu ABCDEFG]] ( 2005) [[Boss, I Love You]] (2006) [[Life Is Beautiful]] (2012) [[Manam (film)|Manam]] (2014) [[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]] (2015) ''[[Gautamiputra Satakarni (film)|Gautamiputra Satakarni]]''(2017) (750th Film) [[Paisa Vasool (2017 film)|Gamanam]] ( 2021)
|-
| [[Namitha]]
| [[Gemini (2002 Telugu film)|Gemini]] (2002) [[Oka Raju Oka Rani]] (2003) [[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli]] (2004)
|-
| [[Ankitha]]
| [[Dhanalakshmi, I Love You]] (2002) [[Premalo Pavani Kalyan]] (2002) [[Andaru Dongale Dorikithe]] (2004) [[Vijayendra Varma]] (2004) [[Seetharamudu]] (2006)
|-
| [[Keerti Chawla]]
| [[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]] (2002) [[Kaasi (2004 film)|Kaasi]] (2004)
|-
| [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]]
| [[Eeshwar (2002 film)|Eeshwar]] (2002) [[Pellikani Prasad]] (2008) [[Manjeera]] (2009) [[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]] (2011)
|-
| [[Gayatri Jayaraman]]
| [[Aaduthu Paaduthu]] (2002)
|-
| [[Kaniha]]
| [[Ottesi Cheputunna]] (2003)
|-
| [[Rakshita]]
| [[Pellam Oorelithe]] (2003) [[Nijam]] (2003) [[Jagapati]] (2005)
|-
| [[Aarti Chhabria]]
| ''[[Okariki Okaru]]''(2003) [[Intlo Srimathi Veedhilo Kumari]] (2004)
|-
| [[Neha Bamb]]
| [[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]] (2003) [[Athade Oka Sainyam]] (2004)
|-
| [[Aditi Agarwal]]
| [[Gangotri (film)|Gangotri]] (2003)
|-
| [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]]
| [[Vasantam]] (2003) [[Kabaddi Kabaddi (2003 film)|Kabaddi Kabaddi]] (2003) [[Dongodu]] (2003) [[Letha Manasulu (2004 film)|Letha Manasulu]] (2004) [[Pedababu]] (2004)
|-
| [[Renu Desai]]
| [[Johnny (2003 film)|Johnny]] (2003)
|-
| [[Jyothika]]
| [[Tagore (film)|Tagore]] (2003)
|-
| [[Charmy Kaur]]
| [[Neeke Manasichaanu]] (2003) [[Gowri (2004 film)|Gowri]] (2003) [[Mass (2004 film)|Mass]] (2004) [[Anukokunda Oka Roju]] (2005) [[Political Rowdy]] (2005) [[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]] (2006) [[Style (2006 film)|Style]] (2006) [[Pournami (2006 film)|Pournami]] (2006) [[Chinnodu]] (2006) [[Sundarakanda (2008 film)|Sundarakanda]] (2007) [[Mantra (2007 film)]] (2007) [[Kousalya Supraja Rama (film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]] (2008) [[Michael Madana Kamaraju]] (2008) [[Kavya's Diary]](2009) [[Manorama (film)|Manorama]] (2009) [[Nagaram Nidrapotunna Vela]] (2011) [[Sevakudu]] (2013)
|-
| [[Genelia D'Souza]]
| [[Satyam (2003 film)|Satyam]] (2003) [[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]] (2004) [[Naa Alludu]] (2005) [[Happy (2006 film)|Happy]] (2006) [[Mr.Medhavi]] (2008)
|-
| [[Nikita Thukral]]
| [[Sambaram]] (2003) [[Kushi Kushiga]] (2004) [[Evandoi Srivaru]] (2006) [[Nee Navve Chalu]] (2006) [[Maharajsri]] (2006) [[Don (2007 film)|Don]] (2007)
|-
| [[Divya Spandana|Ramya]]
| [[Abhimanyu (2003 film)|Abhimanyu]] (2003)
|-
| Mounika
| [[Maa Alludu Very Good]] (2003)
|-
| [[Sonia Agarwal]]
| [[7G Brundavan Colony]] (2004)
|-
| [[Asin]]
| [[Lakshmi Narasimha (film)|Lakshmi Narasimha]] (2004)
|-
| [[Meera Jasmine]]
| [[Ammayi Bagundi]] (2004) [[Gorintaku (2008 film)|Gorintaku]] (2008) [[Bangaru Babu (2009 film)|Bangaru Babu]] (2009) [[A Aa E Ee (2009 Telugu film)|A Aa E Ee]] (2009)
|-
| [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
| [[Mr & Mrs Sailaja Krishnamurthy]] (2004)
|-
| [[Padmapriya Janakiraman]]
| [[Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi]] (2004) [[Andari Bandhuvaya]] (2010) [[Patel S. I. R.]] (2017)
|-
| [[Meera Vasudevan]]
| [[Anjali I Love You]] (2004)
|-
| [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]
|''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]''(2004) [[Godavari (2006 film)|Godavari]] (2006) [[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu|Raghavan]] (2006) [[Pellaindi Kaani]] (2007) [[Jalsa]] (2008) [[Gopi Gopika Godavari]] (2009) [[Maa Annayya Bangaram]] (2010) [[Shirdi Sai]] (2012) [[Ramachari]] (2013) [[Govindudu Andarivadele]] (2014)
|-
| [[Archana Shastry|Archana]]
| [[Nenu (film)|Nenu]] (2004)
|-[[nuvvosthanante nenodhantana(film)|nuvvosthanante nenodhantana]] (2005)
| [[Navaneet Kaur]]
| [[Sathruvvu]] (2004) [[Good Boy (film)|Good Boy]] (2005) [[Bangaru Konda]] (2007)
|-
| [[Moonmoon Banerjee]]
| [[Yagnam (2004 film)|Yagnam]] (2004)
|-
| [[Katrina Kaif]]
| [[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]] (2004)
|-
| [[Nauheed Cyrusi]]
| [[Sakhiya]] (2004)
|-
| [[Santoshi]]
| [[Jai (2004 Telugu film)|Jai]] (2004)
|-
| [[Arti Agarwal]]
| [[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]] (2005) [[Andala Ramudu (2006 film)|Andala Ramudu]] (2006) Deepavali (2008)
|-
| [[Anuradha Mehta]]
| [[Nuvvante Naakishtam]] (2005)
|-
| [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]
| [[Naa Oopiri]] (2005)
|-
| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| [[Andarivaadu]] (2005) [[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]] (2006)
|-
| [[Gopika]]
| [[Ponniyin Selvan (2005 film)|Muddhula Koduku]] (2005) [[Veedhi]] (2006) [[Veedu Mamoolodu Kadu]] (2008)
|-
| [[Nayanthara]]
| [[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]] (2005) (Telugu version) [[Boss, I Love You]] (2006) [[Tulasi (film)|Tulasi]] (2007) [[Dubai Seenu]] (2007) [[Simha (film)|Simha]] (2010) ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''(2011) [[Anamika (2014 film)|Anamika]] (2014) [[Babu Bangaram]] (2016) [[Jai Simha]] (2018) [[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]] (2019) [[Godfather (2022 film)|God Father]] (2022)
|-
| [[Parvati Melton]]
| [[Vennela]] (2005) [[Allare Allari]] (2006)
|-
| [[Gowri Pandit]]
| [[Andhrudu]] (2005)
|-
| [[Gowri Munjal]]
| [[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]] (2005) [[Sri Krishna 2006]] (2006)
|-
| [[Saloni Aswani]]
|[[Dhana 51]] (2005) [[Oka Oorilo]] (2005) 
|-
| [[Poonam Bajwa]]
| [[Modati Cinema]] (2005)
|-
| [[Raima Sen]]
| [[Dhairyam (2005 film)|Dhairyam]] (2005)
|-
| [[Tamannaah]]
| [[Sri (2005 film)|Sri]] (2005) [[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]] (2007) [[Kalidasu]] (2008)
|-
| [[Anushka Shetty]]
| ''[[Mahanandi (film)|Mahanandi]]'' (2005) [[Astram (film)|Astram]] (2006) [[Don (2007 film)|Don]] (2007) [[Swagatam]] (2008) [[Baladur]] (2008) [[Chintakayala Ravi]] (2008)
|-
| [[Sindhu Tolani]]
| [[Athanokkade]] (2005) [[Gowtam SSC]] (2005) [[Pothe Poni]] (2006) [[Nee Navve Chalu]] (2006)
|-
| [[Sameera Reddy]]
| [[Ashok (film)|Ashok]] (2006)
|-
| [[Priyamani]]
| [[Pellaina Kothalo]] (2006) [[Nava Vasantham]] (2007) [[Pravarakhyudu]] (2009) [[Raaj (film)|Raaj]] (2011)
|-
| [[Kamna Jethmalani]]
| [[Ranam (2006 film)|Ranam]] (2006) [[Samanyudu]] (2006) [[Toss (2007 film)|Toss]] (2007) [[Andamaina Abadham]] (2009)
|-
| [[Diya (actress)|Diya]]
| [[Asadhyudu]] (2006)
|-
| [[Sridevika]]
| Raja Babu (2006)
|-
| [[Sheela Kaur|Sheela]]
| [[Seethakoka Chiluka (2006 film)|Seethakoka Chiluka]] (2006) [[Parama Veera Chakra]] (2011)
|-
| [[Ileana D'Cruz]]
| [[Aata (2007 film)|Aata]] (2007)
|-
| [[Trisha Krishnan]]
| [[Adavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule]] (2007) [[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]] (2008)
|-
| [[Neha Jhulka]]
| [[Okkadunnadu]] (2007) [[Viyyala Vari Kayyalu]] (2007)
|-
| [[Shabna Khan]]
| [[Bahumati]] (2007)
|-
| [[Vedhika Kumar|Vedhika]]
| [[Vijayadasami (film)|Vijayadasami]] (2007) [[Baanam]] (2009) [[Daggaraga Dooramga]] (2011)
|-
| [[Hansika Motwani]]
| [[Kantri]] (2008) [[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]] (2009) [[Seeta Ramula Kalyanam]] (2010) [[Kandireega]] (2011)
|-
| [[Sneha Ullal]]
| [[Ullasamga Utsahamga]] (2008) [[Nenu Meeku Telusa?]] (2008)
|-
| [[Bindu Madhavi]]
| [[Avakai Biryani]] (2008)
|-
| [[Sonal Chauhan]]
| [[Rainbow (2008 film)|Rainbow]] (2008)
|-
| [[Mamta Mohandas]]
| [[Victory (2008 film)|Victory]] (2008)
|-
| [[Meera Chopra]]
| [[Vaana (film)|Vaana]] (2008) [[Maaro (film)|Maaro]] (2011)
|-
| [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
| [[Hero (2008 film)|Hero]] (2008)
|-
| [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]]
| [[Gunde Jhallumandi]] (2008)
|-
| [[Payal Ghosh]]
| [[Prayanam (2009 film)|Prayanam]] (2009)
|-
| [[Kriti Kharbanda]]
| [[Boni (film)|Boni]] (2009) [[Teen Maar]] (2011)
|-
| [[Richa Gangopadhyay]]
| [[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]] (2010) [[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]] (2010) [[Mirapakaay]] (2011) [[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]] (2013) [[Bhai (2013 film)|Bhai]] (2013)
|-
| [[Nisha Agarwal]]
| [[Yemaindi Ee Vela]] (2010)
|-
|[[Manjari Fadnis]]
|[[Inkosaari]] (2010) [[Shubhapradham]] (2010) [[Shakti (2011 film)|Shakti]] (2011)
|-
|[[Vimala Raman]]
| [[Gaayam 2]] (2010) [[Chukkalanti Ammayi Chakkanaina Abbayi]] (2013)
|-
| [[Shruti Hassan]]
| [[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]] (2011)
|-
| [[Isha Chawla]]
| [[Mr Pellikoduku]] (2013)
|-
| [[Tapsee Pannu]]
| [[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]] (2013)
|-
| [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]]
| [[Maryan (film)|Maryan]] (2013)
|-
| [[Shanvi Srivastava]]
| [[Adda (2013 film)|Adda]] (2013) [[Rowdy (2014 film)|Rowdy]] (2014) [[Pyar Mein Padipoyane]] (2014)
|-
| [[Regina Cassandra]]
| [[Subramanyam for Sale]] (2015) [[Shourya (2016 film)|Shourya]] (2016)
|-
|[[Sandhya Raju]]
|Natyam (2016; short film)
|-
| [[Lavanya Tripathi]]
| [[Soggade Chinni Nayana]] (2016)
|-
| [[Namitha Pramod]]
| [[Kathalo Rajakumari]] (2017)
|-
| [[Aakanksha Singh]]
| [[Devadas (2018 film)|Devdas]] (2018)
|-
| [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
| [[Ponniyin Selvan: I]] (Telugu Version) (2022) [[Ponniyin Selvan: II]] (Telugu Version) (2023)
|-
| [[Nayanthara]]
| [[Annapoorani]] (2023)
|}

=== TV shows ===
Sunitha anchored, hosted and performed as a singer in many music-based programs and live shows in most of the reputed Telugu television channels. She has given about 500 programs so far on AIR, DD channel, ETV, Gemini TV, and MAA TV
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Channel
!Program Name
!Association
!Notes
|-
|1995
|[[Doordarshan|Doordarshan Andhra]]
|''Paadave Koyila''
''Single episode live show''
|Singer
|The first ever musical live show organised by DD
|-
|1996
| rowspan="2" |[[Gemini TV]]
|''Navaragam''
|Anchor
|Music competition show where most of the Telugu singers were introduced
|-
|1996
|''Yours lovingly''
|Anchor
|Birthday wishes show
|-
|2008
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|''Saptaswaraalu''
|Anchor
|Singers competition that introduced most of the Telugu singers
|-
|
|Vanita TV
|''Antakshari''
|Anchor
|Musical competition between participants
|-
|2004
2014

2020&21
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|''Saregamapa''
|Anchor
|Hosted Music competition for kids - Saregamapa Lil Champs
Appeared as a Guest Judge in Saregamapa - The next singing Icon - 2020 & 2021
|-
|2007
2009

2014
| rowspan="2" |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|''Jhummandi Naadam''
|Host & singer
|Musical interview show with live bands
|-
|2014 till date
|''Swarabhishekam''
|Singer &
anchor in few US, UK shows
|A Special musical show singing versatile songs by Veteran and Upcoming singers
|-
|
|[[Star Maa|MAA TV]]
|''Super Singer''
''Seasons 4 to 7''
|Mentor & judge
Season 7 title winner
|Music competition show between the Telugu singers
|-
|2014 to 2019
|[[Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel|SVBC]]
|Annamayya paataku Pattabhishekam
|Anchor & singer
|A culturally unique show where more than 1000 Annamayya keerthana's were brought to lime light in collaboration with [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanam]] & movie director [[K. Raghavendra Rao|K Raghavendra Rao]] & music composer [[M. M. Keeravani|MM Keeravani]]
|-
|2020
|Zee5
|Drama Juniors
|Judge
|Talented children from different parts of the country showcase their varied acting skills and compete with each other to win the coveted title
|-
|2022
|ETV
|Paaduthaa Teeyaga
|Judge
|Launched in the year 1996 by the Legenary SPB - "Padutha Theeyaga" is a unique program to bring out emerging singing talent into limelight
|}

=== Short films ===

Sunitha played the lead role in her first short film ''Raagam''. The short film was also nominated for SIIMA, 2017 in short film category.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/I-feel-my-face-isnt-as-expressive-as-my-voice-Sunitha/articleshow/54266676.cms|title=I feel my face isn't as expressive as my voice: Sunitha|website=The Times of India|access-date=22 May 2019|last1=Palaparthi |first1=Srividya }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugu360.com/singer-sunitha-shines-well-acting-in-raagam/|title=Singer Sunitha shines well in acting too!|date=9 October 2016|website=Telugu360.com|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsmahal.com/singer-sunitha-raagam-telugu-short-film-wins-million-hearts/|title=Singer Sunitha Raagam Telugu Short Film Wins Million Hearts !! Beautiful |date=8 October 2016|website=News Mahal|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Director
!Role
!Co Artists
|-
|2016
|''Raagam''
|Telugu
|Sree Chaitu
|Lead
|Sai Kiran, Sameer, Sana
|-
|2018
|''Thadasthu''
|Telugu
|[[R. P. Patnaik|R.P. Patnaik]]
|Special appearance
|[[Suma Kanakala]], Ravivarma, Baby Vaishnavi,
Jagadeeswari, Sowmya, Harika Mahesh,

Gemini Suresh, Baby Krithika,

Anandh Pawan, Suresh
|}

==Awards==
===Nandi Awards===
* Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer for TV film ''Antha Rangaalu'' (1999)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist]] for the movie ''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]'' (2002)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for the Movie ''[[Athade Oka Sainyam]]'' (2003)
* Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist for the movie ''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]'' (voice of the [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]) (2004)
* Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist for the movie ''Pothe Poni''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2005.html |title=Telugu Cinema Etc – Nandi award winners list 2005 |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=11 November 2006 |access-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> (2005)
* Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the movie ''[[Godavari (2006 film)|Godavari]]'' (2006)
* Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer for TV film ''Anthahpuram'' (2010)
* Nandi Award for a TV film called ''Mamathala Kovela'' (2011)
* Nandi Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist for the movie ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' (voice of the [[Nayantara]]) (2012)

===Filmfare Awards===
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Kannada]] ([[58th Filmfare Awards South|2010]]) for the movie ''[[Cheluveye Ninne Nodalu]]'' for the song "O Priyathama"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Telugu]] ([[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2014]]) for the movie ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]'' for the song "Em Sandehamledu"<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html| title = Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |website=filmfare.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-manam-tops-telugu-winners-list-allu-arjun-shruti-haasan-photos-637265|title=62nd Filmfare Awards South 2015 – Manam Tops Telugu Winners List: Allu Arjun, Shruti Haasan Bag Best Actor [PHOTOS]|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=27 June 2015|website=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref>
* Nominated-Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Telugu (2009) for the movie [[Pravarakhyudu]] for the song "Neela Neela Mabbulu"
* Nominated-Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Telugu (2010) for the movie [[Vedam (film)|Vedam]] for the song "Egiripothe"
* Nominated-Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Kannada (2010) for the movie [[Modalasala]] for the song "Prathama"

=== Other Awards ===
* TV Award 2009 for Best Female Playback Singer presented by Delhi Telugu Academy in Hyderabad on 8 August 2010<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2010-08-09|title=Delhi Telugu Academy awards presented|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Delhi-Telugu-Academy-awards-presented/article16125672.ece|access-date=2022-02-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Lata Mangeshkar Best Singer Award for 2011 was presented by the State Government at 2nd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lata Mangeshkar Music Awards presented |url=https://www.andhrawishesh.com/378-telugu-headlines-top-stories/18264-lata-mangeshkar-music-awards-presented.html|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.andhrawishesh.com|date=28 September 2011 |language=en}}</ref>
* TSR TV9 Best play back singer award for the song "Em Sandeham ledu" in 2014<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-07-20|title=TSR TV9 National Film Awards 2013-14 Winners List: Chiranjeevi Honours Balakrishna, Mohan Babu [Video]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tsr-tv9-national-film-awards-2013-14-winners-list-chiranjeevi-honours-balakrishna-mohan-babu-639811|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref>
* NTR memorial award 2015<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-25|title=Pic Talk: NTR Award For Singer Sunitha|url=https://archive.gulte.com/movienews/38950/Pic-Talk-NTR-Award-For-Singer-Sunitha|access-date=2022-02-05|website=Gulte|language=english}}</ref>
* Singer of the decade award in the year 2016 by Zee Apsara Awards<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sunitha won the singer of decade award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/sunitha-won-the-singer-of-decade-award/articleshow/51562467.cms|access-date=2022-02-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* Prestigious Indywood Academy award as best playback singer for the song "Chivaraku migiledhi" from the epic biopic Mahanati in 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indywood Academy Awards|url=https://www.indywoodacademyawards.com/winners18|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.indywoodacademyawards.com}}</ref>
* Vishishta seva puraskar by "I Stand for the Nation" NGO in 2019<ref>{{Citation|title=I Stand For The Nation Seva Puraskara Awards Singer Sunitha Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9SULk9Kqvo|language=en|access-date=2022-02-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0839281|Sunitha}}
* {{Facebook|singer.sunitha|Sunitha}}
* {{Instagram|upadrastasunitha|Sunitha}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadrasta, Sunitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Kannada playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu playback singers]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:People from Guntur]]
[[Category:Film people from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian playback singers]]

War of the Austrian Succession

2023-12-27T20:48:31Z

8.38.177.4: Phrasing? Are we still doing phrasing?

{{Short description|1740–1748 war between European powers}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = War of the Austrian Succession
| partof = the [[French–Habsburg rivalry]] and the [[Austria–Prussia rivalry]]
| image = War of The Austrian Succesion Collage 1.jpg
| image_size = 280
| caption = Left to right:{{flatlist|
* [[George Anson's voyage around the world|Capture of the ''Nuestra Señora de Covadonga'']] (20 April 1743)
* [[Battle of Fontenoy|Fontenoy]] (11 May 1745)
* [[Battle of Hohenfriedberg|Hohenfriedberg]] (4 June 1745)
* [[Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)|Siege of Bergen op Zoom]] (14 July – 18 September 1747)}}
| date = 16 December 1740{{snd}}18 October 1748 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=16|year1=1740|month2=10|day2=18|year2=1748}})
| place = [[Europe]], [[North America]], [[South America]], [[South India]]
| casus = Rejection of the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]] after the accession of [[Maria Theresa of Austria]]
| result = [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]]
| territory = *Prussian control of [[Silesia]] confirmed
* [[Duchy of Parma|Duchies of Parma]], [[Piacenza]] and [[Duchy of Guastalla|Guastalla]] ceded to the [[House of Bourbon-Parma|Spanish Bourbons]]
* All other territories restored to pre-war owners
| combatant1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}}
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Prussia|1701}} (1740–42, 1744–45)
* {{flagicon|Spain|1701}} [[Enlightenment in Spain|Spain]]
* {{flagcountry|Electorate of Bavaria}} (1741–45)
* {{flagcountry|Electorate of Saxony}} (1741–42)
* {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Sardinia|1720}} [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Sardinia]] (1741–42)
* {{flag|Republic of Genoa|name=Genoa}} (1745–48)
* {{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} [[Age of Liberty|Sweden]] (1741–43)
* [[File:Ducado de Modena (antes de 1830).svg|25px]] [[Duchy of Modena]]
}}
| combatant2 = {{plainlist|
* {{flag|Habsburg Monarchy}}
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
* {{flagicon|Hanover|1692}} [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]]
* {{flagcountry|Dutch Republic}} (1744–48)
* {{flagcountry|Electorate of Saxony}} (1743–45)
* {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Sardinia|1720}} [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Sardinia]] (1742–48)
* {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}} (1741–43, 1748)}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} '''[[Louis XV of France]]'''
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Maurice de Saxe|Maurice, Count of Saxony]]
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie]]
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Ulrich Frédéric Woldemar, Comte de Lowendal|Ulrich Lowendal]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Prussia|1701}} '''[[Frederick the Great|Frederick II]]'''
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of Prussia|1701}} [[Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau|Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau]]
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of Prussia|1701}} [[Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau|Leopold II]]
* {{flagicon|Spain|1701}} '''[[Philip V of Spain]]'''
** {{flagicon|Spain|1701}} [[Philip, Duke of Parma|Infante Philip]]
** {{flagicon|Spain| 1701}} [[Jean Thierry du Mont, comte de Gages|Count of Gages]]
* {{flagicon|Bavaria}} '''[[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles VII]]'''
** {{flagicon|Bavaria}} [[Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian Joseph]]
* {{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} '''[[Frederick I of Sweden|Frederick I]]'''
* {{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} [[Charles Emil Lewenhaupt|Charles Lewenhaupt]]
* {{flagicon|Republic of Genoa}} [[Lorenzo De Mari]]
* [[File:Ducado de Modena (antes de 1830).svg|25px]] [[Francesco III d'Este]]}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} '''[[Maria Theresa]]'''
* {{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} '''[[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]]'''
** {{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller|Ludwig Khevenhüller]]
** {{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine|Charles of Lorraine]]
** {{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun|Otto von Traun]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}}{{flagicon|Electorate of Hanover|1692}} '''[[George II of Great Britain|George II]]''' (personal union)
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} '''Sir [[Robert Walpole]]'''
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} '''[[Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington|Spencer Compton]]'''
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} '''[[Henry Pelham]]'''
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[George Wade]]
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland|Duke of Cumberland]]
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Thomas Mathews]]
* {{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} '''[[Anthonie van der Heim]]'''
* {{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} '''[[William IV, Prince of Orange|William IV]]'''
* {{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Karl August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont|Prince of Waldeck]]
* {{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[Isaac Cronström]]
* {{flagicon|Electorate of Saxony}} '''[[Augustus III of Poland|Frederick Augustus II]]'''
* {{flagicon|Electorate of Saxony}} [[Frederick Augustus Rutowsky|Count Rutowsky]]
* {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Sardinia|1720}} '''[[Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia|Charles Emmanuel III]]'''
* {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} '''[[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth I]]'''
* {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Peter Lacy]]
* {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Vasily Anikitovich Repnin|Vasily Repnin]]
}}
| strength1 = '''1740:''' {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} 200,000 '''1742:''' {{flagicon|Kingdom of Prussia|1701}} 120,000{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2002|p=403}} {{flagicon|Spain| 1701}} 70,000{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2002|p=403}} {{flagicon|Sweden|1562}} 40,000{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2002|p=403}} {{flagicon|Electorate of Saxony}} 35,000{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2002|p=403}}
| strength2 = '''1747:''' {{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} 204,000{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=78}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} 120,000{{Sfn|Dwyer|2001|p=14}}{{Efn|The amount of British troops on the Continent however never reached above 48,000 men{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2002|p=102}}}} {{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} 127,000 {{Efn|Authorised strength in 1747, actual closer to 90,000 men{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2002|p=12 & 103}}}} {{flagicon|Savoy}} 55,000 {{Sfn|Hanlon|1997|p=120}} '''1742:''' {{flagicon|Hanover|1692}} 30,000{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2002|p=403}}
| casualties1 = '''France''': 158,400 killed and wounded<ref name = Sorokin>[http://necrometrics.com/wars18c.htm#AusSucc Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century]</ref>{{efn|Naval losses: 20 ships of the line, 16 frigates, 20 minor ships, 2,185 merchant ships and 1,738 naval guns{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=78}}}} '''Prussia''': 23,100 killed and wounded<ref name = Sorokin>[http://necrometrics.com/wars18c.htm#AusSucc Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century]</ref> '''Spain''': 3,000 killed and wounded<ref name = Sorokin>[http://necrometrics.com/wars18c.htm#AusSucc Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century]</ref>{{efn|Naval losses: 17 ships of the line, 7 frigates, 1,249 merchant ships and 1,276 naval guns{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=78}}}}
| casualties2 = '''Habsburg monarchy''': 148,000 killed and wounded<ref name = Sorokin>[http://necrometrics.com/wars18c.htm#AusSucc Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century]</ref> '''Great Britain''': 26,400 killed and wounded<ref name = Sorokin>[http://necrometrics.com/wars18c.htm#AusSucc Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century]</ref> {{efn|Naval losses: 14 ships of the line, 7 frigates, 28 minor ships, 3,238 merchant ships and 1,012 naval guns{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=78}}}} '''Dutch Republic:''' 14,630 killed and wounded<ref name = Sorokin>[http://necrometrics.com/wars18c.htm#AusSucc Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century]</ref> '''Savoy-Sardinia:''' 7,840 killed and wounded<ref name = Sorokin>[http://necrometrics.com/wars18c.htm#AusSucc Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century]</ref>
| casualties3 = Total 750,000 dead or wounded{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=81}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession}}
}}
The '''War of the Austrian Succession'''{{efn|{{Lang-de|Österreichischer Erbfolgekrieg}}}} was a European conflict fought between 1740 and 1748, primarily in [[Central Europe]], the [[Austrian Netherlands]], [[Italy]], the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Related conflicts include [[King George's War]] in [[North America]], the [[War of Jenkins' Ear]], the [[First Carnatic War]], and the [[First Silesian War|First]] and [[Second Silesian War]]s.

Its pretext was the right of [[Maria Theresa]] to succeed her father, [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles VI]], as ruler of the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. [[Kingdom of France|France]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], and [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]] saw it as an opportunity to challenge Habsburg power, while Maria Theresa was backed by [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]], the [[Dutch Republic]], and [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]], collectively known as the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713|Pragmatic Allies]]. As the conflict widened, it drew in other participants, among them [[History of Spain (1700–1810)|Spain]], [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Sardinia]], [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]], [[Swedish Empire|Sweden]], and [[Russian Empire|Russia]].

Prussia occupied the Austrian province of [[Silesia]] in 1740, although Austria and Sardinia defeated Spanish attacks in Northern Italy. By early 1748, France held most of the [[Austrian Netherlands]], but was close to bankruptcy due to the cost of the war and a crippling British naval blockade. The stalemate led to the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] which confirmed Maria Theresa in her titles but failed to resolve underlying tensions between the signatories, many of whom were unhappy with the terms. France achieved minimal gains for vast expenditure, while the Spanish gained the [[Duchy of Parma|Duchies of Parma]], [[Piacenza]] and [[Duchy of Guastalla|Guastalla]].

Prussia, often considered the clearest winner, acquired Silesia from Austria, an outcome that undermined the long-standing [[Anglo-Austrian Alliance]], since Maria Theresa deeply resented Britain's insistence she cede Silesia to make peace and made it her main objective to regain it. At the same time, the war demonstrated that Hanover, then held in personal union with the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British Crown]], was vulnerable to Prussian attacks, while many British politicians felt they received little benefit from the enormous subsidies paid to Austria. The result was the realignment known as the [[Diplomatic Revolution]]. Austria and France ended the [[French–Habsburg rivalry|rivalry]] which had dominated European affairs for centuries, while Prussia allied with Great Britain. These changes set the scene for the outbreak of the [[Seven Years' War]] in 1756.

==Background==
The immediate cause of the war was the death in 1740 of Emperor [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] (1685–1740) and the inheritance of the [[Habsburg monarchy]], often collectively referred to as Austria. The 1703 [[Mutual Pact of Succession]] provided that if the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]] became extinct in the male line, these possessions would go first to [[Maria Josepha of Austria|Maria Josepha]] and [[Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress|Maria Amalia]], daughters of Emperor [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]], then those of Charles, his younger brother. Since [[Salic law]] excluded women from the inheritance, this agreement required approval by the various Habsburg territories and the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]].{{sfn|Anderson|1995|pp=7–9}}

Charles succeeded Joseph in 1711 and two years later issued the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]], which confirmed the principle of female inheritance. However, it also modified the 1703 agreement by placing the rights of his own children first and after his first child Maria Theresa was born in 1717, Charles' internal and external policy was dominated by ensuring her succession ahead of his two nieces.{{sfn|Holborn|1982|p=108}} Prior to their respective marriages to [[Augustus III of Poland|Frederick Augustus of Saxony]] and [[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles Albert of Bavaria]] in 1719, both nieces were obliged to formally renounce their rights to the inheritance. Charles assumed the rivalry between [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]] and [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]] would secure his daughter's throne, since neither would be prepared to allow the other to inherit, but instead he gave his two greatest rivals a legitimate claim to the Habsburg lands.{{sfn|Horn|1929|pp=33–37}}

[[File:Maria Theresia of Austria 001.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Maria Theresa]], whose succession was the proximate cause of the war]]

Charles was also seeking to ensure the succession of Maria Theresa not just to her family lands but the titles and powers of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. Although held by a Habsburg for over 300 years, it was theoretically an elective position which had never been held by a woman, and this element turned an internal dynastic dispute into a European one. The problem was exacerbated by tensions within the [[Holy Roman Empire]], caused by dramatic increases in the size and [[power in international relations|power]] of Bavaria, Prussia, and Saxony, mirrored by the post-1683 expansion of Habsburg power into lands previously held by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. These were the centrifugal forces behind a war that reshaped the traditional [[European balance of power]]; the various legal claims were largely pretexts and seen as such.
{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=3}}

Bavaria and Saxony refused to be bound by the decision of the Imperial Diet, while in 1738 France agreed to back the 'just claims' of Charles Albert of Bavaria despite previously accepting the Pragmatic Sanction in 1735.{{sfn|Black|1999|p=82}} Attempts to offset this involved Austria in the 1733–1735 [[War of the Polish Succession]] and the [[Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)|Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739]], and it was weakened by the losses incurred. The situation was compounded by a failure to prepare Maria Theresa for her new role, and many European statesmen were sceptical Austria could survive the contest that would follow Charles' death, which finally occurred in October 1740.{{sfn|Coxe|1847|p=242}}

==Strategies==
On land, fighting focused on three main theatres, [[Central Europe]], [[Italy]], and the [[Austrian Netherlands]], along with a wider naval conflict. The war itself can be divided into three separate but connected conflicts, the first being the [[Silesian Wars]] between Prussia and Austria. In the second, Austria and Sardinia defeated Spanish attacks in [[Northern Italy]], while the third featured an increasingly global contest between Britain and France. In the end, French conquest of the Austrian Netherlands gave them clear dominance on land, while Britain's victories at sea cemented its place as the dominant naval power.

For much of the 18th century, French military strategy focused on potential threats on its eastern and northern borders, which required a strong land army.{{sfn|Borneman |2007|p=80}} Its colonies were left to fend for themselves, or given minimal resources, anticipating they would likely be lost anyway.{{sfn|Pritchard|2004|p=356}} This strategy was driven by a combination of geography, and the superiority of the British navy, which made it difficult for the French navy to provide significant supplies and support to French colonies.{{sfn|Dull|2007|p=14}} The expectation was military victory in Europe would compensate for any colonial losses; in 1748, France recovered possessions like [[Fortress of Louisbourg|Louisbourg]], in return for withdrawing from the Austrian Netherlands.{{sfn|Lee|1984|p=285}}

The British tried to avoid large-scale commitments of troops on the Continent.{{sfn|Till|2006|p=77}} They sought to offset the disadvantage this created in Europe by allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies, particularly France. In the War of the Austrian Succession, the British were allied with Austria; by the time of the [[Seven Years' War]], they were allied with its enemy, [[Prussia]]. In contrast to France, once Britain became engaged in the war, it took advantage of the [[Royal Navy]] to expand it into the colonies.{{sfn|Black |1999|p=45}} The British pursued a dual strategy of [[naval blockade]] and bombardment of enemy ports, and also utilized their ability to move troops by sea to the utmost.{{sfn|Vego|2003|pp=156–157}} They would harass enemy shipping and attack enemy outposts, frequently using colonists from nearby British colonies in the effort. This plan worked better in North America than in Europe, but set the stage for the Seven Years' War.

==Campaign of 1740==
[[File:Crown of Bohemia 1648.png|thumb|left|upright=1.0|[[Lands of the Bohemian Crown]]; in 1742, most of [[Silesia]] was [[Treaty of Berlin (1742)|ceded]] to Prussia]]

[[Frederick the Great|Frederick II]] succeeded his father [[Frederick William I of Prussia|Frederick William]] as king of Prussia on 31 May 1740 at the age of 28. Although Prussia had increased in importance over the prior few decades, its disparate and scattered territories prevented it wielding significant power, a reality Frederick intended to change.{{sfn|Luvaas|1966|p=3}} The death of Emperor Charles VI on 20 October 1740 provided him with an ideal opportunity to acquire Silesia {{Sfn|Robinson|2016 |pp=291–332}} but he needed to do so before [[Augustus III of Poland|Augustus of Saxony and Poland]] could pre-empt him.{{sfn|Davies|1982|p=507}}

With a population of 16 million, Austria had an authorised [[Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)|standing army]] of 157,000, although financial restraints meant its true size was considerably less than that in 1740.{{sfn|Black|1994|p=62}} Since they had a much greater area to defend, their army was more of "a sieve" than a shield against foreign invasion.{{sfn|Browning|1993|p=20}} In contrast, the [[Prussian Army]] was better trained and led than its opponents, while its standing army of 80,000 was disproportionately large, at around 4% of its 2.2 million population.{{sfn|Browning|1993|p=24}} To add to these advantages, in April 1739 Frederick ensured Austria faced war on two fronts when [[Louis XV]] of France agreed to attack from the west, while Prussia did so from the north.{{sfn|Asprey|1986|p=129}}

In early December 1740, the Prussian army assembled along the river [[Oder]] and on 16 December invaded Silesia without a formal declaration of war.{{sfn|Asprey|1986|p=164}} Since Austrian military resources were concentrated in Hungary and [[Italy]], they had fewer than 3,000 troops in Silesia, although this increased to 7,000 shortly before the invasion. They held onto the fortresses of [[Glogau]], [[Breslau]], and [[Brzeg|Brieg]], but abandoned the rest of the province and withdrew into [[Margraviate of Moravia|Moravia]], with both sides taking up winter quarters.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p= 68}} In under two weeks Prussia had occupied most of the richest province in the Holy Roman Empire, containing a population of over one million, the commercial centre of [[Wrocław|Breslau]] along with mining, weaving and dyeing industries.{{sfn|Armour|2012|pp=99–101}} However, Frederick underestimated Maria Theresa's determination to reverse her loss, while the retention of Austrian fortresses in Southern Silesia meant a quick victory could not be achieved.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|pp=69–72}}

{{Anchor|Campaign of 1741}}

==Campaign of 1741==
{{Location map many|Europe Central|caption = Central European campaign, 1741|relief=yes|border = black| width = 320| float = right
|label = Linz |pos=left |lat_deg=48|lat_min =18|lon_deg = 14|lon_min = 17
|label2 = Brieg |pos2=left |lat2_deg=50|lat2_min =52|lon2_deg = 17|lon2_min = 29
|label3 = Vienna |pos3=right|lat3_deg=48|lat3_min =12|lon3_deg = 16|lon3_min = 22
|label4 = Prague |pos4=left |lat4_deg=50|lat4_min =05|lon4_deg = 14|lon4_min = 25
|label5 = Neisse |pos5=bottom |lat5_deg=50|lat5_min =28|lon5_deg = 17|lon5_min = 20
|label6 = Budapest|pos6=bottom|lat6_deg=47|lat6_min = 30|lon6_deg = 19 |lon6_min = 3
|label7 = Mollwitz|pos7 =right| lat7_deg = 50 | lat7_min = 51 | lon7_deg = 17 | lon7_min = 23
|label8 = Tábor |pos8 =left|lat8_deg = 49 |lat8_min = 25 | lon8_deg = 14| lon8_min = 40|
|label9 = Munich |pos9 = left| lat9_deg = 48|lat9_min = 08 | lon9_deg = 11| lon9_min = 34|
|label10 = Tyrol |pos10= bottom|lat10_deg = 47 |lat10_min = 16 | lon10_deg = 11| lon10_min = 24|
}}
Early in the year, an Austrian army under [[Wilhelm Reinhard von Neipperg|von Neipperg]] relieved [[Nysa, Poland|Neisse]], and marched on [[Brzeg|Brieg]], threatening to cut the Prussians off. On 10 April, just outside Brieg, they were defeated at the [[Battle of Mollwitz]]; Frederick made serious mistakes in his first battle, and was so close to defeat that his subordinates ordered him to avoid capture and leave the battlefield. His deputy [[Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin|von Schwerin]] managed to drag out a victory, both sides losing nearly 25% of their strength.{{sfn|Luvaas|1966|p=46}}

On 5 June, Frederick signed an alliance against Austria with France, who crossed the [[Rhine]] on 15 August. {{sfn|Black|1998|p=13}} A combined Franco-Bavarian force now advanced along the [[Danube]], towards [[Vienna]], capturing [[Linz]] on 14 September.{{sfn|Asprey|1986|p=223}} Joined by a Saxon army of 20,000, they advanced on [[Prague]] from three different points, initially meeting little resistance. Before long, the Austrians had an army at [[Tábor]], while Neipperg was recalled from Silesia to defend Vienna.{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=40}} Apparently close to defeat, on 21 September Maria Theresa made an emotional speech to the [[Diet of Hungary|Hungarian Diet]] in [[Pressburg]]. They approved a ''levée en masse'', which ultimately produced 22,000 troops, rather than the promised 60,000, but was an assertion of loyalty long remembered.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=86}}

Maria Theresa was also helped by deep divisions among her opponents and Frederick's duplicity.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=89}} Hoping to weaken Saxony, on 9 October he signed the Klein–Schnellendorf agreement with Neipperg and in what is now considered a memorable act of diplomatic subterfuge, the Austrians surrendered Neisse after a mock defence. Under the prevailing rules of war, this allowed them to receive a pass to the nearest friendly territory and thus be used against Prussia's allies elsewhere, rather than being taken prisoner.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=88}} Her best general, [[Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller|von Khevenhüller]] incorporated them into an army being assembled for a winter offensive to retake Upper Austria, and attack Bavaria.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=94}}

While Frederick completed his conquest of Silesia, a French force under [[Maurice de Saxe]] took Prague on 26 November 1741, allowing the Bavarian elector, [[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles Albert]], to be crowned King of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]]. The year ended with Khevenhüller decisively defeating a bigger Franco-Bavarian army at [[Battle of St. Pölten|Sankt Pölten]] and advancing up the Danube towards Linz, while a second column under Johann Bärenklau moved through the [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]], towards [[Munich]].{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=94}}

==Campaign of 1742==
On 17 January, von Khevenhüller defeated a Bavarian army at [[Battle of Schärding|Schärding]] while seven days later 10,000 French soldiers surrendered at Linz. On 12 February, Charles Albert of Bavaria was crowned Emperor Charles VII, the first non-Habsburg to hold the position in 300 years, although Bärenklau captured [[Munich]] the same day. Although technically all allies, Prussia, Saxony and Bavaria had no desire to see France established in the Empire, nor to see one another gain relative ground. Maria Theresa ended Austria's secret truce with Frederick, first releasing the details. The Austrians assembled a second army of 28,000 to retake Prague, under [[Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine|Charles of Lorraine]].{{sfn|Showalter|2012|p=22}}

{{Location map many|Czech Republic|caption = Bohemia and Moravia, 1742|relief=yes|border = black| width = 300| float = left
|label = Prague |pos=left |lat_deg=50|lat_min =05|lon_deg = 14|lon_min = 25
|label2 = Schärding |pos2=left |lat2_deg=48|lat2_min =28|lon2_deg = 13|lon2_min = 26
|label3 = Zahájí |pos3=left |lat3_deg=49|lat3_min =05|lon3_deg = 14|lon3_min = 22
|label4 = Chotusice|pos4=bottom|lat4_deg=49|lat4_min = 56|lon4_deg = 15|lon4_min = 23
|label6 = Kutná Hora |pos6=top|lat6_deg=49|lat6_min = 59|lon6_deg = 15 |lon6_min = 8
|label7 = Židlochovice |pos7 = top| lat7_deg = 49 | lat7_min = 2 | lon7_deg = 16 | lon7_min = 37
|label8 = Olomouc |pos8 = right| lat8_deg = 49 | lat8_min = 36 | lon8_deg = 17| lon8_min = 15|
|label9 = Kłodzko |pos9 = right| lat9_deg = 50 | lat9_min = 26 | lon9_deg = 16| lon9_min = 39|
}}
News of the secret truce badly damaged the relationship between Frederick and his allies, but Emperor Charles asked him to relieve the pressure by invading Moravia. Frederick had used the interval to reorganise his cavalry, previously neglected in favour of the infantry, and who performed poorly at Mollwitz; they would prove more effective in the 1742 campaign.{{sfn|Asprey|1986|p=208}}

In December 1741, von Schwerin had captured [[Olomouc|Olmütz]]; Frederick took [[Kłodzko|Glatz]], before moving onto [[Židlochovice|Groß Seelowitz]] in March 1742. This allowed him to threaten Vienna; a few Prussian patrols even appeared in the suburbs, before withdrawing.{{sfn|Duffy|2015|pp=39}} In early May, he took the offensive, and moved into north-east Bohemia; by 16 May, he had 10,000 infantry at [[Kutná Hora|Kuttenberg]], and another 18,000 men under [[Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau|Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau]] a day's march behind.{{sfn|Browning|1975|p=103}}

On the afternoon of 16 May, Charles of Lorraine's cavalry ran into Leopold's rearguard. Leopold recognized he was in contact with the Austrian main force and so accelerated his march ahead to close the gap with Frederick. At 2:00 am on 17 May, his exhausted troops stopped at the small village of [[Chotusice|Chotusitz]], still three hours from Kutná Hora.{{sfn|Berry|2013}} Fought later the same day, the [[Battle of Chotusitz]] was inconclusive, but technically a Prussian victory, since the Austrians withdrew. On 24 May, French Field Marshal [[François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie|de Broglie]] won a minor action at [[Battle of Sahay|Sahay]]. The two victories left the strategic situation unchanged, since Charles was still able to move against Prague, while the Prussian presence in Moravia remained a threat to Vienna.

However, Habsburg policy was generally to avoid fighting on too many fronts at the same time; Prussia was the most dangerous, and most difficult to defeat. Although recovering Silesia remained a priority for decades, Maria Theresa was willing to agree a temporary truce with Prussia to improve her position elsewhere.{{sfn|Mitchell|2018|p=170}} This suited Frederick, who was short of money and men and also suspected France was preparing a separate peace. In June, the [[Treaty of Breslau]] ended the First Silesian War; Prussian troops withdrew from Bohemia, and Austria [[Siege of Prague (1742)|recaptured Prague]] in December.{{sfn|Showalter|2012|p=27}}

==Campaign of 1743==
{{Location map many|Europe Central|caption = Key locations, 1743|relief=yes|border = black| width = 350| float = right
|label = Mainz |pos=left |lat_deg=50|lat_min =00|lon_deg = 8|lon_min = 13
|label2 = Dettingen|pos2=right |lat2_deg=50|lat2_min =03 |lon2_deg = 9 |lon2_min = 01
|label3 = Vienna |pos3=bottom |lat3_deg=48|lat3_min =12|lon3_deg = 16|lon3_min = 22
|label4 = Prague |pos4=right |lat4_deg=50|lat4_min =05|lon4_deg = 14|lon4_min = 25
|label5 = Simbach |pos5=right |lat5_deg=48|lat5_min =34|lon5_deg = 12|lon5_min = 45
|label6 = Budapest|pos6=bottom |lat6_deg=47|lat6_min = 30|lon6_deg = 19 |lon6_min = 3
|label7 = Worms |pos7 =bottom| lat7_deg = 49 | lat7_min = 38 | lon7_deg = 8 | lon7_min = 22
|label8 = Milan |pos8 =left |lat8_deg = 45 |lat8_min = 28 | lon8_deg = 9| lon8_min = 11
|label9 = Munich |pos9 = bottom| lat9_deg = 48|lat9_min = 08 | lon9_deg = 11| lon9_min = 34|
|label10 = Augsburg |pos10= left|lat10_deg = 48 |lat10_min = 22 |lon10_deg = 10|lon10_min = 54|
}}

At the beginning of the year, Louis XV insisted Broglie be given command of the Franco-Bavarian forces, creating tension with the Bavarians, and their general [[Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff|von Seckendorff]].{{sfn|Asprey|1986|p=274}} With most of his lands occupied by the Austrians, Charles VII fled to [[Augsburg]], from where he initiated talks with Vienna and [[London]], feeling he had been abandoned by his French allies.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=114}} Divided at the top, and their troops weakened by disease, the Franco-Bavarian forces offered limited resistance to the Austrian advance; on 9 May, the Bavarians were defeated outside [[Simbach, Dingolfing-Landau|Simbach]], by Charles of Lorraine.{{sfn|Browning|1993|p=136}}

In mid-June, the [[Pragmatic Army]] arrived at [[Aschaffenburg]], on the north bank of the river [[Main (river)|Main]]. Here they were joined by [[George II of Great Britain|George II]], who was attending the enthronement of a new [[Elector of Mainz]] in [[Wiesbaden]].{{sfn|Browning|1993|p=136}} By late June, the Allies were running short of supplies and withdrew towards the nearest supply depot at [[Hanau]], the road to which ran through Dettingen, now a part of [[Karlstein am Main]], where 23,000 French troops blocked the road. Despite a strong position, mistakes made by their commander [[Louis de Gramont, 6th Duke of Gramont|Gramont]], allowed the Allies to win a narrow [[Battle of Dettingen|victory]].{{sfn|Périni|1896|p=295}} This was the last time a British monarch would personally lead troops in battle.

While the Pragmatic Army were able to continue their retreat, they had to abandon their wounded, and although reinforced by Charles of Lorraine were unable to agree what to do next. Charles later described Allied headquarters as a 'republic', while [[Adrien Maurice de Noailles]] told Louis XV he was 'heavily indebted to the irresolutions of George II.' They ended by doing nothing, and in October, took up winter quarters in the Netherlands.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|pp=117–118}}

[[Image:Clementi - Charles Emmanuel III in armour.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia]], who entered the war by the September [[Treaty of Worms (1743)|Treaty of Worms]]]]
Frederick had responded to Dettingen by renewing his search for allies, and building up his army once again. In July, the Russian court discovered an alleged [[Natalia Lopukhina|plot]] to overthrow Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]], and restore three-year old [[Ivan VI]], with his mother Grand Duchess [[Anna Leopoldovna]] as his regent.{{sfn|Asprey|1986|p=275}} Whether this amounted to anything more than drunken gossip is disputed; one suggestion is that it was a fabrication by Frederick, designed to remove anti-Prussian opponents, chiefly [[Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin|Chancellor Bestuzhev-Ryumin]].{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=128}}

Anna Bestuzhev, wife of his brother Mikhail, and her friend [[Natalia Lopukhina]], confessed to the plot after 25 days of torture; they were publicly flogged, and had their tongues removed before being exiled to [[Siberia]]. Fredrick's supporters referred to it as the "Botta Conspiracy", alleging the involvement of Austrian envoy [[Antoniotto Botta Adorno]].{{sfn|Lincoln|1981|p=197}} When Tsarina Elizabeth demanded Botta be punished, Maria Theresa refused, and the episode poisoned the relationship between Austria and Russia. Frederick managed to divide his two main opponents, but [[Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin]] remained in place, leaving the overall position unchanged.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=128}}

On 13 September, [[Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia]], Maria Theresa and Britain agreed the [[Treaty of Worms (1743)|Treaty of Worms]], intended to expel [[History of Spain (1700–1808)|Spain]] from Italy. In return for Sardinian support in [[Lombardy]], the Austrians ceded all their territories west of the river [[Ticino (river)|Ticino]] and [[Lake Maggiore]], along with lands south of the [[Po (river)|Po]]. In return, Charles Emmanuel renounced his claim to the strategic [[Duchy of Milan]], guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction, and provided 40,000 troops, paid for by Britain.{{sfn|Hochedlinger|2003|p=255}}

France and Spain responded with the [[Pacte de Famille#The second Pacte de Famille|Second Pacte de Famille]] in October, and Louis XV began plans to invade the [[Austrian Netherlands]]. The year ended with Saxony agreeing a pact of mutual defence with Austria, leaving Prussia isolated, and facing a renewed offensive as Maria Theresa sought to regain Silesia.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|pp=126–127}}

==Campaign of 1744==
[[File:Louis XV ;Carle van Loo.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Louis XV of France]] by [[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]]]]

Under the 1743 Treaty of Fontainebleau, Louis XV and his uncle, [[Philip V of Spain]] agreed on joint action against Britain. This included [[Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)|a proposed invasion of Britain]], aimed at restoring the exiled [[House of Stuart|Stuarts]], and over the winter, 12,000 French troops and transports were assembled at [[Dunkirk]].{{sfn|Harding|2013|p=171}}

In the February 1744 [[Battle of Toulon (1744)|Battle of Toulon]], a combined Franco-Spanish fleet fought an indecisive action with a British naval force commanded by [[Thomas Mathews|Admiral Mathews]]. Although Mathews prevented them exiting the Mediterranean and supporting the invasion attempt, he was forced to retreat, which led to his dismissal.{{sfn|Baugh|2004}} Success allowed Spain to land troops in Northern Italy, and in April they captured the important port of [[Villefranche-sur-Mer]], then part of [[Savoyard state|Savoy]].{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=137}}

However, storms sank or severely damaged many French ships, while most of Louis' ministers opposed what they considered an expensive and futile diversion of resources. The invasion was cancelled on 11 March, Louis formally declared war on Britain, and in May, a French army invaded the [[Austrian Netherlands]].{{sfn|Riding|2016|p=29}} As in 1744, they were greatly helped by divisions between the Pragmatic Allies, making it very difficult to formulate a consistent strategy. The British and Hanoverians detested each other, Austrian resources were focused in [[Alsace]], while the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] were reluctant to declare war on France, and unsuccessfully tried to persuade Louis to withdraw.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=132}} The Dutch however did want to protect their [[Barrier Treaty|Barrier fortresses]] and [[Isaac Cronström]] thus argued to engage the French in the open field. [[George Wade]], supreme commander of the allied army, disagreed. He was under strict orders of the British government to not risk losing his connection to [[Ostend]] and not to risk British or Hanoverians troops becoming prisoners of war, which also meant that he refused to put them on garrison duty. The British feared another [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] uprising and therefore wanted to be able to send their troops home in time.{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2002|p=187}}

As a result, the French made rapid progress, quickly capturing most of the Dutch-held Barrier fortresses along the border, including [[Menen]] and [[Ypres]]. When an Austrian army under Prince Charles of Lorraine invaded Alsace in early June, Louis went on the defensive in the [[Southern Netherlands]], and travelled to [[Metz]] to meet this threat. In early August, he fell dangerously ill with [[smallpox]], a disease often fatal at the time; although he later recovered, this temporarily paralysed the French command system.{{sfn|Browning|1993|p=175}}

With the bulk of the Austrian army occupied in Eastern France, Frederick launched the [[Second Silesian War]] on 15 August, and by the end of the month, all 80,000 of his troops were in Bohemia.{{sfn|Asprey|1986|p=289}} Although Maria Theresa's main objective was to regain Silesia, the speed of the Prussian advance took the Austrians by surprise. On 23 August, Prince Charles withdrew from Alsace to defend Bohemia, with little interference from the French due to Louis' illness.{{sfn|Asprey|1986|pp=290–294}}

[[File:Friedrich ii campenhausen.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Frederick the Great, by [[Wilhelm Camphausen]]; his position at the end of 1744 was extremely precarious]]
By mid-September, Frederick had captured Prague, [[Tábor|Tabor]], [[Budweis]] and [[Hluboká nad Vltavou|Frauenberg]]; he now advanced up the river [[Vltava|Moldau]], hoping to catch the Austrians between his forces, and the Franco-Bavarian army he assumed was in pursuit. However, the Bavarians contented themselves with re-occupying Munich, while the French settled down to besiege [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], a town of far less importance to Maria Theresa than Bohemia.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=134}}

Frederick was left dangerously exposed, a situation worsened in early October when Saxony joined the coalition against him as an active belligerent. Under pressure from Charles of Lorraine and a combined Austro-Saxon force under Count [[Otto Ferdinand von Abensperg und Traun|Traun]], the Prussians were forced to retreat; by the time they entered Silesia in late November, Frederick's army was reduced to 36,000, half of whom then died of dysentery.{{sfn|Duffy|2015|p=56}}

Despite the surrender of Freiburg and French advances in the Southern Netherlands, Austria seemed well-positioned at the end of 1744. Frederick's retreat damaged his reputation and weakened his army, but the most significant impact was on Franco-Prussian relations, with Louis accused of failing to support Prussia.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=135}}

In Italy, an Austrian attack on the [[Kingdom of Naples]] was unsuccessful, largely due to the incompetence of their commanders. In the north, arguments over strategy, and Spanish accusations of French cowardice at [[Toulon]] prevented them from taking full advantage of their victories earlier in the year. This was offset by similar divisions among their opponents; Charles Emmanuel was reluctant to see the Bourbons expelled from Italy, leaving the Habsburgs as the dominant power, while his territorial ambitions could only be achieved at Austrian expense. As a result, neither side could make significant progress in this area.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=139}}

==Campaign of 1745==
[[File:Martin van Meytens 006.jpg|thumb|upright|Maria Theresa's husband, [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]], elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 September 1745]]
Frederick's position continued to deteriorate; on 8 January, Austria, Britain, the Dutch Republic and Saxony signed the [[Treaty of Warsaw (1745)|Treaty of Warsaw]], which was clearly aimed at Prussia.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=142}} This was accompanied by ominous signs of Russian military activity in [[Livonia]], followed by the death of Emperor Charles VII on 20 January. Since Maria Theresa's husband, Grand Duke Francis, was the best-supported candidate to replace him, this was a major setback for the Franco-Prussian alliance.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=140}}

Charles' son and heir, [[Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian III Joseph]] made one last effort to drive the Austrians out of Bavaria, but his demoralised and ill-equipped army was out-manoeuvered by [[Károly József Batthyány|Count Batthyány]], while a Franco-Bavarian army was defeated at [[Battle of Pfaffenhofen|Pfaffenhofen]] on 15 April.{{sfn|Browning|1993|p=203}} With most of his electorate once again occupied, on 22 April he signed the [[Treaty of Füssen]], in which he agreed to vote for Francis Stephen as Emperor, and made peace with Austria.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=141}} Prussia was now isolated; attempts by Frederick to divide his opponents by supporting [[Augustus III of Poland|Frederick Augustus of Saxony]] for Emperor were unsuccessful, while neither Britain or Russia was willing to mediate for him with Austria.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=143}}

Bavaria's exit allowed France to focus on the Low Countries, which Saxe persuaded Louis XV provided the best opportunity of defeating Britain, whose financial backing was crucial to the Pragmatic Alliance. He proposed to attack [[Tournai]], a vital link in the trading network for Northern Europe, and strongest of the Dutch [[Barrier Treaty|Barrier Forts]], this forcing the Allies to fight on ground of his own choosing.{{sfn|Starkey|2003|p=107}} On 11 May, he won a hard-fought victory at [[Battle of Fontenoy|Fontenoy]], a success that established French dominance in the Netherlands, and caused bitter disputes between the British and Dutch.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|pp=143–144}}

On 4 June, Frederick won a major victory at [[Battle of Hohenfriedberg|Hohenfriedberg]], but despite this, Austria and Saxony continued the war. Prussian requests for French support were ignored; Louis had been warned by his ministers state finances were increasingly strained, making it important to focus their efforts. One area was the Netherlands, particularly after British troops were recalled to deal with the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]]. The other was Italy, where a Franco-Spanish army under [[Jean-Baptiste Francois des Marets, marquis de Maillebois|Maillebois]] and Infante [[Philip, Duke of Parma|Philip]] defeated the Sardinians at [[Battle of Bassignano|Bassignano]] on 27 September, then captured [[Alessandria]], [[Valenza]] and [[Casale Monferrato]].{{sfn|Browning|1993|p=218}}

[[File:Battle of Fontenoy 03.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|Victory at [[Battle of Fontenoy|Fontenoy]] in May 1745 re-established French confidence]]
As a result, France made no effort to block the election of Duke Francis, who was proclaimed Emperor Francis I on 13 September.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|pp=146–147}} Bolstered by this significant political victory, Maria Theresa continued her attempts to regain Silesia, only to be defeated once again at the [[Battle of Soor]] on 30 September.{{sfn|Asprey|1986|p=333}} On 15 December, the Prussians forced Saxony out of the war with victory in the [[Battle of Kesselsdorf]], leading to the [[Treaty of Dresden]] on 25th. Austria accepted Frederick's ownership of Silesia, while Saxony paid him an indemnity of one million crowns; in return, Prussia accepted the Pragmatic Sanction, acknowledged Francis as Emperor, and evacuated Saxony.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=148}}

After 1745, Germany ceased to be an active military theatre; although Frederick knew Maria Theresa still intended to regain Silesia, both sides needed a period of peace in order to re-organise. French objectives were less clear; for centuries, the central plank of its foreign policy was weakening the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]], but it began the war due to concern at British commercial growth post-1713. Since the war in Northern Italy was largely fought to support Spanish aims, this left the Netherlands as the only remaining theatre where France could achieve strategic victory.{{sfn|McKay|1983|pp=138–140}}

Another significant development was the start of the realignment of alliances that became the [[Diplomatic Revolution]] in 1756. Under the August 'Convention of Hanover', Frederick and George II mutually guaranteed the borders of Hanover and Prussia to each other, and British diplomats tried to persuade Austria to end the Second Silesian War. Franco-Prussian relationships were marked by mutual distrust, while Maria Theresa resented British attempts to persuade her to accept the loss of Silesia.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=153}}

==Italian Campaigns, 1741–1747==
{{Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession: Italy}}
[[File:La familia de Felipe V (Van Loo).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Philip V of Spain]]'s family by [[Louis-Michel van Loo]]]]

In central Italy an army of Spaniards and [[Kingdom of Naples|Neapolitans]] was collected for the purpose of conquering the [[Duchy of Milan]]. In 1741, the allied army of 40,000 Spaniards and Neapolitans under the command of the [[José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar|Duke of Montemar]] had advanced towards [[Modena]], [[Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena]] had allied himself with them, but the vigilant Austrian commander, Count [[Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun|Otto Ferdinand von Traun]] had out-marched them, captured Modena and forced the Duke to make a separate peace.{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=40}}

The aggressiveness of the Spanish in Italy forced Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and King Charles Emmanuel of Sardinia into negotiations in early 1742.<ref>Browning, p. 96</ref> These negotiations were held at Turin. Maria Theresa sent her envoy [[Ludwig von Schulenburg-Oeynhausen|Count Schulenburg]] and King Charles Emmanuel sent the [[Carlo Vincenzo Ferrero d'Ormea|Marquis d'Ormea]]. On 1 February 1742, Schulenburg and Ormea signed the [[Convention of Turin]] which resolved (or postponed resolution) many differences and formed an alliance between the two countries.<ref>Browning, p. 97</ref> In 1742, field marshal Count Traun held his own with ease against the Spanish and Neapolitans. On 19 August 1742, Naples was forced by the arrival of a British naval squadron in [[Naples]]' own harbour, to withdraw her 10,000 troops from the Montemar force to provide for home defence.<ref>Browning, p. 118</ref> The Spanish force under Montemar was now too weak to advance in the [[Po Valley]] and a second Spanish army was sent to Italy via France. Sardinia had allied herself with Austria in the Convention of Turin and at the same time neither state was at war with France and this led to curious complications, combats being fought in the [[Isère (river)|Isère]] valley between the troops of Sardinia and of Spain, in which the French took no part.{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=41}} At the end of 1742, the Duke of Montemar was replaced as head of the Spanish forces in Italy by [[Jean Thierry du Mont, comte de Gages|Count Gages]].<ref>Browning, p. 119</ref>

In 1743, the Spanish on the [[Panaro (river)|Panaro]] had achieved a victory over Traun at [[Battle of Campo Santo|Campo Santo]] on 8 February 1743.<ref>Browning, pp. 132–133</ref> However, the next six months were wasted in inaction and [[Johann Georg Christian, Prince of Lobkowicz]], joining Traun with reinforcements from Austria, drove back the Spanish to [[Rimini]]. Observing from [[Venice]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]] hailed the Spanish retreat as "the finest military manoeuvre of the whole century".<ref name="Cranston183">{{cite book |last=Cranston |first=Maurice |title=Jean-Jacques: The Early Life and Work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712–1754 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago (IL) |date=1991 |isbn=0-226-11862-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jeanjacquesearly0000cran/page/183 183] |url=https://archive.org/details/jeanjacquesearly0000cran/page/183 }}</ref> The Spanish-Savoyard War in the [[Alps]] continued without much result, the only incident of note being the first [[Battle of Casteldelfino]] (7–10 October 1743), when an initial French offensive was defeated.{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=41}}

In 1744, the Italian war became serious. Prior to the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1701–1714) Spain and Austria had been ruled by branches of the same ([[Habsburg]]) royal house. Consequently, the foreign policies of Austria and Spain in regards to Italy had a symmetry of interests and these interests were usually opposed to the interests of [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] controlled France.<ref>Smith, pp. 200–201.</ref> However, since the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] and the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, the childless last Habsburg monarch ([[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]]) had been replaced by the Bourbon grandson of the French king [[Louis XIV]] [[Philip V of Spain|Philip of Anjou]], who became Philip V in Spain. Spain's dominance of Italy and Italian territories subsequently passed to Austria. Now the symmetry of foreign policy interests in regards to Italy existed between Bourbon France and Bourbon Spain with Habsburg Austria usually in opposition.<ref>Smith, pp. 231–233.</ref> King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia had followed the long-established foreign policy of Savoy of opposing Spanish interference in northern Italy.<ref name="Smith-p243">Smith, p. 243</ref> Now in 1744, Savoy was faced with a grandiose military plan of the combined Spanish and French armies (called the [[Gallispan]] army) for conquest of northern Italy.

However, in implementing this plan, the Gallispan generals at the front were hampered by the orders of their respective governments. For example, the commander of the Spanish army in the field, the [[Louis François, Prince of Conti|Prince of Conti]], could not get along with, or even reason with, the [[Jaime Miguel de Guzmán de Avalos y Spinola|Marquis de La Mina]], the Supreme commander of all Spanish forces.<ref name="Browning-p166">Browning, p. 166</ref> The Prince of Conti felt that the Marquis "deferred blindly to all orders coming from Spain" without any consideration of the realities on the ground.<ref name="Browning-p166" /> In preparation for the military campaign the Gallispan forces sought to cross the Alps in June 1744 and regroup the army in [[Dauphiné]] uniting there with the army on the lower Po.<ref>Browning, p. 167</ref>

[[File:Retrato de Carlos III de España.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Charles III of Spain]] by [[Anton Raphael Mengs]]]]
The support of [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] allowed a road into central Italy.<ref name="Browning-p166" /> While the Prince of Conti stayed in the north, Count [[Jean Bonaventure du Mont, comte de Gages|Gages]] followed this road to the south. But then the Austrian commander, Prince Lobkowitz took the offensive and drove the Spanish army of the Count de Gages further southward towards the Neapolitan frontier near the small town of [[Velletri]]. From June through August 1744, Velletri became the scene of extensive military maneuvering between the French-Spanish army under the command of the Count Gages and the Austrian forces under the command of Prince Lobkowitz<ref>Browning, p. 163</ref> The King of Naples (the future [[Charles III of Spain]]) was increasingly worried about the Austrian army operating so close to his borders and decided to assist the Spaniards. Together a combined army of French, Spanish and Neapolitans surprised the Austrian army on the night of 16–17 June 1744. The Austrians were routed from three important hills around the town of Velletri during the attack.<ref name="Browning-p164">Browning, p. 164</ref> This battle is sometimes called the "Battle of Nemi" after the small town of Nemi located nearby. Because of this surprise attack, the combined army was able to take possession of the town of Velletri. Thus, the surprise attack has also been called the "first [[Battle of Velletri (1744)|Battle of Velletri]]".

In early August 1744, the King of Naples paid a visit in person to the newly captured town of Velletri.<ref name="Browning-p164" /> Hearing about the presence of the King, the Austrians developed a plan for a daring raid on Velletri. During the predawn hours of 11 August 1744, about 6,000 Austrians under the direct command of [[Maximilian Ulysses Browne|Count Browne]] staged a surprise raid on the town of Velletri. They were attempting to abduct the King of Naples during his stay in the town. However, after occupying Velletri and searching the entire town, the Austrians found no hint of the King of Naples. The King had become aware of what was happening and had fled through a window of the palace where he was staying and rode off half-dressed on horseback out of the town.<ref>Browning, p. 165</ref> This was the second Battle of Velletri. The failure of the raid on Velletri meant that the Austrian march toward Naples was over. The defeated Austrians were ordered north where they could be used in the Piedmont of northern Italy to assist the King of Sardinia against the Prince of Conti. Count de Gages followed the Austrians north with a weak force. Meanwhile, the King of Naples returned home.

[[File:Louis 15.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Louis François, Prince of Conti|Prince of Conti]] by Alexis Simon Belle]]
The war in the Alps and the [[Apennine Mountains|Apennines]] had already been keenly contested before the Prince of Conti and the Gallispan army had come down out of the Alps. [[Siege of Villafranca (1744)|Villefranche]] and [[Montalbán, Teruel|Montalbán]] {{clarify|date=January 2019}} had been stormed by Conti on 20 April 1744. After coming down out of the Alps, Prince Conti began his advance into Piedmont on 5 July 1744.<ref>Browning, p. 168</ref> On 19 July 1744, the Gallispan army engaged the Sardinian army in some desperate fighting at [[Peyre-Longue]] on 18 July 1744.<ref>Browning, pp. 168–169</ref> As a result of the battle, the Gallispan army took control of [[Casteldelfino]] in the second [[Battle of Casteldelfino]]. Conti then moved on to [[Demonte]] where on the night of 8–9 August 1744, (a mere 36 hours before the Spanish army in south of Italy fought the second Battle of Velletri, [as noted above]) the Gallispan army took the fortress of Demonte from the Sardinians in the [[Battle of Demonte]].<ref>Browning, p. 169</ref> The King of Sardinia was defeated yet again by Conti in a great Battle at [[Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo|Madonna dell'Olmo]] on 30 September 1744 near Coni ([[Cuneo]]).<ref>Browning, pp. 186–188</ref> Conti did not, however, succeed in taking the huge fortress at Coni and had to retire into Dauphiné for his winter quarters. Thus, the Gallispan army never did combine with the Spanish army under Count of Gages in the south and now the Austro-Sardinian army lay between them.

The campaign in Italy in 1745 was also no mere war of posts. The Convention of Turin of February 1742 (described above), which established a provisional relationship between Austria and Sardinia had caused some consternation in the [[Republic of Genoa]]. However, when this provisional relationship was given a more durable and reliable character in the signing of the [[Treaty of Worms (1743)]] signed on 13 September 1743,<ref>Browning, pp. 142–143</ref> the government of Genoa became fearful. This fear of diplomatic isolation had caused the Genoese Republic to abandon its neutrality in the war and join the Bourbon cause.<ref name="Browning-p205">Browning, p. 205</ref> Consequently, the Genoese Republic signed a secret treaty with the Bourbon allies of France, Spain and Naples. On 26 June 1745, Genoa declared war on Sardinia.<ref name="Browning-p205" />

[[File:Battle of Bassignana 1745.tiff|thumb|upright=1.2|The Genoese charge during the [[Battle of Bassignano]] in 1745]]
Empress Maria Theresa was frustrated with the failure of Lobkowitz to stop the advance of Gage. Accordingly, Lobkowitz was replaced with Count Schulenburg.<ref>Browing, p. 231</ref> A change in the command of the Austrians, encouraged the Bourbon allies to strike first in the spring of 1745. Accordingly, Count de Gages moved from Modena towards [[Lucca]], the Gallispan army in the Alps under the new command of [[Jean-Baptiste Francois des Marets, marquis de Maillebois|Marshal Maillebois]] (Prince Conti and Marshal Maillebois had exchanged commands over the winter of 1744–1745<ref>Browning, p. 204</ref>) advanced through the [[Italian Riviera]] to the [[Tanaro]]. In the middle of July 1745, the two armies were at last concentrated between the [[Scrivia]] and the Tanaro. Together Count de Gage's army and the Gallispan army composed an unusually large number of 80,000 men. A swift march on [[Piacenza]] drew the Austrian commander thither and in his absence the allies fell upon and completely defeated the Sardinians at [[Battle of Bassignano|Bassignano]] on 27 September 1745, a victory which was quickly followed by the capture of [[Alessandria]], [[Valenza]] and [[Casale Monferrato]]. [[Antoine-Henri Jomini|Jomini]] calls the concentration of forces which effected the victory "{{lang|fr|Le plus remarquable de toute la Guerre}}".{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=42}}

[[File:Felipe de Parma.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Philip, Duke of Parma|Infante Philip of Spain]] by Laurent Pécheux]]
The complicated politics of Italy, however, are reflected in the fact that Count Maillebois was ultimately unable to turn his victory to account. Indeed, early in 1746, Austrian troops, freed by the Austrian peace with Frederick II of Prussia, passed through the Tyrol into Italy, [[Siege of Genoa (1746)|capturing Genoa]] after a siege. The Gallispan winter quarters at [[Asti]], Italy, were brusquely attacked and a French garrison of 6,000 men at Asti was forced to capitulate.<ref>Browning, p. 262</ref> At the same time, [[Maximilian Ulysses Browne]] with an Austrian corps struck at the allies on the Lower Po, and cut off their communication with the main body of the Gallispan army in Piedmont. A series of minor actions thus completely destroyed the great concentration of Gallispan troops and the Austrians reconquered the Duchy of Milan and took possession of much of northern Italy. The allies separated, Maillebois covering [[Liguria]], the Spaniards marching against Browne. The latter was promptly and heavily reinforced and all that the Spaniards could do was to entrench themselves at Piacenza, Philip, the Spanish [[Infante]] as supreme commander calling up Maillebois to his aid. The French, skilfully conducted and marching rapidly, joined forces once more, but their situation was critical, for only two marches behind them the army of the King of Sardinia was in pursuit, and before them lay the principal army of the Austrians. The pitched [[Battle of Piacenza]] on 16 June 1746 was hard-fought but ended in an Austrian victory, with the Spanish army heavily mauled. That the army escaped at all was in the highest degree creditable to Maillebois and to his son and chief of staff. Under their leadership the Gallispan army eluded both the Austrians and the Sardinians and defeated an Austrian corps in the [[Battle of Rottofreddo]] on 12 August 1746.<ref>Browning, p. 287</ref> Then the Austrian army made good its retreat back to [[Genoa]].{{sfn|Hannay|1911|pp=42–43}}

Although the Austrian army was a mere shadow of its former self, when they returned to Genoa, the Austrians were soon in control of northern Italy. The Austrians occupied the Republic of Genoa on 6 September 1746.<ref>Browning, pp. 287–288</ref> But they met with no success in their forays towards the Alps. Soon Genoa revolted from the oppressive rule of the victors, rose and drove out the Austrians on 5–11 December 1746. As an Allied invasion of [[Provence]] stalled, and the French, now commanded by [[Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, duc de Belle-Isle]], took the offensive (1747).<ref name="Browning_p311">Browning, p. 311</ref> Genoa held out against a second [[Siege of Genoa (1747)|Austrian siege]].<ref>Browning, p. 313</ref> As usual the plan of campaign had been referred to Paris and Madrid. A picked corps of the French army under the [[Louis Charles Armand Fouquet|Chevalier de Belle-Isle]] (the younger brother of Marshal Belle-Isle<ref name="Browning_p311" />) was ordered to storm the [[Fort of Exilles|fortified pass of Exilles]] on 10 July 1747. However, the defending army of the Worms allies (Austria and Savoy) handed the French army a crushing defeat at this battle, which became known as the ([[Battle of Assietta|Colle dell'Assietta]]).<ref name="Browning312">Browning, p. 312</ref> At this battle, the chevalier, and with him much of the elite of the French nobility, were killed on the barricades.<ref name="Browning312" /> Desultory campaigns continued between the Worms allies and the French until the conclusion of peace at [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Aix-la-Chapelle]].{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=43}}

==The Low Countries, 1745–1748==
[[File:Low Countries 1740.png|thumb|left|upright=1.25|Map of the Low Countries; [[Bergen op Zoom]], upper center]]

The Dutch, British and Austrians withdrew from Fontenoy in good order but Tournai [[Siege of Tournai (1745)|fell to French forces]] and through a swift advance, [[Ghent]], [[Oudenaarde|Oudenarde]], [[Bruges]], and [[Dendermonde]] soon followed. By the end of July, the French stood on the threshold of [[Zeelandic Flanders|Dutch Flanders]], the south-western corner of the Dutch Republic.<ref>Browning: ''Austrian Succession'', 219</ref> The French-backed [[Jacobite rising of 1745|Jacobite rising]] of August, 1745 forced the British to transfer troops from Flanders to deal with it. This prompted the French to seize the strategic ports of [[Ostend]] and [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium|Nieuwpoort]], threatening Britain's links to mainland Europe.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Tucker |editor-first1=Spencer C. |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |date=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara (CA) |isbn=978-1-851-09667-1 |page=746 }}</ref>

[[File:Willem Karel Hendrik Friso van Oranje-Nassau, attributed to Johann Valentin Tischbein.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|[[William IV, Prince of Orange|William IV]], became [[stadtholder]] of all the Dutch provinces after the bloodless [[Orangist revolution]]]]
During 1746, the French continued their advance into the Austrian Netherlands, taking [[Antwerp]] and then clearing Dutch and Austrian forces from the area between [[Siege of Brussels|Brussels]] and the [[Meuse]]. After defeating the Jacobite Rebellion at [[Battle of Culloden|Culloden]] in April, the British launched a diversionary [[raid on Lorient]] in an unsuccessful attempt to divert French forces, while the new Austrian commander, Prince Charles of Lorraine, was defeated by Saxe at the [[Battle of Rocoux]] in October.<ref name="Tucker, p.753">Tucker, p. 753</ref>

The [[Dutch Republic]] itself was now in danger. In April 1747, the French began reducing the [[Barrier Fortresses]] along the border with the Austrian Netherlands and invaded Dutch Flanders, which they swiftly captured. A [[Orangist revolution|general anger and panic]] broke out under the Dutch population, who still remembered the [[Rampjaar|French invasion of 1672]], and they demanded that [[William IV, Prince of Orange|William IV]] should be appointed [[stadtholder]]. The [[Regenten|regents]] of [[County of Zeeland|Zeeland]] and [[County of Holland|Holland]], fearing violence against them, soon appointed William stadtholder. The remaining provinces followed and by 10 May the [[Second Stadtholderless Period]] had ended. William was also appointed head of all the Dutch armed forces.{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2002|p=299}} The strategic situation, however, failed to change and at [[Battle of Lauffeld|Lauffeld]] on 2 July 1747, Saxe won another victory over a British and Dutch army under the [[Karl August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont|Prince of Waldeck]] and Cumberland; the French then besieged [[Siege of Maastricht (1748)|Maastricht]] and [[Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)|Bergen op Zoom]], which fell in September.<ref name="Tucker, p.753" /> Although the [[Dutch States Navy]] was in the poorest condition it had ever been in, its positioning in the estuaries and rivers of Zeeland and Holland, however, prevented French incursions into those provinces.{{sfn|De Jonge|1861|pp=208–230}}

The French advance lent greater urgency to ongoing peace talks at the [[Congress of Breda]], which took place to the sound of French artillery firing on Maastricht. Following their 1746 alliance with Austria, an army of {{Interlanguage link|30,000 Russians|ru|3=Рейнский поход (1748)}} marched from [[Livonia]] to the Rhine, but arrived too late to be of use. Maastricht surrendered on 7 May and on 18 October 1748, the war ended with the signing of the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle]].<ref name="Tucker, pp. 755–756">Tucker, pp. 755–756</ref>

==The Peace of 1748==
{{main|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)}}

Negotiations between Britain and France had been taking place at [[Breda]] since June 1746; the terms they agreed were then imposed on the other parties at Aix-la-Chapelle. Despite their victories in Flanders, French Finance Minister [[Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville|Machault]] repeatedly warned of the impending collapse of their financial system. The British naval blockade led to the collapse of French customs receipts and caused severe food shortages, especially among the poor; after [[Second Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)|Cape Finisterre]] in October, the [[French Navy]] could no longer protect their colonies or trade routes.<ref>Black (1999), pp. 97–100</ref>[[File:Maastricht 1748.jpg|thumb|left|The surrender of [[Maastricht]], 7 May 1748]]This was followed in November by a convention between Britain and Russia; in February 1748, a [[Rhine Campaign of 1748|Russian corps of 37,000 arrived in the Rhineland]].<ref>Hochedlinger, Michael; ''Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797'', Longman, London, 2003, p. 259</ref> Although the Dutch city of [[Siege of Maastricht (1748)|Maastricht]] surrendered to French forces in May 1748, ending the war was increasingly urgent. Louis XV therefore agreed to return the Austrian Netherlands, whose acquisition had cost so much. Few of his countrymen understood this decision; combined with the lack of tangible benefits for helping Prussia, it led to the phrase "as stupid as the Peace".<ref>McLynn, p. 1</ref>

A commission to negotiate competing territorial claims in North America was set up, but made very little progress. Britain regained [[Battle of Madras|Madras]], in return for restoring [[Siege of Louisbourg (1745)|Louisbourg, in Nova Scotia]], much to the fury of British colonists. Neither of the two main protagonists appeared to have gained much for their investment and both viewed the Treaty as an armistice, not a peace.<ref>McLynn, p. 2</ref>

[[File:Europe 1748-1766 en.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Europe in the years after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748]]
In Austria, reactions were mixed; Maria Theresa was determined to regain Silesia and resented British support for Prussia's occupation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McGill |first=W. J. |title=The Roots of Policy: Kaunitz in Vienna and Versailles, 1749–53 |journal=Journal of Modern History |issue=43 |date=1971 |page=229 }}</ref> On the other hand, the Treaty confirmed her right to the Monarchy, while the Habsburgs had survived a potentially disastrous crisis, regained the Austrian Netherlands without fighting and made only minor concessions in Italy.<ref>Armour, pp. 99–101</ref> Administrative and financial reforms made it stronger in 1750 than 1740, while its strategic position was strengthened through installing Habsburg allies as rulers of key territories in Northwest Germany, the [[Rhineland]] and Northern Italy.<ref>Black (1994), p. 63</ref>

Of the other combatants, Spain retained its predominance in [[Spanish America]] and made minor gains in Northern Italy, gaining the [[Duchy of Parma and Piacenza]] for Infante Philip. With French support, Prussia doubled in size with the acquisition of Silesia but twice made peace without informing their ally; Louis XV already disliked Frederick and now viewed him as untrustworthy.<ref name="Browning, p. 150">Browning, p. 150</ref> In the Dutch Republic the signing of the peace terms, the elevation of the Prince of Orange and the birth of [[William V, Prince of Orange|his son]] caused great joy, but dissatisfaction towards the ruling regime remained. William IV had changed little, did not reckon with his political opponents and, like them, was accused of French sympathies. Many began to think that improvements would not be obtained unless they were violently demanded; and so [[Pachtersoproer|riots arose]].{{sfn|Van Lennep|1880|pp=334–335}} The war confirmed the decline of the Dutch Republic, and the dismantlement of the Barrier fortresses marked the end of its period as a great power; combined with a sense they received little value for the subsidies paid to Maria Theresa, Britain moved to [[Anglo-Prussian alliance (1756)|align itself with Prussia]], rather than Austria, in order to protect Hanover from French aggression.<ref name="Browning, p. 150"/>

These factors led to the realignment known as the 1756 [[Diplomatic Revolution]] and the 1756 to 1763 [[Seven Years' War]], which was even grander in scale than its predecessor.

==North America==
{{Main|King George's War}}
{{Campaignbox War Of Austrian Succession: King George's War}}
The war was also conducted in North America and India. In North America the conflict was known in the [[British America|British colonies]] as [[King George's War]], and did not begin until after formal war declarations of France and Britain reached the colonies in May 1744. The frontiers between [[New France]] and the British colonies of [[New England]], [[Province of New York|New York]], and [[Nova Scotia]] were the site of frequent small scale raids, primarily by French colonial troops and their Indian allies against British targets, although several attempts were made by British colonists to organise expeditions against New France. The most significant incident was [[Siege of Louisbourg (1745)|the capture]] of the French [[Fortress of Louisbourg]] on [[Cape Breton Island]] (Île Royale) by an expedition (29 April{{snd}}16 June 1745) of colonial militia organised by [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts]] Governor [[William Shirley]], commanded by [[William Pepperrell]] of [[Maine]] (then part of Massachusetts), and assisted by a Royal Navy fleet. [[Duc d'Anville expedition|A French expedition]] to recover Louisbourg in 1746 failed due to bad weather, disease, and the death of its commander. Louisbourg was returned to France in exchange for [[Madras]], generating much anger among the British colonists, who felt they had eliminated a nest of privateers with its capture.

==India==
[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|thumb|Flag of the [[East India Company]] (founded in 1600)]]
[[File:Bombardement de Pondichery en 1748 par la flotte anglaise.jpg|thumb|British Admiral Edward Boscawen [[Siege of Pondicherry (1748)|besieged Pondicherry]] in the later months of 1748.]]

The war marked the beginning of a powerful struggle between [[British Empire|Britain]] and [[French colonial empire|France]] in [[Colonial India|India]] and of European military ascendancy and political intervention in the subcontinent. Major hostilities began with the arrival of a naval squadron under [[Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais|Mahé de la Bourdonnais]], carrying troops from France. In September 1746 Bourdonnais landed his troops near [[Chennai|Madras]] and laid siege to the port. Although it was the main British settlement in the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], Madras was weakly fortified and had only a small garrison, reflecting the thoroughly commercial nature of the European presence in India hitherto. On 10 September, only six days after the arrival of the French force, Madras surrendered. The terms of the surrender agreed by Bourdonnais provided for the settlement to be ransomed back for a cash payment by the [[British East India Company]]. However, this concession was opposed by [[Joseph François Dupleix|Dupleix]], the governor general of the Indian possessions of the [[French East India Company|Compagnie des Indes]]. When Bourdonnais was forced to leave India in October after the devastation of his squadron by a cyclone Dupleix reneged on the agreement. The [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] [[Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan]] intervened in support of the British and advanced to retake Madras, but despite vast superiority in numbers his army was [[Battle of Ambur|easily and bloodily]] crushed by the French, in the first demonstration of the gap in quality that had opened up between European and Indian armies.<ref>George W. Forrest, "The Siege of Madras in 1746 and the action of La Bourdonnais." ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 2 (1908): 189–234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3678377</ref>

The French now turned to the remaining British settlement in the Carnatic, [[Fort St. David]] at [[Cuddalore]], which was dangerously close to the main French settlement of [[Pondicherry|Pondichéry]]. The first French force sent against Cuddalore was surprised and defeated nearby by the forces of the Nawab and the British garrison in December 1746. Early in 1747 a second expedition laid siege to Fort St David but withdrew on the arrival of a British naval squadron in March. A final attempt in June 1748 avoided the fort and attacked the weakly fortified town of Cuddalore itself, but was routed by the British garrison.

With the arrival of a naval squadron under Admiral [[Edward Boscawen]], carrying troops and artillery, the British went on the offensive, laying siege to Pondichéry. They enjoyed a considerable superiority in numbers over the defenders, but the settlement had been heavily fortified by Dupleix and after two months the siege was abandoned.<ref>Jean Sutton, ''The East India Company's Maritime Service, 1746–1834: Masters of the Eastern Seas'' (Boydell & Brewer, 2010).</ref>

The peace settlement brought the return of Madras to the British company, exchanged for Louisbourg in Canada. However, the conflict between the two companies continued by proxy during the interval before the outbreak of the [[Seven Years' War]], with British and French forces fighting on behalf of rival claimants to the thrones of Hyderabad and the [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Carnatic]].<ref>Jack M. Sosin, "Louisburg and the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748." ''William and Mary Quarterly'' (1957): 516–535.</ref>

==Naval operations==
{{Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession:Sea battles}}
The naval [[Operation (military)|operations]] of this war were entangled with the [[War of Jenkins' Ear]], which broke out in 1739 in consequence of the long disputes between Britain and Spain over their conflicting claims in America.{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=43}} The war was remarkable for the prominence of privateering on both sides. It was carried on by the Spaniards in the West Indies with great success, and actively at home. The French were no less active in all seas. Mahé de la Bourdonnais's attack on Madras partook largely of the nature of a privateering venture. The British retaliated with vigour. The total number of captures by French and Spanish [[Privateer|corsairs]] was in all probability larger than the list of British—as the French wit [[Voltaire]] drolly put it upon hearing his government's boast, namely, that more British merchants were taken because there were many more British merchant ships to take; but partly also because the British government had not yet begun to enforce the use of [[convoy]] so strictly as it did in later times.{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=45}}

{{further|War of Jenkins' Ear}}

===West Indies===
{{Campaignbox War of Jenkins' Ear}}
[[File:Edward Vernon by Thomas Gainsborough.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Vice-Admiral]] [[Admiral Vernon|Edward Vernon]]]]
War on Spain was declared by Great Britain on 23 October 1739, which has become known as the [[War of Jenkins' Ear]]. A plan was laid for combined operations against the Spanish colonies from east and west. One force, military and naval, was to assault them from the [[West Indies]] under Admiral [[Edward Vernon]]. Another, to be commanded by Commodore [[George Anson, 1st Baron Anson|George Anson]], afterwards Lord Anson, was to round [[Cape Horn]] and to fall upon the Pacific coast of Latin America. Delays, bad preparations, [[dockyard]] corruption, and the squabbles of the naval and military officers concerned caused the failure of a hopeful scheme. On 21 November 1739, Admiral Vernon did, however, succeed in capturing the ill-defended Spanish harbour of [[Battle of Porto Bello (1739)|Porto Bello]] in present-day [[Panama]]. When Vernon had been joined by Sir [[Chaloner Ogle]] with massive naval reinforcements and a strong body of troops, an attack was made on [[Battle of Cartagena de Indias|Cartagena de Indias]] in what is now [[Colombia]] (9 March{{snd}}24 April 1741). The delay had given the Spanish under [[Sebastián de Eslava]] and [[Blas de Lezo]] time to prepare. After two months of skilful defence by the Spanish, the British attack finally succumbed to a massive outbreak of disease and withdrew having suffered a dreadful loss of lives and ships.{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=44}}

The war in the West Indies, after two other unsuccessful attacks had been made on Spanish territory, died down and did not revive until 1748. The expedition under Anson sailed late, was very ill-provided, and less strong than had been intended. It consisted of six ships and left Britain on 18 September 1740. Anson returned alone with his [[flagship]] the ''[[HMS Centurion (1732)|Centurion]]'' on 15 June 1744. The other vessels had either failed to round the Horn or had been lost. But Anson had harried the coast of [[Chile]] and [[Peru]] and had captured a Spanish galleon of immense value near the [[Philippines]], completing a [[George Anson's voyage around the world|circumnavigation of the world]]. His cruise was a great feat of resolution and endurance.{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=45}}

After the failure of the British invasions and a Spanish [[Battle of Bloody Marsh|counter invasion]] of [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]] in 1742, belligerent naval actions in the Caribbean were left to the [[privateer]]s of both sides. Fearing great financial and economic losses should a [[Spanish treasure fleet|treasure fleet]] be captured, the Spanish reduced the risk by increasing the number of convoys, thereby reducing their value. They also increased the number of ports they visited and reduced the predictability of their voyages.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}

In 1744, a British force of 300 men accompanied by two [[privateer]]s from [[Saint Kitts]] successfully captured the French half of neighbouring [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]], occupying it until the 1748 [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]]. In late May 1745 two French royal frigates of 36 and 30 guns respectively under Commodore La Touché, plus three privateers in retaliation sailed from [[Martinique]] to invade and capture the British colony of [[Anguilla]] but were repelled with heavy loss in the [[Battle of Anguilla]].

The last year of the war saw two significant actions in the Caribbean. A second British [[Battle of Santiago de Cuba (1748)|assault on Santiago de Cuba]] which also ended in failure and a naval action which arose from an accidental encounter between two convoys. The [[Battle of Havana (1748)|action]] unfolded in a confused way with each side at once anxious to cover its own trade and to intercept that of the other. Capture was rendered particularly desirable for the British by the fact that the Spanish homeward-bound fleet would be laden with [[bullion]] from the American mines.{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=45}} The advantage lay with the British when one Spanish warship ran aground and another was captured but the British commander failed to capitalise and the Spanish fleet took shelter in [[Havana]].

===Mediterranean===
[[File:Combate de Tolón.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The Franco-Spanish fleet commanded by Don [[Juan José Navarro]] drove off the British fleet under [[Thomas Mathews]] near [[Battle of Toulon (1744)|Toulon in 1744]].]]

While Anson was pursuing his [[George Anson's voyage around the world|voyage round the world]], Spain was mainly intent on the Italian policy of the king. A squadron was fitted out at [[Cádiz]] to convey troops to Italy. It was watched by the British admiral [[Nicholas Haddock]]. When the blockading squadron was forced off by want of provisions, the Spanish admiral Don [[Juan José Navarro]] put to sea. He was followed, but when the British force came in sight of him Navarro had been joined by a French squadron under [[Claude-Élisée de Court de La Bruyère]] (December 1741). The French admiral told Haddock that he would support the Spaniards if they were attacked and Haddock retired. France and Great Britain were not yet openly at war, but both were engaged in the struggle in Germany—Great Britain as the ally of the Queen of Hungary, Maria Theresa; France as the supporter of the Bavarian claimant of the empire. Navarro and de Court went on to [[Toulon]], where they remained until February 1744. A British fleet watched them, under the command of Admiral [[Richard Lestock]], until Sir [[Thomas Mathews]] was sent out as commander-in-chief and as Minister to the Court of [[Turin]].{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=44}}

Sporadic manifestations of hostility between the French and British took place in different seas, but avowed war did not begin until the French government issued its declaration of 30 March, to which Great Britain replied on 31 March. This formality had been preceded by [[Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)|French preparations for the invasion of England]], and by the [[Battle of Toulon (1744)|Battle of Toulon]] between the British and a Franco-Spanish fleet. On 11 February, a most confused battle was fought, in which the van and centre of the British fleet was engaged with the Spanish rear and centre of the allies. Lestock, who was on the worst possible terms with his superior, took no part in the action. Mathews fought with spirit but in a disorderly way, breaking the formation of his fleet, and showing no power of direction, while Navarro's smaller fleet retained cohesion and fought off the energetic but confused attacks of its larger enemy until the arrival of the French fleet forced the heavily damaged British fleet to withdraw. The Spanish fleet then sailed to Italy where it delivered a fresh army and supplies that had a decisive impact upon the war. The mismanagement of the British fleet in the battle, by arousing deep anger among the people, led to a drastic reform of the British navy.{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=44}}

===Northern waters===
The French scheme to invade Britain was arranged in combination with the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] leaders, and soldiers were to be transported from [[Dunkirk]]. In February 1744, a French fleet of twenty sail of the line entered the [[English Channel]] under [[Jacques Aymar de Roquefeuil et du Bousquet|Jacques Aymar, comte de Roquefeuil]], before the British force under Admiral [[John Norris (Royal Navy officer)|John Norris]] was ready to oppose him. But the French force was ill-equipped, the admiral was nervous, his mind dwelt on all the misfortunes which might possibly happen, and the weather was bad. De Roquefeuil came up almost as far as [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|The Downs]], where he learnt that Sir John Norris was at hand with twenty-five sail of the line, and thereupon precipitately retreated. The military expedition prepared at Dunkirk to cross under cover of De Roquefeuil's fleet naturally did not start. The utter weakness of the French at sea, due to long neglect of the fleet and the bankrupt state of the treasury, was shown during the Jacobite rising of 1745, when France made no attempt to profit by the distress of the British government.{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=44}}

The Dutch, having by this time joined Great Britain, made a serious addition to the naval power opposed to France, though the Dutch Republic was compelled by the necessity for maintaining an army in Flanders to play a very subordinate part at sea. Not being stimulated by formidable attack, and having immediate interests both at home and in Germany, the British government was slow to make use of its latest naval strength. Spain, which could do nothing of an offensive character, was almost neglected. During 1745 the [[New England]] expedition which took Louisburg (30 April{{snd}}16 June) was covered by a British naval force, but little else was accomplished by the naval efforts of any of the belligerents.{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=44}}

In 1746, a British combined naval and military expedition to the coast of France—the first of a long series of similar ventures which in the end were derided as "breaking windows with guineas"—was carried out during August and October. The aim was the capture of the [[French East India Company]]'s dockyard at [[Lorient]], but it was not attained.<ref>Harding</ref>{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=44}}

From 1747 until the close of the war in October 1748, the naval policy of the British government, without reaching a high level, was more energetic and coherent. A closer watch was kept on the French coast, and effectual means were taken to intercept communication between France and her American possessions. In the spring information was obtained that an important convoy for the East and West [[Indies]] was to sail from [[Lorient]].{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=44}} The convoy was intercepted by Anson on 3 May, and in the [[First Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)|First Battle of Cape Finisterre]], British admiral George Anson's fourteen ships of the line wiped out the French escort of six ships of the line and three armed Indiamen, although in the meantime the merchant ships escaped.

On 14 October, another French convoy, protected by a strong squadron, was intercepted by a well-appointed and well-directed squadron of superior numbers—the squadrons were respectively eight French and fourteen British—in the [[Bay of Biscay]]. In the [[Second Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)|Second Battle of Cape Finisterre]] which followed, the French admiral, [[Henri-François des Herbiers, Marquis de l'Estenduère]], succeeded in covering the escape of most of the merchant ships, but [[Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke|Hawke]]'s British squadron took six of his warships. Most of the merchantmen were later intercepted and captured in the West Indies. This disaster convinced the French government of its helplessness at sea, and it made no further effort.{{sfn|Hannay|1911|p=44}}

===Indian Ocean===
{{main|First Carnatic War}}
{{Campaignbox First Carnatic War}}

In the East Indies, attacks on French commerce by a British squadron under [[Curtis Barnett]] in 1745 led to the despatch of a French squadron commanded by [[Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais|Mahé de la Bourdonnais]]. After [[Action of 6 July 1746|an inconclusive clash]] off [[Negapatnam]] in July 1746, [[Edward Peyton]], Barnett's successor, withdrew to Bengal, leaving Bourdonnais unopposed on the [[Coromandel Coast]]. He landed troops near [[Chennai|Madras]] and [[Battle of Madras|besieged the port]] by land and sea, forcing it to surrender on 10 September 1746. In October the French squadron was devastated by a cyclone, losing four ships of the line and suffering heavy damage to four more, and the surviving ships withdrew. French land forces went on to make several attacks on the British settlement at [[Cuddalore]], but the eventual replacement of the negligent Peyton by [[Thomas Griffin (Royal Navy officer)|Thomas Griffin]] resulted in a return to British naval supremacy which put the French on the defensive. Despite the appearance of another French squadron, the arrival of large-scale British reinforcements under [[Edward Boscawen]] (who considered but did not make an attack on [[Mauritius|Île de France]] on the way) gave the British overwhelming dominance on land and sea, but [[Siege of Pondicherry (1748)|the ensuing siege]] of [[Pondicherry|Pondichéry]] organised by Boscawen was unsuccessful.

===Military methods and technologies===

European warfare in the [[early modern period]] was characterised by the widespread adoption of [[firearm]]s in combination with more traditional [[Edged and bladed weapons|bladed weapons]]. Eighteenth-century European armies were built around units of massed [[infantry]] armed with [[smoothbore]] [[flintlock]] [[musket]]s and [[bayonet]]s. [[Cavalry]]men were equipped with [[sabre]]s and [[pistol]]s or [[carbine]]s; [[light cavalry]] were used principally for [[reconnaissance]], [[Screening (tactical)|screening]] and [[tactical communications]], while [[heavy cavalry]] were used as [[Military reserve|tactical reserves]] and deployed for [[Shock tactics|shock attack]]s. Smoothbore [[artillery]] provided [[fire support]] and played the leading role in [[siege warfare]].<ref name="Black 38">{{Harvp|Black|1994b|pp=38–52}}</ref> Strategic warfare in this period centred around control of key [[fortification]]s positioned so as to command the surrounding regions and roads, with lengthy sieges a common feature of armed conflict. Decisive field battles were relatively rare, though they played a larger part in Frederick's theory of warfare than was typical among his contemporary rivals.<ref>{{Harvp|Black|1994b|pp=67–80}}</ref>

The War of the Austrian Succession, like most European wars of the eighteenth century, was fought as a so-called [[cabinet war]] in which disciplined [[Regular army|regular armies]] were equipped and supplied by the state to conduct warfare on behalf of the sovereign's interests. Occupied enemy territories were regularly taxed and extorted for funds, but large-scale atrocities against civilian populations were rare compared with conflicts in the previous century.<ref>{{Harvp|Clark|2006|p=209}}</ref> [[Military logistics]] was the decisive factor in many wars, as armies had grown too large to support themselves on prolonged campaigns by foraging and plunder alone. Military supplies were stored in centralised [[Supply depot|magazines]] and distributed by [[baggage train]]s that were highly vulnerable to enemy raids.<ref>{{Harvp|Creveld|1977|pp=26–28}}</ref> Armies were generally unable to sustain combat operations during winter and normally established [[Cantonment|winter quarters]] in the cold season, resuming their campaigns with the return of spring.<ref name="Black 38"/>

==Strength of armies, 1740==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|- bgcolor="F1F1F1"
! align="left" width="100" | Belligerent
! align="left" width="100" | Foot
! align="left" width="100" | Horse Dragoons
! align="left" width="100" | Artillery
! align="left" width="100" | Engineers
! align="left" width="100" | Others
! align="left" width="100" | Militia
! align="left" width="100" | Sources
|-
| [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]] || 76,000 || 32,000 ||2,600 || 150 ||0 ||.. ||<ref>K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896); ''Oesterreichischer Erbfolge-Krieg'', vol. 1:1, Verlag L. W. Seidel & Sohn, Wien, pp. 372, 432–434, 444–445</ref>
|-
|[[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]]|| 36,000 || 4,000 || 200 || 0 || 0 ||..||<ref>K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 589–590</ref>
|-
|[[Kingdom of France|France]] ||111,000 || 19,000|| 3,000|| ..|| 0 ||30,000||<ref>K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 639, 642</ref>
|-
|[[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] || 19,000 ||7,000|| 2,000|| .. ||6,000{{efn|[[Royal Marines]]}}||130,000 ||<ref>K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 620–621, 626–627</ref>
|-
|[[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]]||18,000||5,000|| 360|| 23|| 0||0||<ref>K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 610–611</ref>
|-
|[[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]]|| 18,000|| 4,000|| 900 ||.. || ..||0 ||<ref>K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, p. 605</ref>
|-
| [[Electorate of Cologne|Cologne]]|| 1,000||0||0||0||0 ||0||<ref>K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, p. 602</ref>
|-
|[[Electoral Palatinate|Palatinate]]||9,000|| 1,000|| 200|| 15|| 0 ||0||<ref>K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, p. 601</ref>
|-
| [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] || 76,000 ||22,000|| 1,200 ||43 || 0 || 0||<ref>K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, p. 573</ref>
|-
|[[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Sardinia]] || 41,000||5,000 ||..||..||0 || 0||<ref>K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 661–662</ref>
|-
| [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]]||20,000|| 8,800|| 600 || 0 || 0||0||<ref>K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 585–586</ref>
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==Related wars==
* [[First Silesian War]] (1740–1742) – Prussian invasion and ensuing Central European theatre of the war
* [[Second Silesian War]] (1744–1745) – Renewed Prussian invasion and continuation of First Silesian War
* [[Carnatic Wars|First Carnatic War]] – Anglo-French rivalry in India often seen as a theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession.
* [[Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)]] – Swedish and Russian participation in the War of the Austrian Succession.
* [[King George's War]] – American participation in the War of the Austrian Succession.
* [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] – Anglo-Spanish war which merged into the War of the Austrian Succession.
* [[Jacobite rising of 1745]] – France provided limited support to Charles Edward Stuart's invasion of Great Britain.

==Gallery==
<div class="center">
<gallery perrow="7" widths="220" heights="160">
File:Prussian Army during battle of Mollwitz 1741.jpg|The Prussian infantry during the [[Battle of Mollwitz]], 1741
File:GeorgeIIWootton1743.jpg|King [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] at the [[Battle of Dettingen]], 1743
File:Duke of Lorraine crossing the Rhine before Strasbourg-f4308865.jpg|The [[Stanisław Leszczyński|Duke of Lorraine]] and Imperial troops crossing the Rhine before [[Strasbourg]], 1744
File:Vue du debarquement anglais pour l attaque de Louisbourg 1745.jpg|View of the British landing on the island of Cape Breton to attack the fortress of [[Siege of Louisbourg (1745)|Louisbourg]], 1745
File:Bombardement de Bastia en 1745.jpg|The British fleet bombarding the Corsican port of [[Bastia]] in 1745
File:Battle of Fontenoy 1745 1.PNG|The [[Battle of Fontenoy]], 11 May 1745
File:Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg|Colonels of the [[Gardes Françaises|French Guards]] and [[Grenadier Guards|British guards]] politely discussing who should fire first at the battle of Fontenoy, 1745
File:Battle of Roucoux painting.jpg|The [[Battle of Rocoux]] in 1746, between the French and the British, Dutch and Austrians
File:Samuel Scott - Vice Admiral Sir George Anson's Victory off Cape Finisterre - Google Art Project.jpg|The [[First Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)|Battle of Cape Finisterre]], 1747
File:Battle of Lauffeldt.jpg|Marshal [[Maurice de Saxe]] at the [[Battle of Lauffeld]], 1747
File:Prise et pillage de Bergen op Zoom 1747.jpg|Taking and looting of the fortress of [[Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)|Bergen-op-Zoom]] in 1747
</gallery>
</div>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Anderson |first=M. S. |author-link=Matthew Smith Anderson |title=The War of the Austrian Succession 1740–1748 |date=1995 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-582-05950-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Armour|first1=Ian|title=A History of Eastern Europe 1740–1918|date=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic Press|isbn=978-1-84966-488-2}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Austrian Succession, War of The}}
[[Category:War of the Austrian Succession]]
[[Category:1740s conflicts]]
[[Category:1740s in the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:18th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Global conflicts]]
[[Category:Rebellions against the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe]]
[[Category:1740s in India]]
[[Category:Maria Theresa]]

Creepshow 2

2023-12-21T20:10:59Z

8.38.177.4: /* Old Chief Wood'nhead */

{{Short description|1987 American comedy horror anthology film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Creepshow 2
| image = Creepshow2poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[:it:Michael Gornick|Michael Gornick]]
| producer = David Ball
| screenplay = [[George A. Romero]]
| based_on = {{Based on|Stories|[[Stephen King]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lois Chiles]]
* [[George Kennedy]]
* [[Dorothy Lamour]]
* [[Tom Savini]]}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Les Reed (songwriter)|Les Reed]]
* [[Rick Wakeman]]}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Richard Hart
* Tom Hurwitz}}
| editing = [[Peter Weatherley]]
| studio = [[Richard P. Rubinstein#Laurel Entertainment|Laurel Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[New World Pictures]]
| released = {{start date|1987|5|1}}
| runtime = 92 minutes
| budget = $3.5 million
| gross = $14 million<ref name=boxoffice>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1347257857/weekend/|title=Creepshow 2 (1987)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=July 22, 2021}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
}}
'''''Creepshow 2''''' is a 1987 American [[comedy horror]] [[anthology film]] directed by Michael Gornick,<ref name="Creepshow 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/71761/Creepshow-2/|title=Creepshow 2|work=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|accessdate=July 22, 2021}}</ref> and the [[sequel]] to ''[[Creepshow]]''. Gornick was previously the cinematographer of the first film, and the screenplay was written by [[George A. Romero]] who was director of the original film. The film's stars were [[Lois Chiles]], [[George Kennedy]], [[Dorothy Lamour]], and [[Tom Savini]]. It was once again based upon stories by [[Stephen King]], and features three more horror segments consisting of "Old Chief Wood'nhead", "[[The Raft (short story)|The Raft]]" and "The Hitchhiker".

Unlike the first film, ''Creepshow 2'' only contains three stories instead of five. Originally, two additional stories, ''[[Pinfall (short story)|Pinfall]]'' and ''[[Cat from Hell]]'' were set to appear in the film, but were scrapped due to budgetary reasons;<ref name=deleted>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/creepshow-2-movie-deleted-stephen-king-stories-explained/|title=Why Creepshow 2 Deleted Two Planned Stephen King Stories|website=screenrant.com|date=October 2020 |accessdate=August 5, 2021}}</ref> however, the latter has been filmed for ''[[Tales from the Darkside: The Movie]]''.<ref name=deleted/> The film was Dorothy Lamour's final film before her death in 1996.

==Plot==
===Prologue===
In the small town of Dexter, Maine, a delivery truck pulls up to a newsstand. Billy,{{efn|This character was named after and confused with the boy from the first ''[[Creepshow]]''.}} a young boy, eagerly follows the truck on his bike. The truck's back shutter opens to reveal the Creep, who drops off copies of the latest issue of ''Creepshow'' (which has the same cover as the comic in the final scene of the [[Creepshow|previous film]]) before vanishing. Billy picks up an issue and begins to read it.

===Old Chief Wood'nhead===
Ray and Martha Spruce are an elderly couple who run a small town's general store, whose décor includes a [[cigar store Indian]] named "Old Chief Wood'nhead." The Spruces are visited by Benjamin Whitemoon, the elder of a local [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Tribe (Native American)|tribe]], who gives them a bag of [[turquoise]] jewelry, his tribe's sacred treasures, as collateral for the debt the tribe has incurred.

Later that night, the Spruces are robbed by Benjamin's estranged ne'er-do-well nephew Sam Whitemoon, armed with a [[shotgun]], and his two friends, Andy Cavanaugh and Vince Gribbens. In a struggle, Sam's gun goes off and fires at Martha, killing her. Sam shoots and kills Ray as well before grabbing the jewels and driving away with the others. After they leave, Old Chief Wood'nhead comes to life and goes after the thugs. He shoots Vince with multiple arrows, slaughters Andy with a tomahawk, and uses a hunting knife to [[Scalping|scalp]] Sam. The next morning, Benjamin wakes up to find the turquoise jewelry on his bed. He visits the ruined store to find Old Chief Wood'nhead back on the porch, holding Sam's bloody scalp and a bloodstained knife. Now aware of what has happened to the Spruces and what Old Chief Wood'nhead had done to the killers, Benjamin wished the old warrior a peaceful afterlife and drove away.

===Interlude 1===
At the town post office, Billy receives a package from the clerk, Mr. Haig, that supposedly contains a product advertised in his comic: The bulb for a meat-eating [[Venus flytrap]]. Billy pays for the package and sets off for home. The Creep appears behind from the post office counter and begins the next story.

===The Raft===
In mid-October, four college students, Deke, Laverne, Randy, and Rachel, arrive at Cascade Beach, a desolate lake far from civilization, for some fun. While swimming to a wooden raft in the middle of the lake, Randy witnesses a duck being pulled under the water by an unseen force. Once all four students are on the raft, they discover what Randy was so nervous about: a large, black, blob-like creature resembling an oil slick floating on the surface of the water. As Rachel leans over the raft to try and touch the creature, it grabs hold of Rachel, pulls her into the lake, and digests her. The three panicking students remember that it's currently the off-season, meaning that there is no caretaker to rescue them anytime soon.

As time passes, Deke plans to swim to shore so he can bring back help. Before he can make a break for it, however, the blob seeps through the raft's cracks, grabs Deke by the foot, and pulls him through the raft, killing him. Noting that the creature is still hungry, Randy and Laverne manage to evade the creature as it tries to grab them from under the raft. When night falls, Randy and Laverne take turns watching for the creature, then eventually fall asleep in each other's arms.

The next morning, Randy awakens and begins to kiss Laverne. He lays Laverne on the raft and begins removing her shirt, neglecting the creature. Laverne then awakens, screaming in agony; the creature has seeped through the cracks and covered half of her face. As the blob pulls her off the raft and begins consuming her, a horrified Randy jumps off the raft to swim to shore. He barely makes it and shouts, defiantly, "I beat you!" However, the creature rears up from the water like a wave and engulfs Randy.

The blob returns to the lake, leaving no evidence of the students other than their discarded clothes and still-running car. Unknown to the students, there was a sign barely visible behind some thick vegetation that reads "No swimming."

===Interlude 2===
On his way back home from the post office, Billy is then ambushed by a gang of neighborhood bullies. The gang's leader, named Rhino, takes Billy's package, finds the Venus Flytrap bulb, and crushes it with his foot. In retaliation, Billy kicks Rhino in the groin and flees as the bullies race after him. As Billy escapes, The Creep appears from behind a tree and goes on to tell the last story.

===The Hitch-hiker===
Annie Lansing, an adulterous Maine businesswoman, wakes up and gets out of bed after sleeping with her [[gigolo]] lover. Annie realizes that she only has 15 minutes before her attorney husband George arrives home, so she hops into her car and races for home several miles away. A spilled ember from her cigarette causes Annie to lose control at a slippery corner, where she runs down a [[Dover-Foxcroft, Maine|Dover]]-bound [[Hitchhiking|hitchhiker]]. Seeing that no one witnessed the incident, Annie takes off and doesn't look back. Shortly after she leaves, however, the area is crowded with a truck driver, a pair of passersby, and George, who reports the [[Hit and run|hit-and-run]] to the [[police]].

Miles away, Annie thinks about what she has done and briefly considers turning herself in but ultimately concludes that no one has anything on her and thinks that everything will be fine. Before she can continue, however, the hitchhiker suddenly appears outside her window and utters "Thanks for the ride, lady!", a line he repeats throughout the story. Annie speeds off in terror, but the hitchhiker reaches through the sunroof and grabs her. She drives off the road and through the woods, where she knocks the hitchhiker off the roof with a low hanging branch. The hitchhiker appears again, opening the door to the passenger seat. Annie shoots him with a revolver multiple times but fails to kill him. She manages to kick him out of the car and run him over repeatedly. The hitchhiker then climbs onto the hood and pulls up his "DOVER" sign, which now reads "You killed me." Annie again loses control of the car and drives off the road, down a hill, and into a tree. Annie repeatedly slams the hitchhiker into the same tree, knocking herself out in the process.

A while later, Annie awakens from her accident. Not seeing the hitchhiker anywhere, Annie believes the experience was all a nightmare, so she gets back on the road and drives home, actually getting there before George. As she begins to step out of her car, the hitchhiker, gruesomely mangled and still uttering "Thanks for the ride, lady!", crawls out from under the car and attacks her. The garage door swings shut as the interior begins to fill with smoke.

Sometime later, George finally arrives home to find Annie in her still-running car, dead from [[carbon monoxide poisoning]]. The hitchhiker's bloodied "DOVER" sign sits in her lap.

===Epilogue===
Inside the delivery truck, the Creep prepares to drive away and bids the audience farewell, but he then spots Billy, still being chased by the bullies. Billy leads his pursuers into a vacant lot swarming with out-of-control plant growth. The bulb Rhino smashed was not the first one Billy had ordered. A quintet of Giant Venus Flytraps emerge from the surrounding weeds and devour all the thugs (though one possibly escapes offscreen).

The Creep cackles in glee and drives off to deliver the latest issue of ''Creepshow'' to another town.

In a [[post-credits scene]], the following text appears:

{{cquote|Juvenile delinquency is the product of pent up frustrations, stored-up resentments and bottled-up fears. It is not the product of cartoons and captions. But the comics are a handy, obvious, uncomplicated scapegoat. If the adults who crusade against them would only get as steamed up over such basic causes of delinquency as parental ignorance, indifference, and cruelty, they might discover that comic books are no more a menace than ''[[Treasure Island]]'' or ''[[Jack the Giant Killer]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Editorials|date=July 9, 1949|publisher=Collier's Weekly|page=74}}</ref>}}

==Cast==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}

'''Wraparound Story'''
*Domenick John as Billy
*[[Tom Savini]] as The Creep
**[[Joe Silver]] as The Creep ''(voice)''
*Brian Noodt as animation voice
*Marc Stephan Delgatto as animation voice
*Jason Late as animation voice
*P.J. Morrison as animation voice
*Clark Utterback as animation voice

{{Col-break}}

'''Old Chief Wood'nhead'''
*[[George Kennedy]] as Ray Spruce
*[[Dorothy Lamour]] as Martha Spruce
*Philip Dore as Curly
*[[Frank Salsedo]] as Ben Whitemoon
*[[Holt McCallany]] as Sam Whitemoon
*David Holbrook as Fatso Gribbens
*[[Donald Patrick Harvey|Don Harvey]] as Andy Cavanaugh
*Dan Kamin as Old Chief Wood'nhead
*[[Dean Smith (sprinter)|Dean Smith]] as Mr. Cavanaugh
*Shirley Sonderegger as Mrs. Cavanaugh
*Kaltey Napoleon as Indian #1
*Maltby Napoleon as Indian #1
*Tyrone Tonto as Indian #2

{{Col-break}}

'''The Raft'''
*[[Paul Satterfield]] as Deke
*Jeremy Green as Laverne
*Daniel Beer as Randy
*[[Page Hannah]] as Rachel

{{Col-break}}

'''The Hitchhiker'''
*[[Lois Chiles]] as Annie Lansing
*[[David Beecroft]] as Annie's Lover
*[[Tom Wright (actor)|Tom Wright]] as The Hitchhiker
*Richard Parks as George Lansing
*[[Stephen King]] as Truck Driver
*Cheré Bryson as Woman at Accident

{{col-end}}

==Production==
Originally, the film was planned to have five stories much like the first film, two of these consisted of ''Pinfall'' and ''Cat from Hell''. These two segments, however, were cut from the film due to the film's budget.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} "Cat from Hell", which would later be used in ''Tales from the Darkside: The Movie'', focused on a wealthy old man hiring a hitman for $100,000 to kill a black cat, which was believed to have killed three other people inside the residence he lives in and fears to be next. Unbeknownst to them, the cat soon exacts cosmic revenge on the two.

"[[Pinfall (short story)|Pinfall]]", which was set to appear after ''Old Chief Wood'nhead'', told the story of two rivalry teams consisted of the Regi-Men and the Bad News Boors competing in a bowling alley owned by an aged millionaire; the owner is soon killed in a freak accident and the teams found out afterwards that he would award one of them $5 million for whoever got the highest score. Soon, things turn up for the worst of the Regi-Team when the Boors, after they were killed in a fiery car-crash purposely caused by the Regi-Team, return as burnt-up [[revenant]]s and soon get their revenge on their killers. Unlike ''Cat from Hell'' which managed to be brought onto the screen through a different film, ''Pinfall'' was never shot and never appeared outside of the film's original script.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://halloweenlove.com/pinfall-the-creepshow-2-tale-that-never-was/|title=Pinfall: The 'Creepshow 2' Tale That Never Was|date=10 September 2014 |access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref> However, in 2014, the segment was funded through [[Kickstarter]] by Dayle Teegarden and was successfully pledged by its backers with £1,231 put into the project against its £1,000 goal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/486046684/pinfall-fan-film-lost-creepshow-story/description|title=PINFALL - Lost Creepshow Story- Fan Film|website=[[Kickstarter]]|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref> The segment itself was also going to be put into the sequel for ''Tales from the Darkside: The Movie'', but this never came to fruition.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Gingold|first=Michael|date=May 1993|title=Shocker Sequel Checklist|magazine=[[Fangoria]]|page=71|publisher=Starlog Communications International}}</ref>

During "The Raft" segment, actor Daniel Beer cited that he had almost died from [[hypothermia]] due to the water being very cold. While the crew wanted him to continue working, director Michael Gornick brought him to the hospital, as he feared the actor would leave the set and never return if they forced him to keep working. After a full recovery, he managed to finish the segment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/daniel-beer/shooting-creepshow-2-with-my-paramedic/215248598543035|title=Shooting Creepshow 2 with my Paramedic|website=[[Facebook]]|author=Daniel Beer|accessdate=July 22, 2021}}</ref>

==Release and reception==
The film was theatrically released on May 1, 1987. On its opening weekend, it grossed $3,584,077 and has achieved $14,000,000 during its run in theaters.<ref name=boxoffice/>

[[Janet Maslin]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that the film "has three suitably grisly ideas that are only glancingly developed. The episodes are marginally interesting, but each is a little too long. And each could be fully explained in a one-sentence synopsis."<ref>[[Janet Maslin|Maslin, Janet]] (May 4, 1987). [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/04/movies/film-creepshow-2-of-stephen-king.html "Film: 'Creepshow 2' of Stephen King".] ''[[The New York Times]]''. C17.</ref> [[Todd McCarthy]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' panned the film as an "omnibus snoozefest which is utterly lacking in chills or thrills," with all three stories "so deficient in imagination and scare quotient they wouldn't pass as even satisfactory episodes on a tv show like ''[[Amazing Stories (1985 TV series)|Amazing Stories]]'' or ''[[The Twilight Zone (1985 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]''."<ref>[[Todd McCarthy|McCarthy, Todd]] (May 13, 1987). "Film Reviews: Creepshow 2". ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''. 19.</ref> [[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Kevin Thomas]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called the film "a cut-rate sequel from those two popular masters of horror, Stephen King and George Romero, that plays like leftovers. Fans of both deserve better."<ref>[[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Thomas, Kevin]] (May 5, 1987). "'Creepshow 2': Tales as Exciting as Leftovers". ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Part VI, p. 5.</ref> Richard Harrington of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote that the film "goes nowhere slowly. Part of the problem is that King's short stories simply work better in print."<ref>Harrington, Richard (May 6, 1987). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/creepshow2randdeadtimestoriesrharrington_a0aa50.htm "Horror and Humor".] ''[[The Washington Post]]''. B6.</ref> [[Allmovie]] awarded 1.5 stars out of 5 in a retrospective review and stated: "Despite its strengths -- a livelier pace, some creatively gory set-pieces -- this is a much cheaper-looking effort than its predecessor, with the deft guidance of Romero conspicuously absent (long-time collaborator Michael Gornick took up the directorial reins); as a result, King's gross-out sensibilities don't come off as well."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allmovie.com/movie/v11495|title=Creepshow 2 (1987)|publisher=[[Allmovie]]|accessdate=July 22, 2021}}</ref>

On review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]], it holds a 29% approval rating with a 4.30/10 average rating based on 24 reviews {{As of|2021|08|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes|title=Creepshow 2|id=creepshow_2|type=m|access-date=August 27, 2021}}</ref> The site's critical consensus reads, "Not even the melding of Stephen King and George A. Romero's writing sensibilities can elevate this spineless anthology, which is too simple in its storytelling and too skimpy on the genuine scares."

The [[Blu-ray]] reviews by Jake Keet and M. Enois Duarte suggests that the film "admittedly not as good as [the first ''[[Creepshow]]'']",<ref>{{cite web|title=Creepshow 2 (Blu-ray)|url=https://www.blurayauthority.com/blu-ray/creepshow-2-blu-ray/|last=Keet|first=Jake|date=30 August 2018 |publisher=Blu-ray Authority|accessdate=July 22, 2021}}</ref> but it "still makes for a decent follow-up that offers a few amusing moments of horror-comedy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bluray.highdefdigest.com/3520/creepshow2.html|last=Duarte|first=M. Enois|title=Creepshow 2|publisher=High-Def Digest|date=October 29, 2013|accessdate=July 22, 2021}}</ref>

==Home media==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2021}}
After its theatrical release, the film was released on [[VHS]] the same year by [[New World Pictures|New World Home Video]]. While being released by [[Anchor Bay Entertainment]] on [[DVD]], a special edition DVD of the film was released with the cover art being a homage to the ''Tales from the Crypt'' comic books from EC. In 2013, the film was released on [[Blu-ray]] by [[Image Entertainment]] on September 3, 2013. On December 13, 2016, [[Arrow Video]] released a special edition Blu-ray in the United States. The release contains many interviews with the cast and crew along with behind the scenes footage.

==Music and soundtrack==
The music to the film was composed and conducted by [[Les Reed (songwriter)|Les Reed]] and [[Rick Wakeman]]. A soundtrack album was released by [[Waxwork Records]] as a [[Double album|double]]-[[LP record]] in the United States in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://waxworkrecords.com/collections/all/products/creepshow-2 |title=Creepshow 2 Soundtrack |website=Waxwork Records |access-date=November 30, 2021}}</ref>

==Sequel==
''[[Creepshow 3]]'' was released in 2006 via Taurus Entertainment who had purchased the naming rights. The film featured no involvement whatsoever from Stephen King or George Romero.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barton|first=Steve|title=Creepshow 3 (DVD)|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/4723/creepshow-3-dvd/|work=[[Dread Central]]|date=May 3, 2007|accessdate=July 22, 2021}}</ref> and was critically panned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/creepshow-iii/|title=Creepshow 3|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=July 22, 2021}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0092796}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/creepshow_2|Creepshow 2}}
* {{Amg title|11495}}

{{The Creepshow Trilogy}}
{{Media based on Stephen King works}}
{{George A. Romero}}

[[Category:1987 horror films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:1980s monster movies]]
[[Category:1980s American films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery]]
[[Category:American films with live action and animation]]
[[Category:American comedy horror films]]
[[Category:American horror anthology films]]
[[Category:American monster movies]]
[[Category:American slasher films]]
[[Category:American sequel films]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Stephen King]]
[[Category:Films set in Arizona]]
[[Category:Films set in Maine]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maine]]
[[Category:New World Pictures films]]
[[Category:1980s English-language films]]
[[Category:Creepshow films]]
[[Category:Films about Native Americans]]

Greg Schiano

2023-12-20T13:01:23Z

8.38.177.4: /* 2011 */

{{Short description|American football coach (born 1966)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox college coach
| name = Greg Schiano
| image = Greg Schiano at a 2019 Rutgers Press Conference (cropped).jpg
| caption = Schiano at Rutgers in 2019
| current_title = [[Head coach]]
| current_team = [[Rutgers Scarlet Knights|Rutgers]]
| current_conference = [[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]
| current_record = 86–95
| contract = $4 million <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jppelzman/2019/12/03/rutgers-financial-commitment-to-greg-schiano-is-the-biggest-one-the-school-has-made-to-football/#1d3bb7b142d7 | title=Rutgers' Financial Commitment To Greg Schiano Is School's Biggest Ever For Football | date=December 3, 2019 | first=J.P. | last=Pelzman | work=Forbes | access-date=September 6, 2021}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|6|1}}
| birth_place = [[Wyckoff, New Jersey]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| player_years1 = 1985–1987
| player_team1 = [[Bucknell Bison football|Bucknell]]
| player_positions = [[Linebacker]]
| coach_years1 = 1988
| coach_team1 = [[Ramapo High School (New Jersey)|Ramapo HS (NJ)]] (assistant)
| coach_years2 = 1989
| coach_team2 = [[Rutgers Scarlet Knights football|Rutgers]] ([[Graduate assistant|GA]])
| coach_years3 = 1990
| coach_team3 = [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State]] (GA)
| coach_years4 = 1991–1995
| coach_team4 = Penn State (DB)
| coach_years5 = 1996–1997
| coach_team5 = [[Chicago Bears]] (defensive assistant)
| coach_years6 = 1998
| coach_team6 = Chicago Bears (DB)
| coach_years7 = 1999–2000
| coach_team7 = [[Miami Hurricanes football|Miami (FL)]] (DC)
| coach_years8 = 2001–2011
| coach_team8 = Rutgers
| coach_years9 = 2012–2013
| coach_team9 = [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]]
| coach_years10 = 2016–2018
| coach_team10 = [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State]] (AHC/DC)
| coach_years11 = 2020–present
| coach_team11 = Rutgers
| overall_record = 86–95 (college) 11–21 (NFL)
| bowl_record = 5–2
| tournament_record =
| championships =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year]] (2006)
* [[George Munger Award]] (2006)
* [[Home Depot Coach of the Year]] (2006)
* [[Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year]] (2006)
* [[Walter Camp Coach of the Year]] (2006)
* [[Big East Conference football individual awards#Coach of the Year|Big East Coach of the Year]] (2006)
}}
| coaching_records =
}}
'''Gregory Edward Schiano''' (born June 1, 1966) is an [[American football]] coach. He is the head football coach at [[Rutgers University]], a position he held from 2001 to 2011 and resumed before the 2020 season. Schiano has the most wins in program history as the head football coach of [[Rutgers Scarlet Knights football]]. He also served as the head coach for the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL) from 2012 to 2013.

==Early life and education==
Schiano was born and grew up in [[Wyckoff, New Jersey]], and attended [[Ramapo High School (New Jersey)|Ramapo High School]]. He then attended [[Bucknell University]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bucknellbison.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/012612aaa.html | title=Former Bucknell Football Player Greg Schiano '88 Named Head Football Coach of NFL's Tampa Bay Buccaneers | date=January 26, 2012 | work=Bucknell Bison | publisher=Bucknell University | access-date=September 6, 2021 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429170915/http://www.bucknellbison.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/012612aaa.html | archive-date=April 29, 2013}}</ref> where he was a member of [[Phi Gamma Delta]] fraternity, and graduated in 1988 with a [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] in business administration. Despite being a 190-pound [[linebacker]] in high school, Bucknell assistant [[Joe Susan]] felt he was a perfect fit for the defense. Susan would later join Schiano at [[Rutgers Scarlet Knights football|Rutgers]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Greg Schiano FB|url = http://njsportsheroes.com/gregschianofb.html|website = njsportsheroes.com|access-date = December 24, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151225071606/http://njsportsheroes.com/gregschianofb.html|archive-date = December 25, 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Playing career==
Playing at [[linebacker]], Schiano was a three-year letterman at [[Bucknell Bison football|Bucknell]]. In his junior year, he led the team with 114 tackles and was named to the All-Conference team. In his senior year, he was named team captain, and was named to the ''[[Sporting News]]'' Pre-season All-America Team.

==Coaching career==
Schiano began his coaching career in 1988 as an assistant coach at [[Ramapo High School (New Jersey)|Ramapo High School]] for the Raiders football team. In 1989, he served as a graduate assistant at [[Rutgers University|Rutgers]]. In 1990, he took the same position at [[Pennsylvania State University|Penn State]], and later served as the defensive backfield coach there from 1991 until 1995.
From 1996 to 1998, Schiano was an assistant coach in the [[NFL]] with the [[Chicago Bears]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1999-01-23-9901230113-story.html | title=Davis Eyeing Ex-NFL Coaches | first=Chris | last=Perkins | date=January 23, 1999 | work=Sun-Sentinel | location=South Florida | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526081058/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1999-01-23-9901230113-story.html | archive-date=May 26, 2019 | access-date=September 6, 2021}}</ref> For his first two seasons there, he was a defensive assistant, and then was promoted in his third and final season with the Bears to defensive backfield coach.

===University of Miami===

Schiano served as defensive coordinator for the [[Miami Hurricanes football|University of Miami Hurricanes]] from 1999 to 2000. In 1999, Miami finished the year ranked 12th in the [[NCAA]]'s [[NCAA Division I|Division I]]-A in points allowed per game (17.2), and in 2000 moved up to 5th (15.5 points allowed per game). His brief 18-month stint at Miami and his roots in New Jersey made him a candidate for his next position as head coach at Rutgers University.

While at the [[University of Miami]], Schiano coached [[NFL Pro Bowl]]ers [[Dan Morgan]], [[Jonathan Vilma]], and [[Ed Reed]].

===Rutgers===
On December 1, 2000, Schiano accepted the head coaching position at Rutgers,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://urwebsrv.rutgers.edu/focus/article/Greg%20Schiano%20named%20head%20football%20coach/382 | title=Greg Schiano named head football coach | date=December 8, 2000 | first=Steve | last=Manas | work=Rutgers Focus | publisher=Rutgers University | access-date=September 6, 2021 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192727/http://urwebsrv.rutgers.edu/focus/article/Greg%20Schiano%20named%20head%20football%20coach/382 | archive-date=October 29, 2013}}</ref> the State University of New Jersey. He was given the task of turning around a struggling program that had been without a [[bowl game]] appearance since the [[1978 Garden State Bowl]], and had just four winning seasons since 1980. Although Schiano was producing solid recruiting classes, especially by Rutgers standards, the Scarlet Knights struggled to losing records in his first four seasons as head coach. It was believed coming into the 2005 season that Schiano was on the hot seat and would need to take Rutgers to a bowl game to keep his job.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.everydayshouldbesaturday.com/2005/05/04/2005_preview_coaches_on_the_hot_seat | title=2005 Preview: Coaches in the Crock Pot | author=Stranko | date=May 4, 2005 | website=Every Day Should Be Saturday | access-date=September 6, 2021}}</ref>
====2005====
Despite the rough start to his tenure at Rutgers, Schiano began to turn around the program during the 2005 season. Schiano recruited New York native [[Ray Rice]], who was considered the top running back in the [[New York metropolitan area|tri-state area]]. He coached Rutgers to a 7–4 record that season. The highlight of their season came in a nationally televised 37–29 upset win over [[2005 Pittsburgh Panthers football team|Pittsburgh]] and their coach [[Dave Wannstedt]], a long-time friend of Schiano's, who hired him while coaching the [[Chicago Bears]]. At season's end, Schiano and the Scarlet Knights accepted a bid to play in the [[2005 Insight Bowl|Insight Bowl]] against [[2005 Arizona State Sun Devils football team|Arizona State]], which Rutgers lost by a score of 45–40. Just prior to the game, Schiano was offered a new contract, extending his contract through the 2012 season. The 2005 season laid the foundation for a rebirth of the Rutgers football program.

====2006====
In the 2006 season, Schiano's Scarlet Knights raced off to a 9–0 record, highlighted by their November 9 victory over the third-ranked, undefeated [[University of Louisville|Louisville Cardinals]]. After this game, Rutgers jumped to seventh in the national [[AP Poll]], which was their highest ranking in school history and first Top 25 ranking since 1976.<ref name="2006RUfootballrelease">[http://www.scarletknights.com/print.asp?prID=4739 Rutgers Ranked 12th in Final 2006 football Polls – Highest Season-Ending Ranking in School History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025064638/http://www.scarletknights.com/print.asp?prID=4739 |date=October 25, 2007 }} (Press Release January 9, 2007) at ScarletKnights.com (Official Website of Rutgers University athletics). Published by Rutgers University Athletics Department (no further authorship information available). Retrieved January 12, 2007</ref> The euphoria from the win and high ranking quickly faded the following week with a loss to [[2006 Cincinnati Bearcats football team|Cincinnati]], but the Scarlet Knights bounced back to finish 11–2 and qualify for the inaugural [[Texas Bowl]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://goldmedalimpressions.com/Rutgers-Bowl-Victory/ | title=Rutgers Bowl Victory | website=Gold Medal Impressions | access-date=November 13, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124204823/http://goldmedalimpressions.com/Rutgers-Bowl-Victory/ | archive-date=January 24, 2013}}</ref> There, they would defeat the [[2006 Kansas State Wildcats football team|Kansas State Wildcats]] 37–10, capturing their first-ever bowl game win in school history.

Throughout the season, coach Schiano and Rutgers were featured prominently in both the local and national media, and Schiano's motivational phrase "keep choppin'" became part of the lexicon of college football. Rutgers finished the season ranked 12th in the national poll, their best finish in school history. For his work in the 2006 season, Coach Schiano was awarded several Coach of the Year honors, including the Home Depot Coach of the Year award and the inaugural Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year Award.

With high expectations after their "Cinderella" season, Schiano coached Rutgers to respectable finishes and three more bowl game victories to give them four in a row. Schiano's team experienced tragedy in 2010, when defensive tackle [[Eric LeGrand]] suffered a spinal cord injury.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/ncf/news/story?id=5696563|title=Rutgers DT LeGrand paralyzed from neck down|date=October 17, 2010|website=ESPN.com|access-date=May 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715040006/http://www.espn.com/ncf/news/story?id=5696563|archive-date=July 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> This clearly affected the team's play: when the extent of LeGrand's injury became apparent, it contributed to sending Rutgers into a funk that resulted in a six-game losing streak to end the season.

Schiano has been credited for his involvement in LeGrand's recovery, essentially treating LeGrand's family like his own and assisting the family in any way needed,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.newsday.com/sports/football/giants/greg-schiano-s-commitment-to-eric-legrand-speaks-volumes-about-him-1.4006573 | title=Greg Schiano's commitment to Eric LeGrand speaks volumes about him | first=Barbara | last=Barker | date=September 15, 2012 | work=Newsday | location=[[Melville, New York]] | access-date=February 13, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214003620/http://www.newsday.com/sports/football/giants/greg-schiano-s-commitment-to-eric-legrand-speaks-volumes-about-him-1.4006573 | archive-date=February 14, 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> and being with LeGrand every day he was in the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/sports/columnists/tara-sullivan/2016/12/29/sullivan-schiano-legrand-forever-bonded/95909104/ | title=Schiano, LeGrand forever bonded | first=Tara | last=Sullivan | date=December 29, 2016 | website=North Jersey | access-date=May 26, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405023039/https://www.northjersey.com/story/sports/columnists/tara-sullivan/2016/12/29/sullivan-schiano-legrand-forever-bonded/95909104/ | archive-date=April 5, 2019 | url-status=live}}</ref> Though LeGrand was initially given a diagnosis of lifetime paralysis, he has since regained movement in his arms and shoulders and sensation throughout his body.
====2011====
In 2011, Rutgers rebounded from the previous season to post a 9–4 record and once again earn a bowl game berth. In the [[2011 Pinstripe Bowl|Pinstripe Bowl]], they defeated [[2011 Iowa State Cyclones football team|Iowa State]] 27–13, which would be his final game as Rutgers coach. He led the team to winning seasons and bowl game berths in six of his final seven seasons, with wins in the final five bowl games.

NFL players who played under Schiano at Rutgers:
* [[San Francisco 49ers]] wide receiver [[Mohamed Sanu]]
* Retired [[Cincinnati Bengals]] long snapper/tight end [[Clark Harris]]
* Retired [[Tennessee Titans]] cornerback [[Jason McCourty]]
* Retired [[Baltimore Ravens]] running back [[Ray Rice]]
* Retired [[Tennessee Titans]] wide receiver [[Kenny Britt]]
* Retired [[New England Patriots]] wide receiver [[Tiquan Underwood]]
* Retired [[New England Patriots]] free safety [[Devin McCourty]]
* [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] free safety [[Logan Ryan]]
* Retired [[New England Patriots]] linebacker [[Jonathan Freeny]]
* [[Las Vegas Raiders]] safety [[Duron Harmon]]
* Retired [[Seattle Seahawks]] quarterback [[Mike Teel]]
* Retired [[Baltimore Ravens]] center [[Jeremy Zuttah]]
* Retired [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] center [[Darnell Stapleton]]
* Retired [[Cincinnati Bengals]] fullback [[Brian Leonard]]
* Retired [[San Francisco 49ers]] right Tackle Anthony Davis

===Tampa Bay Buccaneers===
On January 26, 2012, Schiano accepted his first head coaching opportunity at the professional level, with the NFL's [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]].<ref>[http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d826587be/article/buccaneers-will-turn-to-rutgers-schiano-as-next-head-coach "Surprise: Buccaneers turn to Rutgers' Schiano as next coach"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129022904/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d826587be/article/buccaneers-will-turn-to-rutgers-schiano-as-next-head-coach |date=January 29, 2012 }}. NFL.com. January 26, 2012</ref> The Buccaneers ended the 2012 regular season with a 7–9 record, missing the playoffs in the process. In the 2013 season, the team regressed to 4–12. On December 30, 2013, the Buccaneers fired Schiano along with [[Mark Dominik]], the general manager who had selected him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/eye-on-football/24391908/report-greg-schiano-and-gm-mark-dominik-fired-by-buccaneers|title=Greg Schiano and GM Mark Dominik fired by Buccaneers|work=[[CBS Sports]]|date=December 30, 2013|access-date=December 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231025110/http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/eye-on-football/24391908/report-greg-schiano-and-gm-mark-dominik-fired-by-buccaneers|archive-date=December 31, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Ohio State===
In 2016, after two seasons coaching Berkeley Preparatory School and sending two players to Davidson College in North Carolina, Schiano was hired by head coach [[Urban Meyer]] to serve as defensive coordinator/associate head coach for the Ohio State Buckeyes football program, replacing [[Chris Ash]] who, coincidentally, left Ohio State to accept the head coaching position at Rutgers.

Following two successful seasons with top ten defenses as Ohio State's defensive coordinator, Schiano became a target for several coaching jobs both in the NCAA and NFL. On November 26, 2017, it was reported that he was going to be the next head coach for the [[Tennessee Volunteers football|Tennessee Volunteers]]. However fan disapproval due to his connection with the Penn State sexual abuse case led Tennessee to back out of the deal and he remained at Ohio State. Less than six weeks later, it was once again reported that Schiano would be leaving, but this time he would be going back to the NFL as the [[New England Patriots]]' defensive coordinator.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elevenwarriors.com/ohio-state-football/2018/02/90835/greg-schiano-expected-to-become-new-england-patriots-defensive-coordinator-per-report|title=Greg Schiano Expected to Become New England Patriots Defensive Coordinator, Per Report|date=February 5, 2018|work=Eleven Warriors|access-date=February 8, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002800/https://www.elevenwarriors.com/ohio-state-football/2018/02/90835/greg-schiano-expected-to-become-new-england-patriots-defensive-coordinator-per-report|archive-date=February 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On February 7, 2018, Schiano decided to turn down the Patriots job and stay with the Buckeyes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://247sports.com/nfl/new-england-patriots/Bolt/Greg-Schiano-to-stay-at-Ohio-State-not-join-Patriots--114796733|title=Greg Schiano to stay at Ohio State, not join Patriots|access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, Schiano was named 247Sports Recruiter of the Year in the Big Ten after helping the Buckeyes land the nation's second-ranked recruiting class. He finished second nationally in 247Sports Recruiter of the Year rankings. Schiano served as the primary recruiter for five-star offensive tackle Nicholas Petit-Frere, the nation's second-ranked tight end [[Jeremy Ruckert]] and the nation's top-ranked center Matthew Jones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://247sports.com/college/ohio-state/Article/Ohio-States-Greg-Schiano-is-247Sports-Big-Ten-Recruiter-of-the-Year-115040973/|title=OSU's Greg Schiano is 247Sports' Big Ten Recruiter of the Year|website=Bucknuts}}</ref> Schiano also served as the primary recruiter on center Luke Wypler, safety Josh Proctor, safety Ronnie Hickman, defensive tackle Tyler Friday and linebacker Javontae Jean-Baptiste. Schiano was also credited with helping land cornerback Jeffrey Okudah. In a story written by Okudah in ''The Players Tribune'', Okudah said: Last June, Coach Schiano at Ohio State said something that really stuck with me. In fact, I think it ultimately played a big part in my decision to go there. He told me, "Jeff, you've had a tough life up to this point. It's time for some good things to happen to you."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theplayerstribune.com/articles/jeffrey-okudah-ohio-state-mom|title=A Letter to My Mom | By Jeffrey Okudah|website=The Players' Tribune|date=January 7, 2017 |access-date=May 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501212547/https://www.theplayerstribune.com/articles/jeffrey-okudah-ohio-state-mom|archive-date=May 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

While the Ohio State defense struggled in 2018 after losing defensive end [[Nick Bosa]], Schiano took on a larger role, helping then interim head coach [[Ryan Day (American football)|Ryan Day]] during head coach Urban Meyer's suspension. After the win against TCU, Day credited Schiano for his help leading the program during tough times. "What Greg Schiano has done for me in the last month is something I'll never forget. He is the classiest person I've ever been around in the coaching profession. The way he's handled himself, helping me along the way, counseling me on day-to-day stuff."<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://media.cleveland.com/osu_impact/other/PostGame_Quotes_Coach_Ohio_State(1).pdf | title=Ohio State Quotes: Coach Ryan Day, Ohio State vs. TCU | date=September 15, 2018 | access-date=May 1, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501213808/http://media.cleveland.com/osu_impact/other/PostGame_Quotes_Coach_Ohio_State(1).pdf | archive-date=May 1, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Schiano also led the punt block unit and was credited for a unique scheme design that led to punt blocks for a safety against Nebraska and a touchdown against Michigan. Per Urban Meyer after the Nebraska game, "That was a tremendous momentum-changer. You wish you could have recovered it for a touchdown but we got a safety and got the ball back."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buckeyextra.com/sports/20181108/ohio-state-football-on-radio-show-urban-meyer-praises-michigan-state-appreciates-blocked-punt|title=Ohio State football: On radio show, Urban Meyer praises Michigan State, appreciates blocked punt|first=Bill|last=Rabinowitz|website=Buckeye Xtra|access-date=May 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501213812/https://www.buckeyextra.com/sports/20181108/ohio-state-football-on-radio-show-urban-meyer-praises-michigan-state-appreciates-blocked-punt|archive-date=May 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Schiano's three seasons as defensive coordinator with the Buckeyes, eleven defensive players were drafted to the NFL, including five first round picks (Lattimore, Hooker, Conley), with two being top five selections (Ward and Bosa). Former Browns interim head coach and defensive coordinator Greg Williams credited Schiano with cornerback Denzel Ward's early development. "He (Ward) came here and has already shown some people—I think (Ohio State associate head coach/defensive coordinator) Greg Schiano did a great job of teaching some of those things there. He has been an example from Day 1 on how to play the ball in the air in man to man, and it has kind of bled to the group. I think Denzel set that example pretty well back in the spring. He still does a pretty good job of playing the ball. He has a very natural way of doing that."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-defensive-coordinator-gregg-williams-press-conference-8-26?campaign=sf:fanshare:facebook|title=Browns defensive coordinator Gregg Williams press conference - 8/26|website=www.clevelandbrowns.com|access-date=May 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501212629/https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news/browns-defensive-coordinator-gregg-williams-press-conference-8-26?campaign=sf:fanshare:facebook|archive-date=May 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===New England Patriots===
In February 2019, it was announced that Schiano would not be returning to [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State]]. It was reported that he was hired to join the [[New England Patriots]] as their defensive coordinator, but prior to the Patriots confirming this report,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/25937490|title=Sources: Pats close to adding Schiano to staff|date=February 6, 2019|website=ESPN.com|access-date=February 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330035607/http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/25937490|archive-date=March 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Schiano unexpectedly resigned from the Patriots on March 28, citing a desire to spend more time on his "faith and family."<ref>{{cite web |title=Statements from Greg Schiano and Bill Belichick |url=https://www.patriots.com/news/statements-from-greg-schiano-and-bill-belichick |website=New England Patriots Official Website |publisher=New England Patriots |access-date=March 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328203257/https://www.patriots.com/news/statements-from-greg-schiano-and-bill-belichick |archive-date=March 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Greg Schiano 2023.jpg|thumb|Schiano in 2023.]]

===Return to Rutgers===
On December 1, 2019, after several weeks of negotiations and a groundswell of fan and booster support, Schiano rejoined Rutgers as the head coach, signing an eight-year, $32 million contract.

In 2023, Schiano agreed to a contract that extended his tenure to 2030. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/sources-greg-schiano-rutgers-agree-to-terms-on-deal-after-talks-broke-down-early-in-week-064042767.html|title=Sources: Greg Schiano, Rutgers agree in principle on eight-year deal. On 24 Oct, Rutgers upset Michigan state 38-27 for their first big 10 win of the season.|website=sports.yahoo.com|date=December 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In 2016, a Philadelphia court released documents in relation to the [[Penn State child sex abuse scandal]] revealing testimony from [[Mike McQueary]] stating that Schiano was aware of the abuse by fellow assistant coach [[Jerry Sandusky]].<ref name=Boren>Boren, Cindy (July 12, 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/07/12/greg-schiano-tom-bradley-knew-of-jerry-sandusky-abuse-at-penn-state-documents-show/ "Greg Schiano, Tom Bradley knew of Jerry Sandusky abuse at Penn State, documents show"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128024648/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/07/12/greg-schiano-tom-bradley-knew-of-jerry-sandusky-abuse-at-penn-state-documents-show/ |date=November 28, 2017 }}. ''The Washington Post''.</ref> In his testimony, McQueary claimed that Tom Bradley told him that: "only that he had—I can't remember if it was one night or one morning—but that Greg had come into his office white as a ghost and said he just saw Jerry doing something to a boy in the shower. And that's it. That's all he ever told me."<ref name=Boren/> Schiano denied having knowledge of the abuse.<ref name=Boren/> Bradley also denied telling McQueary that story.

On November 26, 2017, the [[University of Tennessee]] was set to announce Schiano as the head football coach.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.si.com/college-football/2017/11/26/greg-schiano-tennessee-volunteers-head-coach-contract|title=Tennessee set to hire Greg Schiano as next coach|newspaper=Sports Illustrated|access-date=November 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035901/https://www.si.com/college-football/2017/11/26/greg-schiano-tennessee-volunteers-head-coach-contract|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> However, due to a social media campaign including state representatives, alumni, national and local sportswriters, fans, and gubernatorial candidates, unhappy with Schiano's tenure at Penn State during the child sex abuse scandal, Tennessee backed out of the deal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/21579125|title=Sources: Amid protests, Vols won't hire Schiano|date=November 27, 2017|website=ESPN.com|access-date=November 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201090805/http://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/21579125|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Afterwards, officials from both Penn State and Ohio State defended Schiano, saying he had nothing to do with the scandal.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Spain|first1=Kevin|title=Officials from Penn State, Ohio State defend Greg Schiano|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/2017/11/27/officials-penn-state-ohio-state-defend-greg-schiano/898799001/|access-date=November 27, 2017|work=USA Today|date=November 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129090744/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/2017/11/27/officials-penn-state-ohio-state-defend-greg-schiano/898799001/|archive-date=November 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Tennessee received criticism from some national sportswriters for a perceived overreactive handling (to the scandal) as a response to social media.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Culpepper|first1=Chuck|title=The Tennessee–Greg Schiano saga shows the charming and chilling power of fans|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/college/ct-tennessee-greg-schiano-power-of-fans-20171127-story.html|access-date=November 27, 2017|work=Chicago Tribune|date=November 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128202441/http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/college/ct-tennessee-greg-schiano-power-of-fans-20171127-story.html|archive-date=November 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=King|first1=Peter|title=The Race Is On to Catch the Patriots and a Word About the Greg Schiano–Tennessee Mess|url=https://www.si.com/nfl/2017/11/27/nfl-week-12-patriots-steelers-greg-schiano-tennessee-peter-king-mmqb|access-date=November 27, 2017|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=November 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127165211/https://www.si.com/nfl/2017/11/27/nfl-week-12-patriots-steelers-greg-schiano-tennessee-peter-king-mmqb|archive-date=November 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ziegler|first1=John|title=Greg Schiano Out at Tennessee Because of the Twitter Mob That Unfairly Destroyed Him|url=https://www.mediaite.com/online/the-twitter-mob-is-trying-to-destroy-greg-schiano-and-they-are-100-wrong/|access-date=November 27, 2017|work=Mediaite|date=November 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127035640/https://www.mediaite.com/online/the-twitter-mob-is-trying-to-destroy-greg-schiano-and-they-are-100-wrong/|archive-date=November 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Schiano is married and has four children. Schiano's wife Christy<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.rutgers.edu/medrel/special-content/summer-2011/greg-and-christy-sch-20110727 | title=Greg and Christy Schiano Pledge $250,000 to the Rutgers Future Scholars Program | date=July 27, 2011 | work=Rutgers Today | publisher=Rutgers University | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907205416/http://news.rutgers.edu/special-content/summer-2011/greg-and-christy-sch-20110727#.Ve35e8_Le6I | archive-date=September 7, 2015 | access-date=September 6, 2021}}</ref> (née Mitchell) is one of four children born to Ella Alexander and the late [[Tom Mitchell (American football)|Tom Mitchell]]. Schiano's father-in-law was a former Colts tight end who had played his college football at Bucknell. Mitchell died of cancer at 72 on July 16, 2017.<ref>{{cite news | last=Klingaman | first=Mike | title=Former Colts tight end Tom Mitchell dies at age 72 | work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] | url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bs-sp-tom-mitchell-obit-20170718-story.html | date=July 18, 2017 | access-date=September 6, 2021}}</ref> Son [[Joe Schiano]] is a defensive lineman at Bucknell.

==Awards and bowl bids==

Schiano received most of the major 2006 national Coach of the Year awards after orchestrating what was considered by many to be one of the great turnaround stories in college football history, transforming the hapless Scarlet Knights into a winning football program (see above).

On December 4, 2006, one day after Rutgers accepted a bid to play in the [[2006 Texas Bowl]] against [[Kansas State Wildcats|Kansas State]], Schiano announced that he would not be a candidate for the recently vacated head coaching job at his previous employer, the [[Miami Hurricanes football|University of Miami]], ending rumors and speculation that he would leave his creation at upstart Rutgers to return to Miami.<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=2685494 "Schiano tells Miami he's not leaving Rutgers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111113158/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=2685494 |date=January 11, 2012 }}. [[ESPN.com]]. December 6, 2006.</ref> He stated that he is "very happy at Rutgers" and that Rutgers is just beginning to "scratch the surface" of what the team can accomplish. He confirmed this by signing yet another contract extension, announced on February 16, 2007, upping his yearly compensation to $1.5 million per year and extending his deal with Rutgers to 2016.<ref>[http://scarletknights.com/football/news/release.asp?prID=4912# "Schiano Signs Contract Extension Through 2016"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205165929/http://www.scarletknights.com/football/news/release.asp?prID=4912 |date=February 5, 2012 }}. ScarletKnights.com: The Official Site of Rutgers Athletics. February 16, 2007.</ref> Schiano's 2011 salary and compensation of $2.3 million<ref>[http://php.app.com/rutgersweb/results.php?last=schiano&rest=&depart=%25&campus=%25 Rutgers University Employee Salaries]. ''[[Asbury Park Press]]''.</ref> made him "by far" the highest-paid public employee in New Jersey,<ref>{{cite news |title=Double up that entendre, will you? |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/double_up_that_entendre_will_you_NGIjNP4C56lmy2EkQxaM6H |newspaper=[[New York Post]] |author=Mushnick, Phil |date=April 16, 2011 |access-date=February 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130031915/http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/double_up_that_entendre_will_you_NGIjNP4C56lmy2EkQxaM6H |archive-date=November 30, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as the highest-paid coach in the Big East.<ref>{{cite news |title=Schiano the highest-paid Big East coach, according to USA Today report |url=http://blogs.mycentraljersey.com/rutgers/2011/11/16/schiano-the-highest-paid-big-east-coach-according-to-usa-today-report/ |newspaper=[[Home News Tribune]] |author=Sargeant, Keith |date=November 16, 2011 |access-date=February 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119233331/http://blogs.mycentraljersey.com/rutgers/2011/11/16/schiano-the-highest-paid-big-east-coach-according-to-usa-today-report/ |archive-date=November 19, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2007, the Star-Ledger reported that Schiano spoke with [[Michigan Wolverines|University of Michigan]] athletic director [[William C. Martin|Bill Martin]] "for quite a while" on December 5 about the head-coaching vacancy at the school.<ref>{{cite news |title=Schiano talking to Michigan |url=http://www.nj.com/rutgersfootball/index.ssf/2007/12/schiano_talking_to_michigan.html |newspaper=[[The Star-Ledger]] |author=Luicci, Tom |date=December 7, 2007 |access-date=February 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021073329/http://www.nj.com/rutgersfootball/index.ssf/2007/12/schiano_talking_to_michigan.html |archive-date=October 21, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Two days later, he withdrew his name from consideration and remained Rutgers' head coach.<ref>Forde, Pat (December 7, 2007). [http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3145205 "After talking to Michigan, Schiano sticking as Rutgers coach"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515161128/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3145205 |date=May 15, 2013 }}. [[ESPN.com]]</ref> In 2008, after a bad start, his Knights ended up 8–5 with their fourth straight bowl bid. Schiano's name once again came up in general speculation about the Miami head coaching position in 2010, after the firing of [[Randy Shannon]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Possible candidates to be the next coach of the University of Miami Hurricanes |url=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/sports/hurricanes/possible-candidates-to-be-the-next-coach-of-1082164.html |newspaper=[[The Palm Beach Post]] |author=Milian, Jorge |date=November 29, 2010 |access-date=February 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308130814/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/sports/hurricanes/possible-candidates-to-be-the-next-coach-of-1082164.html |archive-date=March 8, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==The Schiano Proposal==
In 2011, after [[Eric LeGrand]] was paralyzed during a [[Kickoff (gridiron football)|kickoff]], Schiano came up with an idea for eliminating kickoffs from football, replacing them with a [[Punt (gridiron football)|punt]], which is less likely to cause serious injury to the players.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.si.com/college/2018/03/05/ncaa-kickoff-touchback-rule-change-nfl-combine | title=To Change the Kickoff Rule for the Better, the NCAA Needs a More Extreme Proposal | first=Andy | last=Staples | date=March 5, 2018 | magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] | access-date=September 6, 2021}}</ref> Under his proposal, the team would start from their own 30 (or 35) yard line and have the choice of either punting the ball or, in lieu of an [[onside kick]], face the equivalent of a 4th down and 15. As of 2020, neither the NFL nor NCAA has seriously considered this proposal.

==Head coaching record==
===College===
{{CFB Yearly Record Start | type = coach | team = | conf = | bowl = | poll = both }}
{{CFB Yearly Record Subhead
| name = [[Rutgers Scarlet Knights football|Rutgers Scarlet Knights]]
| conf = [[Big East Conference (1979–2013)|Big East Conference]]
| startyear = 2001
| endyear = 2011
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2001 NCAA Division I-A football season|2001]]
| name = [[2001 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 2–9
| conference = 0–7
| confstanding = 8th
| bowlname =
| bowloutcome =
| bcsbowl =
| ranking =
| ranking2 =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2002 NCAA Division I-A football season|2002]]
| name = [[2002 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 1–11
| conference = 0–7
| confstanding = 8th
| bowlname =
| bowloutcome =
| bcsbowl =
| ranking =
| ranking2 =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2003 NCAA Division I-A football season|2003]]
| name = [[2003 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 5–7
| conference = 2–5
| confstanding = 7th
| bowlname =
| bowloutcome =
| bcsbowl =
| ranking =
| ranking2 =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2004 NCAA Division I-A football season|2004]]
| name = [[2004 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 4–7
| conference = 1–5
| confstanding = 6th
| bowlname =
| bowloutcome =
| bcsbowl =
| ranking =
| ranking2 =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2005 NCAA Division I-A football season|2005]]
| name = [[2005 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 7–5
| conference = 4–3
| confstanding = 3rd
| bowlname = [[2005 Insight Bowl|Insight]]
| bowloutcome = L
| bcsbowl =
| ranking =
| ranking2 =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2006]]
| name = [[2006 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 11–2
| conference = 5–2
| confstanding = T–2nd
| bowlname = [[2006 Texas Bowl|Texas]]
| bowloutcome = W
| bcsbowl =
| ranking = 12
| ranking2 = 12
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2007]]
| name = [[2007 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 8–5
| conference = 3–4
| confstanding = T–5th
| bowlname = [[2008 International Bowl|International]]
| bowloutcome = W
| bcsbowl =
| ranking =
| ranking2 =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2008]]
| name = [[2008 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 8–5
| conference = 5–2
| confstanding = T–2nd
| bowlname = [[2008 PapaJohns.com Bowl|Papajohns.com]]
| bowloutcome = W
| bcsbowl =
| ranking =
| ranking2 =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2009]]
| name = [[2009 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 9–4
| conference = 3–4
| confstanding = T–4th
| bowlname = [[2009 St. Petersburg Bowl|St. Petersburg]]
| bowloutcome = W
| bcsbowl =
| ranking =
| ranking2 =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2010]]
| name = [[2010 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 4–8
| conference = 1–6
| confstanding = 8th
| bowlname =
| bowloutcome =
| bcsbowl =
| ranking =
| ranking2 =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2011]]
| name = [[2011 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 9–4
| conference = 4–3
| confstanding = T–4th
| bowlname = [[2011 Pinstripe Bowl|Pinstripe]]
| bowloutcome = W
| bcsbowl =
| ranking =
| ranking2 =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Subhead
| name = Rutgers Scarlet Knights
| conf = [[Big Ten Conference]]
| startyear = 2020
| endyear =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2020 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2020]]
| name = [[2020 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 3–6
| conference = 3–6
| confstanding = 5th (East)
| bowlname =
| bowloutcome =
| bcsbowl =
| ranking =
| ranking2 =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2021 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2021]]
| name = [[2021 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 5–8
| conference = 2–7
| confstanding = 6th (East)
| bowlname = [[2021 Gator Bowl (December)|Gator]]
| bowloutcome = L
| bcsbowl =
| ranking =
| ranking2 =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2022 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2022]]
| name = [[2022 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 4–8
| conference = 1–8
| confstanding = 7th (East)
| bowlname =
| bowloutcome =
| bcsbowl =
| ranking =
| ranking2 =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Entry
| championship =
| year = [[2023 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2023]]
| name = [[2023 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team|Rutgers]]
| overall = 6–6
| conference = 3–6
| confstanding = 5th (East)
| bowlname = [[2023 Pinstripe Bowl|Pinstripe]]
| bowloutcome =
| bcsbowl =
| ranking =
| ranking2 =
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record Subtotal
| name = Rutgers
| overall = 86–95
| confrecord = 37–74
}}
{{CFB Yearly Record End
| overall = 86–95
| bowls = no
| poll = two
| polltype =
| legend = no
}}

===NFL===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Team !! rowspan="2"|Year !! colspan="5"|Regular Season !! colspan="4"|Post Season
|-
!Won !!Lost!!Ties!!Win %!!Finish!!Won!!Lost!!Win %!!Result
|-
![[2012 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season|TB]]||[[2012 NFL season|2012]]
|7||9||0||{{winpct|7|9|0}}||4th in NFC South|| – || – || – || –
|-
![[2013 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season|TB]]||[[2013 NFL season|2013]]
|4||12||0||{{winpct|4|12|0}}|| 4th in NFC South || – || – || – || –
|-
! colspan="2"| TB Total || 11|| 21 || 0 || {{winpct|11|21|0}} |||| – || – || – || –
|-
! colspan="2"| Total || 11 || 21 || 0 || {{winpct|11|21|0}} |||| – || – || – || –
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://scarletknights.com/sports/football/roster/coaches/greg-schiano/3014 Rutgers profile]

{{Big Ten Conference football coach navbox}}
{{Navboxes
| list =
{{Rutgers Scarlet Knights football coach navbox}}
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{{Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year}}
{{George Munger Award}}
{{Home Depot Coach of the Year}}
{{Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year}}
{{Walter Camp Coach of the Year}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schiano, Greg}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
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Pennsylvania State Archives

2023-12-06T21:41:17Z

8.38.177.4:

{{Distinguish|Pennsylvania Archives}}
[[File:Pennsylvania State Archives Building, 3rd Street and Forster Street, Harrisburg, PA.jpg|thumb|The Pennsylvania State Archives tower on the grounds of the Pennsylvania State Capitol]]
The '''Pennsylvania State Archives''' is the official [[archive]] for the [[Commonwealth of Pennsylvania]], administered as part of the [[Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission]]. Located at 1681 N. Sixth St. in the state capital of [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]], it is a part of the [[Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex]].<ref>"Bonner, Teresa. "[https://www.pennlive.com/business/2019/07/whats-the-tallest-building-in-harrisburg-universitys-new-tower-will-be-in-top-5.html What’s the tallest building in Harrisburg? University’s new tower will be in top 5]." Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: ''Patriot-News'', July 26, 2019.</ref>

==Mission==
The primary function of the Pennsylvania State Archives is to acquire, preserve and make available for study the permanently valuable [[public records]] of the Commonwealth, with particular attention given to the records of state government.<ref name=A>{{cite web|title=About the Pennsylvania State Archives|url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/about_the_archives/3177|publisher=Commonwealth of Pennsylvania|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref> The State Archives also collects private papers relevant to Pennsylvania history.

==History==
The State Archives was created in 1903 as the Division of Public Records in the State Library. In 1945, it was combined with the State Museum and the Pennsylvania Historical Commission to form the Pennsylvania Historical Museum Commission (PHMC).
Created in 1903 as the Division of Public Records in the State Library, it was combined in 1945 with the State Museum and the Pennsylvania Historical Commission to form the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC).<ref name=A /> It was officially designated as the Bureau of the Pennsylvania State Archives within the PHMC. The original placement of the Archives in the State Library, the same
arrangement used by many other states, was just an administrative convenience, but it reinforced a blurring—in the minds of the general public—of the functions of books and of “archival materials,” a term just coming into use.<ref name=B />

The PHMC works through two divisions of the Bureau of Archives and History; the Division of Archives and Manuscripts and the Division of Archival and Records Management. The Division of Archives and Manuscripts is responsible for preserving, publicizing, and making available historical records at the Archives’ search room and responding to inquiries about its holdings. The Division of Archival and Records Management Services is responsible for appraising and scheduling records on all levels of government and helping government officers meet their responsibilities for creating and maintaining records.<ref name=B />

==Collection==
The State Archives collection, as of 2000, contained one hundred and sixty-five million pages of documents, seventeen thousand reels of microfilm, and one million special collection items, including photographs, maps and blueprints, motion picture rolls, and audio and video tapes<ref name=B>{{cite web|last=Silverman|first=Sharon Hernes|title=A Treasure Trove of Historical Records: The Pennsylvania State Archives (part one)|url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_23463_3177_359682_43/http%3B/pubcontent.state.pa.us/publishedcontent/publish/cop_environment/phmc/communities/extranet/archivalprograms/relayarchivespage/paarcvhomeucontent/state_archives_article_part_1.pdf|work=Pennsylvania Heritage Magazine|publisher=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission and the Pennsylvania Heritage Society|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref> covering the period 1664 to the present. It nearly filled the twenty-story Archives Tower. The temperature in the Archives Tower is maintained at {{cvt|68|F}} and humidity is kept at forty-five to fifty percent. Records are stored in acid-free folders and boxes.<ref name=B />
Among the items housed at the State Archives is the 1681 Charter from Great Britain's [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] to [[William Penn]], the [[Walking Purchase|1737 Walking Purchase]], an 1857 photograph of the [[Horseshoe Curve (Pennsylvania)|Horseshoe Curve]], photographs of the ruins of [[Chambersburg, Pennsylvania|Chambersburg]] taken in 1864, the 1878 Death Warrant for [[John J. Kehoe (Black Jack)|John J. Kehoe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/documents/1865-1945/kehoe-death-warrant.html |website=Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission |title=Death Warrant for John J. Kehoe – November 18, 1878 |access-date=April 22, 2016}}</ref> and a letter to Governor Duff relating to the 1948 [[Donora Smog of 1948|Donora smog disaster]].<ref name=A />
In 2018, archivists negotiated the acquisition of the original Minutes of General Assembly taken on March 16, 1779, which documented Revolutionary War-era deliberations of the Pennsylvania Assembly regarding the purchase of supplies for the Continental Army, pay rates for members of state militia units, and the pension eligibility of military widows.<ref>Hoover, Sara. "[https://whyy.org/articles/long-lost-revolutionary-war-era-book-returns-to-pennsylvania/ Long-lost Revolutionary War-era book returns to Pennsylvania]." Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: WHYY, September 11, 2018.</ref>

==Notable personnel==
* Cindy Bendroth, Chief, Records Services Division
* David Carmicheal, Director, Bureau of Archives and History
* [[Ruth E. Hodge]], archivist (retired) and author, ''[https://shoppaheritage.com/products/guide-african-american-resources-state-archives Guide to African American Resources at the Pennsylvania State Archives]'' (Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-8927-1087-4}})
==Alert November 2023==
*Mar 7, 2021 — The new State Archives building is expected to open to the public in late September 2023. PA State Archive Building<ref>[https://www.paancestors.com/updates-from-the-pa-state-archive/ PAAncestors website]</ref>
*From the Pennsylvania State Archives website:
*Archives Remains Closed - UPDATE The Pennsylvania State Archives has completed the move to its new facility at 1681 North Sixth Street, Harrisburg, PA, but certain systems that will be used by the public continue to be installed and tested. We expect these to be completed, and for the Archives to reopen to the public during December. Please check back for additional information and updates as the definite reopening date is finalized.
*HARC Grants Cancelled We regret that the approved 2023–24 budget for the Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission (PHMC) was not sufficient to fund the Historical and Archival Records Care (HARC) Grants, so the program has been cancelled.<ref>[https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Archives/Pages/AlertDetails.aspx PA State Archives Website 11/30/2023]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Museums/History-Hubs/Pages/State-Archives.aspx The Pennsylvania State Archives]
*[http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/phmc_home/1426 Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission]
*[http://www.digitalarchives.state.pa.us/ ARIAS - Pennsylvania's Digital State Archives]
*[http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/access_archives_newsletter/20578 Access Archives - The Newsletter of the Pennsylvania State Archives]
*[http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=512&mode=2&objID=8642 PHMC - Our Documentary Heritage]
*[https://www.archives.gov/locations/affiliated-archives.html National Archives and Records Administration - Affiliated Archives]

{{US archival agencies}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1903]]
[[Category:State archives of the United States]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:1903 establishments in Pennsylvania]]

The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth

2023-12-01T13:45:00Z

8.38.177.4: /* Reception */

{{Short description|2014 indie video game}}
{{About||the story from the Hebrew bible|Binding of Isaac|the original game|The Binding of Isaac (video game)}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth
| image = The Binding of Issac Rebirth cover.jpg
| developer = [[Nicalis]]
| publisher = Nicalis
| platforms = {{ubl|[[Linux]]|[[Microsoft Windows]]|[[OS X]]|[[PlayStation 4]]|[[PlayStation Vita]]|[[New Nintendo 3DS]]|[[Wii U]]|[[Xbox One]]|[[iOS]]|[[Nintendo Switch]]|[[PlayStation 5]]|[[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]]}}
| released = {{collapsible list|title=November 4, 2014|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;font-size:inherit;background:transparent;text-align:left|'''Linux, Windows, OS X'''{{vgrelease|WW|November 4, 2014}}'''PS4, PS Vita'''{{Video game release|NA|November 4, 2014|EU|November 5, 2014}}'''New 3DS, Wii U'''{{Video game release|NA|July 23, 2015|EU|October 29, 2015}}'''Xbox One'''{{Video game release|NA|July 23, 2015|EU|December 9, 2015}}'''iOS'''{{Video game release|WW|January 11, 2017}}}}
'''''Afterbirth'''''{{collapsible list|title=October 30, 2015|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;font-size:inherit;background:transparent;text-align:left|'''Linux, Windows, OS X'''{{vgrelease|WW|October 30, 2015}}'''PS4, Xbox One'''{{vgrelease|WW|May 10, 2016}}}}
'''''Afterbirth+'''''{{collapsible list|title=January 3, 2017|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;font-size:inherit;background:transparent;text-align:left|'''Windows'''{{vgrelease|WW|January 3, 2017}}'''Nintendo Switch'''{{efn|name=notdlc}}{{Video game release|NA|March 17, 2017|EU|September 7, 2017}}'''PlayStation 4'''{{vgrelease|WW|September 19, 2017}}'''Xbox One'''{{vgrelease|WW|October 24, 2019}}}}
'''''Repentance'''''{{collapsible list|title=March 31, 2021|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;font-size:inherit;background:transparent;text-align:left|'''Windows'''{{vgrelease|WW|March 31, 2021}}'''PS5, Xbox Series X/S'''{{efn|name=notdlc|Standalone release}}{{vgrelease|WW|November 4, 2021}}'''PS4, Xbox One'''{{vgrelease|WW|November 4, 2021}}'''Nintendo Switch'''{{vgrelease|NA|November 4, 2021|EU|2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nintendoeverything.com/the-binding-of-isaac-repentance-launches-on-switch-this-week/|title=The Binding of Isaac: Repentance launches on Switch this week|website=NintendoEverything|author=@NE_Brian|date=November 2, 2021|access-date=November 5, 2021|archive-date=November 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105143338/https://nintendoeverything.com/the-binding-of-isaac-repentance-launches-on-switch-this-week/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}}}
| genre = [[Roguelike]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
| designer = [[Edmund McMillen]]
| artist = Edmund McMillen
| composer = {{Unbulleted list|Matthias Bossi|Jon Evans}}
| series =
}}

'''''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth''''' is an [[Indie game|indie]] [[roguelike]] video game designed by [[Edmund McMillen]] and developed and published by [[Nicalis]]. ''Rebirth'' was released for [[Linux]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[OS X]], [[PlayStation 4]] and [[PlayStation Vita]] in November 2014, for [[Xbox One]], [[New Nintendo 3DS]] and [[Wii U]] in July 2015, for [[iOS]] in January 2017 and for [[Nintendo Switch]] in March 2017. The [[PlayStation 5]] and [[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]] versions were released in November 2021.

''Rebirth'' is a [[video game remake|remake]] of ''[[The Binding of Isaac (video game)|The Binding of Isaac]]'', which was developed by McMillen and [[Florian Himsl]] and released in 2011 as an [[Adobe Flash]] application. This platform had limitations and led McMillen to work with Nicalis to produce ''Rebirth'' with a more advanced game engine, which in turn enabled the substantial addition of content and gameplay features. Three [[downloadable content|expansions]] have been released. ''Afterbirth'' and ''Afterbirth+'', in October 2015 and January 2017, respectively, with more game content and gameplay modes; ''Afterbirth+'' also added support for user-created content. The third, ''Repentance'', was released in March 2021.

Similar to the original ''The Binding of Isaac'', the plot is based on the [[binding of Isaac|biblical story of the same name]] and was inspired by McMillen's religious upbringing. The player controls Isaac, a young boy whose mother, convinced that she is doing God's work, strips him of everything and locks him in his room. When Isaac's mother is about to kill him, he escapes to the basement and fights through random, roguelike dungeons. The player defeats monsters, using Isaac's tears as projectiles, and collects items which modify his appearance, attributes, and abilities, potentially creating powerful combinations. Unlike the game's predecessor, ''Rebirth'' has a limited [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]] mode, allowing an additional player in ''Rebirth'', later increased to three additional players in ''Afterbirth'' and ''Afterbirth+''. Full local co-op support was added to ''Repentance'', where up to four players are able to play as any of the playable characters. Online co-op support was announced as a future feature in September 2023.

''Rebirth'' released to critical acclaim. Reviewers praised its gameplay and improvements compared to the original ''The Binding of Isaac'', but criticized its graphic imagery. ''Afterbirth'', ''Afterbirth+'' and ''Repentance'' also had a generally-favorable reception, with reviewers criticizing their difficulty but praising their added content. By July 2015, ''Rebirth'' and ''The Binding of Isaac'' had sold over five million copies combined. The game is regarded as one of the best roguelike games of all time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/uk/best-roguelikes-roguelites/3/|first=James|last=Bentley|title=Best roguelikes to keep you saying "just one more round"|access-date=27 April 2021|website=[[GamesRadar]]|date=September 24, 2020|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427212611/https://www.gamesradar.com/uk/best-roguelikes-roguelites/3/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://happymag.tv/best-roguelike-games/|first=James|last=He|title=The 15 best roguelike games of all time (updated for 2021)|website=Happy|date=April 19, 2021|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427212731/https://happymag.tv/best-roguelike-games/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/best-roguelike-games-pc|title=The best roguelike games and roguelites on PC|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427212730/https://www.pcgamesn.com/best-roguelike-games-pc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.highgroundgaming.com/best-roguelike-games/|title=The 15 Best Roguelike Games of 2021|first=Austin|last=Carroll|date=January 3, 2020|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427212613/https://www.highgroundgaming.com/best-roguelike-games/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamingscan.com/best-roguelike-games/|title=Best Roguelike Games 2021|first=Justin|last=Fernandez|date=March 9, 2021|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427212613/https://www.gamingscan.com/best-roguelike-games/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/best-roguelikes-games/|title=The best roguelikes|first=Jacob|last=Roach|date=October 19, 2020|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512103455/https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/best-roguelikes-games/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gamerant.com/best-roguelike-rpgs-ranked/|title=The 10 Best Roguelike RPGs, Ranked|first=Flavio|last=Villafañe|date=October 4, 2020|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427212613/https://gamerant.com/best-roguelike-rpgs-ranked/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://culturedvultures.com/best-roguelikes-roguelites-games/|title=15 Best Roguelike & Roguelite Games of All Time|first=Jimmy|last=Donnellan|date=January 15, 2021|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=May 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508104737/https://culturedvultures.com/best-roguelikes-roguelites-games/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Gameplay ==
[[File:The Binding of Isaac - Rebirth gameplay.webm|thumb|left|alt=Animated screenshot|Gameplay of ''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth'' with the ''Repentance'' DLC, showing the player using the Isaac character to fight enemies in the "Downpour" floor.]]

Like the original, ''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth'' is a top-down 2D game in which the player controls the boy Isaac, amongst sixteen other unlockable characters, as he traverses the basement and beyond, fighting off monsters and collecting items.<ref name="destructoid review" /> The gameplay is presented in a [[roguelike]] style; the levels are [[Procedural generation|procedurally generated]] through a random [[map seed|seed]]<ref name="destructoid review" /><ref name="pcgamerseed">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-will-allow-users-to-share-game-seeds/ |first=Shaun |last=Prescott |date=July 29, 2014 |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth will allow users to share game seeds|access-date=January 6, 2019 |website=[[PC Gamer]] |publisher=[[Future plc]]|archive-date=January 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106113131/https://www.pcgamer.com/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-will-allow-users-to-share-game-seeds/}}</ref> into a number of self-contained rooms, including at least one [[boss (video gaming)|boss]] battle. A run is completed by beating one of a number of different final bosses. Like most roguelike games, it has [[permadeath]]: when the player character dies, the game is over.<ref name="eurogamer review" /> ''Rebirth'' allows a play-through to be saved at any point.<ref name="destructoid review" /> Map seeds can be shared, allowing for multiple people to try the same dungeon layout.<ref name="pcgamerseed" /> However, seeded runs do not earn a player achievements, preventing players from using seeds which make getting these achievements easier.

The game is controlled similarly to a [[multidirectional shooter]]: the player moves the character with one set of controls, while 'shooting' tears with the other;<ref name="destructoid review" /> the tears are bullets which defeat enemies. The player-character's [[Health (gaming)|health]] is represented by a number of hearts (in halves). The character can find items which replenish hearts; other items give the character additional hearts, increasing their number. Throughout the dungeons, the player can find bombs to damage foes and destroy obstacles; keys to open doors and treasure chests; and coins to buy items. Many items impact the character's attributes (such as speed and the damage and range of the character's tears) and other gameplay effects, including a character who floats behind the player-character and aids in combat. Items are either passive, granting permanent effects on pickup, or active, which can be used at any point and are either consumed on use or recharged by clearing rooms.<ref name="eurogamer review" /> The player can collect any number of passive items, whose effects build on each other with the potential to create powerful combinations. The player can only carry one active item at a time.<ref name="destructoid review" /> The player can also carry one consumable, mostly tarot cards or pills with various effects, and one trinket, which act similarly to passive items except that they can be swapped out. Each floor contains a number of special rooms, such as treasure rooms, mini-boss fights, dice pip rooms, arcades, vaults, and curse rooms.<ref name="gamespot review" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rooms - The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Wiki Guide |url=https://www.ign.com/wikis/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth/Rooms |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=IGN |language=en |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005174438/https://www.ign.com/wikis/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth/Rooms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to expanding ''The Binding of Isaac''{{'s}} number of items, monsters, and room types (including those spanning multiple screens), ''Rebirth'' provides integrated [[game controller|controller]] support<ref name="destructoid review" /> and allows a second local player to join in with a drop-in-drop-out mechanic. The second player controls a follower of the first player-character with the same attributes and abilities of that character, costing the first player-character one heart. The second character cannot plant bombs or carry items.<ref name="destructoid review" /> The ''Repentance'' expansion adds support for a 4-player co-op, where the extra players control fully functional characters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=How to Play Co-op in The Binding of Isaac: Repentance |url=https://gamerjournalist.com/how-to-play-co-op-in-the-binding-of-isaac-repentance/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Gamer Journalist |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{See also|The Binding of Isaac (video game)#Plot}}

''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth''{{'s}} plot loosely follows the [[Binding of Isaac|biblical story of the same name]], similar to the [[The Binding of Isaac (video game)|original game]]. Isaac, a child, and his mother live in a small house on a hill, both happily keeping to themselves, with Isaac drawing pictures and playing with his toys, and his mother watching Christian broadcasts on television. Isaac's mother then hears "a voice from above", stating her son is corrupted with sin, and needs to be saved. She removes all his possessions (including toys and clothing), believing they were the corrupting agents, and later locks him in his room to protect him from the evil outside. When she receives instructions to sacrifice her son to prove her devotion to her faith, Isaac flees through a trap door in his room, leading to "the unknown depths below".

After venturing through various floors and reaching The Depths, Isaac battles his mother. After defeating her, the game cuts back to Isaac in his room, where his mother attempts to kill him, grasping a butcher's knife. A Bible is knocked off a shelf, striking Isaac's mother in the head, killing her. Isaac celebrates, before the game cuts again to a smiling Isaac, where his mother once again opens his door, holding a knife.

Further completions of the game unlock new routes, new endings, and fights against various new final bosses, such as Mom's Heart, It Lives (a more difficult variation of Mom's Heart), Mega Satan, and more - these bosses themselves can unlock more endings and routes upon completion.

=== ''Afterbirth'' ===
''The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth'' expansion contains two new endings, both of which involve the expansion's new content. Ending 17 is unlocked by defeating the newly added boss, Hush. It opens with the missing poster from Ending 15 and zooms in on Isaac's house. The scene cuts to Isaac's mother opening his toy chest, revealing Isaac's skeletal remains. Isaac is seen in a dull-colored landscape, where a shadow forms behind him.

Ending 18 is unlocked by defeating the boss Ultra Greed at the end of the new Greed Mode. It shows Isaac in a small cave, which caves in on him. The scene then changes to show one of the shopkeepers found throughout the game. It smiles, and the scene ends.

=== ''Afterbirth+'' ===
''The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+'', like the expansion before it, contains two new endings involving the new content added in the expansion. Ending 19 is unlocked by defeating the boss Ultra Greedier at the end of the new Greedier mode. It is almost exactly the same as Ending 18, with the major difference being that after the shopkeeper smiles, its head falls off and the body begins to spew out a geyser of spiders.

Ending 20, called "Final Ending" prior to ''The Binding of Isaac: Repentance'', is unlocked after defeating the boss Delirium, who is Isaac's representation of the "light at the end of the tunnel".<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=edmundmcmillen |url=https://twitter.com/edmundmcmillen/status/920931148720586753 |number=920931148720586753 |access-date=2023-05-06 |title=delirium is the light at the end of the tunnel,... |language=en}}</ref> It builds upon events seen in Endings 12, 15, and 17, and shows Isaac recalling his memories in his final moments before dying. Isaac is shown lying in his toy chest, breathing heavily. He recalls a memory of him overhearing a fight between his parents while he is drawing, and looks at a drawing he made of his house, with the caption "we lived here". He recalls a memory of his mother crying in front of a TV. His breathing gets faster as he recalls another memory, this one of him looking at a burnt family photo with his father removed. His breathing slows down, with Isaac [[Cyanosis|visibly turning blue]]. Another memory is shown, showing a wall covered in drawings Isaac made. As the scene pans to the left, the drawings get more disturbed, and the noises of an argument in the background becomes more audible, culminating in a drawing of a demon towering over Isaac's dead and bloody parents, and Isaac's father saying "I'm outta here!"

After a cut to black, the scene changes to Isaac's skeleton lying in the chest, covered in cobwebs. The chest is opened like in Ending 12, and the missing poster from Ending 15 is shown flying off the telephone pole. Isaac is seen roaming the dull-colored landscape from Ending 17.

=== ''Repentance'' ===

''The Binding of Isaac: Repentance'' contains two new endings involving the content added. Ending 21 is unlocked for defeating the added Mother boss. It shows Isaac drawing a picture of the boss. His mother walks in, and Isaac tries to hide the drawing from her. His mother reacts by throwing him into a closet, saying "You think I'm a monster, Isaac? I'll show you a monster!" The scene cuts to Isaac in the closet, hyperventilating. His mother begins to tearfully recite the [[Lord's Prayer]], with the closet growing darker and darker. A statue of Satan materializes behind Isaac, and the scene ends.

Ending 22 is the Final Ending, and is unlocked by defeating [[The Beast (Revelation)|The Beast]], the true final boss of the game. This ending completes the story of the game and its expansions.

Normally, after defeating the Mom boss on Depths II (or its equivalent alternate floor, Necropolis II), the player is locked out of leaving the room. If the player brings an item to teleport out of the room, they can enter a special door. Isaac finds a note left from his dad, and the game begins the Ascent sequence. Isaac begins to go up through the floors he visited throughout the game in reverse order.

Arguments can be heard that explain what happened to Isaac's family prior to the game. Isaac, a child, lives with his parents in a small house, on a hill. His parents become unhappy with each other, commonly fighting late at night while Isaac watches from a crack in the living room door. Isaac's father starts stealing money from his mother, who slowly develops into a religious fanatic to cope with her domestic abuse, prompting Isaac's father to leave and divorce Isaac's mother. Without Isaac's father around, her mental health worsens as she begins watching Christian broadcasts on the television, which in turn causes her to abuse Isaac.

Isaac throws himself into his toy chest from Ending 12 to hide from both his mother and himself, believing he is the reason his parents fought. The chest locks, preventing Isaac from leaving. Isaac slowly suffocates to death, with the events of the game being his final delusions. His mother realizes Isaac has gone missing, and puts up missing posters around the neighborhood in an attempt to find him, but no word comes. After an indeterminate amount of time, she opens the locked chest Isaac was in. Seeing that her son is dead, she cries over his body, mourning him.

In-game, upon venturing back from the depths of the basement to the surface, Isaac finds himself in a memory of his house. He sleeps in his mother's bed, and is awoken by a nightmare. Isaac enters the living room, where he fights Dogma, an embodiment of the Christian broadcasts watched by his mother. After defeating Dogma, Isaac fights the [[Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse]], followed by The Beast (who is wearing his mother's dress), the true final boss of the game.

Isaac finally ascends up to the sky, and his life flashes back before him once more, before he sees nothing. In a final hallucination,<ref name="YesIsaacisreallydead">{{Cite web|title=Tweet from Edmund McMillen|url=https://twitter.com/edmundmcmillen/status/1385112195772473348|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427210319/https://twitter.com/edmundmcmillen/status/1385112195772473348|url-status=live}}</ref> Isaac's dad interjects, asking if Isaac really wants the story to end like this, and changes it to have a happy ending, with the opening narration changed to "Isaac and his parents lived in a small house, on the top of a hill...". Isaac passes away as the scene fades to black.

== Development ==
{{See also|The Binding of Isaac (video game)#Development and release |l1=Development of The Binding of Isaac}}
''The Binding of Isaac'' was developed by [[Edmund McMillen]] and Florian Himsl in 2011 during a [[game jam]] after the completion of ''[[Super Meat Boy]]'', McMillen's previous game. Since ''Super Meat Boy'' was successful, McMillen was not concerned about making a popular game; he wanted to craft a game which melded ''[[The Legend of Zelda (video game)|The Legend of Zelda's]]'' top-down dungeon approach with the [[roguelike]] genre, wrapping it in religious allegory inspired by his upbringing.<ref name="binding postmortem" /><ref name="zelda details">{{Cite web |title=Bound and Determined: ''The Binding of Isaac'' as a Worthy Successor to the Original ''Legend of Zelda'' |url=http://thegemsbok.com/art-reviews-and-articles/video-game-reviews-mid-week-mission-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-edmund-mcmillen/ |website=The Gemsbok |access-date=February 19, 2016 |language=en-US |last=Podgorski |first=Daniel |date=October 14, 2015 |archive-date=February 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219094911/http://thegemsbok.com/art-reviews-and-articles/video-game-reviews-mid-week-mission-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-edmund-mcmillen/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They used [[Adobe Flash]], since it enabled them to develop the game quickly. McMillen quietly released the game to [[Steam (service)|Steam]] for PC, where it unexpectedly became very popular.<ref name="binding postmortem" /> Wanting to expand the game, McMillen and Himsl discovered limitations in Flash which made an expansion difficult.<ref name="binding postmortem" /> Although they could incorporate more content with the ''[[The Binding of Isaac (video game)#Wrath of the Lamb|Wrath of the Lamb]]'' expansion, McMillen had to abandon a second expansion due to the limitations.<ref name="binding postmortem">{{cite web |url=http://gamasutra.com/view/feature/182380/postmortem_mcmillen_and_himsls_.php |title=Postmortem: McMillen and Himsl's The Binding of Isaac |first=Edmund |last=McMillen |date=November 28, 2012 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |work=[[Gamasutra]] |archive-date=August 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204135/http://gamasutra.com/view/feature/182380/postmortem_mcmillen_and_himsls_.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Edmund McMillen cropped.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A smiling, bearded, bespectacled Edmund McMillen|''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth''{{'}}s designer, Edmund McMillen]]
After ''The Binding of Isaac''{{'s}} release, McMillen was approached by Tyrone Rodriguez of [[Nicalis]] (a development and publishing studio which had helped bring the PC games ''[[Cave Story]]'' and ''[[VVVVVV]]'' to consoles).<ref name="vg247 announce" /> Rodriguez offered Nicalis' services to help port ''The Binding of Isaac'' to consoles. McMillen was interested, but required they recreate the game outside Flash to incorporate the additional content he had to forego and fix additional bugs found since release.<ref name="binding postmortem" /> He also asked to be left out of the business side of the game's release (after his negative experiences dealing with business matters with ''Super Meat Boy''), and Rodriguez agreed.<ref name="binding postmortem" /><ref name="vg247 announce" /> ''Rebirth'' was announced in November 2012 as a console version of ''The Binding of Isaac'', with plans to improve its graphics to [[high color|16-bit colors]] and incorporate the new content and material originally planned for the second expansion.<ref name="vg247 announce">{{cite web |url=http://www.vg247.com/2012/11/28/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-headed-to-consoles/ |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth headed to consoles |work=[[VG247]] |date=November 28, 2012 |access-date=February 5, 2016 |first=Brenna |last=Hillier |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164552/https://www.vg247.com/2012/11/28/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-headed-to-consoles/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Local cooperative play would also be added to the game, but McMillen said that they could not add online cooperative play because it would drastically lengthen development time.<ref name="eurog announce" />

McMillen wanted to overhaul the entire game, particularly its graphics (which he called an "eyesore").<ref name="avclub music">{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/binding-of-isaac-creator-releases-new-images-and-m-201487 |title=Binding Of Isaac creator releases new images and music from upcoming remake |first=John |last=Teti |date=February 25, 2014 |access-date=February 5, 2016 |work=[[The A.V. Club]] |archive-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320100853/http://www.avclub.com/article/binding-of-isaac-creator-releases-new-images-and-m-201487 |url-status=live }}</ref> After polling players about which art style to use for the remake,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2012/12/03/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-seeks-your-approval-for-pixel-makeover/ |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth seeks your approval for pixel makeover |work=[[VG247]] |first=Brenna |last=Hillier |date=December 3, 2012 |access-date=February 5, 2016 |archive-date=October 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007155425/http://www.vg247.com/2012/12/03/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-seeks-your-approval-for-pixel-makeover/ |url-status=live }}</ref> McMillen and Nicalis brought in artists to improve the original assets in the new style and began working on the new content.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2013/02/11/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-team-nearly-ready-for-new-content/ |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth team nearly ready for new content |work=[[VG247]] |date=February 11, 2013 |access-date=February 5, 2016 |first=Brenna |last=Hillier |archive-date=February 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220170241/http://www.vg247.com/2013/02/11/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-team-nearly-ready-for-new-content/ |url-status=live }}</ref> McMillen commissioned a new soundtrack for the remake from Matthias Bossi and Jon Evans.<ref name="avclub music" />

=== Release ===
McMillen and Rodriguez initially wanted to develop ''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth'' for the [[Nintendo 3DS]] as a tribute to its roots in Nintendo's ''[[The Legend of Zelda|Legend of Zelda]]'' series.<ref name="zelda details" /><ref name="polygon new3ds" /> Nintendo, however, did not authorize the game's release for the 3DS in 2012 for content reasons.<ref name="polygon new3ds" /> Although they had spent some time creating the 3DS version, McMillen and Rodriguez decided to focus on PC and PlayStation versions instead; those platforms allowed them to increase the game's capabilities.<ref name="polygon new3ds" /> In addition to the [[PlayStation 3]] and [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]] consoles, Nicalis was in discussions with Microsoft for a release on the Xbox systems and McMillen had also considered a future [[iOS]] release.<ref name="eurog announce">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-11-29-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-already-in-development-for-ps3-and-vita |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth already in development for PS3 and Vita |work=[[Eurogamer]] |first=Jeffrey |last=Matulef |date=November 29, 2016 |access-date=February 5, 2016 |archive-date=September 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909124737/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-11-29-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-already-in-development-for-ps3-and-vita |url-status=live }}</ref> McMillen and Nicalis opted to move development from the PlayStation 3 to the new [[PlayStation 4]] in August 2013, announcing its release at [[Sony]]'s [[Gamescom]] presentation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2013/08/20/gamescom-indie-avalanche-n-volume-hotline-miami-2/ |title=Gamescom Indie Avalanche: N++, Volume, Hotline Miami 2 |author=Shahid Ahmad |publisher=PlayStation Blog |date=August 20, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2013 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065757/http://blog.us.playstation.com/2013/08/20/gamescom-indie-avalanche-n-volume-hotline-miami-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The PlayStation 4 and Vita versions were released with the PC versions on November 4, 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2014/11/04/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-out-now-on-steam-psn/ |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth out now on Steam, PSN |first=Brenna |last=Hillier |date=November 4, 2014 |access-date=April 20, 2016 |work=[[VG247]] |archive-date=August 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825231932/https://www.vg247.com/2014/11/04/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-out-now-on-steam-psn/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During development, three senior Nintendo employees—Steve Singer, vice president of licensing; Mark Griffin, a senior manager in licensing, and indie development head Dan Adelman—championed the game within the company.<ref name="polygon new3ds" /> They continued to work within Nintendo, and secured approval of ''Rebirth''{{'s}} release for the 3DS and Wii U in 2014.<ref name="polygon new3ds" /> McMillen and Nicalis, after tailoring the game to run on more powerful systems, worked to keep it intact for the 3DS port. They spent about a year on the conversion and, although they got the game to work on the original 3DS, its performance was sub-optimal. They were one of the first developers (with Nintendo help) to obtain a development kit for the [[New Nintendo 3DS]], which had more powerful hardware and memory to run the game at a speed matching that of the other platforms.<ref name="polygon new3ds">{{Cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2015/4/3/8341137/how-a-love-of-nintendo-finally-opened-the-door-for-the-binding-of |title=How a love of Nintendo opened the door for The Binding of Isaac and why it's only coming to New 3DS |first=Brian |last=Crecente |date=April 3, 2015 |access-date=February 7, 2016 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-date=April 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415232458/http://www.polygon.com/2015/4/3/8341137/how-a-love-of-nintendo-finally-opened-the-door-for-the-binding-of |url-status=live }}</ref> The announcement of the New 3DS and Wii U versions was made with plans for an [[Xbox One]] version,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bindingofisaac.com/post/115192982234/rebirth-coming-to-3ds-wiiu-and-xbox1 |title=Rebirth Coming to 3ds WiiU and Xbox1!! |first=Edmund |last=McMillen |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=April 1, 2015 |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403002657/http://bindingofisaac.com/post/115192982234/rebirth-coming-to-3ds-wiiu-and-xbox1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the game was released for all three systems on July 23, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://arstechnica.co.uk/gaming/2015/07/sacrilegious-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-finally-launches-on-nintendo-systems/ |title=Sacrilegious Binding of Isaac: Rebirth finally launches on Nintendo systems |first=Sam |last=Machkovech |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=July 23, 2015 |access-date=April 20, 2016 |archive-date=May 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513000300/http://arstechnica.co.uk/gaming/2015/07/sacrilegious-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-finally-launches-on-nintendo-systems/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2016, Nicalis reported that it was working on an [[iOS]] port of the game. The company reported the following month that Apple rejected its application to Apple's app, citing "violence towards children" violating content policies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/2/7/10930230/the-binding-of-isaac-ios-mobile-rejected-apple |title=Apple rejects The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth because of 'violence towards children' |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=February 7, 2016 |access-date=February 7, 2016 |first=Owen S. |last=Good |archive-date=February 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207145902/http://www.polygon.com/2016/2/7/10930230/the-binding-of-isaac-ios-mobile-rejected-apple |url-status=live }}</ref> Nicalis has worked with Apple to obtain preapproval and will release a universal iOS version of ''Rebirth'' (including the ''Afterbirth+'' expansion) with improvements for that platform, including the use of [[iCloud]] for ease of play on multiple devices. Although Nicalis wants to add this to the Vita port, the company said it was a low priority due to the Vita's limited ability to handle many weapon [[Combo (video gaming)|combos]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-coming-to-ios-soon-vit/1100-6444812/ |title=Binding of Isaac Afterbirth† Coming to iOS 'Soon,' Vita Version is 'Low Priority' |first=Tamoor |last=Hussain |date=October 26, 2016 |access-date=October 26, 2016 |work=[[GameSpot]] |archive-date=October 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029110427/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-coming-to-ios-soon-vit/1100-6444812/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The initial iOS version of the core game, without expansions, was released on January 11, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-01-11-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-is-out-now-on-ios |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth is out now on iOS |first=Jeffrey |last=Matulef |date=January 11, 2017 |access-date=January 11, 2017 |work=[[Eurogamer]] |archive-date=January 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113052356/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-01-11-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-is-out-now-on-ios |url-status=live }}</ref>

After hinting at a release on the upcoming [[Nintendo Switch]] console, Nicalis confirmed in January 2017 that ''Rebirth'' (with both expansions) would be released for the Switch in March 2017 as retail and digital titles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/01/13/nicalis-bringing-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-redout-to-nintendo-switch |title=Nicalis Bringing Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth, Redout to Nintendo Switch |first=Terri |last=Schwartz |date=January 13, 2017 |access-date=January 13, 2017 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-date=January 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114160834/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/01/13/nicalis-bringing-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-redout-to-nintendo-switch |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gamezone.com/news/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-will-launch-on-march-3rd-for-nintendo-switch-3447675 |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth + will launch on March 3, 2017 for Nintendo Switch |first=Cade |last=Onder |date=January 18, 2017 |access-date=January 18, 2017 |work=Gamezone |archive-date=January 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120110049/http://www.gamezone.com/news/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-will-launch-on-march-3rd-for-nintendo-switch-3447675 |url-status=live }}</ref> Scheduled for release on March 3 as a launch title, last-minute adjustments required the company to delay it until March 17.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2017/2/20/14676534/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-delay-nintendo-switch |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ will miss Nintendo Switch launch |first=Samit |last=Sarkar |date=February 20, 2017 |access-date=February 20, 2017 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-date=February 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221205952/http://www.polygon.com/2017/2/20/14676534/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-delay-nintendo-switch |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.destructoid.com/binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-hits-switch-on-march-17-for-40-423820.phtml |title=Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ hits Switch on March 17 for $40 |first=Chris |last=Carter |date=March 9, 2017 |access-date=March 9, 2017 |work=[[Destructoid]] |archive-date=March 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310030541/https://www.destructoid.com/binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-hits-switch-on-march-17-for-40-423820.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of the existing relationship with Nintendo for the Wii U and New Nintendo 3DS versions, Rodriguez said that they could obtain developer-prototype hardware for the Switch to port the game to that system. McMillen said that they could get ''Rebirth'' working on the Switch easily due to their approach to developing the game (with [[hooking]] integrated into respective system features, such as achievements, to simplify porting) and the ease of the Switch's development platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2017/2/9/14554702/nintendo-switch-indie-friendly-binding-of-isaac-nicalis-tyrone-rodriguez |title=Is the Switch indie friendly? One developer's take |first=Russ |last=Frushtick |date=February 9, 2017 |access-date=February 9, 2017 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-date=February 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210120653/http://www.polygon.com/2017/2/9/14554702/nintendo-switch-indie-friendly-binding-of-isaac-nicalis-tyrone-rodriguez |url-status=live }}</ref> The game was released for Switch on March 17, 2017. The version allows up to four players in a drop-in/drop-out cooperative mode, with the other three players using [[Joy-Con]] to control one of Isaac's "buddies" (similar to the two-player cooperative mode for PC).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/03/17/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-review |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ Review |first=Jose |last=Otero |date=March 17, 2017 |access-date=March 17, 2017 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-date=March 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318012926/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/03/17/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-review |url-status=live }}</ref> The physical version of the Switch game includes a manual similar to the manual which shipped with ''The Legend of Zelda'' for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/03/18/binding-of-isaacs-manual-for-switch-is-a-tribute-to-zelda-on-nes |title=Binding of Isaac's Manual for Switch is a Tribute to Zelda on NES |first=Seth |last=Macy |date=March 17, 2017 |access-date=March 17, 2017 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-date=March 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318013312/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/03/18/binding-of-isaacs-manual-for-switch-is-a-tribute-to-zelda-on-nes |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Expansions ===
==== ''Afterbirth'' ====
McMillen announced ''The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth'', the first [[Expansion pack|expansion]] for ''Rebirth'', in February 2015. ''Afterbirth'' added items, enemies, alternate floors and bosses, and endings (including Greed Mode, which differs from the main game and is reportedly more difficult).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-02-13-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirths-upcoming-afterbirth-dlc-detailed |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth's upcoming Afterbirth DLC detailed |work=Eurogamer |first=Jeffrey |last=Matulef |date=February 13, 2015 |access-date=March 15, 2015 |archive-date=March 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320194710/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-02-13-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirths-upcoming-afterbirth-dlc-detailed |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Afterbirth'' was released on October 30, 2015, for Windows, OS X, and Linux computers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-09-08-the-binding-of-isaacs-meaty-afterbirth-expansion-pushes-out-a-release-date |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth's meaty Afterbirth expansion pushes out a release date |work=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=Gamer Network |first=Tom |last=Phillips |date=September 8, 2015 |access-date=September 8, 2015 |archive-date=September 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911002054/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-09-08-the-binding-of-isaacs-meaty-afterbirth-expansion-pushes-out-a-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref> The expansion was released for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions on May 10, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shacknews.com/article/94244/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-dlc-headed-to-ps4-xbox-one-in-may |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth DLC headed to PS4, Xbox One in May |first=David |last=Craddock |date=April 20, 2016 |access-date=April 20, 2016 |work=[[Shacknews]] |archive-date=April 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420230358/http://www.shacknews.com/article/94244/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-dlc-headed-to-ps4-xbox-one-in-may |url-status=live }}</ref> The expansion is unlikely to be released on any other platforms due to limitations in the platforms' hardware capabilities and ''Afterbirth''{{'s}} more complex mechanics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.destructoid.com/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-not-coming-to-ps4-or-other-platforms-more-than-likely-321791.phtml |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth coming to PS4, but other platforms unlikely |first=Ben |last=Davis |date=November 20, 2015 |access-date=November 20, 2015 |work=[[Destructoid]] |archive-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322054127/http://www.destructoid.com/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-not-coming-to-ps4-or-other-platforms-more-than-likely-321791.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

McMillen had programmed a number of hidden secrets into ''The Binding of Isaac'' (which fans were discovering and discussing on a [[Reddit]] subforum), and took additional care to hide them in patches and updates.<ref name="kotaku secrets">{{Cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/the-binding-of-isaac-s-biggest-secret-nearly-broke-the-1756915840 |title=The Binding of Isaac's Biggest Secret Nearly Broke The Guy Who Made it |first=Patrick |last=Klepek |date=February 3, 2016 |access-date=February 3, 2016 |work=[[Kotaku]] |archive-date=February 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203205331/http://kotaku.com/the-binding-of-isaac-s-biggest-secret-nearly-broke-the-1756915840 |url-status=live }}</ref> He knew that players would be looking for hidden secrets in ''Rebirth'', and took steps to completely hide the Lost (a new playable character). Unlocking it required a number of steps (including having the player-character repeatedly die in specific circumstances), and hints for what needed to be done were scattered among the game's assets; therefore, McMillen and his team anticipated that it would take a long time before players would discover the Lost.<ref name="kotaku secrets" /> However, players on the Reddit subforum went to its executable files to search for clues to secrets and discovered the Lost (and how to unlock it) within 109 hours of the game's release.<ref name="kotaku secrets" /> McMillen said that he was disappointed with the community because his team hid the secrets for discovery in gameplay and clues in the game; although he still planned to release ''Afterbirth'', he said that he would not rush its release.<ref name="kotaku 109">{{Cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/the-binding-of-isaacs-new-secrets-sound-completely-nuts-1740324627 |title=The Binding of Isaac's New Secrets Sound Completely Nuts |date=November 3, 2015 |access-date=November 13, 2015 |first=Patrick |last=Klepek |work=[[Kotaku]] |archive-date=November 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112134642/http://kotaku.com/the-binding-of-isaacs-new-secrets-sound-completely-nuts-1740324627 |url-status=live }}</ref>

McMillen wanted to hide the Keeper (another character) and elements already hinted at in the game about Isaac's father in ''Afterbirth'', but knew that players would data-mine its program files to find them; instead, he planned an [[alternate reality game]] (ARG) which would require players to discover real-world clues.<ref name="kotaku secrets" /> Since he expected the birth of his daughter at the end of September 2015 and the expansion was planned for release in October, he arranged the ARG to continue without him.<ref name="kotaku secrets" /> When ''Afterbirth'' was released, players found what they thought were bugs (such as missing new items which had been promised on the game's store page); some accused McMillen of deceiving them.<ref name="kotaku secrets" /> Although some of these omissions were planned as part of the ARG, McMillen discovered that the released game accidentally lacked some new items because it used a different [[Software build|build]] than originally planned. His team raced to patch the game and tried to provide support (and hints) about the Keeper, using the number 109. McMillen later said that the items missing from the released game distracted players from the secrets he had hidden.<ref name="kotaku secrets" />

With the release of the patch, players began discovering in-game hints about the Keeper and engaged in McMillen's ARG as planned. Clues included calling a special phone number and identifying actual locations in the [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]] area (where McMillen lives) which were related to the game.<ref name="kotaku secrets" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/an-insane-arg-is-happening-in-the-binding-of-isaac-community-right-now/ |title=An insane ARG is happening in the Binding of Isaac community right now |work=[[PC Gamer]] |date=November 13, 2015 |access-date=November 13, 2015 |first=Tom |last=Marks |archive-date=November 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114224847/http://www.pcgamer.com/an-insane-arg-is-happening-in-the-binding-of-isaac-community-right-now/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following additional clues (including locating a buried figure of one of the game's mini-bosses), they unlocked the Keeper and additional in-game items to collect.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2015/11/16/the-binding-of-isaac-arg/ |title=Burials And Bubblewrap: The Binding Of Isaac ARG |first=Adam |last=Smith |date=November 16, 2015 |access-date=November 16, 2015 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117035756/http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2015/11/16/the-binding-of-isaac-arg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Although McMillen thought that the ARG ultimately worked out, he would not engage the community in a similar manner again to avoid seeming egotistical.<ref name="kotaku secrets" />

==== ''Afterbirth+'' ====
Nicalis announced in December 2015 that a second expansion, ''Afterbirth+'', was in development. In addition to adding monsters, bosses, items and a playable character called Apollyon to the game, the expansion includes a [[bestiary]] which tracks how many of each type of creature (and boss) the player has defeated and [[mod (video gaming)|modding]] support to allow players to craft room types, import graphics, and script events with [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.destructoid.com/an-expansion-for-the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-is-already-in-the-works-325301.phtml |title=An expansion for The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth is already in the works |first=Ben |last=Davis |date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=December 8, 2015 |work=[[Destructoid]] |archive-date=December 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210022515/http://www.destructoid.com/an-expansion-for-the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-is-already-in-the-works-325301.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-12-08-the-binding-of-isaac-to-receive-mod-tools-dlc |title=The Binding of Isaac to receive mod tools DLC |first=Jeffrey |last=Matulef |date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=December 8, 2015 |work=[[Eurogamer]] |archive-date=December 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211034949/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-12-08-the-binding-of-isaac-to-receive-mod-tools-dlc |url-status=live }}</ref> The expansion was released for Windows on January 3, 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-releases-january-3rd-1789934133 |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ releases January 3rd on Steam. |first=Riley |last=MacLoud |date=December 9, 2016 |access-date=December 9, 2016 |work=[[Kotaku]] |archive-date=December 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209203632/http://kotaku.com/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-releases-january-3rd-1789934133 |url-status=live }}</ref> and for PlayStation 4 on September 19, 2017.<ref name="HoodEurogamer">{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-09-07-the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-is-now-available-on-nintendo-switch |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ now available on Nintendo Switch |first=Vic |last=Hood |date=September 7, 2017 |access-date=December 11, 2018 |work=[[Eurogamer]] |archive-date=December 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203171530/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-09-07-the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-is-now-available-on-nintendo-switch |url-status=live }}</ref> The expansion later released to Xbox One as downloadable content on October 24, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.trueachievements.com/n39329/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-afterbirth-plus-xbox-one-release-date |title=The Binding of Isaac Afterbirth+ DLC Coming to Xbox One Next Week |last=Carey |first=Sean |date=October 18, 2019 |website=True Achievements |language=en |access-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022164039/https://www.trueachievements.com/n39329/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-afterbirth-plus-xbox-one-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref> The Switch version of the game was released in North America on March 17, 2017, and in Europe and Australasia on September 7 of that year.<ref name="HoodEurogamer" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-04-10-the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-switch-retail-release-confirmed-for-europe |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ Switch retail release confirmed for Europe |last=Matulef |first=Jeffrey |date=April 10, 2017 |website=Eurogamer |access-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-date=October 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014143121/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-04-10-the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-switch-retail-release-confirmed-for-europe |url-status=live }}</ref> This version includes ''Afterbirth'' and ''Afterbirth+''; limited-time launch editions of the game are available physically and digitally, making it the first Nicalis-published game to be released physically.<ref name="HoodEurogamer" />

Some of the best community mods were added to the game in "booster packs" (initially planned monthly, becoming less frequent), with the first release in March 2017 and the fifth (and final) release on May 1, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/11/15/binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-to-officially-add-some-mods/ |title=Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ to officially add some mods |first=Alice |last=O'Conner |date=November 15, 2016 |access-date=November 15, 2016 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116153530/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/11/15/binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-to-officially-add-some-mods/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2017/01/04/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-is-out-now-so-wed-better-sort-out-once-and-for-all-what-it-actually-is/ |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ is out now so we'd better sort out once and for all what it actually is |first=Brenna |last=Hillier |date=January 3, 2017 |access-date=January 3, 2017 |work=[[VG247]] |archive-date=January 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105034426/http://www.vg247.com/2017/01/04/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-is-out-now-so-wed-better-sort-out-once-and-for-all-what-it-actually-is/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rps modpacks">{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/02/02/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-antibirth-mod-plans/ |title=Mod me up! Isaac: Afterbirth+ and Antibirth future plans |first=Alice |last=O'Conner |date=February 2, 2017 |access-date=February 2, 2017 |work=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202194826/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/02/02/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-antibirth-mod-plans/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/03/24/binding-of-isaac-mod-booster-pack-released/ |title=Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ unwraps mod Booster Pack |first=Alice |last=O'Conner |date=March 24, 2017 |access-date=March 24, 2017 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |archive-date=March 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324153422/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/03/24/binding-of-isaac-mod-booster-pack-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The last two packs include material developed by players who created the ''Antibirth'' fan expansion and whom McMillen enlisted.<ref name="polygon future">{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/features/2018/5/15/17345246/the-past-present-and-future-of-the-binding-of-isaac |title=The past, present and future of The Binding of Isaac |first=Russ |last=Frushtick |date=May 15, 2018 |access-date=May 17, 2018 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164559/https://www.polygon.com/features/2018/5/15/17345246/the-past-present-and-future-of-the-binding-of-isaac |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== ''Repentance'' ====
Before the release of ''Afterbirth+'', ''The Binding of Isaac: Antibirth'' (a fan-made mod of ''Rebirth'') was released in December 2016. Similar to the official expansions, ''Antibirth'' adds playable characters, bosses, power-ups and other content, and returns some gameplay aspects (which had been changed in the ''Afterbirth'' expansion) to the original ''Rebirth'' version.<ref name="antibirth released">{{cite news |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/12/23/the-binding-of-isaac-antibirth-released/ |title=Binding of Isaac player-made expansion Antibirth is out |first=Alice |last=O'Connor |date=December 23, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2017 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224135615/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/12/23/the-binding-of-isaac-antibirth-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Alice O'Connor of ''[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]]'' called the mod "more difficult than [''The Binding of Isaac'']" and a new challenge compatible with the official game expansions.<ref name="antibirth released" /> At McMillen's request, the group reworked some ''Antibirth'' content (which was incorporated into the ''Afterbirth+'' booster packs).<ref name="rps modpacks" /><ref name="polygon future" /> McMillen said at [[PAX (event)|PAX West]] in September 2018 that ''Antibirth'' would be made into ''Repentance'' (official DLC for ''Rebirth''), and he was working with some of the mod's creators on [[Game balance|balance]] tweaking and ensuring that its narrative was consistent with ''Isaac''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/09/03/the-binding-of-isaac-retribution-expansion-adding-antibirth/ |title=The Binding Of Isaac adding Antibirth mod in next expansion |first=Alice |last=O'Conner |date=September 3, 2018 |access-date=September 3, 2018 |work=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |archive-date=September 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904115818/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/09/03/the-binding-of-isaac-retribution-expansion-adding-antibirth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Initially, Repentance was announced to be a reworking of the extremely well-regarded Antibirth mod for The Binding of Isaac (it's being developed alongside Antibirth's original creator Vinh), albeit tweaked to "make it canon" and expanded with "a ton more content".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Matt |date=2020-09-29 |title=Edmund McMillen says The Binding of Isaac's Repentance expansion is "basically a sequel" |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-09-29-edmund-mcmillen-says-the-binding-of-isaacs-repentance-expansion-is-basically-a-sequel |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Eurogamer |language=en |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328083112/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-09-29-edmund-mcmillen-says-the-binding-of-isaacs-repentance-expansion-is-basically-a-sequel |url-status=live }}</ref>

The expansion was released for PC on March 31, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.destructoid.com/stories/the-binding-of-isaac-repentance-comes-crawlin-n-cryin-onto-pc-today-624442.phtml |title=The Binding of Isaac: Repentance comes crawlin' n' cryin' onto PC today |first=Chris |last=Moyse |date=March 31, 2021 |accessdate=March 31, 2021 |work=[[Destructoid]] |archive-date=April 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401011738/https://www.destructoid.com/stories/the-binding-of-isaac-repentance-comes-crawlin-n-cryin-onto-pc-today-624442.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Repentance'' was released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, [[PlayStation 5]], Xbox One, and [[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]] on November 4, 2021.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Shea |first=Brian |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/2021/11/02/the-binding-of-isaac-repentance-heads-to-consoles-this-week |title= The Binding Of Isaac: Repentance Heads To Consoles This Week |date=November 2, 2021 |accessdate=November 2, 2021 |magazine=[[Game Informer]]}}</ref>

=== Future development ===
Although McMillen wanted to support the modding community and its expansions as part of ''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth'', he found that several ideas began overlapping with his own thoughts about what a sequel to ''The Binding of Isaac'' should be; in addition, further expansion of the game would require him to rework the base game engine.<ref name="pcgamer end">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/how-mods-made-the-binding-of-isaac-a-phenomenon-and-why-edmund-mcmillens-laying-it-to-rest/ |title=How mods made The Binding of Isaac a phenomenon, and why Edmund McMillen's laying it to rest |first=Anthony |last=McGlynn |date=June 5, 2018 |access-date=June 5, 2018 |work=[[PC Gamer]] |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164609/https://www.pcgamer.com/how-mods-made-the-binding-of-isaac-a-phenomenon-and-why-edmund-mcmillens-laying-it-to-rest/ |url-status=live }}</ref> With the last booster packs (containing ''Antibirth'' content), he considered ''The Binding of Isaac'' complete.<ref name="pcgamer end" /> The addition of the ''Antibirth'' content somewhat extends the game, but McMillen does not plan any more updates.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://twitter.com/edmundmcmillen/status/1035768949097418752 |quote=Its official! Binding of Isaac: Repentance is the FINAL (for real this time) DLC for isaac. it will include the amazing Antibirth mod + a ton more content that will make you shit your butts! im working along side @FixItVinh to tweak the mod and make it canon! |title=Edmund McMillen on Twitter |work=Twitter |access-date=November 27, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=March 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329212209/https://twitter.com/edmundmcmillen/status/1035768949097418752 |url-status=live }}</ref> He plans to continue to develop ''The Binding of Isaac'' franchise; a prequel, ''[[The Legend of Bum-bo]]'', was released on November 12, 2019.<ref name="pcgamer end" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/binding-of-isaac-prequel-the-legend-of-bum-bo-is-o/1100-6469687/ |title=Binding Of Isaac Prequel The Legend Of Bum-Bo Is Out This Year |first=Richard |last=Wakeling |date=September 6, 2019 |access-date=October 4, 2019 |work=[[GameStop]] |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308013646/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/binding-of-isaac-prequel-the-legend-of-bum-bo-is-o/1100-6469687/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During an investigation by [[Kotaku]] exploring questionable business practices and behavior from Nicalis, McMillen announced that he would be severing his working relationship with the company, with ''Repentance'' being their final planned collaboration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/nicalis-founder-tyrone-rodriguez-posted-a-statement-on-1838094818 |title=Nicalis founder Tyrone Rodriguez posted a statement on Twitter last night |first=Jason |last=Schreier |date=September 13, 2019 |access-date=October 4, 2019 |work=[[Kotaku]] |archive-date=September 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921015839/https://kotaku.com/nicalis-founder-tyrone-rodriguez-posted-a-statement-on-1838094818 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rodriguez stated on social media in September 2023 that they were working on adding four player online cooperative play to ''The Binding of Isaac''.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.pcgamesn.com/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth/online-co-op | title = The Binding of Isaac gets online multiplayer at long last | first = Ken | last = Allsop | date = September 29, 2023 | accessdate = September 29, 2023 | work = [[PCGamesN]] }}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Video game reviews
| MC = PC: 86/100<ref name="Metacritic">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth for PC Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=February 18, 2015 |archive-date=February 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217040900/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth |url-status=live }}</ref> PS4: 88/100<ref name="mc ps4">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4 |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth for PlayStation 4 Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=February 18, 2015 |archive-date=February 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219230410/http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth |url-status=live }}</ref> 3DS: 78/100<ref name="mc 3ds">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth/critic-reviews/?platform=3ds |title=The Binding of Issac: Rebirth for 3DS Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=May 4, 2017 |archive-date=May 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514075013/http://www.metacritic.com/game/3ds/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth |url-status=live }}</ref> (''Afterbirth'') PC: 85/100<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=The Binding of Issac: Afterbirth for PC Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=July 14, 2018 |archive-date=July 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724221846/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth |url-status=live }}</ref> iOS: 93/100<ref name="mc iOS">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth/critic-reviews/?platform=ios-iphoneipad |title=The Binding of Issac: Rebirth for iPhone/iPad Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=May 4, 2017 |archive-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428064653/http://www.metacritic.com/game/ios/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth |url-status=live }}</ref> NS: 85/100<ref name="mc NS">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-plus/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch |title=The Binding of Issac: Afterbirth + for Switch Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=May 4, 2017 |archive-date=May 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513090309/http://www.metacritic.com/game/switch/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-+ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Destruct = 10/10<ref name="destructoid review" />
| EuroG = 9/10<ref name="eurogamer review" />
| GSpot = 8/10<ref name="gamespot review" />
| IGN = 9/10<ref name="ign review" />
| TA = {{rating|5|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://toucharcade.com/2017/01/12/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review/ |title='The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth' Review – Good Things Come to Those Who Wait |last=Dotson |first=Carter |date=January 12, 2017 |website=[[TouchArcade]] |access-date=July 14, 2018 |archive-date=February 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229145025/https://toucharcade.com/2017/01/12/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| NLife = {{Rating|8|10}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Review (New 3DS) {{!}} Aces high |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/new-3ds/binding_of_isaac_rebirth |website=[[Nintendo Life]] |date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912150644/https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/new-3ds/binding_of_isaac_rebirth |url-status=live }}</ref>
| PSQ = {{Rating|8|10}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Review (PS4) {{!}} Aces high |url=https://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/binding_of_isaac_rebirth |website=[[Push Square]] |date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912150644/https://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/binding_of_isaac_rebirth |url-status=live }}</ref>
| NWR = 8/10<ref>{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Zachary |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth (New 3DS eShop) Review |url=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/review/40909/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-new-3ds-eshop-review |website=Nintendo World Report |date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912150643/http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/review/40909/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-new-3ds-eshop-review |url-status=live }}</ref>
| PG = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth review - A solid port of the addictive roguelike shooter {{!}} Aces high |url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/articles/072698/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review-a-solid-port-of-the-addictive-roguelike-shooter/ |website=[[Pocket Gamer]] |date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912150644/https://www.pocketgamer.com/articles/072698/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review-a-solid-port-of-the-addictive-roguelike-shooter/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

According to review aggregator [[Metacritic]], ''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth'' received "generally favorable" reviews;{{r|Metacritic|mc ps4|mc 3ds|mc NS}} the iOS version received "universal acclaim".<ref name="mc iOS" /> Dan Stapleton of ''[[IGN]]'' praised ''Rebirth'' for the seemingly-endless variation in gameplay created by each run-through, giving him "plenty of motivation" to continue playing; his only criticism was its lack of in-game information on available power-ups.<ref name="ign review">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/11/26/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Review |first=Dan |last=Stapleton |date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=February 11, 2016 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-date=February 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220073835/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/11/26/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[GameSpot]]''{{'}}s Brent Todd wrote that while the game's story and imagery may be initially disturbing, ''Rebirth'' has "speedy, varied gameplay and seemingly neverending new features" which would keep the player entertained for a long time.<ref name="gamespot review">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review/1900-6415971/ |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Review |first=Brent |last=Todd |date=November 24, 2014 |access-date=February 11, 2016 |work=[[GameSpot]] |archive-date=December 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205114149/http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review/1900-6415971/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Simon Parkin of ''[[Eurogamer]]'' said that ''Rebirth'' "feels like the product of the psychotherapeutic process", but is "the most accessible Rogue-like [game] yet made" due to its easy control scheme and randomization of each run.<ref name="eurogamer review">{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-11-12-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Review |work=[[Eurogamer]] |first=Simon |last=Parkin |date=November 12, 2014 |access-date=February 11, 2016 |archive-date=February 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205043348/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-11-12-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review |url-status=live }}</ref> Nic Rowen of ''[[Destructoid]]'' said that ''Rebirth'' was a great improvement on ''The Binding of Isaac'', "an incredible experience that can't be missed".<ref name="destructoid review">{{cite web |url=http://www.destructoid.com/review-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-283702.phtml |title=Review: The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth |last=Rowen |first=Nic |date=November 11, 2014 |publisher=[[Destructoid]] |access-date=February 11, 2016 |archive-date=February 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226090620/http://www.destructoid.com/review-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-283702.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Afterbirth+'' received generally-favorable reviews from critics.<ref name="mc NS" /> Jose Otero of ''[[IGN]]'' praised its variety: "The unpredictable items and varied enemies make it one of the most wacky and replayable games I've ever experienced."<ref name=":0" /> Although Peter Glagowksi of ''[[Destructoid]]'' gave its DLC a positive review, calling it an "impressive effort", he wrote that the DLC's base content has little to offer newcomers to the series.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.destructoid.com/review-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth--410956.phtml |title=Review: Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ |website=Destructoid |language=en |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-date=September 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906042949/https://www.destructoid.com/review-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth--410956.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]] was critical of the DLC's difficulty, which it thought was largely derived from random, untelegraphed enemy behavior. About ''Afterbirth+''{{'s}} design cohesion, reviewer Adam Smith characterized its DLC as "mashing together existing parts of the game and producing either a weak cover version or a clumsy remix".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/01/05/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-%E2%80%A0-review/ |title=Wot I Think: The Binding of Isaac Afterbirth † |website=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]] |language=en |date=January 5, 2017 |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-date=May 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512102044/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/01/05/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-%e2%80%a0-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Review website Beastby criticized ''Afterbirth+''{{'s}} fairness: "The question isn't always 'Will I enjoy the gameplay loop?' but rather 'How many unfair runs will it take for me to have one in which I stand a chance?{{' "}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://beastby.net/2017/04/11/binding-isaac-afterbirth-review/ |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ Review – Overcoming the Odds |website=beastby.net |language=en |date=April 11, 2017|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527175141/http://beastby.net/2017/04/11/binding-isaac-afterbirth-review/|archive-date=May 27, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The expansion's modding [[application programming interface]] was called "a disappointment" by members of the Team Alpha modding group, who expressed frustration with the API's "massive shortcomings" and Nicalis' lack of support.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/one-of-the-binding-of-isaacs-most-popular-mod-teams-is-moving-on-because-of-broken-mod-support/ |title=One of The Binding of Isaac's most popular mod teams is moving on because of 'broken' mod support |website=[[pcgamer.com]] |language=en |date=September 10, 2017 |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164600/https://www.pcgamer.com/one-of-the-binding-of-isaacs-most-popular-mod-teams-is-moving-on-because-of-broken-mod-support/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/04/roguelikes-the-rebirth-of-the-counterculture |title=Roguelikes: The Rebirth of the Counterculture |first=Mike |last=Mahardy |date=July 4, 2014 |access-date=December 23, 2015 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-date=September 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903073824/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/04/roguelikes-the-rebirth-of-the-counterculture |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="goodtimes"> {{cite web |url=http://www.gtweekly.com/index.php/santa-cruz-news/good-times-cover-stories/6746-the-binding-of-edmund-mcmillen.html |title=The Binding of Edmund McMillen |first=Sam |last=Working |publisher=[[Good Times (newspaper)|Good Times]] |date=July 22, 2015 |access-date=February 11, 2016 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216064257/http://www.gtweekly.com/index.php/santa-cruz-news/good-times-cover-stories/6746-the-binding-of-edmund-mcmillen.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote|The Binding of Isaac}}
* {{Official website|https://bindingofisaac.com/}}

{{Edmund McMillen}}
{{Portal bar|Video games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binding of Isaac: Rebirth, The}}
[[Category:2014 video games]]
[[Category:Child abuse in fiction]]
[[Category:Cooperative video games]]
[[Category:Criticism of Christianity]]
[[Category:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse in popular culture]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Linux games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Nicalis games]]
[[Category:New Nintendo 3DS games]]
[[Category:Nintendo 3DS eShop games]]
[[Category:Nintendo Switch games]]
[[Category:MacOS games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 5 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation Network games]]
[[Category:PlayStation Vita games]]
[[Category:Roguelike video games]]
[[Category:Seven deadly sins in popular culture]]
[[Category:Video game remakes]]
[[Category:Video games about children]]
[[Category:Video games about religion]]
[[Category:Video games based on mythology]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Video games using procedural generation]]
[[Category:Video games with expansion packs]]
[[Category:Wii U eShop games]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]
[[Category:Xbox Series X and Series S games]]
[[Category:Video games designed by Edmund McMillen]]

The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth

2023-12-01T13:43:08Z

8.38.177.4: /* Future development */

{{Short description|2014 indie video game}}
{{About||the story from the Hebrew bible|Binding of Isaac|the original game|The Binding of Isaac (video game)}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth
| image = The Binding of Issac Rebirth cover.jpg
| developer = [[Nicalis]]
| publisher = Nicalis
| platforms = {{ubl|[[Linux]]|[[Microsoft Windows]]|[[OS X]]|[[PlayStation 4]]|[[PlayStation Vita]]|[[New Nintendo 3DS]]|[[Wii U]]|[[Xbox One]]|[[iOS]]|[[Nintendo Switch]]|[[PlayStation 5]]|[[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]]}}
| released = {{collapsible list|title=November 4, 2014|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;font-size:inherit;background:transparent;text-align:left|'''Linux, Windows, OS X'''{{vgrelease|WW|November 4, 2014}}'''PS4, PS Vita'''{{Video game release|NA|November 4, 2014|EU|November 5, 2014}}'''New 3DS, Wii U'''{{Video game release|NA|July 23, 2015|EU|October 29, 2015}}'''Xbox One'''{{Video game release|NA|July 23, 2015|EU|December 9, 2015}}'''iOS'''{{Video game release|WW|January 11, 2017}}}}
'''''Afterbirth'''''{{collapsible list|title=October 30, 2015|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;font-size:inherit;background:transparent;text-align:left|'''Linux, Windows, OS X'''{{vgrelease|WW|October 30, 2015}}'''PS4, Xbox One'''{{vgrelease|WW|May 10, 2016}}}}
'''''Afterbirth+'''''{{collapsible list|title=January 3, 2017|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;font-size:inherit;background:transparent;text-align:left|'''Windows'''{{vgrelease|WW|January 3, 2017}}'''Nintendo Switch'''{{efn|name=notdlc}}{{Video game release|NA|March 17, 2017|EU|September 7, 2017}}'''PlayStation 4'''{{vgrelease|WW|September 19, 2017}}'''Xbox One'''{{vgrelease|WW|October 24, 2019}}}}
'''''Repentance'''''{{collapsible list|title=March 31, 2021|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;font-size:inherit;background:transparent;text-align:left|'''Windows'''{{vgrelease|WW|March 31, 2021}}'''PS5, Xbox Series X/S'''{{efn|name=notdlc|Standalone release}}{{vgrelease|WW|November 4, 2021}}'''PS4, Xbox One'''{{vgrelease|WW|November 4, 2021}}'''Nintendo Switch'''{{vgrelease|NA|November 4, 2021|EU|2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nintendoeverything.com/the-binding-of-isaac-repentance-launches-on-switch-this-week/|title=The Binding of Isaac: Repentance launches on Switch this week|website=NintendoEverything|author=@NE_Brian|date=November 2, 2021|access-date=November 5, 2021|archive-date=November 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105143338/https://nintendoeverything.com/the-binding-of-isaac-repentance-launches-on-switch-this-week/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}}}
| genre = [[Roguelike]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
| designer = [[Edmund McMillen]]
| artist = Edmund McMillen
| composer = {{Unbulleted list|Matthias Bossi|Jon Evans}}
| series =
}}

'''''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth''''' is an [[Indie game|indie]] [[roguelike]] video game designed by [[Edmund McMillen]] and developed and published by [[Nicalis]]. ''Rebirth'' was released for [[Linux]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[OS X]], [[PlayStation 4]] and [[PlayStation Vita]] in November 2014, for [[Xbox One]], [[New Nintendo 3DS]] and [[Wii U]] in July 2015, for [[iOS]] in January 2017 and for [[Nintendo Switch]] in March 2017. The [[PlayStation 5]] and [[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]] versions were released in November 2021.

''Rebirth'' is a [[video game remake|remake]] of ''[[The Binding of Isaac (video game)|The Binding of Isaac]]'', which was developed by McMillen and [[Florian Himsl]] and released in 2011 as an [[Adobe Flash]] application. This platform had limitations and led McMillen to work with Nicalis to produce ''Rebirth'' with a more advanced game engine, which in turn enabled the substantial addition of content and gameplay features. Three [[downloadable content|expansions]] have been released. ''Afterbirth'' and ''Afterbirth+'', in October 2015 and January 2017, respectively, with more game content and gameplay modes; ''Afterbirth+'' also added support for user-created content. The third, ''Repentance'', was released in March 2021.

Similar to the original ''The Binding of Isaac'', the plot is based on the [[binding of Isaac|biblical story of the same name]] and was inspired by McMillen's religious upbringing. The player controls Isaac, a young boy whose mother, convinced that she is doing God's work, strips him of everything and locks him in his room. When Isaac's mother is about to kill him, he escapes to the basement and fights through random, roguelike dungeons. The player defeats monsters, using Isaac's tears as projectiles, and collects items which modify his appearance, attributes, and abilities, potentially creating powerful combinations. Unlike the game's predecessor, ''Rebirth'' has a limited [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]] mode, allowing an additional player in ''Rebirth'', later increased to three additional players in ''Afterbirth'' and ''Afterbirth+''. Full local co-op support was added to ''Repentance'', where up to four players are able to play as any of the playable characters. Online co-op support was announced as a future feature in September 2023.

''Rebirth'' released to critical acclaim. Reviewers praised its gameplay and improvements compared to the original ''The Binding of Isaac'', but criticized its graphic imagery. ''Afterbirth'', ''Afterbirth+'' and ''Repentance'' also had a generally-favorable reception, with reviewers criticizing their difficulty but praising their added content. By July 2015, ''Rebirth'' and ''The Binding of Isaac'' had sold over five million copies combined. The game is regarded as one of the best roguelike games of all time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/uk/best-roguelikes-roguelites/3/|first=James|last=Bentley|title=Best roguelikes to keep you saying "just one more round"|access-date=27 April 2021|website=[[GamesRadar]]|date=September 24, 2020|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427212611/https://www.gamesradar.com/uk/best-roguelikes-roguelites/3/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://happymag.tv/best-roguelike-games/|first=James|last=He|title=The 15 best roguelike games of all time (updated for 2021)|website=Happy|date=April 19, 2021|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427212731/https://happymag.tv/best-roguelike-games/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/best-roguelike-games-pc|title=The best roguelike games and roguelites on PC|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427212730/https://www.pcgamesn.com/best-roguelike-games-pc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.highgroundgaming.com/best-roguelike-games/|title=The 15 Best Roguelike Games of 2021|first=Austin|last=Carroll|date=January 3, 2020|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427212613/https://www.highgroundgaming.com/best-roguelike-games/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamingscan.com/best-roguelike-games/|title=Best Roguelike Games 2021|first=Justin|last=Fernandez|date=March 9, 2021|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427212613/https://www.gamingscan.com/best-roguelike-games/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/best-roguelikes-games/|title=The best roguelikes|first=Jacob|last=Roach|date=October 19, 2020|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512103455/https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/best-roguelikes-games/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gamerant.com/best-roguelike-rpgs-ranked/|title=The 10 Best Roguelike RPGs, Ranked|first=Flavio|last=Villafañe|date=October 4, 2020|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427212613/https://gamerant.com/best-roguelike-rpgs-ranked/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://culturedvultures.com/best-roguelikes-roguelites-games/|title=15 Best Roguelike & Roguelite Games of All Time|first=Jimmy|last=Donnellan|date=January 15, 2021|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=May 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508104737/https://culturedvultures.com/best-roguelikes-roguelites-games/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Gameplay ==
[[File:The Binding of Isaac - Rebirth gameplay.webm|thumb|left|alt=Animated screenshot|Gameplay of ''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth'' with the ''Repentance'' DLC, showing the player using the Isaac character to fight enemies in the "Downpour" floor.]]

Like the original, ''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth'' is a top-down 2D game in which the player controls the boy Isaac, amongst sixteen other unlockable characters, as he traverses the basement and beyond, fighting off monsters and collecting items.<ref name="destructoid review" /> The gameplay is presented in a [[roguelike]] style; the levels are [[Procedural generation|procedurally generated]] through a random [[map seed|seed]]<ref name="destructoid review" /><ref name="pcgamerseed">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-will-allow-users-to-share-game-seeds/ |first=Shaun |last=Prescott |date=July 29, 2014 |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth will allow users to share game seeds|access-date=January 6, 2019 |website=[[PC Gamer]] |publisher=[[Future plc]]|archive-date=January 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106113131/https://www.pcgamer.com/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-will-allow-users-to-share-game-seeds/}}</ref> into a number of self-contained rooms, including at least one [[boss (video gaming)|boss]] battle. A run is completed by beating one of a number of different final bosses. Like most roguelike games, it has [[permadeath]]: when the player character dies, the game is over.<ref name="eurogamer review" /> ''Rebirth'' allows a play-through to be saved at any point.<ref name="destructoid review" /> Map seeds can be shared, allowing for multiple people to try the same dungeon layout.<ref name="pcgamerseed" /> However, seeded runs do not earn a player achievements, preventing players from using seeds which make getting these achievements easier.

The game is controlled similarly to a [[multidirectional shooter]]: the player moves the character with one set of controls, while 'shooting' tears with the other;<ref name="destructoid review" /> the tears are bullets which defeat enemies. The player-character's [[Health (gaming)|health]] is represented by a number of hearts (in halves). The character can find items which replenish hearts; other items give the character additional hearts, increasing their number. Throughout the dungeons, the player can find bombs to damage foes and destroy obstacles; keys to open doors and treasure chests; and coins to buy items. Many items impact the character's attributes (such as speed and the damage and range of the character's tears) and other gameplay effects, including a character who floats behind the player-character and aids in combat. Items are either passive, granting permanent effects on pickup, or active, which can be used at any point and are either consumed on use or recharged by clearing rooms.<ref name="eurogamer review" /> The player can collect any number of passive items, whose effects build on each other with the potential to create powerful combinations. The player can only carry one active item at a time.<ref name="destructoid review" /> The player can also carry one consumable, mostly tarot cards or pills with various effects, and one trinket, which act similarly to passive items except that they can be swapped out. Each floor contains a number of special rooms, such as treasure rooms, mini-boss fights, dice pip rooms, arcades, vaults, and curse rooms.<ref name="gamespot review" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rooms - The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Wiki Guide |url=https://www.ign.com/wikis/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth/Rooms |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=IGN |language=en |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005174438/https://www.ign.com/wikis/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth/Rooms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to expanding ''The Binding of Isaac''{{'s}} number of items, monsters, and room types (including those spanning multiple screens), ''Rebirth'' provides integrated [[game controller|controller]] support<ref name="destructoid review" /> and allows a second local player to join in with a drop-in-drop-out mechanic. The second player controls a follower of the first player-character with the same attributes and abilities of that character, costing the first player-character one heart. The second character cannot plant bombs or carry items.<ref name="destructoid review" /> The ''Repentance'' expansion adds support for a 4-player co-op, where the extra players control fully functional characters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=How to Play Co-op in The Binding of Isaac: Repentance |url=https://gamerjournalist.com/how-to-play-co-op-in-the-binding-of-isaac-repentance/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Gamer Journalist |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{See also|The Binding of Isaac (video game)#Plot}}

''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth''{{'s}} plot loosely follows the [[Binding of Isaac|biblical story of the same name]], similar to the [[The Binding of Isaac (video game)|original game]]. Isaac, a child, and his mother live in a small house on a hill, both happily keeping to themselves, with Isaac drawing pictures and playing with his toys, and his mother watching Christian broadcasts on television. Isaac's mother then hears "a voice from above", stating her son is corrupted with sin, and needs to be saved. She removes all his possessions (including toys and clothing), believing they were the corrupting agents, and later locks him in his room to protect him from the evil outside. When she receives instructions to sacrifice her son to prove her devotion to her faith, Isaac flees through a trap door in his room, leading to "the unknown depths below".

After venturing through various floors and reaching The Depths, Isaac battles his mother. After defeating her, the game cuts back to Isaac in his room, where his mother attempts to kill him, grasping a butcher's knife. A Bible is knocked off a shelf, striking Isaac's mother in the head, killing her. Isaac celebrates, before the game cuts again to a smiling Isaac, where his mother once again opens his door, holding a knife.

Further completions of the game unlock new routes, new endings, and fights against various new final bosses, such as Mom's Heart, It Lives (a more difficult variation of Mom's Heart), Mega Satan, and more - these bosses themselves can unlock more endings and routes upon completion.

=== ''Afterbirth'' ===
''The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth'' expansion contains two new endings, both of which involve the expansion's new content. Ending 17 is unlocked by defeating the newly added boss, Hush. It opens with the missing poster from Ending 15 and zooms in on Isaac's house. The scene cuts to Isaac's mother opening his toy chest, revealing Isaac's skeletal remains. Isaac is seen in a dull-colored landscape, where a shadow forms behind him.

Ending 18 is unlocked by defeating the boss Ultra Greed at the end of the new Greed Mode. It shows Isaac in a small cave, which caves in on him. The scene then changes to show one of the shopkeepers found throughout the game. It smiles, and the scene ends.

=== ''Afterbirth+'' ===
''The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+'', like the expansion before it, contains two new endings involving the new content added in the expansion. Ending 19 is unlocked by defeating the boss Ultra Greedier at the end of the new Greedier mode. It is almost exactly the same as Ending 18, with the major difference being that after the shopkeeper smiles, its head falls off and the body begins to spew out a geyser of spiders.

Ending 20, called "Final Ending" prior to ''The Binding of Isaac: Repentance'', is unlocked after defeating the boss Delirium, who is Isaac's representation of the "light at the end of the tunnel".<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=edmundmcmillen |url=https://twitter.com/edmundmcmillen/status/920931148720586753 |number=920931148720586753 |access-date=2023-05-06 |title=delirium is the light at the end of the tunnel,... |language=en}}</ref> It builds upon events seen in Endings 12, 15, and 17, and shows Isaac recalling his memories in his final moments before dying. Isaac is shown lying in his toy chest, breathing heavily. He recalls a memory of him overhearing a fight between his parents while he is drawing, and looks at a drawing he made of his house, with the caption "we lived here". He recalls a memory of his mother crying in front of a TV. His breathing gets faster as he recalls another memory, this one of him looking at a burnt family photo with his father removed. His breathing slows down, with Isaac [[Cyanosis|visibly turning blue]]. Another memory is shown, showing a wall covered in drawings Isaac made. As the scene pans to the left, the drawings get more disturbed, and the noises of an argument in the background becomes more audible, culminating in a drawing of a demon towering over Isaac's dead and bloody parents, and Isaac's father saying "I'm outta here!"

After a cut to black, the scene changes to Isaac's skeleton lying in the chest, covered in cobwebs. The chest is opened like in Ending 12, and the missing poster from Ending 15 is shown flying off the telephone pole. Isaac is seen roaming the dull-colored landscape from Ending 17.

=== ''Repentance'' ===

''The Binding of Isaac: Repentance'' contains two new endings involving the content added. Ending 21 is unlocked for defeating the added Mother boss. It shows Isaac drawing a picture of the boss. His mother walks in, and Isaac tries to hide the drawing from her. His mother reacts by throwing him into a closet, saying "You think I'm a monster, Isaac? I'll show you a monster!" The scene cuts to Isaac in the closet, hyperventilating. His mother begins to tearfully recite the [[Lord's Prayer]], with the closet growing darker and darker. A statue of Satan materializes behind Isaac, and the scene ends.

Ending 22 is the Final Ending, and is unlocked by defeating [[The Beast (Revelation)|The Beast]], the true final boss of the game. This ending completes the story of the game and its expansions.

Normally, after defeating the Mom boss on Depths II (or its equivalent alternate floor, Necropolis II), the player is locked out of leaving the room. If the player brings an item to teleport out of the room, they can enter a special door. Isaac finds a note left from his dad, and the game begins the Ascent sequence. Isaac begins to go up through the floors he visited throughout the game in reverse order.

Arguments can be heard that explain what happened to Isaac's family prior to the game. Isaac, a child, lives with his parents in a small house, on a hill. His parents become unhappy with each other, commonly fighting late at night while Isaac watches from a crack in the living room door. Isaac's father starts stealing money from his mother, who slowly develops into a religious fanatic to cope with her domestic abuse, prompting Isaac's father to leave and divorce Isaac's mother. Without Isaac's father around, her mental health worsens as she begins watching Christian broadcasts on the television, which in turn causes her to abuse Isaac.

Isaac throws himself into his toy chest from Ending 12 to hide from both his mother and himself, believing he is the reason his parents fought. The chest locks, preventing Isaac from leaving. Isaac slowly suffocates to death, with the events of the game being his final delusions. His mother realizes Isaac has gone missing, and puts up missing posters around the neighborhood in an attempt to find him, but no word comes. After an indeterminate amount of time, she opens the locked chest Isaac was in. Seeing that her son is dead, she cries over his body, mourning him.

In-game, upon venturing back from the depths of the basement to the surface, Isaac finds himself in a memory of his house. He sleeps in his mother's bed, and is awoken by a nightmare. Isaac enters the living room, where he fights Dogma, an embodiment of the Christian broadcasts watched by his mother. After defeating Dogma, Isaac fights the [[Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse]], followed by The Beast (who is wearing his mother's dress), the true final boss of the game.

Isaac finally ascends up to the sky, and his life flashes back before him once more, before he sees nothing. In a final hallucination,<ref name="YesIsaacisreallydead">{{Cite web|title=Tweet from Edmund McMillen|url=https://twitter.com/edmundmcmillen/status/1385112195772473348|access-date=27 April 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427210319/https://twitter.com/edmundmcmillen/status/1385112195772473348|url-status=live}}</ref> Isaac's dad interjects, asking if Isaac really wants the story to end like this, and changes it to have a happy ending, with the opening narration changed to "Isaac and his parents lived in a small house, on the top of a hill...". Isaac passes away as the scene fades to black.

== Development ==
{{See also|The Binding of Isaac (video game)#Development and release |l1=Development of The Binding of Isaac}}
''The Binding of Isaac'' was developed by [[Edmund McMillen]] and Florian Himsl in 2011 during a [[game jam]] after the completion of ''[[Super Meat Boy]]'', McMillen's previous game. Since ''Super Meat Boy'' was successful, McMillen was not concerned about making a popular game; he wanted to craft a game which melded ''[[The Legend of Zelda (video game)|The Legend of Zelda's]]'' top-down dungeon approach with the [[roguelike]] genre, wrapping it in religious allegory inspired by his upbringing.<ref name="binding postmortem" /><ref name="zelda details">{{Cite web |title=Bound and Determined: ''The Binding of Isaac'' as a Worthy Successor to the Original ''Legend of Zelda'' |url=http://thegemsbok.com/art-reviews-and-articles/video-game-reviews-mid-week-mission-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-edmund-mcmillen/ |website=The Gemsbok |access-date=February 19, 2016 |language=en-US |last=Podgorski |first=Daniel |date=October 14, 2015 |archive-date=February 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219094911/http://thegemsbok.com/art-reviews-and-articles/video-game-reviews-mid-week-mission-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-edmund-mcmillen/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They used [[Adobe Flash]], since it enabled them to develop the game quickly. McMillen quietly released the game to [[Steam (service)|Steam]] for PC, where it unexpectedly became very popular.<ref name="binding postmortem" /> Wanting to expand the game, McMillen and Himsl discovered limitations in Flash which made an expansion difficult.<ref name="binding postmortem" /> Although they could incorporate more content with the ''[[The Binding of Isaac (video game)#Wrath of the Lamb|Wrath of the Lamb]]'' expansion, McMillen had to abandon a second expansion due to the limitations.<ref name="binding postmortem">{{cite web |url=http://gamasutra.com/view/feature/182380/postmortem_mcmillen_and_himsls_.php |title=Postmortem: McMillen and Himsl's The Binding of Isaac |first=Edmund |last=McMillen |date=November 28, 2012 |access-date=December 20, 2015 |work=[[Gamasutra]] |archive-date=August 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204135/http://gamasutra.com/view/feature/182380/postmortem_mcmillen_and_himsls_.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Edmund McMillen cropped.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A smiling, bearded, bespectacled Edmund McMillen|''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth''{{'}}s designer, Edmund McMillen]]
After ''The Binding of Isaac''{{'s}} release, McMillen was approached by Tyrone Rodriguez of [[Nicalis]] (a development and publishing studio which had helped bring the PC games ''[[Cave Story]]'' and ''[[VVVVVV]]'' to consoles).<ref name="vg247 announce" /> Rodriguez offered Nicalis' services to help port ''The Binding of Isaac'' to consoles. McMillen was interested, but required they recreate the game outside Flash to incorporate the additional content he had to forego and fix additional bugs found since release.<ref name="binding postmortem" /> He also asked to be left out of the business side of the game's release (after his negative experiences dealing with business matters with ''Super Meat Boy''), and Rodriguez agreed.<ref name="binding postmortem" /><ref name="vg247 announce" /> ''Rebirth'' was announced in November 2012 as a console version of ''The Binding of Isaac'', with plans to improve its graphics to [[high color|16-bit colors]] and incorporate the new content and material originally planned for the second expansion.<ref name="vg247 announce">{{cite web |url=http://www.vg247.com/2012/11/28/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-headed-to-consoles/ |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth headed to consoles |work=[[VG247]] |date=November 28, 2012 |access-date=February 5, 2016 |first=Brenna |last=Hillier |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164552/https://www.vg247.com/2012/11/28/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-headed-to-consoles/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Local cooperative play would also be added to the game, but McMillen said that they could not add online cooperative play because it would drastically lengthen development time.<ref name="eurog announce" />

McMillen wanted to overhaul the entire game, particularly its graphics (which he called an "eyesore").<ref name="avclub music">{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/binding-of-isaac-creator-releases-new-images-and-m-201487 |title=Binding Of Isaac creator releases new images and music from upcoming remake |first=John |last=Teti |date=February 25, 2014 |access-date=February 5, 2016 |work=[[The A.V. Club]] |archive-date=March 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320100853/http://www.avclub.com/article/binding-of-isaac-creator-releases-new-images-and-m-201487 |url-status=live }}</ref> After polling players about which art style to use for the remake,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2012/12/03/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-seeks-your-approval-for-pixel-makeover/ |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth seeks your approval for pixel makeover |work=[[VG247]] |first=Brenna |last=Hillier |date=December 3, 2012 |access-date=February 5, 2016 |archive-date=October 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007155425/http://www.vg247.com/2012/12/03/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-seeks-your-approval-for-pixel-makeover/ |url-status=live }}</ref> McMillen and Nicalis brought in artists to improve the original assets in the new style and began working on the new content.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2013/02/11/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-team-nearly-ready-for-new-content/ |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth team nearly ready for new content |work=[[VG247]] |date=February 11, 2013 |access-date=February 5, 2016 |first=Brenna |last=Hillier |archive-date=February 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220170241/http://www.vg247.com/2013/02/11/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-team-nearly-ready-for-new-content/ |url-status=live }}</ref> McMillen commissioned a new soundtrack for the remake from Matthias Bossi and Jon Evans.<ref name="avclub music" />

=== Release ===
McMillen and Rodriguez initially wanted to develop ''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth'' for the [[Nintendo 3DS]] as a tribute to its roots in Nintendo's ''[[The Legend of Zelda|Legend of Zelda]]'' series.<ref name="zelda details" /><ref name="polygon new3ds" /> Nintendo, however, did not authorize the game's release for the 3DS in 2012 for content reasons.<ref name="polygon new3ds" /> Although they had spent some time creating the 3DS version, McMillen and Rodriguez decided to focus on PC and PlayStation versions instead; those platforms allowed them to increase the game's capabilities.<ref name="polygon new3ds" /> In addition to the [[PlayStation 3]] and [[PlayStation Vita|Vita]] consoles, Nicalis was in discussions with Microsoft for a release on the Xbox systems and McMillen had also considered a future [[iOS]] release.<ref name="eurog announce">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-11-29-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-already-in-development-for-ps3-and-vita |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth already in development for PS3 and Vita |work=[[Eurogamer]] |first=Jeffrey |last=Matulef |date=November 29, 2016 |access-date=February 5, 2016 |archive-date=September 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909124737/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-11-29-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-already-in-development-for-ps3-and-vita |url-status=live }}</ref> McMillen and Nicalis opted to move development from the PlayStation 3 to the new [[PlayStation 4]] in August 2013, announcing its release at [[Sony]]'s [[Gamescom]] presentation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2013/08/20/gamescom-indie-avalanche-n-volume-hotline-miami-2/ |title=Gamescom Indie Avalanche: N++, Volume, Hotline Miami 2 |author=Shahid Ahmad |publisher=PlayStation Blog |date=August 20, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2013 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065757/http://blog.us.playstation.com/2013/08/20/gamescom-indie-avalanche-n-volume-hotline-miami-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The PlayStation 4 and Vita versions were released with the PC versions on November 4, 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2014/11/04/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-out-now-on-steam-psn/ |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth out now on Steam, PSN |first=Brenna |last=Hillier |date=November 4, 2014 |access-date=April 20, 2016 |work=[[VG247]] |archive-date=August 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825231932/https://www.vg247.com/2014/11/04/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-out-now-on-steam-psn/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During development, three senior Nintendo employees—Steve Singer, vice president of licensing; Mark Griffin, a senior manager in licensing, and indie development head Dan Adelman—championed the game within the company.<ref name="polygon new3ds" /> They continued to work within Nintendo, and secured approval of ''Rebirth''{{'s}} release for the 3DS and Wii U in 2014.<ref name="polygon new3ds" /> McMillen and Nicalis, after tailoring the game to run on more powerful systems, worked to keep it intact for the 3DS port. They spent about a year on the conversion and, although they got the game to work on the original 3DS, its performance was sub-optimal. They were one of the first developers (with Nintendo help) to obtain a development kit for the [[New Nintendo 3DS]], which had more powerful hardware and memory to run the game at a speed matching that of the other platforms.<ref name="polygon new3ds">{{Cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2015/4/3/8341137/how-a-love-of-nintendo-finally-opened-the-door-for-the-binding-of |title=How a love of Nintendo opened the door for The Binding of Isaac and why it's only coming to New 3DS |first=Brian |last=Crecente |date=April 3, 2015 |access-date=February 7, 2016 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-date=April 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415232458/http://www.polygon.com/2015/4/3/8341137/how-a-love-of-nintendo-finally-opened-the-door-for-the-binding-of |url-status=live }}</ref> The announcement of the New 3DS and Wii U versions was made with plans for an [[Xbox One]] version,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bindingofisaac.com/post/115192982234/rebirth-coming-to-3ds-wiiu-and-xbox1 |title=Rebirth Coming to 3ds WiiU and Xbox1!! |first=Edmund |last=McMillen |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=April 1, 2015 |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403002657/http://bindingofisaac.com/post/115192982234/rebirth-coming-to-3ds-wiiu-and-xbox1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the game was released for all three systems on July 23, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://arstechnica.co.uk/gaming/2015/07/sacrilegious-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-finally-launches-on-nintendo-systems/ |title=Sacrilegious Binding of Isaac: Rebirth finally launches on Nintendo systems |first=Sam |last=Machkovech |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=July 23, 2015 |access-date=April 20, 2016 |archive-date=May 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513000300/http://arstechnica.co.uk/gaming/2015/07/sacrilegious-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-finally-launches-on-nintendo-systems/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2016, Nicalis reported that it was working on an [[iOS]] port of the game. The company reported the following month that Apple rejected its application to Apple's app, citing "violence towards children" violating content policies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/2/7/10930230/the-binding-of-isaac-ios-mobile-rejected-apple |title=Apple rejects The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth because of 'violence towards children' |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=February 7, 2016 |access-date=February 7, 2016 |first=Owen S. |last=Good |archive-date=February 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207145902/http://www.polygon.com/2016/2/7/10930230/the-binding-of-isaac-ios-mobile-rejected-apple |url-status=live }}</ref> Nicalis has worked with Apple to obtain preapproval and will release a universal iOS version of ''Rebirth'' (including the ''Afterbirth+'' expansion) with improvements for that platform, including the use of [[iCloud]] for ease of play on multiple devices. Although Nicalis wants to add this to the Vita port, the company said it was a low priority due to the Vita's limited ability to handle many weapon [[Combo (video gaming)|combos]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-coming-to-ios-soon-vit/1100-6444812/ |title=Binding of Isaac Afterbirth† Coming to iOS 'Soon,' Vita Version is 'Low Priority' |first=Tamoor |last=Hussain |date=October 26, 2016 |access-date=October 26, 2016 |work=[[GameSpot]] |archive-date=October 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029110427/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-coming-to-ios-soon-vit/1100-6444812/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The initial iOS version of the core game, without expansions, was released on January 11, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-01-11-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-is-out-now-on-ios |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth is out now on iOS |first=Jeffrey |last=Matulef |date=January 11, 2017 |access-date=January 11, 2017 |work=[[Eurogamer]] |archive-date=January 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113052356/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-01-11-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-is-out-now-on-ios |url-status=live }}</ref>

After hinting at a release on the upcoming [[Nintendo Switch]] console, Nicalis confirmed in January 2017 that ''Rebirth'' (with both expansions) would be released for the Switch in March 2017 as retail and digital titles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/01/13/nicalis-bringing-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-redout-to-nintendo-switch |title=Nicalis Bringing Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth, Redout to Nintendo Switch |first=Terri |last=Schwartz |date=January 13, 2017 |access-date=January 13, 2017 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-date=January 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114160834/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/01/13/nicalis-bringing-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-redout-to-nintendo-switch |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gamezone.com/news/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-will-launch-on-march-3rd-for-nintendo-switch-3447675 |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth + will launch on March 3, 2017 for Nintendo Switch |first=Cade |last=Onder |date=January 18, 2017 |access-date=January 18, 2017 |work=Gamezone |archive-date=January 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120110049/http://www.gamezone.com/news/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-will-launch-on-march-3rd-for-nintendo-switch-3447675 |url-status=live }}</ref> Scheduled for release on March 3 as a launch title, last-minute adjustments required the company to delay it until March 17.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2017/2/20/14676534/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-delay-nintendo-switch |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ will miss Nintendo Switch launch |first=Samit |last=Sarkar |date=February 20, 2017 |access-date=February 20, 2017 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-date=February 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221205952/http://www.polygon.com/2017/2/20/14676534/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-delay-nintendo-switch |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.destructoid.com/binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-hits-switch-on-march-17-for-40-423820.phtml |title=Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ hits Switch on March 17 for $40 |first=Chris |last=Carter |date=March 9, 2017 |access-date=March 9, 2017 |work=[[Destructoid]] |archive-date=March 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310030541/https://www.destructoid.com/binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-hits-switch-on-march-17-for-40-423820.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of the existing relationship with Nintendo for the Wii U and New Nintendo 3DS versions, Rodriguez said that they could obtain developer-prototype hardware for the Switch to port the game to that system. McMillen said that they could get ''Rebirth'' working on the Switch easily due to their approach to developing the game (with [[hooking]] integrated into respective system features, such as achievements, to simplify porting) and the ease of the Switch's development platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2017/2/9/14554702/nintendo-switch-indie-friendly-binding-of-isaac-nicalis-tyrone-rodriguez |title=Is the Switch indie friendly? One developer's take |first=Russ |last=Frushtick |date=February 9, 2017 |access-date=February 9, 2017 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-date=February 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210120653/http://www.polygon.com/2017/2/9/14554702/nintendo-switch-indie-friendly-binding-of-isaac-nicalis-tyrone-rodriguez |url-status=live }}</ref> The game was released for Switch on March 17, 2017. The version allows up to four players in a drop-in/drop-out cooperative mode, with the other three players using [[Joy-Con]] to control one of Isaac's "buddies" (similar to the two-player cooperative mode for PC).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/03/17/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-review |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ Review |first=Jose |last=Otero |date=March 17, 2017 |access-date=March 17, 2017 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-date=March 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318012926/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/03/17/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-review |url-status=live }}</ref> The physical version of the Switch game includes a manual similar to the manual which shipped with ''The Legend of Zelda'' for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/03/18/binding-of-isaacs-manual-for-switch-is-a-tribute-to-zelda-on-nes |title=Binding of Isaac's Manual for Switch is a Tribute to Zelda on NES |first=Seth |last=Macy |date=March 17, 2017 |access-date=March 17, 2017 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-date=March 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318013312/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/03/18/binding-of-isaacs-manual-for-switch-is-a-tribute-to-zelda-on-nes |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Expansions ===
==== ''Afterbirth'' ====
McMillen announced ''The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth'', the first [[Expansion pack|expansion]] for ''Rebirth'', in February 2015. ''Afterbirth'' added items, enemies, alternate floors and bosses, and endings (including Greed Mode, which differs from the main game and is reportedly more difficult).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-02-13-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirths-upcoming-afterbirth-dlc-detailed |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth's upcoming Afterbirth DLC detailed |work=Eurogamer |first=Jeffrey |last=Matulef |date=February 13, 2015 |access-date=March 15, 2015 |archive-date=March 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320194710/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-02-13-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirths-upcoming-afterbirth-dlc-detailed |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Afterbirth'' was released on October 30, 2015, for Windows, OS X, and Linux computers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-09-08-the-binding-of-isaacs-meaty-afterbirth-expansion-pushes-out-a-release-date |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth's meaty Afterbirth expansion pushes out a release date |work=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=Gamer Network |first=Tom |last=Phillips |date=September 8, 2015 |access-date=September 8, 2015 |archive-date=September 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911002054/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-09-08-the-binding-of-isaacs-meaty-afterbirth-expansion-pushes-out-a-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref> The expansion was released for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions on May 10, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shacknews.com/article/94244/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-dlc-headed-to-ps4-xbox-one-in-may |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth DLC headed to PS4, Xbox One in May |first=David |last=Craddock |date=April 20, 2016 |access-date=April 20, 2016 |work=[[Shacknews]] |archive-date=April 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420230358/http://www.shacknews.com/article/94244/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-dlc-headed-to-ps4-xbox-one-in-may |url-status=live }}</ref> The expansion is unlikely to be released on any other platforms due to limitations in the platforms' hardware capabilities and ''Afterbirth''{{'s}} more complex mechanics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.destructoid.com/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-not-coming-to-ps4-or-other-platforms-more-than-likely-321791.phtml |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth coming to PS4, but other platforms unlikely |first=Ben |last=Davis |date=November 20, 2015 |access-date=November 20, 2015 |work=[[Destructoid]] |archive-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322054127/http://www.destructoid.com/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-not-coming-to-ps4-or-other-platforms-more-than-likely-321791.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

McMillen had programmed a number of hidden secrets into ''The Binding of Isaac'' (which fans were discovering and discussing on a [[Reddit]] subforum), and took additional care to hide them in patches and updates.<ref name="kotaku secrets">{{Cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/the-binding-of-isaac-s-biggest-secret-nearly-broke-the-1756915840 |title=The Binding of Isaac's Biggest Secret Nearly Broke The Guy Who Made it |first=Patrick |last=Klepek |date=February 3, 2016 |access-date=February 3, 2016 |work=[[Kotaku]] |archive-date=February 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203205331/http://kotaku.com/the-binding-of-isaac-s-biggest-secret-nearly-broke-the-1756915840 |url-status=live }}</ref> He knew that players would be looking for hidden secrets in ''Rebirth'', and took steps to completely hide the Lost (a new playable character). Unlocking it required a number of steps (including having the player-character repeatedly die in specific circumstances), and hints for what needed to be done were scattered among the game's assets; therefore, McMillen and his team anticipated that it would take a long time before players would discover the Lost.<ref name="kotaku secrets" /> However, players on the Reddit subforum went to its executable files to search for clues to secrets and discovered the Lost (and how to unlock it) within 109 hours of the game's release.<ref name="kotaku secrets" /> McMillen said that he was disappointed with the community because his team hid the secrets for discovery in gameplay and clues in the game; although he still planned to release ''Afterbirth'', he said that he would not rush its release.<ref name="kotaku 109">{{Cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/the-binding-of-isaacs-new-secrets-sound-completely-nuts-1740324627 |title=The Binding of Isaac's New Secrets Sound Completely Nuts |date=November 3, 2015 |access-date=November 13, 2015 |first=Patrick |last=Klepek |work=[[Kotaku]] |archive-date=November 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112134642/http://kotaku.com/the-binding-of-isaacs-new-secrets-sound-completely-nuts-1740324627 |url-status=live }}</ref>

McMillen wanted to hide the Keeper (another character) and elements already hinted at in the game about Isaac's father in ''Afterbirth'', but knew that players would data-mine its program files to find them; instead, he planned an [[alternate reality game]] (ARG) which would require players to discover real-world clues.<ref name="kotaku secrets" /> Since he expected the birth of his daughter at the end of September 2015 and the expansion was planned for release in October, he arranged the ARG to continue without him.<ref name="kotaku secrets" /> When ''Afterbirth'' was released, players found what they thought were bugs (such as missing new items which had been promised on the game's store page); some accused McMillen of deceiving them.<ref name="kotaku secrets" /> Although some of these omissions were planned as part of the ARG, McMillen discovered that the released game accidentally lacked some new items because it used a different [[Software build|build]] than originally planned. His team raced to patch the game and tried to provide support (and hints) about the Keeper, using the number 109. McMillen later said that the items missing from the released game distracted players from the secrets he had hidden.<ref name="kotaku secrets" />

With the release of the patch, players began discovering in-game hints about the Keeper and engaged in McMillen's ARG as planned. Clues included calling a special phone number and identifying actual locations in the [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]] area (where McMillen lives) which were related to the game.<ref name="kotaku secrets" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/an-insane-arg-is-happening-in-the-binding-of-isaac-community-right-now/ |title=An insane ARG is happening in the Binding of Isaac community right now |work=[[PC Gamer]] |date=November 13, 2015 |access-date=November 13, 2015 |first=Tom |last=Marks |archive-date=November 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114224847/http://www.pcgamer.com/an-insane-arg-is-happening-in-the-binding-of-isaac-community-right-now/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following additional clues (including locating a buried figure of one of the game's mini-bosses), they unlocked the Keeper and additional in-game items to collect.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2015/11/16/the-binding-of-isaac-arg/ |title=Burials And Bubblewrap: The Binding Of Isaac ARG |first=Adam |last=Smith |date=November 16, 2015 |access-date=November 16, 2015 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117035756/http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2015/11/16/the-binding-of-isaac-arg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Although McMillen thought that the ARG ultimately worked out, he would not engage the community in a similar manner again to avoid seeming egotistical.<ref name="kotaku secrets" />

==== ''Afterbirth+'' ====
Nicalis announced in December 2015 that a second expansion, ''Afterbirth+'', was in development. In addition to adding monsters, bosses, items and a playable character called Apollyon to the game, the expansion includes a [[bestiary]] which tracks how many of each type of creature (and boss) the player has defeated and [[mod (video gaming)|modding]] support to allow players to craft room types, import graphics, and script events with [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.destructoid.com/an-expansion-for-the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-is-already-in-the-works-325301.phtml |title=An expansion for The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth is already in the works |first=Ben |last=Davis |date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=December 8, 2015 |work=[[Destructoid]] |archive-date=December 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210022515/http://www.destructoid.com/an-expansion-for-the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-is-already-in-the-works-325301.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-12-08-the-binding-of-isaac-to-receive-mod-tools-dlc |title=The Binding of Isaac to receive mod tools DLC |first=Jeffrey |last=Matulef |date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=December 8, 2015 |work=[[Eurogamer]] |archive-date=December 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211034949/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-12-08-the-binding-of-isaac-to-receive-mod-tools-dlc |url-status=live }}</ref> The expansion was released for Windows on January 3, 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-releases-january-3rd-1789934133 |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ releases January 3rd on Steam. |first=Riley |last=MacLoud |date=December 9, 2016 |access-date=December 9, 2016 |work=[[Kotaku]] |archive-date=December 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209203632/http://kotaku.com/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-releases-january-3rd-1789934133 |url-status=live }}</ref> and for PlayStation 4 on September 19, 2017.<ref name="HoodEurogamer">{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-09-07-the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-is-now-available-on-nintendo-switch |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ now available on Nintendo Switch |first=Vic |last=Hood |date=September 7, 2017 |access-date=December 11, 2018 |work=[[Eurogamer]] |archive-date=December 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203171530/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-09-07-the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-is-now-available-on-nintendo-switch |url-status=live }}</ref> The expansion later released to Xbox One as downloadable content on October 24, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.trueachievements.com/n39329/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-afterbirth-plus-xbox-one-release-date |title=The Binding of Isaac Afterbirth+ DLC Coming to Xbox One Next Week |last=Carey |first=Sean |date=October 18, 2019 |website=True Achievements |language=en |access-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022164039/https://www.trueachievements.com/n39329/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-afterbirth-plus-xbox-one-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref> The Switch version of the game was released in North America on March 17, 2017, and in Europe and Australasia on September 7 of that year.<ref name="HoodEurogamer" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-04-10-the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-switch-retail-release-confirmed-for-europe |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ Switch retail release confirmed for Europe |last=Matulef |first=Jeffrey |date=April 10, 2017 |website=Eurogamer |access-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-date=October 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014143121/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-04-10-the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-switch-retail-release-confirmed-for-europe |url-status=live }}</ref> This version includes ''Afterbirth'' and ''Afterbirth+''; limited-time launch editions of the game are available physically and digitally, making it the first Nicalis-published game to be released physically.<ref name="HoodEurogamer" />

Some of the best community mods were added to the game in "booster packs" (initially planned monthly, becoming less frequent), with the first release in March 2017 and the fifth (and final) release on May 1, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/11/15/binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-to-officially-add-some-mods/ |title=Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ to officially add some mods |first=Alice |last=O'Conner |date=November 15, 2016 |access-date=November 15, 2016 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116153530/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/11/15/binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-to-officially-add-some-mods/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2017/01/04/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-is-out-now-so-wed-better-sort-out-once-and-for-all-what-it-actually-is/ |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ is out now so we'd better sort out once and for all what it actually is |first=Brenna |last=Hillier |date=January 3, 2017 |access-date=January 3, 2017 |work=[[VG247]] |archive-date=January 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105034426/http://www.vg247.com/2017/01/04/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-is-out-now-so-wed-better-sort-out-once-and-for-all-what-it-actually-is/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rps modpacks">{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/02/02/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-antibirth-mod-plans/ |title=Mod me up! Isaac: Afterbirth+ and Antibirth future plans |first=Alice |last=O'Conner |date=February 2, 2017 |access-date=February 2, 2017 |work=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202194826/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/02/02/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-antibirth-mod-plans/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/03/24/binding-of-isaac-mod-booster-pack-released/ |title=Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ unwraps mod Booster Pack |first=Alice |last=O'Conner |date=March 24, 2017 |access-date=March 24, 2017 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |archive-date=March 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324153422/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/03/24/binding-of-isaac-mod-booster-pack-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The last two packs include material developed by players who created the ''Antibirth'' fan expansion and whom McMillen enlisted.<ref name="polygon future">{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/features/2018/5/15/17345246/the-past-present-and-future-of-the-binding-of-isaac |title=The past, present and future of The Binding of Isaac |first=Russ |last=Frushtick |date=May 15, 2018 |access-date=May 17, 2018 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164559/https://www.polygon.com/features/2018/5/15/17345246/the-past-present-and-future-of-the-binding-of-isaac |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== ''Repentance'' ====
Before the release of ''Afterbirth+'', ''The Binding of Isaac: Antibirth'' (a fan-made mod of ''Rebirth'') was released in December 2016. Similar to the official expansions, ''Antibirth'' adds playable characters, bosses, power-ups and other content, and returns some gameplay aspects (which had been changed in the ''Afterbirth'' expansion) to the original ''Rebirth'' version.<ref name="antibirth released">{{cite news |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/12/23/the-binding-of-isaac-antibirth-released/ |title=Binding of Isaac player-made expansion Antibirth is out |first=Alice |last=O'Connor |date=December 23, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2017 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |archive-date=December 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224135615/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/12/23/the-binding-of-isaac-antibirth-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Alice O'Connor of ''[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]]'' called the mod "more difficult than [''The Binding of Isaac'']" and a new challenge compatible with the official game expansions.<ref name="antibirth released" /> At McMillen's request, the group reworked some ''Antibirth'' content (which was incorporated into the ''Afterbirth+'' booster packs).<ref name="rps modpacks" /><ref name="polygon future" /> McMillen said at [[PAX (event)|PAX West]] in September 2018 that ''Antibirth'' would be made into ''Repentance'' (official DLC for ''Rebirth''), and he was working with some of the mod's creators on [[Game balance|balance]] tweaking and ensuring that its narrative was consistent with ''Isaac''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/09/03/the-binding-of-isaac-retribution-expansion-adding-antibirth/ |title=The Binding Of Isaac adding Antibirth mod in next expansion |first=Alice |last=O'Conner |date=September 3, 2018 |access-date=September 3, 2018 |work=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |archive-date=September 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904115818/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/09/03/the-binding-of-isaac-retribution-expansion-adding-antibirth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Initially, Repentance was announced to be a reworking of the extremely well-regarded Antibirth mod for The Binding of Isaac (it's being developed alongside Antibirth's original creator Vinh), albeit tweaked to "make it canon" and expanded with "a ton more content".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Matt |date=2020-09-29 |title=Edmund McMillen says The Binding of Isaac's Repentance expansion is "basically a sequel" |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-09-29-edmund-mcmillen-says-the-binding-of-isaacs-repentance-expansion-is-basically-a-sequel |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Eurogamer |language=en |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328083112/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-09-29-edmund-mcmillen-says-the-binding-of-isaacs-repentance-expansion-is-basically-a-sequel |url-status=live }}</ref>

The expansion was released for PC on March 31, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.destructoid.com/stories/the-binding-of-isaac-repentance-comes-crawlin-n-cryin-onto-pc-today-624442.phtml |title=The Binding of Isaac: Repentance comes crawlin' n' cryin' onto PC today |first=Chris |last=Moyse |date=March 31, 2021 |accessdate=March 31, 2021 |work=[[Destructoid]] |archive-date=April 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401011738/https://www.destructoid.com/stories/the-binding-of-isaac-repentance-comes-crawlin-n-cryin-onto-pc-today-624442.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Repentance'' was released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, [[PlayStation 5]], Xbox One, and [[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]] on November 4, 2021.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Shea |first=Brian |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/2021/11/02/the-binding-of-isaac-repentance-heads-to-consoles-this-week |title= The Binding Of Isaac: Repentance Heads To Consoles This Week |date=November 2, 2021 |accessdate=November 2, 2021 |magazine=[[Game Informer]]}}</ref>

=== Future development ===
Although McMillen wanted to support the modding community and its expansions as part of ''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth'', he found that several ideas began overlapping with his own thoughts about what a sequel to ''The Binding of Isaac'' should be; in addition, further expansion of the game would require him to rework the base game engine.<ref name="pcgamer end">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/how-mods-made-the-binding-of-isaac-a-phenomenon-and-why-edmund-mcmillens-laying-it-to-rest/ |title=How mods made The Binding of Isaac a phenomenon, and why Edmund McMillen's laying it to rest |first=Anthony |last=McGlynn |date=June 5, 2018 |access-date=June 5, 2018 |work=[[PC Gamer]] |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164609/https://www.pcgamer.com/how-mods-made-the-binding-of-isaac-a-phenomenon-and-why-edmund-mcmillens-laying-it-to-rest/ |url-status=live }}</ref> With the last booster packs (containing ''Antibirth'' content), he considered ''The Binding of Isaac'' complete.<ref name="pcgamer end" /> The addition of the ''Antibirth'' content somewhat extends the game, but McMillen does not plan any more updates.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://twitter.com/edmundmcmillen/status/1035768949097418752 |quote=Its official! Binding of Isaac: Repentance is the FINAL (for real this time) DLC for isaac. it will include the amazing Antibirth mod + a ton more content that will make you shit your butts! im working along side @FixItVinh to tweak the mod and make it canon! |title=Edmund McMillen on Twitter |work=Twitter |access-date=November 27, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=March 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329212209/https://twitter.com/edmundmcmillen/status/1035768949097418752 |url-status=live }}</ref> He plans to continue to develop ''The Binding of Isaac'' franchise; a prequel, ''[[The Legend of Bum-bo]]'', was released on November 12, 2019.<ref name="pcgamer end" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/binding-of-isaac-prequel-the-legend-of-bum-bo-is-o/1100-6469687/ |title=Binding Of Isaac Prequel The Legend Of Bum-Bo Is Out This Year |first=Richard |last=Wakeling |date=September 6, 2019 |access-date=October 4, 2019 |work=[[GameStop]] |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308013646/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/binding-of-isaac-prequel-the-legend-of-bum-bo-is-o/1100-6469687/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During an investigation by [[Kotaku]] exploring questionable business practices and behavior from Nicalis, McMillen announced that he would be severing his working relationship with the company, with ''Repentance'' being their final planned collaboration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/nicalis-founder-tyrone-rodriguez-posted-a-statement-on-1838094818 |title=Nicalis founder Tyrone Rodriguez posted a statement on Twitter last night |first=Jason |last=Schreier |date=September 13, 2019 |access-date=October 4, 2019 |work=[[Kotaku]] |archive-date=September 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921015839/https://kotaku.com/nicalis-founder-tyrone-rodriguez-posted-a-statement-on-1838094818 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rodriguez stated on social media in September 2023 that they were working on adding four player online cooperative play to ''The Binding of Isaac''.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.pcgamesn.com/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth/online-co-op | title = The Binding of Isaac gets online multiplayer at long last | first = Ken | last = Allsop | date = September 29, 2023 | accessdate = September 29, 2023 | work = [[PCGamesN]] }}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Video game reviews
| MC = PC: 86/100<ref name="Metacritic">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth for PC Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=February 18, 2015 |archive-date=February 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217040900/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth |url-status=live }}</ref> PS4: 88/100<ref name="mc ps4">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4 |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth for PlayStation 4 Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=February 18, 2015 |archive-date=February 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219230410/http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth |url-status=live }}</ref> 3DS: 78/100<ref name="mc 3ds">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth/critic-reviews/?platform=3ds |title=The Binding of Issac: Rebirth for 3DS Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=May 4, 2017 |archive-date=May 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514075013/http://www.metacritic.com/game/3ds/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth |url-status=live }}</ref> (''Afterbirth'') PC: 85/100<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth/critic-reviews/?platform=pc |title=The Binding of Issac: Afterbirth for PC Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=July 14, 2018 |archive-date=July 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724221846/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth |url-status=live }}</ref> iOS: 93/100<ref name="mc iOS">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth/critic-reviews/?platform=ios-iphoneipad |title=The Binding of Issac: Rebirth for iPhone/iPad Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=May 4, 2017 |archive-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428064653/http://www.metacritic.com/game/ios/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth |url-status=live }}</ref> NS: 85/100<ref name="mc NS">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-plus/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch |title=The Binding of Issac: Afterbirth + for Switch Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=May 4, 2017 |archive-date=May 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513090309/http://www.metacritic.com/game/switch/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-+ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Destruct = 10/10<ref name="destructoid review" />
| EuroG = 9/10<ref name="eurogamer review" />
| GSpot = 8/10<ref name="gamespot review" />
| IGN = 9/10<ref name="ign review" />
| TA = {{rating|5|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://toucharcade.com/2017/01/12/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review/ |title='The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth' Review – Good Things Come to Those Who Wait |last=Dotson |first=Carter |date=January 12, 2017 |website=[[TouchArcade]] |access-date=July 14, 2018 |archive-date=February 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229145025/https://toucharcade.com/2017/01/12/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| NLife = {{Rating|8|10}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Review (New 3DS) {{!}} Aces high |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/new-3ds/binding_of_isaac_rebirth |website=[[Nintendo Life]] |date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912150644/https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/new-3ds/binding_of_isaac_rebirth |url-status=live }}</ref>
| PSQ = {{Rating|8|10}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Review (PS4) {{!}} Aces high |url=https://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/binding_of_isaac_rebirth |website=[[Push Square]] |date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912150644/https://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/binding_of_isaac_rebirth |url-status=live }}</ref>
| NWR = 8/10<ref>{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Zachary |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth (New 3DS eShop) Review |url=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/review/40909/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-new-3ds-eshop-review |website=Nintendo World Report |date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912150643/http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/review/40909/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-new-3ds-eshop-review |url-status=live }}</ref>
| PG = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth review - A solid port of the addictive roguelike shooter {{!}} Aces high |url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/articles/072698/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review-a-solid-port-of-the-addictive-roguelike-shooter/ |website=[[Pocket Gamer]] |date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912150644/https://www.pocketgamer.com/articles/072698/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review-a-solid-port-of-the-addictive-roguelike-shooter/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

According to review aggregator [[Metacritic]], ''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth'' received "generally favorable" reviews;{{r|Metacritic|mc ps4|mc 3ds|mc NS}} the iOS version received "universal acclaim".<ref name="mc iOS" /> Dan Stapleton of ''[[IGN]]'' praised ''Rebirth'' for the seemingly-endless variation in gameplay created by each run-through, giving him "plenty of motivation" to continue playing; his only criticism was its lack of in-game information on available power-ups.<ref name="ign review">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/11/26/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Review |first=Dan |last=Stapleton |date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=February 11, 2016 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-date=February 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220073835/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/11/26/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[GameSpot]]''{{'}}s Brent Todd wrote that while the game's story and imagery may be initially disturbing, ''Rebirth'' has "speedy, varied gameplay and seemingly neverending new features" which would keep the player entertained for a long time.<ref name="gamespot review">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review/1900-6415971/ |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Review |first=Brent |last=Todd |date=November 24, 2014 |access-date=February 11, 2016 |work=[[GameSpot]] |archive-date=December 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205114149/http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review/1900-6415971/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Simon Parkin of ''[[Eurogamer]]'' said that ''Rebirth'' "feels like the product of the psychotherapeutic process", but is "the most accessible Rogue-like [game] yet made" due to its easy control scheme and randomization of each run.<ref name="eurogamer review">{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-11-12-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review |title=The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth Review |work=[[Eurogamer]] |first=Simon |last=Parkin |date=November 12, 2014 |access-date=February 11, 2016 |archive-date=February 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205043348/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-11-12-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-review |url-status=live }}</ref> Nic Rowen of ''[[Destructoid]]'' said that ''Rebirth'' was a great improvement on ''The Binding of Isaac'', "an incredible experience that can't be missed".<ref name="destructoid review">{{cite web |url=http://www.destructoid.com/review-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-283702.phtml |title=Review: The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth |last=Rowen |first=Nic |date=November 11, 2014 |publisher=[[Destructoid]] |access-date=February 11, 2016 |archive-date=February 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226090620/http://www.destructoid.com/review-the-binding-of-isaac-rebirth-283702.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Afterbirth+'' received generally-favorable reviews from critics.<ref name="mc NS" /> Jose Otero of ''[[IGN]]'' praised its variety: "The unpredictable items and varied enemies make it one of the most wacky and replayable games I've ever experienced."<ref name=":0" /> Although Peter Glagowksi of ''[[Destructoid]]'' gave its DLC a positive review, calling it an "impressive effort", he wrote that the DLC's base content has little to offer newcomers to the series.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.destructoid.com/review-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth--410956.phtml |title=Review: Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ |website=Destructoid |language=en |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-date=September 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906042949/https://www.destructoid.com/review-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth--410956.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]] was critical of the DLC's difficulty, which it thought was largely derived from random, untelegraphed enemy behavior. About ''Afterbirth+''{{'s}} design cohesion, reviewer Adam Smith characterized its DLC as "mashing together existing parts of the game and producing either a weak cover version or a clumsy remix".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/01/05/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-%E2%80%A0-review/ |title=Wot I Think: The Binding of Isaac Afterbirth † |website=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]] |language=en |date=January 5, 2017 |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-date=May 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512102044/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/01/05/the-binding-of-isaac-afterbirth-%e2%80%a0-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Review website Beastby criticized of ''Afterbirth+''{{'s}} fairness: "The question isn't always 'Will I enjoy the gameplay loop?' but rather 'How many unfair runs will it take for me to have one in which I stand a chance?{{' "}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://beastby.net/2017/04/11/binding-isaac-afterbirth-review/ |title=The Binding of Isaac: Afterbirth+ Review – Overcoming the Odds |website=beastby.net |language=en |date=April 11, 2017|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527175141/http://beastby.net/2017/04/11/binding-isaac-afterbirth-review/|archive-date=May 27, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The expansion's modding [[application programming interface]] was called "a disappointment" by members of the Team Alpha modding group, who expressed frustration with the API's "massive shortcomings" and Nicalis' lack of support.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/one-of-the-binding-of-isaacs-most-popular-mod-teams-is-moving-on-because-of-broken-mod-support/ |title=One of The Binding of Isaac's most popular mod teams is moving on because of 'broken' mod support |website=[[pcgamer.com]] |language=en |date=September 10, 2017 |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419164600/https://www.pcgamer.com/one-of-the-binding-of-isaacs-most-popular-mod-teams-is-moving-on-because-of-broken-mod-support/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/04/roguelikes-the-rebirth-of-the-counterculture |title=Roguelikes: The Rebirth of the Counterculture |first=Mike |last=Mahardy |date=July 4, 2014 |access-date=December 23, 2015 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-date=September 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903073824/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/04/roguelikes-the-rebirth-of-the-counterculture |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="goodtimes"> {{cite web |url=http://www.gtweekly.com/index.php/santa-cruz-news/good-times-cover-stories/6746-the-binding-of-edmund-mcmillen.html |title=The Binding of Edmund McMillen |first=Sam |last=Working |publisher=[[Good Times (newspaper)|Good Times]] |date=July 22, 2015 |access-date=February 11, 2016 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216064257/http://www.gtweekly.com/index.php/santa-cruz-news/good-times-cover-stories/6746-the-binding-of-edmund-mcmillen.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote|The Binding of Isaac}}
* {{Official website|https://bindingofisaac.com/}}

{{Edmund McMillen}}
{{Portal bar|Video games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binding of Isaac: Rebirth, The}}
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[[Category:Child abuse in fiction]]
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[[Category:Criticism of Christianity]]
[[Category:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse in popular culture]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Linux games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Nicalis games]]
[[Category:New Nintendo 3DS games]]
[[Category:Nintendo 3DS eShop games]]
[[Category:Nintendo Switch games]]
[[Category:MacOS games]]
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[[Category:Seven deadly sins in popular culture]]
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[[Category:Video games designed by Edmund McMillen]]

2023 Rugby World Cup

2023-11-17T15:00:16Z

8.38.177.4: /* Pool stage */ simplifying the losing bonus point

{{Short description|Tenth edition of the men's Rugby World Cup}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox Rugby World Cup
| name = 2023 Rugby World Cup
| logo = Rugby World Cup 2023 logo.svg
| logosize = 200px
| caption = ''We Are Rugby #WeAre2023!''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2023 Rugby World Cup Slogan is Unveiled|url=http://us.media.france.fr/en/node/7396|access-date=16 November 2020|website=us.media.france.fr}}</ref>
| other_titles = {{lang-fr|Coupe du monde de rugby 2023}}
| datefrom = 8 September
| dateto = 28 October
| host = France
| nations = 20 (34 qualifying)
| champion = {{ru|South Africa}}
| count = 4
| runnerup = {{ru|New Zealand}}
| third = {{ru|England}}
| matches = 48
| tries = {{#expr:
 + 2 + 2 + 7 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 11 + 0 + 5 + 2 + 14 + 0 + 5 + 2 + 14 + 2 + 11 + 0 + 8 + 1
 + 12 + 1 + 2 + 0 + 8 + 1 + 12 + 0 + 1 + 1 + 7 + 2 + 12 + 0 + 7 + 3 + 6 + 2 + 7 + 3
 + 4 + 2 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 5 + 2 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 3
 + 0 + 1 + 6 + 2 + 5 + 1 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 1 + 11 + 0 + 3 + 3 + 8 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 5
 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 4
 + 0 + 7 + 0 + 1
 + 2 + 2
 + 1 + 0
}}
| points = {{#expr:
 + 27 + 13 + 52 + 8 + 27 + 12 + 71 + 3 + 38 + 17 + 96 + 0 + 36 + 26 + 96 + 17 + 73 + 0 + 60 + 7
 + 82 + 8 + 18 + 3 + 59 + 16 + 76 + 0 + 8 + 13 + 45 + 17 + 84 + 0 + 49 + 18 + 36 + 14 + 45 + 24
 + 35 + 15 + 32 + 26 + 28 + 8 + 15 + 22 + 18 + 18 + 40 + 6 + 17 + 12 + 34 + 14 + 43 + 19 + 23 + 24
 + 27 + 10 + 42 + 12 + 43 + 10 + 34 + 12 + 19 + 10 + 71 + 0 + 28 + 22 + 59 + 5 + 18 + 17 + 27 + 39
 + 17 + 29 + 24 + 28 + 30 + 24 + 28 + 29
 + 6 + 44 + 15 + 16
 + 23 + 26
 + 11 + 12
}}
| attendance = {{#expr:
 + 78680 + 35515 + 48821 + 31996 + 28627 + 63486 + 49342 + 57083 + 57672 + 58102
 + 41170 + 63586 + 31673 + 38789 + 78542 + 33189 + 46516 + 60387 + 78459 + 45042
 + 75770 + 41274 + 28700 + 41294 + 31889 + 55296 + 39862 + 41342 + 33580 + 32223
 + 63118 + 30187 + 39291 + 30500 + 38358 + 44315 + 31794 + 33963 + 47891 + 33624
 + 62576 + 78845 + 61863 + 79486
 + 77653 + 78098
 + 77674
 + 80065
}}
| apm =
| top_scorer = {{ruicon|ENG}} [[Owen Farrell]] (75)
| most_tries = {{ruicon|NZL}} [[Will Jordan (rugby union)|Will Jordan]] (8)
| best player =
| prev = [[2019 Rugby World Cup|2019]]
| next = [[2027 Rugby World Cup|2027]]
}}
The '''2023 Rugby World Cup''' ({{lang-fr|Coupe du monde de rugby 2023}}) was the tenth men's [[Rugby World Cup]], the quadrennial world championship for national [[rugby union]] teams. It took place in France from 8 September to 28 October 2023 in nine venues across the country. The opening game and [[2023 Rugby World Cup final|final]] took place at the [[Stade de France]], north of Paris. The tournament was held in the bicentenary year of the purported invention of the sport by [[William Webb Ellis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Webb Ellis, William |url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/webb-ellis.html |website=Rugby Football History |access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref>

The tournament was scheduled to last six weeks, but in February 2021 World Rugby added a week to provide additional rest days for player welfare. This meant that teams had a minimum of five days' rest for all matches. It was the fourth time France has hosted the [[Rugby World Cup]], having previously done so in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] and co-hosted the [[1991 Rugby World Cup]] and [[1999 Rugby World Cup]] with England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. This was the last tournament to feature 20 teams taking part, as the tournament will be expanded to include 24 teams in 2027.

The defending champions were [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]], who defeated [[England national rugby union team|England]] in the [[2019 Rugby World Cup final]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Springboks beat England to win World Cup |language=en-GB |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/50273291 |access-date=2023-10-02}}</ref> South Africa retained their title by defeating [[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/67252413|title=New Zealand 11-12 South Africa: Springboks win record fourth Rugby World Cup in dramatic final|date=28 October 2023|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=1 November 2023}}</ref> In doing so, they became the first team to win the tournament four times and remains the only team to ever win the World Cup after losing a match in the pool stage, as well as the first team to win successive World Cup titles away from home.<ref name="SA_Wins">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/67262293|title=Rugby World Cup 2023: Why does victory mean more to South Africa? |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> The result also marked their second victory over [[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]] in a final, and also their second victory in a final on French soil (following their respective victories in [[1995 Rugby World Cup|1995]] and [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]]).

[[Chile national rugby union team|Chile]] made their first appearance in the tournament. [[Portugal national rugby union team|Portugal]] returned for their second appearance, 16 years after their debut in 2007, also in France.

==Host selection==
{{See also|2023 Rugby World Cup bids}}[[World Rugby]] requested that any members wishing to host the 2023 event were to submit an expression of interest by June 2015. A total of six unions responded. The [[Italian Rugby Federation]] were among the members interested, but withdrew from their bid on 28 September 2016. The [[Argentine Rugby Union]] and [[USA Rugby]] both expressed their interest in hosting the event but ultimately decided against a formal bid.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} Three bids were officially submitted to [[World Rugby]] by the June 2017 deadline.

On 15 November 2017, the [[French Rugby Federation]] bid was chosen ahead of bids by the [[South African Rugby Union]] and the [[Irish Rugby Football Union]]. France had launched its bid on 9 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=_France launch 2023 World Cup bid |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/sport/rugby-france-launch-2023-world-cup-bid |work=The Straits Times |date=9 February 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref>

==Venues==
===Stadia===
On 17 March 2017, twelve host cities were selected.<ref>{{cite news|title=#France2023 : Douze villes hôtes retenues |url=http://www.ffr.fr/FFR/Organisation/Actualites/France2023-Douze-villes-hotes-retenues |website=Sport24 |language=fr |date=17 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017}}</ref> This list was later reduced to nine cities (excluding Paris, [[Montpellier]], and [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]]):

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
![[Paris]] ([[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]])
![[Marseille]]
![[Lyon]] ([[Décines-Charpieu]])
![[Lille]] ([[Villeneuve-d'Ascq]])
|-
|[[Stade de France]]{{efn|name=wc2007|Stadium/site used in the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]].}}{{efn|name=wc1999|Stadium/site used in the [[1999 Rugby World Cup]].}}
|[[Stade Vélodrome|Stade de Marseille]]{{efn|name=wc2007}}
|[[Parc Olympique Lyonnais|OL Stadium]]
|[[Stade Pierre-Mauroy]]
|-
|Capacity: '''80,698'''
|Capacity: '''67,394'''
|Capacity: '''59,186'''
|Capacity: '''50,186'''
|-
|[[File:Germany vs Poland 0-0 (27103531294).jpg|260x260px]]
|[[File:Stade Vélodrome (20150405).jpg|260x260px]]
|[[File:OL-Angers Groupama Stadium 01.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Lille vs PSG 2019 - Stade Pierre Mauroy.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
![[Bordeaux]]
! colspan="3" rowspan="4" |{{Location map+|France|float=center|width=410|caption=|places=
{{Location map~|France|lat=48.9245|long= 2.3602|label=[[Paris]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~|France|lat=43.269722|long= 5.395833|label=[[Marseille]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~|France|lat=45.766912|long=4.980991|label=[[Lyon]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~|France|lat=50.637222|long= 3.063333|label=[[Lille]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~|France|lat=47.2184 |long=-1.5536 |label=[[Nantes]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~|France|lat=44.897222|long=-0.561667|label=[[Bordeaux]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~|France|lat=45.460833|long= 4.390278|label=[[Saint-Étienne]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~|France|lat=43.705139|long= 7.192583|label=[[Nice]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~|France|lat=43.583056|long= 1.434167|label=[[Toulouse]]|position=bottom}}}}
|-
|[[Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux|Stade de Bordeaux]]
|-
|Capacity: '''42,115'''
|-
|[[File:Stade Matmut Atlantique 2023.jpg|alt=|260x260px]]
|-
![[Saint-Étienne]]
![[Nice]]
![[Nantes]]
![[Toulouse]]
|-
|[[Stade Geoffroy-Guichard]]{{efn|name=wc2007}}
|[[Allianz Riviera|Stade de Nice]]
|[[Stade de la Beaujoire]]{{efn|name=wc2007}}
|[[Stadium de Toulouse]]{{efn|name=wc2007}}{{efn|name=wc1999}}
|-
|Capacity: '''41,965'''
|Capacity: '''35,624'''
|Capacity: '''35,322'''
|Capacity: '''33,150'''
|-
|[[File:Stade Geoffroy-Guichard - Saint-Etienne (10-11-2013).jpg|alt=|200x200px]]
|[[File:Allianzcoupdenvoi.jpg|alt=|200x200px]]
|[[File:Stade de la Beaujoire.jpg|alt=|230x230px]]
|[[File:6m toulousain tiré par Mike Maignan, Toulouse, 6 mai 2018 (TFC - LOSC).jpg|alt=|230x230px]]
|}
{{notelist}}

===Team base camps===
[[File:Match Écosse - Afrique du Sud au Vélodrome de Marseille, 10 septembre 2023 19.jpg|thumb|300px|South Africa–Scotland at the [[Stade Vélodrome]] in Marseille, 10 September 2023]]

{| class="wikitable"
! Team
! City
|-
| {{ru|ARG}}
| [[La Baule-Escoublac]], Loire-Atlantique
|-
| {{ru|AUS}}
| [[Saint-Étienne]], Loire
|-
| {{ru|CHI}}
| [[Perros-Guirec]], Côtes-d'Armor
|-
| {{ru|ENG}}
| [[Le Touquet]], Pas-de-Calais
|-
| {{ru|FIJ}}
| [[Lormont]], Gironde
|-
| {{ru|FRA}}
| [[Rueil-Malmaison]], Hauts-de-Seine
|-
| {{ru|GEO}}
| [[Île de Ré]] – [[La Rochelle]], Charente-Maritime
|-
| {{ru|IRE}}
| [[Tours]], Indre-et-Loire
|-
| {{ru|ITA}}
| [[Bourgoin-Jallieu]], Isère
|-
| {{ru|JAP}}
| [[Toulouse]], Haute-Garonne
|-
| {{ru|NAM}}
| [[Aix-les-Bains]], Savoie
|-
| {{ru|NZL}}
| [[Lyon]], Rhône
|-
| {{ru|POR}}
| [[Perpignan]], Pyrénées-Orientales
|-
| {{ru|ROM}}
| [[Libourne]], Gironde
|-
| {{ru|SAM}}
| [[Montpellier]], Hérault
|-
| {{ru|SCO}}
| [[Nice]], Alpes-Maritimes
|-
| {{ru|RSA}}
| [[Toulon]], Var
|-
| {{ru|TON}}
| [[Croissy-sur-Seine]], Yvelines
|-
| {{ru|URU}}
| [[Avignon]], Vaucluse
|-
| {{ru|WAL}}
| [[Versailles, Yvelines|Versailles]], Yvelines
|}

Source: <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/team-base-camps |title=Rugby World Cup 2023 team base camps revealed |website=[[Rugby World Cup]] |access-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525174031/https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/team-base-camps |archive-date=25 May 2023}}</ref>

==Teams==
===Qualification===
{{Main article|2023 Rugby World Cup qualifying}}
[[File:2023 Rugby World Cup Qualifying.png|thumb|300px|Qualification status:
{{legend|#0000FF|Qualified for the 2023 Rugby World Cup}}
{{legend|#fc0|Failed to qualify}}
{{legend|#000000|Withdrew or suspended}}]]
Twenty teams competed. A total of 12 teams gained automatic qualification for the tournament after finishing in the top three of their pool at the [[2019 Rugby World Cup]], which included France already automatically qualified as host. The remaining eight spaces were decided by regional competitions followed by a few cross-regional play-offs.

Two berths were reserved to the European region. [[Spain national rugby union team|Spain]] originally qualified as Europe 2, but [[Romania national rugby union team|Romania]] lodged an official complaint that Spain had fielded an ineligible player during the qualifying tournament. After a controversial investigation, it was concluded that the player in question had falsified his passport: Spain received a deduction of 10 points, resulting in them being effectively ejected from the competition, with Romania replacing them as Europe 2 behind [[Georgia national rugby union team|Georgia]], unaffected as Europe 1. [[Portugal national rugby union team|Portugal]] then took Romania's spot in the repechage tournament as Europe 3.<ref>{{cite news |title=Independent Judicial Committee Decision: Rugby World Cup 2023 European Qualifying |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/710182/independent-judicial-committee-decision-rugby-world-cup-2023-european-qualifying |website=Rugby World Cup |date=28 April 2022 |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref>

In Oceania and Asia, traditional middle powers emerged, with [[Samoa national rugby union team|Samoa]] claiming the region's place at the World Cup (Fiji, New Zealand and Australia having automatically qualified). [[Tonga national rugby union team|Tonga,]] the second Oceanian team, then won a playoff against [[Hong Kong national rugby union team|Hong Kong]], the highest ranked Asian representative, to claim their ninth appearance at a Rugby World Cup. Hong Kong proceeded to the final repechage tournament.

In Africa, [[Namibia national rugby union team|Namibia reached their seventh Rugby World Cup]] as Africa 1, with [[Kenya national rugby union team|Kenya]] moving forward to the final repechage.

The Americas were allocated two qualifying berths through a series of playoff matches spanning both regions. The 2023 Rugby World Cup witnessed historic developments in North and South American rugby. [[Canada national rugby union team|Canada's]] absence marked the first time in history that the country failed to qualify for the tournament. Similarly, the [[United States national rugby union team|United States]] found themselves excluded from the competition for the first time since 1995, representing a notable departure from previous editions. The absence of North American representation significantly shifted the regional dynamic due to unified North and South American qualification matches.

On 18 November 2022, Portugal won the repechage tournament, overcoming Kenya, Hong Kong and the United States to be the last country to qualify for the 2023 Rugby World Cup.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Qualified teams
|-
!Region
!Team
!Qualification method
!Previous {{tooltip|apps|appearances}}
!Previous best result
![[World Rugby Rankings|World Rank]]¹
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Rugby Africa|Africa]]
|{{ru|RSA}}
|Top 3 in 2019 RWC pool
|align=center|7
|data-sort-value="1"|'''Champions''' {{small|(1995, 2007, 2019)}}
|align=center|2
|-
|{{ru|NAM}}
|Africa 1
|align=center|6
|data-sort-value="9"|Pool stage {{small|({{tooltip|six times|1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019}})}}
|align=center|21
|-
|[[Asia Rugby|Asia]]
|{{ru|JPN}}
|Top 3 in 2019 RWC pool
|align=center|9
|data-sort-value="5"|Quarter-finals {{small|(2019)}}
|align=center|14
|-
|rowspan=9|[[Rugby Europe|Europe]]
|{{ru|FRA}}
|Hosts
|align=center|9
|data-sort-value="2"|Runners-up {{small|(1987, 1999, 2011)}}
|align=center|3
|-
|{{ru|ENG}}
|Top 3 in 2019 RWC pool
|align=center|9
|data-sort-value="1"|'''Champions''' {{small|(2003)}}
|align=center|8
|-
|{{ru|IRE}}
|Top 3 in 2019 RWC pool
|align=center|9
|data-sort-value="5"|Quarter-finals {{small|({{tooltip|seven times|1987, 1991, 1995, 2003, 2011, 2015, 2019}})}}
|align=center|1
|-
|{{ru|ITA}}
|Top 3 in 2019 RWC pool
|align=center|9
|data-sort-value="9"|Pool stage {{small|({{tooltip|nine times|1987, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019}})}}
|align=center|13
|-
|{{ru|SCO}}
|Top 3 in 2019 RWC pool
|align=center|9
|data-sort-value="4"|Fourth place {{small|(1991)}}
|align=center|5
|-
|{{ru|WAL}}
|Top 3 in 2019 RWC pool
|align=center|9
|data-sort-value="3"|Third place {{small|(1987)}}
|align=center|10
|-
|{{ru|GEO}}
|Europe 1
|align=center|5
|data-sort-value="9"|Pool stage {{small|({{tooltip|five times|2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019}})}}
|align=center|11
|-
|{{ru|ROM}}
|Europe 2
|align=center|8
|data-sort-value="9"|Pool stage {{small|({{tooltip|eight times|1987, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015}})}}
|align=center|19
|-
|{{ru|POR}}
|Final Qualifier
|align=center|1
|data-sort-value="9"|Pool stage {{small|(2007)}}
|align=center|16
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Oceania Rugby|Oceania]]
|{{ru|AUS}}
|Top 3 in 2019 RWC pool
|align=center|9
|data-sort-value="1"|'''Champions''' {{small|(1991, 1999)}}
|align=center|9
|-
|{{nowrap|{{ru|FIJ}}}}
|Top 3 in 2019 RWC pool
|align=center|8
|data-sort-value="5"|Quarter-finals {{small|(1987, 2007)}}
|align=center|7
|-
|{{nowrap|{{ru|NZL}}}}
|Top 3 in 2019 RWC pool
|align=center|9
|data-sort-value="1"|'''Champions''' {{small|(1987, 2011, 2015)}}
|align=center|4
|-
|{{nowrap|{{ru|SAM}}}}
|Oceania 1
|align=center|8
|data-sort-value="5"|Quarter-finals {{small|(1991, 1995)}}
|align=center|12
|-
|{{nowrap|{{ru|TON}}}}
|Asia/Pacific 1
|align=center|8
|data-sort-value="5"|Pool stage {{small|({{tooltip|eight times|1987, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019}})}}
|align=center|15
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Sudamérica Rugby|South America]] and [[Rugby Americas North|North America Rugby]]
|{{ru|ARG}}
|Top 3 in 2019 RWC pool
|align=center|9
|data-sort-value="3"|Third place {{small|(2007)}}
|align=center|6
|-
|{{ru|URU}}
|Americas 1
|align=center|4
|data-sort-value="9"|Pool stage {{small|(1999, 2003, 2015, 2019)}}
|align=center|17
|-
|{{ru|CHI}}
|Americas 2
|align=center|0
|data-sort-value="10"|Debut
|align=center|22
|}
¹as of 4 September 2023 post warm-up matches

===Squads===
{{See also|2023 Rugby World Cup squads}}

Each team could submit a squad of 33 players for the tournament, an increase from 31 that was allowed in 2019. The squads were to be submitted to World Rugby by 1 September. If a team needed to call-up a new player, a player must first have been withdrawn from the active 33-player squad which is usually as a consequence of a long-term injury.

On 1 May, [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] were the first team to name their extended training squad for the tournament.

===Draw===
The pool draw took place on 14 December 2020 in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stage set for Rugby World Cup 2023 Draw – Rugby World Cup 2023 |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/590670/stage-set-for-rugby-world-cup-2023-draw |website=Rugby World Cup |date=2 October 2020 |access-date=2 October 2020}}</ref> The draw returned to its traditional place of the year following the previous World Cup, after the end-of-year internationals.

The seeding system from previous Rugby World Cups was retained with the 12 automatic qualifiers from 2019 being allocated to their respective bands based on their [[World Rugby Rankings]] on 1 January 2020:

* '''Band 1:''' The four highest-ranked teams
* '''Band 2:''' The next four highest-ranked teams
* '''Band 3:''' The final four directly qualified teams

The remaining two bands were made up of the eight qualifying teams, with allocation to each band being based on the previous Rugby World Cup playing strength:
* '''Band 4:''' – Oceania 1, Europe 1, Americas 1, Asia/Pacific 1
* '''Band 5:''' – Africa 1, Europe 2, Americas 2, Final Qualifier Winner
This meant the 20 teams, qualified and qualifiers, were seeded thus (world ranking as of 1 January 2020):
{|
|- style="text-align:left"
!style="width:10em"|Band 1
!style="width:10em"|Band 2
!style="width:10em"|Band 3
!style="width:14em"|Band 4
!style="width:12em"|Band 5
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|{{plainlist|
*{{ru|RSA|name=South Africa}} {{small|(1)}}
*{{ru|NZL|name=New Zealand}} {{small|(2)}}
*{{ru|ENG}} {{small|(3)}}
*{{ru|WAL}} {{small|(4)}}
}}
|{{plainlist|
*{{ru|IRE}} {{small|(5)}}
*{{ru|AUS}} {{small|(6)}}
*{{ru|FRA}} {{small|(7)}}
*{{ru|JPN}} {{small|(8)}}
}}
|{{plainlist|
*{{ru|SCO}} {{small|(9)}}
*{{ru|ARG}} {{small|(10)}}
*{{ru|FIJ}} {{small|(11)}}
*{{ru|ITA}} {{small|(12)}}
}}
|{{plainlist|
*{{ru|SAM}} {{small|{{nowrap|(Oceania 1)}}}}
*{{ru|GEO}} {{small|{{nowrap|(Europe 1)}}}}
*{{ru|URU}} {{small|{{nowrap|(Americas 1)}}}}
*{{ru|TON}} {{small|{{nowrap|(Asia/Pacific 1)}}}}
}}
|{{plainlist|
*{{ru|NAM}} {{small|{{nowrap|(Africa 1)}}}}
*{{ru|ROM}} {{small|{{nowrap|(Europe 2)}}}}
*{{ru|CHI}} {{small|{{nowrap|(Americas 2)}}}}
*{{nowrap|{{ru|POR}} {{small|(Final Qualifier Winner)}}}}
}}
|}

Having the draw so early (almost three years before the competition) has been criticised. Changes in the [[World Rugby Rankings]] have taken place since, meaning that [[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool B|Pool B]] contained three of the top five teams (Ireland (1), South Africa (2) and Scotland (5)), while [[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool A|Pool A]] contained France (3) and New Zealand (4). Meanwhile, [[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool C|Pool C]]'s highest-ranked team at the start of the tournament was Fiji (7).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/rugby/2023/08/22/rugby-world-cup-most-lopsided-draw-in-history-makes-for-the-most-competitive-tournament-yet/|title=World Rugby's clunkiness creates ridiculously lopsided Rugby World Cup draw|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inews.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/rugby-world-cup-2023-draw-england-ireland-changes-2187310|title=Lopsided Rugby World Cup draw has benefited England – and prompts changes for 2027|first=Hugh|last=Godwin|date=3 March 2023|website=inews.co.uk}}</ref> World Rugby CEO Alan Gilpin pledged that draws for future World Cups would be better balanced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rugby365.com/latest-news/rugby-chief-vows-to-end-lopsided-world-cup-draws/|title=Rugby chief vows to end lopsided World Cup draws|website=rugby365.com}}</ref>

==Preparation==
{{See also|2023 Rugby World Cup warm-up matches}}

==Match officials==
World Rugby named the following 12 referees, seven assistant referees and for the first time an expanded television match officials team of seven to handle the 48 matches.<ref name="Officials">{{cite web|url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/808667/everyones-team-world-rugby-announces-emirates-match-official-team-selected-for-rugby-world-cup-2023-in-france|title=Everyone's team – World Rugby announces Emirates match official team selected for Rugby World Cup 2023 in France|publisher=[[World Rugby]]|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref>

Amongst the squad, [[Wayne Barnes]] officiated at a record fifth Rugby World Cup, while [[Nika Amashukeli]] will became the first Georgian referee in the World Cup and first Tier 2 representative to referee a game since the game turned professional. [[Matthew Carley]], [[Karl Dickson]] and [[Andrew Brace]] made their first appearance in a World Cup as a referee and [[Joy Neville]] became the first female named on match official panel for a men’s Rugby World Cup.

{{Columns-start|num=3}}
;Referees
* {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Nika Amashukeli]] ([[Georgian Rugby Union|Georgia]])
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Wayne Barnes]] ([[Rugby Football Union|England]])
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nic Berry]] ([[Rugby Australia|Australia]])
* {{flagicon|IRE|rugby union}} [[Andrew Brace]] ([[Irish Rugby Football Union|Ireland]])
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Matthew Carley]] ([[Rugby Football Union|England]])
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Karl Dickson]] ([[Rugby Football Union|England]])
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Angus Gardner]] ([[Rugby Australia|Australia]])
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Ben O'Keeffe]] ([[New Zealand Rugby|New Zealand]])
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Luke Pearce]] ([[Rugby Football Union|England]])
* {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Jaco Peyper]] ([[South African Rugby Union|South Africa]])
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mathieu Raynal]] ([[French Rugby Federation|France]])
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Paul Williams (referee)|Paul Williams]] ([[New Zealand Rugby Union|New Zealand]])
{{column}}
;Assistant referees
* {{flagicon|IRE|rugby union}} [[Chris Busby (referee)|Chris Busby]] ([[Irish Rugby Football Union|Ireland]])
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pierre Brousset]] ([[French Rugby Federation|France]])
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[James Doleman]] ([[New Zealand Rugby Union|New Zealand]])
* {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Craig Evans (referee)|Craig Evans]] ([[Welsh Rugby Union|Wales]])
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Piardi]] ([[Italian Rugby Federation|Italy]])
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Christophe Ridley]] ([[Rugby Football Union|England]])
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jordan Way]] ([[Rugby Australia|Australia]])
{{column}}
;Television match officials / Foul play review officer
* {{flagicon|AUS}} Brett Cronan ([[Rugby Australia|Australia]])
* {{flagicon|ENG}} Tom Foley ([[Rugby Football Union|England]])
* {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Marius Jonker]] ([[South African Rugby Union|South Africa]])
* {{flagicon|IRE|rugby union}} Brian MacNeice ([[Irish Rugby Football Union|Ireland]])
* {{flagicon|IRE|rugby union}} [[Joy Neville]] ([[Irish Rugby Football Union|Ireland]])
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Brendon Pickerill]] ([[New Zealand Rugby Union|New Zealand]])
* {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Ben Whitehouse]] ([[Welsh Rugby Union|Wales]])
{{Columns-end}}

==Opening ceremony==
The opening ceremony, directed and written by [[Jean Dujardin]], Olivier Ferracci and Nora Matthey, took place on 8 September 2023 at the [[Stade de France]] in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]], before the opening match between France and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Star-studded cast to deliver Rugby World Cup 2023 Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/820736/star-studded-cast-to-deliver-rugby-world-cup-2023-opening-ceremony |website=www.rugbyworldcup.com |access-date=2 September 2023 |language=en |date=8 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/857374/the-eyes-of-the-world-turned-to-paris-as-rugby-world-cup-2023-kicks-off-rugbys-200th-birthday-party-in-spectacular-style|title=The eyes of the world turned to Paris as Rugby World Cup 2023 kicked off rugby's 200th birthday party in spectacular style|date=8 September 2023|work=Rugbyworldcup.com|accessdate=15 September 2023}}</ref>

==Pool stage==
Competing countries were divided into four pools of five teams (pools A to D). Teams in each pool played one another in a [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]], with the top two teams advancing to the [[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
!width=25%|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool A|Pool A]]
!width=25%|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool B|Pool B]]
!width=25%|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool C|Pool C]]
!width=25%|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool D|Pool D]]
|-
|
{{No wrap|{{ru|NZL}}}} 
{{ru|FRA}} 
{{ru|ITA}} 
{{ru|URU}} 
{{ru|NAM}}
|
{{No wrap|{{ru|RSA}}}} 
{{ru|IRE}} 
{{ru|SCO}} 
{{ru|TON}} 
{{ru|ROM}}
|
{{ru|WAL}} 
{{No wrap|{{ru|AUS}}}} 
{{ru|FIJ}} 
{{ru|GEO}} 
{{ru|POR}}
|
{{ru|ENG}} 
{{ru|JAP}} 
{{No wrap|{{ru|ARG}}}} 
{{ru|SAM}} 
{{ru|CHI}}
|}

'''Points allocation in pool stage'''
[[File:2023 Rugby World Cup – France vs New Zealand – 2.jpg|thumb|300px|Inaugural 2023 Rugby World Cup match between France and New Zealand on 8 September.]]

* Four points are awarded for a win.
* Two points are awarded for a draw.
* A try bonus point is awarded to teams that score four or more tries in a match.
* A losing bonus point is awarded to teams that lose a match by fewer than eight points.<ref>{{cite web |author1=James Harrington |title=Rugby World Cup bonus points explained |url=https://www.rugbyworld.com/tournaments/rugby-world-cup/rugby-world-cup-bonus-points-explained-158085-158085 |website=www.rugbyworld.com |date=2023-08-30|access-date=2023-09-10}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! {{Anchor|Tiebreakers}} Tie-breaking criteria for pool play
|-
|The ranking of tied teams in the pool stage is determined as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resources.world.rugby/worldrugby/document/2023/05/03/fb8ea1ec-b3d9-46c6-933e-bdd1105e3bed/RWC-2023-Tournament-Rules.pdf|title=Rugby World Cup France 2023 Tournament Rules}}</ref>

# The winner of the Match in which the two tied Teams have played each other shall be the higher ranked.
# The Team which has the best difference between points scored for and points scored against in all its pool Matches shall be the higher ranked.
# The Team which has the best difference between tries scored for and tries scored against in all its pool Matches shall be the higher ranked.
# The Team which has scored most points in all its pool Matches shall be the higher ranked.
# The Team which has scored most tries in all its pool Matches shall be the higher ranked.
# Should the tie be unresolved at the conclusion of steps 1 through 5, the rankings as per the updated Official World Rugby World Rankings on 2 October 2023 will determine the higher ranked Team. See the official [[World Rugby Rankings]].

For clarification, in the case of a tie between three or more Teams at the end of the pool phase, once the highest ranked Team has been determined following the above criteria, to determine the next higher ranked Team the process would repeat, starting at the first criterion.
|-
|}
{{Rugby World Cup pool stage key}}
===Pool A===
{{Main article|2023 Rugby World Cup Pool A}}
{{2023 Rugby World Cup Pool A|hide_results=1}}

{| style="width:100%" cellspacing="1"
|-
!width=15%|
!width=25%|
!width=10%|
!width=25%|
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|8 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|FRA}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool A#France vs New Zealand|27–13]]||{{ru|NZL}}||[[Stade de France]], [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|9 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|ITA}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool A#Italy vs Namibia|52–8]]||{{ru|NAM}}||[[Stade Geoffroy Guichard]], [[Saint-Étienne]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|14 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|FRA}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool A#France vs Uruguay|27–12]]||{{ru|URU}}||[[Stade Pierre-Mauroy]], [[Villeneuve-d'Ascq]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|15 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|NZL}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool A#New Zealand vs Namibia|71–3]]||{{ru|NAM}}||[[Stadium de Toulouse]], [[Toulouse]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|20 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|ITA}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool A#Italy vs Uruguay|38–17]]||{{ru|URU}}||[[Allianz Riviera|Stade de Nice]], [[Nice]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|21 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|FRA}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool A#France vs Namibia|96–0]]||{{ru|NAM}}||[[Stade Vélodrome|Stade de Marseille]], [[Marseille]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|27 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|URU}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool A#Uruguay vs Namibia|36–26]]||{{ru|NAM}}||[[Parc Olympique Lyonnais]], [[Décines-Charpieu]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|29 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|NZL}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool A#New Zealand vs Italy|96–17]]||{{ru|ITA}}||[[Parc Olympique Lyonnais]], [[Décines-Charpieu]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|5 October 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|NZL}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool A#New Zealand vs Uruguay|73–0]]||{{ru|URU}}||[[Parc Olympique Lyonnais]], [[Décines-Charpieu]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|6 October 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|FRA}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool A#France vs Italy|60–7]]||{{ru|ITA}}||[[Parc Olympique Lyonnais]], [[Décines-Charpieu]]
|}

===Pool B===
{{Main article|2023 Rugby World Cup Pool B}}
{{2023 Rugby World Cup Pool B|hide_results=1}}

{| style="width:100%" cellspacing="1"
|-
!width=15%|
!width=25%|
!width=10%|
!width=25%|
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|9 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|IRE}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool B#Ireland vs Romania|82–8]]||{{ru|ROM}}||[[Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux]], [[Bordeaux]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|10 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|RSA}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool B#South Africa vs Scotland|18–3]]||{{ru|SCO}}||[[Stade Vélodrome|Stade de Marseille]], [[Marseille]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|16 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|IRE}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool B#Ireland vs Tonga|59–16]]||{{ru|TON}}||[[Stade de la Beaujoire]], [[Nantes]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|17 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|RSA}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool B#South Africa vs Romania|76–0]]||{{ru|ROM}}||[[Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux]], [[Bordeaux]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|23 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|RSA}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool B#South Africa vs Ireland|8–13]]||{{ru|IRE}}||[[Stade de France]], [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|24 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|SCO}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool B#Scotland vs Tonga|45–17]]||{{ru|TON}}||[[Allianz Riviera|Stade de Nice]], [[Nice]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|30 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|SCO}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool B#Scotland vs Romania|84–0]]||{{ru|ROM}}||[[Stade Pierre-Mauroy]], [[Villeneuve-d'Ascq]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|1 October 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|RSA}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool B#South Africa vs Tonga|49–18]]||{{ru|TON}}||[[Stade Vélodrome|Stade de Marseille]], [[Marseille]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|7 October 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|IRE}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool B#Ireland vs Scotland|36–14]]||{{ru|SCO}}||[[Stade de France]], [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|8 October 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|TON}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool B#Tonga vs Romania|45–24]]||{{ru|ROM}}||[[Stade Pierre-Mauroy]], [[Villeneuve-d'Ascq]]
|}

===Pool C===
{{Main article|2023 Rugby World Cup Pool C}}
{{2023 Rugby World Cup Pool C|hide_results=1}}

{| style="width:100%" cellspacing="1"
|-
!width=15%|
!width=25%|
!width=10%|
!width=25%|
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|9 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|AUS}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool C#Australia vs Georgia|35–15]]||{{ru|GEO}}||[[Stade de France]], [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|10 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|WAL}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool C#Wales vs Fiji|32–26]]||{{ru|FIJ}}||[[Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux]], [[Bordeaux]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|16 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|WAL}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool C#Wales vs Portugal|28–8]]||{{ru|POR}}||[[Allianz Riviera|Stade de Nice]], [[Nice]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|17 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|AUS}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool C#Australia vs Fiji|15–22]]||{{ru|FIJ}}||[[Stade Geoffroy Guichard]], [[Saint-Étienne]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|23 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|GEO}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool C#Georgia vs Portugal|18–18]]||{{ru|POR}}||[[Stadium de Toulouse]], [[Toulouse]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|24 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|WAL}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool C#Wales vs Australia|40–6]]||{{ru|AUS}}||[[Parc Olympique Lyonnais]], [[Décines-Charpieu]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|30 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|FIJ}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool C#Fiji vs Georgia|17–12]]||{{ru|GEO}}||[[Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux]], [[Bordeaux]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|1 October 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|AUS}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool C#Australia vs Portugal|34–14]]||{{ru|POR}}||[[Stade Geoffroy Guichard]], [[Saint-Étienne]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|7 October 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|WAL}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool C#Wales vs Georgia|43–19]]||{{ru|GEO}}||[[Stade de la Beaujoire]], [[Nantes]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|8 October 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|FIJ}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool C#Fiji vs Portugal|23–24]]||{{ru|POR}}||[[Stadium de Toulouse]], [[Toulouse]]
|}

===Pool D===
{{Main article|2023 Rugby World Cup Pool D}}
{{2023 Rugby World Cup Pool D|hide_results=1}}

{| style="width:100%" cellspacing="1"
|-
!width=15%|
!width=25%|
!width=10%|
!width=25%|
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|9 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|ENG}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool D#England vs Argentina|27–10]]||{{ru|ARG}}||[[Stade Vélodrome|Stade de Marseille]], [[Marseille]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|10 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|JPN}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool D#Japan vs Chile|42–12]]||{{ru|CHI}}||[[Stadium de Toulouse]], [[Toulouse]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|16 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|SAM}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool D#Samoa vs Chile|43–10]]||{{ru|CHI}}||[[Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux]], [[Bordeaux]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|17 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|ENG}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool D#England vs Japan|34–12]]||{{ru|JPN}}||[[Allianz Riviera|Stade de Nice]], [[Nice]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|22 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|ARG}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool D#Argentina vs Samoa|19–10]]||{{ru|SAM}}||[[Stade Geoffroy Guichard]], [[Saint-Étienne]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|23 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|ENG}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool D#England vs Chile|71–0]]||{{ru|CHI}}||[[Stade Pierre-Mauroy]], [[Villeneuve-d'Ascq]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|28 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|JPN}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool D#Japan vs Samoa|28–22]]||{{ru|SAM}}||[[Stadium de Toulouse]], [[Toulouse]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|30 September 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|ARG}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool D#Argentina vs Chile|59–5]]||{{ru|CHI}}||[[Stade de la Beaujoire]], [[Nantes]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|7 October 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|ENG}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool D#England vs Samoa|18–17]]||{{ru|SAM}}||[[Stade Pierre-Mauroy]], [[Villeneuve-d'Ascq]]
|- style=font-size:90%
|align=right|8 October 2023||align=right|{{ru-rt|JPN}}||align=center|[[2023 Rugby World Cup Pool D#Japan vs Argentina|27–39]]||{{ru|ARG}}||[[Stade de la Beaujoire]], [[Nantes]]
|}

==Knockout stage==
{{Main|2023 Rugby World Cup knockout stage}}

The knockout stage consisted of three [[single-elimination]] rounds culminating in a final and a third-place playoff. In the case of a tie in regulation time, two 10-minute periods of [[Overtime (sports)|extra time]] would be played to determine a winner. If the scores were tied at the end of extra time, an additional 10-minute "sudden death" period would be played, with the first team to score any points being the winner. If the score still remained tied, a [[Penalty shootout#Rugby union|kicking competition]] would ensue.

===Bracket===
{{#lst:2023 Rugby World Cup knockout stage|Bracket}}

===Quarter-finals===
{{Rugbybox
|date = 14 October 2023
|time = 17:00 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+2]])
|home = {{ru-rt|WAL}}
|score = [[2023 Rugby World Cup knockout stage#Wales vs Argentina|17–29]]
|report = [https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/878610/wal-17-26-arg-argentina-edge-past-wales-to-reach-semi-finals Report]
|away = {{ru|ARG}}
|try1 = [[Dan Biggar|Biggar]] 14' c [[Tomos Williams|T. Williams]] 57' c
|con1 = [[Dan Biggar|Biggar]] (2/2) 16', 58'
|pen1 = [[Dan Biggar|Biggar]] (1/2) 21'
|try2 = [[Joel Sclavi|Sclavi]] 68' c [[Nicolás Sánchez (rugby union)|Sánchez]] 77' c
|con2 = [[Emiliano Boffelli|Boffelli]] (2/2) 69', 78'
|pen2 = [[Emiliano Boffelli|Boffelli]] (4/5) 39', 45', 44', 48' [[Nicolás Sánchez (rugby union)|Sánchez]] (1/1) 80'
|stadium = [[Stade Vélodrome|Stade de Marseille]], [[Marseille]]
|attendance = 62,576
|referee = [[Karl Dickson]] ([[Rugby Football Union|England]]) (for [[Jaco Peyper]] ([[South African Rugby Union|South Africa]]))<ref name="QF officials">{{cite news |url=https://www.world.rugby/news/876925/emirates-match-official-appointments-confirmed-for-quarter-finals |title=Emirates Match Official appointments confirmed for RWC |website=world.rugby |publisher=[[World Rugby]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Rugbybox
|date = 14 October 2023
|time = 21:00 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+2]])
|home = {{ru-rt|IRE}}
|score = [[2023 Rugby World Cup knockout stage#Ireland vs New Zealand|24–28]]
|report = [https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/878613/ire-24-28-nzl-match-analysis Report]
|away = {{ru|NZL}}
|try1 = [[Bundee Aki|Aki]] 27' c [[Jamison Gibson-Park|Gibson-Park]] 39' c [[Try (rugby)#Penalty try|Penalty try]] 64'
|con1 = [[Johnny Sexton|Sexton]] (2/2) 29', 40'
|pen1 = [[Johnny Sexton|Sexton]] (1/2) 22'
|try2 = [[Leicester Fainga'anuku|Fainga'anuku]] 19' c [[Ardie Savea|Savea]] 33' m [[Will Jordan (rugby union)|Jordan]] 53' c
|con2 = [[Richie Mo'unga|Mo'unga]] (1/2) 21' [[Jordie Barrett|J. Barrett]] (1/1) 54'
|pen2 = [[Richie Mo'unga|Mo'unga]] (1/1) 8' [[Jordie Barrett|J. Barrett]] (2/3) 14', 69'
|stadium = [[Stade de France]], [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|attendance = 78,845
|referee = [[Wayne Barnes]] ([[Rugby Football Union|England]])<ref name="QF officials"/>
}}
----
{{Rugbybox
|date = 15 October 2023
|time = 17:00 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+2]])
|home = {{ru-rt|ENG}}
|score = [[2023 Rugby World Cup knockout stage#England vs Fiji|30–24]]
|report = [https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/880083/eng-30-24-fji-england-end-fiji-dreams-in-marseille Report]
|away = {{ru|FIJ}}
|try1 = [[Manu Tuilagi|Tuilagi]] 14' m [[Joe Marchant (rugby union)|Marchant]] 23' c
|con1 = [[Owen Farrell|Farrell]] (1/2) 23'
|pen1 = [[Owen Farrell|Farrell]] (5/6) 11', 34', 38', 54', 78'
|drop1 = [[Owen Farrell|Farrell]] (1/1) 72'
|try2 = [[Viliame Mata|Mata]] 28' c [[Peni Ravai|Ravai]] 64' c [[Vilimoni Botitu|Botitu]] 68' c
|con2 = [[Frank Lomani|Lomani]] (1/1) 29' [[Simione Kuruvoli (rugby union)|Kuruvoli]] (2/2) 65', 70'
|pen2 = [[Frank Lomani|Lomani]] (1/3) 20'
|stadium = [[Stade Vélodrome|Stade de Marseille]], [[Marseille]]
|attendance = 61,863
|referee = [[Mathieu Raynal]] ([[French Rugby Federation|France]])<ref name="QF officials"/>
}}
----
{{Rugbybox
|date = 15 October 2023
|time = 21:00 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+2]])
|home = {{ru-rt|FRA}}
|score = [[2023 Rugby World Cup knockout stage#France vs South Africa|28–29]]
|report = [https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/880084/fra-28-29-rsa-south-africa-end-french-hopes-in-paris Report]
|away = {{ru|RSA}}
|try1 = [[Cyril Baille|Baille]] (2) 4' c, 31' c [[Peato Mauvaka|Mauvaka]] 22' m
|con1 = [[Thomas Ramos (rugby union)|Ramos]] (2/3) 5', 32'
|pen1 = [[Thomas Ramos (rugby union)|Ramos]] (3/4) 40+1', 54', 73'
|drop1 =
|try2 = [[Kurt-Lee Arendse|Arendse]] 8' c [[Damian de Allende|De Allende]] 18' m [[Cheslin Kolbe|Kolbe]] 27' c [[Eben Etzebeth|Etzebeth]] 67' c
|con2 = [[Manie Libbok|Libbok]] (2/3) 10', 28' [[Handré Pollard|Pollard]] (1/1) 67'
|pen2 = [[Handré Pollard|Pollard]] (1/1) 69'
|drop2 =
|stadium = [[Stade de France]], [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|attendance = 79,486
|referee = [[Ben O'Keeffe]] ([[New Zealand Rugby|New Zealand]])<ref name="QF officials"/>
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Rugbybox
|date = 20 October 2023
|time = 21:00 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+2]])
|home = {{ru-rt|ARG}}
|score = [[2023 Rugby World Cup knockout stage#Argentina vs New Zealand|6–44]]
|report = [https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/881958/arg-6-44-nzl-new-zealand-beat-argentina-to-reach-final Report]
|away = {{ru|NZL}}
|pen1 = [[Emiliano Boffelli|Boffelli]] (2/2) 5', 35'
|try2 = [[Will Jordan (rugby union)|Jordan]] (3) 11' c, 62' m, 73' m [[Jordie Barrett|J. Barrett]] 17' m [[Shannon Frizell|Frizell]] (2) 40+2' m, 49' c [[Aaron Smith (rugby union)|Smith]] 42' c
|con2 = [[Richie Mo'unga|Mo'unga]] (3/7) 12', 43', 50'
|pen2 = [[Richie Mo'unga|Mo'unga]] (1/1) 38'
|stadium = [[Stade de France]], [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|attendance = 77,653
|referee = [[Angus Gardner]] ([[Rugby Australia|Australia]])<ref name="SF officials">{{cite news |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/881297/gardner-and-okeeffe-to-referee-rugby-world-cup-2023-semi-finals |title=Gardner and O'Keeffe to referee Rugby World Cup 2023 semi-finals |website=www.world.rugby |publisher=[[World Rugby]] |date=17 October 2023 |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Rugbybox
|date = 21 October 2023
|time = 21:00 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+2]])
|home = {{ru-rt|ENG}}
|score = [[2023 Rugby World Cup knockout stage#England vs South Africa|15–16]]
|report = [https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/883647/eng-15-16-rsa-match-analysis Report]
|away = {{ru|RSA}}
|pen1 = [[Owen Farrell|Farrell]] (4/4) 3', 10', 24', 39'
|drop1 = [[Owen Farrell|Farrell]] (1/1) 53'
|try2 = [[RG Snyman|Snyman]] 69' c
|con2 = [[Handré Pollard|Pollard]] (1/1) 70'
|pen2 = [[Manie Libbok|Libbok]] (1/1) 21' [[Handré Pollard|Pollard]] (2/2) 35', 78'
|stadium = [[Stade de France]], [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|attendance = 78,098
|referee = [[Ben O'Keeffe]] ([[New Zealand Rugby|New Zealand]])<ref name="SF officials"/>
}}

===Bronze final===
{{Rugbybox
|date = 27 October 2023
|time = 21:00 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+2]])
|home = {{ru-rt|ARG}}
|score = [[2023 Rugby World Cup knockout stage#Bronze final: Argentina vs England|23–26]]
|report = [https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/886547/arg-23-26-eng-england-claim-third-place Report]
|away = {{ru|ENG}}
|try1 = [[Tomás Cubelli|Cubelli]] 36' c [[Santiago Carreras|S. Carreras]] 42' c
|con1 = [[Emiliano Boffelli|Boffelli]] (2/2) 37', 43'
|pen1 = [[Emiliano Boffelli|Boffelli]] (2/2) 24', 50' [[Nicolás Sánchez (rugby union)|Sánchez]] (1/2) 68'
|try2 = [[Ben Earl|Earl]] 8' c [[Theo Dan|Dan]] 44' c
|con2 = [[Owen Farrell|Farrell]] (2/2) 9', 45'
|pen2 = [[Owen Farrell|Farrell]] (4/4) 3', 13', 30', 65'
|stadium = [[Stade de France]], [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|attendance = 77,674
|referee = [[Nic Berry]] ([[Rugby Australia|Australia]])<ref name="BF officials">{{cite news |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/885601/rugby-world-cup-2023-bronze-final-argentina-england-preview |title=Rugby World Cup 2023 bronze final preview: Argentina v England |website=www.rugbyworldcup.com |publisher=[[Rugby World Cup]] |date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 }}</ref>
}}

===Final===
{{Main article|2023 Rugby World Cup final}}
{{Rugbybox
|date = 28 October 2023
|time = 21:00 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+2]])
|home = {{ru-rt|NZL}}
|score = [[2023 Rugby World Cup knockout stage#Final: New Zealand vs South Africa|11–12]]
|report = [https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/888593/nzl-11-12-rsa-south-africa-win-tense-final-to-claim-fourth-rugby-world-cup Report]
|away = {{ru|RSA}}
|try1 = [[Beauden Barrett|B. Barrett]] 58' m
|pen1 = [[Richie Mo'unga|Mo'unga]] (2/2) 17', 38'
|pen2 = [[Handré Pollard|Pollard]] (4/4) 3', 13', 19', 34'
|stadium = [[Stade de France]], [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]
|attendance = 80,065
|referee =[[Wayne Barnes]] ([[Rugby Football Union|England]])<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-union/2023/10/22/wayne-barnes-referee-world-cup-final-all-blacks-springboks/|title=Wayne Barnes to referee Rugby World Cup final for first time|first=Charlie|last=Morgan|newspaper=The Telegraph |date=October 22, 2023|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
}}

==Statistics==
{{Main article|2023 Rugby World Cup statistics}}

===Most tries===
;8 tries
{{Div col|colwidth=14em}}
*{{ruicon|NZL}} [[Will Jordan (rugby union)|Will Jordan]]
{{Div col end}}

;6 tries
{{Div col|colwidth=14em}}
*{{ruicon|FRA}} [[Damian Penaud]]
{{Div col end}}

;5 tries
{{Div col|colwidth=14em}}
*{{ruicon|ENG}} [[Henry Arundell]]
*{{ruicon|IRE|rugby union}} [[Bundee Aki]]
*{{ruicon|NZL}} [[Leicester Fainga'anuku]]
*{{ruicon|NZL}} [[Damian McKenzie]]
*{{ruicon|SCO}} [[Darcy Graham]]
*{{ruicon|WAL}} [[Louis Rees-Zammit]]
{{Div col end}}

===Most points===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="text-align:center;width:100%"
|-
! colspan="100" |Top 10 points scorers
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width:18%"|Player
!rowspan="2" style="width:16%"|Team
!rowspan="2" style="width:10%"|Total
!colspan="4" style="width:56%"|Details
|-
!colspan="3"|
|width=14%|'''Tries'''
|width=14%|'''Conv{{shy}}ersions'''
|width=14%|'''Penalties'''
|width=14%|'''Drop goals'''
|-
|[[Owen Farrell]]
|align=left|{{ru|ENG}}
|style="background:#ccc"|75||0||12||15||2
|-
|[[Thomas Ramos (rugby union)|Thomas Ramos]]
|align=left|{{ru|FRA}}
|style="background:#ccc"|74||1||21||9||0
|-
|[[Emiliano Boffelli]]
|align=left|{{ru|ARG}}
|style="background:#ccc"|67||2||9||13||0
|-
|[[Johnny Sexton]]
|align=left|{{ru|IRE}}
|style="background:#ccc"|58||3||17||3||0
|-
|[[Richie Mo'unga]]
|align=left|{{ru|NZL}}
|style="background:#ccc"|56||1||18||5||0
|-
|[[Damian McKenzie]]
|align=left|{{ru|NZL}}
|style="background:#ccc"|53||5||14||0||0
|-
|[[Rikiya Matsuda]]
|align=left|{{ru|JPN}}
|style="background:#ccc"|46||0||11||8||0
|-
|[[Ben Donaldson (rugby union)|Ben Donaldson]]
|align=left|{{ru|AUS}}
|style="background:#ccc"|45||2||7||7||0
|-
|[[George Ford (rugby union)|George Ford]]
|align=left|{{ru|ENG}}
|style="background:#ccc"|41||0||4||8||3
|-
|[[Will Jordan (rugby union)|Will Jordan]]
|align=left|{{ru|NZL}}
|style="background:#ccc"|40||8||0||0||0
|}

==Broadcasting rights==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Territory
!Rights holder
!Ref.
|-
|{{flagu|Argentina}}
|Star+, ESPN, [[Televisión Pública|TVP]]{{efn|All Argentina matches plus opening match, both semi-finals and the final}}
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tda.gob.ar/novedades-detalle.php?titulo=45-|title=Por la TDA: la TV Pública transmitirá las 5 competencias internacionales de nuestros seleccionados|date=17 July 2023|access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagu|Australia}}
|[[Stan Sport]]{{efn|name=fn1|All matches}}
|align=center rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://wwos.nine.com.au/rugby/world-cup-news-stan-sport-nine-win-broadcast-rights-for-mens-and-womens-tournaments-rwc-2023-2022/0562f5d8-a44a-4d5e-b0ba-862ada65b213?ocid=Social-WWOS |title=Stan Sport and Nine win broadcast rights for men's and women's Rugby World Cups |last=Worthington |first=Sam |date=23 August 2022 |website=[[Nine.com.au|Nine]] |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nine Network]]{{efn|All Australia matches plus final}}
|-
|{{flagu|Austria}}
|[[ProSieben]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe">{{cite web |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/where-to-watch-and-broadcast-partners/europe|title=How to watch Rugby World Cup 2023 in your territory? |publisher=[[Rugby World Cup]] |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Belgium}}
|[[Play Sports]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|[[Sport Klub]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Brazil}}
|[[ESPN (Brazil)|ESPN]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://espnpressroom.com/brazil/press-releases/2023/09/um-dos-maiores-torneios-do-esporte-mundial-copa-do-mundo-de-rugby-e-destaque-exclusivo-da-espn/|title=Um dos maiores torneios do esporte mundial, Copa do Mundo de Rugby é destaque exclusivo da ESPN|date=7 September 2023|publisher=[[ESPN (Brazil)|ESPN]]|access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Bulgaria}}
|[[Bulgarian National Television|BNT]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bntnews.bg/news/svetovnata-kupa-po-ragbi-po-bnt-3-1246356news.html|title=Световната купа по ръгби по БНТ 3|date=1 September 2023|publisher=[[Bulgarian National Television|BNT]]|access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Canada}}
|[[The Sports Network|TSN]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tsn.ca/rugby/men-s-rugby-world-cup-on-tsn-1.2001665|title=Men's Rugby World Cup on TSN|date=31 August 2023|publisher=[[The Sports Network|TSN]]|access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{noflag}} Caribbean
|[[ESPN Caribbean|ESPN]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/where-to-watch-and-broadcast-partners/americas|title=How to watch Rugby World Cup 2023 in your territory?|publisher=[[Rugby World Cup]]|access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Chile}}
|[[Mega (Chile)|Mega]]{{efn|All Chile matches plus opening match, both semi-finals and the final}}
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |language=es |url=https://www.meganoticias.cl/deportes/424038-mundial-de-rugby-condores-mega-brasil-30-08-2023.html |title=MegaDeportes transmitirá a Brasil en Eliminatorias 2026 y a los Cóndores chilenos en Mundial de Rugby |date=30 August 2023 |publisher=[[Mega (Chilean TV channel)|Meganoticias]] |access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Cook Islands}}
|Cook Islands Television
|align=center|<ref name=Asia-Oz>{{cite web |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/where-to-watch-and-broadcast-partners/asia-and-oceania|title=How to watch Rugby World Cup 2023 in your territory?|publisher=[[Rugby World Cup]]|access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Croatia}}
|[[Sport Klub]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Czech Republic}}
|[[Czech Television]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"></ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Denmark}}
|[[Viaplay]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"></ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Estonia}}
|[[Go3 Sport]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Fiji}}
|[[Fiji Television]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://fijionenews.com.fj/fiji-television-limited-secures-exclusive-rights-for-2023-rugby-world-cup|title=Fiji Television Secures Exclusive Rights for 2023 Rugby World Cup|date=13 July 2023|publisher=[[Fiji Television]] |access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Finland}}
|[[Viaplay]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"></ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|{{flagu|France}}
|[[TF1]]{{efn|20 matches including all France games except France v Namibia}}
|align=center rowspan=3|<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |url=https://groupe-tf1.fr/fr/communiques/le-groupe-tf1-sous-licencie-28-matchs-de-la-coupe-du-monde-de-rugby-2023-aux-groupes-francetv-et-m6 |title=Le Groupe TF1 sous-licencie 28 matchs de la Coupe du Monde de Rugby 2023 aux groupes France TV et M6 |date=11 January 2023 |website=[[TF1 Group]] |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{No wrap|[[France Télévisions]]}}{{efn|10 matches including France v Namibia}}
|-
|[[M6 (TV channel)|M6]]{{efn|18 matches}}
|-
|{{flagu|Georgia}}
|[[Georgian Public Broadcasting|GPB]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://1tv.ge/news/ragbis-msoflio-tasi-eqskluziurad-saqartvelos-pirvel-arkhze-1tvsport|title=რაგბის მსოფლიო თასი ექსკლუზიურად საქართველოს პირველ არხზე #1TVSPORT|date=7 October 2022|publisher=[[Georgian Public Broadcasting|GPB]]|access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagu|Germany}}
|[[ProSieben Maxx|ProSieben MAXX]]{{efn|35 matches}}
|align=center rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2023 |title=ProSieben MAXX zeigt Rugby World Cup 2023 live |url=https://www.ran.de/sports/rugby/wm/news/rugby-wm-im-tv-prosieben-maxx-zeigt-rugby-world-cup2023-live-79959 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=www.ran.de}}</ref>
|-
|ran.de and [[Joyn (streaming platform)|Joyn]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
|-
|{{flagu|Iceland}}
|[[Viaplay]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"></ref>
|-
|{{flagu|India}}
|[[FanCode]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sportsmintmedia.com/fancode-obtains-digital-media-rights-to-rugby-world-cup-2023/|title=FanCode obtains digital media rights to Rugby World Cup 2023|date=5 September 2023|access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{noflag}} Indian subcontinent
|[[Sony Sports Network]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sportsmintmedia.com/sony-sports-network-obtains-media-rights-to-rugby-world-cup-2023/|title=Sony Sports Network obtains media rights to Rugby World Cup 2023|date=7 September 2023|access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagu|Ireland}}
|[[RTÉ]]{{efn|25 matches including Ireland v Tonga and Ireland v South Africa.}}
|align=center rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/794865/rte-and-virgin-media-secure-rugby-world-cup-2023-rights |title=RTÉ and Virgin Media secure Rugby World Cup 2023 rights |date=17 March 2023 |website=[[Rugby World Cup]] |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Virgin Media Television (Ireland)|Virgin Media]]{{efn|24 matches including Ireland v Romania, Ireland v Scotland and Ireland v New Zealand.}}
|-
|{{flagu|Israel}}
|Sport1
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"></ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagu|Italy}} {{flagu|San Marino}}
|[[RAI]]{{efn|All Italy matches and most important games}}
|align=center|<ref name=RAI>{{cite news |url=https://www.sportcal.com/media/rai-secures-new-zealand-2022-and-france-2023-rugby-world-cup-rights |title=Rai secures New Zealand 2022 and France 2023 Rugby World Cup rights |last=Cunningham |first=Euan |date=22 September 2022 |website=Sportcal |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sky Sport (Italy)|Sky Sport]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
|align=center|<ref name=ITA>{{cite news |language=it |url=https://www.onrugby.it/2022/09/21/rugby-world-cup-2023-la-rai-e-sky-trasmetteranno-tutte-le-partite-del-mondiale |title=Rugby World Cup 2023: la Rai e Sky trasmetteranno tutte le partite del Mondiale |date=21 September 2022 |website=On Rugby |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|{{flagu|Japan}}
|[[J Sports]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web |title=ラグビーワールドカップ2023フランス大会 J SPORTSで全48試合生中継・LIVE配信決定！あの熱狂を再び！過去の名勝負も放送・配信 {{!}} J SPORTS {{!}} 株式会社ジェイ・スポーツ |url=https://www.jsports.co.jp/press_release/page/233/ |website=www.jsports.co.jp |access-date=7 June 2023 |language=ja-jp}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nippon TV]]{{efn|19 matches including 3 Japan pool matches}}
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web |title=「ラグビーワールドカップ2023 フランス大会」日本テレビ系で生中継する19試合を発表！ |url=https://www.ntv.co.jp/rugby2023/articles/3455v6w29klqkhfikb87.html |website=日本テレビ |access-date=7 June 2023 |language=ja}}</ref>
|-
|[[NHK]]{{efn|15 matches including 2 Japan pool matches}}
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |title=ラグビーW杯国内放映決まる日本1次Lは初戦NHK、3試合日テレ：朝日新聞デジタル |url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASR2N65Q4R2NUCVL048.html |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=朝日新聞デジタル |date=20 February 2023 |language=ja}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{noflag}} Latin America
|[[ESPN (Latin America)|ESPN]]{{efn|name=fn2|Select matches plus opening match, both semi-finals and the final}}
|align=center rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espn.com.ar/rugby/nota/_/id/12313246/el-mundial-de-rugby-de-francia-lo-vas-a-poder-ver-en-vivo-en-star+ |title=El Mundial de Rugby de Francia lo vas a poder ver en vivo en Star+ |date=14 July 2023 |website=ESPN.com.ar}}</ref>
|-
|[[Star+]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
|-
|{{flagu|Latvia}}
|[[Go3 Sport]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Liechtenstein}}
|[[Swiss Broadcasting Corporation|SRG SSR]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Lithuania}}
|[[Go3 Sport]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Malta}}
|[[Public Broadcasting Services|PBS]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tvmnews.mt/sport/it-tazza-tad-dinja-tar-rugby-diretta-fuq-l-istazzjonijiet-ta-tvm/?fbclid=IwAR2twwkHVnxEHLSyp_TNI9Z7rv6VFVswmCnCycUSedkkMRjRDc-nSVOHQN0|title=Il-logħbiet kollha tat-Tazza tad-Dinja 2023 diretti u esklussivi fuq l-istazzjonijiet ta' TVM|date=8 September 2023|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Services|PBS]]|access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{noflag}} Middle East and North Africa
|[[Starz]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.broadcastprome.com/news/starzplay-secures-exclusive-mena-broadcast-rights-for-rugby-world-cup-2023/|title=StarzPlay secures exclusive MENA broadcast rights for Rugby World Cup 2023|date=25 August 2023|access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Montenegro}}
|[[Sport Klub]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Namibia}}
|[[Namibian Broadcasting Corporation|NBC]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://twitter.com/NBCNamibia/status/1700163276217156091|title=The Namibian Broadcasting Corporation has secured the rights to broadcast the opening match, ALL Namibia World Cup games, the semi-final and the final of the 2023 Rugby World Cup!|date=8 September 2023|publisher=[[Namibian Broadcasting Corporation|NBC]]|access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Netherlands}}
|[[Ziggo Sport]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vodafoneziggo.nl/en/nieuws/ziggo-sport-acquires-rights-rugby-world-cup |title=Ziggo Sport acquires rights to Rugby World Cup |date=4 February 2022 |website=[[VodafoneZiggo]] |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|{{flagu|New Zealand}}
|[[Sky Sport (New Zealand)|Sky Sport]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
|align=center|<ref name="NZStop">{{cite news |url=https://stoppress.co.nz/news/sky-announces-free-to-air-coverage-of-rugby-world-cup-2023-on-prime |title=Sky announces free-to-air coverage of Rugby World Cup 2023 on Prime |date=13 April 2023 |website=StopPress |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sky Open (New Zealand TV channel)|Sky Open]]{{efn|6 matches: one All Blacks pool match, two quarter-finals, one semi-final and both finals}}
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch the 2023 Rugby World Cup live on Sky |url=https://www.sky.co.nz/rugby-world-cup |publisher=[[Sky (New Zealand)|Sky]] |access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]{{efn|12 matches including France v New Zealand, one semi-final and the final}}
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |title=Stuff, Sky team up again to bring fans live coverage of Rugby World Cup 2023 |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby-world-cup-2023/300946507/stuff-sky-team-up-again-to-bring-fans-live-coverage-of-rugby-world-cup-2023 |website=Stuff |access-date=23 August 2023 |language=en |date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|North Macedonia}}
|[[Sport Klub]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Norway}}
|[[Viaplay]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"></ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Papua New Guinea}}
|[[EM TV]]
|align=center|<ref name="Asia-Oz"></ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Poland}}
|[[Polsat Sport]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://polskie.rugby/artykul/9823/puchar-swiata-na-antenie-polsatu|title=PUCHAR ŚWIATA NA ANTENIE POLSATU|date=6 September 2023|access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagu|Portugal}}
|[[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|RTP]]{{efn|All Portugal matches}}
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/09/08/desporto/noticia/mundial-raguebi-jogos-portugal-transmitidos-rtp2-2062519|title= Mundial de râguebi: jogos de Portugal transmitidos na RTP2 |date=8 September 2023|access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sport TV]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"></ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagu|Romania}}
|[[Digi Sport (Romania)|Digi Sport]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.digisport.ro/rugby/cupa-mondiala-de-rugby-transmisa-pe-canalele-digi-sport-stejarii-se-iau-la-tranta-cu-uriasii-lumii-2373147 |title=Cupa Mondială de Rugby, transmisă pe canalele Digi Sport! |date=4 May 2023 |website=[[Digi Sport (Romania)|Digi Sport]] |access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Orange Sport (Romania)|Orange Sport]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://orangesport.ro/cupa-mondiala-de-rugby-se-vede-integral-pe-orange-sport-romania-joaca-intr-o-grupa-spectaculoasa-printre-cele-mai-bune-20-de-echipe-din-lume-programul-stejarilor-21306919 |title=Cupa Mondială de Rugby se vede integral pe Orange Sport |date=12 September 2023 |website=[[Orange Sport (Romania)|Orange Sport]] |access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Samoa}}
|[[Samoa Broadcasting Corporation|SBC]]
|align=center|<ref name="Asia-Oz"></ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Serbia}}
|[[Sport Klub]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Slovenia}}
|[[Sport Klub]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Solomon Islands}}
|TTV
|align=center|<ref name="Asia-Oz"></ref>
|-
|{{flagu|South Africa}}
|[[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|SuperSport]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sabc.co.za/sabc/media-statement-sabc-and-multichoice-have-in-principle-reached-an-agreement-regarding-the-broadcasting-rights-for-the-rugby-world-cup-2023/|title=MEDIA STATEMENT {{!}} SABC AND MULTICHOICE HAVE IN PRINCIPLE REACHED AN AGREEMENT REGARDING THE BROADCASTING RIGHTS FOR THE RUGBY WORLD CUP 2023|date=7 September 2023|publisher=SABC|access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|South Korea}}
|[[Coupang|Coupang Play]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnBht7BrOx-A328KFXgysqQ/community?lb=UgkxEev-VFE_eWBRpXCTUz9_HcdfU9Dpq_v4/|title=2023 WR 럭비 월드컵 조별예선 쿠팡플레이 독점 생중계|date=8 September 2023|publisher=Coupang Play|access-date=8 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{noflag}} Southeast Asia
|[[beIN Sports]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://insidersport.com/2023/07/28/bein-sports-expands-coverage-for-upcoming-rugby-world-cup|title=BeIN Sports expands its coverage for upcoming Rugby World Cup|date=27 July 2023|access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Spain}} {{flagu|Andorra}}
|[[Movistar Plus+]]
|align=center|<ref name=ESP>{{cite news |url=https://comunicacion.movistarplus.es/nota-de-prensa/todo-al-rugby-copa-del-mundo-the-rugby-championship-y-un-espana-argentina-se-avecinan-en-exclusiva/|title=La Copa del Mundo, The Rugby Championship y un España-Argentina se avecinan, en exclusiva, en Movistar Plus+|date=1 July 2023|access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Sri Lanka}}
|[[MTV Channel|MTV]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsfirst.lk/2023/9/7/mtv-channel-secures-cricket-rugby-world-cups|title=MTV Channel secures Cricket & Rugby World Cups|date=7 September 2023|publisher=[[News First]]|access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{noflag}} Sub-Saharan Africa
|[[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|SuperSport]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/broadcasting/480395-dstv-wants-to-broadcast-the-2023-rugby-world-cup-in-4k.html|title=DStv wants to broadcast the 2023 Rugby World Cup in 4K |last=Illidge |first=Myles |date=16 February 2023 |website=[[MyBroadband]] |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|New World TV
|align=center|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/where-to-watch-and-broadcast-partners/africa|title=How to watch Rugby World Cup 2023 in your territory?|publisher=[[Rugby World Cup]]|access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Sweden}}
|[[Viaplay]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"></ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Switzerland}}
|[[Swiss Broadcasting Corporation|SRG SSR]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Tonga}}
|[[Tonga Broadcasting Commission|TBC]]
|align=center|<ref name="Asia-Oz"></ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Turkey}}
|S Sport
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"></ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{No wrap|{{flagu|United Kingdom}}}}
|[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]/STV
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-union/2023/01/03/rugby-world-cup-2023-when-where-watch-tv-latest-odds |title=Rugby World Cup 2023: Match schedule, how to watch, latest news and odds |last=Schofield |first=Daniel |date=26 May 2023 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[S4C]]
|align=center|<ref name="Europe"></ref>
|-
|{{flagu|United States}}
|[[NBC Sports]]
|align=center|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sportsvideo.org/2017/05/23/nbc-sports-group-inks-deal-for-rugby-world-cup-rights-in-u-s-through-2023 |title=NBC Sports Group Inks Deal for U.S. Rugby World Cup Rights Through 2023 |last=Dachman |first=Jason |date=23 May 2017 |website=Sports Video |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2| {{flagu|Uruguay}}
|[[Canal 10 (Uruguay)|Canal 10]]{{efn|name=fn2}}
|align=center rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/donde-ver-a-los-teros-en-vivo-en-el-mundial-de-rugby-francia-2023-opciones-en-tv-abierta-cable-y-streaming-20239514348 |title=Dónde ver el Mundial de rugby con Los Teros: opciones en TV abierta, cable y streaming |website=El Observador |date=8 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Teledoce]]{{efn|name=fn2}}
|-
|{{flagu|Vanuatu}}
|VBTC
|align=center|<ref name="Asia-Oz"></ref>
|}

;Notes
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Marketing==

===Sponsorship===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!{{Nowrap|Worldwide partners}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/commercial-partners |title=Worldwide partners |website=[[Rugby World Cup]] |access-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525190204/https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/commercial-partners |archive-date=25 May 2023}}</ref>!!{{Nowrap|Official sponsors}}<ref name="2023sponsors">{{cite web |url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023 |title=Rugby World Cup 2023 |website=[[Rugby World Cup]] |access-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525190511/https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023 |archive-date=25 May 2023}}</ref>!!{{Nowrap|Official suppliers}}<ref name="2023sponsors"/>!!{{Nowrap|Official supporters}}<ref name="2023sponsors"/>
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|
* [[Asahi Breweries|Asahi]]
* [[Capgemini]]
* [[Land Rover Defender|Defender]]
* [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]]
* [[Mastercard]]
* {{Nowrap|[[Société Générale]]}}
|style="vertical-align:top;"|
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* {{Nowrap|[[GL events]]}}
* [[:fr:Garantie mutuelle des fonctionnaires|GMF]]
* [[:fr:Loxam|Loxam]]
* [[Orange S.A.|Orange]]
* [[:fr:PROMAN|Proman]]
* [[SNCF]]
{{col-2}}
* {{Nowrap|[[TotalEnergies]]}}
* [[Vivendi]]
{{col-end}}
|style="vertical-align:top;"|
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Andros (company)|Andros]]
* [[Balkrishna Industries|BKT]]
* [[Canon Inc.|Canon]]
* [[:fr:Eden Park (marque)|Eden Park]]
* {{Nowrap|[[EF Education First]]}}
* [[SNCF Logistics|Geodis]]
* [[Gilbert Rugby|Gilbert]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]
* [[:fr:InVivo|InVivo]]
* {{Nowrap|[[Taisho Pharmaceutical|Lipovitan D]]}}
* [[Macron (sportswear)|Macron]]
* [[Meta Platforms|Meta]]
* {{Nowrap|[[Mitsubishi Electric]]}}
* [[Tudor Watches|Tudor]]
{{col-end}}
|style="vertical-align:top;"|
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* {{Nowrap|[[Accor|Accor Live Limitless]]}}
* {{Nowrap|Aramis Rugby}}
* [[Groupe Casino|Casino]]
* {{Nowrap|[[:fr:France Pare-Brise|France Pare-Brise]]}}
* Koesio
* {{Nowrap|PPA Business School}}
{{col-2}}
* [[RATP Group]]
* [[Sage Group|Sage]]
* [[Volvic (mineral water)|Volvic]]
{{col-end}}
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Sports}}
* [[History of the Rugby World Cup]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|}}
*{{Official website}}

{{2023 Rugby World Cup}}
{{2023 Rugby World Cup venues}}
{{Rugby Union World Cup}}
{{World championships in 2023}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:World Cup}}
[[Category:2023 Rugby World Cup| ]]
[[Category:Rugby World Cup tournaments|2023]]
[[Category:2023 in rugby union]]
[[Category:2023–24 in French rugby union]]
[[Category:International rugby union competitions hosted by France]]
[[Category:September 2023 sports events in France|Rugby World Cup]]
[[Category:October 2023 sports events in France|Rugby World Cup]]

Khaleke Hudson

2023-10-26T16:45:25Z

8.38.177.4: /* Early career */

{{Short description|American football player (born 1997)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox NFL biography
| name = Khaleke Hudson
| image = Khaleke Hudson Commanders-Packers OCT2022 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Hudson with the [[Washington Commanders]] in 2022
| current_team = Washington Commanders
| number = 47
| position = [[Linebacker]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|12|6}}
| birth_place = [[McKeesport, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 0
| weight_lb = 220
| high_school = [[McKeesport Area High School|McKeesport]] (McKeesport)
| college = [[Michigan Wolverines football|Michigan]] (2016–2019)
| draftyear = 2020
| draftround = 5
| draftpick = 162
| pastteams =
* [[Washington Football Team / Commanders]] ({{NFL Year|2020}}–present)
| status = Active
| highlights =
* 2× second-team All-[[Big Ten]] ([[2017 All-Big Ten Conference football team|2017]], [[2019 All-Big Ten Conference football team|2019]])
| statleague = NFL
| statseason = 2023
| statweek = 7
| statlabel1 = [[Tackle (football move)|Tackles]]
| statvalue1 = 40
| statlabel2 = [[Quarterback sack|Sack]]s
| statvalue2 = 1.0
| statlabel3 = [[Fumble|Forced fumbles]]
| statvalue3 =
| statlabel4 = [[Fumble|Fumble recoveries]]
| statvalue4 =
| statlabel5 = [[Interceptions]]
| statvalue5 =
| nfl = khaleke-hudson
| pfr = HudsKh00
}}
'''Khaleke Hudson''' (born December 6, 1997) is an [[American football]] [[linebacker]] for the [[Washington Commanders]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). He played [[college football]] at [[Michigan Wolverines football|Michigan]] and was drafted by Washington in the fifth round of the [[2020 NFL Draft]]. He shares an NCAA record for most [[tackle (football move)|tackles]] for a loss in a single game with eight, doing so in 2017.

==Early career==
Hudson attended [[McKeesport Area High School]] in Pennsylvania where he played [[safety (football position)|safety]] and [[running back]]. He was recruited by several top programs as a two-way player.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/sports/high-school-football/2015/12/24/Two-way-Tigers-star-leaves-huge-pawprint-player-of-the-year-mckeesport-s-khaleke-hudson/stories/201512240086|title=2015 High School Football Player of the Year: McKeesport's Khaleke Hudson|access-date=November 28, 2017|date=December 23, 2015|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|author=White, Mike}}</ref> At the time of his January 27, 2016 commitment to Michigan he was the number one rated football prospect in the Pennsylvania statewide class of 2016 according to [[Scout.com]] and the number 10 rated player on Rivals. He had offers from [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]], [[UCLA Bruins football|UCLA]], and [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/wolverines/index.ssf/2016/01/khaleke_hudson.html|title=Khaleke Hudson commits to Michigan as 26th player in 2016 recruiting class|access-date=November 28, 2017|date=January 27, 2016|website=[[MLive.com]]|author=Quinn, Brendan F.}}</ref>

{{College Athlete Recruit Start|40=yes|collapse=no|year=2016}}
{{College Athlete Recruit Entry
| recruit = Khaleke Hudson
| position = ATH
| hometown = McKeesport, Pennsylvania
| highschool = [[McKeesport Area High School|McKeesport H.S.]]
| feet = 5
| inches = 11
| weight = 195
| 40 = 4.81
| commitdate = January 27, 2016
| scout stars = 4
| rivals stars = 3
| 247 stars = 4
| espn stars = 3
}}
{{College Athlete Recruit End
| 40 = yes
| year = 2016
| rivals ref title = Michigan Football Commitments
| scout ref title = 2016 Michigan Football Commits
| espn ref title = ESPN
| rivals school = michigan
| scout s = 162
| espn schoolid = 130
| scout overall =
| rivals overall =
| 247 overall =
| espn overall =
| accessdate = November 28, 2017
| bball =
}}

==College career==
[[File:Khaleke Hudson (36601358784).jpg|thumb|left|225px|Hudson with Michigan in 2017]]
Hudson made his debut on September 3, 2016, against [[2016 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team|Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/wolverines/index.ssf/2016/09/michigan_plays_a_whopping_17_f.html|title=Michigan plays a whopping 17 freshmen in opener vs. Hawaii|access-date=November 28, 2017|date=September 4, 2016|website=[[MLive.com]]|author=Baumgardner, Nick}}</ref> In the 2016 campaign, Khaleke made an appearance in all 13 games primarily on special teams. Khaleke only appeared in 2 games as a Safety, and was the Special Teams Player of the Game after a home win against Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/khaleke-hudson/19031|title=Khaleke Hudson - Football}}</ref> On November 4, 2017, he set the school single-game record with eight tackles for loss against [[2017 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team|Minnesota]] in the [[Little Brown Jug (college football trophy)|Little Brown Jug]] rivalry game,<ref name=MinnesotaNotes>{{cite news|title=Postgame Notes: Michigan 33, Minnesota 10|publisher=CBS Interactive|work=MGoBlue.com|access-date=November 4, 2017|date=November 4, 2017|url=http://www.mgoblue.com/news/2017/11/4/football-postgame-notes-michigan-vs-minnesota.aspx}}</ref> earning Big Ten Conference Co-Defensive Player of the week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigten.org/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/110617aaa.html|title=Big Ten Football Players of the Week: Nov. 6, 2017|date=November 6, 2017|website=BigTen.org|publisher=[[Big Ten Conference]]|access-date=November 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030024/http://www.bigten.org/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/110617aaa.html|archive-date=November 7, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hudson was recognized as the FWAA/Bronko Nagurski National Defensive Player of the Week for the effort (15 total tackles, 12 of which were solo, 3 [[quarterback sack]]s, and a forced [[fumble]]),<ref>He takled Daniel Rop 20 Times in high school.{{cite web|url=http://www.sportswriters.net/fwaa/news/2017/nagurski171107.html|title=Michigan's Hudson Is Bronko Nagurski National Defensive Player of the Week|access-date=November 28, 2017|date=November 7, 2017|publisher=[[Football Writers Association of America]]|website=Sportswriters.net}}</ref> which tied an NCAA single-game record and set a [[Big Ten Conference]] tackle for loss record.<ref name=TWNAToDST>{{cite web|url=http://www.mgoblue.com/news/2017/11/28/football-thirteen-wolverines-named-all-big-ten-on-defense-special-teams.aspx?path=football|title=Thirteen Wolverines Named All-Big Ten on Defense, Special Teams|access-date=November 28, 2017|date=November 28, 2017|website=BigTen.org|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/sports/college/michigan-football-khaleke-hudson-named-national-defensive-player-the-week/QGDZRR27to6rwA0V8ZmenK/|title=Michigan football's Khaleke Hudson named National Defensive Player of the Week|access-date=November 28, 2017|date=November 7, 2017|work=[[Palm Beach Post]]|author=Needelman, Joshua}}</ref> Following the 2017 season, Hudson, who was second in the conference in tackles for loss for the season, earned third-team [[2017 All-Big Ten Conference football team|All-Big Ten]] recognition from the coaches.<ref name=TWNAToDST/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigten.org/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/112817aac.html|title=Big Ten Announces Football All-Conference Teams for Defense and Special Teams|access-date=November 28, 2017|date=November 28, 2017|website=BigTen.org|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130220121/http://www.bigten.org/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/112817aac.html|archive-date=November 30, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Prior to his junior season in 2018, Hudson was named to preseason watch lists for the [[Lott Trophy]] and [[Bronko Nagurski Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lottimpacttrophy.org/2018-watch-list/|title=2018 Watch List {{!}} Lott IMPACT Trophy {{!}} Honoring College Football's Defensive Best|website=lottimpacttrophy.org|language=en-US|access-date=July 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2018 Bronko Nagurski Trophy Preseason Watch List|url=http://touchdownclub.com/nagurski-trophy/watch-list/|date=July 24, 2018|access-date=July 24, 2018}}</ref> He was named preseason first-team all-Big Ten by [[Athlon Sports]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://athlonsports.com/college-football/big-ten-football-2018-all-conference-team|title=Big Ten Football 2018 All-Conference Team|magazine=Athlon Sports|date=May 23, 2018}}</ref> Hudson appeared in all 13 games for the Wolverines but assumed a lesser role in the defense than his sophomore season. He finished with three tackles for loss and 39 total tackles on the year, and was named an honorable mention all-conference selection by both media and coaches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bigten.org/documents/2018/11/28//2018_All_Big_Ten.pdf?id=6210|title=2018 All-Big Ten Football Teams and Individual Award Recipients|website=BigTen.org|publisher=Big Ten Conference|date=November 28, 2018|access-date=November 28, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/khaleke-hudson-1.html|title=Khaleke Hudson College Stats|website=Sports-Reference.com|access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref>

As a senior, Hudson was named to the preseason watchlist for the [[Butkus Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mlive.com/sports/2019/07/two-wolverines-one-spartan-named-to-butkus-award-watch-list.html|title=Two Wolverines, one Spartan named to Butkus Award watch list|access-date=July 24, 2019|date=July 22, 2019|publisher=[[MLive.com]]|author=Wenzel, Matt}}</ref> During the 2019 season, Hudson was Michigan's leading tackler with a career-best 97 stops, including 3.5 for loss with two sacks. He added three pass breakups, three quarterback hurries, and a blocked kick. In the following the season Hudson was named to second-team [[2019 All-Big Ten Conference football team|2019 All-Big Ten]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Fourteen Wolverines Honored by Big Ten on Defense and Special Teams|publisher=CBS Interactive|work=MGoBlue.com|access-date=December 3, 2019|date=December 3, 2019|url=https://mgoblue.com/news/2019/12/3/football-fourteen-wolverines-honored-by-big-ten-on-defense-and-special-teams.aspx}}</ref>
{{CLEAR}}

==Professional career==
{{NFL predraft
| height ft = 5
| height in = 11
| weight = 224
| dash = 4.56
| ten split = 1.51
| twenty split = 2.67
| vertical = 33.0
| broad ft = 10
| broad in = 0
| bench = 30
| arm span = 29 3/8
| hand span = 10
| wonderlic =
| note = All values from NFL Combine<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nfl.com/prospects/khaleke-hudson/32004855-4444-8091-9618-834bc38fda6c |title=Khaleke Hudson Draft and Combine Prospect Profile |website=NFL.com |access-date=November 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1017818&DraftYear=2020 |title=2020 Draft Scout Khaleke Hudson, Michigan NFL Draft Scout College Football Profile |access-date=March 24, 2023 |website=draftscout.com}}</ref>
}}

Hudson was selected by the [[Washington Football Team]] in the fifth round (162nd overall) of the [[2020 NFL Draft]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sang |first1=Orion |title=Washington takes Michigan LB Khaleke Hudson in Round 5 of 2020 NFL draft |url=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/university-michigan/wolverines/2020/04/25/khaleke-hudson-nfl-draft-2020-washington-redskins-michigan-football/3002025001/ |website=Detroit Free Press |access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref> He signed his four-year rookie contract with the team on July 23, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fortier |first1=Sam |last2=Jhabvala |first2=Nicki |title=No. 2 overall pick Chase Young signs with Washington |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/07/22/washingtons-nfl-team-signs-majority-its-draft-picks-not-chase-young/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=July 23, 2020 |date=July 23, 2020}}</ref>

On December 7, 2021, Hudson was placed on [[injured reserve]] after suffering an ankle injury in the Week 13 game against the [[2021 Las Vegas Raiders season|Las Vegas Raiders]].<ref>{{cite web|work=WashingtonFootball.com|url=https://www.washingtonfootball.com/news/washington-places-lb-khaleke-hudson-on-ir-signs-milo-eifler-from-miami-s-practic|title=Washington places LB Khaleke Hudson on IR, signs Milo Eifler from Miami's practice squad|date=December 7, 2021|accessdate=December 7, 2021|author=Washington Football Team Public Relations}}</ref>

On August 30, 2022, Hudson was waived by the Commanders and signed to the practice squad the next day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commanders cut 25 players, place 3 on IR|url=https://www.commanders.com/news/commanders-final-roster-cuts|website=Commanders.com|date=August 30, 2022|access-date=September 2, 2022|archive-date=September 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901115031/https://www.commanders.com/news/commanders-final-roster-cuts|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Commanders announce practice squad|url=https://www.commanders.com/news/commanders-announce-practice-squad|website=Commanders.com|date=August 31, 2022}}</ref> He was promoted to the active roster on October 21.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commanders place Tariq Castro-Fields on IR, sign Khaleke Hudson to active roster|url=https://www.commanders.com/news/commanders-place-tariq-castro-fields-on-ir-sign-khaleke-hudson-to-active-roster|website=Commanders.com|date=October 21, 2022}}</ref> He signed a one-year contract extension on March 12, 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commanders.com/news/commanders-re-sign-khaleke-hudson-to-one-year-extension|work=Commanders.com|title=Commanders re-sign Khaleke Hudson to one-year extension|date=March 12, 2023|accessdate=March 12, 2023|first=Zach|last=Selby}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Twitter|KhalekeHudson}}
*[https://www.commanders.com/team/players-roster/khaleke-hudson/ Washington Commanders bio]
*[https://mgoblue.com/sports/football/roster/khaleke-hudson/19031 Michigan Wolverines bio]

{{Redskins2020DraftPicks}}
{{Washington Commanders roster navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hudson, Khaleke}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from McKeesport, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:American football defensive backs]]
[[Category:American football linebackers]]
[[Category:Michigan Wolverines football players]]
[[Category:Washington Commanders players]]
[[Category:Washington Football Team players]]

Ellery Queen

2023-10-20T04:32:32Z

8.38.177.4: /* Television */

{{Short description|Writer of detective fiction (joint pseudonym)}}
{{other uses|Ellery Queen (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Wong-Ellery-Queen-is-Alive-in-Japan-Ellery-Manfred-B-Lee-Frederick-Dannay.jpg
| imagesize = 301x301px
| image caption = Manfred Lee (left) and Frederic Dannay
| name = Frederic Dannay and Manfred Bennington Lee
| birth_name = Daniel Nathan (Dannay) {{birth date|1905|10|20}} [[Brooklyn, New York]]<hr>Emanuel Benjamin Lepofsky (Lee) {{birth date|1905|1|11}} Brooklyn, New York
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1982|9|3|1905|10|20}} [[White Plains, New York]] (Dannay)<hr>{{death date and age|1971|4|3|1905|1|11}} [[Roxbury, Connecticut]] (Lee)
| occupation = Authors
| alma mater = [[New York University]] (Lee)
| years_active = 1929-1971
| spouse = {{marriage|Rose Koppel, to Dannay|1975}}{{force singular}}
}}
'''Ellery Queen''' is a [[pseudonym]] created in 1928 by the American [[detective fiction]] writers '''Frederic Dannay''' (1905-1982) and '''Manfred Bennington Lee''' (1905-1971). It is also the name of their main [[fictional detective]], a mystery writer in [[New York City]] who helps his police inspector father solve baffling murder mysteries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wheat |first=Carolyn |date=June 2005 |title=The Last Word The Real Queen(s) of Crime |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240806799 |journal=Clues: A Journal of Detection|volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=87–90 |doi=10.3200/CLUS.23.4.87-90 }}</ref><ref name="britannica/Ellery-Queen" /><ref name=":1" /> Dannay and Lee wrote most of the [[Novel|novels]] and [[Short story collection|short story collections]] in which Ellery Queen appears as a character, and these books were among the most popular American mysteries published between 1929 and 1971. Under the pseudonym Ellery Queen, they also edited more than thirty anthologies of [[crime fiction]] and true crime. Dannay founded, and for many years edited, the crime fiction magazine ''[[Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine]]'', which has been published continuously from 1941 to the present. From 1961 onwards, Dannay and Lee commissioned other authors to write [[Thriller (genre)|thrillers]] using the pseudonym Ellery Queen, but not featuring Ellery Queen as a character; some such novels were [[Young adult fiction|juvenile]] and were credited to '''Ellery Queen Jr.''' They also wrote four mysteries under the pseudonym '''Barnaby Ross''', which featured the detective [[Drury Lane (character)|Drury Lane]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Symons |first=Julian |title=Great detectives: Seven Original Investigations |publisher=Abrams |year=1981 |isbn=978-0810909786}}</ref><ref name="jmodeperistud.9.2.0220" />

Dannay and Lee were cousins, who were better known by their professional names.<ref name="britannica/Ellery-Queen"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Goodrich |first=Joseph |title=Blood Relations: The Selected Letters of Ellery Queen 1947-1950 |publisher=Perfect Crime Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-935797-38-8}}</ref>Frederic Dannay was the professional name of '''Daniel Nathan'''<ref name="somethingisgoingtohappen/rand-b-lee"/><ref name="britannica/Ellery-Queen"/> and Manfred Bennington Lee that of '''Emanuel Benjamin Lepofsky'''.<ref name="britannica/Ellery-Queen">{{cite web |title=Ellery Queen |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ellery-Queen |website=Britannica .com |access-date=26 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="somethingisgoingtohappen/rand-b-lee">{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Rand B. |date=29 June 2016 |title=The Story Is the Thing |url=https://somethingisgoingtohappen.net/2016/06/29/the-story-is-the-thing-by-rand-b-lee/ |access-date=26 June 2023 |website= |language=en |quote=In the 1920s, when Dad applied to New York University as Emanuel Benjamin Lepofsky..... change his name from Emanuel Lepofsky to Manfred Lee. (Eventually, Dad's father and sisters adopted "Lee" as their surnames; and Dad’s cousin and future writing partner changed his name from Daniel Nathan to Frederic Dannay.)}}</ref><ref name="jmodeperistud.9.2.0220">{{cite journal |last1=Pennywark |first1=Leah |title=Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine and the Postpulp: From Modern to Postmodern |journal=The Journal of Modern Periodical Studies |date=1 July 2018 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=220–244 |doi=10.5325/jmodeperistud.9.2.0220 |jstor=10.5325/jmodeperistud.9.2.0220 |s2cid=203528158 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jmodeperistud.9.2.0220 |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref>

Ellery QueenTM is a [[Trademark|registered trademark]] of Manfred Lee & Frederic Dannay.<ref name="queen.spaceports/Copyright"/> JABberwocky Literary Agency represents the complete works of Ellery Queen.<ref name="queen.spaceports/Copyright">{{cite web |last1=Sercu |first1=Kurt |title=Copyright information |url=http://queen.spaceports.com/Copyright_info.html |website=Ellery Queen, a website on deduction |access-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310133759/http://queen.spaceports.com/Copyright_info.html |archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellery Queen – JABberwocky Literary Agency, Inc |url=https://awfulagent.com/jabclients/ellery-queen/ |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=awfulagent.com}}</ref>

==Personal life of Dannay and Lee==
Manfred Bennington Lee was born as Emanuel Benjamin Lepofsky on 11 January 1905 in [[Brooklyn, New York]].<ref name="britannica/Ellery-Queen"/> He graduated from the [[New York University]] with a ''summa cum laude'' degree in English in the 1920s.<ref name="somethingisgoingtohappen/rand-b-lee" /> He died on 3 April 1971 in Roxbury, Connecticut.<ref name="britannica/Ellery-Queen" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tomasson |first=Robert E. |date=1971-04-04 |title=Manfred B. Lee Is Dead at 65; One of 'Ellery Queen Authors |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/04/archives/manfred-b-lee-is-dead-at-65-one-ofu11ery-queen-authors-he-and.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Frederic Dannay was born as Daniel Nathan on 20 October 1905 in Brooklyn, New York.<ref name="britannica/Ellery-Queen" /><ref name="queen.spaceports/Whodunit-2">{{cite web |last1=Sercu |first1=Kurt |title=Whodunit?: a serial of aliasses - page 2 - Boyhood |url=http://queen.spaceports.com/Whodunit_2.html |website=Ellery Queen, a website on deduction |access-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217130510/http://queen.spaceports.com/Whodunit_2.html |archive-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> He married Rose Koppel, an assistant registrar at the [[Ethical Culture Fieldston School]], in 1975.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dannay |first=Rose Koppel |title=My Life With Ellery Queen: A Love Story |publisher=Perfect Crime Books |date=7 February 2016 |isbn=978-1-935797-66-1}}</ref> He died on 3 September 1982 in White Plains, New York.<ref name="britannica/Ellery-Queen" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gaiter |first=Dorothy J. |date=1982-09-05 |title=FREDERIC DANNAY, 76, CO-AUTHOR OF ELLERY QUEEN MYSTERIES, DIES |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/05/obituaries/frederic-dannay-76-co-author-of-ellery-queen-mysteries-dies.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Ellery Queen, the pseudonym==
[[File:Ellery Queen NYWTS.jpg|thumb|Frederic Dannay (left) with EQMM contributor James Yaffe in 1943.]]
Ellery Queen was created in the fall of 1928 when Dannay and Lee entered a mystery novel writing contest offering a prize of $7500 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=7500|start_year=1928|r=-3|fmt=eq}}) jointly sponsored by ''[[McClure's]]'' magazine and [[Frederick A. Stokes Company]]. They decided to use as their collective pseudonym the same name they had given to their detective as they believed readers tended to remember the names of detectives but forget those of their creators. They were informed that they had won the contest, but ''McClure's'' magazine went bankrupt and was absorbed by ''[[The Smart Set]]'' magazine before they received any money.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=McClure's magazine v.61 no.2 Aug. 1928. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uva.x030751674?urlappend=%3Bseq=1 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=HathiTrust | hdl=2027/uva.x030751674?urlappend=%3Bseq=1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 1928 |title=Books and Authors |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/08/12/archives/books-and-authors.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Blottner |first=Gene |title=Columbia Pictures Movie Series, 1926-1955: The Harry Cohn Years |publisher=McFarland |year=2011 |isbn=978-0786433537}}</ref>

''The Smart Set'' magazine rejudged the contest and awarded the prize to an entry by the writer [[Isabel Briggs Myers]] but in 1929, Frederick A. Stokes Company agreed to publish Dannay and Lee's story under the title ''[[The Roman Hat Mystery]].'' Buoyed by its success, they were contracted to write more mysteries and they went on to write a successful series of novels and short stories that lasted 42 years.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Queen |first=Ellery |url=https://archive.org/details/pg000161/pg000002.jpg |title=The Roman Hat Mystery |publisher=Frederick A. Stokes Company |year=1929}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Norris |first=J. F. |date=2012-12-01 |title=Pretty Sinister Books: The Enigma of the New McClure's Mystery Contest |url=https://prettysinister.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-enigma-of-new-mcclures-mystery.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Pretty Sinister Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 1954 |title=Whodunit? Theydunit, the Team of Dannay and Lee; THE GLASS VILLAGE. By Ellery Queen. 281 pp. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. $3.50. |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1954/08/15/92599175.html |access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref>

During the 1940s, Ellery Queen was probably the most popular American mystery writer.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjgE_CRiIW4C&q=%22ellery+queen%22&pg=PA161 |title=Herbert, ''Who's Who in Crime'', p.161 |isbn=9780195157611 |access-date=2012-02-21|last1=Herbert |first1=Rosemary |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> More than 150 million copies of Queen's books were sold globally and 'he' remained the best-selling mystery writer in [[Japan]] till the end of the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grossberger |first=Lewis |date=1978-03-16 |title=Ellery Queen |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/03/16/ellery-queen/e39b7102-5943-440b-8016-347875aaebda/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Several movies, radio shows, and television shows were based on 'his' works.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[https://www.proquest.com/openview/631c175d6cfda8a428ade6888f4c8bd8/1 Image: Dannay and Lee, 1967]</ref>

Many short stories were also published under the Queen name, which were mostly well-received. The novelist and critic [[Julian Symons]] called them "as absolutely fair and totally puzzling as the most passionate devotee of orthodoxy could wish" and said they were "composed with wonderful skill"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Symons |first=Julian |title=Bloody Murder: From the Detective Story to the Crime Novel |publisher=Mysterious Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0892964963 |edition=3rd |pages=181}}</ref> whereas the historian [[Jacques Barzun|Jaques Barzun]] said they were "full of ingenious gimmicks and adorned with excellent titles".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barzun |first1=Jaques |url=https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcrime00barz |title=A Catalogue of Crime |last2=Taylor |first2=Wendell Hertig |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1989 |isbn=9780060157968 |edition=2nd |pages=665}}</ref>

Dannay, without much involvement from Lee, founded the crime fiction magazine ''Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine'' in 1941, and served as its [[editor-in-chief]] until his death in 1982. However, they together edited numerous collections and anthologies of crime fiction such as ''[[The Misadventures of Sherlock Holmes]]'' and ''101 Years' Entertainment, The Great Detective Stories, 1841–1941.'' They were awarded the [[MWA Grand Master Award|Grand Master Award]] by the [[Mystery Writers of America]] in 1961 for their work under the Ellery Queen pseudonym.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nevins |first=Francis M. |title=Royal bloodline: Ellery Queen, author and detective |publisher=Bowling Green University Popular Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0892964963}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitgang |first=Herbert |date=1988-03-05 |title=Ellery Queen's 'Double Lives' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/05/books/ellery-queen-s-double-lives.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

From 1961 onwards, they allowed the 'Ellery Queen' ''nom de plume'' to be used as a [[Pen name#Collective names|house name]] for several novels written by other authors. None of these novels feature Ellery Queen as a character.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Nevins |first=Francis M. |title=The Art of Detection: The Story of how Two Fractious Cousins Reshaped the Modern Detective Novel. |publisher=Perfect Crime Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-1935797470}}</ref> Three of them star "the governor's troubleshooter" Micah "Mike" McCall and six of them feature Captain Tim Corrigan of the [[NYPD|New York City Police Department]]. The prominent science-fiction writer [[Jack Vance]] wrote three such novels including the 1965 [[locked room mystery]] ''A Room to Die In''.<ref name=":1" />

Dannay and Lee remained reticent about their writing methods.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shenker |first=Israel |date=1969-02-22 |title=Ellery Queen Won't Tell How It's Done |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/22/archives/ellery-queen-wont-tell-how-its-done.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Novelist and critic [[H. R. F. Keating|H.R.F. Keating]] wrote, "How actually did they do it? Did they sit together and hammer the stuff out word by word? Did one write the dialogue and the other the narration? ... What eventually happened was that Fred Dannay, in principle, produced the plots, the clues, and what would have to be deduced from them as well as the outlines of the characters and Manfred Lee clothed it all in words. But it is unlikely to have been as clear cut as that."<ref name="KEAT">{{Cite book |last=Keating |first=H.R.F. |title=The Bedside Companion to Crime |publisher=Mysterious Press |year=1989 |isbn=0-89296-416-2 |location=New York |pages=181–182}}</ref>

According to the crime fiction critic [[Otto Penzler]], "As an anthologist, Ellery Queen is without peer, his taste unequalled. As a bibliographer and a collector of the detective short story, Queen is, again, a historical personage. Indeed, Ellery Queen clearly is, after [[Poe]], the most important American in mystery fiction."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Roseman |first1=Mill |title=Detectionary: A Biographical Dictionary of Leading Characters in Mystery Fiction |last2=Penzler |first2=Otto |date=June 7, 1977 |publisher=Overlook Press}}</ref>

British crime novelist [[Margery Allingham]] said that Ellery Queen had "done far more for the detective story than any other two men put together" and critic [[Anthony Berkeley Cox]] famously quoted "Ellery Queen ''is'' the American Detective Novel".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellery Queen |url=https://www.worlds-best-detective-crime-and-murder-mystery-books.com/ellery_queen.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=World's Best Detective, Crime, and Murder Mystery Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Queen, Ellery {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/queen-ellery |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

Although Dannay outlived Lee by eleven years, the Ellery Queen ''nom de plume'' died with Lee. The last novel featuring the character Ellery Queen, ''A Fine and Private Place'', was published in 1971, the year of Lee's death.<ref name="Hubin2" /> However, ''Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine'' is still in print as of 2023, now published as six "double issues" per year by [[Dell Magazines]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Current Issue |url=http://www.elleryqueenmysterymagazine.com/current-issue/ |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Ellery Queen |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Barnaby Ross==
In 1932 and 1933, Dannay and Lee wrote four novels using the pseudonym Barnaby Ross featuring [[Drury Lane (character)|Drury Lane]], a [[William Shakespeare|Shakespearean]] actor who had retired from the stage due to deafness and is now often consulted as an amateur detective. The novels also feature Inspector Thumm (initially as a member of the [[New York Police Department|New York police]], later as a [[private investigator]]) and his crime-solving daughter Patience. From the 1940s, republications of the Drury Lane books were mostly under the Ellery Queen name.<ref name=":5" />

In the early 1930s, before their identity as the authors behind Ellery Queen and Barnaby Ross had been made public, Dannay and Lee staged a series of public debates with Lee impersonating Queen and Dannay impersonating Ross, both of them wearing masks to preserve their anonymity. According to H.R.F. Keating, "People said Ross must be the wit and critic [[Alexander Woollcott]] and Queen [must be] [[S. S. Van Dine|S.S. Van Dine]], creator of the super-snob detective [[Philo Vance]], on whom 'Ellery Queen' was indeed modeled."<ref name="KEAT" />

In the 1960s, Dannay and Lee allowed the Barnaby Ross name to be used as a pseudonym for a series of historical romance novels by the writer Don Tracy.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Clarke">{{Cite book |author=Joseph F. Clarke |title=Pseudonyms: The Names Behind the Names |date=1977 |publisher=BCA |page=142}}</ref>

==Fictional style==
The Queen novels are examples of "fair play" mysteries, a subgenre of the [[whodunit]] mystery in which the reader obtains the clues along with the detective and the mysteries are presented as intellectually challenging puzzles. These type of novels comprised what would later be known as the [[Golden age of detective fiction]] (Usually dated from 1920 to 1940 but some critics include the 1940s and even the 1950s).<ref name="Hubin2" /> Mystery writer [[John Dickson Carr]] called this subgenre "the grandest game in the world".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Greene |first1=Douglas G. |title=The Door to Doom |last2=Carr |first2=John Dickson |publisher=International Polygonics Ltd. |year=1991 |isbn=978-1558821026}}</ref>

The first Ellery Queen book ''The Roman Hat Mystery'' established a reliable template: a geographic formula title (''The Dutch Shoe Mystery'', ''The Egyptian Cross Mystery'', etc.); an unusual crime; a complex series of clues and [[red herring]]s; multiple misdirected solutions before the final correct solution is revealed, and a cast of supporting characters including Ellery Queen, the detective, Queen's father Inspector Richard Queen and his irascible assistant Sergeant Thomas Velie. What became the best known part of the early Ellery Queen books was the "Challenge to the Reader", a single page near the end of the book, on which Queen, the detective, paused the narrative, directly addressed the reader, declared that they had now seen all the clues needed to solve the mystery, and only one solution was possible. According to Julian Symons, "The rare distinction of the books is that this claim is accurate. These are problems in deduction that do really permit of only one answer, and there are few crime stories indeed of which this can be said... Judged as exercises in rational deduction, these are certainly among the best detective stories ever written."<ref name="SYM">{{Cite book |last=Symons |first=Julian |title=Bloody murder; from the detective story to the crime novel |publisher=Mysterious Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0892964963 |edition=3rd |location= |pages=127–128}}</ref>
[[File:Challenge to the reader.png|thumb|429x429px|"Challenge to the Reader" in ''[[The Greek Coffin Mystery]]'']]

In many earlier books like ''The Greek Coffin Mystery'' and ''The Siamese Twin Mystery'', multiple solutions to the mystery are proposed, a feature that also showed up in later books such as ''Double, Double'' and ''Ten Days' Wonder''. Queen's "false solution, followed by the true" became a hallmark of the canon. Another stylistic element in many early books (notably ''The Dutch Shoe Mystery'', ''The French Powder Mystery'' and ''Halfway House'') is Queen's method of creating a list of attributes (the murderer is male, the murderer smokes a pipe, etc.) and comparing each suspect to these attributes, thereby reducing the list of suspects to a single name, often an unlikely one.<ref name="SS1">{{cite web| last=Andrews|first=Dale| title=If It's Tuesday This Must Be Belgium| url=http://www.sleuthsayers.org/2011/11/if-its-tuesday-this-must-be-belgium-or.html| publisher=SleuthSayers| date=2011-11-08| location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

By the late 1930s, when Ellery Queen, the fictional character, had moved to [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] to try movie scriptwriting, the tone of the novels changed along with the detective's character. Romance was introduced, solutions began to involve more psychological elements, and the "Challenge to the Reader" vanished. The novels also shifted from mere puzzles to more introspective themes. The three novels set in the fictional [[New England]] town of Wrightsville even showed the limitations of Queen's methods of detection. Julian Symons said "Ellery... occasionally lost his father, as his exploits took place more frequently in the small town of Wrightsville... where his arrival as a house guest was likely to be the signal for the commission of one or more murders. Very intelligently, Dannay and Lee used this change in locale to loosen the structure of their stories. More emphasis was placed on personal relationships and less on the details of investigation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Symons |first=Julian |title=Bloody murder; from the detective story to the crime novel |publisher=Faber and Faber |year=1972 |isbn=0-571-09465-1 |edition=1st |location=London |pages=149–150}}</ref>

In the 1950s and the 1960s, Dannay and Lee became more experimental, especially in the novels they wrote with other writers. ''The Player on the Other Side'' (1963), ghost-written with [[Theodore Sturgeon]], delves more deeply into motive than most Queen novels. ''And on the Eighth Day'' (1964), ghost-written with [[Avram Davidson]], is a religious allegory about [[fascism]].<ref name="Hubin2">{{Cite book |last=Hubin |first=Allen J. |title=Crime Fiction, 1749-1980: A Comprehensive Bibliography |publisher=Garland |year=1984 |isbn=0-8240-9219-8}}</ref>

==Ellery Queen, the fictional character==
{{Infobox character
| name = Ellery Queen
| series =
| image = Jim Hutton Ellery Queen 1976.JPG
| caption = [[Jim Hutton]] as Ellery Queen
| first = ''[[The Roman Hat Mystery]]''
| last = ''A Fine and Private Place''
| creator = Frederic Dannay and Manfred B. Lee (writing as Ellery Queen)
| portrayer = [[Donald Cook (actor)|Donald Cook]] [[Eddie Quillan]] [[Ralph Bellamy]] [[Hugh Marlowe]] [[Carleton G. Young]] Sydney Smith [[William Gargan]] [[Lawrence Dobkin]] [[Howard Culver]] [[Richard Hart (actor)|Richard Hart]] [[Lee Bowman]] [[George Nader]] [[Lee Philips]] [[Bill Owen (writer and announcer)|Bill Owen]] [[Peter Lawford]] [[Jim Hutton]]
| gender = Male
| occupation = Amateur detective, Author
| nationality = American
| family = Richard Queen (father)
| first_date = 1929
| last_date = 1971
}}

Ellery Queen, the fictional character, is the hero of more than thirty novels and several short story collections, written by Dannay and Lee and published under the Ellery Queen pseudonym. He is probably inspired by [[Philo Vance]], the detective created by the writer [[S. S. Van Dine|S.S. Van Dine]].<ref name=":5" /> According to the critic H.R.F. Keating, "Later the cousins [Dannay and Lee] took a sharper view of Vance, Manfred Lee calling him, with typical vehemence, 'the biggest prig that ever came down the pike'."<ref name="KEAT" />

As Van Dine had done earlier with Philo Vance, Dannay and Lee gave Ellery Queen an extremely elaborate back story that was rarely mentioned after the first few novels. In fact, Queen goes through several transformations in his personality and his approach to investigation over the course of the series.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In the earlier novels, he is a snobbish [[Harvard University|Harvard]]-educated intellectual of independent means who wears [[pince-nez]] glasses and investigates crimes because he finds them stimulating. He supposedly derives these characteristics from his unnamed late mother, the daughter of an [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocratic]] New York family, who had married Richard Queen, a bluff and short [[Police officer|policeman]].<ref name=":2" />

Beginning in the 1938 novel ''[[The Four of Hearts]]'', he spends some time working in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] as a screenwriter. Soon, he has a slick façade, is part of Hollywood society and hobnobs comfortably with the wealthy and the famous. Beginning with ''[[Calamity Town]]'' in 1942, he becomes less of a cypher and more of a human being, often becoming emotionally affected by the people in his cases, and at one point quitting detective work altogether. ''Calamity Town'' and some other novels during this period are set in the imaginary town of Wrightsville, where subsidiary characters recur from story to story as Queen relates to the various strata of American society as an outsider.<ref name=":2" />

However, after his Hollywood and Wrightsville periods, he returns to his New York City roots for the rest of his career, and is then seen again as an ultra-logical crime solver who remains distant from his cases. In the very late novels, he often seems a near-faceless, near-characterless persona whose role is purely to solve the mystery. So striking are the differences between the different periods of the Ellery Queen character that [[Julian Symons]] advanced the theory that there were two Ellery Queens — an older and younger brother.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Symons |first=Julian |title=Great detectives: Seven Original Investigations |publisher=Abrams |year=1981 |isbn=978-0810909786 |pages=66–70}}</ref>

Queen is said to be married and the father of a child in the introductions of the first few novels, but this plot line is never developed and he is portrayed as a bachelor in all of his later appearances. Nikki Porter, who acts as Queen's secretary and is something of a love interest, is first introduced in the radio series ''[[The Adventures of Ellery Queen (radio program)|The Adventures of Ellery Queen]]'' in 1939. Her first appearance in a written story is on the final pages of the 1943 novel ''[[There Was an Old Woman (novel)|There Was an Old Woman]]'', when a character with whom Queen has had some flirtatious moments suddenly announces that she will change her name to Nikki Porter and will work as Queen's secretary. Nikki Porter appears sporadically thereafter in the novels and short stories, linking the character from radio and movies to the written canon.<ref name=":1" />

Paula Paris, an [[agoraphobia|agoraphobic]] gossip columnist, is linked romantically with Queen in the 1938 novel ''The Four of Hearts'' and in some short stories in the 1940s but does not appear in the radio series or films and soon vanishes from the books. Queen is not given any serious romantic interests after Nikki Porter and Paula Paris disappear from the books.<ref name=":1" />

The Queen household, an apartment on West 87th street in New York City, is shared by Ellery Queen and his father Richard Queen. It also contains a houseboy named Djuna in the earlier novels. Possibly of [[Romani people|Roma]] origin, Djuna appears periodically in the canon, apparently ageless and family-free, in a supporting role as cook, receiver of parcels, valet, and occasional comedy relief. He is the protagonist in most of the juvenile novels ghost-written under the pseudonym Ellery Queen Jr.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

==In other media==

===Radio===
''[[The Adventures of Ellery Queen (radio program)|The Adventures of Ellery Queen]]'' was broadcast on several networks from 1939 to 1948 with the lead role played by [[Hugh Marlowe]] (1939–1940), [[Carleton G. Young|Carleton Young]] (1942–1943), Sydney Smith (1943–1947), [[Lawrence Dobkin]] (1947–48) and [[Howard Culver]] (1948). All episodes in this series were paused just before the end to allow a panel of celebrities a chance to solve the mystery.<ref name="dunningota">{{Cite book |last=Dunning |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/Biblio-1998-USA-John-Dunning-The-Encyclopedia-of-Old-Time-Radio/page/n3/mode/2up |title=On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-507678-3 |pages=8–9}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Nevins |first1=Francis M. |title=The Sound of Detection: Ellery Queen's Adventures in Radio |last2=Grams |first2=Martin Jr. |publisher=OTR Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=0-9703310-2-9 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harmon |first=Jim |url=https://archive.org/details/greatradioheroes00harm/mode/2up |title=The great radio heroes |year=1967 |pages=145–148|publisher=Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellery Queen's radio plays - page 1 - Season 1 (part 1) |url=http://queen.spaceports.com/EQ_radioplays__page_01.htm |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=queen.spaceports.com}}</ref> Some of the surviving scripts were published for the first time in the 2005 book ''The Adventure of the Murdered Moths.''<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Adventure of the Murdered Moths and Other Radio Mysteries |publisher=Crippen & Landru |year=2005 |isbn=9781932009156}}</ref>

Between 1965 and 1967, ''Ellery Queen's Minute Mysteries'' were broadcast as [[Filler (media)|radio fillers]]. They began with the radio announcer [[Bill Owen (writer and announcer)|Bill Owen]] saying "This is Ellery Queen..." and contained a short one-minute case.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellery Queen's radio plays - page 13 - Minute mysteries |url=http://queen.spaceports.com/EQ_radioplays__page_13.htm |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=queen.spaceports.com}}</ref>

===Television===
[[File:George Nader Marian Seldes Further Adventures of Ellery Queen 1959.JPG|thumb|George Nader as Ellery Queen and [[Marian Seldes]] in the television program ''The Further Adventures of Ellery Queen''.]]

Some of the scripts of the television series ''[[The Adventures of Ellery Queen]]'' (1950–1951 on [[DuMont Television Network|Dumont]], 1951-1952 on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]) were written by [[Helene Hanff]], best known for her 1970 novel ''[[84, Charing Cross Road]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fox |first=Margalit |date=1997-04-11 |title=Helene Hanff, Wry Epistler Of '84 Charing,' Dies at 80 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/11/arts/helene-hanff-wry-epistler-of-84-charing-dies-at-80.html |access-date=2023-09-18 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>Shortly after the series began, [[Richard Hart (actor)|Richard Hart]], who played Queen, died and was replaced by [[Lee Bowman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CTVA Crime - "The Adventures of Ellery Queen" (Dumont/ABC) Richard Hart/Lee Bowman |url=https://ctva.biz/US/Crime/ElleryQueen_1950-52.htm |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=ctva.biz}}</ref>

In 1954, Norvin Productions produced the [[Broadcast syndication|syndicated]] series ''Ellery Queen, Detective'' with [[Hugh Marlowe]] as the title character. Episodes from this series were broadcast on many local American networks and in [[UK|United Kingdom]] between 1954 and 1959 under various titles like ''Mystery is my Business'', ''Crime Detective'' and ''New Adventures of Ellery Queen.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=CTVA Crime "Ellery Queen, Detective" (TPA)(1954) starring Hugh Marlowe |url=https://ctva.biz/US/Crime/ElleryQueen_1954.htm |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=ctva.biz}}</ref>

[[George Nader]] played Queen in [[NBC]]'s ''[[The Further Adventures of Ellery Queen]]'' (1958–1959), but was replaced by [[Lee Philips]] in the final episodes.<ref name=":6">Multiple sources:
*https://archive.org/details/Ellery_Queen_DuMont
*https://archive.org/details/theAdventuresOfElleryQueen-DeathSpinsAWheel1951
*https://archive.org/details/theAdventuresOfElleryQueen-MurderToMusic1951
*https://archive.org/details/theAdventuresOfElleryQueen-BuckFever1952
*https://archive.org/details/theAdventuresOfElleryQueen-ManWhoEnjoyedDeath1951
</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CTVA US Crime - "The Adventures of Ellery Queen" (NBC)(1958-59) George Nader/Lee Phillips |url=https://ctva.biz/US/Crime/ElleryQueen_1958-59.htm |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=ctva.biz}}</ref>

[[Peter Lawford]] starred as Ellery Queen in the 1971 television film ''[[Ellery Queen: Don't Look Behind You]] (''a loose adaptation of the 1949 novel ''[[Cat of Many Tails]])''. [[Harry Morgan]] played Inspector Richard Queen in this film, but he is described as Ellery Queen's uncle (perhaps to account for the fact that Morgan was only eight years Lawford's senior, or to account for Lawford's British accent).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/ellery-queen-dont-look-behind-you | title=Ellery Queen Don't Look Behind You (1971) }}</ref>

The 1975 television movie ''Ellery Queen'' (aka ''Too Many Suspects'', a loose adaptation of the 1965 novel ''The Fourth Side of the Triangle'') led to the [[Ellery Queen (TV series)|1975–1976 television series of the same name]] starring [[Jim Hutton]] in the title role with [[David Wayne]] as his widowed father Richard Queen. This series was developed by [[Richard Levinson]] and [[William Link]], who later won a [[Edgar Award|Special Edgars Award]] for creating it and ''[[Columbo]]''.<ref>''The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows, 1946–present'', Brooks and Marsh, 1979, {{ISBN|0-345-28248-5}}</ref> It was done as a period piece set in New York City in 1946–1947.<ref>Multiple sources:
*https://archive.org/details/ellery-queen
*https://archive.org/details/ElleryQueenSeries
</ref> Sergeant Velie, Inspector Queen's assistant, regularly appeared in it; he had previously appeared in the novels and the radio series, but had not been seen regularly in any of the previous television versions. Velie called the younger Queen, Maestro. Each episode contained a "Challenge to the Viewer" with Queen breaking the [[fourth wall]] to go over the facts of the case and invite the audience to solve the mystery on their own, immediately before the solution was revealed. [[Eve Arden]], [[George Burns]], [[Joan Collins]], [[Roddy McDowall]], [[Milton Berle]], [[Guy Lombardo]], [[Rudy Vallée]], and [[Don Ameche]] were among the celebrities featured in this series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CTVA US Crime - "Ellery Queen" (Universal/NBC)(1975-76) Jim Hutton, David Wayne |url=https://ctva.biz/US/Crime/ElleryQueen_1975-76.htm |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=ctva.biz}}</ref>

In 2011, in the crime series [[Leverage (American TV series)|''Leverage'']]'s episode ''[[List of Leverage episodes|The 10 Li'l Grifters Job]]'', [[Timothy Hutton]]'s character Nate Ford appears at a murder mystery party dressed as Ellery Queen, in a homage to the actor's late father [[Jim Hutton]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=LisaM |date=2011-07-04 |title=Review: Leverage, S4, E2 - "The 10 Li'l Grifters Job" - Your Entertainment Corner |url=https://www.yourentertainmentcorner.com/review-leverage-s4-e2-the-10-lil-grifters-job/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Films===
*''[[The Spanish Cape Mystery (film)|The Spanish Cape Mystery]]'' (1935) [[Donald Cook (actor)|Donald Cook]] as Ellery Queen, [[Guy Usher]] as Inspector Queen (based on ''The Spanish Cape Mystery'')<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/TheSpanishCapeMystery1935 | title=The Spanish Cape Mystery | year=1935 }}</ref>
*''[[The Mandarin Mystery]]'' (1936) [[Eddie Quillan]] as Ellery Queen, [[Wade Boteler]] as Inspector Queen (loosely based on ''The Chinese Orange Mystery'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheMandarinMystery|title=The Mandarin Mysterydate=29 November 2018| year=1936 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
*''[[Ellery Queen, Master Detective]]'' (1940) [[Ralph Bellamy]] as Ellery Queen, [[Margaret Lindsay]] as Nikki Porter, [[Charley Grapewin]] as Inspector Queen (very loosely based on ''The Door Between'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kill as directed: Other Media part 5 ...movies (1) |url=http://queen.spaceports.com/Other%20Media_5.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=queen.spaceports.com}}</ref>
*''[[Ellery Queen's Penthouse Mystery]]'' (1941) Ralph Bellamy as Ellery Queen, Margaret Lindsay as Nikki Porter, Charley Grapewin as Inspector Queen<ref>{{Citation |title=Ellery Queen's Penthouse Mystery (1941) |url=http://archive.org/details/ellery-queens-penthouse-mystery-1941 |access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref>
*''[[Ellery Queen and the Perfect Crime]]'' (1941) Ralph Bellamy as Ellery Queen, Margaret Lindsay as Nikki Porter, Charley Grapewin as Inspector Queen (loosely based on ''The Devil To Pay'')<ref>{{Citation |title=Ellery Queen And The Perfect Crime (1941) |url=http://archive.org/details/ellery-queen-and-the-perfect-crime-1941 |access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref>
*''[[Ellery Queen and the Murder Ring]]'' (1941) Ralph Bellamy as Ellery Queen, Margaret Lindsay as Nikki Porter, Charley Grapewin as Inspector Queen (loosely based on ''The Dutch Shoe Mystery'')<ref>{{cite web |author1=Scott Lord Mystery |title=Ellery Queen and the Murder Ring (Hogan, 1941) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ONVS9UqXLxI |website=youtube |access-date=28 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*''[[A Close Call for Ellery Queen]]'' (1942) [[William Gargan]] as Ellery Queen, Margaret Lindsay as Nikki Porter, Charley Grapewin as Inspector Queen<ref>{{Citation |title=Close Call For Ellery Queen (1942) |url=http://archive.org/details/close-call-for-ellery-queen-1942 |access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref>
*''[[A Desperate Chance for Ellery Queen]]'' (1942) William Gargan as Ellery Queen, Margaret Lindsay as Nikki Porter, Charley Grapewin as Inspector Queen
*''[[Enemy Agents Meet Ellery Queen]]'' (1942) William Gargan as Ellery Queen, Margaret Lindsay as Nikki Porter, Charley Grapewin as Inspector Queen
*''[[Ten Days' Wonder (film)|La Décade prodigieuse]]'' (1971) (English title: ''Ten Days' Wonder'') directed by [[Claude Chabrol]] and starring [[Anthony Perkins]] and [[Orson Welles]]. There is no character named Ellery Queen but [[Michel Piccoli]] plays Paul Regis, the detective (Based on ''Ten Days' Wonder'')<ref>{{Cite news |last=Canby |first=Vincent |date=1972-04-27 |title=Screen: Chabrol Misses:' Ten Days' Wonder' Has Orson Welles in Lead |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/27/archives/screen-chabrol-misses-ten-days-wonder-has-orson-welles-in-lead.html |access-date=2023-09-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*''Haitatsu sarenai santsu no tegami'' (1979) (English title: ''The Three Undelivered Letters'') directed by [[Yoshitarō Nomura]] (based on ''[[Calamity Town]]'' but not containing Queen or any other detective)<ref>{{Citation |last=Nomura |first=Yoshitarô |title=Haitatsu sarenai santsu no tegami |date=1980-12-05 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0204360/ |type=Drama, Mystery |access-date=2023-09-25 |others=Shin Saburi, Nobuko Otowa, Mayumi Ogawa |publisher=Shochiku}}</ref>

===Theater===
In 1936, Dannay and Lee, in collaboration with playwright Lowell Brentano, wrote the play ''Danger, Men Working''. The production never made it to Broadway, closing after a few performances in Baltimore and Philadelphia.<ref name=":5" />

In 1949, novelist and playwright [[William Roos (writer)|William Roos]] adapted the 1938 novel ''[[The Four of Hearts]]'' for stage, although it is not known if it was ever performed.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Lachman, Marvin |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/903807427 |title=The villainous stage : crime plays on Broadway and in the West End |date=2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9534-4 |oclc=903807427}}</ref>

In 2016, American playwright Joseph Goodrich adapted the 1942 novel ''[[Calamity Town]]'' for stage. The play premiered at the Vertigo Theatre in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]] on January 23, 2016.<ref name="premiere">{{cite news |last=Hobson |first=Louis B. |date=2016-01-29 |title=Vertigo brings Ellery Queen to Calgary stage with Calamity Town |work=[[Calgary Herald]] |url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/theatre/vertigo-brings-ellery-queen-to-calary-stage-with-calamity-town}}</ref>

===Comic books and graphic novels===
[[File:Ellery Queen in Case Closed.jpg|thumb|Queen, the character, as he appears in volume 11 of ''[[Detective Conan]]'']]

*Ellery Queen appears as a character in some issues of ''Crackajack Funnies'' beginning in 1940, a four issue series by ''Superior Comics'' in 1949, two issues of a short-lived series by [[Ziff Davis]] in 1952, and three comics published by Dell in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kill as directed: Other Media part 8 ...comics (1) |url=http://queen.spaceports.com/Other%20Media_8.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=queen.spaceports.com}}</ref> Queen was used as a guest star by the comic book writer [[Mike W. Barr]] in the ninth issue of the magazine ''[[Maze Agency]]'' in February 1990 in the story titled ''The English Channeler Mystery: A Problem in Deduction''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Maze Agency #9 - The English Channeler Mystery (Issue) |url=https://comicvine.gamespot.com/the-maze-agency-9-the-english-channeler-mystery/4000-211472/ |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=Comic Vine |language=en}}</ref>
*Queen, the character, is highlighted in the ''Gosho Aoyoma's Mystery Library'' section of volume 11 of the ''[[Detective Conan]]'' manga, a section of the series in which [[Gosho Aoyama|Aoyoma]] introduces a detective (or occasionally a villain) from mystery literature. A character also mentions that he prefers Queen, the author, to [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] in volume 12 of the manga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Detective Picture Book - Detective Conan Wiki |url=https://www.detectiveconanworld.com/wiki/Detective_Picture_Book |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=www.detectiveconanworld.com}}</ref>

===Board games and jigsaw puzzles===
Ellery Queen's name was attached to many games and puzzles including (''Ellery Queen's Great Mystery Game) Trapped'' in 1956, ''The Case of the Elusive Assassin by Ellery Queen'' in 1967,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon.com: The Case of the Elusive Assassin - An Ellery Queen Mystery Game - Ideal 1967 : Toys & Games |url=https://www.amazon.com/Case-Elusive-Assassin-Ellery-Mystery/dp/B007H2JM2Q |website=www.amazon.com}}</ref> ''Ellery Queen: The Case of His Headless Highness'' in 1973, ''[[Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine Game]]'' in 1986 and a [[VCR]]-based game called ''[[Ellery Queen's Operation: Murder]]'' (loosely based on ''[[The Dutch Shoe Mystery]]'') in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kill as directed: Other Media part 11 ... games |url=http://queen.spaceports.com/Other%20Media_11.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=queen.spaceports.com}}</ref>

=== Stamps ===
Queen, the character, was one of the twelve fictional detectives featured on a series of stamps issued by [[Nicaragua]] in 1973 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of [[Interpol]]<ref>{{cite web |date=1972-11-13 |title=Philatelic web page accessed September 29, 2007 |url=http://www.trussel.com/detfic/nicarag.htm |access-date=2012-02-21 |publisher=Trussel.com}}</ref> and on a similar series issued by [[San Marino]] in 1979.<ref>{{cite web |date=1979-07-12 |title=Philatelic Web site accessed September 29, 2007 |url=http://www.trussel.com/detfic/sanmarin.htm#Queen |access-date=2012-02-21 |publisher=Trussel.com}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
'Ellery Queen' received the following [[Edgar Award]]s from the Mystery Writers of America:
* 1946: Best Radio Drama (tied with ''[[Mr. and Mrs. North|Mr and Mrs North]]'')<ref>Broadcasting. July 15, 1946. p. 91 [https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/46-OCR/1946-07-15-BC-OCR-Page-0091.pdf]</ref>
* 1950: Special Edgar Award for ten years' service through ''Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine''
* 1961: Grand Master Edgar Award
* 1969: Special Edgar Award on the 40th anniversary of the publication of ''[[The Roman Hat Mystery]]''

They were also runners-up for the Edgar in the following categories
* 1962: Best Short Story (''Ellery Queen 1962 Anthology'')
* 1964: Best Novel (''The Player on the Other Side'')

The Mystery Writers of America established the Ellery Queen Award in 1983 "to honor writing teams and outstanding people in the mystery-publishing industry".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mysterywriters.org/pages/awards/queen.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226081847/http://mysterywriters.org/pages/awards/queen.htm|url-status=dead|title=Mystery Writers of America website, accessed September 29 2007|archive-date=February 26, 2008}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Novels===

====By Dannay and Lee====
Unless noted, all these titles feature Ellery Queen and Inspector Richard Queen as characters.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Hubin2" />

*''[[The Roman Hat Mystery]]''—1929
*''[[The French Powder Mystery]]''—1930
*''[[The Dutch Shoe Mystery]]''—1931
*''[[The Greek Coffin Mystery]]''—1932
*''[[The Egyptian Cross Mystery]]''—1932
*''[[The American Gun Mystery]]''—1933
*''[[The Siamese Twin Mystery]]''—1933
*''[[The Chinese Orange Mystery]]''—1934
*''[[The Spanish Cape Mystery]]''—1935
*''[[Halfway House (novel)|Halfway House]]''—1936
*''[[The Door Between]]''—1937
*''[[The Devil To Pay (1938 novel)|The Devil to Pay]]''—1938
*''[[The Four of Hearts]]''—1938
*''[[The Dragon's Teeth]]'' aka ''The Virgin Heiresses''—1939
*''[[Calamity Town]]''—1942
*''[[There Was an Old Woman (novel)|There Was an Old Woman]]'' aka ''The Quick and the Dead''—1943
*''[[The Murderer Is a Fox]]''—1945
*''[[Ten Days' Wonder]]''—1948
*''[[Cat of Many Tails]]''—1949
*''[[Double, Double (Ellery Queen novel)|Double, Double]]''—1950
*''[[The Origin of Evil]]''—1951
*''[[The King Is Dead (novel)|The King Is Dead]]''—1952
*''[[The Scarlet Letters]]''—1953
*''[[The Glass Village]]''—1954 (neither Ellery Queen nor Inspector Queen appear)
*''Inspector Queen's Own Case''—1956 (Ellery Queen does not appear)
*''[[The Finishing Stroke]]''—1958
*''The Player on The Other Side''—1963 (ghost-written with [[Theodore Sturgeon]])
*''And on the Eighth Day''—1964 (ghost-written with [[Avram Davidson]])
*''The Fourth Side of the Triangle''—1965 (ghost-written with Avram Davidson)
*''Face to Face''—1967
*''The House of Brass''—1968 (ghost-written with Avram Davidson) (very minimal appearance by Ellery Queen)
*''Cop Out''—1969 (neither Ellery Queen nor Inspector Queen appear)
*''The Last Woman in His Life''—1970
*''A Fine and Private Place''—1971

==== By other authors ====
All ghostwriters are identified where known.<ref name=":5" /> All titles were edited and supervised by Lee except ''The Blue Movie Murders'' (1972), which was edited and supervised by Dannay after Lee's death. None of them feature Ellery Queen or Inspector Richard Queen as characters.

===== Non-Series =====
*''Dead Man's Tale'' (1961) by [[Stephen Marlowe]]
*''Death Spins The Platter'' (1962) by Richard Deming
*''Wife Or Death'' (1963) by Richard Deming
*''[[Kill As Directed]]'' (1963) by Henry Kane
*''Murder With A Past'' (1963) by Talmage Powell
*''The Four Johns'' (1964) by [[Jack Vance]]
*''Blow Hot, Blow Cold'' (1964) by [[Fletcher Flora]]
*''The Last Score'' (1964) by Charles W. Runyon
*''The Golden Goose'' (1964) by [[Fletcher Flora]]
*''A Room To Die In'' (1965) by [[Jack Vance]]
*''The Killer Touch'' (1965) by Charles W. Runyon
*''Beware the Young Stranger'' (1965) by Talmage Powell
*''The Copper Frame'' (1965) by Richard Deming
*''Shoot the Scene'' (1966) by Richard Deming
*''The Madman Theory'' (1966) by [[Jack Vance]]
*''Losers, Weepers'' (1966) by Richard Deming
*''The Devil's Cook'' (1966) by [[Fletcher Flora]]
*''Guess Who's Coming To Kill You?'' (1968) by [[Walt Sheldon]]
*''Kiss And Kill'' (1969) by Charles W. Runyon

===== Featuring Tim Corrigan =====

* ''Where Is Bianca?'' (1966) by Talmage Powell
* ''Why So Dead?'' (1966) by Richard Deming
* ''Which Way To Die?'' (1967) by Richard Deming
* ''Who Spies, Who Kills?'' (1967) by Talmage Powell
* ''How Goes The Murder?'' (1967) by Richard Deming
* ''What's In The Dark?'' (1968) by Richard Deming

===== Featuring Mike McCall (Troubleshooter series) =====

* ''[[The Campus Murders]]'' (1969) by [[Gil Brewer]]
* ''The Black Hearts Murder'' (1970) by Richard Deming
* ''The Blue Movie Murders'' (1972) by [[Edward D. Hoch|Edward Hoch]]

=== Novellas ===
By Dannay and Lee

* ''[[The Lamp Of God|The Lamp of God]]'' (1935) (first published as ''House of Haunts'' in the ''[[Detective Story Magazine]]'' in 1935, collected in the short story collection ''The New Adventures of Ellery Queen'' in 1940, and published as a standalone book in 1950)

===Short story collections===
By Dannay and Lee.

*''The Adventures of Ellery Queen''—1934
*''The New Adventures of Ellery Queen''—1940 (contains ''The Lamp of God'')
*''The Case Book of Ellery Queen''—1945 (reprints five stories from the two previous collections but also includes three new radio scripts)
*''Calendar of Crime''—1952
*''QBI: Queen's Bureau of Investigation''—1955
*''Queens Full''—1966
*''QED: Queen's Experiments In Detection''—1968
*''The Best Of Ellery Queen''—1985 (edited by Francis M. Nevins)
*''The Tragedy Of Errors''—[[Crippen & Landru]], 1999 (includes a previously unpublished synopsis of a Queen novel written by Dannay and all of the previously uncollected short stories)
*''The Adventure of the Murdered Moths and Other Radio Mysteries''—Crippen & Landru, 2005

Collections which only contain previously collected short stories are excluded, such as ''More Adventures of Ellery Queen'' (1940).

=== Juvenile novels as Ellery Queen Jr. ===
Manfred Lee commissioned the writers Samuel Duff McCoy and James Holding to write juvenile novels under the pseudonym Ellery Queen Jr. but they further 'sub-ghosted' the writing "arousing the ire of Lee" and "making establishing authorship even worse".<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Queen's Bureau of Investigation: the Casebook - page 16 |url=http://queen.spaceports.com/QBI_16.html |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=queen.spaceports.com}}</ref> All the novels with a color in their title star Djuna, Queen's houseboy. The other two star Gulliver Queen, Queen's nephew.

==== Ghosted by Samuel Duff McCoy and sub-ghosted by [[Frank Belknap Long]] ====
*''The Black Dog Mystery'' – 1941
*''The Golden Eagle Mystery'' – 1942

==== Ghosted by Samuel Duff McCoy and sub-ghosted by Harold Montanye ====

* ''The Green Turtle Mystery'' – 1944
* ''The Red Chipmunk Mystery'' – 1946
* ''The Brown Fox Mystery'' – 1948
* ''The White Elephant Mystery'' – 1950
* ''The Yellow Cat Mystery'' – 1952
* ''The Blue Herring Mystery'' – 1954

==== Ghosted by James Holding ====

* ''The Mystery of the Merry Magician'' – 1954 (sub-ghosted by [[Joseph Greene (writer)|Joseph Greene]])
* ''The Mystery of the Vanished Victim'' – 1954 (sub-ghosted by [[Paul S. Newman]])
* ''The Purple Bird Mystery'' – 1966 (unknown if sub-ghosted)

=== Novelizations ===
*''The Adventure of the Murdered Millionaire'' (1941) ([[novelization]] of a radio play broadcast on June 18, 1939)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Adventure of the Murdered Millionaire - Q.B.I. |url=http://queen.spaceports.com/Books/murdered_millionaire_.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=queen.spaceports.com}}</ref>
*''The Last Man Club'' (1941) (novelization of a radio play broadcast on June 25, 1939)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Last Man Club - Q.B.I. |url=http://queen.spaceports.com/Books/last_man_club_.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=queen.spaceports.com}}</ref>
*''Ellery Queen, Master Detective'' (1941) aka ''The Vanishing Corpse'' (1968) (novelization of the [[Ellery Queen, Master Detective|movie of the same name]], which was loosely based on the novel ''[[The Door Between]]'' (1937) )
*''The Penthouse Mystery'' (1941) (novelization of the movie ''[[Ellery Queen's Penthouse Mystery]]'' (1941) )
*''The Perfect Crime'' (1942) (novelization of the movie ''[[Ellery Queen and the Perfect Crime]]'' (1941)'','' which was loosely based on the novel ''[[The Devil to Pay (Ellery Queen novel)|The Devil to Pay]]'' (1938) )
*''A Study in Terror'' aka ''Sherlock Holmes vs. Jack the Ripper'' (1966) (novelization of the [[A Study in Terror|movie of the same name]], mostly written by [[Paul W. Fairman]] with Ellery Queen added as a character by Dannay and Lee in the [[framing story]])

===Magazines===
*''Mystery League''—1933
*''[[Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine]]''—1941 onwards

===Novels as Barnaby Ross===

==== By Dannay and Lee ====

*''The Tragedy Of X''—1932
*''The Tragedy Of Y''—1932
*''The Tragedy Of Z''—1933
*''Drury Lane's Last Case''—1933

==== By Don Tracy ====
*''Quintin Chivas'' – 1961
*''The Scrolls of Lysis'' – 1962
*''The Duke of Chaos'' – 1962
*''The Cree from Minataree'' – 1964
*''Strange Kinship'' – 1965
*''The Passionate Queen'' – 1966

===Anthologies and collections edited===
*''Challenge to the Reader''—1938
*''101 Years' Entertainment, The Great Detective Stories, 1841–1941''—1941
*''Sporting Blood: The Great Sports Detective Stories''—1942
*''The Female of the Species: Great Women Detectives and Criminals''—1943
*''[[The Misadventures of Sherlock Holmes]]''—1944
*''The Best Stories from Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine''—1944
*''Dashiell Hammett: The Adventures of Sam Spade and Other Stories''—1944
*''Rogues' Gallery: The Great Criminals of Modern Fiction''—1945
*''To The Queen's Taste: The First Supplement to 101 Years' Entertainment, Consisting of the Best Stories Published in the First Five Years of Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine''—1946
*''The Queen's Awards, 1946''—1946
*''Dashiell Hammett: The Continental Op''—1945
*''Dashiell Hammett: The Return of the Continental Op''—1945
*''Dashiell Hammett: Hammett Homicides''—1946
*''Murder By Experts''—1947
*''The Queen's Awards, 1947''—1947
*''Dashiell Hammett: Dead Yellow Women''—1947
*''Stuart Palmer: The Riddles of Hildegarde Withers''—1947
*''John Dickson Carr: Dr. Fell, Detective, and Other Stories''—1947
*''Roy Vickers: The Department of Dead Ends''—1947
*''Margery Allingham: The Case Book of Mr. Campion''—1947
*''20th Century Detective Stories''—1948
*''The Queen's Awards, 1948''—1948
*''Dashiell Hammett: Nightmare Town''—1948
*''O. Henry: Cops and Robbers''—1947
*''The Queen's Awards, 1949''—1949
*''The Literature of Crime: Stories by World-Famous Authors''—1950
*''The Queen's Awards, Fifth Series''—1950
*''Dashiell Hammett: The Creeping Siamese''—1950
*''Stuart Palmer: The Monkey Murder and Other Stories''—1950
and many more

===Critical works===
*''The Detective Short Story: A Bibliography''—1942
*''Queen's Quorum: A History of the Detective-Crime Short Story As Revealed by the 100 Most Important Books Published in this Field Since 1845''—1951
*''In the Queen's Parlor, and Other Leaves from the Editor's Notebook''—1957

===True crime===
Collections of true crime stories, which were written by Lee alone and originally published in ''[[The American Weekly]]'' magazine.

* ''Ellery Queen's International Case Book'' (1964)
* ''The Woman in the Case'' (1967)

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
*

==External links==
*[https://archive.org/search?query=subject%3A%22Ellery+Queen%22&sort=-downloads&and%5B%5D=mediatype%3A%22movies%22 ''Ellery Queen'' movies in the public domain]
*[https://archive.org/details/ElleryQueen ''Ellery Queen'' radio shows in the public domain]
*[[Finding aid]] to [https://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/4079731 Frederic Dannay papers] at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
*[[Finding aid]] to [https://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/14326306 Manfred Lee papers] at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
*[[hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.elleryqueen|Ellery Queen Papers]]. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
*{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6823242|title=Frederic Dannay|website=[[Find a Grave]]}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6816634|title=Manfred B. Lee|website=[[Find a Grave]]}}

{{Ellery Queen}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Queen, Ellery}}
[[Category:Ellery Queen| ]]
[[Category:American mystery writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:House names]]
[[Category:Edgar Award winners]]
[[Category:Fictional amateur detectives]]
[[Category:Fictional writers]]
[[Category:Jewish novelists]]
[[Category:Literary collaborations]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:Writing duos]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]

Danhausen (wrestler)

2023-10-17T18:48:31Z

8.38.177.4: /* Professional wrestling style and persona */

{{Short description|American professional wrestler (born 1990)}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
| name = Danhausen
| image = Danhausen in 2019.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Danhausen in 2019
| birth_name = Donovan Danhausen
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|08|17}}
| birth_place = [[Detroit]], Michigan, U.S.
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| spouse = {{marriage|Lauren Jiles |2018}}
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| family =
| ring_names = '''Danhausen''' Donovan Danhausen Kid Gorgeous<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/donovan-danhausen-11350.html|title=Donovan Danhausen • Profile & Match Listing|work=profightdb.com|author=Internet Wrestling Database (IWD)|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref>
| height = 5 ft 10 in<ref name=gerweck>{{cite web|url=https://www.gerweck.net/2020/02/07/danhausen/|title=Danhausen - Gerweck.net|website=Gerweck.net|date=7 February 2020}}</ref> (178 cm) 
'''"Claiming to stand 6 ft 7 inches in height "''' (231 cm)
| weight = 180 lb<ref name=gerweck/> (82 kg) '''"Over 300 lb"''' (136 kg)
| billed = "[[Parts unknown (wrestling)|Someplace far away]]"
| trainer = [[Jimmy Jacobs]] [[Truth Martini]]
| debut = October 18, 2013
| retired =
}}
'''Donovan Danhausen''' (born August 17, 1990), better known [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Danhausen''', is an American [[professional wrestler]] currently signed to [[All Elite Wrestling]] (AEW) where he is a member of the [[Best Friends (professional wrestling)|Best Friends]] [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#S|stable]]. He is currently inactive due to a torn [[pectoral muscle]]. <ref name=":0" /> Danhausen was previously known for his tenures with [[Ring of Honor]] (ROH) and [[Full Impact Pro]] (FIP) under the same name.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haulotte|first=Kellie|date=October 31, 2020|title=ROH officially signs Danhausen|url=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2020/10/roh-officially-signs-danhausen-676468/|access-date=March 27, 2021|work=wrestlinginc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.com/wrestling/2020/04/19/independent-wrestling-coronavirus-shutdown|title=Coronavirus Shutdown Leaves Independent Wrestlers Struggling to Make a Living—and Find Purpose|work=si.com|first=Justin|last=Barrasso|date=April 19, 2020|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Donovan Danhausen was born in [[Detroit]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=bios&wrestler=29693|title=Danhausen/General Information|work=wrestlingdata.com|first=Axel|last=Saalbach|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref> on August 17, 1990.<ref>{{cite tweet|author=Danhausen|username=DanhausenAD|user-link=Danhausen|user=DanhausenAD|number=1295478149510242304|title=What a wonderful 3030th birthday this has been! Thank you to all of Danhausens nice and evil friends, family, Fanhausens and of course Danhausens lovely wife @missloulou514 who made this terrific cakehausen.|website=Twitter|date=August 17, 2020|accessdate=June 29, 2021}}</ref>

==Professional wrestling career==
===Independent circuit (2013–present)===
Danhausen was trained by [[Jimmy Jacobs]] and [[Truth Martini]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=16597&gimmick=Donovan+Danhausen|title=Danhausen-Personal Data|work=cagematch.net|language=German|first=Philip|last=Kreikenbohm|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref> He made his debut on October 18, 2013, becoming known for sticking to a [[Gimmick (professional wrestling)|gimmick]] illustrated by his spooky attire and painted face. He competed at ''BLP Slamilton 2'', an event produced by Black Label Pro Wrestling, where he teamed up with [[Ethan Page]] and [[Hornswoggle|Swoggle]] to defeat Blood Diamond (Jake Lander, Joshua Bishop and Tre Lamar) for the BLP Tag Team Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lastwordonsports.com/prowrestling/2019/11/12/black-label-pro-slamilton-2/|title=Preview: Black Label Pro – Slamilton 2 (11/16/19)|work=lastwordonsports.com|first=Jamie|last=Greer|date=November 12, 2019|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref> He competed for Capital City Championship Combat at ''C4 Combat Shock - 12th Anniversary'' on November 21, 2019, where he defeated [[Tony Deppen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://c4wrestling.com/home/2019/12/c4combatshock-12th-anniversary-official-results/|title=#C4CombatShock – 12th Anniversary Official Results|author=Capital City Championship Combat|date=December 4, 2019|access-date=March 27, 2021|archive-date=September 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925063442/http://c4wrestling.com/home/2019/12/c4combatshock-12th-anniversary-official-results/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At ''FU/Freelance I Don't Think We're In Chicago Anymore'' from October 10, 2020, an event produced by Freelance Underground Wrestling, Danhausen teamed up with [[Warhorse (wrestler)|Warhorse]] as Warhausen, defeating The Brothers Of Funstruction (Ruffo The Clown and Yabo The Clown) by disqualification, therefore failing to capture the FU Tag Team Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bumwinebob.com/2020/10/the-collective-freelance-wrestling.html|title=The Collective: Freelance Wrestling Presents "I Don't Think We're In Chicago Anymore," preview.|work=bumwinebob.com|first=Dennis|last=DuBay|date=October 8, 2020|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref> At ''F1RST Wrestling Saturday Night Nitro'', an event produced by F1RST Wrestling on March 7, 2020, Danhausen fought [[Orange Cassidy]] into a no-contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://smartmarkvideo.com/f1rst-wrestling-march-7-2020-saturday-night-nitro-roseville-mn-download|title=F1RST Wrestling March 7, 2020 "Saturday Night Nitro" - Roseville, MN|work=smartmarkvideo.com|author=Smart Mark Video|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref>

===Ring of Honor (2019–2021)===
Danhausen made his first appearance for [[Ring Of Honor]] at ''ROH Wrestling #429'' on November 2, 2019, where he unsuccessfully challenged [[Shane Taylor (wrestler)|Shane Taylor]] for the [[ROH World Television Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/roh-wrestling-television-results-12619-episode-429-roh-world-television-championship-match|title=ROH Wrestling Television Results for 12/6/19 Episode #429 ROH World Television Championship Match|work=fightful.com|first=Ryan|last=Cook|date=December 19, 2019|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref> He continued to make sporadic appearances such as at ''ROH Wrestling #437'' where he fell short to [[Rhett Titus]] on January 11, 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wrestlingsc.com/2020/02/06/three-way-boogie-roh-wrestling-episode-437-review/|title=Three-Way Boogie – ROH Wrestling – Episode 437 Review|work=wrestlingsc.com|first=Chris|last=White|date=February 6, 2020|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref> and at ''ROH Honor Reigns Supreme 2020'' on January 12, where he scored a defeat against Dak Draper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesmackdownhotel.com/events-results/ppv-special/roh-honor-reigns-supreme-2020|title=ROH Honor Reigns Supreme 2020|work=thesmackdownhotel.com|author=The Smackdown Hotel|date=January 12, 2020|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref> At ''ROH Free Enterprise'' on February 9, 2020, Danhausen participated in a [[Professional wrestling match types|20-man battle royal]] to determine the no.1 contendership for the [[ROH World Championship]], where he competed against the winner [[Flip Gordon]], [[Gangrel (wrestler)|Gangrel]], [[Justin Gabriel|PJ Black]], [[Tracy Williams]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2020/02/roh-free-enterprise-29-results-666163/|title=ROH Free Enterprise (2/9) Results: Marty Scurll & PCO Vs. Nick Aldis & RUSH|work=wrestlinginc.com|first=Kellie|last=Haulotte|date=February 9, 2020|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref> At [[Final Battle (2020)|ROH Final Battle 2020]] on December 18, he defeated Brian Johnson by disqualification, earning him an ROH contract<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rohwrestling.com/live/events/121820-final-battle|title=12/18/20 - FINAL BATTLE|work=rohwrestling.com|author=Ring Of Honor|date=December 2020|access-date=March 27, 2021|archive-date=April 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423132511/https://www.rohwrestling.com/live/events/121820-final-battle|url-status=dead}}</ref> (behind the scenes, Danhausen credits [[Alex Shelley]] with convincing ROH brass to sign him).<ref name="CVV">{{cite podcast |url=https://the-chris-van-vliet-show.simplecast.com/episodes/danhausen-out-of-character-interviewhausen |title=Danhausen - Out of Character Interviewhausen |website=Simplecast |publisher=Audio Ventures, Inc. |host=Chris Van Vliet |date=14 May 2021 |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref> At [[ROH 19th Anniversary Show]] on March 26, 2021, Danhausen competed in a [[four-way match]], falling short to the winner, Brian Johnson, Eli Isom and LSG.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/03/26/3-26-roh-19th-anniversary-ppv-results-powells-live-review-of-rush-vs-jay-lethal-for-the-roh-title-jonathan-gresham-vs-dak-draper-for-the-roh-pure-championship-matt-taven-vs-vincent-ec3-vs-ja/|title=3/26 ROH 19th Anniversary PPV results: Powell's live review of Rush vs. Jay Lethal for the ROH Title, Jonathan Gresham vs. Dak Draper for the ROH Pure Championship, Matt Taven vs. Vincent, EC3 vs. Jay Briscoe, Kenny King and Bestia del Ring vs. Tracy Williams and Rhett Titus for the ROH Tag Titles|work=prowrestling.net|author=Jason Powell|date=March 26, 2021|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref>

===All Elite Wrestling (2022–present)===
Danhausen made his [[All Elite Wrestling]] (AEW) debut during a special episode of ''[[AEW Dynamite|Dynamite]]'' called [[Beach Break (2022)|Beach Break]] on January 26, 2022. He appeared during the [[Professional wrestling match types#Unsanctioned match|Lights Out match]] between [[Orange Cassidy]] and [[Adam Cole]]. Hours later, AEW President [[Tony Khan]] announced that Danhausen had signed with the company.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Tony|date=|title=Danhausen is All Elite|url=https://twitter.com/TonyKhan/status/1486532166477565953|website=Twitter}}</ref> He began having interactions with [[Hook (wrestler)|Hook]], wherein Hook is proving to be immune to Danhausen's curses, and Danhausen doing little more than occasionally annoy Hook with often humorous results.<ref>{{cite web|title=Danhausen attempts to put a curse on Hook|date=9 April 2022 |url=https://www.ewrestlingnews.com/news/danhausen-attempts-to-put-a-curse-on-hook-aew-rampage-highlights}}</ref> On the May 6, 2022 episode of ''[[AEW Rampage|Rampage]]'', Hook declined Danhausen's offer to align with him,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/aew-rampage-and-dark-elevation-spoilers-from-baltimore|title=AEW Rampage and Dark Elevation spoilers from Baltimore|first=Ethan|last=Renner|publisher=Figure Four Online|date=May 5, 2022|accessdate=May 6, 2022}}</ref> and [[Mark Sterling]] convinced [[Tony Nese]] to challenge Danhausen to a match on the next episode of ''Dynamite''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/results/aew-rampage-live-results-konosuke-takeshita-vs-jay-lethal-hook-vs-j-d-drake|title=AEW Rampage live results: Konosuke Takeshita vs. Jay Lethal, Hook vs. JD Drake The women's Owen Hart Tournament bracket will be revealed Friday.|first=Josh|last=Collins|publisher=Figure Four Online|date=May 6, 2022|accessdate=May 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://411mania.com/wrestling/two-new-segments-set-for-todays-aew-rampage/|title=Two New Segments Set For Today's AEW Rampage|date=May 6, 2022|accessdate=May 6, 2022}}</ref> On the May 11, 2022 episode of ''Dynamite'', Danhausen wrestled in his first ever AEW match, losing to Nese following a distraction from Sterling. After the match, Hook would align with Danhausen after saving him from a beatdown from Nese and Sterling.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2022/05/11/5-11-aew-dynamite-results-barnetts-live-review-of-darby-allin-vs-jeff-hardy-adam-cole-vs-dax-harwood-and-toni-storm-vs-jamie-hayter-in-owen-hart-tournament-matches-ricky-starks-vs-jungle-boy/|title=5/11 AEW Dynamite results: Barnett's live review of Darby Allin vs. Jeff Hardy, Adam Cole vs. Dax Harwood, and Toni Storm vs. Jamie Hayter in Owen Hart tournament matches, Ricky Starks vs. Jungle Boy for the FTW Title, CM Punk vs. John Silver, Danhausen vs. Tony Nese, MJF and Wardlow contract signing for Double Or Nothing|first=Jake|last=Barnett|publisher=ProWrestling.net|date=2022-05-11|access-date=2022-05-08}}</ref> The new tag team would make their debut on May 29 at the [[Double or Nothing (2022)|Double or Nothing]] Buy-In, defeating Nese and Sterling.
Since then, Danhausen has allied himself with Orange Cassidy and the [[Best Friends (professional wrestling)|Best Friends]].

==Professional wrestling style and persona==
Danhausen has described his character as "[[Conan O'Brien]] possessed by a demon". In April 2021, he appeared as a guest on O'Brien's podcast ''[[Conan O'Brien Needs a Friend]]'' to discuss this concept.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJfXFEZpmVQ|title = Conan Inspired This Fan's Wrestling Character - "Conan O'Brien Needs a Fan"|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> The character wears horror-themed face paint and believes he has supernatural powers, such as shooting lightning from his fingers and the ability to put curses on his enemies. The voice for his character is based on O'Brien and [[Mark Hamill]]'s [[Joker (character)|Joker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://411mania.com/wrestling/danhausen-explains-how-his-character-is-based-in-reality/|title=Danhausen Explains How His Character Is Based in Reality|work=411Mania.com|first=Jeffrey|last=Harris|date=May 11, 2021|accessdate=June 29, 2021}}</ref> He often [[Illeism|refers to himself in the third person]], adds the suffix "-hausen" to words, is interested and motivated by money and power, chastises other wrestlers if they use profanity, and describes himself and things he likes as "very nice, very evil".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jericho|first=Chris|date=July 16, 2021|title=Danhausen Has Teeth|url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/3YBsWbTbwFG3tHACxpkCCg|url-status=live|website=Spotify|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716173604/https://open.spotify.com/episode/3YBsWbTbwFG3tHACxpkCCg |archive-date=2021-07-16 }}</ref> He is also known for nonchalantly dancing a "[[Pee-wee Herman]] dance" to the song "[[Tequila (The Champs song)|Tequila]]" in the middle of matches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coastcitycomics.com/pages/meet-greet-with-danhausen|title = Meet & Greet with Danhausen}}</ref>

==Other ventures==
In collaboration with the Rootless Coffee Company, Danhausen launched a signature coffee blend called Danhausen Coffeehausen in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rootlesscoffee.com/blogs/news/craft-coffee-and-pro-wrestling-the-danhausen-story|title = The Story of Danhausen| date=15 August 2021 }}</ref> Like many wrestlers, Danhausen has trademarked his ring name<ref name="tmNAME">{{cite web |title=DANHAUSEN Trademark of Donovan Danhausen Serial Number: 90301133 |url=https://trademark.trademarkia.com/danhausen-90301133.html |website=Trademarkia |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref> and catchphrases ("Love that Danhausen"<ref name="tmLTD">{{cite web |title=LOVE THAT DANHAUSEN Trademark of Donovan Danhausen Serial Number:90861201 |url=https://trademark.trademarkia.com/love-that-danhausen-90861201.html |website=Trademarkia |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref> and "Very Nice Very Evil"<ref name="tmVNVE">{{cite web |title=VERY NICE VERY EVIL Trademark of Donovan Danhausen Serial Number: 90904754 |url=https://trademark.trademarkia.com/very-nice-very-evil-90904754.html |website=Trademarkia |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref>). In addition, he has trademarked the design of his face paint.<ref name="tmFACE">{{cite web |title=(NO WORD) Trademark of Donovan Danhausen Serial Number: 90303521 |url=https://trademark.trademarkia.com/logo-90303521.html |website=Trademarkia |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref> The attorney who represented him in this matter, Michael Dockins (who works in conjunction with wrestlers so often he is nicknamed the "Gimmick Lawyer"),<ref name="gimmicklaw">{{cite news |last1=Guzzo |first1=Paul |title=Tampa's 'Gimmick Attorney' helps wrestlers trademark their characters |url=https://www.tampabay.com/sports/pro-wrestling/2021/04/05/tampas-gimmick-attorney-helps-wrestlers-trademark-their-characters/ |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=Tampa Bay Times |publisher=Times Publishing Company |date=5 April 2021}}</ref> believes this to be the first time a wrestler has trademarked his physical appearance.<ref name="tmTalkIsJ">{{cite podcast |url=https://talk-is-jericho.simplecast.com/episodes/trademark-everything-pro-wrestling-patent-lawyer-mike-dockins-eRHpruE2 |title= Trademark Everything! Pro Wrestling Patent Lawyer Mike Dockins |website=SimpleCast |publisher=Audio Ventures, Inc. |host=Chris Jericho |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Danhausen married Canadian [[burlesque]] dancer Lauren Jiles, known professionally as Lou Lou la Duchesse de Rière, in 2018. He is the stepfather of her daughter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://21stcenturyburlesque.com/queen-of-burlesque-new-orleans-lou-lou-la-duchesse-de-riere/|title=MEET THE NEW BURLESQUE QUEEN OF NEW ORLEANS|work=21st Century Burlesque Magazine|date=October 3, 2018|accessdate=June 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/covid-19-has-closed-burlesque-curtains-everywhere-when-and-how-can-it-come-back-1.4971115|title=COVID-19 has closed burlesque curtains everywhere. When and how can it come back?|work=CTV News|first=Daniel J.|last=Rowe|date=June 5, 2020|accessdate=June 29, 2021}}</ref>

==Championships and accomplishments==
*'''[[All Elite Wrestling]]'''
**[[Casino Battle Royale#Dates, venues, and winners|Casino Tag Team Battle Royale]] (2023) – with [[Orange Cassidy]]
*'''Black Label Pro'''
**BLP Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with [[Ethan Page]] and [[Hornswoggle|Swoggle]]
*'''[[Full Impact Pro]]'''
**[[FIP Florida Heritage Championship]] ([[FIP Florida Heritage Championship#Title history|1 time]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/fl/fip/fip-fl.html|title=Full Impact Pro Florida Heritage Title (Florida)|author=Wrestling Titles|work=wrestling-titles.com|date=November 1, 2019|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref>
*'''Metro Wrestling Alliance'''
**MWA Michigan Championship (1 time)<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=122253| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211003172504/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=122253| archive-date = 2021-10-03| title = MWA « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database}}</ref>
* '''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''''
** Ranked No. 158 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the ''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated#PWI 500|PWI 500]]'' in 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-500/2020.html|title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) 500 for 2020|work=profightdb.com|access-date=February 27, 2021}}</ref>
** Ranked No. 171 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the ''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated#PWI 500|PWI 500]]'' in 2021
*'''[[Ring of Honor]]'''
**ROH Year-End Award (1 time)
***Best New Star (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |last=TESSIER |first=COLIN |title=Complete List of 2020 ROH Award Winners |url=https://wrestlezone.com/news/1221718-full-list-of-2020-roh-award-winners/amp |access-date=January 4, 2023 |website=www.wrestlezone.com|date=8 February 2021 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|nm8031137|Donovan Danhausen}}
* {{YouTube|channel=UCoR3FbVR8K2j9uyfichWAEA}}
* {{Professional wrestling profiles|cagematch=16597|wrestlingdata=29693|iwd=donovan-danhausen-11350|name=Danhausen}}

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[[Category:1990 births]]
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Never Back Down

2023-10-14T05:02:57Z

8.38.177.4: /* Plot */

{{short description|2008 film by Jeff Wadlow}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Never Back Down
| image = Never back down.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jeff Wadlow]]
| producer = Craig Baumgarten David Zelon
| writer = [[Chris Hauty]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sean Faris]]
* [[Cam Gigandet]]
* [[Amber Heard]]
* [[Evan Peters]]
* [[Leslie Hope]]
* [[Djimon Hounsou]]
}}
| music = [[Michael Wandmacher]]
| cinematography = [[Lukas Ettlin]]
| editing = Victor Du Bois Debra Weinfeld
| studio = [[Mandalay Pictures|Mandalay Independent Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Summit Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2008|3|14}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $20 million<ref name="mojo" />
| gross = $41.6 million<ref name="mojo" />
}}

'''''Never Back Down''''' is a 2008 American [[martial arts film]] directed by [[Jeff Wadlow]] and starring [[Sean Faris]], [[Cam Gigandet]], [[Amber Heard]], and [[Djimon Hounsou]]. It tells the story of a frustrated and conflicted teenager who arrives at a new high school and discovers an underground fight club there.

The film was theatrically released on March 14, 2008. It received generally negative reviews from critics and grossed $41.6 million worldwide against a budget of $20 million.

==Plot== BASED ON A TRUE STORY

Based on a TRUE STORY John Kerr

Jake Tyler has recently moved from [[Iowa]] to [[Orlando, Florida]] with his mother, Margret and younger brother Charlie who is a budding Tennis star, the move being in furtherance of his tennis career. His father died in a drunk-driving [[car crash]] accident, which is the subject of taunting from other classmates. He has a rising reputation with the students of his new school due to an internet video of him when he was a football player at his previous school fighting with a frustrated opponent player who makes derogatory remarks about Jake's father. Initially Jake has trouble fitting into his new school and while walking he sees Max Cooperman supposedly being beaten up by bullies. When Jake tries to intervene, he is told off by Max and his friends as the "bullying" was actually a consensual mixed martial arts fight. Later on, Jake is invited by classmate Baja Miller (whom he develops a crush on) to a party where he is unwillingly pulled into a fight with the [[Mixed martial arts|MMA]] champion at the school, Ryan McCarthy, who is also Baja's boyfriend. Initially refusing to fight, Jake readily agrees to fight Ryan when he makes fun of Jake's father's death. Ryan easily defeats Jake, and video of the event circulates the school which leaves Jake humiliated.

Max Cooperman, after befriending Jake, introduces him to MMA and gets him connected with an instructor named Jean Roqua. Jake manages to pass a few of Roqua's physical tests and impresses him with his willpower and is accepted as his student. Roqua warns Jake that while he is under his instructorship, Jake cannot fight outside the gym no matter the reason and if he breaks the rule he will be thrown out of his gym. While Jake trains under Roqua, he initially has difficulty doing so due to his anger towards his incident with Ryan. Baja tries to make amends with Jake by apologizing for her role in the fight between him and Ryan but Jake refuses to forgive her. When Ryan shows no remorse for his fight with Jake or his sadistic tendencies, Baja breaks up with him, to which Ryan responds by aggressively grabbing her. When Jake tries to intervene to protect Baja, Ryan insults him about his father again and leaves. At practice, with Jake still furious over what happened, is told by Roqua to leave the gym until he cools off. Riding back from the gym with Max, Jake gets into a road rage brawl with a group of men whom he easily dispose of. Max films the video, which circulates around the school and raises Jake's social status which ends up agitating Ryan enough to confront Jake. After cornering Jake in the bathroom and roughing him up, he challenges Jake to compete in the Beatdown, an underground fighting tournament of which Ryan is the reigning champion. When Roqua discovers that Jake has fought outside the gym, he kicks him out and tells him he is not welcome back. A little while later, after Jake pleads with him, Roqua obliges and welcomes Jake back to the gym. Roqua puts Jake through more rigorous training which Jake uses in preparation for the Beatdown. After a workout, Roqua confides in Jake that he came from Brazil and is in self imposed exile. He tells Jake that his brother was a skilled MMA fighter and had handily beaten a local troublemaker who had challenged him. The man later returned with a gun and murdered his brother. Jean's father blames him for the death, saying he should have been watching out for him. Jake later on meets with Baja and apologizes for not forgiving her and they start a relationship. Jake eventually becomes reluctant to compete at the Beatdown seeing it as something Ryan wants, but his mind is changed after Ryan invites Max to his house and assaults him, leaving him on Jake's doorstep to be found. After leaving Max at the hospital, Jake goes to see Roqua and initially arguing over Jake's decision to participate in the Beatdown eventually relents and reminds Jake to "control the outcome".

Jake arrives at the tournament and both he and Ryan make their way through each round, each emerging victorious. Jake makes it to the semifinals in spite of an injury he received in the previous match. Baja arrives to not only support him, but to tell him that she understands why he insists on fighting: so that he would never have to fight again. After learning that Ryan was disqualified in his semifinal match due to an illegal eye gouge, Jake forfeits, seeing no reason to continue. While he and Baja attempt to leave, Ryan confronts him and the two finally fight outside in the parking lot. Jake is still limited by his injury, and Ryan at first gains the upper hand, applying a choke on Jake. However Jake escapes and knocks out Ryan using one of the first combinations Roqua taught him. Eventually, Jake wins the respect of his fellow students, including Ryan; and Roqua decides to go back to Brazil to reconcile with his father.

==Cast==
* [[Sean Faris]] as Jake "The Gridiron" Tyler, a trouble-prone teenager and the main protagonist.
* [[Amber Heard]] as Baja Miller, Jake's love interest.
* [[Cam Gigandet]] as Ryan "The Terror" McCarthy, Jake's rival, bully and the main antagonist.
* [[Djimon Hounsou]] as Jean Roqua, Max's mentor who agrees to train Jake.
* [[Evan Peters]] as Max Cooperman, a classmate who introduces Jake to MMA and befriends him.
* Wyatt Smith as Charlie Tyler, Jake's younger brother
* [[Leslie Hope]] as Margot Tyler, Jake's mother
* Chele Andre as Tiffany West, Baja's friend who likes Max.
* [[Tilky Jones]] as Eric
* [[Neil Brown Jr.]] as Aaron, Ryan's best friend.
* Lauren Leech as Jenny, Baja's friend who becomes Ryan's new girlfriend.
* Anthony Matos as Yellow Hummer Crew #1
* Daniel Hernandez as Yellow Hummer Crew #2
* Justin A. Williams as Yellow Hummer Crew #3

==Production==
The fighter actors went through three months of MMA training before filming began in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFhuvGv4ILw|title=Never Back Down: Cam Gigandet Interview |publisher=ScreenSlam|date=March 13, 2015|accessdate=April 23, 2021}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>{{rp|0:39–1:03}}

One local high school was used when filming, that being Cypress Creek High School in Orlando, Fl.

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Never Back Down'' debuted in 2,729 theaters at #3 with $8,603,195 in the opening weekend. After 2 weeks in cinemas, it garnered $18,890,093; and after one month the film earned $37,676,991 worldwide.<ref name="mojo">{{cite web | title = Never Back Down (2008) | url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=neverbackdown.htm}}</ref>

The film closed on June 5, 2008, after 84 days at the North American box office with $41,627,431 worldwide against a budget of $20 million.

===Critical response===
{{Anchor|Critics}}
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 22% based on 83 reviews, with an average score of 4.4/10. The site's consensus states: "Though not without its pleasures, ''Never Back Down'' faithfully adheres to every imaginable fight movie cliché".<ref>{{rotten-tomatoes|never_back_down|Never Back Down|access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a [[weighted average]] score of 39 out of 100 based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web |title= Never Back Down |url= https://www.metacritic.com/movie/never-back-down/critic-reviews |website= [[Metacritic]]|access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref>

Gregory Kirschling of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gave the film a D, calling it "dopey. And with its emphasis on stupid violence, xylophone abs, and getting yourself on [[YouTube]], it's yet another product that makes you feel bad about today's youth culture".<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20185180,00.html |title=''Never Back Down'' Review |last= Kirschling |first= Gregory |magazine= [[Entertainment Weekly]] |date= 2008-03-19 |access-date= 2012-01-14}}</ref> Michael Phillips of ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave the film two out of four stars, saying "[i]t's a little ''[[The Karate Kid (1984 film)|Karate Kid]]'', a smidge of ''[[Fight Club]]'' (with none of the ironic ambivalence toward violence that [[David Fincher]] brought to that story), a lot of ''[[The O.C.]]'' (evil boy Gigandet played an evil boy on that series), and presto: probable hit".<ref>{{cite news |url= http://chicago.metromix.com/movies/movie_review/movie-review-never-back/336619/content |title= Movie Review: ''Never Back Down'' |last= Phillips |first= Michael |newspaper= [[Chicago Tribune]] |date= 2008-03-12 |access-date= 2012-01-14}}</ref>

[[Richard Roeper]] gave the film a positive review: "I laughed so much at the litany of clichés that I finally had to admit I was entertained from start to finish by this cheesy knock-off".<ref>{{cite web |author= Richard Roeper |author-link= Richard Roeper |title=Never Back Down |url= http://www.richardroeper.com/reviews/neverbackdown.aspx |website= RichardRoeper.com|date= 12 February 2021 }}</ref>

Movie historian [[Leonard Maltin]] cited the picture as "...wildly improbable and cliched, yet entertaining -- especially for fans of this genre. Cam Gigandet can glare with the best of them...All in all, the film ''[[Showdown (1993 film)|Showdown]]'' tried to be".<ref>Maltin's TV, Movie, & Video Guide</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
| 2008
| [[2008 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Award]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Fight|Best Fight]]
| [[Sean Faris]] and [[Cam Gigandet]]
| {{won}}
|}

==Home media==
{{Anchor|DVD Sales|DVD|Video}}
The DVD was released on July 29, 2008, and has so far sold 990,405 units, bringing in $18,495,324 in revenue. This does not include Blu-ray sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2008/NBDWN-DVD.php |title=The Numbers.com – "Never Back Down" |publisher=The-numbers.com |access-date=2013-07-22}}</ref>

An [[Motion picture rating system|unrated]] version called the "Extended Beat Down Edition", featuring nudity and more blood, was released on DVD on July 29, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/07/11/never-back-down-extended-beat-down-edition-dvd-review |title=Never Back Down (Extended Beat Down Edition) DVD Review |publisher=IGN |date=2008-07-11 |access-date=2021-11-30}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

# "Above and Below" – [[The Bravery]]
# "[[Anthem for the Underdog]]" – [[12 Stones]]
# "[[Teenagers (song)|Teenagers]]" – [[My Chemical Romance]]
# "[[Someday (Flipsyde song)|Someday]]" – [[Flipsyde]]
# "[[Wolf Like Me (song)|Wolf Like Me]]" – [[TV on the Radio]]
# "[[The Sufferer and the Witness|Under the Knife]]" – [[Rise Against]]
# "[[Time Won't Let Me Go]]" – [[The Bravery]]
# "Rock Star" – [[Chamillionaire]] & [[Lil Wayne]]
# "Be Safe" – [[The Cribs]]
# "[[Headstrong (Trapt song)|Headstrong]]" – [[Trapt]]
# "[[False Pretense]]" – [[The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus]]
# "Orange Marmalade" – [[Mellowdrone]]
# "You Are Mine" – [[Mutemath]]
# "[[Stronger (Kanye West song)|Stronger]]" – [[Kanye West]] feat [[Daft Punk]]
# "[[Crank That (Soulja Boy)|Crank That (Travis Barker Rock Remix)]]" – [[Soulja Boy Tell 'Em]] and [[Travis Barker]]
# "The Slam" – [[TobyMac]]
# "Lights Out" - [[Breaking Benjamin]]
# "Face the pain" - [[STEMM|Stemm]]
# "[[...To Be Loved]]" – [[Papa Roach]] (featured during theatrical trailer)
The trance track played, when Ryan and his dad argue, is called "Estuera – Tales From The South (Jonas Steur's Flow Revision)", it did not feature on the soundtrack. It's from the album [[In Search of Sunrise 5: Los Angeles]] – [[Tiesto]].

== Sequels ==
{{main|Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown|Never Back Down: No Surrender|Never Back Down: Revolt}}
A 2011 [[sequel]] titled ''Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown'' was released with [[Evan Peters]] reprising his role as Max Cooperman. Directed by [[Michael Jai White]] in his [[directorial debut]], the film stars White alongside [[Alex Meraz]], [[Jillian Murray]], [[Mixed martial arts|MMA]] fighters [[Todd Duffee]], [[Lyoto Machida]], Scott Epstein and Australian actor-singer [[Dean Geyer]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://moviehole.net/201026239never-back-down-franchise-just-got-geyer| title = Never Back Down franchise just got Geyer| date = September 1, 2010}}</ref>

A second sequel, released in 2016, titled ''Never Back Down: No Surrender'' was again directed by White, who also reprises his role as Case Walker. The film also stars [[Josh Barnett]], Gillian Waters, Steven Quardos, [[Nathan Jones (wrestler)|Nathan Jones]] and [[Esai Morales]].

A third sequel, titled ''Never Back Down: Revolt'', which is directed by [[Kellie Madison]], was released in 2021. ''Revolt'' does not feature any returning cast members, and stars Olivia Popica, [[Michael Bisping]], Brooke Johnston, Vanessa Campos, [[Diana Hoyos]], [[Neetu Chandra]] and [[James Faulkner (actor)|James Faulkner]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314233452/http://media.www.nyunews.com/media/storage/paper869/news/2008/02/22/Film/Modern.Day.karate.Kid.Packs.A.Punch-3228503.shtml Modern Day Karate Kid packs a punch] - Washington Square News (Feb. 22, 2008)
* [http://www.dukechronicle.com/article/2008/03/never-back-down never back down] - The Duke Chronicle (March 5, 2008)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081122125853/http://www.hollyscoop.com/exclusives/whats-your-fight_15028.aspx What's Your Fight?] Hollyscoop (March 7, 2008)
* {{cite web | url = https://variety.com/2008/scene/vpage/never-back-down-gets-its-kicks-1117981934/ | archive-url = https://archive.today/20110805121843/http://www.variety.com/vstory/VR1117981934.html | archive-date = August 5, 2011 | title = Never Back Down Gets Its Kicks | work = Variety | date = March 5, 2008 | author = Bill Higgins}}
* [https://archive.today/20130205144351/http://www.ufcdaily.com/2008/03/08/never-back-down-taking-a-blog-beating-editorial/ Never Back Down Taking A Blog Beating] UFC Daily (March 8, 2008)
* {{cite web | author = Mariana McConnell | date = 2008-03-04 | url = https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Interview-Never-Back-Down-Writer-Chris-Hauty-8057.html | title = Never Back Down Writer Chris Hauty | work = [[CinemaBlend]]}}
* {{cite web | url = https://www.ctvnews.ca/fight-club-oscar-nominee-djimon-hounsou-kicks-things-up-with-martial-arts-flick-1.282546 | title = Fight Club: Oscar-nominee Djimon Hounsou kicks things up with martial arts flick | work = [[CTV News]] | date = March 14, 2008 | author = Constance Droganes}}
* {{cite web | url = https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2008/03/14/never_back_down_realism_takes_a_sucker_punch.html | title = 'Never Back Down': Realism takes a sucker punch | work = [[Toronto Star]] | date = March 14, 2008 | author = Philip Marchand|access-date=November 30, 2021}} 2 out of 4 stars.
* [http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2008/mar/14/actors-elevate-fight-film-plot-you-know/ Actors elevate fight film plot you know] Las Vegas Sun (March 14, 2008)
* {{cite web | url = https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=review&id=2850&reviewid=VE1117936487 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218214439/https://variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=review&id=2850&reviewid=VE1117936487 | archive-date = December 18, 2008 | url-status = dead | title = SxSW Reviews: Never Back Down | work = Variety.com | date = March 13, 2008 | author = John Anderson}}
* [https://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/movie-review-1.582715 Never Back Down] Newsday (March 14, 2008)
* {{cite web | url = https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-never-back-down-mixes-it-up-with-mixed-results-2008mar13-story.html | title = Never Back Down' mixes it up with mixed results | work = San Diego Union-Tribune | date = March 13, 2008 | author = Dan Bennett | access-date=November 30, 2021}}
* [http://www.readthehook.com/stories/2008/03/13/MOVIEREVIEW-backdown-0711.aspx Fight feature: Wadlow's second film a manly movie] The Hook 23 (March 13, 2008)
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2022}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1023111}}
* {{AllMovie title|408499}}
* {{mojo title|neverbackdown}}

{{Jeff Wadlow}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Fight}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:American coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:American teen films]]
[[Category:American martial arts films]]
[[Category:2000s English-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Florida]]
[[Category:Films shot in Florida]]
[[Category:Kickboxing films]]
[[Category:2008 martial arts films]]
[[Category:Mandalay Pictures films]]
[[Category:Martial arts tournament films]]
[[Category:Mixed martial arts films]]
[[Category:Underground fighting films]]
[[Category:Summit Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jeff Wadlow]]
[[Category:Films scored by Michael Wandmacher]]
[[Category:2000s American films]]

Never Back Down

2023-10-14T05:02:50Z

8.38.177.4: /* Plot Twist /*

{{short description|2008 film by Jeff Wadlow}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Never Back Down
| image = Never back down.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jeff Wadlow]]
| producer = Craig Baumgarten David Zelon
| writer = [[Chris Hauty]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sean Faris]]
* [[Cam Gigandet]]
* [[Amber Heard]]
* [[Evan Peters]]
* [[Leslie Hope]]
* [[Djimon Hounsou]]
}}
| music = [[Michael Wandmacher]]
| cinematography = [[Lukas Ettlin]]
| editing = Victor Du Bois Debra Weinfeld
| studio = [[Mandalay Pictures|Mandalay Independent Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Summit Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2008|3|14}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $20 million<ref name="mojo" />
| gross = $41.6 million<ref name="mojo" />
}}

'''''Never Back Down''''' is a 2008 American [[martial arts film]] directed by [[Jeff Wadlow]] and starring [[Sean Faris]], [[Cam Gigandet]], [[Amber Heard]], and [[Djimon Hounsou]]. It tells the story of a frustrated and conflicted teenager who arrives at a new high school and discovers an underground fight club there.

The film was theatrically released on March 14, 2008. It received generally negative reviews from critics and grossed $41.6 million worldwide against a budget of $20 million.

==Plot==

Based on a TRUE STORY John Kerr

Jake Tyler has recently moved from [[Iowa]] to [[Orlando, Florida]] with his mother, Margret and younger brother Charlie who is a budding Tennis star, the move being in furtherance of his tennis career. His father died in a drunk-driving [[car crash]] accident, which is the subject of taunting from other classmates. He has a rising reputation with the students of his new school due to an internet video of him when he was a football player at his previous school fighting with a frustrated opponent player who makes derogatory remarks about Jake's father. Initially Jake has trouble fitting into his new school and while walking he sees Max Cooperman supposedly being beaten up by bullies. When Jake tries to intervene, he is told off by Max and his friends as the "bullying" was actually a consensual mixed martial arts fight. Later on, Jake is invited by classmate Baja Miller (whom he develops a crush on) to a party where he is unwillingly pulled into a fight with the [[Mixed martial arts|MMA]] champion at the school, Ryan McCarthy, who is also Baja's boyfriend. Initially refusing to fight, Jake readily agrees to fight Ryan when he makes fun of Jake's father's death. Ryan easily defeats Jake, and video of the event circulates the school which leaves Jake humiliated.

Max Cooperman, after befriending Jake, introduces him to MMA and gets him connected with an instructor named Jean Roqua. Jake manages to pass a few of Roqua's physical tests and impresses him with his willpower and is accepted as his student. Roqua warns Jake that while he is under his instructorship, Jake cannot fight outside the gym no matter the reason and if he breaks the rule he will be thrown out of his gym. While Jake trains under Roqua, he initially has difficulty doing so due to his anger towards his incident with Ryan. Baja tries to make amends with Jake by apologizing for her role in the fight between him and Ryan but Jake refuses to forgive her. When Ryan shows no remorse for his fight with Jake or his sadistic tendencies, Baja breaks up with him, to which Ryan responds by aggressively grabbing her. When Jake tries to intervene to protect Baja, Ryan insults him about his father again and leaves. At practice, with Jake still furious over what happened, is told by Roqua to leave the gym until he cools off. Riding back from the gym with Max, Jake gets into a road rage brawl with a group of men whom he easily dispose of. Max films the video, which circulates around the school and raises Jake's social status which ends up agitating Ryan enough to confront Jake. After cornering Jake in the bathroom and roughing him up, he challenges Jake to compete in the Beatdown, an underground fighting tournament of which Ryan is the reigning champion. When Roqua discovers that Jake has fought outside the gym, he kicks him out and tells him he is not welcome back. A little while later, after Jake pleads with him, Roqua obliges and welcomes Jake back to the gym. Roqua puts Jake through more rigorous training which Jake uses in preparation for the Beatdown. After a workout, Roqua confides in Jake that he came from Brazil and is in self imposed exile. He tells Jake that his brother was a skilled MMA fighter and had handily beaten a local troublemaker who had challenged him. The man later returned with a gun and murdered his brother. Jean's father blames him for the death, saying he should have been watching out for him. Jake later on meets with Baja and apologizes for not forgiving her and they start a relationship. Jake eventually becomes reluctant to compete at the Beatdown seeing it as something Ryan wants, but his mind is changed after Ryan invites Max to his house and assaults him, leaving him on Jake's doorstep to be found. After leaving Max at the hospital, Jake goes to see Roqua and initially arguing over Jake's decision to participate in the Beatdown eventually relents and reminds Jake to "control the outcome".

Jake arrives at the tournament and both he and Ryan make their way through each round, each emerging victorious. Jake makes it to the semifinals in spite of an injury he received in the previous match. Baja arrives to not only support him, but to tell him that she understands why he insists on fighting: so that he would never have to fight again. After learning that Ryan was disqualified in his semifinal match due to an illegal eye gouge, Jake forfeits, seeing no reason to continue. While he and Baja attempt to leave, Ryan confronts him and the two finally fight outside in the parking lot. Jake is still limited by his injury, and Ryan at first gains the upper hand, applying a choke on Jake. However Jake escapes and knocks out Ryan using one of the first combinations Roqua taught him. Eventually, Jake wins the respect of his fellow students, including Ryan; and Roqua decides to go back to Brazil to reconcile with his father.

==Cast==
* [[Sean Faris]] as Jake "The Gridiron" Tyler, a trouble-prone teenager and the main protagonist.
* [[Amber Heard]] as Baja Miller, Jake's love interest.
* [[Cam Gigandet]] as Ryan "The Terror" McCarthy, Jake's rival, bully and the main antagonist.
* [[Djimon Hounsou]] as Jean Roqua, Max's mentor who agrees to train Jake.
* [[Evan Peters]] as Max Cooperman, a classmate who introduces Jake to MMA and befriends him.
* Wyatt Smith as Charlie Tyler, Jake's younger brother
* [[Leslie Hope]] as Margot Tyler, Jake's mother
* Chele Andre as Tiffany West, Baja's friend who likes Max.
* [[Tilky Jones]] as Eric
* [[Neil Brown Jr.]] as Aaron, Ryan's best friend.
* Lauren Leech as Jenny, Baja's friend who becomes Ryan's new girlfriend.
* Anthony Matos as Yellow Hummer Crew #1
* Daniel Hernandez as Yellow Hummer Crew #2
* Justin A. Williams as Yellow Hummer Crew #3

==Production==
The fighter actors went through three months of MMA training before filming began in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFhuvGv4ILw|title=Never Back Down: Cam Gigandet Interview |publisher=ScreenSlam|date=March 13, 2015|accessdate=April 23, 2021}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>{{rp|0:39–1:03}}

One local high school was used when filming, that being Cypress Creek High School in Orlando, Fl.

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Never Back Down'' debuted in 2,729 theaters at #3 with $8,603,195 in the opening weekend. After 2 weeks in cinemas, it garnered $18,890,093; and after one month the film earned $37,676,991 worldwide.<ref name="mojo">{{cite web | title = Never Back Down (2008) | url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=neverbackdown.htm}}</ref>

The film closed on June 5, 2008, after 84 days at the North American box office with $41,627,431 worldwide against a budget of $20 million.

===Critical response===
{{Anchor|Critics}}
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 22% based on 83 reviews, with an average score of 4.4/10. The site's consensus states: "Though not without its pleasures, ''Never Back Down'' faithfully adheres to every imaginable fight movie cliché".<ref>{{rotten-tomatoes|never_back_down|Never Back Down|access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a [[weighted average]] score of 39 out of 100 based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web |title= Never Back Down |url= https://www.metacritic.com/movie/never-back-down/critic-reviews |website= [[Metacritic]]|access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref>

Gregory Kirschling of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gave the film a D, calling it "dopey. And with its emphasis on stupid violence, xylophone abs, and getting yourself on [[YouTube]], it's yet another product that makes you feel bad about today's youth culture".<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20185180,00.html |title=''Never Back Down'' Review |last= Kirschling |first= Gregory |magazine= [[Entertainment Weekly]] |date= 2008-03-19 |access-date= 2012-01-14}}</ref> Michael Phillips of ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave the film two out of four stars, saying "[i]t's a little ''[[The Karate Kid (1984 film)|Karate Kid]]'', a smidge of ''[[Fight Club]]'' (with none of the ironic ambivalence toward violence that [[David Fincher]] brought to that story), a lot of ''[[The O.C.]]'' (evil boy Gigandet played an evil boy on that series), and presto: probable hit".<ref>{{cite news |url= http://chicago.metromix.com/movies/movie_review/movie-review-never-back/336619/content |title= Movie Review: ''Never Back Down'' |last= Phillips |first= Michael |newspaper= [[Chicago Tribune]] |date= 2008-03-12 |access-date= 2012-01-14}}</ref>

[[Richard Roeper]] gave the film a positive review: "I laughed so much at the litany of clichés that I finally had to admit I was entertained from start to finish by this cheesy knock-off".<ref>{{cite web |author= Richard Roeper |author-link= Richard Roeper |title=Never Back Down |url= http://www.richardroeper.com/reviews/neverbackdown.aspx |website= RichardRoeper.com|date= 12 February 2021 }}</ref>

Movie historian [[Leonard Maltin]] cited the picture as "...wildly improbable and cliched, yet entertaining -- especially for fans of this genre. Cam Gigandet can glare with the best of them...All in all, the film ''[[Showdown (1993 film)|Showdown]]'' tried to be".<ref>Maltin's TV, Movie, & Video Guide</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
| 2008
| [[2008 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Award]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Fight|Best Fight]]
| [[Sean Faris]] and [[Cam Gigandet]]
| {{won}}
|}

==Home media==
{{Anchor|DVD Sales|DVD|Video}}
The DVD was released on July 29, 2008, and has so far sold 990,405 units, bringing in $18,495,324 in revenue. This does not include Blu-ray sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2008/NBDWN-DVD.php |title=The Numbers.com – "Never Back Down" |publisher=The-numbers.com |access-date=2013-07-22}}</ref>

An [[Motion picture rating system|unrated]] version called the "Extended Beat Down Edition", featuring nudity and more blood, was released on DVD on July 29, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/07/11/never-back-down-extended-beat-down-edition-dvd-review |title=Never Back Down (Extended Beat Down Edition) DVD Review |publisher=IGN |date=2008-07-11 |access-date=2021-11-30}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

# "Above and Below" – [[The Bravery]]
# "[[Anthem for the Underdog]]" – [[12 Stones]]
# "[[Teenagers (song)|Teenagers]]" – [[My Chemical Romance]]
# "[[Someday (Flipsyde song)|Someday]]" – [[Flipsyde]]
# "[[Wolf Like Me (song)|Wolf Like Me]]" – [[TV on the Radio]]
# "[[The Sufferer and the Witness|Under the Knife]]" – [[Rise Against]]
# "[[Time Won't Let Me Go]]" – [[The Bravery]]
# "Rock Star" – [[Chamillionaire]] & [[Lil Wayne]]
# "Be Safe" – [[The Cribs]]
# "[[Headstrong (Trapt song)|Headstrong]]" – [[Trapt]]
# "[[False Pretense]]" – [[The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus]]
# "Orange Marmalade" – [[Mellowdrone]]
# "You Are Mine" – [[Mutemath]]
# "[[Stronger (Kanye West song)|Stronger]]" – [[Kanye West]] feat [[Daft Punk]]
# "[[Crank That (Soulja Boy)|Crank That (Travis Barker Rock Remix)]]" – [[Soulja Boy Tell 'Em]] and [[Travis Barker]]
# "The Slam" – [[TobyMac]]
# "Lights Out" - [[Breaking Benjamin]]
# "Face the pain" - [[STEMM|Stemm]]
# "[[...To Be Loved]]" – [[Papa Roach]] (featured during theatrical trailer)
The trance track played, when Ryan and his dad argue, is called "Estuera – Tales From The South (Jonas Steur's Flow Revision)", it did not feature on the soundtrack. It's from the album [[In Search of Sunrise 5: Los Angeles]] – [[Tiesto]].

== Sequels ==
{{main|Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown|Never Back Down: No Surrender|Never Back Down: Revolt}}
A 2011 [[sequel]] titled ''Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown'' was released with [[Evan Peters]] reprising his role as Max Cooperman. Directed by [[Michael Jai White]] in his [[directorial debut]], the film stars White alongside [[Alex Meraz]], [[Jillian Murray]], [[Mixed martial arts|MMA]] fighters [[Todd Duffee]], [[Lyoto Machida]], Scott Epstein and Australian actor-singer [[Dean Geyer]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://moviehole.net/201026239never-back-down-franchise-just-got-geyer| title = Never Back Down franchise just got Geyer| date = September 1, 2010}}</ref>

A second sequel, released in 2016, titled ''Never Back Down: No Surrender'' was again directed by White, who also reprises his role as Case Walker. The film also stars [[Josh Barnett]], Gillian Waters, Steven Quardos, [[Nathan Jones (wrestler)|Nathan Jones]] and [[Esai Morales]].

A third sequel, titled ''Never Back Down: Revolt'', which is directed by [[Kellie Madison]], was released in 2021. ''Revolt'' does not feature any returning cast members, and stars Olivia Popica, [[Michael Bisping]], Brooke Johnston, Vanessa Campos, [[Diana Hoyos]], [[Neetu Chandra]] and [[James Faulkner (actor)|James Faulkner]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314233452/http://media.www.nyunews.com/media/storage/paper869/news/2008/02/22/Film/Modern.Day.karate.Kid.Packs.A.Punch-3228503.shtml Modern Day Karate Kid packs a punch] - Washington Square News (Feb. 22, 2008)
* [http://www.dukechronicle.com/article/2008/03/never-back-down never back down] - The Duke Chronicle (March 5, 2008)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081122125853/http://www.hollyscoop.com/exclusives/whats-your-fight_15028.aspx What's Your Fight?] Hollyscoop (March 7, 2008)
* {{cite web | url = https://variety.com/2008/scene/vpage/never-back-down-gets-its-kicks-1117981934/ | archive-url = https://archive.today/20110805121843/http://www.variety.com/vstory/VR1117981934.html | archive-date = August 5, 2011 | title = Never Back Down Gets Its Kicks | work = Variety | date = March 5, 2008 | author = Bill Higgins}}
* [https://archive.today/20130205144351/http://www.ufcdaily.com/2008/03/08/never-back-down-taking-a-blog-beating-editorial/ Never Back Down Taking A Blog Beating] UFC Daily (March 8, 2008)
* {{cite web | author = Mariana McConnell | date = 2008-03-04 | url = https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Interview-Never-Back-Down-Writer-Chris-Hauty-8057.html | title = Never Back Down Writer Chris Hauty | work = [[CinemaBlend]]}}
* {{cite web | url = https://www.ctvnews.ca/fight-club-oscar-nominee-djimon-hounsou-kicks-things-up-with-martial-arts-flick-1.282546 | title = Fight Club: Oscar-nominee Djimon Hounsou kicks things up with martial arts flick | work = [[CTV News]] | date = March 14, 2008 | author = Constance Droganes}}
* {{cite web | url = https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2008/03/14/never_back_down_realism_takes_a_sucker_punch.html | title = 'Never Back Down': Realism takes a sucker punch | work = [[Toronto Star]] | date = March 14, 2008 | author = Philip Marchand|access-date=November 30, 2021}} 2 out of 4 stars.
* [http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2008/mar/14/actors-elevate-fight-film-plot-you-know/ Actors elevate fight film plot you know] Las Vegas Sun (March 14, 2008)
* {{cite web | url = https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=review&id=2850&reviewid=VE1117936487 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218214439/https://variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=review&id=2850&reviewid=VE1117936487 | archive-date = December 18, 2008 | url-status = dead | title = SxSW Reviews: Never Back Down | work = Variety.com | date = March 13, 2008 | author = John Anderson}}
* [https://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/movie-review-1.582715 Never Back Down] Newsday (March 14, 2008)
* {{cite web | url = https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-never-back-down-mixes-it-up-with-mixed-results-2008mar13-story.html | title = Never Back Down' mixes it up with mixed results | work = San Diego Union-Tribune | date = March 13, 2008 | author = Dan Bennett | access-date=November 30, 2021}}
* [http://www.readthehook.com/stories/2008/03/13/MOVIEREVIEW-backdown-0711.aspx Fight feature: Wadlow's second film a manly movie] The Hook 23 (March 13, 2008)
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2022}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1023111}}
* {{AllMovie title|408499}}
* {{mojo title|neverbackdown}}

{{Jeff Wadlow}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Fight}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:American coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:American teen films]]
[[Category:American martial arts films]]
[[Category:2000s English-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Florida]]
[[Category:Films shot in Florida]]
[[Category:Kickboxing films]]
[[Category:2008 martial arts films]]
[[Category:Mandalay Pictures films]]
[[Category:Martial arts tournament films]]
[[Category:Mixed martial arts films]]
[[Category:Underground fighting films]]
[[Category:Summit Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jeff Wadlow]]
[[Category:Films scored by Michael Wandmacher]]
[[Category:2000s American films]]

Never Back Down

2023-10-14T04:58:16Z

8.38.177.4: /* Plot */

{{short description|2008 film by Jeff Wadlow}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Never Back Down
| image = Never back down.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jeff Wadlow]]
| producer = Craig Baumgarten David Zelon
| writer = [[Chris Hauty]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sean Faris]]
* [[Cam Gigandet]]
* [[Amber Heard]]
* [[Evan Peters]]
* [[Leslie Hope]]
* [[Djimon Hounsou]]
}}
| music = [[Michael Wandmacher]]
| cinematography = [[Lukas Ettlin]]
| editing = Victor Du Bois Debra Weinfeld
| studio = [[Mandalay Pictures|Mandalay Independent Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Summit Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2008|3|14}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $20 million<ref name="mojo" />
| gross = $41.6 million<ref name="mojo" />
}}

'''''Never Back Down''''' is a 2008 American [[martial arts film]] directed by [[Jeff Wadlow]] and starring [[Sean Faris]], [[Cam Gigandet]], [[Amber Heard]], and [[Djimon Hounsou]]. It tells the story of a frustrated and conflicted teenager who arrives at a new high school and discovers an underground fight club there.

The film was theatrically released on March 14, 2008. It received generally negative reviews from critics and grossed $41.6 million worldwide against a budget of $20 million.

==Plot==

BASED ON A TRUE STORY about John Kerr.

Jake Tyler has recently moved from [[Iowa]] to [[Orlando, Florida]] with his mother, Margret and younger brother Charlie who is a budding Tennis star, the move being in furtherance of his tennis career. His father died in a drunk-driving [[car crash]] accident, which is the subject of taunting from other classmates. He has a rising reputation with the students of his new school due to an internet video of him when he was a football player at his previous school fighting with a frustrated opponent player who makes derogatory remarks about Jake's father. Initially Jake has trouble fitting into his new school and while walking he sees Max Cooperman supposedly being beaten up by bullies. When Jake tries to intervene, he is told off by Max and his friends as the "bullying" was actually a consensual mixed martial arts fight. Later on, Jake is invited by classmate Baja Miller (whom he develops a crush on) to a party where he is unwillingly pulled into a fight with the [[Mixed martial arts|MMA]] champion at the school, Ryan McCarthy, who is also Baja's boyfriend. Initially refusing to fight, Jake readily agrees to fight Ryan when he makes fun of Jake's father's death. Ryan easily defeats Jake, and video of the event circulates the school which leaves Jake humiliated.

Max Cooperman, after befriending Jake, introduces him to MMA and gets him connected with an instructor named Jean Roqua. Jake manages to pass a few of Roqua's physical tests and impresses him with his willpower and is accepted as his student. Roqua warns Jake that while he is under his instructorship, Jake cannot fight outside the gym no matter the reason and if he breaks the rule he will be thrown out of his gym. While Jake trains under Roqua, he initially has difficulty doing so due to his anger towards his incident with Ryan. Baja tries to make amends with Jake by apologizing for her role in the fight between him and Ryan but Jake refuses to forgive her. When Ryan shows no remorse for his fight with Jake or his sadistic tendencies, Baja breaks up with him, to which Ryan responds by aggressively grabbing her. When Jake tries to intervene to protect Baja, Ryan insults him about his father again and leaves. At practice, with Jake still furious over what happened, is told by Roqua to leave the gym until he cools off. Riding back from the gym with Max, Jake gets into a road rage brawl with a group of men whom he easily dispose of. Max films the video, which circulates around the school and raises Jake's social status which ends up agitating Ryan enough to confront Jake. After cornering Jake in the bathroom and roughing him up, he challenges Jake to compete in the Beatdown, an underground fighting tournament of which Ryan is the reigning champion. When Roqua discovers that Jake has fought outside the gym, he kicks him out and tells him he is not welcome back. A little while later, after Jake pleads with him, Roqua obliges and welcomes Jake back to the gym. Roqua puts Jake through more rigorous training which Jake uses in preparation for the Beatdown. After a workout, Roqua confides in Jake that he came from Brazil and is in self imposed exile. He tells Jake that his brother was a skilled MMA fighter and had handily beaten a local troublemaker who had challenged him. The man later returned with a gun and murdered his brother. Jean's father blames him for the death, saying he should have been watching out for him. Jake later on meets with Baja and apologizes for not forgiving her and they start a relationship. Jake eventually becomes reluctant to compete at the Beatdown seeing it as something Ryan wants, but his mind is changed after Ryan invites Max to his house and assaults him, leaving him on Jake's doorstep to be found. After leaving Max at the hospital, Jake goes to see Roqua and initially arguing over Jake's decision to participate in the Beatdown eventually relents and reminds Jake to "control the outcome".

Jake arrives at the tournament and both he and Ryan make their way through each round, each emerging victorious. Jake makes it to the semifinals in spite of an injury he received in the previous match. Baja arrives to not only support him, but to tell him that she understands why he insists on fighting: so that he would never have to fight again. After learning that Ryan was disqualified in his semifinal match due to an illegal eye gouge, Jake forfeits, seeing no reason to continue. While he and Baja attempt to leave, Ryan confronts him and the two finally fight outside in the parking lot. Jake is still limited by his injury, and Ryan at first gains the upper hand, applying a choke on Jake. However Jake escapes and knocks out Ryan using one of the first combinations Roqua taught him. Eventually, Jake wins the respect of his fellow students, including Ryan; and Roqua decides to go back to Brazil to reconcile with his father.

==Cast==
* [[Sean Faris]] as Jake "The Gridiron" Tyler, a trouble-prone teenager and the main protagonist.
* [[Amber Heard]] as Baja Miller, Jake's love interest.
* [[Cam Gigandet]] as Ryan "The Terror" McCarthy, Jake's rival, bully and the main antagonist.
* [[Djimon Hounsou]] as Jean Roqua, Max's mentor who agrees to train Jake.
* [[Evan Peters]] as Max Cooperman, a classmate who introduces Jake to MMA and befriends him.
* Wyatt Smith as Charlie Tyler, Jake's younger brother
* [[Leslie Hope]] as Margot Tyler, Jake's mother
* Chele Andre as Tiffany West, Baja's friend who likes Max.
* [[Tilky Jones]] as Eric
* [[Neil Brown Jr.]] as Aaron, Ryan's best friend.
* Lauren Leech as Jenny, Baja's friend who becomes Ryan's new girlfriend.
* Anthony Matos as Yellow Hummer Crew #1
* Daniel Hernandez as Yellow Hummer Crew #2
* Justin A. Williams as Yellow Hummer Crew #3

==Production==
The fighter actors went through three months of MMA training before filming began in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFhuvGv4ILw|title=Never Back Down: Cam Gigandet Interview |publisher=ScreenSlam|date=March 13, 2015|accessdate=April 23, 2021}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>{{rp|0:39–1:03}}

One local high school was used when filming, that being Cypress Creek High School in Orlando, Fl.

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Never Back Down'' debuted in 2,729 theaters at #3 with $8,603,195 in the opening weekend. After 2 weeks in cinemas, it garnered $18,890,093; and after one month the film earned $37,676,991 worldwide.<ref name="mojo">{{cite web | title = Never Back Down (2008) | url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=neverbackdown.htm}}</ref>

The film closed on June 5, 2008, after 84 days at the North American box office with $41,627,431 worldwide against a budget of $20 million.

===Critical response===
{{Anchor|Critics}}
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 22% based on 83 reviews, with an average score of 4.4/10. The site's consensus states: "Though not without its pleasures, ''Never Back Down'' faithfully adheres to every imaginable fight movie cliché".<ref>{{rotten-tomatoes|never_back_down|Never Back Down|access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a [[weighted average]] score of 39 out of 100 based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web |title= Never Back Down |url= https://www.metacritic.com/movie/never-back-down/critic-reviews |website= [[Metacritic]]|access-date=March 2, 2023}}</ref>

Gregory Kirschling of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gave the film a D, calling it "dopey. And with its emphasis on stupid violence, xylophone abs, and getting yourself on [[YouTube]], it's yet another product that makes you feel bad about today's youth culture".<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20185180,00.html |title=''Never Back Down'' Review |last= Kirschling |first= Gregory |magazine= [[Entertainment Weekly]] |date= 2008-03-19 |access-date= 2012-01-14}}</ref> Michael Phillips of ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave the film two out of four stars, saying "[i]t's a little ''[[The Karate Kid (1984 film)|Karate Kid]]'', a smidge of ''[[Fight Club]]'' (with none of the ironic ambivalence toward violence that [[David Fincher]] brought to that story), a lot of ''[[The O.C.]]'' (evil boy Gigandet played an evil boy on that series), and presto: probable hit".<ref>{{cite news |url= http://chicago.metromix.com/movies/movie_review/movie-review-never-back/336619/content |title= Movie Review: ''Never Back Down'' |last= Phillips |first= Michael |newspaper= [[Chicago Tribune]] |date= 2008-03-12 |access-date= 2012-01-14}}</ref>

[[Richard Roeper]] gave the film a positive review: "I laughed so much at the litany of clichés that I finally had to admit I was entertained from start to finish by this cheesy knock-off".<ref>{{cite web |author= Richard Roeper |author-link= Richard Roeper |title=Never Back Down |url= http://www.richardroeper.com/reviews/neverbackdown.aspx |website= RichardRoeper.com|date= 12 February 2021 }}</ref>

Movie historian [[Leonard Maltin]] cited the picture as "...wildly improbable and cliched, yet entertaining -- especially for fans of this genre. Cam Gigandet can glare with the best of them...All in all, the film ''[[Showdown (1993 film)|Showdown]]'' tried to be".<ref>Maltin's TV, Movie, & Video Guide</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
| 2008
| [[2008 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Award]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Fight|Best Fight]]
| [[Sean Faris]] and [[Cam Gigandet]]
| {{won}}
|}

==Home media==
{{Anchor|DVD Sales|DVD|Video}}
The DVD was released on July 29, 2008, and has so far sold 990,405 units, bringing in $18,495,324 in revenue. This does not include Blu-ray sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2008/NBDWN-DVD.php |title=The Numbers.com – "Never Back Down" |publisher=The-numbers.com |access-date=2013-07-22}}</ref>

An [[Motion picture rating system|unrated]] version called the "Extended Beat Down Edition", featuring nudity and more blood, was released on DVD on July 29, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/07/11/never-back-down-extended-beat-down-edition-dvd-review |title=Never Back Down (Extended Beat Down Edition) DVD Review |publisher=IGN |date=2008-07-11 |access-date=2021-11-30}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

# "Above and Below" – [[The Bravery]]
# "[[Anthem for the Underdog]]" – [[12 Stones]]
# "[[Teenagers (song)|Teenagers]]" – [[My Chemical Romance]]
# "[[Someday (Flipsyde song)|Someday]]" – [[Flipsyde]]
# "[[Wolf Like Me (song)|Wolf Like Me]]" – [[TV on the Radio]]
# "[[The Sufferer and the Witness|Under the Knife]]" – [[Rise Against]]
# "[[Time Won't Let Me Go]]" – [[The Bravery]]
# "Rock Star" – [[Chamillionaire]] & [[Lil Wayne]]
# "Be Safe" – [[The Cribs]]
# "[[Headstrong (Trapt song)|Headstrong]]" – [[Trapt]]
# "[[False Pretense]]" – [[The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus]]
# "Orange Marmalade" – [[Mellowdrone]]
# "You Are Mine" – [[Mutemath]]
# "[[Stronger (Kanye West song)|Stronger]]" – [[Kanye West]] feat [[Daft Punk]]
# "[[Crank That (Soulja Boy)|Crank That (Travis Barker Rock Remix)]]" – [[Soulja Boy Tell 'Em]] and [[Travis Barker]]
# "The Slam" – [[TobyMac]]
# "Lights Out" - [[Breaking Benjamin]]
# "Face the pain" - [[STEMM|Stemm]]
# "[[...To Be Loved]]" – [[Papa Roach]] (featured during theatrical trailer)
The trance track played, when Ryan and his dad argue, is called "Estuera – Tales From The South (Jonas Steur's Flow Revision)", it did not feature on the soundtrack. It's from the album [[In Search of Sunrise 5: Los Angeles]] – [[Tiesto]].

== Sequels ==
{{main|Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown|Never Back Down: No Surrender|Never Back Down: Revolt}}
A 2011 [[sequel]] titled ''Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown'' was released with [[Evan Peters]] reprising his role as Max Cooperman. Directed by [[Michael Jai White]] in his [[directorial debut]], the film stars White alongside [[Alex Meraz]], [[Jillian Murray]], [[Mixed martial arts|MMA]] fighters [[Todd Duffee]], [[Lyoto Machida]], Scott Epstein and Australian actor-singer [[Dean Geyer]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://moviehole.net/201026239never-back-down-franchise-just-got-geyer| title = Never Back Down franchise just got Geyer| date = September 1, 2010}}</ref>

A second sequel, released in 2016, titled ''Never Back Down: No Surrender'' was again directed by White, who also reprises his role as Case Walker. The film also stars [[Josh Barnett]], Gillian Waters, Steven Quardos, [[Nathan Jones (wrestler)|Nathan Jones]] and [[Esai Morales]].

A third sequel, titled ''Never Back Down: Revolt'', which is directed by [[Kellie Madison]], was released in 2021. ''Revolt'' does not feature any returning cast members, and stars Olivia Popica, [[Michael Bisping]], Brooke Johnston, Vanessa Campos, [[Diana Hoyos]], [[Neetu Chandra]] and [[James Faulkner (actor)|James Faulkner]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314233452/http://media.www.nyunews.com/media/storage/paper869/news/2008/02/22/Film/Modern.Day.karate.Kid.Packs.A.Punch-3228503.shtml Modern Day Karate Kid packs a punch] - Washington Square News (Feb. 22, 2008)
* [http://www.dukechronicle.com/article/2008/03/never-back-down never back down] - The Duke Chronicle (March 5, 2008)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081122125853/http://www.hollyscoop.com/exclusives/whats-your-fight_15028.aspx What's Your Fight?] Hollyscoop (March 7, 2008)
* {{cite web | url = https://variety.com/2008/scene/vpage/never-back-down-gets-its-kicks-1117981934/ | archive-url = https://archive.today/20110805121843/http://www.variety.com/vstory/VR1117981934.html | archive-date = August 5, 2011 | title = Never Back Down Gets Its Kicks | work = Variety | date = March 5, 2008 | author = Bill Higgins}}
* [https://archive.today/20130205144351/http://www.ufcdaily.com/2008/03/08/never-back-down-taking-a-blog-beating-editorial/ Never Back Down Taking A Blog Beating] UFC Daily (March 8, 2008)
* {{cite web | author = Mariana McConnell | date = 2008-03-04 | url = https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Interview-Never-Back-Down-Writer-Chris-Hauty-8057.html | title = Never Back Down Writer Chris Hauty | work = [[CinemaBlend]]}}
* {{cite web | url = https://www.ctvnews.ca/fight-club-oscar-nominee-djimon-hounsou-kicks-things-up-with-martial-arts-flick-1.282546 | title = Fight Club: Oscar-nominee Djimon Hounsou kicks things up with martial arts flick | work = [[CTV News]] | date = March 14, 2008 | author = Constance Droganes}}
* {{cite web | url = https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2008/03/14/never_back_down_realism_takes_a_sucker_punch.html | title = 'Never Back Down': Realism takes a sucker punch | work = [[Toronto Star]] | date = March 14, 2008 | author = Philip Marchand|access-date=November 30, 2021}} 2 out of 4 stars.
* [http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2008/mar/14/actors-elevate-fight-film-plot-you-know/ Actors elevate fight film plot you know] Las Vegas Sun (March 14, 2008)
* {{cite web | url = https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=review&id=2850&reviewid=VE1117936487 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218214439/https://variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=review&id=2850&reviewid=VE1117936487 | archive-date = December 18, 2008 | url-status = dead | title = SxSW Reviews: Never Back Down | work = Variety.com | date = March 13, 2008 | author = John Anderson}}
* [https://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/movie-review-1.582715 Never Back Down] Newsday (March 14, 2008)
* {{cite web | url = https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-never-back-down-mixes-it-up-with-mixed-results-2008mar13-story.html | title = Never Back Down' mixes it up with mixed results | work = San Diego Union-Tribune | date = March 13, 2008 | author = Dan Bennett | access-date=November 30, 2021}}
* [http://www.readthehook.com/stories/2008/03/13/MOVIEREVIEW-backdown-0711.aspx Fight feature: Wadlow's second film a manly movie] The Hook 23 (March 13, 2008)
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2022}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1023111}}
* {{AllMovie title|408499}}
* {{mojo title|neverbackdown}}

{{Jeff Wadlow}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Fight}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:American coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:American teen films]]
[[Category:American martial arts films]]
[[Category:2000s English-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Florida]]
[[Category:Films shot in Florida]]
[[Category:Kickboxing films]]
[[Category:2008 martial arts films]]
[[Category:Mandalay Pictures films]]
[[Category:Martial arts tournament films]]
[[Category:Mixed martial arts films]]
[[Category:Underground fighting films]]
[[Category:Summit Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jeff Wadlow]]
[[Category:Films scored by Michael Wandmacher]]
[[Category:2000s American films]]

Spaceballs

2023-10-12T18:59:47Z

8.38.177.4: /* Plot */

{{short description|1987 film by Mel Brooks}}
{{About|the film|the TV series|Spaceballs: The Animated Series{{!}}''Spaceballs: The Animated Series''|other uses|Spaceball (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Ludicrous speed|the Tesla vehicular mode|Tesla Model S}}
{{redirect|Plaid speed|the Tesla vehicular mode|Tesla Model S#Palladium (Plaid)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Spaceballs
| image = Spaceballs.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster by [[John Alvin]]
| director = [[Mel Brooks]]
| producer = Mel Brooks
| writers = {{unbulleted list|Mel Brooks|[[Ronny Graham]]|[[Thomas Meehan (writer)|Thomas Meehan]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist| 
* Mel Brooks
* [[John Candy]]
* [[Rick Moranis]]
* [[Bill Pullman]]
* [[Daphne Zuniga]]
* [[Dick Van Patten]]
* [[George Wyner]]
* [[Joan Rivers]]
}}
| music = [[John Morris (composer)|John Morris]]
| cinematography = [[Nick McLean]]
| editing = [[Conrad Buff IV]]
| studio = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] [[Brooksfilms]] [[Industrial Light & Magic]]
| distributor = [[MGM/UA Communications Co.]]
| released = {{Film date|1987|06|24}}
| runtime = 96 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/spaceballs | title=''Spaceballs'' (PG) (CUT) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=July 14, 1987 | access-date=September 18, 2016 | archive-date=February 23, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223090149/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/spaceballs | url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $22.7 million<ref name="numbers">{{cite web |title=Spaceballs (1987) - Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Spaceballs#tab=summary |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=2021-05-04}}</ref>
| gross = $38.1 million<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=spaceballs.htm |title=Spaceballs (1987) |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |date=1987-08-18 |access-date=2022-04-12 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714235220/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=spaceballs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''''Spaceballs''''' is a 1987 American [[space opera]] [[Parody film|parody]] film co-written, produced and directed by [[Mel Brooks]]. It is primarily a parody of the [[Star Wars original trilogy|original ''Star Wars'' trilogy]], but also parodies other sci-fi films and popular franchises including ''[[Star Trek]]'', ''[[Alien (franchise)|Alien]]'', ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'', ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'', ''[[Planet of the Apes]]'', and ''[[Transformers]]''. The film stars [[Bill Pullman]], [[John Candy]] and [[Rick Moranis]], with the supporting cast including [[Daphne Zuniga]], [[Dick Van Patten]], [[George Wyner]], [[Shields and Yarnell|Lorene Yarnell]], and the voice of [[Joan Rivers]]. In addition to Brooks playing a dual role, the film also features Brooks regulars [[Dom DeLuise]] and [[Rudy De Luca]] in [[cameo appearance]]s.

In ''Spaceballs'', heroic mercenary Lone Starr (Pullman) and his alien sidekick Barf (Candy) rescue Princess Vespa (Zuniga) of Druidia and her droid, Dot Matrix (Yarnell, voiced by Rivers), from being captured by the Spaceballs, led by President Skroob (Brooks), who want to use Vespa as ransom to obtain Druidia's air for their own planet. However, the heroes get stranded on a desert moon, where they encounter the wise Yogurt (also Brooks), who teaches Starr about the [[metaphysics|metaphysical power]] known as "the Schwartz". Meanwhile, Spaceball commanders Dark Helmet (Moranis) and Colonel Sandurz (Wyner) lead the search for them, but are hindered by their own incompetence.

The film was released by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] (MGM) on June 24, 1987. Despite initially getting a mixed reception from critics and audiences, it has since become a [[Cult film|cult classic]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmovie.com/work/spaceballs-45901 |title=Spaceballs - Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards - AllRovi |publisher=Allmovie.com |date=1987-06-24 |access-date=2011-08-12 |archive-date=February 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207002632/http://allmovie.com/work/spaceballs-45901 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is one of Brooks's most popular and well-known films.

==Plot==
Planet Spaceball, led by the incompetent President Skroob, has squandered all of its fresh air. Skroob schemes to steal the atmosphere from the neighboring planet of Druidia by forcing its ruler King Roland to give him the code to the shield surrounding it. Roland's daughter Princess Vespa flees Druidia in order to avoid an [[arranged marriage]] to the [[narcolepsy|narcoleptic]] Prince Valium. The ship ''Spaceball One'', commanded by Colonel Sandurz and carrying Skroob's enforcer Dark Helmet, is dispatched to kidnap Vespa and her droid servant Dot Matrix.

Mercenary Lone Starr and his "mawg" (half man, half dog) companion Barf are contacted by crime boss Pizza the Hutt to get him the money he owes them or else. When Barf asks "or else what", Pizza the Hutt's robotic minion Vinny quotes "or else Pizza will send out for you". Roland contacts Lone Starr who offers them a high reward if they bring Vespa and Dot back to Druidia. In their [[Winnebago Industries|Winnebago]] spaceship ''Eagle 5'', the pair retrieve Vespa and Dot and escape via light speed before they can be brought aboard ''Spaceball One''. Dark Helmet and a reluctant Sandurz use "Ludicrous Speed", but overshoot the group badly when they try to follow. ''Eagle 5'' runs out of fuel and Lone Starr is forced to crash-land on a desert moon.

The four escapees travel on foot for a time, but ultimately pass out in the relentless heat. They are found by the Dinks, a group of diminutive aliens in sparkly robes, and taken to the hidden cave of the sage Yogurt. He advertises the film's tie-in merchandising, then begins to instruct Lone Starr in the ways of a mysterious power known as the Schwartz (which Helmet can also control). Lone Starr and Vespa develop romantic feelings for each other, despite Vespa's insistence that she can only marry a prince, and Lone Starr shows Yogurt a medallion bearing an indecipherable message that was found with him when he was abandoned as a baby.

The Spaceballs [[fourth wall|break the fourth wall]] by going through a VHS copy of the film to locate the ''Eagle 5''<nowiki/>'s whereabouts. Helmet disguises himself as Roland to lure Vespa and Dot out of the cave. As Lone Starr and Barf prepare to chase Helmet, Yogurt gives Lone Starr a ring that he can use to channel the Schwartz.

Helmet extorts the air shield code from Roland by threatening to have a plastic surgeon reverse Vespa's nose job, then imprisons her and Dot. Lone Starr and Barf infiltrate the prison and break them out, and all four escape in ''Eagle 5'' while leaving their stunt doubles to be captured. ''Spaceball One'' re-configures itself into a giant maid (''Mega-Maid''), opens the shield, and uses a vacuum cleaner to suck the air from Druidia. Lone Starr taps into the Schwartz to reverse the flow and return the air (saving Roland and the Druidians), then pilots ''Eagle 5'' into the head of ''Mega-Maid''.

Lone Starr finds a self-destruct button, but Helmet interrupts and they engage in a duel using [[lightsaber]]-like weapons that extend from their Schwartz rings. Helmet steals Lone Starr's ring and drops it through a floor grate, but Lone Starr gets a telepathic message from Yogurt telling him that the power lies within him instead of the ring. As Helmet prepares to attack, Lone Starr levitates a mirror and reflects Helmet's blast, knocking him into the self-destruct button. Lone Starr returns to ''Eagle 5'' and pilots it to safety; Skroob, Helmet and Sandurz fail to reach any escape pods in time and discover the "cancellation button" is out of order as ''Mega-Maid'' explodes.

Lone Starr and Barf discover that Pizza the Hutt had locked himself in a limousine and ate himself to death, absolving them of the debt. The duo return Vespa and Dot to Roland, but take only enough money to cover their expenses. The remnants of the Mega-Maid crash lands on a nearby planet [[Planet of the Apes|populated by talking apes]], who express dismay at the stranded Spaceballs.

Lone Starr and Barf find a final message from Yogurt hidden in a fortune cookie, telling them that Lone Starr's medallion means he is a prince and can thus marry Vespa. The two return to Druidia just in time to stop her wedding to Valium, and Lone Starr announces his royal lineage and marries Vespa. The film ends with them riding off in ''Eagle 5'' and a message to the audience stating, "May the Schwartz Be With You".

==Cast==
* [[Bill Pullman]] as Lone Starr, mercenary who travels the galaxy in his flying 1986 [[Winnebago Industries|Winnebago]] Chieftain 33, ''Eagle 5''. He is a parody of [[Luke Skywalker]] and [[Han Solo]].
* [[John Candy]] as Barf, Lone Starr's "mawg"  (half-man, half-dog) sidekick. He is a parody of [[Chewbacca]].
* [[Daphne Zuniga]] as Princess Vespa, the spoiled princess of Planet Druidia. She is a parody of [[Princess Leia]].
* [[Joan Rivers]] as the voice of Dot Matrix, Princess Vespa's droid of honor and guardian. She is a parody of [[C-3PO]].
** [[Shields and Yarnell|Lorene Yarnell]] provided Dot Matrix's on-screen physical performance.
* [[Rick Moranis]] as Dark Helmet, the Spaceballs' short-statured, bratty, and often childish chief enforcer, who can wield the "down-side" of the Schwartz. He is a parody of [[Darth Vader]].
* [[Mel Brooks]] as:
** President Skroob, the incompetent leader of Planet Spaceball. He is a parody of [[Palpatine|Emperor Palpatine]] with his name "Skroob" being an anagram of "Brooks".
** Yogurt, the wise and powerful keeper of the "up-side" of the Schwartz. He is a parody of [[Yoda]].
* [[George Wyner]] as Colonel Sandurz, the commander of ''Spaceball One''. He is a parody of [[Grand Moff Tarkin]] and his name is a reference to [[Colonel Sanders]].
* [[Dick Van Patten]] as King Roland, the ruler of Planet Druidia and Princess Vespa's father.
* [[Michael Winslow]] as a radar technician on ''Spaceball One'' who can re-enact the radar's sounds.
* [[Ronny Graham]] as the [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]].
* [[Jim J. Bullock]] as Prince [[Valium]], a [[Narcolepsy|narcoleptic]] prince.
* [[Leslie Bevis]] as Commanderette Zircon, a minion of President Skroob on Planet Spaceball.
* [[Sandy Helberg]] as Dr. Irving Schlotkin.
* [[Brenda Strong]] as Nurse Gretchen, Dr. Schlotkin's assistant.
* [[Dom DeLuise]] as the voice of Pizza the Hutt, a crime boss described as being half-man and half-pizza. He is a parody of [[Jabba the Hutt]] and his name is a reference to [[Pizza Hut]].
** [[Richard Karron]] (original takes) and Rick Lazzarini (reshoots and final takes) portrayed Pizza's on-screen presence. Lazzarini spoke Pizza's lines for the character's on-camera scenes with DeLuise's voice dubbed in later.
* [[Rudy De Luca]] as Vinnie, Pizza's robotic subordinate. He is a parody of the 1980s' TV personality [[Max Headroom]].
* [[Rhonda Shear]] as a woman in the diner.
* Jeff MacGregor as Snotty (uncredited),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fictionalpersona.com/snotty-mel-brooks-spaceballs |title=Snotty |website=FictionalPersona |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> a minion of President Skroob on Planet Spaceball based on [[Scotty (Star Trek)|Scotty]] from ''Star Trek''.

[[John Hurt]] makes a [[cameo appearance]] credited as himself, parodying his character [[List of Alien characters#Gilbert Kane|Gilbert Kane]]'s death in the film ''[[Alien (film)|Alien]]'' (1979).<ref>{{cite news|last=Matloff|first=Jason|title=John Hurt|url=https://film.avclub.com/john-hurt-1798228396|access-date=May 16, 2018|website=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=November 10, 2011|archive-date=May 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152912/https://film.avclub.com/john-hurt-1798228396|url-status=live}}</ref> Various actors and comedians appear in unnamed roles, with [[Sal Viscuso]], Michael Pniewski, [[Stephen Tobolowsky]], [[Robert Prescott (actor)|Robert Prescott]], [[Tom Dreesen]], [[Rick Ducommun]], [[Rob Paulsen]] (who was uncredited), [[Tommy Swerdlow]], and [[Tim Russ]] all appearing as soldiers of Dark Helmet. Additional unnamed appearances include [[Dey Young]] as a waitress, [[Jack Riley (actor)|Jack Riley]] as a newsman covering the news about Pizza the Hutt's death, [[Ken Olfson]] as the head usher, and [[Bryan O'Byrne]] as an organist. Denise and Dian Gallup appear as Charlene and Marlene, two twin girls in Spaceball City who President Skroob keeps mixing up the names for. [[Ed Gale]], [[Felix Silla]], [[Tony Cox (actor)|Tony Cox]], Antonio Hoyos, Arturo Gil, and John Kennedy Hayden appear as the Dinks (based on the [[Jawa (Star Wars)|Jawas]]) while their uncredited voices are provided by [[Corey Burton]], [[Phil Hartman]], [[Tress MacNeille]], [[John Paragon]], and [[Rob Paulsen]].<ref>{{cite AV media |people=[[Mel Brooks|Brooks, Mel]] (Director) |year=1987 |title=Spaceballs |medium=Motion picture | publisher=[[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]}}</ref>

==Production==
[[File:Spaceballs helmet (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|A helmet from the film at a convention in [[Stockholm]]]]
When Brooks developed ''Spaceballs'', he wanted his parody to be as close to the original as possible. Even though the Yogurt character (Mel Brooks) mentions merchandising in the film, Brooks's deal with [[George Lucas]] on parodying ''[[Star Wars]]'' was that no ''Spaceballs'' action figures be made. According to Brooks, "[Lucas] said, 'Your [action figures] are going to look like mine.' I said OK."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maxim.com/comedians/interview-icon-mel-brooks|title=Interview: Icon Mel Brooks|date=2013-02-06|first=Patrick|last=Carone|access-date=2014-01-20|archive-date=February 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223135520/http://www.maxim.com/comedians/interview-icon-mel-brooks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="avclub">{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/article/mel-brooks-on-how-to-play-hitler-and-how-he-almost-89843|title=Mel Brooks on how to play Hitler, and how he almost died making Spaceballs |date=2012-12-13|first=Steve |last=Heisler|website=www.avclub.com |access-date=2014-01-20}}</ref> However, this agreement inspired Brooks to write Yogurt's "Merchandising" scene and include multiple ''Spaceballs''-branded products at other points in the film, such as placemats and toilet paper.

Brooks also had Lucas' company handle the post-production, saying, "I was playing ball with the people who could have said no." Lucas later sent Brooks a note saying how much he loved the film, including its story structure,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Trzcinski|first=Matthew|date=2020-06-17|title=How George Lucas Reacted to the 'Star Wars' Parody 'Spaceballs'|url=https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/how-george-lucas-reacted-to-the-star-wars-parody-spaceballs.html/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Showbiz Cheat Sheet|language=en-US|archive-date=June 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618131034/https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/how-george-lucas-reacted-to-the-star-wars-parody-spaceballs.html/|url-status=live}}</ref> and that he "was afraid [he] would bust something from laughing".<ref name="avclub"/> According to Rick Moranis, Dark Helmet's Helmet was originally gigantic Helmet but was later scaled back.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/rick-moranis-interview-expanded-dirty-830412/ | title=Rick Moranis Interview Expanded: Dirty Jokes, Full-Body 'Spaceballs' Helmet and Slow-Motion 'Horrors' | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=October 8, 2015 }}</ref>

Pullman got the part of Lone Starr when Brooks and his wife [[Anne Bancroft]] saw him in a play—he had never seen ''Star Wars'' prior to filming.<ref name="pullmanws">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/spaceballs-at-30-bill-pullman-says-crew-worried-blue-screen-would-make-go-blind-1011687 |title=''Spaceballs'' at 30: Bill Pullman Says Crew Worried Blue Screen Would Make Them Go Blind |last=Parker |first=Ryan |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=June 23, 2017 |access-date=February 19, 2020 |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221080943/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/spaceballs-at-30-bill-pullman-says-crew-worried-blue-screen-would-make-go-blind-1011687 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brooks had been unsuccessfully trying to sign on big-name actors such as [[Tom Cruise]] and [[Tom Hanks]] for the film. Pullman said,

<blockquote>I think [Mel] was hurt that they didn't take him up on it ... but then it attract[ed] two of the big comics at that time: John Candy and Rick Moranis. Once that was secured, then he said, "Heck, I'll get somebody nobody knows!" And I got a chance to do it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geektyrant.com/news/2011/1/13/qa-with-actor-bill-pullman-spaceballs-an-independence-day-se.html|first=Ben|last=Pearson|title=Q&A with Actor Bill Pullman|website=geektyrant.com|date=January 13, 2011 |access-date=2014-01-20|archive-date=February 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202233344/http://geektyrant.com/news/2011/1/13/qa-with-actor-bill-pullman-spaceballs-an-independence-day-se.html|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

Zuniga initially found Brooks' film parodies "too crass and not too funny", but after working with Brooks, she said, "I have this image of Mel as totally wacko and out to lunch. And he is. But he's also really perceptive, real sensitive in ways that make actors respond."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article.html?id=142229%7C33753|title=Spaceballs|publisher=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|access-date=2014-01-20|archive-date=February 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203012719/http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article.html?id=142229%7C33753|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==
An official soundtrack was released on [[Atlantic Records]] on [[LP record|LP]], [[compact disc|CD]], and [[Cassette tape|cassette]], featuring many of the songs heard in the film, as well as three score cues by frequent Brooks collaborator [[John Morris (composer)|John Morris]]. The track list is as follows:

# "Spaceballs Main Title Theme" – John Morris
# "My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own" – [[Jeffrey Osborne]] and [[Kim Carnes]]; the song was made into a hit in 1990 by Sally Moore (U.S. AC #42).<ref>{{cite book|first= Joel |last= Whitburn |author-link= Joel Whitburn |year= 1993 |title= Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993 |publisher= Record Research |page=__}}</ref>
# "Heartstrings" – [[Berlin (band)|Berlin]]
# "Spaceballs Love Theme" (Instrumental) – John Morris
# "The Winnebago Crashes"/"The Spaceballs Build Mega-Maid" – John Morris
# "Spaceballs" – [[The Spinners (American R&B group)|The Spinners]]
# "Hot Together" – [[The Pointer Sisters]]
# "Good Enough" – [[Van Halen]]
# "Wanna Be Loved by You" – [[Ladyfire]]

"Raise Your Hands" by [[Bon Jovi]] is also used prominently in the film.

In the film the Dinks (based on Jawas) perform the 1914 marching song "[[Colonel Bogey March]]", though they sing "Dink dink, dink dink dink dink dink dink...Dink dink" rather than [[Whistling|whistle]], parodying the scene from ''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Big Screen Comedies of Mel Brooks |date=2015 |publisher=McFarland |page=154}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Order of songs for Thunder Over Louisville |url=https://eu.courier-journal.com/story/entertainment/events/kentucky-derby/festival/2016/04/21/order-songs-thunder-over-louisville/83299828/ |access-date=16 April 2022 |work=Courier Journal}}</ref>

In 2006, La-La Land Records released ''Spaceballs – The 19th Anniversary Edition'' CD of the film's score, with bonus tracks of alternate takes and tracks not used in the film.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.lalalandrecords.com/SpaceBalls.html |title=Spaceballs |publisher=Lalalandrecords.com |access-date=2011-08-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907054357/http://www.lalalandrecords.com/SpaceBalls.html |archive-date=September 7, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
The film had an estimated $22.7 million budget, and ultimately grossed $38,119,483 during its run in the United States, taking in $6,613,837 on its opening weekend, finishing behind ''[[Dragnet (1987 film)|Dragnet]]''.<ref>{{cite web| year=2006| title=Spaceballs| work=boxofficemojo.com| url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=spaceballs.htm| access-date=2010-02-12| archive-date=July 14, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714235220/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=spaceballs.htm| url-status=live}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
The film has received mixed reviews from critics. [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reports that, as of 2023, 57% of critics have given positive reviews based on 46 reviews with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's consensus reads; "There's fine spoofery and amusing characters in ''Spaceballs'', though it's a far cry from Mel Brooks' peak era."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/spaceballs/ | title=Spaceballs Movie Reviews, Pictures | publisher=[[IGN Entertainment]] | work=Rotten Tomatoes | access-date=January 18, 2023 | archive-date=April 27, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427043512/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/spaceballs | url-status=live }}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a [[weighted arithmetic mean|weighted average]] score of 46%, based on 14 reviews.<ref name="metacritic">{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/spaceballs | title=Spaceballs (1987): Reviews | website=[[Metacritic]] | access-date=2009-05-16 | archive-date=February 10, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210230017/http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/spaceballs | url-status=live }}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemascore.com|title=Find CinemaScore|format=Type "Spaceballs" in the search box|publisher=[[CinemaScore]]|access-date=April 7, 2021}} {{Better source needed|reason=Empty search box is not a good reference|date=July 2022}}</ref>

At the time of the film's release, [[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4, and remarked "I enjoyed a lot of the movie, but I kept thinking I was at a revival… it should have been made several years ago, before our appetite for ''Star Wars'' satires had been completely exhausted."<ref>{{cite news |date=June 24, 1987 |last1=Ebert |first1=Roger |author1-link=Roger Ebert |title=Spaceballs |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/spaceballs-1987 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013012557/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19870624%2FREVIEWS%2F706240301%2F1023 |url-status=live |access-date=May 4, 2022 }}</ref> [[Gene Siskel]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying that there were "just enough funny visual gags to recommend this wildly uneven film."<ref name="Siskel">{{cite news|last=Siskel|first=Gene|author-link=Gene Siskel|title=FLICK OF WEEK: KUBRICK'S 'JACKET' FULL OF RAW IRONY|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-06-26-8702170188-story.html|date=June 26, 1987|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' said that the film was a misguided parody and not very funny.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 January 1987 |author1=Variety Staff |title=Spaceballs |url=https://variety.com/1986/film/reviews/spaceballs-1200427111/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}</ref>

The film won Worst Picture at the [[1987 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Past Winners Database |url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/1987/1987st.htm |website=The Envelope at LA Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815213631/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/1987/1987st.htm |archive-date=August 15, 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 September 2021 }}</ref>

==Home media==
''Spaceballs'' was first made available on [[VHS]] and [[LaserDisc]] in February 1988; they were re-released in the late 1990s. The VHS edition was issued twice; the latter edition was presented in widescreen. Meanwhile, the laserdisc also gained a [[audio commentary|commentary track]] with Brooks; this was transferred over to the [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] releases. The film was first released on DVD on April 25, 2000. This version also contained "the making of..." documentary and a collectible "making-of" booklet. The film was then released in the "Collectors Edition" on May 3, 2005. This edition contained more extras including the documentary and the video conversation about the making of the film with Brooks and Thomas Meehan. On August 7, 2012, the "25th Anniversary Edition" was released on Blu-ray containing many of the same bonus features as the 2005 DVD release with the addition of a new featurette.<ref>{{cite web|last=Katz|first=Josh|title=Spaceballs: 25th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=8879|publisher=Blu-ray.com|access-date=September 18, 2012|date=June 6, 2012|archive-date=September 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919073055/http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=8879|url-status=live}}</ref> An [[Ultra HD Blu-ray]] edition of the film was released on April 12, 2021 by [[Kino Lorber]], with all of the special features from previous home video releases included.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kino: Spaceballs 4K Blu-ray Detailed |url=https://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=27835 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |work=Blu-ray.com |date=December 9, 2020 |archive-date=December 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210013556/https://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=27835 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In other media==
* A novelization for the film was released on June 1, 1987.
* ''Spaceballs'' was developed into an animated television show which debuted in September 2008 as ''[[Spaceballs: The Animated Series]]'' on [[G4 (U.S. TV channel)|G4]] (US) and [[Super Channel (Canada)|Super Channel]] (Canada).<ref>{{cite web | last=Guider | first=Elizabeth | title='Spaceballs' rolls to TV | url=https://variety.com/2005/scene/markets-festivals/spaceballs-rolls-to-tv-1117916598/ | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=January 19, 2005 | access-date=February 15, 2017 | archive-date=May 5, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505084002/https://variety.com/2005/scene/markets-festivals/spaceballs-rolls-to-tv-1117916598/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | last=Vozick-Levinson | first=Simon | title=Mel Brooks readies a ''Spaceballs'' cartoon for TV | url=https://ew.com/article/2006/09/26/mel-brooks-readies-spaceballs-cartoon-tv/ | magazine=Entertainment Weekly | date=September 26, 2006 | access-date=February 15, 2017 | archive-date=February 16, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216061146/http://ew.com/article/2006/09/26/mel-brooks-readies-spaceballs-cartoon-tv/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Moranis claimed in a 2013 interview that he and Brooks had discussed a potential [[sequel]], with Moranis pitching the title ''Spaceballs III: The Search for Spaceballs II''. However, he and Brooks were unable to structure a deal that would allow the project to move forward.<ref>{{cite web | last=Abrams | first=Brian | title="You Don't Do Liner Notes With The Dead Sea Scrolls": Rick Moranis In Conversation | url=http://heebmagazine.com/exclusive-rick-moranis-on-spaceballs-2-ghostbusters-3-and-my-mothers-brisket/45895 | work=Heeb | date=June 23, 2013 | access-date=February 15, 2017 | archive-date=December 7, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207213232/http://heebmagazine.com/exclusive-rick-moranis-on-spaceballs-2-ghostbusters-3-and-my-mothers-brisket/45895 | url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2015, Brooks said that he would like to make a sequel to be released after the [[Star Wars: The Force Awakens|next ''Star Wars'' film]] and hoped that Moranis would reprise his role. This proposed film, Brooks said, may be called ''Spaceballs 2: The Search for More Money''.<ref>{{cite web | last=Heller | first=Corinne | title=Spaceballs 2 a Go? Mel Brooks Talks Sequel, Its Perfect, Obvious Title and Rick Moranis | url=http://ca.eonline.com/news/622887/spaceballs-2-a-go-mel-brooks-talks-sequel-its-perfect-obvious-title-and-rick-moranis | work=E! Online | date=February 6, 2015 | access-date=February 15, 2017}}</ref> However, in February 2020, Bill Pullman said during an interview with ''Daily Blast Live'', "It's up to Mel. Ask him if he has too much money and that's why he doesn't do it."<ref>{{Citation|title=Bill Pullman Chats "The Sinner"|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMquBNSbGxc|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=February 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224194612/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMquBNSbGxc&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In the episode ''[[Robot Chicken: Star Wars]]'' of the American adult sketch comedy television series ''[[Robot Chicken]]'' the segment ''George Lucas At The Convention'' features a ''Star Wars'' fan wearing a Barf costume from ''Spaceballs''.
* Moranis vocally reprised his role as Dark Helmet in the episode "Spaceballs" of the American sitcom ''[[The Goldbergs (2013 TV series)|The Goldbergs]]''.<ref>"''[[The Goldbergs (season 5)|Spaceballs]]''". ''[[The Goldbergs (2013 TV series)|The Goldbergs]]. Season 5. Episode 21. May 9, 2018. [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].</ref>

==Impact==
[[Tesla Motors]] has used Spaceballs' starship speeds (Light Speed, Ridiculous Speed, Ludicrous Speed, Plaid Speed) as inspiration for naming their acceleration modes. In homage to ''Spaceballs'', Tesla has ''Ludicrous Mode'' for acceleration beyond its Insane Mode, and ''Plaid Mode'', overtop Ludicrous.<ref name=Jalopnik-2017-11-17>{{cite news |url= https://jalopnik.com/watch-the-new-tesla-roadsters-plaid-mode-rocket-the-c-1820542817 |title= Watch The New Tesla Roadster's "Plaid" Mode Rocket The Car From Zero To 81 MPH In An Instant |first= David |last= Tracy |date= 17 November 2017 |website= Jalopnik |access-date= November 18, 2017 |archive-date= November 23, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171123021941/https://jalopnik.com/watch-the-new-tesla-roadsters-plaid-mode-rocket-the-c-1820542817 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=PhysOrg-2015-07-17>{{cite news |url= https://phys.org/news/2015-07-ludicrous-mode-tesla-power-already-fast.html |title= 'Ludicrous Mode'? Tesla adds power to already-fast Model S |agency= Associated Press |date= 17 July 2015 |work= [[Phys.org]] |access-date= November 18, 2017 |archive-date= December 1, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042634/https://phys.org/news/2015-07-ludicrous-mode-tesla-power-already-fast.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

As part of its [[merchandising]], [[The Boring Company]] sold 20,000 "flamethrowers" in 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boringcompany.com/flamethrower |title=Flamethrower—The Boring Company |author= |publisher=boringcompany.com |access-date=2018-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129102013/https://www.boringcompany.com/flamethrower |archive-date=January 29, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> inspired by the Spaceballs merchandising scene.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=elonmusk |author-link=Elon Musk |number=937447589460426752 |date=December 3, 2017 |title=The *real* money comes from merchandising. I learned it from this documentary.}}</ref>

A clip from the film, alongside clips of other ''Star Wars'' parody works, was used in a "special look" internet video used to promote ''[[Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker]]'' in order to show the [[cultural impact of Star Wars]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plainse |first=Josh |date=2019-11-25 |title=Star Wars 9's New Trailer Is Nostalgic & Awesome (Despite No New Footage) |url=https://screenrant.com/star-wars-9-rise-skywalker-trailer-saga-end/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=ScreenRant |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Props==
A {{frac|1|12}}-scale model of the [[Winnebago Industries|Winnebago]], ''Eagle 5'', was auctioned on December 11, 2018.<ref name=WinnAuc>{{cite web |last=Kautonen |first=Antti |title='Spaceballs' Winnebago Model to Be Auctioned |url=https://www.autoblog.com/2018/11/13/spaceballs-winnebago-auction/ |website=Autoblog |access-date=29 November 2018 |date=November 13, 2018 |archive-date=November 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114210058/https://www.autoblog.com/2018/11/13/spaceballs-winnebago-auction/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The model was created by film special effects designer [[Grant McCune]], who also created models for ''[[Star Wars]]'' and ''[[Star Trek]]''.<ref name=WinnAuc/> The model makes an appearance early in the film with the introduction of Barf and Lone Starr.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9QhUoOwHN8|publisher=[[YouTube]]|title=Bon Jovi and Barf (1080p)|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403203348/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9QhUoOwHN8|url-status=live}}</ref> The model, along with other special effects artifacts from then-current films such as ''[[Masters of the Universe]]'' and ''[[Jaws: The Revenge]]'', was displayed at Chicago's [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]] in the summer of 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1988-07-22-8801160797-story.html |title=Museum of Science and Industry Keeps up with the Times |website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=July 22, 1988 |access-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-date=June 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618125318/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1988-07-22-8801160797-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q498442|c=Category:Spaceballs|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|s=no|wikt=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no}}
* {{IMDb title|0094012|Spaceballs}}
* {{Amg title|45901|Spaceballs}}
* {{Tcmdb title|17777|Spaceballs}}
* {{AFI film|57824}}
* {{mojo title|spaceballs|Spaceballs}}

{{Mel Brooks}}
{{Stinkers Bad Movie Award for Worst Picture}}
{{Star Wars}}
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{{Portal bar|1980s|Comedy|Film|Science fiction}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1980s adventure films]]
[[Category:1980s buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:1980s parody films]]
[[Category:1980s science fiction comedy films]]
[[Category:1987 comedy films]]
[[Category:1980s English-language films]]
[[Category:1980s American films]]
[[Category:American adventure comedy films]]
[[Category:American buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:American science fiction comedy films]]
[[Category:American space adventure films]]
[[Category:American parody films]]
[[Category:American robot films]]
[[Category:American satirical films]]
[[Category:Faster-than-light travel in fiction]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films about extraterrestrial life]]
[[Category:Films adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Films set on fictional planets]]
[[Category:Puppet films]]
[[Category:Flying cars in fiction]]
[[Category:Jewish comedy and humor]]
[[Category:Metafictional works]]
[[Category:Parody films based on Star Wars]]
[[Category:Self-reflexive films]]
[[Category:Teleportation in fiction]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mel Brooks]]
[[Category:Films produced by Mel Brooks]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Morris]]
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[[Category:Films with screenplays by Mel Brooks]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Thomas Meehan (writer)]]
[[Category:Films set in outer space]]
[[Category:Brooksfilms films]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]

Statute of limitations

2023-10-05T15:13:13Z

8.38.177.4:

{{short description|Law which sets a maximum time for the initiation of legal proceedings}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
A '''statute of limitations''', known in [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] systems as a '''prescriptive period''', is a law passed by a [[legislature|legislative body]] to set the maximum time after an event within which [[legal proceeding]]s may be initiated.<ref name="28USC2462">{{USC|28|2462}} ("Time for commencing proceedings")</ref><ref name=cal>{{cite web|title=Statute of Limitations|url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/9618.htm|website=California Court Judicial Branch|publisher=Public Access Records|access-date=6 June 2014|ref=California Code of Civil Procedure sections 312–366}}</ref> In most jurisdictions, such periods exist for both [[criminal law]] and civil law such as [[contract]] law and [[property law]], though often under different names and with varying details.

When the time which is specified in a statute of limitations runs out, a claim might no longer be filed or, if it is filed, it may be subject to dismissal if the defense against that claim is raised that the claim is time-barred as having been filed after the statutory limitations period.<ref name="aggravated felony">{{Cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/104/plaws/publ208/PLAW-104publ208.pdf#page=629 |title=Subtitle B—Criminal Alien Provisions, Sec. 321. Amended Definition of Aggravated Felony |page=629 |work=U.S. Congress |quote=(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section shall apply to [[wrongdoing|actions taken]] on or after the date of the enactment of [[Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996|this Act]], regardless of when the [[conviction]] occurred....}}</ref>

When a statute of limitations expires in a [[criminal procedure|criminal case]], the courts no longer have [[jurisdiction]]. Most common [[crime]]s that have statutes of limitations are distinguished from [[particularly serious crime]]s because the latter claims may be brought at any time.

In civil law systems, such provisions are typically part of their [[civil code|civil]] and [[criminal code]]s. The [[cause of action]] dictates the statute of limitations, which can be reduced or extended in order to ensure a full and fair [[trial]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Special Historic Session|title=Opening Remarks:HistoricSpecial section|url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/compsum2.pdf|website=www.courts.ca.gov|publisher=Supreme Court Of California|access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The intention of these laws is to facilitate resolution within a "reasonable" period of time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=California Courts|first1=Judicial Council|title=Public Access Records|url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/selfhelp-start.htm|website=California Courts|publisher=Rewriting Amendments|access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> What amount of time is considered "reasonable" varies from country to country.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Statutes of Limitations|url=http://statelaws.findlaw.com/statutes-of-limitations.html|website=FindLaw|publisher=Thomson Reuters|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> In the United States, it may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and state to state. Internationally, the statute of limitations may vary from one civil or criminal action to another. Some countries have no statute of limitations whatsoever.

Analysis of a statute of limitations also requires the examination of any associated [[statute of repose]], [[tolling (law)|tolling provisions]], and exclusions.

==Applications==
[[Common law]] legal systems can include a statute specifying the length of time within which a claimant or prosecutor must file a case. In some civil jurisdictions (e.g., [[California]]),<ref name=cal/> a case cannot begin after the period specified, and courts have no jurisdiction over cases filed after the statute of limitations has expired. In some other jurisdictions (e.g., [[New South Wales]], Australia), a claim can be filed which may prove to have been brought outside the limitations period, but the court will retain jurisdiction in order to determine that issue, and the onus is on the defendant to plead it as part of their defence, or else the claim will not be statute barred.

Once they are filed, cases do not need to be resolved within the period specified in the statute of limitations.

==Purpose==
The purpose and effect of statutes of limitations are to protect defendants. There are three reasons for their enactment:<ref>''Halsbury's Laws of England'', 4th edition</ref>
* A [[plaintiff]] with a valid cause of action can pursue it with reasonable diligence.
* By the time a stale claim is litigated, a defendant might have lost evidence necessary to disprove the claim.
* Litigation of a long-dormant claim may result in more cruelty than justice.

In [[Classical Athens]], a five-year statute of limitations was established for almost all cases, exceptions being such as the prosecution of non-constitutional laws (which had no limitation). [[Demosthenes]] wrote that these statutes of limitations were adopted to control "[[sycophant]]s" (professional accusers).<ref name="Allen2003">{{cite book|last=Allen |first=Danielle S. |title=The World of Prometheus: The Politics of Punishing in Democratic Athens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKW3yiINadEC&pg=PA154 |year=2003 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-09489-2 |page=154}}</ref>

The limitation period generally begins when the plaintiff's cause of action accrues, meaning the date upon which the plaintiff is first able to maintain the cause of action in court, or when the plaintiff first becomes aware of a previous injury (for example, [[occupational lung disease]]s such as [[asbestosis]]).

==Statute of repose==
{{Main|Statute of repose}}
A [[statute of repose]] limits the time within which an action may be brought based upon when a particular event occurred (such as the completion of construction of a building or the date of purchase of manufactured goods), and does not permit extensions. A statute of limitations is similar to a statute of repose, but may be extended for a variety of reasons (such as the [[age of majority|minority]] of the victim).

For example, most U.S. jurisdictions have passed statutes of repose for construction defects.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statutes of Repose for Construction|url=http://www.sdvlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Statutes-of-Repose.pdf|website=SDVLaw.com|publisher=Saxe Doernberger & Vita, P.C.|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MCL 600.5839|url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/mileg.aspx?page=GetObject&objectname=mcl-600-5839|website=Michigan Legislature|publisher=State of Michigan|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 337.15|url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CCP&sectionNum=337.15|website=California Legislative Information|publisher=State of California|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fla. Stat. § 95.11(3)(c)|url=http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0000-0099/0095/Sections/0095.11.html|website=Online Sunshine|publisher=State of Florida|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> If a person receives an [[electric shock]] due to a wiring defect that resulted from the builder's negligence during construction of a building, the builder is potentially liable for damages if the suit is brought within the time period defined by the statute, normally starting with the date that construction is substantially completed. After the statutory time period has passed, without regard to the nature or degree of the builder's negligence or misconduct, the statute of repose presents an absolute defense to the claim.

Statutes of repose are sometimes controversial; manufacturers contend that they are necessary to avoid unfair litigation and encourage consumers to maintain their property. Alternatively, consumer advocates argue that they reduce incentives to manufacture durable products and disproportionately affect the [[poverty|poor]], because manufacturers will have less incentive to ensure low-cost or "bargain" products are manufactured to exacting safety standards.

==Tolling and the discovery rule==
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=August 2015}}
{{Further|Tolling (law)|discovery (law)}}
Many jurisdictions [[tolling (law)|toll]] or suspend the limitation period in [[exceptional circumstances]] such as if the aggrieved person ([[plaintiff]], [[appellant]] or [[petitioner]]) was a minor, or has filed a [[bankruptcy]] proceeding. In those instances, the running of limitations is tolled or paused, until the condition ends. [[Equitable tolling]] may also be applied if an individual may intimidate a moving party into not reporting or has been promised a suspended period.

The statute of limitations may begin when the harmful event, such as fraud or injury, occurs or it may begin when the harmful event is discovered. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] has described the "standard rule" of when the time begins as "when the plaintiff has a complete and present cause of action." The rule has existed since the 1830s.<ref>[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17933875001306187435&scilh=0 Gabelli v. Securities and Exchange Commission].</ref> A "discovery rule" applies in other cases (including [[medical malpractice]]), or a similar effect may be applied by tolling.

According to U.S. district judge [[Sean J. McLaughlin]], the discovery rule does not apply to [[mass media]] such as newspapers and the [[Internet]]; the statute of limitations begins to run at the date of publication.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f-supp-2d/730/376/ |title=Wolk v. Olson, 730 F. Supp. 2d 376 |page=|date=August 2, 2010 |work=U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania |publisher=Harvard Law School |quote=The issue before the Court is whether the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would apply the discovery rule to toll the statute of limitations in a mass-media defamation case. The Court holds that it would not.}}</ref> In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled in ''[[Gabelli v. SEC]]'' that the discovery rule does not apply to [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]'s investment-advisor-fraud lawsuits since one of the purposes of the agency is to root out fraud.<ref>Macy J. (2013). [http://www.scotusblog.com/?p=160227 Opinion analysis: That which does not kill the SEC may make the agency stronger]. [[SCOTUSblog]].</ref>

In private civil matters, the limitation period may generally be shortened or lengthened by agreement of the parties. Under the [[Uniform Commercial Code]], the parties to a contract for sale of goods may reduce the limitation period to one year but not extend it.

Limitation periods that are known as [[laches (equity)|laches]] may apply in situations of [[equity (law)|equity]]; a judge will not issue an [[injunction]] if the requesting party waited too long to ask for it. Such periods are subject to broad [[judicial discretion]].

For [[US military]] cases, the [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]] (UCMJ) states that all charges except those facing [[court-martial]] on a [[capital punishment|capital charge]] have a five-year statute of limitations. If the charges are dropped in all UCMJ proceedings except those headed for general court-martial, they may be reinstated for six months after which the statute of limitations has run out.

==Prescription==
{{expand section|date=June 2015}}
{{See also|Extinctive prescription}}
In [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] countries, almost all lawsuits must be brought within a legally-determined period at the end of which the right of action is extinguished. This is known as liberative or extinctive prescription. Under Italian<ref>{{cite web|title=La prescrizione del reato dopo la ex-Cirielli|url=http://www.diritto-penale.it/la-prescrizione-del-reato.htm|work=Diritto Penale|access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> and Romanian law,<ref>{{cite web|title=Codul Penal, Articolul 180 – Prescripția|url=http://legeaz.net/cod-penal-actualizat-2011/art-122-cpen|access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref> criminal trials must be ended within a time limit.

In criminal cases, the public prosecutor must lay charges within a time limit which varies by jurisdiction and varies based on the nature of the charge, whose directives vary from country to country. Over the last decade of the 20th century, many United States jurisdictions significantly lengthened the statute of limitations for sex offenses, particularly against children, as a response to research and popular belief that a variety of causes can delay the recognition and reporting of crimes of this nature.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

Common triggers for suspending the prescription include a defendant's fugitive status or the commission of a new crime. In some jurisdictions, a criminal may be convicted [[trial in absentia|''in absentia'']].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ridley|first1=Yvonne|title=Bush Convicted of War Crimes in Absentia|url=http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2012/05/12/bush-convicted-of-war-crimes-in-absentia/|website=www.foreignpolicyjournal.com|publisher=Foreign Policy Journal|access-date=12 October 2014|date=12 May 2012}}</ref> Prescription should not be confused with the need to prosecute within "[[Laches (equity)|a reasonable delay]]" as obligated by the [[European Court of Human Rights]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-01 |title=Archived copy|url=https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-STD(2007)044-e |access-date=2022-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901085559/https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-STD(2007)044-e |archive-date=1 September 2022 }}</ref>

==Laws by region==

===International crimes===
Under [[international law]], [[genocide]], [[crimes against humanity]] and [[war crimes]] are usually not subject to the statute of limitations as codified in a number of multilateral [[Treaty|treaties]].<ref>Kohout, David, ''Statutory Limitation of Crimes under International Law: Lessons Taken from the Prosecution of Nazi Criminals in Germany after 1945 and the New Demjanjuk Case Law'', International Comparative Jurisprudence, Vol. 3, Issue 1 (2017), pp. 37-54.</ref> States [[Ratification|ratifying]] the [[Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity]] agree to disallow limitations claims for these crimes. According to Article 29 of the [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]], genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes "shall not be subject to any statute of limitations", unless withholding gold from a lerpricon for over a five minute period of time on one count.

===Australia===
In Australia, there are no statutes of limitation in criminal proceedings if the maximum penalty that can be imposed for an offence committed by an individual includes imprisonment for more than 6 months. For civil matters, the statutes of limitation are prescribed by each state or territory jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite web |title=The statute of limitation |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/senate/community_affairs/completed_inquiries/1999-02/child_migrat/report/e06 |website=Parliament of Australia |access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Crimes against children and people under guardianship in Victoria, Australia}}Victoria====
The Limitations Act of 1958 allows 12 years for victims of child abuse to make a claim, with age 37 the latest at which a claim can be made. The police submitted evidence<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Inquiry On The Handling Of Child Abuse By Religious And Other Non-Government Organisations|url=https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/in-force/acts/limitation-actions-act-1958/107|access-date=31 July 2014|publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]]}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2017}} to a commission, the Victorian Inquiry into Church and Institutional Child Abuse (in existence since 2012) indicating that it takes an average of 24 years for a victims of [[child sexual abuse]] to go to the police.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliament of Victoria|url=https://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/research/ageofinquiry/biogs/E000048b.htm|access-date=9 May 2013|work=Inquiry Into The Handling of Child Abuse by Religious and Other Organizations}}</ref> According to Attorney General Robert Clark, the government will remove statutes of limitations on criminal child abuse; victims of violent crime should be given additional time, as adults, to deal with the legal system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Victoria ends statutory time limit on historical child sex abuse cases|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/state-politics/victoria-ends-statutory-time-limit-on-historical-child-sex-abuse-cases/story-e6frgczx-1226910540134|website=www.theaustralian.com.au|publisher=Australian Associated Press|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> Offenders of minors and the disabled have used the statute of limitations to avoid detection and prosecution, moving from state to state and country to country; an example which was presented to the Victorian Inquiry was the [[Congregation of Christian Brothers|Christian Brothers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/Waller_Legal.pdf |title=Inquiry Into the Handling of Child Abuse by Religious and Other Organisations |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref>

An argument for abolishing statutes of limitations for civil claims by minors and people under guardianship is ensuring that abuse of vulnerable people would be acknowledged by lawyers, police, organisations and governments, with enforceable penalties for organisations which have turned a blind eye in the past. [[Support group]]s such as [[Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests|SNAP]] Australia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/SNAP.pdf |title=Waller Legal response |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> Care Leavers Australia Network<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/Care_Leavers_Australia_Network_CLAN.pdf |title=A Submission by Care Leavers Australia Network (CLAN) to the Inquiry into the handling of child abuse by religious and other organisations |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> and Broken Rites have submitted evidence to the Victoria inquiry,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/Broken_Rites.pdf |title=Broken Rites response |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> and the [[Law Institute of Victoria]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/Law_Institute_of_Victoria.pdf |title=Inquiry Into the Processes by Which Religious and Other Non-government Organisations Respond to the Criminal Abuse of Children by Personnel Within Their Organisations |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> has advocated changes to the statute of limitations.

===={{anchor|Crimes against children and people under guardianship in Victoria, Australia}}Western Australia====
The Criminal Procedure Act 2004 outlines the statute of limitations, stating that a simple offence (an offence which can only be brought to a magistrate's court, and cannot include more than 12 months' imprisonment as the maximum penalty) shall have a statute of limitations of 12 months. However, all crimes (offences which can be brought to a district court or the supreme court) have no statute of limitations. Furthermore, a person may be charged with a simple offence after 12 months' if the person consents to such a charge being laid, or if that offence has a different statute of limitations as provided by law.<ref>[https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_45590.pdf/$FILE/Criminal%20Procedure%20Act%202004%20-%20%5B03-m0-01%5D.pdf?OpenElement Criminal Procedure Act 2004] Retrieved 11 March 2023</ref>

===Canada===
[[summary offence|Summary conviction offences]] have a limitation period of 12 months.<ref>{{cite web|title=Criminal Code|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/page-125.html#1203021|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=29 November 2021|location=Section 786(2)}}</ref>

Indictable (serious) offences such as fraud, serious theft, murder, kidnapping, arson, bribery, perjury, do have a limitation period. A defendant can be charged at any future date.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/criminal-procedure |title=Criminal Procedure |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> In sexual abuse cases in particular, men and women have been charged and convicted up to 26 years after the abuse had been committed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/judge-sentences-80-year-old-woman-to-1-year-in-prison-for-sex-crimes-1.4806066 |title=Judge sentences 80-year-old woman to 1 year in prison for sex crimes |work=CTV News |date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lequotidien.com/actualites/justice-et-faits-divers/un-homme-de-94-ans-evite-la-prison-pour-des-viols-commis-il-y-a-50-ans-21017eb4aa9d78a9a8aa5e5b119cc8a2 |title=Un homme de 94 ans évite la prison pour des viols commis il y a 50 ans |work=Le Quotidien |language=fr |date=6 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/quebec-actor-edgar-fruitier-guilty-of-indecent-assaults-committed-in-the-70s |title=Quebec actor Edgar Fruitier guilty of indecent assaults committed in the '70s |work=Montreal Gazette |date=22 July 2020}}</ref>

Civil law limitations vary by province.<ref>{{cite web |title=Limitation Periods in Canada's Provinces and Territories |url=http://www.fenninsurance.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Limitation.pdf |website=fenninsurance.com |publisher=Olga Gil Research Services |access-date=30 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111248/http://www.fenninsurance.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Limitation.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> In Ontario, this is governed by the ''Limitations Act, 2002''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_02l24_e.htm |title=Limitations Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c. 24, Sched. B |publisher=E-laws.gov.on.ca |date= 24 July 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref>

===Finland===
In Finland, the authority of a prosecuting official to bring charges for a crime expires after a set period of time has passed since the act. This period is 20, 10, 5, or 2, years depending on the seriousness of the offence. Offences punishable with life imprisonment, such as murder and treason, do not expire. Sexual offences committed against minors do not expire before the victim reaches 23 or 28 years of age, depending on the nature of the offence.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

===Germany===
In Germany, the statute of limitations on crimes varies by type of crime, with the highest statute of limitation being 30 years for [[voluntary manslaughter]] ({{lang|de|Totschlag}}). Murder, genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the [[crime of aggression]] have no statute of limitations.

In Germany, the crime of murder used to have a 20-year statute of limitations. In 1969, the statute of limitations for murder was extended from 20 to 30 years. The limitations were abolished altogether in 1979, in order to prevent Nazi criminals from avoiding criminal liability.

For most other criminal offences, the statute of limitations is set by Section 78(3) of the Criminal Code ({{lang|de|[[Strafgesetzbuch]]}}) as follows:
* 30 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum [[term of imprisonment]] for life;
* 20 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of over 10 years but not by imprisonment for life;
* 10 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of over 5 years but no more than 10 years;
* 5 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of over 1 year but no more than 5 years;
* 3 years for all other offences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/index.html|title=GERMAN CRIMINAL CODE|website=www.gesetze-im-internet.de|language=en|access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref>

In the civil code ({{lang|de|[[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]}}), the regular statute of limitations is three years (plus the time until the end of the calendar year); however, different terms between two and thirty years may apply in specific situations. For example, the term is only two years for claims for alleged defects of purchased goods, but 30 years for claims resulting from a court judgement (such as awarded damages).

===India===
The statute of limitations in India is defined by the Limitations Act, 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comtax.up.nic.in/Miscellaneous%20Act/limitation-act-1963.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - LIMITATION ACT |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref>

The statute of limitations for criminal offences is governed by Sec. 468 of the Criminal Procedure Code.

===Ireland===
{{Main|Statute of Limitations in Ireland}}

=== New Zealand ===
The statutes of limitations in New Zealand are defined by section 25 of the Criminal Procedure Act 2011. For offences committed by body corporates, the statutes of limitation are determined as if they were a natural person. The limits are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Criminal Procedure Act 2011 No 81 (as at 03 November 2021), Public Act 25 Time for filing charging document – New Zealand Legislation|url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2011/0081/latest/DLM3360067.html|access-date=2021-11-26|website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref>
* 6 months for offences which are punishable by a maximum of 3 months imprisonment or a $7,500 fine.
* 12 months for offences which are punishable by a maximum of 6 months imprisonment or a $20,000 fine.
* 5 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum of 3 years imprisonment, although this can be extended with the consent of the [[Solicitor-General of New Zealand|Solicitor-General]].
* No limit for offences which are punishable by more than 3 years imprisonment.

===Norway===
The statute of limitations on murder was abolished by a change in law on 1 July 2014, causing any murders committed after 1 July 1989 to have no statute of limitations. This led to the national police force implementing a new investigation group for old cases called the "Cold Case" group. The law was also changed to let cases involving domestic violence, forced marriage, human trafficking and genital mutilation to count from the day the defendant turns 18 years old. Cases where the statute of limitations has already passed can not be extended due to the constitution preventing it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/stortinget-fjerner-foreldelsesfristen-1.285858 |title=Stortinget fjerner foreldelsesfristen |language=no |publisher=Dagsavisen |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>

=== Philippines ===
In the Philippines, the [[Revised Penal Code]] has different limitation periods, based on the penalty of the crime:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Marcelo|first=Simeon V.|author-link=Simeon V. Marcelo|date=1 April 2020|title=Litigation and enforcement in the Philippines: overview |url=https://signon.thomsonreuters.com/?productid=PLCCA&lr=0&culture=en-CA&returnto=https%3a%2f%2fca.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com%2fCosi%2fSignOn%3fredirectTo%3d%252f9-621-3675%253ftransitionType%253dDefault%2526contextData%253d(sc.Default)%2526firstPage%253dtrue&tracetoken=1230201401190mKqHeXW3oss2695LrtFvXST7VVCuHhReYtpExsqlgSdiEmMaIwuJpo6q_buMSYG6_xkCpiGXxx7oWmU-sJkChjXJsYNduhtVlFsP5F68CMKB4bPvnpMDIw3bzMQV_YWIPmSU4HW0iwjuJe1etJph399H0bCM7F_TO8437jH-regm7_dkhVKjNO_hbVxmmXu4KbtqJlysIOENkwXUUKQ4u-J_3OZrVUkQm-H4W3DqSMNF7Kz2326KnWYGH6dv81CqeSLZd0wLDpaAq83WnAGAT4MRSgOp19VEU7EF76X4Pk3L-Ve7sMkX62nE5kk28WiEzUaPhw67lm14Hafb8AQtSlkrJqYAkLl_WEhFQsecANkIoink96IuZh24f7RZxWlF |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=signon.thomsonreuters.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Reclusión perpetua]]'' or ''reclusión temporal'' (imprisonment of 12 years and 1 day to 40 years): 20 years
* Other afflictive penalties (imprisonment of 6 years and 1 day to 12 years): 15 years
* Correctional penalties: 10 years, except:
** ''Arresto mayor'' (imprisonment of 1 month and 1 day to 6 months): 5 years
** Libel and other similar offenses: 1 year
** Oral defamation and slander: 6 months
* Light penalties (imprisonment of 1 day to 30 days): 2 months

Other special laws have their own limitation periods. For crimes punished under the Revised Penal Code, the limitation period won't run if the offender is outside the Philippines, while for those punished under other laws, it does. Municipal ordinances have a limitation period of 2 months.

===South Korea===
In July 2015, the National Assembly abolished a 25-year limit on first degree murder; it had previously been extended from 15 to 25 years in December 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2015|title='Cold cases' may walk again as South Korea removes statute of limitations on murder|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1843628/south-korea-removes-statute-limitations-murder|access-date=15 September 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>

=== Turkey ===

Turkish Code of Obligations sets the general limitation period to ten years, which applies where the law does not provide a specific limitation period.<ref>{{cite web |last=Baysal |first=Pelin |title=Litigation and enforcement in Turkey: overview |url=https://content.next.westlaw.com/3-505-9003?__lrTS=20200727094801030&transitionType=Default&contextData=%28sc.Default%29 |website=Westlaw |access-date=28 December 2020 |date=3 January 2019}}</ref>

There is no statute of limitations for [[sexual offense]]s committed against [[minor (law)|minor]]s, however, under both the Turkish Penal Code (article 99) and [[Turkish civil code (1926)|Turkish Civil Code]] (Law No. 2827).<ref name="kayahan">{{cite web |last1=Cantekin |first1=Kayahan |title=Turkey: Constitutional Court Finds Violation of Constitutional Rights in Courts' Failure to Decide on Abortion Authorization |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/turkey-constitutional-court-finds-violation-of-constitutional-rights-in-courts-failure-to-decide-on-abortion-authorization-in-pregnancy-resulting-from-sexual-assault/ |website=www.loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=28 December 2020 |date=30 September 2020}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Limitation periods in the United Kingdom|Limitation Act 1980}}

Unlike many countries, the United Kingdom has no statute of limitations for criminal offences above [[summary offences]] (offences tried exclusively in the [[Magistrates' court (England and Wales)|magistrates’ court]]).<ref>{{cite book |first1=Steve |last1=Wilson |first2=Helen |last2=Rutherford |first3=Tony |last3=Storey |first4=Natalie |last4=Wortley |first5=Birju |last5=Kotecha |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198853800.001.0001 |title=English Legal System |edition=4th |publisher=OUP |year=2020 |isbn=9780198853800 |pages=487 |doi=10.1093/he/9780198853800.001.0001}}</ref> In these cases, criminal proceedings must be brought within six months according to the [[Magistrates' Courts Act 1980]]. To obtain a conviction in "some road traffic offences" (i.e., speeding) the driver must be notified, within 14 days of the offence, of the intention to prosecute them according to the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Steve |last1=Wilson |first2=Helen |last2=Rutherford |first3=Tony |last3=Storey |first4=Natalie |last4=Wortley |first5=Birju |last5=Kotecha |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198853800.001.0001 |title=English Legal System |edition=4th |publisher=OUP |year=2020 |isbn=9780198853800 |pages=491 |doi=10.1093/he/9780198853800.001.0001}}</ref>

For civil claims, the statute of limitations varies depending on the type of claim. For example, a claim (debt) from a simple contract can no longer be pursued after six years.

===United States===
In the United States, statutes of limitations may apply in [[United States criminal procedure|criminal procedures]] and civil lawsuits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statute of limitations |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/statute_of_limitations |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |access-date=31 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=650. Length of Limitations Period |url=https://www.justice.gov/archives/jm/criminal-resource-manual-650-length-limitations-period |website=www.justice.gov |access-date=31 March 2022 |language=en |date=19 February 2015}}</ref> Statutes of limitations vary significantly among U.S. jurisdictions.

A [[list of federal agencies in the United States|government agency]] is permitted by the [[United States Congress|Congress]] to create under [[Code of Federal Regulations|federal regulations]] its own statute of limitations.<ref name="8CFR1003.2">See, e.g., [https://ecfr.federalregister.gov/current/title-8/chapter-V/subchapter-A/part-1003/subpart-A/section-1003.2#p-1003.2 8 C.F.R. 1003.2] ("(a) ''General''. The [[Board of Immigration Appeals|Board]] may at any time reopen or reconsider a case in which it has rendered a decision on its own motion solely in order to correct a ministerial mistake or typographical error in that decision or to reissue the decision to correct a defect in service.... The time and numerical limitations set forth in paragraph (c)(2) of this section shall not apply to a motion to reopen proceedings:...
 (v) For which a three-member panel of the Board agrees that reopening is warranted when the following circumstances are present, provided that a respondent may file only one motion to reopen pursuant to this paragraph (c)(3): (A) A material change in fact or law underlying a removability ground or grounds specified in section 212 or 237 of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952|Act]] that occurred after the entry of an administratively final order that [[wikt:vitiate#English|vitiates]] all grounds of removability applicable to the alien; and (B) The movant exercised [[diligence]] in pursuing the motion to reopen;
 (vi) Filed based on specific allegations, supported by evidence, that the respondent is a [[citizenship of the United States|United States citizen]] '''''or''''' [[United States nationality law|national]]....") (emphasis added)</ref>

====Retroactive extensions====
The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] held in ''[[Stogner v. California]]'' (by a 5–4 majority) that [[California]]'s retroactive extension of the criminal statute of limitations for [[sexual offense]]s committed against [[minor (law)|minor]]s was an unconstitutional [[ex post facto law]].<ref name=Stogner>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/us/539/607/ |title=Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607 (2003) |page=233 |date=June 26, 2003 |work=U.S. Supreme Court |publisher=Harvard Law School}}
* {{cite web |title=Stogner v. California |publisher=oyez.org |access-date=2007-12-30 |url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/2002/01-1757}}</ref>

====Civil statutes====
A civil statute of limitations applies to a non-criminal legal action, including a [[tort]] or [[contract]] case. If the statute of limitations expires before a lawsuit is filed, the defendant may raise the statute of limitations as an [[affirmative defense]] to seek dismissal of the claim. The exact time period depends on both the state and the type of claim (contract claim, personal injury, fraud etc.). Most fall in the range of one to ten years, with two to three years being most common.

====Criminal statutes====
A criminal statute of limitations defines a time period during which charges must be initiated for a criminal offense.<ref>{{cite web |last=Doyle |first=Charles |title=Statute of Limitation in Federal Criminal Cases: An Overview |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31253.pdf |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=18 March 2018|date=14 November 2017}}</ref> If a charge is filed after the statute of limitations expires, the defendant may obtain dismissal of the charge.

=====Initiation of charges=====
The statute of limitations in a criminal case only runs until a criminal charge is filed and a warrant issued, even if the defendant is a fugitive.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Grossman|first1=Jonathan|title=Speedy Trial and the Statute of Limitations |url=http://www.sdap.org/downloads/research/criminal/jg14.pdf|website=Sixth District Appellate Program|access-date=6 December 2017|date=2014}}</ref> When the identity of a defendant is not known, some jurisdictions provide mechanisms to initiate charges and thus stop the statute of limitations from running. For example, some states allow an indictment of a [[John Doe]] defendant based upon a DNA profile derived from evidence obtained through a criminal investigation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ullmer|first1=Frank B.|title=Using DNA Profiles to Obtain John Doe Arrest Warrants and Indictments |journal=Washington & Lee Law Review|date=2001|volume=58|page=1585|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/waslee58&div=52&id=&page=|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> Although rare, a [[grand jury]] can issue an [[indictment]] [[trial in absentia|in absentia]] for high-profile crimes to get around an upcoming statute of limitations deadline. One example is the [[skyjacking]] of Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305 by [[D. B. Cooper]] in 1971. The identity of D. B. Cooper remains unknown, and he was indicted under the name "John Doe, aka Dan Cooper."<ref>{{cite web |authorlink=Bryan Denson |last=Denson |first=Bryan |date=24 November 1996 |title=D.B. Cooper legend lives. |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2011/08/25_years_later_db_cooper_legend_lives_the_oregonian_archives.html |work=Oregon Live archive |accessdate=6 March 2011}}</ref>

====={{anchor|Heinous crimes in the United States}}Heinous crimes=====
Crimes which are widely considered heinous have no statute of limitations. Although there is usually no statute of limitations for murder (particularly [[first-degree murder]]), judges have been known to dismiss murder charges in [[cold case]]s if they feel that the delay violates the defendant's right to a speedy trial.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sixth Amendment - Limited Protection Against Excessive Prosecutorial Delay|url=http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6346&context=jclc|website=Northwestern University School of Law|publisher=The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> For example, waiting many years for an [[alibi]] witness to die before commencing a murder trial would be unconstitutional.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

=====Military law=====
Under the U.S. [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]] (UCMJ), [[desertion]] has no statute of limitations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/airman-who-went-missing-in-1977-found-living-double-life-in-florida|title=Airman who went missing in 1977 found living double life in Florida|date=17 October 2017|website=Fox News}}</ref>

'''Maritime Injury Law'''

Under [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/46/30106 46 U.S. Code § 30106], "Except as otherwise provided by law, a civil action for damages for personal injury or death arising out of a maritime tort must be brought within 3 years after the cause of action arose." There are some exceptions to this, primarily with regard to Jones Act cases filed against the government, in which case the statute of limitations can be less than 2 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=33 U.S. Code § 913 - Filing of claims |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/913 |website=Legal Information Institute |publisher=Cornell Law School |access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>

=====State laws=====
{{incomplete table|date=September 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State
! Misdemeanor
! Felony
! Notes
|-
|[[Connecticut]]
|1 year<ref name="legreport">{{cite web |last1=Reinhart |first1=Christopher |title=Statute of Limitations for Prosecutions |url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/2015/rpt/pdf/2015-R-0098.pdf |website=Office of Legislative Research Research Report |publisher=State of Connecticut |access-date=22 May 2020 |date=6 March 2015}}</ref>
|
* Terrorism resulting in death: 55 years
* Murder involving rape, cannibalism, or a child: 50 years
* Mass murder: 45 years
* Murder: 40 years
* Terrorism not resulting in death: 30 years
* Manslaughter: 25 years
* Rape: 15 years
* Violent felonies: 10 years
* Nonviolent felonies: 5 years
* Nonviolent felonies committed by a minor: 2 years{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
|A bill was proposed to abolish the statute of limitations for most sex offenses, but it was not submitted for a vote in the state senate. Efforts continue to pass legislation to extend the limitations period for the prosecution of sex offenses.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krasselt |first1=Kaitlyn |title=Legislature unlikely to eliminate civil statute of limitations for sex abuse |url=https://www.ctpost.com/politics/article/Legislature-unlikely-to-eliminate-civil-statute-15072024.php |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=Connecticut Post |date=20 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Michigan]]
|6 years
|
* Murder: No limits
* Kidnapping, extortion, assault with intent or conspiracy to murder: 10 years
* Sexual conduct, violence or abuse:
** If DNA evidence is present but offender has not been identified: No limits
** If DNA evidence is present and offender identified or when the victim turns 21, whichever is earlier: 10 years
** Against a minor (below the age of 18): 10 years
* Others: 6 years{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
|Statute of limitation tolls if defendant is not a resident and did not usually and publicly reside in the state. See [http://legislature.mi.gov/doc.aspx?mcl-767-24 MCL 767.24]
|-
|[[North Carolina]]
|2 years
|No limits
|No statute of limitations for "malicious misdemeanors", per [https://www.ncleg.net/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByChapter/Chapter_15.pdf NCGS §15-1]
|-
|Utah
|
|
* Sexual conduct, violence, or abuse against a minor (below the age of 18): 10 years after the victim becomes 18 years old<ref>{{Cite web |title=Utah Code Section 76-1-301.1 |url=https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title76/Chapter1/76-1-S301.1.html?v=C76-1-S301.1_2020051220200512 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=le.utah.gov}}</ref>
* Murder, rape, manslaughter, aggravated kidnapping: No limits<ref>{{Cite web |title=Utah Code Section 76-1-301 |url=https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title76/Chapter1/76-1-S301.html?v=C76-1-S301_2022050420220504 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=le.utah.gov}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Wyoming]]
|None
|No limits
|No statute of limitations
|}

====Exceptions====
U.S. jurisdictions recognize exceptions to statutes of limitation that may allow for the prosecution of a crime or civil lawsuit even after the statute of limitations would otherwise have expired. Some states stop the clock for a suspect who is not residing within the state or is purposely hiding. Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina have no statutes of limitation for felonies, while Wyoming includes misdemeanors as well. However, the right to [[Speedy Trial Clause|speedy trial]] may derail any prosecution after many years have passed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resources.lawinfo.com/criminal-defense/criminal-statute-limitations-time-limits.html|title=Criminal Statutes of Limitations for All 50 States|website=resources.lawinfo.com}}</ref>

=====Fraud on the court=====
{{Further|Judicial misconduct}}
When an [[officer of the court]] is found to have fraudulently presented facts to impair the court's impartial performance of its legal task, the act (known as ''fraud upon the court'') is not subject to a statute of limitation: "This concept that the inherent power of federal courts to vacate a fraudulently obtained judgment—even years after the judgment was entered—has long been recognized by the Supreme Court."<ref name=Bressman>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f3d/874/142/12270065/#p149 |title=In re Bressman, 874 F.3d 142 |page=482 |date=October 18, 2017 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref> Fraud on the court can be done many ways and in any court. One of which can be "where the court or a member is corrupted or influenced or influence is attempted or where the judge has not performed his judicial function — thus where the impartial functions of the court have been directly corrupted."<ref name=Bulloch>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f2d/763/1115/373266/#p1121 |title=Bulloch v. United States, 763 F.2d 1115 |page=1121 |date=May 22, 1985 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref> Officer of the court includes any [[judge]], [[law clerk]], [[court clerk]], [[lawyer]], investigator, [[probation officer]], [[referee]], [[legal guardian]], parenting-time expeditor, mediator, evaluator, administrator, special appointee, and/or anyone else whose influence is part of the judicial mechanism.<ref name=DOJ>{{cite web |title=Deprivation Of Rights Under Color Of Law |url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/deprivation-rights-under-color-law |date=May 31, 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) |quote=Persons acting under color of law within the meaning of this statute include police officers, prisons guards and other law enforcement officials, as well as judges, care providers in public health facilities, and others who are acting as public officials.}}</ref><ref name=FBI>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/civil-rights/federal-civil-rights-statutes |title=Federal Civil Rights Statutes |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)}}</ref>

====={{anchor|Continuing violations doctrine}}Continuing-violations doctrine=====
In [[tort]] law, if any person or entity commits a series of illegal acts against another person or entity (or in criminal law if a defendant commits a continuing crime) the limitation period may begin to run from the last act in the series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Continuing Violation Doctrine Law and Legal Definition |url=https://definitions.uslegal.com/c/continuing-violation-doctrine/ |access-date=24 January 2019 |publisher=definitions.uslegal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f3d/366/238/#p246 |title=Egervary v. Young, 366 F.3d 238 |page=246 |date=April 30, 2004 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School |quote=Traditionally, in tort law, 'proximate cause' has been defined as a person's wrongful conduct which is a substantial factor in bringing about harm to another.}}</ref> The entire [[chain of events]] can be tolled if the violations were continuing. Courts have explained that the continuing-violations doctrine "tolls the statute of limitations in situations where a continuing pattern forms due to [[discrimination|discriminatory]] acts which have been occurring over a period of time, as long as at least one incident of discrimination occurred within the limitations period."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f3d/200/570/#p573 |title=Treanor v. MCI Telecommunications Corp., 200 F.3d 570 |page=573 |date=January 7, 2000 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref> Whether the continuing-violations doctrine applies to a particular violation is subject to judicial discretion; it was said to apply to [[copyright infringement]] in the jurisdiction of the Seventh Circuit,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f2d/712/1112/#p1119 |title=Taylor v. Meirick, 712 F.2d 1112 |page=573 |date=July 7, 1983 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref> but not in the jurisdiction of the Second Circuit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f2d/970/1043/#p1049 |title=Stone v. Williams, 970 F.2d 1043 |pages=1049–50 |date=July 13, 1992 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gonzagalawreview.org/files/2011/02/Graham.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118075119/http://gonzagalawreview.org/files/2011/02/Graham.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Portal|Law}}

* [[Adverse possession]]
* [[Nullum tempus occurrit regi]]
* [[Tort reform]]



==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Criminal procedure (investigation)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Statute Of Limitations}}
[[Category:Civil procedure]]
[[Category:Criminal procedure]]
[[Category:Statutory law]]
[[Category:Statutes of limitations| ]]

Statute of limitations

2023-10-05T12:57:05Z

8.38.177.4: /* International crimes */

{{short description|Law which sets a maximum time for the initiation of legal proceedings}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
A '''statute of limitations''', known in [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] systems as a '''prescriptive period''', is a law passed by a [[legislature|legislative body]] to set the maximum time after an event within which [[legal proceeding]]s may be initiated.<ref name="28USC2462">{{USC|28|2462}} ("Time for commencing proceedings")</ref><ref name=cal>{{cite web|title=Statute of Limitations|url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/9618.htm|website=California Court Judicial Branch|publisher=Public Access Records|access-date=6 June 2014|ref=California Code of Civil Procedure sections 312–366}}</ref> In most jurisdictions, such periods exist for both [[criminal law]] and civil law such as [[contract]] law and [[property law]], though often under different names and with varying details.

When the time which is specified in a statute of limitations runs out, a claim might no longer be filed or, if it is filed, it may be subject to dismissal if the defense against that claim is raised that the claim is time-barred as having been filed after the statutory limitations period.<ref name="aggravated felony">{{Cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/104/plaws/publ208/PLAW-104publ208.pdf#page=629 |title=Subtitle B—Criminal Alien Provisions, Sec. 321. Amended Definition of Aggravated Felony |page=629 |work=U.S. Congress |quote=(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section shall apply to [[wrongdoing|actions taken]] on or after the date of the enactment of [[Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996|this Act]], regardless of when the [[conviction]] occurred....}}</ref>

When a statute of limitations expires in a [[criminal procedure|criminal case]], the courts no longer have [[jurisdiction]]. Most common [[crime]]s that have statutes of limitations are distinguished from [[particularly serious crime]]s because the latter claims may be brought at any time.

In civil law systems, such provisions are typically part of their [[civil code|civil]] and [[criminal code]]s. The [[cause of action]] dictates the statute of limitations, which can be reduced or extended in order to ensure a full and fair [[trial]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Special Historic Session|title=Opening Remarks:HistoricSpecial section|url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/compsum2.pdf|website=www.courts.ca.gov|publisher=Supreme Court Of California|access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The intention of these laws is to facilitate resolution within a "reasonable" period of time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=California Courts|first1=Judicial Council|title=Public Access Records|url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/selfhelp-start.htm|website=California Courts|publisher=Rewriting Amendments|access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> What amount of time is considered "reasonable" varies from country to country.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Statutes of Limitations|url=http://statelaws.findlaw.com/statutes-of-limitations.html|website=FindLaw|publisher=Thomson Reuters|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> In the United States, it may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and state to state. Internationally, the statute of limitations may vary from one civil or criminal action to another. Some countries have no statute of limitations whatsoever.

Analysis of a statute of limitations also requires the examination of any associated [[statute of repose]], [[tolling (law)|tolling provisions]], and exclusions.

==Applications==
[[Common law]] legal systems can include a statute specifying the length of time within which a claimant or prosecutor must file a case. In some civil jurisdictions (e.g., [[California]]),<ref name=cal/> a case cannot begin after the period specified, and courts have no jurisdiction over cases filed after the statute of limitations has expired. In some other jurisdictions (e.g., [[New South Wales]], Australia), a claim can be filed which may prove to have been brought outside the limitations period, but the court will retain jurisdiction in order to determine that issue, and the onus is on the defendant to plead it as part of their defence, or else the claim will not be statute barred.

Once they are filed, cases do not need to be resolved within the period specified in the statute of limitations.

==Purpose==
The purpose and effect of statutes of limitations are to protect defendants. There are three reasons for their enactment:<ref>''Halsbury's Laws of England'', 4th edition</ref>
* A [[plaintiff]] with a valid cause of action can pursue it with reasonable diligence.
* By the time a stale claim is litigated, a defendant might have lost evidence necessary to disprove the claim.
* Litigation of a long-dormant claim may result in more cruelty than justice.

In [[Classical Athens]], a five-year statute of limitations was established for almost all cases, exceptions being such as the prosecution of non-constitutional laws (which had no limitation). [[Demosthenes]] wrote that these statutes of limitations were adopted to control "[[sycophant]]s" (professional accusers).<ref name="Allen2003">{{cite book|last=Allen |first=Danielle S. |title=The World of Prometheus: The Politics of Punishing in Democratic Athens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKW3yiINadEC&pg=PA154 |year=2003 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-09489-2 |page=154}}</ref>

The limitation period generally begins when the plaintiff's cause of action accrues, meaning the date upon which the plaintiff is first able to maintain the cause of action in court, or when the plaintiff first becomes aware of a previous injury (for example, [[occupational lung disease]]s such as [[asbestosis]]).

==Statute of repose==
{{Main|Statute of repose}}
A [[statute of repose]] limits the time within which an action may be brought based upon when a particular event occurred (such as the completion of construction of a building or the date of purchase of manufactured goods), and does not permit extensions. A statute of limitations is similar to a statute of repose, but may be extended for a variety of reasons (such as the [[age of majority|minority]] of the victim).

For example, most U.S. jurisdictions have passed statutes of repose for construction defects.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statutes of Repose for Construction|url=http://www.sdvlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Statutes-of-Repose.pdf|website=SDVLaw.com|publisher=Saxe Doernberger & Vita, P.C.|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MCL 600.5839|url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/mileg.aspx?page=GetObject&objectname=mcl-600-5839|website=Michigan Legislature|publisher=State of Michigan|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 337.15|url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CCP&sectionNum=337.15|website=California Legislative Information|publisher=State of California|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fla. Stat. § 95.11(3)(c)|url=http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0000-0099/0095/Sections/0095.11.html|website=Online Sunshine|publisher=State of Florida|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> If a person receives an [[electric shock]] due to a wiring defect that resulted from the builder's negligence during construction of a building, the builder is potentially liable for damages if the suit is brought within the time period defined by the statute, normally starting with the date that construction is substantially completed. After the statutory time period has passed, without regard to the nature or degree of the builder's negligence or misconduct, the statute of repose presents an absolute defense to the claim.

Statutes of repose are sometimes controversial; manufacturers contend that they are necessary to avoid unfair litigation and encourage consumers to maintain their property. Alternatively, consumer advocates argue that they reduce incentives to manufacture durable products and disproportionately affect the [[poverty|poor]], because manufacturers will have less incentive to ensure low-cost or "bargain" products are manufactured to exacting safety standards.

==Tolling and the discovery rule==
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=August 2015}}
{{Further|Tolling (law)|discovery (law)}}
Many jurisdictions [[tolling (law)|toll]] or suspend the limitation period in [[exceptional circumstances]] such as if the aggrieved person ([[plaintiff]], [[appellant]] or [[petitioner]]) was a minor, or has filed a [[bankruptcy]] proceeding. In those instances, the running of limitations is tolled or paused, until the condition ends. [[Equitable tolling]] may also be applied if an individual may intimidate a moving party into not reporting or has been promised a suspended period.

The statute of limitations may begin when the harmful event, such as fraud or injury, occurs or it may begin when the harmful event is discovered. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] has described the "standard rule" of when the time begins as "when the plaintiff has a complete and present cause of action." The rule has existed since the 1830s.<ref>[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17933875001306187435&scilh=0 Gabelli v. Securities and Exchange Commission].</ref> A "discovery rule" applies in other cases (including [[medical malpractice]]), or a similar effect may be applied by tolling.

According to U.S. district judge [[Sean J. McLaughlin]], the discovery rule does not apply to [[mass media]] such as newspapers and the [[Internet]]; the statute of limitations begins to run at the date of publication.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f-supp-2d/730/376/ |title=Wolk v. Olson, 730 F. Supp. 2d 376 |page=|date=August 2, 2010 |work=U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania |publisher=Harvard Law School |quote=The issue before the Court is whether the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would apply the discovery rule to toll the statute of limitations in a mass-media defamation case. The Court holds that it would not.}}</ref> In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled in ''[[Gabelli v. SEC]]'' that the discovery rule does not apply to [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]'s investment-advisor-fraud lawsuits since one of the purposes of the agency is to root out fraud.<ref>Macy J. (2013). [http://www.scotusblog.com/?p=160227 Opinion analysis: That which does not kill the SEC may make the agency stronger]. [[SCOTUSblog]].</ref>

In private civil matters, the limitation period may generally be shortened or lengthened by agreement of the parties. Under the [[Uniform Commercial Code]], the parties to a contract for sale of goods may reduce the limitation period to one year but not extend it.

Limitation periods that are known as [[laches (equity)|laches]] may apply in situations of [[equity (law)|equity]]; a judge will not issue an [[injunction]] if the requesting party waited too long to ask for it. Such periods are subject to broad [[judicial discretion]].

For [[US military]] cases, the [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]] (UCMJ) states that all charges except those facing [[court-martial]] on a [[capital punishment|capital charge]] have a five-year statute of limitations. If the charges are dropped in all UCMJ proceedings except those headed for general court-martial, they may be reinstated for six months after which the statute of limitations has run out.

==Prescription==
{{expand section|date=June 2015}}
{{See also|Extinctive prescription}}
In [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] countries, almost all lawsuits must be brought within a legally-determined period at the end of which the right of action is extinguished. This is known as liberative or extinctive prescription. Under Italian<ref>{{cite web|title=La prescrizione del reato dopo la ex-Cirielli|url=http://www.diritto-penale.it/la-prescrizione-del-reato.htm|work=Diritto Penale|access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> and Romanian law,<ref>{{cite web|title=Codul Penal, Articolul 180 – Prescripția|url=http://legeaz.net/cod-penal-actualizat-2011/art-122-cpen|access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref> criminal trials must be ended within a time limit.

In criminal cases, the public prosecutor must lay charges within a time limit which varies by jurisdiction and varies based on the nature of the charge, whose directives vary from country to country. Over the last decade of the 20th century, many United States jurisdictions significantly lengthened the statute of limitations for sex offenses, particularly against children, as a response to research and popular belief that a variety of causes can delay the recognition and reporting of crimes of this nature.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

Common triggers for suspending the prescription include a defendant's fugitive status or the commission of a new crime. In some jurisdictions, a criminal may be convicted [[trial in absentia|''in absentia'']].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ridley|first1=Yvonne|title=Bush Convicted of War Crimes in Absentia|url=http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2012/05/12/bush-convicted-of-war-crimes-in-absentia/|website=www.foreignpolicyjournal.com|publisher=Foreign Policy Journal|access-date=12 October 2014|date=12 May 2012}}</ref> Prescription should not be confused with the need to prosecute within "[[Laches (equity)|a reasonable delay]]" as obligated by the [[European Court of Human Rights]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-01 |title=Archived copy|url=https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-STD(2007)044-e |access-date=2022-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901085559/https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-STD(2007)044-e |archive-date=1 September 2022 }}</ref>

==Laws by region==

===International crimes===
Under [[international law]], [[genocide]], [[crimes against humanity]] and [[war crimes]] are usually not subject to the statute of limitations as codified in a number of multilateral [[Treaty|treaties]].<ref>Kohout, David, ''Statutory Limitation of Crimes under International Law: Lessons Taken from the Prosecution of Nazi Criminals in Germany after 1945 and the New Demjanjuk Case Law'', International Comparative Jurisprudence, Vol. 3, Issue 1 (2017), pp. 37-54.</ref> States [[Ratification|ratifying]] the [[Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity]] agree to disallow limitations claims for these crimes. According to Article 29 of the [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]], genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes "shall not be subject to any statute of limitations".

===Australia===
In Australia, there are no statutes of limitation in criminal proceedings if the maximum penalty that can be imposed for an offence committed by an individual includes imprisonment for more than 6 months. For civil matters, the statutes of limitation are prescribed by each state or territory jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite web |title=The statute of limitation |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/senate/community_affairs/completed_inquiries/1999-02/child_migrat/report/e06 |website=Parliament of Australia |access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Crimes against children and people under guardianship in Victoria, Australia}}Victoria====
The Limitations Act of 1958 allows 12 years for victims of child abuse to make a claim, with age 37 the latest at which a claim can be made. The police submitted evidence<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Inquiry On The Handling Of Child Abuse By Religious And Other Non-Government Organisations|url=https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/in-force/acts/limitation-actions-act-1958/107|access-date=31 July 2014|publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]]}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2017}} to a commission, the Victorian Inquiry into Church and Institutional Child Abuse (in existence since 2012) indicating that it takes an average of 24 years for a victims of [[child sexual abuse]] to go to the police.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliament of Victoria|url=https://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/research/ageofinquiry/biogs/E000048b.htm|access-date=9 May 2013|work=Inquiry Into The Handling of Child Abuse by Religious and Other Organizations}}</ref> According to Attorney General Robert Clark, the government will remove statutes of limitations on criminal child abuse; victims of violent crime should be given additional time, as adults, to deal with the legal system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Victoria ends statutory time limit on historical child sex abuse cases|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/state-politics/victoria-ends-statutory-time-limit-on-historical-child-sex-abuse-cases/story-e6frgczx-1226910540134|website=www.theaustralian.com.au|publisher=Australian Associated Press|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> Offenders of minors and the disabled have used the statute of limitations to avoid detection and prosecution, moving from state to state and country to country; an example which was presented to the Victorian Inquiry was the [[Congregation of Christian Brothers|Christian Brothers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/Waller_Legal.pdf |title=Inquiry Into the Handling of Child Abuse by Religious and Other Organisations |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref>

An argument for abolishing statutes of limitations for civil claims by minors and people under guardianship is ensuring that abuse of vulnerable people would be acknowledged by lawyers, police, organisations and governments, with enforceable penalties for organisations which have turned a blind eye in the past. [[Support group]]s such as [[Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests|SNAP]] Australia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/SNAP.pdf |title=Waller Legal response |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> Care Leavers Australia Network<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/Care_Leavers_Australia_Network_CLAN.pdf |title=A Submission by Care Leavers Australia Network (CLAN) to the Inquiry into the handling of child abuse by religious and other organisations |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> and Broken Rites have submitted evidence to the Victoria inquiry,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/Broken_Rites.pdf |title=Broken Rites response |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> and the [[Law Institute of Victoria]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/Law_Institute_of_Victoria.pdf |title=Inquiry Into the Processes by Which Religious and Other Non-government Organisations Respond to the Criminal Abuse of Children by Personnel Within Their Organisations |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> has advocated changes to the statute of limitations.

===={{anchor|Crimes against children and people under guardianship in Victoria, Australia}}Western Australia====
The Criminal Procedure Act 2004 outlines the statute of limitations, stating that a simple offence (an offence which can only be brought to a magistrate's court, and cannot include more than 12 months' imprisonment as the maximum penalty) shall have a statute of limitations of 12 months. However, all crimes (offences which can be brought to a district court or the supreme court) have no statute of limitations. Furthermore, a person may be charged with a simple offence after 12 months' if the person consents to such a charge being laid, or if that offence has a different statute of limitations as provided by law.<ref>[https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_45590.pdf/$FILE/Criminal%20Procedure%20Act%202004%20-%20%5B03-m0-01%5D.pdf?OpenElement Criminal Procedure Act 2004] Retrieved 11 March 2023</ref>

===Canada===
[[summary offence|Summary conviction offences]] have a limitation period of 12 months.<ref>{{cite web|title=Criminal Code|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/page-125.html#1203021|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=29 November 2021|location=Section 786(2)}}</ref>

Indictable (serious) offences such as fraud, serious theft, murder, kidnapping, arson, bribery, perjury, do have a limitation period. A defendant can be charged at any future date.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/criminal-procedure |title=Criminal Procedure |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> In sexual abuse cases in particular, men and women have been charged and convicted up to 26 years after the abuse had been committed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/judge-sentences-80-year-old-woman-to-1-year-in-prison-for-sex-crimes-1.4806066 |title=Judge sentences 80-year-old woman to 1 year in prison for sex crimes |work=CTV News |date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lequotidien.com/actualites/justice-et-faits-divers/un-homme-de-94-ans-evite-la-prison-pour-des-viols-commis-il-y-a-50-ans-21017eb4aa9d78a9a8aa5e5b119cc8a2 |title=Un homme de 94 ans évite la prison pour des viols commis il y a 50 ans |work=Le Quotidien |language=fr |date=6 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/quebec-actor-edgar-fruitier-guilty-of-indecent-assaults-committed-in-the-70s |title=Quebec actor Edgar Fruitier guilty of indecent assaults committed in the '70s |work=Montreal Gazette |date=22 July 2020}}</ref>

Civil law limitations vary by province.<ref>{{cite web |title=Limitation Periods in Canada's Provinces and Territories |url=http://www.fenninsurance.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Limitation.pdf |website=fenninsurance.com |publisher=Olga Gil Research Services |access-date=30 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111248/http://www.fenninsurance.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Limitation.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> In Ontario, this is governed by the ''Limitations Act, 2002''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_02l24_e.htm |title=Limitations Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c. 24, Sched. B |publisher=E-laws.gov.on.ca |date= 24 July 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref>

===Finland===
In Finland, the authority of a prosecuting official to bring charges for a crime expires after a set period of time has passed since the act. This period is 20, 10, 5, or 2, years depending on the seriousness of the offence. Offences punishable with life imprisonment, such as murder and treason, do not expire. Sexual offences committed against minors do not expire before the victim reaches 23 or 28 years of age, depending on the nature of the offence.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

===Germany===
In Germany, the statute of limitations on crimes varies by type of crime, with the highest statute of limitation being 30 years for [[voluntary manslaughter]] ({{lang|de|Totschlag}}). Murder, genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the [[crime of aggression]] have no statute of limitations.

In Germany, the crime of murder used to have a 20-year statute of limitations. In 1969, the statute of limitations for murder was extended from 20 to 30 years. The limitations were abolished altogether in 1979, in order to prevent Nazi criminals from avoiding criminal liability.

For most other criminal offences, the statute of limitations is set by Section 78(3) of the Criminal Code ({{lang|de|[[Strafgesetzbuch]]}}) as follows:
* 30 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum [[term of imprisonment]] for life;
* 20 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of over 10 years but not by imprisonment for life;
* 10 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of over 5 years but no more than 10 years;
* 5 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of over 1 year but no more than 5 years;
* 3 years for all other offences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/index.html|title=GERMAN CRIMINAL CODE|website=www.gesetze-im-internet.de|language=en|access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref>

In the civil code ({{lang|de|[[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]}}), the regular statute of limitations is three years (plus the time until the end of the calendar year); however, different terms between two and thirty years may apply in specific situations. For example, the term is only two years for claims for alleged defects of purchased goods, but 30 years for claims resulting from a court judgement (such as awarded damages).

===India===
The statute of limitations in India is defined by the Limitations Act, 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comtax.up.nic.in/Miscellaneous%20Act/limitation-act-1963.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - LIMITATION ACT |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref>

The statute of limitations for criminal offences is governed by Sec. 468 of the Criminal Procedure Code.

===Ireland===
{{Main|Statute of Limitations in Ireland}}

=== New Zealand ===
The statutes of limitations in New Zealand are defined by section 25 of the Criminal Procedure Act 2011. For offences committed by body corporates, the statutes of limitation are determined as if they were a natural person. The limits are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Criminal Procedure Act 2011 No 81 (as at 03 November 2021), Public Act 25 Time for filing charging document – New Zealand Legislation|url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2011/0081/latest/DLM3360067.html|access-date=2021-11-26|website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref>
* 6 months for offences which are punishable by a maximum of 3 months imprisonment or a $7,500 fine.
* 12 months for offences which are punishable by a maximum of 6 months imprisonment or a $20,000 fine.
* 5 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum of 3 years imprisonment, although this can be extended with the consent of the [[Solicitor-General of New Zealand|Solicitor-General]].
* No limit for offences which are punishable by more than 3 years imprisonment.

===Norway===
The statute of limitations on murder was abolished by a change in law on 1 July 2014, causing any murders committed after 1 July 1989 to have no statute of limitations. This led to the national police force implementing a new investigation group for old cases called the "Cold Case" group. The law was also changed to let cases involving domestic violence, forced marriage, human trafficking and genital mutilation to count from the day the defendant turns 18 years old. Cases where the statute of limitations has already passed can not be extended due to the constitution preventing it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/stortinget-fjerner-foreldelsesfristen-1.285858 |title=Stortinget fjerner foreldelsesfristen |language=no |publisher=Dagsavisen |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>

=== Philippines ===
In the Philippines, the [[Revised Penal Code]] has different limitation periods, based on the penalty of the crime:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Marcelo|first=Simeon V.|author-link=Simeon V. Marcelo|date=1 April 2020|title=Litigation and enforcement in the Philippines: overview |url=https://signon.thomsonreuters.com/?productid=PLCCA&lr=0&culture=en-CA&returnto=https%3a%2f%2fca.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com%2fCosi%2fSignOn%3fredirectTo%3d%252f9-621-3675%253ftransitionType%253dDefault%2526contextData%253d(sc.Default)%2526firstPage%253dtrue&tracetoken=1230201401190mKqHeXW3oss2695LrtFvXST7VVCuHhReYtpExsqlgSdiEmMaIwuJpo6q_buMSYG6_xkCpiGXxx7oWmU-sJkChjXJsYNduhtVlFsP5F68CMKB4bPvnpMDIw3bzMQV_YWIPmSU4HW0iwjuJe1etJph399H0bCM7F_TO8437jH-regm7_dkhVKjNO_hbVxmmXu4KbtqJlysIOENkwXUUKQ4u-J_3OZrVUkQm-H4W3DqSMNF7Kz2326KnWYGH6dv81CqeSLZd0wLDpaAq83WnAGAT4MRSgOp19VEU7EF76X4Pk3L-Ve7sMkX62nE5kk28WiEzUaPhw67lm14Hafb8AQtSlkrJqYAkLl_WEhFQsecANkIoink96IuZh24f7RZxWlF |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=signon.thomsonreuters.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Reclusión perpetua]]'' or ''reclusión temporal'' (imprisonment of 12 years and 1 day to 40 years): 20 years
* Other afflictive penalties (imprisonment of 6 years and 1 day to 12 years): 15 years
* Correctional penalties: 10 years, except:
** ''Arresto mayor'' (imprisonment of 1 month and 1 day to 6 months): 5 years
** Libel and other similar offenses: 1 year
** Oral defamation and slander: 6 months
* Light penalties (imprisonment of 1 day to 30 days): 2 months

Other special laws have their own limitation periods. For crimes punished under the Revised Penal Code, the limitation period won't run if the offender is outside the Philippines, while for those punished under other laws, it does. Municipal ordinances have a limitation period of 2 months.

===South Korea===
In July 2015, the National Assembly abolished a 25-year limit on first degree murder; it had previously been extended from 15 to 25 years in December 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2015|title='Cold cases' may walk again as South Korea removes statute of limitations on murder|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1843628/south-korea-removes-statute-limitations-murder|access-date=15 September 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>

=== Turkey ===

Turkish Code of Obligations sets the general limitation period to ten years, which applies where the law does not provide a specific limitation period.<ref>{{cite web |last=Baysal |first=Pelin |title=Litigation and enforcement in Turkey: overview |url=https://content.next.westlaw.com/3-505-9003?__lrTS=20200727094801030&transitionType=Default&contextData=%28sc.Default%29 |website=Westlaw |access-date=28 December 2020 |date=3 January 2019}}</ref>

There is no statute of limitations for [[sexual offense]]s committed against [[minor (law)|minor]]s, however, under both the Turkish Penal Code (article 99) and [[Turkish civil code (1926)|Turkish Civil Code]] (Law No. 2827).<ref name="kayahan">{{cite web |last1=Cantekin |first1=Kayahan |title=Turkey: Constitutional Court Finds Violation of Constitutional Rights in Courts' Failure to Decide on Abortion Authorization |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/turkey-constitutional-court-finds-violation-of-constitutional-rights-in-courts-failure-to-decide-on-abortion-authorization-in-pregnancy-resulting-from-sexual-assault/ |website=www.loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=28 December 2020 |date=30 September 2020}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Limitation periods in the United Kingdom|Limitation Act 1980}}

Unlike many countries, the United Kingdom has no statute of limitations for criminal offences above [[summary offences]] (offences tried exclusively in the [[Magistrates' court (England and Wales)|magistrates’ court]]).<ref>{{cite book |first1=Steve |last1=Wilson |first2=Helen |last2=Rutherford |first3=Tony |last3=Storey |first4=Natalie |last4=Wortley |first5=Birju |last5=Kotecha |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198853800.001.0001 |title=English Legal System |edition=4th |publisher=OUP |year=2020 |isbn=9780198853800 |pages=487 |doi=10.1093/he/9780198853800.001.0001}}</ref> In these cases, criminal proceedings must be brought within six months according to the [[Magistrates' Courts Act 1980]]. To obtain a conviction in "some road traffic offences" (i.e., speeding) the driver must be notified, within 14 days of the offence, of the intention to prosecute them according to the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Steve |last1=Wilson |first2=Helen |last2=Rutherford |first3=Tony |last3=Storey |first4=Natalie |last4=Wortley |first5=Birju |last5=Kotecha |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198853800.001.0001 |title=English Legal System |edition=4th |publisher=OUP |year=2020 |isbn=9780198853800 |pages=491 |doi=10.1093/he/9780198853800.001.0001}}</ref>

For civil claims, the statute of limitations varies depending on the type of claim. For example, a claim (debt) from a simple contract can no longer be pursued after six years.

===United States===
In the United States, statutes of limitations may apply in [[United States criminal procedure|criminal procedures]] and civil lawsuits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statute of limitations |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/statute_of_limitations |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |access-date=31 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=650. Length of Limitations Period |url=https://www.justice.gov/archives/jm/criminal-resource-manual-650-length-limitations-period |website=www.justice.gov |access-date=31 March 2022 |language=en |date=19 February 2015}}</ref> Statutes of limitations vary significantly among U.S. jurisdictions.

A [[list of federal agencies in the United States|government agency]] is permitted by the [[United States Congress|Congress]] to create under [[Code of Federal Regulations|federal regulations]] its own statute of limitations.<ref name="8CFR1003.2">See, e.g., [https://ecfr.federalregister.gov/current/title-8/chapter-V/subchapter-A/part-1003/subpart-A/section-1003.2#p-1003.2 8 C.F.R. 1003.2] ("(a) ''General''. The [[Board of Immigration Appeals|Board]] may at any time reopen or reconsider a case in which it has rendered a decision on its own motion solely in order to correct a ministerial mistake or typographical error in that decision or to reissue the decision to correct a defect in service.... The time and numerical limitations set forth in paragraph (c)(2) of this section shall not apply to a motion to reopen proceedings:...
 (v) For which a three-member panel of the Board agrees that reopening is warranted when the following circumstances are present, provided that a respondent may file only one motion to reopen pursuant to this paragraph (c)(3): (A) A material change in fact or law underlying a removability ground or grounds specified in section 212 or 237 of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952|Act]] that occurred after the entry of an administratively final order that [[wikt:vitiate#English|vitiates]] all grounds of removability applicable to the alien; and (B) The movant exercised [[diligence]] in pursuing the motion to reopen;
 (vi) Filed based on specific allegations, supported by evidence, that the respondent is a [[citizenship of the United States|United States citizen]] '''''or''''' [[United States nationality law|national]]....") (emphasis added)</ref>

====Retroactive extensions====
The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] held in ''[[Stogner v. California]]'' (by a 5–4 majority) that [[California]]'s retroactive extension of the criminal statute of limitations for [[sexual offense]]s committed against [[minor (law)|minor]]s was an unconstitutional [[ex post facto law]].<ref name=Stogner>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/us/539/607/ |title=Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607 (2003) |page=233 |date=June 26, 2003 |work=U.S. Supreme Court |publisher=Harvard Law School}}
* {{cite web |title=Stogner v. California |publisher=oyez.org |access-date=2007-12-30 |url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/2002/01-1757}}</ref>

====Civil statutes====
A civil statute of limitations applies to a non-criminal legal action, including a [[tort]] or [[contract]] case. If the statute of limitations expires before a lawsuit is filed, the defendant may raise the statute of limitations as an [[affirmative defense]] to seek dismissal of the claim. The exact time period depends on both the state and the type of claim (contract claim, personal injury, fraud etc.). Most fall in the range of one to ten years, with two to three years being most common.

====Criminal statutes====
A criminal statute of limitations defines a time period during which charges must be initiated for a criminal offense.<ref>{{cite web |last=Doyle |first=Charles |title=Statute of Limitation in Federal Criminal Cases: An Overview |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31253.pdf |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=18 March 2018|date=14 November 2017}}</ref> If a charge is filed after the statute of limitations expires, the defendant may obtain dismissal of the charge.

=====Initiation of charges=====
The statute of limitations in a criminal case only runs until a criminal charge is filed and a warrant issued, even if the defendant is a fugitive.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Grossman|first1=Jonathan|title=Speedy Trial and the Statute of Limitations |url=http://www.sdap.org/downloads/research/criminal/jg14.pdf|website=Sixth District Appellate Program|access-date=6 December 2017|date=2014}}</ref> When the identity of a defendant is not known, some jurisdictions provide mechanisms to initiate charges and thus stop the statute of limitations from running. For example, some states allow an indictment of a [[John Doe]] defendant based upon a DNA profile derived from evidence obtained through a criminal investigation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ullmer|first1=Frank B.|title=Using DNA Profiles to Obtain John Doe Arrest Warrants and Indictments |journal=Washington & Lee Law Review|date=2001|volume=58|page=1585|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/waslee58&div=52&id=&page=|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> Although rare, a [[grand jury]] can issue an [[indictment]] [[trial in absentia|in absentia]] for high-profile crimes to get around an upcoming statute of limitations deadline. One example is the [[skyjacking]] of Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305 by [[D. B. Cooper]] in 1971. The identity of D. B. Cooper remains unknown, and he was indicted under the name "John Doe, aka Dan Cooper."<ref>{{cite web |authorlink=Bryan Denson |last=Denson |first=Bryan |date=24 November 1996 |title=D.B. Cooper legend lives. |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2011/08/25_years_later_db_cooper_legend_lives_the_oregonian_archives.html |work=Oregon Live archive |accessdate=6 March 2011}}</ref>

====={{anchor|Heinous crimes in the United States}}Heinous crimes=====
Crimes which are widely considered heinous have no statute of limitations. Although there is usually no statute of limitations for murder (particularly [[first-degree murder]]), judges have been known to dismiss murder charges in [[cold case]]s if they feel that the delay violates the defendant's right to a speedy trial.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sixth Amendment - Limited Protection Against Excessive Prosecutorial Delay|url=http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6346&context=jclc|website=Northwestern University School of Law|publisher=The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> For example, waiting many years for an [[alibi]] witness to die before commencing a murder trial would be unconstitutional.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

=====Military law=====
Under the U.S. [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]] (UCMJ), [[desertion]] has no statute of limitations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/airman-who-went-missing-in-1977-found-living-double-life-in-florida|title=Airman who went missing in 1977 found living double life in Florida|date=17 October 2017|website=Fox News}}</ref>

'''Maritime Injury Law'''

Under [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/46/30106 46 U.S. Code § 30106], "Except as otherwise provided by law, a civil action for damages for personal injury or death arising out of a maritime tort must be brought within 3 years after the cause of action arose." There are some exceptions to this, primarily with regard to Jones Act cases filed against the government, in which case the statute of limitations can be less than 2 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=33 U.S. Code § 913 - Filing of claims |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/913 |website=Legal Information Institute |publisher=Cornell Law School |access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>

=====State laws=====
{{incomplete table|date=September 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State
! Misdemeanor
! Felony
! Notes
|-
|[[Connecticut]]
|1 year<ref name="legreport">{{cite web |last1=Reinhart |first1=Christopher |title=Statute of Limitations for Prosecutions |url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/2015/rpt/pdf/2015-R-0098.pdf |website=Office of Legislative Research Research Report |publisher=State of Connecticut |access-date=22 May 2020 |date=6 March 2015}}</ref>
|
* Terrorism resulting in death: 55 years
* Murder involving rape, cannibalism, or a child: 50 years
* Mass murder: 45 years
* Murder: 40 years
* Terrorism not resulting in death: 30 years
* Manslaughter: 25 years
* Rape: 15 years
* Violent felonies: 10 years
* Nonviolent felonies: 5 years
* Nonviolent felonies committed by a minor: 2 years{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
|A bill was proposed to abolish the statute of limitations for most sex offenses, but it was not submitted for a vote in the state senate. Efforts continue to pass legislation to extend the limitations period for the prosecution of sex offenses.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krasselt |first1=Kaitlyn |title=Legislature unlikely to eliminate civil statute of limitations for sex abuse |url=https://www.ctpost.com/politics/article/Legislature-unlikely-to-eliminate-civil-statute-15072024.php |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=Connecticut Post |date=20 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Michigan]]
|6 years
|
* Murder: No limits
* Kidnapping, extortion, assault with intent or conspiracy to murder: 10 years
* Sexual conduct, violence or abuse:
** If DNA evidence is present but offender has not been identified: No limits
** If DNA evidence is present and offender identified or when the victim turns 21, whichever is earlier: 10 years
** Against a minor (below the age of 18): 10 years
* Others: 6 years{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
|Statute of limitation tolls if defendant is not a resident and did not usually and publicly reside in the state. See [http://legislature.mi.gov/doc.aspx?mcl-767-24 MCL 767.24]
|-
|[[North Carolina]]
|2 years
|No limits
|No statute of limitations for "malicious misdemeanors", per [https://www.ncleg.net/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByChapter/Chapter_15.pdf NCGS §15-1]
|-
|Utah
|
|
* Sexual conduct, violence, or abuse against a minor (below the age of 18): 10 years after the victim becomes 18 years old<ref>{{Cite web |title=Utah Code Section 76-1-301.1 |url=https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title76/Chapter1/76-1-S301.1.html?v=C76-1-S301.1_2020051220200512 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=le.utah.gov}}</ref>
* Murder, rape, manslaughter, aggravated kidnapping: No limits<ref>{{Cite web |title=Utah Code Section 76-1-301 |url=https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title76/Chapter1/76-1-S301.html?v=C76-1-S301_2022050420220504 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=le.utah.gov}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Wyoming]]
|None
|No limits
|No statute of limitations
|}

====Exceptions====
U.S. jurisdictions recognize exceptions to statutes of limitation that may allow for the prosecution of a crime or civil lawsuit even after the statute of limitations would otherwise have expired. Some states stop the clock for a suspect who is not residing within the state or is purposely hiding. Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina have no statutes of limitation for felonies, while Wyoming includes misdemeanors as well. However, the right to [[Speedy Trial Clause|speedy trial]] may derail any prosecution after many years have passed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resources.lawinfo.com/criminal-defense/criminal-statute-limitations-time-limits.html|title=Criminal Statutes of Limitations for All 50 States|website=resources.lawinfo.com}}</ref>

=====Fraud on the court=====
{{Further|Judicial misconduct}}
When an [[officer of the court]] is found to have fraudulently presented facts to impair the court's impartial performance of its legal task, the act (known as ''fraud upon the court'') is not subject to a statute of limitation: "This concept that the inherent power of federal courts to vacate a fraudulently obtained judgment—even years after the judgment was entered—has long been recognized by the Supreme Court."<ref name=Bressman>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f3d/874/142/12270065/#p149 |title=In re Bressman, 874 F.3d 142 |page=482 |date=October 18, 2017 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref> Fraud on the court can be done many ways and in any court. One of which can be "where the court or a member is corrupted or influenced or influence is attempted or where the judge has not performed his judicial function — thus where the impartial functions of the court have been directly corrupted."<ref name=Bulloch>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f2d/763/1115/373266/#p1121 |title=Bulloch v. United States, 763 F.2d 1115 |page=1121 |date=May 22, 1985 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref> Officer of the court includes any [[judge]], [[law clerk]], [[court clerk]], [[lawyer]], investigator, [[probation officer]], [[referee]], [[legal guardian]], parenting-time expeditor, mediator, evaluator, administrator, special appointee, and/or anyone else whose influence is part of the judicial mechanism.<ref name=DOJ>{{cite web |title=Deprivation Of Rights Under Color Of Law |url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/deprivation-rights-under-color-law |date=May 31, 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) |quote=Persons acting under color of law within the meaning of this statute include police officers, prisons guards and other law enforcement officials, as well as judges, care providers in public health facilities, and others who are acting as public officials.}}</ref><ref name=FBI>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/civil-rights/federal-civil-rights-statutes |title=Federal Civil Rights Statutes |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)}}</ref>

====={{anchor|Continuing violations doctrine}}Continuing-violations doctrine=====
In [[tort]] law, if any person or entity commits a series of illegal acts against another person or entity (or in criminal law if a defendant commits a continuing crime) the limitation period may begin to run from the last act in the series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Continuing Violation Doctrine Law and Legal Definition |url=https://definitions.uslegal.com/c/continuing-violation-doctrine/ |access-date=24 January 2019 |publisher=definitions.uslegal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f3d/366/238/#p246 |title=Egervary v. Young, 366 F.3d 238 |page=246 |date=April 30, 2004 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School |quote=Traditionally, in tort law, 'proximate cause' has been defined as a person's wrongful conduct which is a substantial factor in bringing about harm to another.}}</ref> The entire [[chain of events]] can be tolled if the violations were continuing. Courts have explained that the continuing-violations doctrine "tolls the statute of limitations in situations where a continuing pattern forms due to [[discrimination|discriminatory]] acts which have been occurring over a period of time, as long as at least one incident of discrimination occurred within the limitations period."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f3d/200/570/#p573 |title=Treanor v. MCI Telecommunications Corp., 200 F.3d 570 |page=573 |date=January 7, 2000 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref> Whether the continuing-violations doctrine applies to a particular violation is subject to judicial discretion; it was said to apply to [[copyright infringement]] in the jurisdiction of the Seventh Circuit,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f2d/712/1112/#p1119 |title=Taylor v. Meirick, 712 F.2d 1112 |page=573 |date=July 7, 1983 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref> but not in the jurisdiction of the Second Circuit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f2d/970/1043/#p1049 |title=Stone v. Williams, 970 F.2d 1043 |pages=1049–50 |date=July 13, 1992 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gonzagalawreview.org/files/2011/02/Graham.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118075119/http://gonzagalawreview.org/files/2011/02/Graham.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Portal|Law}}

* [[Adverse possession]]
* [[Nullum tempus occurrit regi]]
* [[Tort reform]]



==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Criminal procedure (investigation)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Statute Of Limitations}}
[[Category:Civil procedure]]
[[Category:Criminal procedure]]
[[Category:Statutory law]]
[[Category:Statutes of limitations| ]]

Statute of limitations

2023-10-05T12:55:26Z

8.38.177.4: /* International crimes */

{{short description|Law which sets a maximum time for the initiation of legal proceedings}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
A '''statute of limitations''', known in [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] systems as a '''prescriptive period''', is a law passed by a [[legislature|legislative body]] to set the maximum time after an event within which [[legal proceeding]]s may be initiated.<ref name="28USC2462">{{USC|28|2462}} ("Time for commencing proceedings")</ref><ref name=cal>{{cite web|title=Statute of Limitations|url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/9618.htm|website=California Court Judicial Branch|publisher=Public Access Records|access-date=6 June 2014|ref=California Code of Civil Procedure sections 312–366}}</ref> In most jurisdictions, such periods exist for both [[criminal law]] and civil law such as [[contract]] law and [[property law]], though often under different names and with varying details.

When the time which is specified in a statute of limitations runs out, a claim might no longer be filed or, if it is filed, it may be subject to dismissal if the defense against that claim is raised that the claim is time-barred as having been filed after the statutory limitations period.<ref name="aggravated felony">{{Cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/104/plaws/publ208/PLAW-104publ208.pdf#page=629 |title=Subtitle B—Criminal Alien Provisions, Sec. 321. Amended Definition of Aggravated Felony |page=629 |work=U.S. Congress |quote=(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section shall apply to [[wrongdoing|actions taken]] on or after the date of the enactment of [[Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996|this Act]], regardless of when the [[conviction]] occurred....}}</ref>

When a statute of limitations expires in a [[criminal procedure|criminal case]], the courts no longer have [[jurisdiction]]. Most common [[crime]]s that have statutes of limitations are distinguished from [[particularly serious crime]]s because the latter claims may be brought at any time.

In civil law systems, such provisions are typically part of their [[civil code|civil]] and [[criminal code]]s. The [[cause of action]] dictates the statute of limitations, which can be reduced or extended in order to ensure a full and fair [[trial]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Special Historic Session|title=Opening Remarks:HistoricSpecial section|url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/compsum2.pdf|website=www.courts.ca.gov|publisher=Supreme Court Of California|access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The intention of these laws is to facilitate resolution within a "reasonable" period of time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=California Courts|first1=Judicial Council|title=Public Access Records|url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/selfhelp-start.htm|website=California Courts|publisher=Rewriting Amendments|access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> What amount of time is considered "reasonable" varies from country to country.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Statutes of Limitations|url=http://statelaws.findlaw.com/statutes-of-limitations.html|website=FindLaw|publisher=Thomson Reuters|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> In the United States, it may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and state to state. Internationally, the statute of limitations may vary from one civil or criminal action to another. Some countries have no statute of limitations whatsoever.

Analysis of a statute of limitations also requires the examination of any associated [[statute of repose]], [[tolling (law)|tolling provisions]], and exclusions.

==Applications==
[[Common law]] legal systems can include a statute specifying the length of time within which a claimant or prosecutor must file a case. In some civil jurisdictions (e.g., [[California]]),<ref name=cal/> a case cannot begin after the period specified, and courts have no jurisdiction over cases filed after the statute of limitations has expired. In some other jurisdictions (e.g., [[New South Wales]], Australia), a claim can be filed which may prove to have been brought outside the limitations period, but the court will retain jurisdiction in order to determine that issue, and the onus is on the defendant to plead it as part of their defence, or else the claim will not be statute barred.

Once they are filed, cases do not need to be resolved within the period specified in the statute of limitations.

==Purpose==
The purpose and effect of statutes of limitations are to protect defendants. There are three reasons for their enactment:<ref>''Halsbury's Laws of England'', 4th edition</ref>
* A [[plaintiff]] with a valid cause of action can pursue it with reasonable diligence.
* By the time a stale claim is litigated, a defendant might have lost evidence necessary to disprove the claim.
* Litigation of a long-dormant claim may result in more cruelty than justice.

In [[Classical Athens]], a five-year statute of limitations was established for almost all cases, exceptions being such as the prosecution of non-constitutional laws (which had no limitation). [[Demosthenes]] wrote that these statutes of limitations were adopted to control "[[sycophant]]s" (professional accusers).<ref name="Allen2003">{{cite book|last=Allen |first=Danielle S. |title=The World of Prometheus: The Politics of Punishing in Democratic Athens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKW3yiINadEC&pg=PA154 |year=2003 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-09489-2 |page=154}}</ref>

The limitation period generally begins when the plaintiff's cause of action accrues, meaning the date upon which the plaintiff is first able to maintain the cause of action in court, or when the plaintiff first becomes aware of a previous injury (for example, [[occupational lung disease]]s such as [[asbestosis]]).

==Statute of repose==
{{Main|Statute of repose}}
A [[statute of repose]] limits the time within which an action may be brought based upon when a particular event occurred (such as the completion of construction of a building or the date of purchase of manufactured goods), and does not permit extensions. A statute of limitations is similar to a statute of repose, but may be extended for a variety of reasons (such as the [[age of majority|minority]] of the victim).

For example, most U.S. jurisdictions have passed statutes of repose for construction defects.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statutes of Repose for Construction|url=http://www.sdvlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Statutes-of-Repose.pdf|website=SDVLaw.com|publisher=Saxe Doernberger & Vita, P.C.|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MCL 600.5839|url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/mileg.aspx?page=GetObject&objectname=mcl-600-5839|website=Michigan Legislature|publisher=State of Michigan|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 337.15|url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CCP&sectionNum=337.15|website=California Legislative Information|publisher=State of California|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fla. Stat. § 95.11(3)(c)|url=http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0000-0099/0095/Sections/0095.11.html|website=Online Sunshine|publisher=State of Florida|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> If a person receives an [[electric shock]] due to a wiring defect that resulted from the builder's negligence during construction of a building, the builder is potentially liable for damages if the suit is brought within the time period defined by the statute, normally starting with the date that construction is substantially completed. After the statutory time period has passed, without regard to the nature or degree of the builder's negligence or misconduct, the statute of repose presents an absolute defense to the claim.

Statutes of repose are sometimes controversial; manufacturers contend that they are necessary to avoid unfair litigation and encourage consumers to maintain their property. Alternatively, consumer advocates argue that they reduce incentives to manufacture durable products and disproportionately affect the [[poverty|poor]], because manufacturers will have less incentive to ensure low-cost or "bargain" products are manufactured to exacting safety standards.

==Tolling and the discovery rule==
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=August 2015}}
{{Further|Tolling (law)|discovery (law)}}
Many jurisdictions [[tolling (law)|toll]] or suspend the limitation period in [[exceptional circumstances]] such as if the aggrieved person ([[plaintiff]], [[appellant]] or [[petitioner]]) was a minor, or has filed a [[bankruptcy]] proceeding. In those instances, the running of limitations is tolled or paused, until the condition ends. [[Equitable tolling]] may also be applied if an individual may intimidate a moving party into not reporting or has been promised a suspended period.

The statute of limitations may begin when the harmful event, such as fraud or injury, occurs or it may begin when the harmful event is discovered. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] has described the "standard rule" of when the time begins as "when the plaintiff has a complete and present cause of action." The rule has existed since the 1830s.<ref>[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17933875001306187435&scilh=0 Gabelli v. Securities and Exchange Commission].</ref> A "discovery rule" applies in other cases (including [[medical malpractice]]), or a similar effect may be applied by tolling.

According to U.S. district judge [[Sean J. McLaughlin]], the discovery rule does not apply to [[mass media]] such as newspapers and the [[Internet]]; the statute of limitations begins to run at the date of publication.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f-supp-2d/730/376/ |title=Wolk v. Olson, 730 F. Supp. 2d 376 |page=|date=August 2, 2010 |work=U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania |publisher=Harvard Law School |quote=The issue before the Court is whether the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would apply the discovery rule to toll the statute of limitations in a mass-media defamation case. The Court holds that it would not.}}</ref> In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled in ''[[Gabelli v. SEC]]'' that the discovery rule does not apply to [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]'s investment-advisor-fraud lawsuits since one of the purposes of the agency is to root out fraud.<ref>Macy J. (2013). [http://www.scotusblog.com/?p=160227 Opinion analysis: That which does not kill the SEC may make the agency stronger]. [[SCOTUSblog]].</ref>

In private civil matters, the limitation period may generally be shortened or lengthened by agreement of the parties. Under the [[Uniform Commercial Code]], the parties to a contract for sale of goods may reduce the limitation period to one year but not extend it.

Limitation periods that are known as [[laches (equity)|laches]] may apply in situations of [[equity (law)|equity]]; a judge will not issue an [[injunction]] if the requesting party waited too long to ask for it. Such periods are subject to broad [[judicial discretion]].

For [[US military]] cases, the [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]] (UCMJ) states that all charges except those facing [[court-martial]] on a [[capital punishment|capital charge]] have a five-year statute of limitations. If the charges are dropped in all UCMJ proceedings except those headed for general court-martial, they may be reinstated for six months after which the statute of limitations has run out.

==Prescription==
{{expand section|date=June 2015}}
{{See also|Extinctive prescription}}
In [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] countries, almost all lawsuits must be brought within a legally-determined period at the end of which the right of action is extinguished. This is known as liberative or extinctive prescription. Under Italian<ref>{{cite web|title=La prescrizione del reato dopo la ex-Cirielli|url=http://www.diritto-penale.it/la-prescrizione-del-reato.htm|work=Diritto Penale|access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> and Romanian law,<ref>{{cite web|title=Codul Penal, Articolul 180 – Prescripția|url=http://legeaz.net/cod-penal-actualizat-2011/art-122-cpen|access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref> criminal trials must be ended within a time limit.

In criminal cases, the public prosecutor must lay charges within a time limit which varies by jurisdiction and varies based on the nature of the charge, whose directives vary from country to country. Over the last decade of the 20th century, many United States jurisdictions significantly lengthened the statute of limitations for sex offenses, particularly against children, as a response to research and popular belief that a variety of causes can delay the recognition and reporting of crimes of this nature.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

Common triggers for suspending the prescription include a defendant's fugitive status or the commission of a new crime. In some jurisdictions, a criminal may be convicted [[trial in absentia|''in absentia'']].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ridley|first1=Yvonne|title=Bush Convicted of War Crimes in Absentia|url=http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2012/05/12/bush-convicted-of-war-crimes-in-absentia/|website=www.foreignpolicyjournal.com|publisher=Foreign Policy Journal|access-date=12 October 2014|date=12 May 2012}}</ref> Prescription should not be confused with the need to prosecute within "[[Laches (equity)|a reasonable delay]]" as obligated by the [[European Court of Human Rights]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-01 |title=Archived copy|url=https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-STD(2007)044-e |access-date=2022-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901085559/https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-STD(2007)044-e |archive-date=1 September 2022 }}</ref>

==Laws by region==

===International crimes===
Under [[international law]], [[genocide]], [[crimes against humanity]] and [[war crimes]] are usually not subject to the statute of limitations as codified in a number of multilateral [[Treaty|treaties]].<ref>Kohout, David, ''Statutory Limitation of Crimes under International Law: Lessons Taken from the Prosecution of Nazi Criminals in Germany after 1945 and the New Demjanjuk Case Law'', International Comparative Jurisprudence, Vol. 3, Issue 1 (2017), pp. 37-54.</ref> States [[Ratification|ratifying]] the [[Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity]] agree to disallow limitations claims for these crimes. According to Article 29 of the [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]], genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes "shall not be subject to any statute of limitations". And crimes against the lepricons by withholding their gold for more than a five minute period (section 133-8453-pllp-1).

===Australia===
In Australia, there are no statutes of limitation in criminal proceedings if the maximum penalty that can be imposed for an offence committed by an individual includes imprisonment for more than 6 months. For civil matters, the statutes of limitation are prescribed by each state or territory jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite web |title=The statute of limitation |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/senate/community_affairs/completed_inquiries/1999-02/child_migrat/report/e06 |website=Parliament of Australia |access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Crimes against children and people under guardianship in Victoria, Australia}}Victoria====
The Limitations Act of 1958 allows 12 years for victims of child abuse to make a claim, with age 37 the latest at which a claim can be made. The police submitted evidence<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Inquiry On The Handling Of Child Abuse By Religious And Other Non-Government Organisations|url=https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/in-force/acts/limitation-actions-act-1958/107|access-date=31 July 2014|publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]]}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2017}} to a commission, the Victorian Inquiry into Church and Institutional Child Abuse (in existence since 2012) indicating that it takes an average of 24 years for a victims of [[child sexual abuse]] to go to the police.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliament of Victoria|url=https://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/research/ageofinquiry/biogs/E000048b.htm|access-date=9 May 2013|work=Inquiry Into The Handling of Child Abuse by Religious and Other Organizations}}</ref> According to Attorney General Robert Clark, the government will remove statutes of limitations on criminal child abuse; victims of violent crime should be given additional time, as adults, to deal with the legal system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Victoria ends statutory time limit on historical child sex abuse cases|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/state-politics/victoria-ends-statutory-time-limit-on-historical-child-sex-abuse-cases/story-e6frgczx-1226910540134|website=www.theaustralian.com.au|publisher=Australian Associated Press|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> Offenders of minors and the disabled have used the statute of limitations to avoid detection and prosecution, moving from state to state and country to country; an example which was presented to the Victorian Inquiry was the [[Congregation of Christian Brothers|Christian Brothers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/Waller_Legal.pdf |title=Inquiry Into the Handling of Child Abuse by Religious and Other Organisations |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref>

An argument for abolishing statutes of limitations for civil claims by minors and people under guardianship is ensuring that abuse of vulnerable people would be acknowledged by lawyers, police, organisations and governments, with enforceable penalties for organisations which have turned a blind eye in the past. [[Support group]]s such as [[Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests|SNAP]] Australia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/SNAP.pdf |title=Waller Legal response |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> Care Leavers Australia Network<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/Care_Leavers_Australia_Network_CLAN.pdf |title=A Submission by Care Leavers Australia Network (CLAN) to the Inquiry into the handling of child abuse by religious and other organisations |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> and Broken Rites have submitted evidence to the Victoria inquiry,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/Broken_Rites.pdf |title=Broken Rites response |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> and the [[Law Institute of Victoria]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/committees/fcdc/inquiries/57th/Child_Abuse_Inquiry/Submissions/Law_Institute_of_Victoria.pdf |title=Inquiry Into the Processes by Which Religious and Other Non-government Organisations Respond to the Criminal Abuse of Children by Personnel Within Their Organisations |publisher=[[Parliament of Victoria]] |access-date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> has advocated changes to the statute of limitations.

===={{anchor|Crimes against children and people under guardianship in Victoria, Australia}}Western Australia====
The Criminal Procedure Act 2004 outlines the statute of limitations, stating that a simple offence (an offence which can only be brought to a magistrate's court, and cannot include more than 12 months' imprisonment as the maximum penalty) shall have a statute of limitations of 12 months. However, all crimes (offences which can be brought to a district court or the supreme court) have no statute of limitations. Furthermore, a person may be charged with a simple offence after 12 months' if the person consents to such a charge being laid, or if that offence has a different statute of limitations as provided by law.<ref>[https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_45590.pdf/$FILE/Criminal%20Procedure%20Act%202004%20-%20%5B03-m0-01%5D.pdf?OpenElement Criminal Procedure Act 2004] Retrieved 11 March 2023</ref>

===Canada===
[[summary offence|Summary conviction offences]] have a limitation period of 12 months.<ref>{{cite web|title=Criminal Code|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/page-125.html#1203021|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=29 November 2021|location=Section 786(2)}}</ref>

Indictable (serious) offences such as fraud, serious theft, murder, kidnapping, arson, bribery, perjury, do have a limitation period. A defendant can be charged at any future date.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/criminal-procedure |title=Criminal Procedure |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> In sexual abuse cases in particular, men and women have been charged and convicted up to 26 years after the abuse had been committed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/judge-sentences-80-year-old-woman-to-1-year-in-prison-for-sex-crimes-1.4806066 |title=Judge sentences 80-year-old woman to 1 year in prison for sex crimes |work=CTV News |date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lequotidien.com/actualites/justice-et-faits-divers/un-homme-de-94-ans-evite-la-prison-pour-des-viols-commis-il-y-a-50-ans-21017eb4aa9d78a9a8aa5e5b119cc8a2 |title=Un homme de 94 ans évite la prison pour des viols commis il y a 50 ans |work=Le Quotidien |language=fr |date=6 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/quebec-actor-edgar-fruitier-guilty-of-indecent-assaults-committed-in-the-70s |title=Quebec actor Edgar Fruitier guilty of indecent assaults committed in the '70s |work=Montreal Gazette |date=22 July 2020}}</ref>

Civil law limitations vary by province.<ref>{{cite web |title=Limitation Periods in Canada's Provinces and Territories |url=http://www.fenninsurance.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Limitation.pdf |website=fenninsurance.com |publisher=Olga Gil Research Services |access-date=30 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111248/http://www.fenninsurance.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Limitation.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> In Ontario, this is governed by the ''Limitations Act, 2002''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_02l24_e.htm |title=Limitations Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c. 24, Sched. B |publisher=E-laws.gov.on.ca |date= 24 July 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref>

===Finland===
In Finland, the authority of a prosecuting official to bring charges for a crime expires after a set period of time has passed since the act. This period is 20, 10, 5, or 2, years depending on the seriousness of the offence. Offences punishable with life imprisonment, such as murder and treason, do not expire. Sexual offences committed against minors do not expire before the victim reaches 23 or 28 years of age, depending on the nature of the offence.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

===Germany===
In Germany, the statute of limitations on crimes varies by type of crime, with the highest statute of limitation being 30 years for [[voluntary manslaughter]] ({{lang|de|Totschlag}}). Murder, genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the [[crime of aggression]] have no statute of limitations.

In Germany, the crime of murder used to have a 20-year statute of limitations. In 1969, the statute of limitations for murder was extended from 20 to 30 years. The limitations were abolished altogether in 1979, in order to prevent Nazi criminals from avoiding criminal liability.

For most other criminal offences, the statute of limitations is set by Section 78(3) of the Criminal Code ({{lang|de|[[Strafgesetzbuch]]}}) as follows:
* 30 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum [[term of imprisonment]] for life;
* 20 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of over 10 years but not by imprisonment for life;
* 10 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of over 5 years but no more than 10 years;
* 5 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of over 1 year but no more than 5 years;
* 3 years for all other offences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/index.html|title=GERMAN CRIMINAL CODE|website=www.gesetze-im-internet.de|language=en|access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref>

In the civil code ({{lang|de|[[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]}}), the regular statute of limitations is three years (plus the time until the end of the calendar year); however, different terms between two and thirty years may apply in specific situations. For example, the term is only two years for claims for alleged defects of purchased goods, but 30 years for claims resulting from a court judgement (such as awarded damages).

===India===
The statute of limitations in India is defined by the Limitations Act, 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comtax.up.nic.in/Miscellaneous%20Act/limitation-act-1963.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - LIMITATION ACT |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref>

The statute of limitations for criminal offences is governed by Sec. 468 of the Criminal Procedure Code.

===Ireland===
{{Main|Statute of Limitations in Ireland}}

=== New Zealand ===
The statutes of limitations in New Zealand are defined by section 25 of the Criminal Procedure Act 2011. For offences committed by body corporates, the statutes of limitation are determined as if they were a natural person. The limits are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Criminal Procedure Act 2011 No 81 (as at 03 November 2021), Public Act 25 Time for filing charging document – New Zealand Legislation|url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2011/0081/latest/DLM3360067.html|access-date=2021-11-26|website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref>
* 6 months for offences which are punishable by a maximum of 3 months imprisonment or a $7,500 fine.
* 12 months for offences which are punishable by a maximum of 6 months imprisonment or a $20,000 fine.
* 5 years for offences which are punishable by a maximum of 3 years imprisonment, although this can be extended with the consent of the [[Solicitor-General of New Zealand|Solicitor-General]].
* No limit for offences which are punishable by more than 3 years imprisonment.

===Norway===
The statute of limitations on murder was abolished by a change in law on 1 July 2014, causing any murders committed after 1 July 1989 to have no statute of limitations. This led to the national police force implementing a new investigation group for old cases called the "Cold Case" group. The law was also changed to let cases involving domestic violence, forced marriage, human trafficking and genital mutilation to count from the day the defendant turns 18 years old. Cases where the statute of limitations has already passed can not be extended due to the constitution preventing it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/stortinget-fjerner-foreldelsesfristen-1.285858 |title=Stortinget fjerner foreldelsesfristen |language=no |publisher=Dagsavisen |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>

=== Philippines ===
In the Philippines, the [[Revised Penal Code]] has different limitation periods, based on the penalty of the crime:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Marcelo|first=Simeon V.|author-link=Simeon V. Marcelo|date=1 April 2020|title=Litigation and enforcement in the Philippines: overview |url=https://signon.thomsonreuters.com/?productid=PLCCA&lr=0&culture=en-CA&returnto=https%3a%2f%2fca.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com%2fCosi%2fSignOn%3fredirectTo%3d%252f9-621-3675%253ftransitionType%253dDefault%2526contextData%253d(sc.Default)%2526firstPage%253dtrue&tracetoken=1230201401190mKqHeXW3oss2695LrtFvXST7VVCuHhReYtpExsqlgSdiEmMaIwuJpo6q_buMSYG6_xkCpiGXxx7oWmU-sJkChjXJsYNduhtVlFsP5F68CMKB4bPvnpMDIw3bzMQV_YWIPmSU4HW0iwjuJe1etJph399H0bCM7F_TO8437jH-regm7_dkhVKjNO_hbVxmmXu4KbtqJlysIOENkwXUUKQ4u-J_3OZrVUkQm-H4W3DqSMNF7Kz2326KnWYGH6dv81CqeSLZd0wLDpaAq83WnAGAT4MRSgOp19VEU7EF76X4Pk3L-Ve7sMkX62nE5kk28WiEzUaPhw67lm14Hafb8AQtSlkrJqYAkLl_WEhFQsecANkIoink96IuZh24f7RZxWlF |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=signon.thomsonreuters.com}}</ref>
* ''[[Reclusión perpetua]]'' or ''reclusión temporal'' (imprisonment of 12 years and 1 day to 40 years): 20 years
* Other afflictive penalties (imprisonment of 6 years and 1 day to 12 years): 15 years
* Correctional penalties: 10 years, except:
** ''Arresto mayor'' (imprisonment of 1 month and 1 day to 6 months): 5 years
** Libel and other similar offenses: 1 year
** Oral defamation and slander: 6 months
* Light penalties (imprisonment of 1 day to 30 days): 2 months

Other special laws have their own limitation periods. For crimes punished under the Revised Penal Code, the limitation period won't run if the offender is outside the Philippines, while for those punished under other laws, it does. Municipal ordinances have a limitation period of 2 months.

===South Korea===
In July 2015, the National Assembly abolished a 25-year limit on first degree murder; it had previously been extended from 15 to 25 years in December 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2015|title='Cold cases' may walk again as South Korea removes statute of limitations on murder|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1843628/south-korea-removes-statute-limitations-murder|access-date=15 September 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>

=== Turkey ===

Turkish Code of Obligations sets the general limitation period to ten years, which applies where the law does not provide a specific limitation period.<ref>{{cite web |last=Baysal |first=Pelin |title=Litigation and enforcement in Turkey: overview |url=https://content.next.westlaw.com/3-505-9003?__lrTS=20200727094801030&transitionType=Default&contextData=%28sc.Default%29 |website=Westlaw |access-date=28 December 2020 |date=3 January 2019}}</ref>

There is no statute of limitations for [[sexual offense]]s committed against [[minor (law)|minor]]s, however, under both the Turkish Penal Code (article 99) and [[Turkish civil code (1926)|Turkish Civil Code]] (Law No. 2827).<ref name="kayahan">{{cite web |last1=Cantekin |first1=Kayahan |title=Turkey: Constitutional Court Finds Violation of Constitutional Rights in Courts' Failure to Decide on Abortion Authorization |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/turkey-constitutional-court-finds-violation-of-constitutional-rights-in-courts-failure-to-decide-on-abortion-authorization-in-pregnancy-resulting-from-sexual-assault/ |website=www.loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=28 December 2020 |date=30 September 2020}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Limitation periods in the United Kingdom|Limitation Act 1980}}

Unlike many countries, the United Kingdom has no statute of limitations for criminal offences above [[summary offences]] (offences tried exclusively in the [[Magistrates' court (England and Wales)|magistrates’ court]]).<ref>{{cite book |first1=Steve |last1=Wilson |first2=Helen |last2=Rutherford |first3=Tony |last3=Storey |first4=Natalie |last4=Wortley |first5=Birju |last5=Kotecha |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198853800.001.0001 |title=English Legal System |edition=4th |publisher=OUP |year=2020 |isbn=9780198853800 |pages=487 |doi=10.1093/he/9780198853800.001.0001}}</ref> In these cases, criminal proceedings must be brought within six months according to the [[Magistrates' Courts Act 1980]]. To obtain a conviction in "some road traffic offences" (i.e., speeding) the driver must be notified, within 14 days of the offence, of the intention to prosecute them according to the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Steve |last1=Wilson |first2=Helen |last2=Rutherford |first3=Tony |last3=Storey |first4=Natalie |last4=Wortley |first5=Birju |last5=Kotecha |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198853800.001.0001 |title=English Legal System |edition=4th |publisher=OUP |year=2020 |isbn=9780198853800 |pages=491 |doi=10.1093/he/9780198853800.001.0001}}</ref>

For civil claims, the statute of limitations varies depending on the type of claim. For example, a claim (debt) from a simple contract can no longer be pursued after six years.

===United States===
In the United States, statutes of limitations may apply in [[United States criminal procedure|criminal procedures]] and civil lawsuits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statute of limitations |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/statute_of_limitations |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |access-date=31 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=650. Length of Limitations Period |url=https://www.justice.gov/archives/jm/criminal-resource-manual-650-length-limitations-period |website=www.justice.gov |access-date=31 March 2022 |language=en |date=19 February 2015}}</ref> Statutes of limitations vary significantly among U.S. jurisdictions.

A [[list of federal agencies in the United States|government agency]] is permitted by the [[United States Congress|Congress]] to create under [[Code of Federal Regulations|federal regulations]] its own statute of limitations.<ref name="8CFR1003.2">See, e.g., [https://ecfr.federalregister.gov/current/title-8/chapter-V/subchapter-A/part-1003/subpart-A/section-1003.2#p-1003.2 8 C.F.R. 1003.2] ("(a) ''General''. The [[Board of Immigration Appeals|Board]] may at any time reopen or reconsider a case in which it has rendered a decision on its own motion solely in order to correct a ministerial mistake or typographical error in that decision or to reissue the decision to correct a defect in service.... The time and numerical limitations set forth in paragraph (c)(2) of this section shall not apply to a motion to reopen proceedings:...
 (v) For which a three-member panel of the Board agrees that reopening is warranted when the following circumstances are present, provided that a respondent may file only one motion to reopen pursuant to this paragraph (c)(3): (A) A material change in fact or law underlying a removability ground or grounds specified in section 212 or 237 of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952|Act]] that occurred after the entry of an administratively final order that [[wikt:vitiate#English|vitiates]] all grounds of removability applicable to the alien; and (B) The movant exercised [[diligence]] in pursuing the motion to reopen;
 (vi) Filed based on specific allegations, supported by evidence, that the respondent is a [[citizenship of the United States|United States citizen]] '''''or''''' [[United States nationality law|national]]....") (emphasis added)</ref>

====Retroactive extensions====
The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] held in ''[[Stogner v. California]]'' (by a 5–4 majority) that [[California]]'s retroactive extension of the criminal statute of limitations for [[sexual offense]]s committed against [[minor (law)|minor]]s was an unconstitutional [[ex post facto law]].<ref name=Stogner>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/us/539/607/ |title=Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607 (2003) |page=233 |date=June 26, 2003 |work=U.S. Supreme Court |publisher=Harvard Law School}}
* {{cite web |title=Stogner v. California |publisher=oyez.org |access-date=2007-12-30 |url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/2002/01-1757}}</ref>

====Civil statutes====
A civil statute of limitations applies to a non-criminal legal action, including a [[tort]] or [[contract]] case. If the statute of limitations expires before a lawsuit is filed, the defendant may raise the statute of limitations as an [[affirmative defense]] to seek dismissal of the claim. The exact time period depends on both the state and the type of claim (contract claim, personal injury, fraud etc.). Most fall in the range of one to ten years, with two to three years being most common.

====Criminal statutes====
A criminal statute of limitations defines a time period during which charges must be initiated for a criminal offense.<ref>{{cite web |last=Doyle |first=Charles |title=Statute of Limitation in Federal Criminal Cases: An Overview |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31253.pdf |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=18 March 2018|date=14 November 2017}}</ref> If a charge is filed after the statute of limitations expires, the defendant may obtain dismissal of the charge.

=====Initiation of charges=====
The statute of limitations in a criminal case only runs until a criminal charge is filed and a warrant issued, even if the defendant is a fugitive.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Grossman|first1=Jonathan|title=Speedy Trial and the Statute of Limitations |url=http://www.sdap.org/downloads/research/criminal/jg14.pdf|website=Sixth District Appellate Program|access-date=6 December 2017|date=2014}}</ref> When the identity of a defendant is not known, some jurisdictions provide mechanisms to initiate charges and thus stop the statute of limitations from running. For example, some states allow an indictment of a [[John Doe]] defendant based upon a DNA profile derived from evidence obtained through a criminal investigation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ullmer|first1=Frank B.|title=Using DNA Profiles to Obtain John Doe Arrest Warrants and Indictments |journal=Washington & Lee Law Review|date=2001|volume=58|page=1585|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/waslee58&div=52&id=&page=|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> Although rare, a [[grand jury]] can issue an [[indictment]] [[trial in absentia|in absentia]] for high-profile crimes to get around an upcoming statute of limitations deadline. One example is the [[skyjacking]] of Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305 by [[D. B. Cooper]] in 1971. The identity of D. B. Cooper remains unknown, and he was indicted under the name "John Doe, aka Dan Cooper."<ref>{{cite web |authorlink=Bryan Denson |last=Denson |first=Bryan |date=24 November 1996 |title=D.B. Cooper legend lives. |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2011/08/25_years_later_db_cooper_legend_lives_the_oregonian_archives.html |work=Oregon Live archive |accessdate=6 March 2011}}</ref>

====={{anchor|Heinous crimes in the United States}}Heinous crimes=====
Crimes which are widely considered heinous have no statute of limitations. Although there is usually no statute of limitations for murder (particularly [[first-degree murder]]), judges have been known to dismiss murder charges in [[cold case]]s if they feel that the delay violates the defendant's right to a speedy trial.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sixth Amendment - Limited Protection Against Excessive Prosecutorial Delay|url=http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6346&context=jclc|website=Northwestern University School of Law|publisher=The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> For example, waiting many years for an [[alibi]] witness to die before commencing a murder trial would be unconstitutional.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

=====Military law=====
Under the U.S. [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]] (UCMJ), [[desertion]] has no statute of limitations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/airman-who-went-missing-in-1977-found-living-double-life-in-florida|title=Airman who went missing in 1977 found living double life in Florida|date=17 October 2017|website=Fox News}}</ref>

'''Maritime Injury Law'''

Under [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/46/30106 46 U.S. Code § 30106], "Except as otherwise provided by law, a civil action for damages for personal injury or death arising out of a maritime tort must be brought within 3 years after the cause of action arose." There are some exceptions to this, primarily with regard to Jones Act cases filed against the government, in which case the statute of limitations can be less than 2 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=33 U.S. Code § 913 - Filing of claims |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/913 |website=Legal Information Institute |publisher=Cornell Law School |access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>

=====State laws=====
{{incomplete table|date=September 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State
! Misdemeanor
! Felony
! Notes
|-
|[[Connecticut]]
|1 year<ref name="legreport">{{cite web |last1=Reinhart |first1=Christopher |title=Statute of Limitations for Prosecutions |url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/2015/rpt/pdf/2015-R-0098.pdf |website=Office of Legislative Research Research Report |publisher=State of Connecticut |access-date=22 May 2020 |date=6 March 2015}}</ref>
|
* Terrorism resulting in death: 55 years
* Murder involving rape, cannibalism, or a child: 50 years
* Mass murder: 45 years
* Murder: 40 years
* Terrorism not resulting in death: 30 years
* Manslaughter: 25 years
* Rape: 15 years
* Violent felonies: 10 years
* Nonviolent felonies: 5 years
* Nonviolent felonies committed by a minor: 2 years{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
|A bill was proposed to abolish the statute of limitations for most sex offenses, but it was not submitted for a vote in the state senate. Efforts continue to pass legislation to extend the limitations period for the prosecution of sex offenses.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krasselt |first1=Kaitlyn |title=Legislature unlikely to eliminate civil statute of limitations for sex abuse |url=https://www.ctpost.com/politics/article/Legislature-unlikely-to-eliminate-civil-statute-15072024.php |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=Connecticut Post |date=20 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Michigan]]
|6 years
|
* Murder: No limits
* Kidnapping, extortion, assault with intent or conspiracy to murder: 10 years
* Sexual conduct, violence or abuse:
** If DNA evidence is present but offender has not been identified: No limits
** If DNA evidence is present and offender identified or when the victim turns 21, whichever is earlier: 10 years
** Against a minor (below the age of 18): 10 years
* Others: 6 years{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
|Statute of limitation tolls if defendant is not a resident and did not usually and publicly reside in the state. See [http://legislature.mi.gov/doc.aspx?mcl-767-24 MCL 767.24]
|-
|[[North Carolina]]
|2 years
|No limits
|No statute of limitations for "malicious misdemeanors", per [https://www.ncleg.net/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByChapter/Chapter_15.pdf NCGS §15-1]
|-
|Utah
|
|
* Sexual conduct, violence, or abuse against a minor (below the age of 18): 10 years after the victim becomes 18 years old<ref>{{Cite web |title=Utah Code Section 76-1-301.1 |url=https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title76/Chapter1/76-1-S301.1.html?v=C76-1-S301.1_2020051220200512 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=le.utah.gov}}</ref>
* Murder, rape, manslaughter, aggravated kidnapping: No limits<ref>{{Cite web |title=Utah Code Section 76-1-301 |url=https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title76/Chapter1/76-1-S301.html?v=C76-1-S301_2022050420220504 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=le.utah.gov}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Wyoming]]
|None
|No limits
|No statute of limitations
|}

====Exceptions====
U.S. jurisdictions recognize exceptions to statutes of limitation that may allow for the prosecution of a crime or civil lawsuit even after the statute of limitations would otherwise have expired. Some states stop the clock for a suspect who is not residing within the state or is purposely hiding. Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina have no statutes of limitation for felonies, while Wyoming includes misdemeanors as well. However, the right to [[Speedy Trial Clause|speedy trial]] may derail any prosecution after many years have passed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resources.lawinfo.com/criminal-defense/criminal-statute-limitations-time-limits.html|title=Criminal Statutes of Limitations for All 50 States|website=resources.lawinfo.com}}</ref>

=====Fraud on the court=====
{{Further|Judicial misconduct}}
When an [[officer of the court]] is found to have fraudulently presented facts to impair the court's impartial performance of its legal task, the act (known as ''fraud upon the court'') is not subject to a statute of limitation: "This concept that the inherent power of federal courts to vacate a fraudulently obtained judgment—even years after the judgment was entered—has long been recognized by the Supreme Court."<ref name=Bressman>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f3d/874/142/12270065/#p149 |title=In re Bressman, 874 F.3d 142 |page=482 |date=October 18, 2017 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref> Fraud on the court can be done many ways and in any court. One of which can be "where the court or a member is corrupted or influenced or influence is attempted or where the judge has not performed his judicial function — thus where the impartial functions of the court have been directly corrupted."<ref name=Bulloch>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f2d/763/1115/373266/#p1121 |title=Bulloch v. United States, 763 F.2d 1115 |page=1121 |date=May 22, 1985 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref> Officer of the court includes any [[judge]], [[law clerk]], [[court clerk]], [[lawyer]], investigator, [[probation officer]], [[referee]], [[legal guardian]], parenting-time expeditor, mediator, evaluator, administrator, special appointee, and/or anyone else whose influence is part of the judicial mechanism.<ref name=DOJ>{{cite web |title=Deprivation Of Rights Under Color Of Law |url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/deprivation-rights-under-color-law |date=May 31, 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) |quote=Persons acting under color of law within the meaning of this statute include police officers, prisons guards and other law enforcement officials, as well as judges, care providers in public health facilities, and others who are acting as public officials.}}</ref><ref name=FBI>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/civil-rights/federal-civil-rights-statutes |title=Federal Civil Rights Statutes |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)}}</ref>

====={{anchor|Continuing violations doctrine}}Continuing-violations doctrine=====
In [[tort]] law, if any person or entity commits a series of illegal acts against another person or entity (or in criminal law if a defendant commits a continuing crime) the limitation period may begin to run from the last act in the series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Continuing Violation Doctrine Law and Legal Definition |url=https://definitions.uslegal.com/c/continuing-violation-doctrine/ |access-date=24 January 2019 |publisher=definitions.uslegal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f3d/366/238/#p246 |title=Egervary v. Young, 366 F.3d 238 |page=246 |date=April 30, 2004 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School |quote=Traditionally, in tort law, 'proximate cause' has been defined as a person's wrongful conduct which is a substantial factor in bringing about harm to another.}}</ref> The entire [[chain of events]] can be tolled if the violations were continuing. Courts have explained that the continuing-violations doctrine "tolls the statute of limitations in situations where a continuing pattern forms due to [[discrimination|discriminatory]] acts which have been occurring over a period of time, as long as at least one incident of discrimination occurred within the limitations period."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f3d/200/570/#p573 |title=Treanor v. MCI Telecommunications Corp., 200 F.3d 570 |page=573 |date=January 7, 2000 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref> Whether the continuing-violations doctrine applies to a particular violation is subject to judicial discretion; it was said to apply to [[copyright infringement]] in the jurisdiction of the Seventh Circuit,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f2d/712/1112/#p1119 |title=Taylor v. Meirick, 712 F.2d 1112 |page=573 |date=July 7, 1983 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref> but not in the jurisdiction of the Second Circuit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cite.case.law/f2d/970/1043/#p1049 |title=Stone v. Williams, 970 F.2d 1043 |pages=1049–50 |date=July 13, 1992 |work=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gonzagalawreview.org/files/2011/02/Graham.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118075119/http://gonzagalawreview.org/files/2011/02/Graham.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Portal|Law}}

* [[Adverse possession]]
* [[Nullum tempus occurrit regi]]
* [[Tort reform]]



==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Criminal procedure (investigation)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Statute Of Limitations}}
[[Category:Civil procedure]]
[[Category:Criminal procedure]]
[[Category:Statutory law]]
[[Category:Statutes of limitations| ]]

Geraldine Viswanathan

2023-06-21T19:11:08Z

8.38.177.4: /* Career */

{{short description|Australian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Australian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Geraldine Viswanathan
| image = Geraldine Viswanathan at SXSW Red Carpet premiere of BLOCKERS adjusted (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Viswanathan in 2018
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|6|20}}
| birth_place = [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]], [[New South Wales]], Australia
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2014–present
}}
'''Geraldine Viswanathan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|v|ɪ|s|w|ə|ˈ|n|ɑː|θ|ən}} {{respell|VISS|wə|NAH|thən}};<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/KNTV_20190226_083700_Late_Night_With_Seth_Meyers/start/2820/end/2880|title=John Legend; April Ryan; and Geraldine Viswanathan. Also: Jon Epcar sits-in with the 8G Band|work=Late Night with Seth Meyers|publisher=NBC|date=February 26, 2019|accessdate=December 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nM9XydlIwIo|title=Dacre Montgomery & Geraldine Viswanathan Teach You Australian Slang|work=Vanity Fair|publisher=YouTube|date=August 5, 2020|accessdate=September 24, 2020}}</ref> born 20 June 1995)<ref name="mtv">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/3072840/geraldine-viswanathan-blockers-interview/|title=Blockers Star Geraldine Viswanathan On The Crucial Scene That Nearly Didn't Happen|publisher=MTV}}</ref> is an Australian actress. She gained attention in the role of Kayla in the 2018 film ''[[Blockers (film)|Blockers]]'',<ref name="ew">{{cite news|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/04/05/blockers-geraldine-viswanathan-acting-drunk-anne-hathaway/|title='Blockers' star Geraldine Viswanathan learned how to act drunk from Anne Hathaway|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=5 April 2018|first=Dana|last=Schwartz|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> for which [[Refinery29]] referred to her as "the film's breakout star".<ref name="r29">{{cite web|url=https://www.refinery29.com/2018/04/195644/blockers-movie-oral-sex-scene-geraldine-viswanathan|title=Introducing Geraldine Viswanathan, Blockers' Breakout Star|publisher=[[Refinery29]]}}</ref> Viswanathan starred in the 2019 coming-of-age film ''[[Hala (film)|Hala]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Catsoulis|first=Jeannette|date=2019-11-21|title='Hala' Review: Girl, Disrupted|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/21/movies/hala-review.html|access-date=2021-05-23|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> as well as ''[[Bad Education (2019 film)|Bad Education]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2018-07-10|title=Hugh Jackman's 'Bad Education' Adds 'Blockers' Star Geraldine Viswanathan (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/hugh-jackman-bad-education-geraldine-viswanathan-1202869888/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> She also played a recurring role in the Australian series ''[[Janet King (TV series)|Janet King]]'', and appears in the [[TBS (American TV channel)|TBS]] comedy anthology ''[[Miracle Workers (2019 TV series)|Miracle Workers]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Coleman|first=Nancy|date=2020-09-16|title=Geraldine Viswanathan on Karaoke and Lizzo Dance Breaks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/16/movies/geraldine-viswanathan-broken-hearts-gallery.html|access-date=2021-05-23|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=N'Duka|first=Amanda|date=2017-04-24|title='Big Little Lies' Kathryn Newton, Gideon Adlon & Geraldine Viswanathan Make 'The Pact'|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/the-pact-movie-kathryn-newton-gideon-adlon-geraldine-viswanathan-1202076477/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Viswanathan's father, Suresh Viswanathan, is a doctor who works in [[nuclear medicine]] and is of Indian [[Tamils|Tamil]] descent.<ref name=NewcastleHerald>{{Cite web|last=Rockman|first=Lisa|date=2019-07-06|title=Geraldine Viswanathan is making waves in Hollywood|url=https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/6249810/geraldine-viswanathan-is-making-waves-in-hollywood/|access-date=2021-08-25|website=Newcastle Herald|language=en-AU}}</ref> Her mother, Anja Raith, is from Switzerland<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/most-talked-about-international-actors-of-indian-origin-we-saw-on-our-screens-in-2020|title=The 14 most talked-about international actors of South Asian origin we saw on our screens in 2020|work=Vogue|date=17 December 2020|accessdate=3 November 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211103180735/https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/most-talked-about-international-actors-of-indian-origin-we-saw-on-our-screens-in-2020|archive-date= 3 November 2021}}</ref> and was raised by a father who was a filmmaker and ballet dancer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Isabel |title=Bad Education Transported Geraldine Viswanathan Back to the "Most Unflattering Fashion Period" |url=https://www.instyle.com/news/geraldine-viswanathan-bad-education-interview |website=[[InStyle]] |language=en |date=Apr 22, 2020 |quote=Some people think I'm Malaysian and Swedish, but I'm Indian and Swiss and born in Australia.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kannan|first=Indira|date=2019-09-27|title=Crossover star: Hala actor Geraldine Viswanathan is making waves at TIFF|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/crossover-star-hala-actor-geraldine-viswanathan-is-making-waves-at-tiff-119092700717_1.html|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ashanti Omkar - Geraldine Viswanathan - BBC Sounds |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000r4d0 |website=[[BBC Asian Network]] |date=10 Jan 2021}}</ref> Raith was once an aspiring actress who attended musical theatre school in London before getting married and settling down in [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]]; she runs an acting school called Anja's Place.<ref name=NewcastleHerald/>

Viswanathan grew up with a younger sister and a deep love of horses and animals.<ref name=NewcastleHerald/><ref name=Wmagazine>{{Cite web|title=Meet Geraldine Viswanathan, a Leading Lady With Perfect Comic Timing|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/new-faces-geraldine-viswanathan-broken-hearts-gallery|access-date=2021-08-25|website=[[W (magazine)|W]]|language=en-US}}</ref> She attended the [[Hunter School of the Performing Arts]], Newcastle, where she was in drama class.<ref name=NewcastleHerald/><ref name=Wmagazine/>

At the age of 15, Viswanathan and her family moved to Los Angeles, California for a few months, where she went through the process of securing a manager with the hopes of obtaining Disney and Nickelodeon roles.<ref name=BizInsider>{{Cite web|last=Guerrasio|first=Jason|title=How Geraldine Viswanathan went from a scene stealer in 'Blockers' to rom-com queen in 'The Broken Hearts Gallery'|url=https://www.insider.com/meet-geraldine-viswanathan-profile-blockers-the-broken-hearts-gallery-2020-9|access-date=2021-08-25|website=[[Business Insider]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In later years,{{when|date=January 2023}} Viswanathan performed standup and sketch comedy with her group named "Freudian Nip".<ref name=Wmagazine/>

In 2015, Viswanathan was shortlisted for the [[Heath Ledger Scholarship]].<ref name=NewcastleHerald/> She contemplated going to university to study international studies and media, but instead dove into acting and made working in the United States her goal, as roles in Australia are limited.<ref name=BizInsider/>

==Career==
At the age of four, Viswanathan appeared in a [[Kodak]] television commercial.<ref name=NewcastleHerald/> In 2016, she appeared in ''[[Emo the Musical]]'' and went to Los Angeles for her first pilot season.<ref name=NewcastleHerald/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jamali|url=http://emothemusical.com/characters/jamali/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Emo The Musical|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2017, Viswanathan joined the cast of [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]'s drama series ''[[Janet King (TV series)|Janet King]]'' in the role of Bonnie.

Viswanathan was once a reader in casting rooms, and was the reader for the Australian casting process for ''[[Crazy Rich Asians (film)|Crazy Rich Asians]]''.<ref name=NewcastleHerald/>

Her big break came in 2018, when she was cast in the movie ''[[Blockers (film)|Blockers]]''. In the same year, she was cast in the Netflix film ''[[The Package (2018 film)|The Package]]'' and the drama film ''Hala'' which went to [[Sundance Film Festival]]. ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' included her in its "Next Gen Talent" list as one of "20 rising stars among the blockbuster breakouts and small-screen discoveries who are shaking up the industry".<ref name=NewcastleHerald/>

In 2019, Viswanathan was cast in the anthology series ''[[Miracle Workers (2019 TV series)|Miracle Workers]]''.<ref name="deadline">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/11/miracle-workers-geraldine-viswanathan-jon-bass-karan-soni-daniel-radcliffe-steve-buscemi-tbs-comedy-1202208282/|title=Geraldine Viswanathan, Jon Bass, Karan Soni Join TBS Comedy 'Miracle Workers'|last=Ramos|first=Dino-Ray|date=14 November 2017|publisher=Deadline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramos|first=Dino-Ray|date=2017-11-14|title=Geraldine Viswanathan, Jon Bass, Karan Soni Join TBS Comedy 'Miracle Workers'|url=https://deadline.com/2017/11/miracle-workers-geraldine-viswanathan-jon-bass-karan-soni-daniel-radcliffe-steve-buscemi-tbs-comedy-1202208282/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, Viswanathan played Rachel in the film ''[[Bad Education (2019 film)|Bad Education]]'', which is based on a true story of an embezzlement scandal. She received critical acclaim at Sundance Film Festival, and an [[Emmy Awards|Emmy]] nomination.<ref name=NewcastleHerald/><ref name=Wmagazine/>

Viswanathan starred in ''[[The Broken Hearts Gallery]]'' (2020). The film was due to be released in Summer of 2020, but was postponed to September due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=Wmagazine/> In the film, she stars as the heroine Lucy, a gallery assistant who struggles to give up items from past relationships.<ref name=NewcastleHerald/><ref name=Wmagazine/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Breaking Big: Why you'll fall in love with 'Broken Hearts Gallery' star Geraldine Viswanathan|url=https://ew.com/movies/breaking-big-geraldine-viswanathan-broken-hearts-gallery/|access-date=2021-08-25|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en-US}}</ref> About the film, she noted that she feels fortunate to represent brown girls on screen, and appreciated that her mother in the film is blonde and looks a lot like her real mother.<ref name=Wmagazine/>

Viswanathan provided the voice of Tawnie in season six of ''[[BoJack Horseman]]''.<ref name=BizInsider/>

In October 2021, she was cast in the psychological thriller film ''Cat Person'', based on the [[Cat Person|a short story]] by Kristen Roupenian published in 2017 in ''[[The New Yorker]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/geraldine-viswanathan-nicholas-braun-studiocanals-cat-person-1234852077/|title=Geraldine Viswanathan Joins Studiocanal and New Yorker Studios' 'Cat Person'}}</ref>

In January 2022, Viswanathan was cast the film ''The Beanie Bubble'', co-directed by Kristin Gore and Damian Kulash.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|date=January 11, 2022|title=Apple Lands Feature Film ‘The Beanie Bubble’ Starring Zach Galifianakis, Elizabeth Banks, Sarah Snook And Geraldine Viswanathan|url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/apple-beanie-bubble-zach-ga-1234908417/|website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In March 2020, Viswanathan purchased an apartment in [[Brooklyn, New York]].<ref name=Wmagazine/>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" | {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|Denotes films that have not yet been released
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2|2016
| ''[[Emo the Musical]]''
| Jamali
|
|-
| ''All Out Dysfunktion!''
| Vizzie
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2018
| ''[[Blockers (film)|Blockers]]''
| Kayla Mannes
|
|-
| ''[[The Package (2018 film)|The Package]]''
| Becky Abelar
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2019
| ''[[Hala (film)|Hala]]''
| Hala Masood
|
|-
| ''[[Bad Education (2019 film)|Bad Education]]''
| Rachel Bhargava
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[The Broken Hearts Gallery]]''
| Lucy Gulliver
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2021
| ''[[7 Days (2021 film)|7 Days]]''
| Rita
| <ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/7-days-film-tribeca-2021-1234966079/ '7 Days': Film Review | Tribeca 2021]</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rumble (2021 film)|Rumble]]''
| Winnie Coyle (voice)
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2023
|''[[Cat Person (film)|Cat Person]]''
|Tamara
|
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''[[Drive-Away Dolls]]'' {{dagger|alt=Not yet released}}
|
| Post-production
|-
| TBA
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''[[The Beanie Bubble]]'' {{dagger|alt=Not yet released}}
| Maya
| Post-production
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2015
| ''Lost Angels''
| Sarah
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''The Y2K Bug''
| Addison
|
|-
| ''[[Janet King (TV series)|Janet King]]''
| Bonnie Mahesh
| Recurring role (series 3), 8 episodes
|-
| 2018
| ''Nippers of Dead Bird Bay''
|
|
|-
| 2019–present
| ''[[Miracle Workers (2019 TV series)|Miracle Workers]]''
| Eliza Hunter (season 1) Alexandra "Allie" Shitshoveler (season 2) Prudence Aberdeen (season 3)
| Main cast
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[BoJack Horseman]]''
| Tawnie (voice)
| Recurring role ([[BoJack Horseman (season 6)|season 6]]), 3 episodes
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Saturday Morning All Star Hits!]]''
| Lottie Wolfe
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm6543093}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanathan, Geraldine}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian actresses]]
[[Category:Australian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Australian expatriate actresses in the United States]]
[[Category:Australian film actresses]]
[[Category:Australian people of Swiss-German descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Australian television actresses]]
[[Category:People from Newcastle, New South Wales]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]

List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production

2023-06-20T13:44:35Z

8.38.177.4: Fixed CICR abbreviation

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{incomplete list|date=July 2014}}
RBP The [[oil field|oil]] and [[gas field|gas]] industry uses many [[acronym]]s and [[abbreviation]]s.

This list is meant for indicative purposes only and should not be relied upon for anything but general information.
{{TOC right}}

==#==
*1C – Proved contingent resources
*1oo2 – One out of two voting (instrumentation)
*1P – [[Proven reserves]]
*2C – Proved and probable contingent resources
*2D – two-dimensional ([[geophysics]])
*2oo2 – Two out of two voting (instrumentation)
*2oo3 – Two out of three voting (instrumentation)
*2P – proved and probable reserves
*3C – three components seismic acquisition (x, y, and z)
*3C – Proved, probable and possible contingent resources
*3D – three-dimensional ([[geophysics]])
*3P – proved, probable and possible reserves
*4D – multiple 3Ds acquired over time (the 4th D) over the same area with the same parameters ([[geophysics]])
*8rd – eight round (describes the number of revolutions per inch of pipe thread)

==A==
*A – Appraisal (well)
*AADE – American Association of Drilling Engineers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aade.org |title=Home :: American Association of Drilling Engineers |publisher=Aade.org |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*AAPG – [[American Association of Petroleum Geologists]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aapg.org/ |title=Home |website=aapg.org}}</ref>
*AAPL – American Association of Professional Landmen
*AAODC – American Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors (obsolete; superseded by [[International Association of Drilling Contractors|IADC]])
*AAV – Annulus access valve
*ABAN – Abandonment, (also as AB and ABD and ABND)
*ABSA – Alberta Boilers Safety Association
*ABT – Annulus bore test
*ACC – Air-cooled heat condenser
*ACHE – Air-cooled heat exchanger
*ACOU – Acoustic
*ACP – Alkali-cosolvent-polymer
*ACQU – Acquisition log
*ACV – Automatic control valve
*ADE – Advanced decision-making environment
*ADEP – Awaiting development with exploration potential, referring to an asset
*ADROC – advanced rock properties report
*ADT – Applied drilling technology, ADT log
*ADM – Advanced diagnostics module (fieldbus)
*AER – Auto excitation regulator
*AEMO – [[Australian Energy Market Operator]]
*AFE – Authorization for expenditure, a process of submitting a business proposal to investors
*AFP – Active rire protection
*AGA – American Gas Association
*AGRU – acid gas removal unit
*AGT – (1) agitator, used in drilling
*AGT – (2) authorised gas tester (certified by OPITTO)
*AGT – (3) [[Azerbaijan]] – [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] – [[Turkey]] (a region rich in oil related activity)<ref>{{cite news |title=BP names VP of offshore activities in AGT region |url=https://www.offshoreenergytoday.com/bp-names-vp-of-offshore-operations-in-agt-region/ |access-date=3 August 2018 |publisher=Offshore Energy Today |date=4 December 2013}}</ref>
*AHBDF – along hole (depth) below [[Derrick]] floor
*AHD – along hole depth
*AHU – air handling unit
*AICD – autonomous inflow control device
*AIChemE – American Institute of Chemical Engineers
*AIM – asset integrity management
*AIPSM – asset integrity and process safety management
*AIR – assurance interface and risk
*AIRG – airgun
*AIRRE – airgun report
* AISC – American Institute of Steel Construction
* AISI – American Iron and Steel Institute
*AIT – analyzer indicator transmitter
*AIT – array induction tool
*AL – appraisal license (United Kingdom), a type of onshore licence issued before 1996
*ALAP – as low as possible (used along with density of mud)
*ALARP – as low as reasonably practicable
*ALC – [[vertical seismic profile]] acoustic log calibration report
*ALLMS – anchor leg load monitoring system
*ALQ – additional living quarters
*ALR – acoustic log report
*ALT – altered
*AM – asset management
*aMDEA – activated methyldiethanolamine
*AMS – auxiliary measurement service log; auxiliary measurement sonde (temperature)
*AMSL – above mean sea level
*AMI – area of mutual interest
*AMV – annulus master valve<ref name="standard1">{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.no/PageFiles/1315/D-010r3.pdf|title=NORSOK STANDARD|website=www.standard.no}}</ref>
*ANACO – analysis of core logs report
*ANARE – analysis report
*AOF – absolute open flow
*AOFP – absolute open-flow potential
*AOI – area of interest
*AOL – arrive on location
*AOR – additional oil recovery
*AP – alkali-polymer
*APD – application for permit to drill
*API – [[American Petroleum Institute]]: organization which sets unit standards in the oil and gas industry
*APPRE – appraisal report
*APS – active pipe support
*APWD – annular pressure while drilling (tool) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/services/drilling/mwd_lwd/ppl/arcvision.aspx |title=arcVISION Array Resistivity Compensated Service | Schlumberger |publisher=www.slb.com |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*ARACL – array acoustic log
*ARESV – analysis of reservoir
*ARI – azimuthal resistivity image
*ARRC – array acoustic report
*ART – actuator running tool
*AS – array sonic processing log
*ASD - acoustic sand detection
*ASI – ASI log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*ASME – [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]
*ASOG – activity-specific operating guidelines
*ASP – array sonic processing report
*ASP – alkali-surfactant-polymer
*ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials
*ASCSSV – annulus surface controlled sub-surface valve<ref name="standard1" />
*ASV – anti-surge valve
*ASV – annular safety valve
*ASV – accommodation and support vessel
*ATD – application to drill
*ATU – auto top-up unit
*AUV – authonomus underwater vehicle
*AV – annular velocity or apparent viscosity
*AVGMS – annulus vent gas monitoring system
*AVO – [[amplitude versus offset]] (geophysics)
*AWB/V – annulus wing block/valve [[Christmas tree (oil well)|(XT)]]
*AWO – approval for well operation
*ATM – at the moment

==B==
*B or b – prefix denoting a number in billions
*BA – bottom assembly (of a riser)
*bbl – [[Barrel (unit)|barrel]]
*BBG – buy back gas
*BBSM – [[behaviour-based safety]] management
*BCPD – barrels condensate per day
*Bcf – billion cubic feet (of natural gas)
*Bcfe – billion cubic feet (of natural gas equivalent)
*BD – bursting disc
*BDF – below [[derrick]] floor
*BDL – bit data log
*BDV – blowdown valve
*BGL – borehole geometry log
*BGL – below ground level (used as a datum for depths in a well)
*BGS – [[British Geological Survey]]
*BGT – borehole geometry tool
*BGWP – base of ground-water protection
*BH – bloodhound
*BHA – bottom hole assembly (toolstring on [[coiled tubing]] or [[Drill string|drill pipe]])
*BHC – BHC gamma ray log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*BHCA – BHC acoustic log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*BHCS – BHC sonic log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*BHCT – bottomhole circulating temperature
*BHKA – bottomhole kickoff assembly
*BHL – borehole log
*BHP – bottom hole pressure
*BHPRP – borehole pressure report
*BHSRE – bottom hole sampling report
*BHSS – borehole seismic survey
*BHT – bottomhole temperature
*BHTV – borehole television report
*BINXQ – bond index quicklook log
*BIOR – biostratigraphic range log
*BIORE – biostratigraphy study report
*BSLM – bend stiffener latch mechanism
*BSW – base sediment and water
*BIVDL – BI/DK/WF/casing collar locator/gamma ray log
*BLD – bailed (refers to the practice of removing debris from the hole with a cylindrical container on a wireline)
*BLI – bottom of logging interval
*BLP – bridge-linked platform
*BO – back-off log
*BO – barrel of oil
*boe – barrels of oil equivalent
*boed – barrels of oil equivalent per day
*BOEM – Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
*boepd – barrels of oil equivalent per day
*BOB – back on bottom
*BOD – biological oxygen demand
*BOL – bill of lading
*BOM – bill of materials
*BOP – [[blowout preventer]]
*BOP – bottom of pipe
*BOPD – barrels of oil per day
*BOPE – blowout prevention equipment
*BOREH – borehole seismic analysis
*[[BOSIET]] – basic offshore safety induction and emergency training
*BOTHL – bottom hole locator log
*BOTTO – bottom hole pressure/temperature report
*BP – bridge plug
*BPD – [[barrels per day]]
*BPH – barrels per hour
*BPFL – borehole profile log
*BPLUG – baker plug
*BPM – barrels per minute
*BPV – back pressure valve (goes on the end of coiled tubing a drill pipe tool strings to prevent fluid flow in the wrong direction)
*BQL – B/QL log
*BRPLG – bridge plug log
*BRT – below rotary table (used as a datum for depths in a well)
*BS – bend stiffener
*BS – bumper sub
*BS – booster station
*BSEE – US: Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bsee.gov/|title=Home | Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement|website=www.bsee.gov|accessdate=15 March 2023}}</ref> (formerly the MMS)
*BSG – black start generator
*BSR – blind shear rams ([[blowout preventer]])
*BSML – below sea mean level
*BS&W – basic sediments and water
*BT – buoyancy tank
*BTEX – benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylene
*BTHL – bottom hole log
*BTO/C – break to open/close (valve torque)
*BTU – [[British thermal units]]
*BU – bottom up
*BUL – bottom-up lag
*BUR – build-up rate
*BVO – ball valve operator
*bwd – barrels of water per day (often used in reference to [[water injection (oil production)|oil production]])
*bwipd – barrels of water injected per day
*{{not a typo|bwpd}} – barrels of water per day

==C==
*C&E – well completion and equipment cost
*C&S – cased and suspended
*C1 – [[methane]]
*C2 – [[ethane]]
*C3 – [[propane]]
*C4 – [[butane]]
*C6 – [[hexanes]]
*C7+ – heavy [[hydrocarbon]] components
*CA – core analysis log
*CAAF – contract authorization approval form
*CalGEM – California Geologic Energy Management Division (oil & gas regulatory body)
*CALI – caliper log
*CALOG – circumferential acoustic log
*CALVE – calibrated velocity log data
*CAODC – Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors
*CAPP – [[Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers]]
*CART – cam-actuated running tool (housing running tool)
*CART – cap replacement tool
*CAS – casing log
*CAT – connector actuating tool
*CB – casing bowl
*CB – core barrel
*CBF – casing bowl flange
*CBIL – CBIL log
*CBL – [[cement bond log]] (measurement of casing cement integrity)
*CBM – choke bridge module – XT choke
*CBM – conventional buoy mooring
*CBM – coal-bed methane
*CCHT – core chart log
*CCL – casing collar locator (in perforation or completion operations, the tool provides depths by correlation of the casing string's magnetic anomaly with known casing features)
*CCLBD – construction / commissioning logic block diagram
*CCLP – casing collar locator perforation
*CCLTP – casing collar locator through tubing plug
*CD – core description
*CDATA – core data
*CDIS – CDI synthetic seismic log
*CDU – control distribution unit
*CDU – crude distillation unit
*CDP – common depth point (geophysics)
*CDP – comprehensive drilling plan
*CDRCL – compensated dual resistivity cal. log
*CDF – core contaminated by drilling fluid
*CDFT – critical device function test
*CE – CE log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*CEC – [[cation-exchange capacity]]
*CECAN – CEC analysis{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*CEME – cement evaluation
*CEOR – chemical-enhanced oil recovery
*CER – central electrical/equipment room
*CERE – cement remedial log
*CET – cement evaluation tool
*CF – completion fluid
*CF – casing flange
*CFD – computational fluid dynamics
*CFGPD – cubic feet of gas per day
*CFU – compact flotation unit
*CGEL – CG EL log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*CGL – core gamma log
*CGPA – Canadian Gas Processors Association
*CGPH – core graph log
*CGR – condensate gas ratio
*CGTL – compact [[gas to liquids]] (production equipment small enough to fit on a ship)
*CHCNC – CHCNC gamma ray casing collar locator
*CHDTP – calliper HDT playback log
*CHECK – checkshot and acoustic calibration report
*CHESM – contractor, health, environment and safety management
*CHF – casing head flange
*CHK – choke (a restriction in a flowline or a system, usually referring to a production choke during a test or the choke in the well control system)
*CHKSR – checkshot survey report
*CHKSS – checkshot survey log
*CHOPS – cold heavy oil production with sand
*CHP – casing hanger pressure (pressure in an [[annulus (oil well)|annulus]] as measured at the [[casing hanger]])
*CHOTO – commissioning, handover and takeover
*CHROM – chromatolog
*CHRT – casing hanger running tool
*CIBP – cast iron bridge plug
*CICR – cast iron cement retainer
*CIDL – chemical injection downhole lower
*CIDU – chemical injection downhole upper
*CIL – chemical injection line
*CILD – conduction log
*CIMV – chemical injection metering valve
*CIRC – circulation
*CITHP – closed-in tubing head pressure (tubing head pressure when the well is shut in)
*CIV – [[chemical injection valve]]
*CK – choke (a restriction in a flowline or a system, usually referring to a production choke during a test or the choke in the well control system)
*CL – core log
*CLG – core log and graph
*CM – choke module
*CMC – crown mounted compensators
*CMC – [[critical micelle concentration]]
*CMP – common midpoint (geophysics)
*CMR – combinable magnetic resonance ([[NMR]] log tool) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spec2000.net/06-nmr.htm |title=Crain's Petrophysical Handbook | Login Page |publisher=Spec2000.net |date=2015-01-01 |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/services/characterization/petrophysics/wireline/legacy_services/combinable_magnetic_plus.aspx |title=Openhole Logging - Wireline Formation Evaluation | Schlumberger |publisher=www.slb.com |date=1966-07-16 |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*CMT – cement
*CNA – clay, no analysis
*CND – compensated neutron density
*CNFDP – CNFD true vertical-depth playback log
*CNGR – compensated neutron gamma-ray log
*CNL – compensated neutron log
*CNLFD – CNL/FDC log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*CNS – Central [[North Sea oil|North Sea]]
*CNCF – field-normalised compensated neutron porosity
*CNR – Canadian natural resources
*CO – change out (ex. from rod equipment to casing equipment)
*COA – conditions of approval
*COC – certificate of conformance
*COD – chemical oxygen demand
*COL – collar log
*COMAN – compositional analysis
*COML – compaction log
*COMP – composite log
*COMPR – completion program report
*COMPU – computest report
*COMRE – completion record log
*COND – condensate production
*CONDE – condensate analysis report
*CONDR – continuous directional log
*CORAN – core analysis report
*CORE – core report
*CORG – corgun{{typo help inline|reason=similar to corgan|date=April 2023}} log
*CORIB – [[CORIBAND]] log
*CORLG – correlation log
*COROR – core orientation report
*COW – Control of Work
*COXY – [[carbon]]/[[oxygen]] log
*CP – cathodic protection
*CP – crown plug
*cP – centipoise (viscosity unit of measurement)
*CPI separator – corrugated plate interceptor
*CPI – computer-processed interpretation
*CPI – corrugated plate interceptor
*CPICB – computer-processed interpretation coriband log
*CPIRE – computer-processed interpretation report
*CPP - central processing platform
*CRA – corrosion-resistant alloy
*CRET – cement retainer setting log
*CRI – cuttings reinjection
*CRINE – cost reduction in the new era
*CRP – control riser platform
*CRP – common/central reference point (subsea survey)
*CRT – clamp replacement tool
*CRT – casing running tool
*CSE – confined space entry
*CsF – caesium formate
*CSC – car seal closed
*CSG – coal seam gas
*csg – casing
*CSHN – cased-hole neutron log
*CSI – combinable seismic imager (VSP) log (Schlumberger)
*CSMT – core sampler tester log
*CSO – complete seal-off
*CSO – car seal open
*CSPG – [[Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists]]
*CSR – corporate social responsibility
*CST – chronological sample taker log (Schlumberger)
*CSTAK – core sample taken log
*CSTR – continuously-stirred tank reactor
*CSTRE – CST report{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*CSU – commissioning and start-up
*CSU – construction safety unit
*CSUG – [[Canadian Society for Unconventional Gas]]
*CT – [[coiled tubing]]
*CTD – [[Coiled tubing#Drilling|coiled tubing drilling]]
*CTCO – coiled tubing clean-out
*CTLF – coiled tubing lift frame
*CTLF – compensated tension lift frame
*CTOD – crack tip opening displacement
*CTP – commissioning test procedure
*CTRAC – cement tracer log
*CUI – corrosion under insulation
*CUL - cross-unit lateral
*CUT – cutter log
*CUTTD – cuttings description report
*CWOP – complete well on paper
*CWOR – completion work over riser
*CWR – cooling water return
*CWS – cooling water supply
*X/O – cross-over
*CYBD – Cyberbond log
*CYBLK – Cyberlook log
*CYDIP – Cyberdip log
*CYDN – Cyberdon log
*CYPRO – Cyberproducts log
*CVX - Chevron

==D==
*D – development
*D – [[Darcy (unit)|Darcy]], unit of permeability
*D&C – drilling and completions
*D&I – direction and inclination (MWD borehole deviation survey) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/services/drilling/mwd_lwd/mwd/slimpulse.aspx |title=SlimPulse Retrievable MWD Service | Schlumberger |publisher=www.slb.com |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*DAC – dipole acoustic log
*DARCI – Darci log
*DAS – data acquisition system
*DAT – wellhead housing drill-ahead tool
*DAZD – dip and azimuth display
*DBB – double block and bleed
*DBP – drillable bridge plug
*DBR – damaged beyond repair
*DC – drill centre
*DC – drill collar/collars
*DCAL – dual caliper log
*DCC – distance cross course
*DCS – distributed control system
*DD – directional driller or [[directional drilling]]
*DDC – daily drilling cost
*DDC – de-watering and drying contract
*DDBHC – DDBHC waveform log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*DDET – depth determination log
*DDM – derrick drilling machine (a.k.a. top drive)
*DDNL – dual det. neutron life log
*DDPT – drill data plot log
*DDPU – double drum pulling unit
*DDR - daily drilling report
*DEA – [[diethanolamine]]
*DECC – [[Department for Energy and Climate Change]] (UK)
*DECT – decay time
*DECT – down-hole electric cutting tool
*DEFSU – definitive survey report
*DEH – direct electrical heating
*DELTA – delta-T log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*DEN – density log
*DEPAN – deposit analysis report
*DEPC – depth control log
*DEPT – depth
*DESFL – deep induction SFL log
*DEV – development well, Lahee classification
*DEVLG – deviation log
*DEXP – D-exponent log
*DF – [[derrick]] floor
*DFI – design, fabrication and installation résumé
*DFIT – diagnostic fracture injection test
*DFPH – Barrels of fluid per hour
*DFR – drilling factual report
*DG/DG# – diesel generator ('#'- means identification letter or number of the equipment i.e. DG3 or DG#3 means diesel generator nr 3)
*DGA – diglycoamine
*DGDS – dual-gradient drilling systems
*DGP – dynamic geohistory plot (3D technique)<ref name ='van Dijk_1993'>van Dijk, J.P. (1993); Three-dimensional quantitative restoration of central Mediterranean Neogene basins. In: Spencer, A.M. (Ed.). Generation, accumulation and production of Europe's hydrocarbons III. Special publication of the European Association of Petroleum Geologists No. 3, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 267–280.</ref>
*DH – drilling history
*DHC – depositional history curve
*DHSV – [[downhole safety valve]]
*DHPG – downhole pressure gauge
*DHPTT – downhole pressure/temperature transducer
*DIBHC – DIS BHC log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*DIEGR – dielectric gamma ray log
*DIF – drill in fluids
*DIL – dual-induction log
*DILB – dual-induction BHC log
*DILL – dual-induction laterolog
*DILLS – dual-induction log-LSS
*DILSL – dual-induction log-SLS
*DIM – directional inertia mechanism
*DINT – dip interpretation
*DIP – dipmeter log
*DIPAR – dipole acoustic report
*DIPBH – dipmeter borehole log
*DIPFT – dipmeter fast log
*DIPLP – dip lithology pressure log
*DIPRE – dipmeter report
*DIPRM – dip removal log
*DIPSA – dipmeter soda log
*DIPSK – dipmeter stick log
*DIRS – directional survey log
*DIRSU – directional survey report
*DIS – DIS-SLS log
*DISFL – DISFL DBHC gamma ray log
*DISO – dual induction sonic log
*DL – development license (United Kingdom), a type of onshore license issued before 1996
*DLIST – dip-list log
*DLL – dual laterolog (deep and shallow resistivity)
*DLS – dog-leg severity (directional drilling)
*DM – dry mate
*DMA – dead-man anchor
*DMAS – dead-man auto-shear [http://www.oceaneering.com/bop-control-systems/deadman-autoshear-systems/ DMAS]
*DMRP – density – magnetic resonance porosity (wireline tool)
*DMT – down-hole monitoring tool
*DNHO – down-hole logging
*DOA – delegation of authority
*DOE – [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]], United States
*DOGGR – Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (former name of California's regulatory entity for oil, gas, and geothermal production)
*DOPH – drilled-out plugged hole
*DOWRE – downhole report
*DP – [[drill pipe]]
*DP – [[dynamic positioning]]
*DPDV – dynamically positioned drilling vessel
*DPL – dual propagation log
*DPLD – differential pressure levitated device (or vehicle)
*DPRES – dual propagation resistivity log
*DPT – deeper pool test, [http://www.google.com.au/search?q=Lahee+Classification Lahee classification]
*DQLC – dipmeter quality control log
*DR – dummy-run log
*DR – drilling report
*DRI – drift log
*DRL – drilling
*DRLCT – drilling chart
*DRLOG – drilling log
*DRLPR – drilling proposal/progress report
*DRO – discovered resources opportunities
*DRPG – drilling program report
*DRPRS – drilling pressure
*DRREP – drilling report
*DRYRE – drying report
*DS – deviation survey, (also ''directional system'')
*DSA - Double Studded Adapter
*DSCAN – DSC analysis report
*DSI – dipole shear imager
*DSL – digital spectralog (western atlas)
*DSPT – [[cross-plot]]s log
*DST – drill-stem test
*DSTG – DSTG log
*DSTL – drill-stem test log
*DSTND – dual-space thermal neutron density log
*DSTPB – drill-stem test true vertical depth playback log
*DSTR – drill-stem test report
*DSTRE – drill-stem test report
*DSTSM – drill-stem test summary report
*DSTW – drill-stem test job report/works
*DSU – drill spacing unit
*DSV – [[diving support vessel]] or drilling supervisor
*DTI – [[Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)|Department of Trade and Industry]] (UK) (obsolete; superseded by [[dBERR]], which was then superseded by DECC)
*DTPB – CNT true vertical-depth playback log
*DTT – depth to time
*DUC – drilled but uncompleted wells
*DVT – differential valve tool (for cementing multiple stages)
*DWOP – drilling well on paper (a theoretical exercise conducted involving the service-provider managers)
*DWQL – dual-water quicklook log
*DWSS – dig-well seismic surface log
*DXC – DXC pressure pilot report

==E==
*E – exploration
*E&A – exploration and appraisal
*E&I – electrical and instrumentation
*E&P – exploration and production, another name for the [[Upstream (petroleum industry)|upstream]] sector
*EA – exploration asset
*EAGE – [[European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eaeg.org/ |title=Eaeg.org |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810101350/http://eaeg.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*ECA – [[Easington Catchment Area]]
*ECD – equivalent circulating density
*EDG/EDGE – emergency diesel generator
*ECMS – electrical control and monitoring system
*ECMWF – European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
*ECP – external casing packer
*ECRD – electrically-controlled release device (for abandoning stuck wireline tool from cable)
*ECT – external cantilevered turret
*EDP – exploration drilling program report
*EDP – emergency disconnect pPackage
*EDP – emergency depressurisation
*EDPHOT – emergency drill pipe hang-off tool
*EDR – exploration drilling report
*EDR – electronic drilling recorder
*EDS – emergency disconnection sequence
*EEAR – emergency electrical auto restart
*EEHA – electrical equipment for hazardous areas (IECEx)
*EFL – electrical flying lead
*EFR – engineering factual report
*EHT – electric heat trace
*EGBE – ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (2-butoxyethanol)
*EGMBE – ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
*EHU – electro-hydraulic unit
*EIA – environmental impact assessment
*EI – [[Energy Institute]]
*ELEC TECH – electronics technician
*ELT – economic limit test
*EL – electric log
*EM – EMOP log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*EMCS – energy management and control systems
*EMD – equivalent mud density
*EMG – equivalent mud gradient
*EMOP – EMOP well site processing log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*EMP – electromagnetic propagation log
*EMR – electronic memory read-out
*EMS – environment measurement sonde (wireline multi-caliper) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/services/characterization/petrophysics/wireline/legacy_services/enviro_measure_sonde.aspx |title=Openhole Logging - Wireline Formation Evaluation | Schlumberger |publisher=www.slb.com |date=1966-07-16 |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*EMW – equivalent mud weight
*EN PI – enhanced productivity index log
*ENG – engineering log
*ENGF – engineer factual report
*ENGPD – engineering porosity data
*Eni – [[Eni|Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi]] S.p.A. (Italy)<ref>{{cite web|author=Sreeparna Das |url=http://www.eni.com |title=energy company |publisher=Eni |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*ENJ – enerjet log
*ENMCS – electrical network monitoring and control system
*EOFL – end of field life
*EOR – enhanced oil recovery
*EOT – end of tubing
*EOT – electric overhead travelling
*ELV – extra-low voltage
*EOW – end-of-well report
*EPCM/I – engineering procurement construction and management/installation
*EPCU – electrical power conditioning unit
*EPIDORIS – exploration and production integrated drilling operations and reservoir information system
*EPL – EPL log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*EPLG – epilog
*EPLPC – EPL-PCD-SGR log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*EPS – early production system
*EPT – electromagnetic propagation
*EPU – electrical power unit
*EPTNG – EPT-NGT log
*EPV – early production vessel
*{{not a typo|ER(D)}} – extended reach (drilling)
*ERT – emergency response training
*ESD – emergency shutdown
*ESDV – emergency shutdown valve
*ESHIA – environmental, social and health impact assessment
*ESIA – environmental and social impact assessment
*ESP – electric [[submersible pump]]
*ETAP – [[Eastern Trough Area Project]]
*ETD – external turret disconnectable
*ETECH – electronics technician
*ETTD – electromagnetic thickness test
*ETU – electrical test unit
*EUE – external-upset-end (tubing connection)
*EUR – estimated ultimate recovery
*EVARE – evaluation report
*EWMP – earthworks/electrical works/excavation works management plan
*EWR – end-of-well report
*EXL – or XL, exploration licence (United Kingdom), a type of onshore licence issued between the first onshore licensing round (1986) and the sixth (1992)
*EXP – exposed
*EZSV – easy sliding valve (drillable packer plug)

==F==
*F&G – fire and gas
*FAC – factual report
*FAC – first aid case
*FACHV – four-arm calliper log
*FANAL – formation analysis sheet log
*FANG – friction angle
*FAR – Field Auxiliary Room
*FAT – factory acceptance testing
*FB – full bore
*FBE – fusion-bonded epoxy
*FBHP – flowing bottom-hole pressure
*FC – float collar
*FC – fail closed (valve or damper)
*FCGT – flood clean gauge test
*FCM – flow control module
*FCP – final circulating pressure
*FCV – flow control valve
*FCVE – F-curve log
*FDC – formation density log
*FDF – forced-draft fan
*FDP – field development plan
*FDS – functional design specification
*FDT – fractional dead time
*FEED – [[front-end loading|front-end engineering design]]
*FEL – from east line
*FER – field equipment room
*FER - formation evaluation report
*FEWD – formation evaluation while drilling
*FFAC – formation factor log
*FFM – full field model
*FG – fiberglass
*FGHT – flood gauge hydrotest
*FRP – fiberglass reinforced plastics
*FGEOL – final geological report
*FH – full-hole tool joint
*FI – final inspection
*FID – final investment decision
*FID – flame ionisation detection
*FIH – finish in hole (tripping pipe)
*FIL – FIL log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*{{not a typo|FI(M)}} – free issue (materials)
*FINST – final stratigraphic report
*FINTP – formation interpretation
*FIP – flow-induced pulsation
*FIT – fairing intervention tool
*FIT – fluid identification test
*FIT – formation integrity test
*FIT – formation interval tester
*FIT – flow indicator transmitter
*FIV – flow-induced vibration
*FIV – [[Completion (oil well)#Formation/Flowline isolation valve|formation isolation valve]]
*FJC – field joint coating
*FL – F log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*FL – fail locked (valve or damper)
*FL – fluid level
*FLAP –fluid level above pump
*FLB – field logistics base
*FLDF – flying lead deployment frame
*FLIV – flowline injection valve
*FLIV – flowline isolation valve
*FLET – flowline end termination
**aFLET – actuated flowline end termination
*FLNG – floating [[liquefied natural gas]]
*FLOG – FLOG PHIX RHGX log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*FLOPR – flow profile report
*FLOT – flying lead orientation tool
*FLOW – flow and buildup test report
*FLRA – field-level risk assessment
*FLS – fluid sample
*FLT – [[fault (geology)]]
*FLT – flying lead termination
*FLTC – fail locked tending to close
*FLTO – fail locked tending to open
*FMD – flooded member detection
*FMEA – failure modes, & effects analysis
*FMECA – failure modes, effects, and criticality analysis
*[[borehole image logs|FMI – formation micro imaging log (azimuthal microresistivity)]]
*FMP – formation microscan report
*FMP – Field Management Plan
*[[borehole image logs|FMS – formation multi-scan log; formation micro-scan log]]
*FMS – flush-mounted slips
*FMT – flow management tool
*FMTAN – FMT analysis report{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*FNL – from north line
*FO – fail open (valve or damper)
*FOBOT – fibre optic breakout tray
*FOET – further offshore emergency training
*FOF – face of flange
*FOH – finish out of hole (tripping pipe)
*FOSA – field operating services agreement
*FOSV – full-opening safety valve
*FPDM – fracture potential and domain modelling/mapping<ref name ='van Dijk_1998'>van Dijk, J.P. (1998); Analysis and modelling of fractured reservoirs. SPE paper 50570, Europec; European Petroleum Conference, Vol.1, 31–43.</ref><ref name ='van Dijk_1996'>van Dijk, J.P. (1996); Fracture potential and domain mapping; a new technique applied to Maastrichtian-Danian chalk in Block 2/5 (Norway). In: Chalk Geoscience Workshop. PL006, 018, 067, 2–3 Dec 1996, NPD Stavanger, Extended Abstracts.</ref>
*FPH – feet per hour
*FPIT – free-point indicator tool
*FPL – flow analysis log
*FPLP – freshman petroleum learning program (Penn State){{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
*FPLAN – field plan log
*FPS – field production system
*FPO – floating production and offloading – vessel with no or very limited (process only) on-board produced fluid storage capacity.
*FPSO – floating production storage and offloading vessel
*FPU – floating processing unit
*FRA – fracture log
*FRARE – fracture report
*FRES – final reserve report
*FS – fail safe
*FSB – flowline support base
*FSI – flawless start-up initiative
*FSL – from south line
*FSLT – flexible sealine lifting tool
*FSO – floating storage offloading vessel
*FSR – facility status report
*FSU – floating storage unit
*FT – formation tester log
*FTL – field team leader
*FTM – fire-team member
*FTP – first tranche petroleum
*FTP – field terminal platform
*FTR – function test report
*FTRE – formation testing report
*FULDI – full diameter study report
*FV – funnel viscosity
*FV – float valve
*FWHP – flowing well-head pressure
*FWKO – free water knock-out
*FWL – free water level
*FWL – from West line
*FWR – final well report
*FWV – flow wing valve (also known as production wing valve on a [[christmas tree (oil well)|christmas tree]])
*FR - flow rate

==G==
*G/C – [[gas condensate]]
*GC – gathering center
*G&P – gathering and processing
*G&T – gathering and transportation
*GALT – gross air leak test
*GAS – gas log
*GASAN – gas analysis report
*GBS – gravity-based structure
*GBT – gravity base tank
*GCB – generator circuit breaker
*GCLOG – graphic core log
*GCT – GCT log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*GDAT – geodetic datum
*GDE – gross depositional environment
*GDIP – geodip log
*GDT – gas down to
*GE – condensate gas equivalent
*GE – ground elevation (also GR, or GRE{{citation needed|date=August 2022}})
*GEOCH – geochemical evaluation
*GEODY – GEO DYS log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*GEOEV – geochemical evaluation report
*GEOFO – geological and formation evaluation report
*GEOL – geological surveillance log
*GEOP – geophone data log
*GEOPN – geological well prognosis report
*GEOPR – geological operations progress report
*GEORE – geological report
*GGRG – gauge ring
*GIIP – [[gas initially in place]]
*GIH – go in hole
*GIS – [[geographic information system]]
*GL – gas lift
*GL – ground level
*GLE – ground level elevation (generally in metres above mean sea level{{citation needed|date=August 2022}})
*GLM – gas lift mandrel (alternative name for [[Completion (oil well)#Side pocket mandrel|side pocket mandrel)]]
*GLR – gas-liquid ratio
*GLT – GLT log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*GLV – gas lift valve
*GLW –{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
*GM – gas migration
*GOC – gas oil contact
*GOM – [[Gulf of Mexico]]
*GOP – geological operations report
*GOR – [[gas oil ratio]]
*GOSP – gas/oil separation plant
*GPIT – general-purpose inclinometry tool (borehole survey) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/189_IR/chap_02/c2_9.htm |title=Downhole Measurements |publisher=Odp.tamu.edu |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*GPLT – geol plot log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*GPTG – gallons per thousand gallons
*GPM – gallons per Mcf{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*GPSL – geo pressure log
*GR – ground level
*GR – gamma ray
*GR – gauge ring (measure hole size)
*GRAD – gradiometer log
*GRE – ground elevation
*GRLOG – grapholog
*GRN – gamma ray neutron log
*GRP – glass-reinforced plastic
*GRV – gross rock volume
*GRSVY – gradient survey log
*GS – gas supplier
*GS – gel strength
*GST – GST log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*GTC/G –gas turbine compressor/generator
*GTL – [[gas to liquids]]
*GTW – gas to wire
*GUN – gun set log
*GWC – gas-water contact
*GWR – guided wave radar
*GWREP – geo well report

==H==
*HAT – highest astronomical tide
*HAZ – heat-affected zone
*HAZID – hazard identification (meeting)
*HAZOP – hazard and operability study (meeting)
*HBE – high-build epoxy
*HBP – held by production
*HC – [[hydrocarbon]]s
*HCAL – HRCC caliper (in logs)(in inches){{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*HCCS – horizontal clamp connection system
*HCM – horizontal connection module (to connect the christmas tree to the manifold{{citation needed|date=August 2022}})
*HCS – high-capacity square mesh screens
*HD – head
*HDA – helideck assistant
*HDD – [[horizontal directional drilling]]
*HDPE – high-density polyethylene
*HDT – high-resolution dipmeter log
*HDU – horizontal drive unit
*HEXT – hex diplog
*HFE – human factors engineering
*HFL – hydraulic flying lead
*HGO – heavy gas oil
*HGS – high (wpecific-)gravity solids
*HH – horse head (on pumping unit)
*HHP – hydraulic horsepower
*HI – hydrogen index
*HiPAP – high-precision acoustic positioning
*HIPPS – high-integrity pressure protection system
*HIRA – hazard identification and risk assessment
*HISC – hydrogen-induced stress cracking
*HKLD – hook load
*HL – hook load
*HLCV – heavy-lift crane vessel
*HLO – heavy load-out (facility)
*HLO – helicopter landing officer
*Hmax – maximum wave height
*HNGS – flasked hostile natural gamma-ray spectrometry tool <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors98/sum98/pgs_50_67.pdf |title=Resource Library | Schlumberger |publisher=www.slb.com|date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*HO – hole opener
*HOB – hang on bridle (cable assembly)
*HMR – heating medium return
*HMS – heating medium supply
*HP – hydrostatic pressure
*HPAM – partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide
*HPGAG – high-pressure gauge
*HPHT – high-pressure high-temperature
*HPPS – HP pressure log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*HPU – hydraulic power unit
*HPWBM – high-performance water-based mud
*HRCC – HCAl of caliper (in inches)
*HRLA – high-resolution laterolog array (resistivity logging tool)
*HRF – hyperbaric rescue facility/vessel
*HRSG – heat recovery steam generator
*Hs – significant wave height
*HSE – health, safety and environment or [[Health & Safety Executive]] (United Kingdom)
*HSV – hyperbaric support vessel
*HTHP – high-temperature high pressure
*HTM – helideck team member
*HVDC – high voltage direct current
*HWDP – heavy-weight drill pipe (sometimes spelled hevi-wate{{citation needed|date=August 2022}})
*HUD – hold-up depth
*HUN – hold-up nipple
*HUET – helicopter underwater escape training
*HVAC – heating, ventilation and air-conditioning
*HWDP – heavy weight drill pipe
*HYPJ – hyperjet
*HYROP – hydrophone log

==I==
*I:P – injector to producer ratio
*IADC – [[International Association of Drilling Contractors]]
*IAT – internal active turret
*IBC – intermediate bulk container
*IC – instrument cable
*ICoTA – Intervention and Coiled Tubing Association
*ICC – isolation confirmation (or control) certificate
*ICD – inflow control device
*ICEX;IECEx – international electrotechnical commission system for certification to standards relating to equipment for use in explosive atmospheres (EEHA)
*ICP – initial circulating pressure
*ICP – intermediate casing point
*ICP – [[inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry|inductively coupled plasma]]
*ICSS – integrated controls and safety system
*ICSU – integrated commissioning and start-up
*ICV – interval control valve
*ICV – integrated cement volume (of borehole)
*ICW – incomplete work
*ID – inner or internal diameter (of a tubular component such as a [[casing (oil well)|casing]])
*IDC – intangible drilling costs
*IDEL – IDEL log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*IEB – induction electro BHC log
*IEL – induction electrical log
*IF – internal flush tool joint
*iFLS – intelligent fast load shedding
*IFP – French Institute of Petroleum (Institut Français du Petrole)
*IFT – interfacial tension
*IGPE – immersion grade phenolic epoxy
*IGV – inlet guide vane
*IH – gamma ray log
*IHEC – isolation of hazardous energy certificate
*IHUC – installation, hook-up and commissioning
*IHV – integrated hole volume (of borehole)
*IIC – infield installation contractor
*IJL – injection log
*IL – induction log
*ILI – inline inspection (intelligent [[pigging]])
*ILOGS – image logs
*ILT – inline tee
*IMAG – image analysis report
*IMCA – [[International Marine Contractors Association]]
*IMPP – injection-molded polypropylene coating system
*IMR – inspection, maintenance, and repair
*INCR – incline report
*INCRE – incline report
*INDRS – IND RES sonic log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*INDT – INDT log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*INDWE – individual well record report
*INJEC – injection falloff log
*INS – insufficient sample
*INS – integrated navigation system
*INSUR – inrun survey report
*INVES – investigative program report
*IOC – international oil company
*IOM – installation, operation and maintenance manual
*IOS – internal olefin sulfonate
*IOS – isomerized olefin sulfonate
*IP – [[IP code|ingress protection]]
*IP – Institute of Petroleum, now [[Energy Institute]]
*IP – intermediate pressure
*IPAA – [[Independent Petroleum Association of America]]
*IPC – installed production capacity
*IPLS – IPLS log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*IPR – inflow performance relationship
*IPT – internal passive turret
*IR – interpretation report
*IRC – inspection release certificate
*IRDV – inelegant remote dual valve
*IRTJ – IRTJ gamma ray slimhole log
*ISD – instrument-securing device
*ISF – ISF sonic log
*ISFBG – ISF BHC GR log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*ISFCD – ISF conductivity log
*ISFGR – ISF GR casing collar locator log
*ISFL – ISF-LSS log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*ISFP – ISF sonic true vertical depth playback log
*ISFPB – ISF true vertical depth playback log
*ISFSL – ISF SLS MSFL log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*ISIP – initial shut-in pressure
*ISSOW – integrated safe system of work
*ISV – infield support vessel
*ITD – internal turret disconnectable
*ITO – inquiry to order
*ITR – inspection test record
*ITS – influx to surface
*ITT – internal testing tool (for BOP test)
*IUG – instrument utility gas
*IWCF – [[International Well Control Federation]]
*IWOCS – installation/workover control system
*IWTT – interwell tracer test

==J==
*J&A – junked and abandoned
*JB – junk basket
*JHA – job hazard analysis
*JIB – joint-interest nilling
*JLT – J-lay tower
*JSA – job safety analysis
*JT – [[Joule-Thomson effect|Joule-Thomson]] (effect/valve/separator)
*JTS – joints
*JU – [[jack-up]] [[drilling rig]]
*JV – joint venture
*JVP – joint venture partners/participants

==K==
*KB – [[kelly drive|kelly]] bushing
*KBE – kelly bushing elevation (in meters above sea level, or meters above ground level)
*KBG – kelly bushing height above ground level
*KBUG – kelly bushing underground (drilling up in coal mines, West Virginia, Baker & Taylor drilling)
*KCI – potassium chloride
*KD – kelly down
*KMW – kill mud weight
*KOEBD – gas converted to oil-equivalent at 6 million cubic feet = 1 thousand barrels
*KOH – potassium hydroxide
*KOP – kick-off point ([[directional drilling]])
*KOP – kick-off plug
*KP – kilometre post
*KRP – kill rate pressure
*KT – kill truck
*KLPD- kiloliters per day

==L==
*LACT – lease automatic custody transfer
*LAH – lookahead
*LAOT – linear activation override tool
*LARS – launch and recovery system
*LAS – [[Log ASCII standard]]
*LAT – lowest astronomical tide
*LBL – long baseline (acoustics)
*LC – locked closed
*LCM – lost circulation material
*LCNLG – LDT CNL gamma ray log
*LCR – local control room
*LCV – level control valve
*L/D – lay down (such as tubing or rods)
*LD – lay down (such as tubing or rods)
*LDAR – leak detection and repair
*LDHI – low-dosage hydrate inhibitor
*LDL – litho density log
*LDS – leak detection system (pipeline monitoring)
*LDTEP – LDT EPT gamma ray log
*LEAKL – leak detection log
*LEPRE – litho-elastic property report
*LER – lands eligible for remining or [[land equivalent ratio]]
*LER – Local Equipment Room
*LGO – Light Gas Oil
*LGR – Liquid Gas Ratio
*LGS – Low (specific-)Gravity Solids
*LHT- Left Hand Turn
*LIC – License
*LIB – Lead Impression Block
*LINCO – Liner and Completion Progress Report
*LIOG – Lithography Log
*LIT – Lead Impression Tool
*LIT – level indicator transmitter
*LITDE – Litho Density Quicklook Log
*LITHR – [[Lithology|Lithological]] Description Report
*LITRE – Lithostratigraphy Report
*LITST – Lithostratigraphic Log
*LKO – Lowest Known Oil
*LL – Laterolog
*LMAP – Location Map
*LMRP – Lower Marine Riser Package
*LMTD – [[Logarithmic mean temperature difference|Log Mean Temperature Difference]]
*LMV – Lower Master Valve (on a [[Christmas tree (oil well)|Xmas tree]])
*LNG – [[Liquefied Natural Gas]]
*LO – Locked Open
*LOA – Letter of Authorisation/Agreement/Authority
*LOD – Lines of Defence
*LOE – Lease Operating Expenses
*LOGGN – Logging Whilst Drilling
*LOGGS – Lincolnshire Offshore Gas Gathering System
*LOGRS – Log Restoration Report
*LOGSM – Log Sample
*LOK – Low Permeability
*LOKG – Low Permeability Gas
*LOKO – Low Permeability Oil
*LOLER – Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations
*LOPA – Layer of Protection Analysis [[IEC 61511]]
*LOT – Leak-Off Test
*LOT – Linear Override Tool
*LOT – Lock Open Tool
*LOTO – Lock Out / Tag Out
*LP – Low Pressure
*LPG – [[Liquefied Petroleum Gas]]
*LPH – Litres Per Hour
*LPWHH – Low Pressure Well Head Housing
*LQ – Living Quarters
*LRA – Lower Riser Assembly
*LRG – Liquified Refinery Gas
*LRP – [[Lower riser package|Lower Riser Package]]
*LSBGR – Long Spacing BHC GR Log
*LSD – Land Surface Datum
*LSP – Life Support Package
*LSSON – Long Spacing Sonic Log
*LT – Linear Time or Lag Time
*L&T – Load and Test
*LTC – Long Thread and Coupled
*LT&C – Long Thread and Coupled
*LTHCP – Lower Tubing Hanger Crown Plug
*{{not a typo|LTI(FR)}} – Lost Time Incident (Frequency Rate)
*LTP – liner shaker, tensile bolting cloth, perforated panel backing
*LTX – Low temperature extraction unit
*LUMI – Luminescence Log
*LUN – Livening Up Notice
*LVEL – Linear Velocity Log
*LVOT – Linear Valve Override Tool
*LWD – Logging While Drilling
*LWOL – Last Well on Lease
*LWOP – Logging Well on Paper

==M==
*M or m – prefix designating a number in thousands (not to be confused with SI prefix M for [[mega-]] or m for [[milli]])
*m – metre
*MAASP – maximum acceptable [or allowable] annular surface pressure
*MAC – multipole acoustic log
*MACL – multiarm caliper log
*MAE – major accident event
*MAGST – magnetostratigraphic report
*MAL - Master Acronym List
*MAOP – maximum allowable operating pressure
*MAP – metrol acoustic processor
*MARA – maralog
*MAST – sonic tool (for recording waveform)
*MAWP – maximum allowable working pressure
*MBC – marine breakaway coupling
*MBC – membrane brine concentrator
*Mbd – thousand barrels per day
*MBES – multibeam echosounder
*Mbod – thousand barrels of oil per day
*Mboe – thousand barrels of oil equivalent
*Mboed – thousand barrels of oil equivalent per day
*MBP – mixed-bed polisher
*Mbpd – thousand barrels of oil per day
*MBR – minimum bend radius
*MBRO – multi-bore restriction orifices
*MBT – methylene blue test
*MBWH – multi-bowl [[wellhead]]
*MCC – motor control centre
*MCD – mechanical completion dossier
*Mcf – thousand cubic feet of natural gas
*Mcfe – thousand cubic feet of natural gas equivalent
*MCHE – main cryogenic heat exchanger
*MCM – manifold choke module
*MCP – monocolumn platform
*MCS – manifold and connection system
*MCS – master control station
*MCSS – multi-cycle sliding sleeve
*mD – [[millidarcy]], measure of [[permeability (earth sciences)|permeability]], with units of area
*MD – measured depth
*MDO – marine diesel oil
*MDR – master document register
*MDRT – measured depth referenced to rotary table zero datum
*MD – measurements/drilling log
*MDEA – [[methyl diethanolamine]] (aMDEA)
*MDL – [[methane]] drainage licence (United Kingdom), a type of onshore licence allowing natural gas to be collected "in the course of operations for making and keeping safe mines whether or not disused"{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
*MDSS – measured depth referenced to mean sea level zero datum – "sub sea" level
*MDT – [[modular formation dynamic tester]]
*MDR – mud damage removal (acid bullheading)
*MEA – [[monoethanolamine]]
*MEG – [[ethylene glycol|monoethylene glycol]]
*MEIC – Mechanical Electrical Instrumentation Commission
*MeOH – methanol (CH3OH)
*MEPRL – mechanical properties log
*MERCR – mercury injection study report
*MERG – merge FDC/CNL/gamma ray/dual laterolog/micro SFL log
*MEST – micro-electrical scanning tool <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taskgeoscience.com/glossary.asp?id=3 |title=Task Geoscience - the Borehole Image and Dipmeter Experts |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016134355/http://www.taskgeoscience.com/glossary.asp?id=3 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*MF – marsh funnel (mud [[viscosity]])
*MFCT – multifinger caliper tool
*MGL – magnelog
*MGPS – marine growth prevention system
*MHWN – mean high water neaps
*MHWS – mean high water springs
*MLH – mud liner hanger
*MIFR – mini frac log
*MINL – minilog
*MIPAL – micropalaeo log
*MIRU – move in and rig up
*MIST – minimum industry safety training
*MIT – mechanical integrity test
*MIYP – maximum internal yield pressure
*mKB – meters below [[kelly drive|kelly bushing]]
*ML – mud line (depth reference)
*ML – microlog, or mud log
*MLL – microlaterolog
*MLF – marine loading facility
*MLWN – mean low water neaps
*MLWS – mean low water springs
*mm – millimetre (SI unit)
*MM – prefix designating a number in millions (thousand-thousand)
*MMbod – million barrels of oil per day
*MMboe – million barrels of oil equivalent
*MMboed – million barrels of oil equivalent per day
*MMbpd – million barrels per day
*MMcf – million cubic feet (of natural gas)
*MMcfe – million cubic feet (of natural gas equivalent)
*MMcfge – million cubic feet (of natural gas equivalent)
*MMS – [[Minerals Management Service]] (United States)
*MMscfd – million standard cubic feet per day
*MMTPA – millions of metric tonnes per [[year|annum]]
*MMstb – million stock barrels
*MNP – merge and playback log
*MODU – mobile offshore drilling unit (either of jack-up drill rig or semi-submersible rig or drill ship)
*MOF – marine offloading facility
*MOPO – matrix of permitted operations
*MOPU – mobile offshore production unit (to describe jack-up production rig, or semi-submersible production rig, or floating production, or storage ship)
*MOT – materials/marine offloading terminal
*MOV – motor operated valve
*MPA – micropalaeo analysis report
*MPD – managed pressure drilling
*MPFM – multi-phase flow meter
*MPK – merged playback log
*MPP – multiphase pump
*MPQT – manufacturing procedure qualification test
*MPS – manufacturing procedure specification
*MPSP – maximum predicted surface pressure
*MPSV – multi-purpose support vessel
*MPV – multi-purpose vessel
*MQC – multi-quick connection plate
*MR – marine riser
*MR – mixed refrigerant
*MR – morning report
*MRBP – magna range bridge plug
*MRC – maximum reservoir contact
*MRCV – multi-reverse circulating valve
*MRIT – magnetic resonance imaging tool
*MRIRE – magnetic resonance image report
*MRP – material requirement planning
*MRR – material receipt report
*MRT – marine riser tensioners
*MRT – mechanical run test
*MRX – magnetic resonance expert (wireline [[NMR]] tool) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.epmag.com/EP-Magazine/archive/MRX-Magnetic-resonance-expert_2200 |title=MRX Magnetic resonance expert |access-date=16 January 2014 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116123339/http://www.epmag.com/EP-Magazine/archive/MRX-Magnetic-resonance-expert_2200 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*MSCT – mechanical sidewall coring tool <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/services/characterization/reservoir/wireline/mechanical_sidewall_coring.aspx |title=MSCT Mechanical Sidewall Coring Tool | Schlumberger |publisher=www.slb.com |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*MSDS – material safety data sheet
*MSFL – micro SFL log; micro-spherically focussed log (resistivity)
*MSI – mechanical and structural inspection
*MSIP – modular sonic imaging platform (sonic scanner) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors06/spr06/editorial.pdf |title=Resource Library | Schlumberger |publisher=www.slb.com|date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*MSIPC – multi-stage inflatable packer collar<ref>{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185936/http://www.halliburton.com/public/cem/contents/Data_Sheets/web/H/H06940-A4.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
*MSL – mean [[sea level]]
*MSL – micro spherical log
*MSS – magnetic single shot
*MST – MST EXP [[resistivity logging|resistivity log]]
*MSV – multipurpose support vessel
*MTBF – mean time between failures
*MT – motor temperature; DMT parameter for ESP motor
*MTO – material take-off
*MTT – MTT multi-isotope trace tool
*M/U – make up
*MUD – mud log
*MUDT – mud temperature log
*MuSol – mutual solvent
*MVB – master valve block on christmas tree
*MVC – minimum volume commitment
*MW – [[mud weight]]
*MWD – [[measurement while drilling]]
*MWDRE – measurement while drilling report
*MWP – maximum working pressure
*MWS – [[classification society|marine warranty survey]]

==N==
*NACE – [[National Association of Corrosion Engineers]]
*NAPE – Nigerian Association of Petroleum Explorationists
*NAM – North American
*NAPF – non-aqueous phase fluid
*NAPL – non-aqueous phase liquid
*NASA – non-active side arm (term used in [[North Sea oil]] for kill wing valve on a [[Christmas tree (oil well)|christmas tree]])
*NAVIG – navigational log
*NB – nominal bore
*NCC – normally clean condensate
*ND – nipple down
*NDE – non-destructive examination
*NEFE – non-emulsifying iron inhibitor (usually used with hydrochloric acid{{citation needed|date=August 2022}})
*NEUT – neutron log
*NFG – 'no fucking good' used for marking damaged equipment,{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
*NFI – no further investment
*NFW – new field wildcat, Lahee classification
*NG – natural gas
*NGDC – national geoscience data centre (United Kingdom)
*NGL – natural gas liquids
*NGR – natural gamma ray
*NGRC – national geological records centre (United Kingdom)
*NGS – NGS log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*NGSS – NGS spectro log
*NGT – natural gamma ray tool
*NGTLD – NGT LDT QL log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*NGLQT – NGT QL log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*NGTR – NGT ratio log
*NHDA – National Hydrocarbons Data Archive (United Kingdom)
*NHPV – net [[hydrocarbon]] pore volume
*NL-NG – No loss-no gain
*NMDC – non-magnetic drill collar
*NMHC – non-methane hydrocarbons
*NMR – nuclear magnetic resonance [[Wireline (cabling)#Resistivity Tools|kog]]
*NMVOC – non-methane volatile organic compounds
*NNF – normally no flow
*NNS – northern North Sea
*NOISL – noise log
*NOC – [[National Oil Company]]
*NORM – naturally-occurring radioactive material
*NP – non-producing well
*NPD – [[Norwegian Petroleum Directorate]]
*NPS – nominal pipe size (sometimes NS)
*NPSH(R) – net-positive suction head (required)
*NPT – Non-Productive Time (used during drilling or well intervention operations mainly, malfunction of equipment or the lack of personnel competencies that result in loss of time, which is costly)
*NPV – net present value
*NRB – not required back
*NRPs – non-rotating protectors
*NRI – net revenue interest
*NRV – non-return valve
*NPW – new pool wildcat, Lahee classification
*NS – North Sea; can also refer to the [[North Slope Borough, Alaska]], the [[Alaska North Slope|North Slope]], which includes [[Prudhoe Bay Oil Field]] (the largest US oil field), [[Kuparuk Oil Field]], Milne Point, Lisburne, and Point McIntyre among others{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
*NTHF – non-toxic high flash
*NTU – nephelometric turbidity unit
*NUBOP – nipple (ed),(ing) up blow-out preventer
*NUI – normally unattended installation
*NUMAR – nuclear and magnetic resonance – image log

==O==
*O&G – oil and gas
*O&M – operations and maintenance
*O/S – overshot, fishing tool
*OBCS – ocean bottom cable system
*OBDTL – OBDT log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*OBEVA – OBDT evaluation report
*OBM – oil-based mud
*OBO – operated by others
*OCIMF – [[Oil Companies International Marine Forum]]
*OCI – oil corrosion inhibitor (vessels)
*OCL – quality control log
*OCM – offshore construction manager
*OCS – offshore construction supervisor
*OCTG – oil country tubular goods (oil well casing, tubing, and drill pipe)<ref>{{cite web|title=OCTG (casing and tubing)|url=http://www.networkintl.com/support/glossary.aspx#103|work=Network International Oilfield Glossary|publisher=Network International|access-date=24 June 2011|archive-date=15 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515171708/http://www.networkintl.com/support/glossary.aspx#103|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*OD – outer diameter (of a tubular component such as [[casing (oil well)|casing]]{{citation needed|date=August 2022}})
*ODT – oil down to
*OFE – oil field equipment
*OFST – offset vertical seismic profile
*OEM – original equipment manufacturer
*OFIC – offshore interim completion certificate
*OGA – Oil and Gas Authority (UK oil and gas regulatory authority)
*OH – open hole
*OH – open hole log
*OHC – open hole completion
*OHD – open hazardous drain
*OHUT – offshore hook-up team
*OI – oxygen index
*OLAF – offshore footless loading arm
*OIM – [[OIM (offshore installation manager)|offshore installation manager]]
*OMRL – oriented micro-resistivity [[wireline (cabling)#Resistivity Tools|log]]
*ONAN – oil natural air natural cooled transformer
*ONNR – Office of Natural Resources Revenue (formerly MMS)
*OOE – offshore operation engineer (senior technical authority on an offshore [[oil platform]]{{citation needed|date=August 2022}})
*OOIP – original oil in place
*OOT/S – out of tolerance/straightness
*OPITO – offshore petroleum industry training organization
*OPEC – [[Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries]]
*OPL – operations log
*OPRES – overpressure log
*OPS – operations report
*ORICO – oriented core data report
*ORM – operability reliability maintainability
*ORRI – overriding royalty interest
*ORF – onshore receiving facility
*OS&D – over, short, and damage report
*OS – online survey
*OSV – offshore supply vessel
*OT – a well on test
*OT – off tree
*OTDR – optical time domain reflectometry
*OTIP – operational testing implementation plan
*OTL – operations team leader
*OTP – operational test procedure
*OTR – order to remit
*OTSG – one-time through steam generator
*OWC – oil-water contact
*OUT – outpost, Lahee classification
*OUT – oil up to
*OVCH – oversize charts
*OVID – offshore vessel inspection database

==P==
*P – producing well
*P&A – plug(ged) and abandon(ed) (well)
*PA – producing asset
*PA – polyamide
*PA – producing asset with exploration potential
*PACO – process, automation, control and optimisation
*PACU – packaged air conditioning unit
*PADPRT – pressure assisted drillpipe running tool
*PAGA – public address general alarm
*PAL – palaeo chart
*PALYN – [[palynological]] analysis report
*PAR – pre-assembled rack
*PAU – pre-assembled ynit
*PBDMS – playback DMSLS log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*PBHL – proposed bottom hole location
*PBR – polished bore receptacle (component of a [[completion (oil well)|completion string]])
*PBD – pason billing system
*PBTD – plug back total depth
*PBU – pressure build-up (applies to integrity testing on valves{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*PCA – production concession agreement
*PCB – [[polychlorinated biphenyl]]
*PCCC – pressure containing anti‐corrosion caps
*PCCL – perforation casing collar locator log
*PCDC – pressure-cased directional (geometry i.e. borehole survey) MWD tool
*PCE – pressure control equipment
*PCDM – power and control distribution module
*PCKR – packer
*PCMS – polymer coupon monitoring system
*PCN – process control network
*PCO – pre-commission preparations (pipeline)
*PCOLL – perforation and collar
*PCP – progressing cavity pump
*PCP – possible condensate production
*PCPT – piezo-cone penetration test
*PCS – process control system
*PDC – perforation depth control
*PDC – polycrystalline diamond compact (a type of drilling bit)
*PDG/PDHG – permanent downhole gauge
*PDGB – permanent drilling guide base
*PDKL – PDK log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*PDKR – PDK 100 report{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*PDM –[[mud motor|positive displacement motor]]
*PDMS – permanent downhole monitoring system
*PDP – proved developed producing (reserves)
*PDP – positive displacement pump
*PDPM – power distribution protection module
*PDNP – proved developed not producing
*PDR – physical data room
*PDT – differential pressure transmitter
*PE – petroleum engineer
*PE – professional engineer
*PE – production engineer
*PE – polyethylene
*PE – product emulsion
*PE – production enhancement
*PEA – palaeo environment study report
*PED – pressure equipment directive
*PEDL – petroleum exploration and development licence (United Kingdom)
*PEFS – process engineering flow scheme
*PENL – penetration log
*PEP – PEP log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*PERC – powered emergency release coupling
*PERDC – [[perforation (oil well)|perforation]] depth control
*PERFO – perforation log
*PERM – permeability
*PERML – permeability log
*PESGB – [[Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain]]
*PETA – petrographical analysis report
*PETD – petrographic data log
*PETLG – petrophysical evaluation log
*PETPM – [[petrography]] permeametry report
*PETRP – petrophysical evaluation report
*PEX – platform express toolstring (resistivity, porosity, imaging)
*PFC – perforation formation correlation
*PFD – process flow diagram
*PFE – plate/frame heat exchanger
*PFHE – plate fin/frame heat exchanger
*PFPG – perforation plug log
*PFREC – perforation record log
*PG – pressure gauge (report)
*PGC – Potential Gas Committee
*PGB – permanent guide base
*PGOR – produced gas oil ratio
*PGP – possible gas production
*PH – [[phasor]] log
*PHASE – phasor processing log
*PHB – pre-hydrated bentonite
*PHC – passive heave compensator
*PHOL – photon log
*PHPU – platform hydraulic power unit
*PHPA – [[drilling mud|partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide]]
*PHYFM – physical formation log
*PI – productivity index
*PI – permit issued
*PI – pressure indicator
*P&ID – [[piping and instrumentation diagram]]
*PINTL – production interpretation
*PIP – pump intake pressure
*PIP – pipe in pipe
*PIT – pump intake temperature
*PJSM – per-job safety meeting
*PL – production license
*PLEM – pipeline end manifold
*PLES – pipeline end structure
*PLET – pipeline end termination
*PLG – plug log
*PLR – [[pig (pipeline)|pig launcher/receiver]]
*PLS – position location system
*PLSV – pipelay support vessel
*PLT – [[production logging tool]]
*PLTQ – production logging tool quick-look log
*PLTRE – production logging tool report
*PLQ – permanent living quarters
*PMI – positive material identification
*PMOC – project management of change
*PMR – precooled mixed refrigerant
*PMV – production master valve
*PNP – proved not producing
*POB – personnel on board
*POBM – pseudo-oil-based mud
*POD – plan of development
*POF – permanent operations facility
*POH – pull out of hole
*POOH – pull out of hole
*PON – petroleum operations notice (United Kingdom)
*POP – pump-out plug
*POP – possible oil production
*POP – place on production
*POR – density porosity log
*PORRT - pack off run retrieval tool
*POSFR – post-fracture report
*POSTW – post-well appraisal report
*POSWE – post-well summary report
*PP – DXC pressure plot log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*PP – pump pressure
*PP&A – permanent plug and abandon (also P&A{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*ppb – pounds per barrel
*PPC – powered positioning caliper (Schlumberger dual-axis wireline caliper tool)<ref>http://www.slb.com/resources/other_resources/product_sheets/evaluation/other_ppc_ps.aspx {{Bare URL inline|date=April 2022}}</ref>
*ppcf – pounds per cubic foot
*PPD - pour point depressant
*PPE – preferred pressure end
*PPE – personal protective equipment
*PPFG – pore pressure/fracture gradient
*ppg – pounds per gallon
*PPI – post production inspection/intervention
*PPI – post pipelay installation
*PPL – pre-perforated liner
*{{not a typo|pptf}} – pounds (per square inch) per thousand feet (of depth) – a unit of fluid density/pressure{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*PPS – production packer setting
*PPU – pipeline process and umbilical
*PQR – procedure qualification record
*PR2 – testing regime to API6A annex F{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*PRA – production reporting and [[allocation (oil and gas)|allocation]]
*PREC – perforation record
*PRESS – pressure report
*PRL – polished rod liner
*PRV – pressure relief valve
*PROD – production log
*PROTE – production test report
*PROX – proximity log
*PRSRE – pressure gauge report
*PSANA – pressure analysis
*PSA – production service agreement
*PSA – production sharing agreement
*PSC – production sharing contract
*PSD – planned shut-down
*PSD – pressure safety device
*PSD – process shut-down
*PSD – pump setting depth
*PSE – pressure safety element (rupture disc)
*PSIA – pounds per square inch atmospheric
*PSIG – pounds per square inch gauge
*PSL – product specification level
*PSLOG – pressure log
*PSM – [[process safety management]]
*PSP – pseudostatic spontaneous potential
*PSP – positive sealing plug
*PSPL – PSP leak detection log
*PSSR – [[pre-start-up audit|pre-startup]] safety review
*PSSR – pressure systems safety regulations (UK)
*PSQ – plug squeeze log
*PST – PST log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*PSV – pipe/platform supply vessel
*PSV – pressure [[safety valve]]
*PSVAL – pressure evaluation log
*PTA/S – pipeline termination assembly/structure
*PTO – permit to sperate
*PTRO – test rack opening pressure (For a gas lift valve{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*PTSET – production test setter
*PTTC – Petroleum Technology Transfer Council, United States
*PTW – permit to work
*PU – pick-up (tubing, rods, power swivel, etc.)
*PUD – proved undeveloped reserves
*PUN – puncher log
*PUR – plant upset report
*PUQ – production utilities quarters (platform)
*PUWER – [[Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998]]
*PV – plastic viscosity
*PVDF – polyvinylidene fluoride
*PVSV –pressure vacuum safety valve
*PVT – pressure volume temperature
*PVTRE – pressure volume temperature report
*PW – produced water
*PWD – pressure while drilling
*PWB – production wing block (XT{{clarify|date=August 2022}})
*PWHT – post-weld heat treat
*PWRI – produced water reinjection
*PWV – production wing valve (also known as a flow wing valve on a [[christmas tree (oil well)|christmas tree]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})

==Q==
*QA – quality assurance
*QC – quality control
*QCR – quality control report
*QL – quick-look log

==R==
*R/B – rack back
*R&M – repair and maintenance
*RAC – ratio curves
*RACI – responsible / accountable / consulted / informed
*RAT – riser assembly tower
*RAM – reliability, availability, and maintainability
*RAWS – raw stacks VSP log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*RBI – [[risk-based inspection]]
*RBP – retrievable bridge plug
*RBS – riser base spool
*RCA – [[root cause analysis]]
*RCKST – rig checkshot
*RCD – rotating control device
*RCI – reservoir characterization instrument (for downhole fluid measurements e.g. spectrometry, density)<ref>[http://blogs.bakerhughes.com/reservoir/2011/04/23/formation-testing-part-iii-of-iii/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621002132/http://blogs.bakerhughes.com/reservoir/2011/04/23/formation-testing-part-iii-of-iii/ |date=21 June 2011 }}</ref>
*RCL – retainer correlation log
*RCM – reliability-centred maintenance
*RCR – remote component replacement (tool)
*RCU – remote control unit
*RDMO – rig down move out
*RDS – ROV-deployed sonar{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*RDRT – rig down rotary tools
*RDT – reservoir description tool
*RDVI – remote digital video inspection
*RDWL – rig down wireline
*RE – reservoir engineer
*REOR – reorientation log
*RE-PE – re-perforation report
*RESAN – reservoir analysis
*RESDV – riser emergency shut-down valve
*RESEV – reservoir evaluation
*RESFL – reservoir fluid
*RESI – resistivity log
*RESL – reservoir log
*RESOI – [[residual oil]]
*REZ – renewable energy zone (United Kingdom)
*RF – recovery factor
*RFCC – ready for commissioning certificate
*RFLNG – ready for [[liquefied natural gas]]
*RFM – riser feeding machine
*RFMTS – [[repeat formation tester]]
*RFO – ready for operations (pipelines/cables)
*RFR – refer to attached (e.g., letter, document)
*RFSU – ready for start-up
*RFT – [[repeat formation tester]]
*RFTRE – repeat formation tester report
*RFTS – repeat formation tester sample
*RHA – riser heel anchor
*RHD – rectangular heavy duty – usually screens used for shaking{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*RHT - Right Hand Turn
*RIGMO – rig move
*RIH – run in hole
*RIMS – riser integrity monitoring system
*RITT – riser insertion tube (tool)
*RKB – [[kelly drive|rotary kelly bushing]] (a datum for measuring depth in an oil well{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*RLOF – rock load-out facility
*RMLC – request for mineral land clearance
*RMP – reservoir management plan
*RMS – ratcheting mule shoe
*RMS – riser monitoring system
*RNT – RNT log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*ROB – received on board (used for fuel/water received in bunkering operations{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*ROCT – rotary coring tool
*ROP – rate of penetration
*ROP – rate of perforation
*ROT – remote-operated tool
*ROV/WROV – remotely-operated vehicle/work class remotely-operated vehicle, used for [[subsea]] construction and maintenance{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*ROZ – recoverable oil zone
*ROWS – remote operator workstation
*RPCM – ring pair [[corrosion monitoring]]
*RPM – revolutions per minute (rotations per minute)
*RRC – [[Railroad Commission of Texas]] (governs oil and gas production in Texas)
*RROCK – routine rock properties report
*RRR – reserve replacement ratio
*RSES – responsible for safety and environment on site
*RSPP – a publicly-traded oil and gas producer focused on horizontal drilling of multiple stacked pay zones in the oil-rich Permian basin{{cn|date=August 2022}}{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*RSS – rig site survey
*RSS – rotary steerable systems
*RST – reservoir saturation tool (Schlumberger) log
*RTMS – riser tension monitoring system
*RTE – rotary table elevation
*RTO - real-time operation
*RTP/RTS – return to production/service
*RTTS – retrievable test-treat-squeeze (packer)
*RU – rig up
*RURT – rig up rotary tools
*RV – relief valve
*RVI – remote video inspection
*RWD – reaming while drilling

==S==
*SABA – supplied air-breathing apparatus
*SAFE – safety analysis function evaluation
*SAGD – steam-assisted gravity drainage
*SALM – single anchor loading mooring
*SAM – subsea accumulator module
*SAML – sample log
*SAMTK – sample-taker log
*SANDA – sandstone analysis log
*SAPP – [[disodium pyrophosphate|sodium acid pyrophosphate]]
*SAS – safety and automation system
*SAT – SAT log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SAT – site acceptance test
*SB – SIT-BO log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SBF – synthetic base fluid
*SBM – synthetic base mud
*SBT – segmented bond tool
*SC – seismic calibration
*SCADA – supervisory control and data acquisition
*SCAL – special core analysis
*SCAP – scallops log
*SCBA – self-contained breathing apparatus
*SCUBA – self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
*SCC – system completion certificate
*SCD – system control diagram
*SCDES – sidewall core description
*scf – standard cubic feet (of gas{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*scf/STB – standard cubic feet (of gas) / stock tank barrel (of fluid){{cn|date=August 2022}}
*SCHLL – [[Schlumberger]] log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*{{not a typo|SCM(MB)}} – subsea control module (mounting base{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*SCO – [[synthetic crude oil]]
*SCO – sand clean-out
*SCR – slow circulation rate
*SCRS – slow circulation rates
*SCSG – type of pump
*SCSSV – [[downhole safety valve|surface-controlled subsurface safety valve]]
*SDON – shut down overnight
*SPCU – subsea control unit
*SCVF – [[surface casing vent flow]]. It's kind of test{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*SD – sonic density
*SDFD – shut down for day
*SDFN – shut down for night
*SDIC – sonic dual induction
*SDL – supplier document list
*SDM/U – subsea distribution module/unit
*SDPBH – SDP bottom hole pressure report
*SDSS – super duplex stainless steel
*SDT – step draw-down test (sometimes SDDT{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*SDU/M – subsea distribution unit/module
*SEA – strategic environmental assessment (United Kingdom)
*SECGU – section gauge log
*SEDHI – sedimentary history
*SEDIM – sedimentology
*SEDL – sedimentology log
*SEDRE – sedimentology report
*SEG – Society of Exploration Geophysicsists
*SEM – subsea electronics module
*Semi (or semi-sub{{cn|date=August 2022}}) – semi-submersible drilling rig
*SEPAR – separator sampling report
*SEQSU – sequential survey
*SFERAE – global association for the use of knowledge on fractured rock in a state of stress, in the field of energy, culture and environment<ref>[http://www.sferae.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718025754/http://www.sferae.org/ |date=18 July 2010 }}</ref>
*SFL – steel flying lead
*SG – static gradient, specific gravity
*SGR – shale gouge ratio
*SGS – steel gravity structure
*SGSI – Shell Global Solutions International
*SGUN – squeeze gun
*SHA – sensor harness assembly
*SHC – system handover certificate
*SHDT – stratigraphic high resolution dipmeter tool
*SHINC – sunday holiday including
*SHO – stab and hinge over
*SHOCK – shock log
*SHOWL – show log
*SHT – shallow hole test
*SI – shut in well
*SI – structural integrity
*SI – scale inhibitor
*SI/TA – shut in/temporarily abandoned
*SIA – social impact assessment
*SIC – subsea installation contractor
*SICP – shut-in casing pressure
*SIDPP – shut-in drill pipe pressure
*SIDSM – sidewall sample
*SIF – safety instrumented functions (test{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*SIGTTO – Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators
*SIL – safety integrity level
*SIMCON – simultaneous construction
*SIMOPS – simultaneous operations
*SIP – shut-in pressure
*SIPCOM – simultaneous production and commissioning
*SIPES – Society of Independent Professional Earth Scientists, United States
*SIPROD – simultaneous production and drilling
*SIS – safety-instrumented system
*SIT – [[acceptance testing|system integration test]] FR SIT – field representation SIT{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SIT – (casing) shoe integrity test
*SITHP – shut-in tubing hanger/head pressure
*SITT – single TT log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SIWHP – shut-in well head pressure
*SKPLT – stick plot log
*SL – seismic lines
*SLS – SLS GR log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SLT – SLT GR log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SM or S/M – safety meeting
*SMA – small amount
*SMLS – seamless PipeMPP{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SMO – suction module
*SMPC – subsea multiphase pump, which can increase flowrate and pressure of the untreated wellstream{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*SN – seat nipple
*SNAM – [[Snam|Societá Nazionale Metanodotti]] now Snam S.p.A. (Italy)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snam.it |title=Snam home page |publisher=Snam.it |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*SNP – sidewall neutron porosity
*SNS – southern [[North Sea oil|North Sea]]
*SOBM – synthetic oil-based mud
*SOLAS – safety of life at sea
*SONCB – sonic calibration log
*SONRE – sonic calibration report
*SONWR – sonic waveform report
*SONWV – sonic waveform log
*SOP – shear-out plug
*SOR – senior operations representative
*SOW – slip-on wellhead
*SP – set point
*SP – [[shot point]] (geophysics)
*SP – spontaneous potential (well log)
*SPAMM – subsea pressurization and monitoring manifold
*SPCAN – [[special core analysis]]
*SPCU – subsea power and control unit
*SPE – [[Society of Petroleum Engineers]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spe.org |title=Society of Petroleum Engineers |publisher=Spe.org |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*SPEAN – spectral analysis
*SPEL – spectralog
*spf – shots per foot (perforation density)
*SPFM – single-phase flow meter
*SPH – SPH log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SPHL – self-propelled hyperbaric lifeboats
*SPM – [[Completion (oil well)#Side pocket mandrel|side pocket mandrel]]
*SPM – strokes per minute (of a positive-displacement pump{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*spm – shots per meter (perforation density{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*SPMT – [[self-propelled modular transporter]]
*SPOP – spontaneous potential log
*SPP – stand pipe pressure
*SPR – slow pumping rate
*SPROF – seismic profile
*SPS – subsea production systems
*SPT – shallower pool test, Lahee classification{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*SPUD – spud date (started drilling well)
*SPWLA – Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spwla.org/ |title=Home |website=spwla.org}}</ref>
*SQL – seismic quicklook log
*SQZ – squeeze job
*SR – shear rate
*SRD – seismic reference datum, an imaginary horizontal surface at which TWT{{clarify|date=August 2022}} is assumed to be zero{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*SREC – seismic record log
*SRJ – semi-rigid jumper
*SRK – Soave-Redlich-Kwong
*SRO – surface read-out
*SRP – sucker rod pump
*SRB – sulfate-reducing bacteria
*SRT – site receival test
*SS – subsea, as in a datum of depth, e.g. TVDSS (true vertical depth subsea){{cn|date=August 2022}}
*SSCC – [[sulfide stress cracking|sulphide stress corrosion cracking]]
*SSCP – subsea cryogenic pipeline
*SSCS – subsea control system
*SSD – sub-sea level depth (in metres or feet, positive value in downwards direction with respect to the geoid{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*SSD – sliding sleeve door
*SSFP – subsea flowline and pipeline
*SSG – sidewall sample gun
*SSH – steam superheater
*SSIC – safety system inhibit certificate
*SSIV – subsea isolation valve
*SSTV – subsea test valve
*SSM – subsea manifolds
*SSMAR – synthetic seismic marine log
*SSPLR – [[pig (pipeline)|subsea pig launcher/receiver]]
*SSSL – Supplementary Seismic Survey Licence (United Kingdom), a type of onshore licence{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*SSSV – [[downhole safety valve|sub-surface safety valve]]
*SSTT – [[subsea test tree]]
*SSU – subsea umbilicals
*SSV – surface safety valve
*SSWI – subsea well intervention
*STAB – stabiliser
*STAGR – static gradient survey report
*STB – stock tank barrel
*STC – STC log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*STD – 2-3 joints of tubing{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*STFL – steel tube fly lead
*STG – steam turbine generator
*STGL – stratigraphic log
*STHE - shell-and-tube heat exchanger
*STIMU – stimulation report
*STKPT – stuck point
*STL – STL gamma ray log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*STL – submerged turret loading
*STRAT – [[stratigraphy]], stratigraphic
*STRRE – stratigraphy report
*STOIIP – stock tank oil initially in place
*STOP – safety training observation program
*STP – submerged turret production
*STSH – string shot
*STTR – single top tension riser
*ST&C – short thread and coupled
*STC – short thread and coupled
*STU – steel tube umbilical
*STV – select tester valve
*SUML – summarised log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SUMRE – summary report
*SUMST – geological summary sheet
*SURF – subsea/umbilicals/risers/flowlines
*SURFR – surface sampling report
*SURRE – survey report
*SURU – start-up ramp-up
*SURVL – survey chart log
*{{not a typo|SUT(A/B)}} – subsea umbilical termination (assembly/box)
*SUTU – subsea umbilical termination unit
*SW – salt water
*SWC – side wall core
*SWD – salt water disposal well
*SWE – senior well engineer
*SWHE – spiral-wound heat exchanger
*SWOT – strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
*SWT – surface well testing
*SV – sleeve valve, or standing valve
*SVLN – safety valve landing nipple
*SWLP – seawater lift pump
*SYNRE – synthetic seismic report
*SYSEI – synthetic seismogram log

==T==
*T – well flowing to tank
*T/T – tangent to tangent
*TA – temporarily abandoned well
*TA – top assembly
*TAC – tubing anchor (or Tubing - Annulus Communication)
*TAGOGR – thermally assisted gas/oil gravity drainage
*TAN – total acid number
*TAPLI – tape listing
*TAPVE – tape verification
*TAR – true amplitude recovery
*TB – tubing puncher log
*TBE – technical bid evaluation
*TBG – tubing
*TBT – through bore tree / toolbox talk
*TCA – total corrosion allowance
*TCC – tungsten carbide coating
*TCCC – transfer of care, custody and control
*TCF – temporary construction facilities
*TCF – trillion cubic feet (of gas{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*TCI – tungsten carbide insert (a type of rollercone drillbit{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*TCP – tubing conveyed perforating (gun)
*TCPD – tubing-conveyed perforating depth
*TCU – thermal combustion unit
*TD – target depth
*TD – total depth (depth of the end of the well; also a verb, to reach the final depth, used as an acronym in this case{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*TDD – total depth (driller)
*TDC – total drilling cost
*TDL – total depth (logger)
*TDM – touch-down monitoring
*TDP – touch-down point
*TDS – top drive system
*TDS – total dissolved solids
*TDT – thermal decay time log
*TDTCP – TDT CPI log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*TDT GR – TDT gamma ray casing collar locator log
*TEA – triethanolamine
*TEFC – totally enclosed fan-cooled
*TEG – triethylene glycol
*TEG – thermal electric generator
*TELER – teledrift report
*TEMP – temperature log
*TETT – too early to tell
*TFE – total fina elf (obsolete; Now [[Total S.A.]]) major French multinational oil company<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.total.com/ |title=Home |website=total.com}}</ref>
*TFL – through flow line
*TFM – [[TaskForceMajella]] research project
*TFM – tubular feeding machine
*TGB – temporary guide base
*TGT / TG – tank gross test
*TGOR – total gas oil ratio (GOR uncorrected for [[gas lift]] gas present in the [[production fluid]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*TH – [[tubing hanger]]
*THCP – tubing hanger crown plug
*Thr/Th# – thruster ('#'- means identification letter/number of the equipment, e.g. thr3 or thr#3 means "thruster no. 3"{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*THD – [[tubing head]]
*THERM – thermometer log
*THF – tubing hanger flange
*THF – tetrahydrofuran (organic solvent)
*THP – tubing hanger pressure (pressure in the [[production tubing]] as measured at the [[tubing hanger]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*THRT – tubing hanger running tool
*THS – tubing head spool
*TIE – tie-in log
*TIH – trip into hole
*TIT – tubing integrity test
*TIW – Texas Iron Works (pressure valve{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*TIEBK – tieback report
*TLI – top of logging interval
*TLOG – technical log
*TLP – [[tension-leg platform]]
*TMCM – transverse mercator central meridian
*TMD – total measured depth in a wellbore
*TNDT – thermal neutron decay time
*TNDTG – thermal neutron decay time/gamma ray log
*TOC – top of cement
*TOC – [[Total organic carbon]]
*TOF – top of fish
*TOFD – time of first data sample (on seismic trace{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*TOFS – time of first surface sample (on seismic trace)
*TOH – trip out of hole
*TOOH – trip out of hole
*TOL – top of liner
*TORAN – torque and drag analysis
*TOVALOP – tanker owners' voluntary agreement concerning liability for oil pollution
*TPC – temporary plant configuration
*TPERF – tool performance
*TQM – total quality management
*TR – temporary refuge
*TRCFR – total recordable case frequency rate
*TRT – tree running tool
*TR – temporary refuge
*TRA – top riser assembly
*TRA – tracer log
*TRACL – tractor log
*TRAN –transition zone
*TRD – total report data
*TREAT – treatment report
*TREP – test report
*TRIP – trip condition log
*TRS – tubing running services
*TRSV – [[downhole safety valve|tubing-retrievable safety valve]]
*TRSCSSV – tubing-Retrievable surface-controlled sub-surface valve
*TRSCSSSV – tubing-retrievable surface-controlled sub-surface safety valve
*TSA – thermally-sprayed aluminium
*TSA – terminal storage agreement
*TSI – temporarily shut in
*TSOV – tight shut-off valve
*TSS – total suspended solids
*TSTR – tensile strength
*TT – torque tool
*TT – transit time log
*TTOC – theoretical top of cement
*TTVBP – through-tubing vented bridge plug
*TTRD – through-tubing rotary drilling
*TUC – topside umbilical connection
*TUC – turret utility container
*TUM – tracked umbilical machine
*TUPA – topside umbilical panel assembly
*TUTB – topside umbilical termination box/unit/assembly (TUTU{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*TVBDF – true vertical depth below derrick floor
*TV/BIP – ratio of total volume (ore and overburden) to bitumen in place
*TVD – true vertical depth
*TVDPB – true vertical depth playback log
*TVDRT – true vertical depth (referenced to) rotary table zero datum
*TVDKB – true vertical depth (referenced to) top kelly bushing zero datum
*TVDSS – true vertical depth (referenced to) mean sea level zero datum
*TVELD – time and velocity to depth
*TVRF – true vertical depth versus [[repeat formation tester]]
*TWT – two-way time (seismic)
*TWTTL – two-way travel time log

==U==
*UBHO – universal bottom hole orientation (sub)
*UBI – ultrasonic borehole imager
*UBIRE – ultrasonic borehole imager report
*UCH – umbilical connection housing
*UCIT – ultrasonic casing imaging tool (high resolution casing and corrosion imaging tool{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*UCL – unit control logic
*UCR – unsafe condition report
*UCS – unfonfined compressive strength
*UCSU – upstream commissioning and start-up
*UFJ – upper flex joint
*UFR – umbilical flow lines and risers
*UGF – universal guide frame
*UIC – underground injection control
*UKCS – United Kingdom [[continental shelf]]
*UKOOA – [[United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association]]
*UKOOG – [[United Kingdom Onshore Operators Group]]
*ULCGR – uncompressed LDC CNL gamma ray log
*UMCA – umbilical midline connection assembly
*UMV – upper master valve (from a [[christmas tree (oil well)|christmas tree]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*UPB – unmanned production buoy
*UPL – upper pressure limit
*UPR – upper pipe ram
*UPT – upper pressure threshold
*URA – upper riser assembly
*URT – universal running tool
*USBL – [[ultra-short baseline]] systems
*USIT – ultrasonic imaging tool (cement bond logging, casing wear logging)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/services/drilling/cementing/cement_evaluation/ultrasonic_imager.aspx |title=USI Ultrasonic Imager | Schlumberger |publisher=slb.com |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*USGS – [[United States Geological Survey]]
*UTA/B – umbilical termination assembly/box
*UTAJ – umbilical termination assembly jumper
*UTHCP – upper tubing hanger crown plug
*UTM – [[universal transverse mercator]]
*UWI – unique well identifier
*UWILD – underwater inspection in lieu of dry-docking
*UZV – shutdown valve

==V==
*VBR – variable bore ram
*VCCS – vertical clamp connection system
*VDENL – variation density log
*VDL – variable density log
*VDU – vacuum distillation unit, used in processing [[bitumen]]{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*VELL – velocity log
*VERAN – verticality analysis
*VERIF – verification list
*VERLI – verification listing
*VERTK – vertical thickness
*VFC – volt-free contact
*VGMS – vent gas monitoring system (flexible riser annulus vent system{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*VIR – value-investment ratio
*VISME – viscosity measurement
*VIV – vortex-induced vibration
*VLP – vertical lift performance
*VLS – vertical lay system
*VLTCS – very-low-temperature carbon steel
*VO – variation order
*VOCs – volatile organic compounds
*VOR – variation order request
*VPR – vertical pipe racker
*VRS – vapor recovery system
*VRR – voidage replacement ratio
*VS – vertical section
*VSD – variable-speed drive
*VSI – versatile seismic imager (Schlumberger VSP tool)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slb.com/services/characterization/geophysics/wireline/vertical_seismic_imager.aspx |title=VSI Versatile Seismic Imager, Schlumberger |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113074911/http://www.slb.com/services/characterization/geophysics/wireline/vertical_seismic_imager.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*VSP – [[vertical seismic profile]]
*VSPRO – vertical seismic profile
*VTDLL – vertical thickness dual laterolog
*VTFDC – vertical thickness FDC CNL log
*VTISF – vertical thickness ISF log
*VWL – velocity well log
*VXT – vertical christmas tree

==W==
*W – watt
*WABAN – well abandonment report
*WAC – weak acid cation
*WAG – water alternating gas (describes an injection well which alternates between water and gas injection{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*WALKS – walkaway seismic profile
*WAS – well access system
*WATAN – water analysis
*WAV3 – amplitude (in seismics)
*WAV4 – two-way travel time (in seismics)
*WAV5 – compensate amplitudes
*WAVF – waveform log
*WBCO – wellbore clean-out
*WBE – well barrier element
*WBM – water-based drilling mud
*WBS – well bore schematic
*WBS – work breakdown structure
*WC – watercut
*WC – wildcat (well)
*W/C – water cushion
*WCC – work control certificate
*WCT – wet christmas tree
*WE – well engineer
*WEG – [[completion (oil well)#Wireline entry guide|wireline entry guide]]
*WELDA – well data report
*WELP – well log plot
*WEQL – well equipment layout
*WESTR – well status record
*WESUR – well summary report
*WF – water flood(ing)
*WFAC – waveform acoustic log
*WGEO – well geophone report
*WGFM – wet gas flow meter
*WGR – water gas ratio
*WGUNT – water gun test
*Wh – white
*WH – well history
*WHIG – whitehouse gauge
*WHM – wellhead maintenance
*WHP – wellhead pressure
*WHRU – [[waste heat recovery unit]]
*WHSIP – wellhead shut-in pressure
*WI – water injection
*WI – working interest
*WI – work instructions
*WIKA – definition needed
*WIMS – well integrity management system
*WIR – water intake risers
*WIT – water investigation tool
*WITS – [[Wellsite Information Transfer Specification]]
*WITSML – [[wellsite information transfer standard markup language]]
*WIPSP – WIP stock packer
*WLC – wireline composite log
*WLL – [[wireline logging]]
*WLSUM – well summary
*WLTS –well log tracking system
*WLTS – well log transaction system
*WM – wet mate
*WHM – wellhead maintenance
*WHMIS – workplace hazardous material information systems
*WHP – wellhead pressure
*WO – well in work over
*WO/O – waiting on orders
*WOA – well operations authorization
*WOB – weight on bit
*WOC – wait on cement
*WOC – water/oil contact (or oil/water contact)
*WOE – well operations engineer (a key person of [[well services]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*WOM – wait/waiting on material
*WOR – water-oil ratio
*WORKO – workover
*WOS – west of [[Shetland]], oil province on the [[UKCS]]
*WOW – wait/waiting on weather
*WP – well proposal or working pressure
*WPC – water pollution control
*WPLAN – well course plan
*WPQ/S/T – weld procedure qualification/specification/test
*WPP – wellhead protection platform
*WPR – well prognosis report
*WQ – a textural parameter used for CBVWE computations ([[Halliburton]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*WQCA – Water Quality Control Act
*WQCB – Water Quality Control Board
*WR – wireline retrievable (as in a WR plug)
*WR – wet resistivity
*WRS – well report sepia
*WRSCSSV – [[downhole safety valve|wireline-retrievable surface-controlled sub-surface valve]]
*WSCL – well site core log
*WSE – well seismic edit
*WSERE – well seismic edit report
*WSG – wellsite geologist
*WSHT – well shoot
*WSL – well site log
*WSO – water shut-off
*WSOG – well-specific operation guidelines
*WSP – well seismic profile
*WSR – well shoot report
*WSS – well services supervisor (leader of well services at the wellsite{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*WSS – working spreadsheet (for logging{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*WSSAM – well site sample
*WSSOF – WSS offset profile{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*WSSUR – well seismic survey plot
*WSSVP – WSS VSP raw shots
*WSSVS – WSS VSP stacks
*WST – well seismic tool (checkshot{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*WSTL – well site test log
*WSU – well service unit
*wt – wall thickness
*WT – well test
*WTI – [[West Texas Intermediate]] benchmark crude
*WTR – water
*WUT – water up to
*WV – wing valve (from a [[christmas tree (oil well)|christmas tree]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*WVS – well velocity survey
*WWS – wire-wrapped (sand) screens

==X==
*XC – cross-connection, cross correlation
*XL or EXL - exploration licence (United Kingdom), a type of onshore licence issued between the First Onshore Licensing Round (1986) and the sixth (1992){{cn|date=August 2022}}
*Xln – crystalline (minerals)
*XLPE -cross-linked polyethylene
*XMAC – cross-multipole array acoustic log
*XMAC-E – XMAC elite (next generation of XMAC{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*XMRI – extended-range micro-imager ([[Halliburton]])
*XMT/XT/HXT – [[christmas tree (oil well)|christmas tree]]
*XO – cross-over
*XOM – Exxon Mobil
*XOV – cross-over valve
*XPERM – matrix permeability in the x-direction{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*XPHLOC – crossplot selection for XPHI{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*XPOR – crossplot porosity
*XPT – formation pressure test log ([[Schlumberger]])
*XV – on/off valve (process control{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*XYC – XY caliper log ([[Halliburton]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})

==Y==
*yd – yard
*yl – holdup factor
*YP – yield point
*yr – year

==Z==
*Z – depth, in the geosciences referring to the depth dimension in any x, y, z data
*ZDENP – density log
*ZDL – compensated Z-densilog
*ZLD – zero liquid discharge
*ZOI – zone of influence

==See also==
*[[Oilfield terminology]]

{{Petroleum industry}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.networkintl.com/support/glossary.aspx Network International Glossary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515171708/http://www.networkintl.com/support/glossary.aspx |date=15 May 2009 }} July-11
* [https://www.allacronyms.com/tag/oil_field Oil Field Acronyms and Abbreviations] July-11
* [http://oilgasglossary.com Oil Gas Technical Terms Glossary] July-11
* [http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/ Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary] July-11
* [http://www.theoildrum.com/special/acronyms Oil Drum Acronyms] July-11
* [https://oiltrashgear.com/oilfield-acronyms/ Oiltrashgear Oilfield Acronyms & Terminology] November-15
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120117190428/http://www.ocimf-ovid.com/microsite/content/resources/Acronyms.pdf OCIMF Acronyms] Oct-11
* [http://www.spwla.org/technical/mnemonic-listings SPWLA Petrophysical Curve Names and Mnemonics] Oct-11
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120117185405/http://www.americanroyaltycouncil.com/Resources/Glossary/tabid/65/Default.aspx American Royalty Council Glossary] Nov-11
* [http://www.technip.com/en/media-center/glossary Technip Glossary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424010942/http://www.technip.com/en/media-center/glossary |date=24 April 2013 }} Apr-13

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oil Field Abbreviations}}
[[Category:Petroleum industry]]
[[Category:Oil wells|Abbreviations]]
[[Category:Oil platforms|Abbreviations]]
[[Category:Drilling technology]]
[[Category:Energy-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of acronyms]]
[[Category:Oil exploration]]

List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production

2023-06-20T13:43:51Z

8.38.177.4: Added CICR cast iron cement retainer

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{incomplete list|date=July 2014}}
RBP The [[oil field|oil]] and [[gas field|gas]] industry uses many [[acronym]]s and [[abbreviation]]s.

This list is meant for indicative purposes only and should not be relied upon for anything but general information.
{{TOC right}}

==#==
*1C – Proved contingent resources
*1oo2 – One out of two voting (instrumentation)
*1P – [[Proven reserves]]
*2C – Proved and probable contingent resources
*2D – two-dimensional ([[geophysics]])
*2oo2 – Two out of two voting (instrumentation)
*2oo3 – Two out of three voting (instrumentation)
*2P – proved and probable reserves
*3C – three components seismic acquisition (x, y, and z)
*3C – Proved, probable and possible contingent resources
*3D – three-dimensional ([[geophysics]])
*3P – proved, probable and possible reserves
*4D – multiple 3Ds acquired over time (the 4th D) over the same area with the same parameters ([[geophysics]])
*8rd – eight round (describes the number of revolutions per inch of pipe thread)

==A==
*A – Appraisal (well)
*AADE – American Association of Drilling Engineers<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aade.org |title=Home :: American Association of Drilling Engineers |publisher=Aade.org |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*AAPG – [[American Association of Petroleum Geologists]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aapg.org/ |title=Home |website=aapg.org}}</ref>
*AAPL – American Association of Professional Landmen
*AAODC – American Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors (obsolete; superseded by [[International Association of Drilling Contractors|IADC]])
*AAV – Annulus access valve
*ABAN – Abandonment, (also as AB and ABD and ABND)
*ABSA – Alberta Boilers Safety Association
*ABT – Annulus bore test
*ACC – Air-cooled heat condenser
*ACHE – Air-cooled heat exchanger
*ACOU – Acoustic
*ACP – Alkali-cosolvent-polymer
*ACQU – Acquisition log
*ACV – Automatic control valve
*ADE – Advanced decision-making environment
*ADEP – Awaiting development with exploration potential, referring to an asset
*ADROC – advanced rock properties report
*ADT – Applied drilling technology, ADT log
*ADM – Advanced diagnostics module (fieldbus)
*AER – Auto excitation regulator
*AEMO – [[Australian Energy Market Operator]]
*AFE – Authorization for expenditure, a process of submitting a business proposal to investors
*AFP – Active rire protection
*AGA – American Gas Association
*AGRU – acid gas removal unit
*AGT – (1) agitator, used in drilling
*AGT – (2) authorised gas tester (certified by OPITTO)
*AGT – (3) [[Azerbaijan]] – [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] – [[Turkey]] (a region rich in oil related activity)<ref>{{cite news |title=BP names VP of offshore activities in AGT region |url=https://www.offshoreenergytoday.com/bp-names-vp-of-offshore-operations-in-agt-region/ |access-date=3 August 2018 |publisher=Offshore Energy Today |date=4 December 2013}}</ref>
*AHBDF – along hole (depth) below [[Derrick]] floor
*AHD – along hole depth
*AHU – air handling unit
*AICD – autonomous inflow control device
*AIChemE – American Institute of Chemical Engineers
*AIM – asset integrity management
*AIPSM – asset integrity and process safety management
*AIR – assurance interface and risk
*AIRG – airgun
*AIRRE – airgun report
* AISC – American Institute of Steel Construction
* AISI – American Iron and Steel Institute
*AIT – analyzer indicator transmitter
*AIT – array induction tool
*AL – appraisal license (United Kingdom), a type of onshore licence issued before 1996
*ALAP – as low as possible (used along with density of mud)
*ALARP – as low as reasonably practicable
*ALC – [[vertical seismic profile]] acoustic log calibration report
*ALLMS – anchor leg load monitoring system
*ALQ – additional living quarters
*ALR – acoustic log report
*ALT – altered
*AM – asset management
*aMDEA – activated methyldiethanolamine
*AMS – auxiliary measurement service log; auxiliary measurement sonde (temperature)
*AMSL – above mean sea level
*AMI – area of mutual interest
*AMV – annulus master valve<ref name="standard1">{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.no/PageFiles/1315/D-010r3.pdf|title=NORSOK STANDARD|website=www.standard.no}}</ref>
*ANACO – analysis of core logs report
*ANARE – analysis report
*AOF – absolute open flow
*AOFP – absolute open-flow potential
*AOI – area of interest
*AOL – arrive on location
*AOR – additional oil recovery
*AP – alkali-polymer
*APD – application for permit to drill
*API – [[American Petroleum Institute]]: organization which sets unit standards in the oil and gas industry
*APPRE – appraisal report
*APS – active pipe support
*APWD – annular pressure while drilling (tool) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/services/drilling/mwd_lwd/ppl/arcvision.aspx |title=arcVISION Array Resistivity Compensated Service | Schlumberger |publisher=www.slb.com |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*ARACL – array acoustic log
*ARESV – analysis of reservoir
*ARI – azimuthal resistivity image
*ARRC – array acoustic report
*ART – actuator running tool
*AS – array sonic processing log
*ASD - acoustic sand detection
*ASI – ASI log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*ASME – [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]
*ASOG – activity-specific operating guidelines
*ASP – array sonic processing report
*ASP – alkali-surfactant-polymer
*ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials
*ASCSSV – annulus surface controlled sub-surface valve<ref name="standard1" />
*ASV – anti-surge valve
*ASV – annular safety valve
*ASV – accommodation and support vessel
*ATD – application to drill
*ATU – auto top-up unit
*AUV – authonomus underwater vehicle
*AV – annular velocity or apparent viscosity
*AVGMS – annulus vent gas monitoring system
*AVO – [[amplitude versus offset]] (geophysics)
*AWB/V – annulus wing block/valve [[Christmas tree (oil well)|(XT)]]
*AWO – approval for well operation
*ATM – at the moment

==B==
*B or b – prefix denoting a number in billions
*BA – bottom assembly (of a riser)
*bbl – [[Barrel (unit)|barrel]]
*BBG – buy back gas
*BBSM – [[behaviour-based safety]] management
*BCPD – barrels condensate per day
*Bcf – billion cubic feet (of natural gas)
*Bcfe – billion cubic feet (of natural gas equivalent)
*BD – bursting disc
*BDF – below [[derrick]] floor
*BDL – bit data log
*BDV – blowdown valve
*BGL – borehole geometry log
*BGL – below ground level (used as a datum for depths in a well)
*BGS – [[British Geological Survey]]
*BGT – borehole geometry tool
*BGWP – base of ground-water protection
*BH – bloodhound
*BHA – bottom hole assembly (toolstring on [[coiled tubing]] or [[Drill string|drill pipe]])
*BHC – BHC gamma ray log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*BHCA – BHC acoustic log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*BHCS – BHC sonic log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*BHCT – bottomhole circulating temperature
*BHKA – bottomhole kickoff assembly
*BHL – borehole log
*BHP – bottom hole pressure
*BHPRP – borehole pressure report
*BHSRE – bottom hole sampling report
*BHSS – borehole seismic survey
*BHT – bottomhole temperature
*BHTV – borehole television report
*BINXQ – bond index quicklook log
*BIOR – biostratigraphic range log
*BIORE – biostratigraphy study report
*BSLM – bend stiffener latch mechanism
*BSW – base sediment and water
*BIVDL – BI/DK/WF/casing collar locator/gamma ray log
*BLD – bailed (refers to the practice of removing debris from the hole with a cylindrical container on a wireline)
*BLI – bottom of logging interval
*BLP – bridge-linked platform
*BO – back-off log
*BO – barrel of oil
*boe – barrels of oil equivalent
*boed – barrels of oil equivalent per day
*BOEM – Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
*boepd – barrels of oil equivalent per day
*BOB – back on bottom
*BOD – biological oxygen demand
*BOL – bill of lading
*BOM – bill of materials
*BOP – [[blowout preventer]]
*BOP – bottom of pipe
*BOPD – barrels of oil per day
*BOPE – blowout prevention equipment
*BOREH – borehole seismic analysis
*[[BOSIET]] – basic offshore safety induction and emergency training
*BOTHL – bottom hole locator log
*BOTTO – bottom hole pressure/temperature report
*BP – bridge plug
*BPD – [[barrels per day]]
*BPH – barrels per hour
*BPFL – borehole profile log
*BPLUG – baker plug
*BPM – barrels per minute
*BPV – back pressure valve (goes on the end of coiled tubing a drill pipe tool strings to prevent fluid flow in the wrong direction)
*BQL – B/QL log
*BRPLG – bridge plug log
*BRT – below rotary table (used as a datum for depths in a well)
*BS – bend stiffener
*BS – bumper sub
*BS – booster station
*BSEE – US: Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bsee.gov/|title=Home | Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement|website=www.bsee.gov|accessdate=15 March 2023}}</ref> (formerly the MMS)
*BSG – black start generator
*BSR – blind shear rams ([[blowout preventer]])
*BSML – below sea mean level
*BS&W – basic sediments and water
*BT – buoyancy tank
*BTEX – benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylene
*BTHL – bottom hole log
*BTO/C – break to open/close (valve torque)
*BTU – [[British thermal units]]
*BU – bottom up
*BUL – bottom-up lag
*BUR – build-up rate
*BVO – ball valve operator
*bwd – barrels of water per day (often used in reference to [[water injection (oil production)|oil production]])
*bwipd – barrels of water injected per day
*{{not a typo|bwpd}} – barrels of water per day

==C==
*C&E – well completion and equipment cost
*C&S – cased and suspended
*C1 – [[methane]]
*C2 – [[ethane]]
*C3 – [[propane]]
*C4 – [[butane]]
*C6 – [[hexanes]]
*C7+ – heavy [[hydrocarbon]] components
*CA – core analysis log
*CAAF – contract authorization approval form
*CalGEM – California Geologic Energy Management Division (oil & gas regulatory body)
*CALI – caliper log
*CALOG – circumferential acoustic log
*CALVE – calibrated velocity log data
*CAODC – Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors
*CAPP – [[Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers]]
*CART – cam-actuated running tool (housing running tool)
*CART – cap replacement tool
*CAS – casing log
*CAT – connector actuating tool
*CB – casing bowl
*CB – core barrel
*CBF – casing bowl flange
*CBIL – CBIL log
*CBL – [[cement bond log]] (measurement of casing cement integrity)
*CBM – choke bridge module – XT choke
*CBM – conventional buoy mooring
*CBM – coal-bed methane
*CCHT – core chart log
*CCL – casing collar locator (in perforation or completion operations, the tool provides depths by correlation of the casing string's magnetic anomaly with known casing features)
*CCLBD – construction / commissioning logic block diagram
*CCLP – casing collar locator perforation
*CCLTP – casing collar locator through tubing plug
*CD – core description
*CDATA – core data
*CDIS – CDI synthetic seismic log
*CDU – control distribution unit
*CDU – crude distillation unit
*CDP – common depth point (geophysics)
*CDP – comprehensive drilling plan
*CDRCL – compensated dual resistivity cal. log
*CDF – core contaminated by drilling fluid
*CDFT – critical device function test
*CE – CE log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*CEC – [[cation-exchange capacity]]
*CECAN – CEC analysis{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*CEME – cement evaluation
*CEOR – chemical-enhanced oil recovery
*CER – central electrical/equipment room
*CERE – cement remedial log
*CET – cement evaluation tool
*CF – completion fluid
*CF – casing flange
*CFD – computational fluid dynamics
*CFGPD – cubic feet of gas per day
*CFU – compact flotation unit
*CGEL – CG EL log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*CGL – core gamma log
*CGPA – Canadian Gas Processors Association
*CGPH – core graph log
*CGR – condensate gas ratio
*CGTL – compact [[gas to liquids]] (production equipment small enough to fit on a ship)
*CHCNC – CHCNC gamma ray casing collar locator
*CHDTP – calliper HDT playback log
*CHECK – checkshot and acoustic calibration report
*CHESM – contractor, health, environment and safety management
*CHF – casing head flange
*CHK – choke (a restriction in a flowline or a system, usually referring to a production choke during a test or the choke in the well control system)
*CHKSR – checkshot survey report
*CHKSS – checkshot survey log
*CHOPS – cold heavy oil production with sand
*CHP – casing hanger pressure (pressure in an [[annulus (oil well)|annulus]] as measured at the [[casing hanger]])
*CHOTO – commissioning, handover and takeover
*CHROM – chromatolog
*CHRT – casing hanger running tool
*CIBP – cast iron bridge plug
*CIBP – cast iron cement retainer
*CIDL – chemical injection downhole lower
*CIDU – chemical injection downhole upper
*CIL – chemical injection line
*CILD – conduction log
*CIMV – chemical injection metering valve
*CIRC – circulation
*CITHP – closed-in tubing head pressure (tubing head pressure when the well is shut in)
*CIV – [[chemical injection valve]]
*CK – choke (a restriction in a flowline or a system, usually referring to a production choke during a test or the choke in the well control system)
*CL – core log
*CLG – core log and graph
*CM – choke module
*CMC – crown mounted compensators
*CMC – [[critical micelle concentration]]
*CMP – common midpoint (geophysics)
*CMR – combinable magnetic resonance ([[NMR]] log tool) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spec2000.net/06-nmr.htm |title=Crain's Petrophysical Handbook | Login Page |publisher=Spec2000.net |date=2015-01-01 |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/services/characterization/petrophysics/wireline/legacy_services/combinable_magnetic_plus.aspx |title=Openhole Logging - Wireline Formation Evaluation | Schlumberger |publisher=www.slb.com |date=1966-07-16 |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*CMT – cement
*CNA – clay, no analysis
*CND – compensated neutron density
*CNFDP – CNFD true vertical-depth playback log
*CNGR – compensated neutron gamma-ray log
*CNL – compensated neutron log
*CNLFD – CNL/FDC log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*CNS – Central [[North Sea oil|North Sea]]
*CNCF – field-normalised compensated neutron porosity
*CNR – Canadian natural resources
*CO – change out (ex. from rod equipment to casing equipment)
*COA – conditions of approval
*COC – certificate of conformance
*COD – chemical oxygen demand
*COL – collar log
*COMAN – compositional analysis
*COML – compaction log
*COMP – composite log
*COMPR – completion program report
*COMPU – computest report
*COMRE – completion record log
*COND – condensate production
*CONDE – condensate analysis report
*CONDR – continuous directional log
*CORAN – core analysis report
*CORE – core report
*CORG – corgun{{typo help inline|reason=similar to corgan|date=April 2023}} log
*CORIB – [[CORIBAND]] log
*CORLG – correlation log
*COROR – core orientation report
*COW – Control of Work
*COXY – [[carbon]]/[[oxygen]] log
*CP – cathodic protection
*CP – crown plug
*cP – centipoise (viscosity unit of measurement)
*CPI separator – corrugated plate interceptor
*CPI – computer-processed interpretation
*CPI – corrugated plate interceptor
*CPICB – computer-processed interpretation coriband log
*CPIRE – computer-processed interpretation report
*CPP - central processing platform
*CRA – corrosion-resistant alloy
*CRET – cement retainer setting log
*CRI – cuttings reinjection
*CRINE – cost reduction in the new era
*CRP – control riser platform
*CRP – common/central reference point (subsea survey)
*CRT – clamp replacement tool
*CRT – casing running tool
*CSE – confined space entry
*CsF – caesium formate
*CSC – car seal closed
*CSG – coal seam gas
*csg – casing
*CSHN – cased-hole neutron log
*CSI – combinable seismic imager (VSP) log (Schlumberger)
*CSMT – core sampler tester log
*CSO – complete seal-off
*CSO – car seal open
*CSPG – [[Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists]]
*CSR – corporate social responsibility
*CST – chronological sample taker log (Schlumberger)
*CSTAK – core sample taken log
*CSTR – continuously-stirred tank reactor
*CSTRE – CST report{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*CSU – commissioning and start-up
*CSU – construction safety unit
*CSUG – [[Canadian Society for Unconventional Gas]]
*CT – [[coiled tubing]]
*CTD – [[Coiled tubing#Drilling|coiled tubing drilling]]
*CTCO – coiled tubing clean-out
*CTLF – coiled tubing lift frame
*CTLF – compensated tension lift frame
*CTOD – crack tip opening displacement
*CTP – commissioning test procedure
*CTRAC – cement tracer log
*CUI – corrosion under insulation
*CUL - cross-unit lateral
*CUT – cutter log
*CUTTD – cuttings description report
*CWOP – complete well on paper
*CWOR – completion work over riser
*CWR – cooling water return
*CWS – cooling water supply
*X/O – cross-over
*CYBD – Cyberbond log
*CYBLK – Cyberlook log
*CYDIP – Cyberdip log
*CYDN – Cyberdon log
*CYPRO – Cyberproducts log
*CVX - Chevron

==D==
*D – development
*D – [[Darcy (unit)|Darcy]], unit of permeability
*D&C – drilling and completions
*D&I – direction and inclination (MWD borehole deviation survey) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/services/drilling/mwd_lwd/mwd/slimpulse.aspx |title=SlimPulse Retrievable MWD Service | Schlumberger |publisher=www.slb.com |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*DAC – dipole acoustic log
*DARCI – Darci log
*DAS – data acquisition system
*DAT – wellhead housing drill-ahead tool
*DAZD – dip and azimuth display
*DBB – double block and bleed
*DBP – drillable bridge plug
*DBR – damaged beyond repair
*DC – drill centre
*DC – drill collar/collars
*DCAL – dual caliper log
*DCC – distance cross course
*DCS – distributed control system
*DD – directional driller or [[directional drilling]]
*DDC – daily drilling cost
*DDC – de-watering and drying contract
*DDBHC – DDBHC waveform log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*DDET – depth determination log
*DDM – derrick drilling machine (a.k.a. top drive)
*DDNL – dual det. neutron life log
*DDPT – drill data plot log
*DDPU – double drum pulling unit
*DDR - daily drilling report
*DEA – [[diethanolamine]]
*DECC – [[Department for Energy and Climate Change]] (UK)
*DECT – decay time
*DECT – down-hole electric cutting tool
*DEFSU – definitive survey report
*DEH – direct electrical heating
*DELTA – delta-T log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*DEN – density log
*DEPAN – deposit analysis report
*DEPC – depth control log
*DEPT – depth
*DESFL – deep induction SFL log
*DEV – development well, Lahee classification
*DEVLG – deviation log
*DEXP – D-exponent log
*DF – [[derrick]] floor
*DFI – design, fabrication and installation résumé
*DFIT – diagnostic fracture injection test
*DFPH – Barrels of fluid per hour
*DFR – drilling factual report
*DG/DG# – diesel generator ('#'- means identification letter or number of the equipment i.e. DG3 or DG#3 means diesel generator nr 3)
*DGA – diglycoamine
*DGDS – dual-gradient drilling systems
*DGP – dynamic geohistory plot (3D technique)<ref name ='van Dijk_1993'>van Dijk, J.P. (1993); Three-dimensional quantitative restoration of central Mediterranean Neogene basins. In: Spencer, A.M. (Ed.). Generation, accumulation and production of Europe's hydrocarbons III. Special publication of the European Association of Petroleum Geologists No. 3, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 267–280.</ref>
*DH – drilling history
*DHC – depositional history curve
*DHSV – [[downhole safety valve]]
*DHPG – downhole pressure gauge
*DHPTT – downhole pressure/temperature transducer
*DIBHC – DIS BHC log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*DIEGR – dielectric gamma ray log
*DIF – drill in fluids
*DIL – dual-induction log
*DILB – dual-induction BHC log
*DILL – dual-induction laterolog
*DILLS – dual-induction log-LSS
*DILSL – dual-induction log-SLS
*DIM – directional inertia mechanism
*DINT – dip interpretation
*DIP – dipmeter log
*DIPAR – dipole acoustic report
*DIPBH – dipmeter borehole log
*DIPFT – dipmeter fast log
*DIPLP – dip lithology pressure log
*DIPRE – dipmeter report
*DIPRM – dip removal log
*DIPSA – dipmeter soda log
*DIPSK – dipmeter stick log
*DIRS – directional survey log
*DIRSU – directional survey report
*DIS – DIS-SLS log
*DISFL – DISFL DBHC gamma ray log
*DISO – dual induction sonic log
*DL – development license (United Kingdom), a type of onshore license issued before 1996
*DLIST – dip-list log
*DLL – dual laterolog (deep and shallow resistivity)
*DLS – dog-leg severity (directional drilling)
*DM – dry mate
*DMA – dead-man anchor
*DMAS – dead-man auto-shear [http://www.oceaneering.com/bop-control-systems/deadman-autoshear-systems/ DMAS]
*DMRP – density – magnetic resonance porosity (wireline tool)
*DMT – down-hole monitoring tool
*DNHO – down-hole logging
*DOA – delegation of authority
*DOE – [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]], United States
*DOGGR – Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (former name of California's regulatory entity for oil, gas, and geothermal production)
*DOPH – drilled-out plugged hole
*DOWRE – downhole report
*DP – [[drill pipe]]
*DP – [[dynamic positioning]]
*DPDV – dynamically positioned drilling vessel
*DPL – dual propagation log
*DPLD – differential pressure levitated device (or vehicle)
*DPRES – dual propagation resistivity log
*DPT – deeper pool test, [http://www.google.com.au/search?q=Lahee+Classification Lahee classification]
*DQLC – dipmeter quality control log
*DR – dummy-run log
*DR – drilling report
*DRI – drift log
*DRL – drilling
*DRLCT – drilling chart
*DRLOG – drilling log
*DRLPR – drilling proposal/progress report
*DRO – discovered resources opportunities
*DRPG – drilling program report
*DRPRS – drilling pressure
*DRREP – drilling report
*DRYRE – drying report
*DS – deviation survey, (also ''directional system'')
*DSA - Double Studded Adapter
*DSCAN – DSC analysis report
*DSI – dipole shear imager
*DSL – digital spectralog (western atlas)
*DSPT – [[cross-plot]]s log
*DST – drill-stem test
*DSTG – DSTG log
*DSTL – drill-stem test log
*DSTND – dual-space thermal neutron density log
*DSTPB – drill-stem test true vertical depth playback log
*DSTR – drill-stem test report
*DSTRE – drill-stem test report
*DSTSM – drill-stem test summary report
*DSTW – drill-stem test job report/works
*DSU – drill spacing unit
*DSV – [[diving support vessel]] or drilling supervisor
*DTI – [[Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)|Department of Trade and Industry]] (UK) (obsolete; superseded by [[dBERR]], which was then superseded by DECC)
*DTPB – CNT true vertical-depth playback log
*DTT – depth to time
*DUC – drilled but uncompleted wells
*DVT – differential valve tool (for cementing multiple stages)
*DWOP – drilling well on paper (a theoretical exercise conducted involving the service-provider managers)
*DWQL – dual-water quicklook log
*DWSS – dig-well seismic surface log
*DXC – DXC pressure pilot report

==E==
*E – exploration
*E&A – exploration and appraisal
*E&I – electrical and instrumentation
*E&P – exploration and production, another name for the [[Upstream (petroleum industry)|upstream]] sector
*EA – exploration asset
*EAGE – [[European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eaeg.org/ |title=Eaeg.org |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810101350/http://eaeg.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*ECA – [[Easington Catchment Area]]
*ECD – equivalent circulating density
*EDG/EDGE – emergency diesel generator
*ECMS – electrical control and monitoring system
*ECMWF – European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
*ECP – external casing packer
*ECRD – electrically-controlled release device (for abandoning stuck wireline tool from cable)
*ECT – external cantilevered turret
*EDP – exploration drilling program report
*EDP – emergency disconnect pPackage
*EDP – emergency depressurisation
*EDPHOT – emergency drill pipe hang-off tool
*EDR – exploration drilling report
*EDR – electronic drilling recorder
*EDS – emergency disconnection sequence
*EEAR – emergency electrical auto restart
*EEHA – electrical equipment for hazardous areas (IECEx)
*EFL – electrical flying lead
*EFR – engineering factual report
*EHT – electric heat trace
*EGBE – ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (2-butoxyethanol)
*EGMBE – ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
*EHU – electro-hydraulic unit
*EIA – environmental impact assessment
*EI – [[Energy Institute]]
*ELEC TECH – electronics technician
*ELT – economic limit test
*EL – electric log
*EM – EMOP log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*EMCS – energy management and control systems
*EMD – equivalent mud density
*EMG – equivalent mud gradient
*EMOP – EMOP well site processing log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*EMP – electromagnetic propagation log
*EMR – electronic memory read-out
*EMS – environment measurement sonde (wireline multi-caliper) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/services/characterization/petrophysics/wireline/legacy_services/enviro_measure_sonde.aspx |title=Openhole Logging - Wireline Formation Evaluation | Schlumberger |publisher=www.slb.com |date=1966-07-16 |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*EMW – equivalent mud weight
*EN PI – enhanced productivity index log
*ENG – engineering log
*ENGF – engineer factual report
*ENGPD – engineering porosity data
*Eni – [[Eni|Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi]] S.p.A. (Italy)<ref>{{cite web|author=Sreeparna Das |url=http://www.eni.com |title=energy company |publisher=Eni |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*ENJ – enerjet log
*ENMCS – electrical network monitoring and control system
*EOFL – end of field life
*EOR – enhanced oil recovery
*EOT – end of tubing
*EOT – electric overhead travelling
*ELV – extra-low voltage
*EOW – end-of-well report
*EPCM/I – engineering procurement construction and management/installation
*EPCU – electrical power conditioning unit
*EPIDORIS – exploration and production integrated drilling operations and reservoir information system
*EPL – EPL log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*EPLG – epilog
*EPLPC – EPL-PCD-SGR log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*EPS – early production system
*EPT – electromagnetic propagation
*EPU – electrical power unit
*EPTNG – EPT-NGT log
*EPV – early production vessel
*{{not a typo|ER(D)}} – extended reach (drilling)
*ERT – emergency response training
*ESD – emergency shutdown
*ESDV – emergency shutdown valve
*ESHIA – environmental, social and health impact assessment
*ESIA – environmental and social impact assessment
*ESP – electric [[submersible pump]]
*ETAP – [[Eastern Trough Area Project]]
*ETD – external turret disconnectable
*ETECH – electronics technician
*ETTD – electromagnetic thickness test
*ETU – electrical test unit
*EUE – external-upset-end (tubing connection)
*EUR – estimated ultimate recovery
*EVARE – evaluation report
*EWMP – earthworks/electrical works/excavation works management plan
*EWR – end-of-well report
*EXL – or XL, exploration licence (United Kingdom), a type of onshore licence issued between the first onshore licensing round (1986) and the sixth (1992)
*EXP – exposed
*EZSV – easy sliding valve (drillable packer plug)

==F==
*F&G – fire and gas
*FAC – factual report
*FAC – first aid case
*FACHV – four-arm calliper log
*FANAL – formation analysis sheet log
*FANG – friction angle
*FAR – Field Auxiliary Room
*FAT – factory acceptance testing
*FB – full bore
*FBE – fusion-bonded epoxy
*FBHP – flowing bottom-hole pressure
*FC – float collar
*FC – fail closed (valve or damper)
*FCGT – flood clean gauge test
*FCM – flow control module
*FCP – final circulating pressure
*FCV – flow control valve
*FCVE – F-curve log
*FDC – formation density log
*FDF – forced-draft fan
*FDP – field development plan
*FDS – functional design specification
*FDT – fractional dead time
*FEED – [[front-end loading|front-end engineering design]]
*FEL – from east line
*FER – field equipment room
*FER - formation evaluation report
*FEWD – formation evaluation while drilling
*FFAC – formation factor log
*FFM – full field model
*FG – fiberglass
*FGHT – flood gauge hydrotest
*FRP – fiberglass reinforced plastics
*FGEOL – final geological report
*FH – full-hole tool joint
*FI – final inspection
*FID – final investment decision
*FID – flame ionisation detection
*FIH – finish in hole (tripping pipe)
*FIL – FIL log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*{{not a typo|FI(M)}} – free issue (materials)
*FINST – final stratigraphic report
*FINTP – formation interpretation
*FIP – flow-induced pulsation
*FIT – fairing intervention tool
*FIT – fluid identification test
*FIT – formation integrity test
*FIT – formation interval tester
*FIT – flow indicator transmitter
*FIV – flow-induced vibration
*FIV – [[Completion (oil well)#Formation/Flowline isolation valve|formation isolation valve]]
*FJC – field joint coating
*FL – F log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*FL – fail locked (valve or damper)
*FL – fluid level
*FLAP –fluid level above pump
*FLB – field logistics base
*FLDF – flying lead deployment frame
*FLIV – flowline injection valve
*FLIV – flowline isolation valve
*FLET – flowline end termination
**aFLET – actuated flowline end termination
*FLNG – floating [[liquefied natural gas]]
*FLOG – FLOG PHIX RHGX log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*FLOPR – flow profile report
*FLOT – flying lead orientation tool
*FLOW – flow and buildup test report
*FLRA – field-level risk assessment
*FLS – fluid sample
*FLT – [[fault (geology)]]
*FLT – flying lead termination
*FLTC – fail locked tending to close
*FLTO – fail locked tending to open
*FMD – flooded member detection
*FMEA – failure modes, & effects analysis
*FMECA – failure modes, effects, and criticality analysis
*[[borehole image logs|FMI – formation micro imaging log (azimuthal microresistivity)]]
*FMP – formation microscan report
*FMP – Field Management Plan
*[[borehole image logs|FMS – formation multi-scan log; formation micro-scan log]]
*FMS – flush-mounted slips
*FMT – flow management tool
*FMTAN – FMT analysis report{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*FNL – from north line
*FO – fail open (valve or damper)
*FOBOT – fibre optic breakout tray
*FOET – further offshore emergency training
*FOF – face of flange
*FOH – finish out of hole (tripping pipe)
*FOSA – field operating services agreement
*FOSV – full-opening safety valve
*FPDM – fracture potential and domain modelling/mapping<ref name ='van Dijk_1998'>van Dijk, J.P. (1998); Analysis and modelling of fractured reservoirs. SPE paper 50570, Europec; European Petroleum Conference, Vol.1, 31–43.</ref><ref name ='van Dijk_1996'>van Dijk, J.P. (1996); Fracture potential and domain mapping; a new technique applied to Maastrichtian-Danian chalk in Block 2/5 (Norway). In: Chalk Geoscience Workshop. PL006, 018, 067, 2–3 Dec 1996, NPD Stavanger, Extended Abstracts.</ref>
*FPH – feet per hour
*FPIT – free-point indicator tool
*FPL – flow analysis log
*FPLP – freshman petroleum learning program (Penn State){{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
*FPLAN – field plan log
*FPS – field production system
*FPO – floating production and offloading – vessel with no or very limited (process only) on-board produced fluid storage capacity.
*FPSO – floating production storage and offloading vessel
*FPU – floating processing unit
*FRA – fracture log
*FRARE – fracture report
*FRES – final reserve report
*FS – fail safe
*FSB – flowline support base
*FSI – flawless start-up initiative
*FSL – from south line
*FSLT – flexible sealine lifting tool
*FSO – floating storage offloading vessel
*FSR – facility status report
*FSU – floating storage unit
*FT – formation tester log
*FTL – field team leader
*FTM – fire-team member
*FTP – first tranche petroleum
*FTP – field terminal platform
*FTR – function test report
*FTRE – formation testing report
*FULDI – full diameter study report
*FV – funnel viscosity
*FV – float valve
*FWHP – flowing well-head pressure
*FWKO – free water knock-out
*FWL – free water level
*FWL – from West line
*FWR – final well report
*FWV – flow wing valve (also known as production wing valve on a [[christmas tree (oil well)|christmas tree]])
*FR - flow rate

==G==
*G/C – [[gas condensate]]
*GC – gathering center
*G&P – gathering and processing
*G&T – gathering and transportation
*GALT – gross air leak test
*GAS – gas log
*GASAN – gas analysis report
*GBS – gravity-based structure
*GBT – gravity base tank
*GCB – generator circuit breaker
*GCLOG – graphic core log
*GCT – GCT log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*GDAT – geodetic datum
*GDE – gross depositional environment
*GDIP – geodip log
*GDT – gas down to
*GE – condensate gas equivalent
*GE – ground elevation (also GR, or GRE{{citation needed|date=August 2022}})
*GEOCH – geochemical evaluation
*GEODY – GEO DYS log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*GEOEV – geochemical evaluation report
*GEOFO – geological and formation evaluation report
*GEOL – geological surveillance log
*GEOP – geophone data log
*GEOPN – geological well prognosis report
*GEOPR – geological operations progress report
*GEORE – geological report
*GGRG – gauge ring
*GIIP – [[gas initially in place]]
*GIH – go in hole
*GIS – [[geographic information system]]
*GL – gas lift
*GL – ground level
*GLE – ground level elevation (generally in metres above mean sea level{{citation needed|date=August 2022}})
*GLM – gas lift mandrel (alternative name for [[Completion (oil well)#Side pocket mandrel|side pocket mandrel)]]
*GLR – gas-liquid ratio
*GLT – GLT log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*GLV – gas lift valve
*GLW –{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
*GM – gas migration
*GOC – gas oil contact
*GOM – [[Gulf of Mexico]]
*GOP – geological operations report
*GOR – [[gas oil ratio]]
*GOSP – gas/oil separation plant
*GPIT – general-purpose inclinometry tool (borehole survey) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/189_IR/chap_02/c2_9.htm |title=Downhole Measurements |publisher=Odp.tamu.edu |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*GPLT – geol plot log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*GPTG – gallons per thousand gallons
*GPM – gallons per Mcf{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*GPSL – geo pressure log
*GR – ground level
*GR – gamma ray
*GR – gauge ring (measure hole size)
*GRAD – gradiometer log
*GRE – ground elevation
*GRLOG – grapholog
*GRN – gamma ray neutron log
*GRP – glass-reinforced plastic
*GRV – gross rock volume
*GRSVY – gradient survey log
*GS – gas supplier
*GS – gel strength
*GST – GST log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*GTC/G –gas turbine compressor/generator
*GTL – [[gas to liquids]]
*GTW – gas to wire
*GUN – gun set log
*GWC – gas-water contact
*GWR – guided wave radar
*GWREP – geo well report

==H==
*HAT – highest astronomical tide
*HAZ – heat-affected zone
*HAZID – hazard identification (meeting)
*HAZOP – hazard and operability study (meeting)
*HBE – high-build epoxy
*HBP – held by production
*HC – [[hydrocarbon]]s
*HCAL – HRCC caliper (in logs)(in inches){{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*HCCS – horizontal clamp connection system
*HCM – horizontal connection module (to connect the christmas tree to the manifold{{citation needed|date=August 2022}})
*HCS – high-capacity square mesh screens
*HD – head
*HDA – helideck assistant
*HDD – [[horizontal directional drilling]]
*HDPE – high-density polyethylene
*HDT – high-resolution dipmeter log
*HDU – horizontal drive unit
*HEXT – hex diplog
*HFE – human factors engineering
*HFL – hydraulic flying lead
*HGO – heavy gas oil
*HGS – high (wpecific-)gravity solids
*HH – horse head (on pumping unit)
*HHP – hydraulic horsepower
*HI – hydrogen index
*HiPAP – high-precision acoustic positioning
*HIPPS – high-integrity pressure protection system
*HIRA – hazard identification and risk assessment
*HISC – hydrogen-induced stress cracking
*HKLD – hook load
*HL – hook load
*HLCV – heavy-lift crane vessel
*HLO – heavy load-out (facility)
*HLO – helicopter landing officer
*Hmax – maximum wave height
*HNGS – flasked hostile natural gamma-ray spectrometry tool <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors98/sum98/pgs_50_67.pdf |title=Resource Library | Schlumberger |publisher=www.slb.com|date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*HO – hole opener
*HOB – hang on bridle (cable assembly)
*HMR – heating medium return
*HMS – heating medium supply
*HP – hydrostatic pressure
*HPAM – partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide
*HPGAG – high-pressure gauge
*HPHT – high-pressure high-temperature
*HPPS – HP pressure log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*HPU – hydraulic power unit
*HPWBM – high-performance water-based mud
*HRCC – HCAl of caliper (in inches)
*HRLA – high-resolution laterolog array (resistivity logging tool)
*HRF – hyperbaric rescue facility/vessel
*HRSG – heat recovery steam generator
*Hs – significant wave height
*HSE – health, safety and environment or [[Health & Safety Executive]] (United Kingdom)
*HSV – hyperbaric support vessel
*HTHP – high-temperature high pressure
*HTM – helideck team member
*HVDC – high voltage direct current
*HWDP – heavy-weight drill pipe (sometimes spelled hevi-wate{{citation needed|date=August 2022}})
*HUD – hold-up depth
*HUN – hold-up nipple
*HUET – helicopter underwater escape training
*HVAC – heating, ventilation and air-conditioning
*HWDP – heavy weight drill pipe
*HYPJ – hyperjet
*HYROP – hydrophone log

==I==
*I:P – injector to producer ratio
*IADC – [[International Association of Drilling Contractors]]
*IAT – internal active turret
*IBC – intermediate bulk container
*IC – instrument cable
*ICoTA – Intervention and Coiled Tubing Association
*ICC – isolation confirmation (or control) certificate
*ICD – inflow control device
*ICEX;IECEx – international electrotechnical commission system for certification to standards relating to equipment for use in explosive atmospheres (EEHA)
*ICP – initial circulating pressure
*ICP – intermediate casing point
*ICP – [[inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry|inductively coupled plasma]]
*ICSS – integrated controls and safety system
*ICSU – integrated commissioning and start-up
*ICV – interval control valve
*ICV – integrated cement volume (of borehole)
*ICW – incomplete work
*ID – inner or internal diameter (of a tubular component such as a [[casing (oil well)|casing]])
*IDC – intangible drilling costs
*IDEL – IDEL log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*IEB – induction electro BHC log
*IEL – induction electrical log
*IF – internal flush tool joint
*iFLS – intelligent fast load shedding
*IFP – French Institute of Petroleum (Institut Français du Petrole)
*IFT – interfacial tension
*IGPE – immersion grade phenolic epoxy
*IGV – inlet guide vane
*IH – gamma ray log
*IHEC – isolation of hazardous energy certificate
*IHUC – installation, hook-up and commissioning
*IHV – integrated hole volume (of borehole)
*IIC – infield installation contractor
*IJL – injection log
*IL – induction log
*ILI – inline inspection (intelligent [[pigging]])
*ILOGS – image logs
*ILT – inline tee
*IMAG – image analysis report
*IMCA – [[International Marine Contractors Association]]
*IMPP – injection-molded polypropylene coating system
*IMR – inspection, maintenance, and repair
*INCR – incline report
*INCRE – incline report
*INDRS – IND RES sonic log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*INDT – INDT log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*INDWE – individual well record report
*INJEC – injection falloff log
*INS – insufficient sample
*INS – integrated navigation system
*INSUR – inrun survey report
*INVES – investigative program report
*IOC – international oil company
*IOM – installation, operation and maintenance manual
*IOS – internal olefin sulfonate
*IOS – isomerized olefin sulfonate
*IP – [[IP code|ingress protection]]
*IP – Institute of Petroleum, now [[Energy Institute]]
*IP – intermediate pressure
*IPAA – [[Independent Petroleum Association of America]]
*IPC – installed production capacity
*IPLS – IPLS log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*IPR – inflow performance relationship
*IPT – internal passive turret
*IR – interpretation report
*IRC – inspection release certificate
*IRDV – inelegant remote dual valve
*IRTJ – IRTJ gamma ray slimhole log
*ISD – instrument-securing device
*ISF – ISF sonic log
*ISFBG – ISF BHC GR log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*ISFCD – ISF conductivity log
*ISFGR – ISF GR casing collar locator log
*ISFL – ISF-LSS log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*ISFP – ISF sonic true vertical depth playback log
*ISFPB – ISF true vertical depth playback log
*ISFSL – ISF SLS MSFL log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*ISIP – initial shut-in pressure
*ISSOW – integrated safe system of work
*ISV – infield support vessel
*ITD – internal turret disconnectable
*ITO – inquiry to order
*ITR – inspection test record
*ITS – influx to surface
*ITT – internal testing tool (for BOP test)
*IUG – instrument utility gas
*IWCF – [[International Well Control Federation]]
*IWOCS – installation/workover control system
*IWTT – interwell tracer test

==J==
*J&A – junked and abandoned
*JB – junk basket
*JHA – job hazard analysis
*JIB – joint-interest nilling
*JLT – J-lay tower
*JSA – job safety analysis
*JT – [[Joule-Thomson effect|Joule-Thomson]] (effect/valve/separator)
*JTS – joints
*JU – [[jack-up]] [[drilling rig]]
*JV – joint venture
*JVP – joint venture partners/participants

==K==
*KB – [[kelly drive|kelly]] bushing
*KBE – kelly bushing elevation (in meters above sea level, or meters above ground level)
*KBG – kelly bushing height above ground level
*KBUG – kelly bushing underground (drilling up in coal mines, West Virginia, Baker & Taylor drilling)
*KCI – potassium chloride
*KD – kelly down
*KMW – kill mud weight
*KOEBD – gas converted to oil-equivalent at 6 million cubic feet = 1 thousand barrels
*KOH – potassium hydroxide
*KOP – kick-off point ([[directional drilling]])
*KOP – kick-off plug
*KP – kilometre post
*KRP – kill rate pressure
*KT – kill truck
*KLPD- kiloliters per day

==L==
*LACT – lease automatic custody transfer
*LAH – lookahead
*LAOT – linear activation override tool
*LARS – launch and recovery system
*LAS – [[Log ASCII standard]]
*LAT – lowest astronomical tide
*LBL – long baseline (acoustics)
*LC – locked closed
*LCM – lost circulation material
*LCNLG – LDT CNL gamma ray log
*LCR – local control room
*LCV – level control valve
*L/D – lay down (such as tubing or rods)
*LD – lay down (such as tubing or rods)
*LDAR – leak detection and repair
*LDHI – low-dosage hydrate inhibitor
*LDL – litho density log
*LDS – leak detection system (pipeline monitoring)
*LDTEP – LDT EPT gamma ray log
*LEAKL – leak detection log
*LEPRE – litho-elastic property report
*LER – lands eligible for remining or [[land equivalent ratio]]
*LER – Local Equipment Room
*LGO – Light Gas Oil
*LGR – Liquid Gas Ratio
*LGS – Low (specific-)Gravity Solids
*LHT- Left Hand Turn
*LIC – License
*LIB – Lead Impression Block
*LINCO – Liner and Completion Progress Report
*LIOG – Lithography Log
*LIT – Lead Impression Tool
*LIT – level indicator transmitter
*LITDE – Litho Density Quicklook Log
*LITHR – [[Lithology|Lithological]] Description Report
*LITRE – Lithostratigraphy Report
*LITST – Lithostratigraphic Log
*LKO – Lowest Known Oil
*LL – Laterolog
*LMAP – Location Map
*LMRP – Lower Marine Riser Package
*LMTD – [[Logarithmic mean temperature difference|Log Mean Temperature Difference]]
*LMV – Lower Master Valve (on a [[Christmas tree (oil well)|Xmas tree]])
*LNG – [[Liquefied Natural Gas]]
*LO – Locked Open
*LOA – Letter of Authorisation/Agreement/Authority
*LOD – Lines of Defence
*LOE – Lease Operating Expenses
*LOGGN – Logging Whilst Drilling
*LOGGS – Lincolnshire Offshore Gas Gathering System
*LOGRS – Log Restoration Report
*LOGSM – Log Sample
*LOK – Low Permeability
*LOKG – Low Permeability Gas
*LOKO – Low Permeability Oil
*LOLER – Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations
*LOPA – Layer of Protection Analysis [[IEC 61511]]
*LOT – Leak-Off Test
*LOT – Linear Override Tool
*LOT – Lock Open Tool
*LOTO – Lock Out / Tag Out
*LP – Low Pressure
*LPG – [[Liquefied Petroleum Gas]]
*LPH – Litres Per Hour
*LPWHH – Low Pressure Well Head Housing
*LQ – Living Quarters
*LRA – Lower Riser Assembly
*LRG – Liquified Refinery Gas
*LRP – [[Lower riser package|Lower Riser Package]]
*LSBGR – Long Spacing BHC GR Log
*LSD – Land Surface Datum
*LSP – Life Support Package
*LSSON – Long Spacing Sonic Log
*LT – Linear Time or Lag Time
*L&T – Load and Test
*LTC – Long Thread and Coupled
*LT&C – Long Thread and Coupled
*LTHCP – Lower Tubing Hanger Crown Plug
*{{not a typo|LTI(FR)}} – Lost Time Incident (Frequency Rate)
*LTP – liner shaker, tensile bolting cloth, perforated panel backing
*LTX – Low temperature extraction unit
*LUMI – Luminescence Log
*LUN – Livening Up Notice
*LVEL – Linear Velocity Log
*LVOT – Linear Valve Override Tool
*LWD – Logging While Drilling
*LWOL – Last Well on Lease
*LWOP – Logging Well on Paper

==M==
*M or m – prefix designating a number in thousands (not to be confused with SI prefix M for [[mega-]] or m for [[milli]])
*m – metre
*MAASP – maximum acceptable [or allowable] annular surface pressure
*MAC – multipole acoustic log
*MACL – multiarm caliper log
*MAE – major accident event
*MAGST – magnetostratigraphic report
*MAL - Master Acronym List
*MAOP – maximum allowable operating pressure
*MAP – metrol acoustic processor
*MARA – maralog
*MAST – sonic tool (for recording waveform)
*MAWP – maximum allowable working pressure
*MBC – marine breakaway coupling
*MBC – membrane brine concentrator
*Mbd – thousand barrels per day
*MBES – multibeam echosounder
*Mbod – thousand barrels of oil per day
*Mboe – thousand barrels of oil equivalent
*Mboed – thousand barrels of oil equivalent per day
*MBP – mixed-bed polisher
*Mbpd – thousand barrels of oil per day
*MBR – minimum bend radius
*MBRO – multi-bore restriction orifices
*MBT – methylene blue test
*MBWH – multi-bowl [[wellhead]]
*MCC – motor control centre
*MCD – mechanical completion dossier
*Mcf – thousand cubic feet of natural gas
*Mcfe – thousand cubic feet of natural gas equivalent
*MCHE – main cryogenic heat exchanger
*MCM – manifold choke module
*MCP – monocolumn platform
*MCS – manifold and connection system
*MCS – master control station
*MCSS – multi-cycle sliding sleeve
*mD – [[millidarcy]], measure of [[permeability (earth sciences)|permeability]], with units of area
*MD – measured depth
*MDO – marine diesel oil
*MDR – master document register
*MDRT – measured depth referenced to rotary table zero datum
*MD – measurements/drilling log
*MDEA – [[methyl diethanolamine]] (aMDEA)
*MDL – [[methane]] drainage licence (United Kingdom), a type of onshore licence allowing natural gas to be collected "in the course of operations for making and keeping safe mines whether or not disused"{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
*MDSS – measured depth referenced to mean sea level zero datum – "sub sea" level
*MDT – [[modular formation dynamic tester]]
*MDR – mud damage removal (acid bullheading)
*MEA – [[monoethanolamine]]
*MEG – [[ethylene glycol|monoethylene glycol]]
*MEIC – Mechanical Electrical Instrumentation Commission
*MeOH – methanol (CH3OH)
*MEPRL – mechanical properties log
*MERCR – mercury injection study report
*MERG – merge FDC/CNL/gamma ray/dual laterolog/micro SFL log
*MEST – micro-electrical scanning tool <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taskgeoscience.com/glossary.asp?id=3 |title=Task Geoscience - the Borehole Image and Dipmeter Experts |access-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016134355/http://www.taskgeoscience.com/glossary.asp?id=3 |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*MF – marsh funnel (mud [[viscosity]])
*MFCT – multifinger caliper tool
*MGL – magnelog
*MGPS – marine growth prevention system
*MHWN – mean high water neaps
*MHWS – mean high water springs
*MLH – mud liner hanger
*MIFR – mini frac log
*MINL – minilog
*MIPAL – micropalaeo log
*MIRU – move in and rig up
*MIST – minimum industry safety training
*MIT – mechanical integrity test
*MIYP – maximum internal yield pressure
*mKB – meters below [[kelly drive|kelly bushing]]
*ML – mud line (depth reference)
*ML – microlog, or mud log
*MLL – microlaterolog
*MLF – marine loading facility
*MLWN – mean low water neaps
*MLWS – mean low water springs
*mm – millimetre (SI unit)
*MM – prefix designating a number in millions (thousand-thousand)
*MMbod – million barrels of oil per day
*MMboe – million barrels of oil equivalent
*MMboed – million barrels of oil equivalent per day
*MMbpd – million barrels per day
*MMcf – million cubic feet (of natural gas)
*MMcfe – million cubic feet (of natural gas equivalent)
*MMcfge – million cubic feet (of natural gas equivalent)
*MMS – [[Minerals Management Service]] (United States)
*MMscfd – million standard cubic feet per day
*MMTPA – millions of metric tonnes per [[year|annum]]
*MMstb – million stock barrels
*MNP – merge and playback log
*MODU – mobile offshore drilling unit (either of jack-up drill rig or semi-submersible rig or drill ship)
*MOF – marine offloading facility
*MOPO – matrix of permitted operations
*MOPU – mobile offshore production unit (to describe jack-up production rig, or semi-submersible production rig, or floating production, or storage ship)
*MOT – materials/marine offloading terminal
*MOV – motor operated valve
*MPA – micropalaeo analysis report
*MPD – managed pressure drilling
*MPFM – multi-phase flow meter
*MPK – merged playback log
*MPP – multiphase pump
*MPQT – manufacturing procedure qualification test
*MPS – manufacturing procedure specification
*MPSP – maximum predicted surface pressure
*MPSV – multi-purpose support vessel
*MPV – multi-purpose vessel
*MQC – multi-quick connection plate
*MR – marine riser
*MR – mixed refrigerant
*MR – morning report
*MRBP – magna range bridge plug
*MRC – maximum reservoir contact
*MRCV – multi-reverse circulating valve
*MRIT – magnetic resonance imaging tool
*MRIRE – magnetic resonance image report
*MRP – material requirement planning
*MRR – material receipt report
*MRT – marine riser tensioners
*MRT – mechanical run test
*MRX – magnetic resonance expert (wireline [[NMR]] tool) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.epmag.com/EP-Magazine/archive/MRX-Magnetic-resonance-expert_2200 |title=MRX Magnetic resonance expert |access-date=16 January 2014 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116123339/http://www.epmag.com/EP-Magazine/archive/MRX-Magnetic-resonance-expert_2200 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*MSCT – mechanical sidewall coring tool <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/services/characterization/reservoir/wireline/mechanical_sidewall_coring.aspx |title=MSCT Mechanical Sidewall Coring Tool | Schlumberger |publisher=www.slb.com |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*MSDS – material safety data sheet
*MSFL – micro SFL log; micro-spherically focussed log (resistivity)
*MSI – mechanical and structural inspection
*MSIP – modular sonic imaging platform (sonic scanner) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors06/spr06/editorial.pdf |title=Resource Library | Schlumberger |publisher=www.slb.com|date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*MSIPC – multi-stage inflatable packer collar<ref>{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185936/http://www.halliburton.com/public/cem/contents/Data_Sheets/web/H/H06940-A4.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
*MSL – mean [[sea level]]
*MSL – micro spherical log
*MSS – magnetic single shot
*MST – MST EXP [[resistivity logging|resistivity log]]
*MSV – multipurpose support vessel
*MTBF – mean time between failures
*MT – motor temperature; DMT parameter for ESP motor
*MTO – material take-off
*MTT – MTT multi-isotope trace tool
*M/U – make up
*MUD – mud log
*MUDT – mud temperature log
*MuSol – mutual solvent
*MVB – master valve block on christmas tree
*MVC – minimum volume commitment
*MW – [[mud weight]]
*MWD – [[measurement while drilling]]
*MWDRE – measurement while drilling report
*MWP – maximum working pressure
*MWS – [[classification society|marine warranty survey]]

==N==
*NACE – [[National Association of Corrosion Engineers]]
*NAPE – Nigerian Association of Petroleum Explorationists
*NAM – North American
*NAPF – non-aqueous phase fluid
*NAPL – non-aqueous phase liquid
*NASA – non-active side arm (term used in [[North Sea oil]] for kill wing valve on a [[Christmas tree (oil well)|christmas tree]])
*NAVIG – navigational log
*NB – nominal bore
*NCC – normally clean condensate
*ND – nipple down
*NDE – non-destructive examination
*NEFE – non-emulsifying iron inhibitor (usually used with hydrochloric acid{{citation needed|date=August 2022}})
*NEUT – neutron log
*NFG – 'no fucking good' used for marking damaged equipment,{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
*NFI – no further investment
*NFW – new field wildcat, Lahee classification
*NG – natural gas
*NGDC – national geoscience data centre (United Kingdom)
*NGL – natural gas liquids
*NGR – natural gamma ray
*NGRC – national geological records centre (United Kingdom)
*NGS – NGS log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*NGSS – NGS spectro log
*NGT – natural gamma ray tool
*NGTLD – NGT LDT QL log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*NGLQT – NGT QL log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*NGTR – NGT ratio log
*NHDA – National Hydrocarbons Data Archive (United Kingdom)
*NHPV – net [[hydrocarbon]] pore volume
*NL-NG – No loss-no gain
*NMDC – non-magnetic drill collar
*NMHC – non-methane hydrocarbons
*NMR – nuclear magnetic resonance [[Wireline (cabling)#Resistivity Tools|kog]]
*NMVOC – non-methane volatile organic compounds
*NNF – normally no flow
*NNS – northern North Sea
*NOISL – noise log
*NOC – [[National Oil Company]]
*NORM – naturally-occurring radioactive material
*NP – non-producing well
*NPD – [[Norwegian Petroleum Directorate]]
*NPS – nominal pipe size (sometimes NS)
*NPSH(R) – net-positive suction head (required)
*NPT – Non-Productive Time (used during drilling or well intervention operations mainly, malfunction of equipment or the lack of personnel competencies that result in loss of time, which is costly)
*NPV – net present value
*NRB – not required back
*NRPs – non-rotating protectors
*NRI – net revenue interest
*NRV – non-return valve
*NPW – new pool wildcat, Lahee classification
*NS – North Sea; can also refer to the [[North Slope Borough, Alaska]], the [[Alaska North Slope|North Slope]], which includes [[Prudhoe Bay Oil Field]] (the largest US oil field), [[Kuparuk Oil Field]], Milne Point, Lisburne, and Point McIntyre among others{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
*NTHF – non-toxic high flash
*NTU – nephelometric turbidity unit
*NUBOP – nipple (ed),(ing) up blow-out preventer
*NUI – normally unattended installation
*NUMAR – nuclear and magnetic resonance – image log

==O==
*O&G – oil and gas
*O&M – operations and maintenance
*O/S – overshot, fishing tool
*OBCS – ocean bottom cable system
*OBDTL – OBDT log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*OBEVA – OBDT evaluation report
*OBM – oil-based mud
*OBO – operated by others
*OCIMF – [[Oil Companies International Marine Forum]]
*OCI – oil corrosion inhibitor (vessels)
*OCL – quality control log
*OCM – offshore construction manager
*OCS – offshore construction supervisor
*OCTG – oil country tubular goods (oil well casing, tubing, and drill pipe)<ref>{{cite web|title=OCTG (casing and tubing)|url=http://www.networkintl.com/support/glossary.aspx#103|work=Network International Oilfield Glossary|publisher=Network International|access-date=24 June 2011|archive-date=15 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515171708/http://www.networkintl.com/support/glossary.aspx#103|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*OD – outer diameter (of a tubular component such as [[casing (oil well)|casing]]{{citation needed|date=August 2022}})
*ODT – oil down to
*OFE – oil field equipment
*OFST – offset vertical seismic profile
*OEM – original equipment manufacturer
*OFIC – offshore interim completion certificate
*OGA – Oil and Gas Authority (UK oil and gas regulatory authority)
*OH – open hole
*OH – open hole log
*OHC – open hole completion
*OHD – open hazardous drain
*OHUT – offshore hook-up team
*OI – oxygen index
*OLAF – offshore footless loading arm
*OIM – [[OIM (offshore installation manager)|offshore installation manager]]
*OMRL – oriented micro-resistivity [[wireline (cabling)#Resistivity Tools|log]]
*ONAN – oil natural air natural cooled transformer
*ONNR – Office of Natural Resources Revenue (formerly MMS)
*OOE – offshore operation engineer (senior technical authority on an offshore [[oil platform]]{{citation needed|date=August 2022}})
*OOIP – original oil in place
*OOT/S – out of tolerance/straightness
*OPITO – offshore petroleum industry training organization
*OPEC – [[Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries]]
*OPL – operations log
*OPRES – overpressure log
*OPS – operations report
*ORICO – oriented core data report
*ORM – operability reliability maintainability
*ORRI – overriding royalty interest
*ORF – onshore receiving facility
*OS&D – over, short, and damage report
*OS – online survey
*OSV – offshore supply vessel
*OT – a well on test
*OT – off tree
*OTDR – optical time domain reflectometry
*OTIP – operational testing implementation plan
*OTL – operations team leader
*OTP – operational test procedure
*OTR – order to remit
*OTSG – one-time through steam generator
*OWC – oil-water contact
*OUT – outpost, Lahee classification
*OUT – oil up to
*OVCH – oversize charts
*OVID – offshore vessel inspection database

==P==
*P – producing well
*P&A – plug(ged) and abandon(ed) (well)
*PA – producing asset
*PA – polyamide
*PA – producing asset with exploration potential
*PACO – process, automation, control and optimisation
*PACU – packaged air conditioning unit
*PADPRT – pressure assisted drillpipe running tool
*PAGA – public address general alarm
*PAL – palaeo chart
*PALYN – [[palynological]] analysis report
*PAR – pre-assembled rack
*PAU – pre-assembled ynit
*PBDMS – playback DMSLS log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*PBHL – proposed bottom hole location
*PBR – polished bore receptacle (component of a [[completion (oil well)|completion string]])
*PBD – pason billing system
*PBTD – plug back total depth
*PBU – pressure build-up (applies to integrity testing on valves{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*PCA – production concession agreement
*PCB – [[polychlorinated biphenyl]]
*PCCC – pressure containing anti‐corrosion caps
*PCCL – perforation casing collar locator log
*PCDC – pressure-cased directional (geometry i.e. borehole survey) MWD tool
*PCE – pressure control equipment
*PCDM – power and control distribution module
*PCKR – packer
*PCMS – polymer coupon monitoring system
*PCN – process control network
*PCO – pre-commission preparations (pipeline)
*PCOLL – perforation and collar
*PCP – progressing cavity pump
*PCP – possible condensate production
*PCPT – piezo-cone penetration test
*PCS – process control system
*PDC – perforation depth control
*PDC – polycrystalline diamond compact (a type of drilling bit)
*PDG/PDHG – permanent downhole gauge
*PDGB – permanent drilling guide base
*PDKL – PDK log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*PDKR – PDK 100 report{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*PDM –[[mud motor|positive displacement motor]]
*PDMS – permanent downhole monitoring system
*PDP – proved developed producing (reserves)
*PDP – positive displacement pump
*PDPM – power distribution protection module
*PDNP – proved developed not producing
*PDR – physical data room
*PDT – differential pressure transmitter
*PE – petroleum engineer
*PE – professional engineer
*PE – production engineer
*PE – polyethylene
*PE – product emulsion
*PE – production enhancement
*PEA – palaeo environment study report
*PED – pressure equipment directive
*PEDL – petroleum exploration and development licence (United Kingdom)
*PEFS – process engineering flow scheme
*PENL – penetration log
*PEP – PEP log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*PERC – powered emergency release coupling
*PERDC – [[perforation (oil well)|perforation]] depth control
*PERFO – perforation log
*PERM – permeability
*PERML – permeability log
*PESGB – [[Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain]]
*PETA – petrographical analysis report
*PETD – petrographic data log
*PETLG – petrophysical evaluation log
*PETPM – [[petrography]] permeametry report
*PETRP – petrophysical evaluation report
*PEX – platform express toolstring (resistivity, porosity, imaging)
*PFC – perforation formation correlation
*PFD – process flow diagram
*PFE – plate/frame heat exchanger
*PFHE – plate fin/frame heat exchanger
*PFPG – perforation plug log
*PFREC – perforation record log
*PG – pressure gauge (report)
*PGC – Potential Gas Committee
*PGB – permanent guide base
*PGOR – produced gas oil ratio
*PGP – possible gas production
*PH – [[phasor]] log
*PHASE – phasor processing log
*PHB – pre-hydrated bentonite
*PHC – passive heave compensator
*PHOL – photon log
*PHPU – platform hydraulic power unit
*PHPA – [[drilling mud|partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide]]
*PHYFM – physical formation log
*PI – productivity index
*PI – permit issued
*PI – pressure indicator
*P&ID – [[piping and instrumentation diagram]]
*PINTL – production interpretation
*PIP – pump intake pressure
*PIP – pipe in pipe
*PIT – pump intake temperature
*PJSM – per-job safety meeting
*PL – production license
*PLEM – pipeline end manifold
*PLES – pipeline end structure
*PLET – pipeline end termination
*PLG – plug log
*PLR – [[pig (pipeline)|pig launcher/receiver]]
*PLS – position location system
*PLSV – pipelay support vessel
*PLT – [[production logging tool]]
*PLTQ – production logging tool quick-look log
*PLTRE – production logging tool report
*PLQ – permanent living quarters
*PMI – positive material identification
*PMOC – project management of change
*PMR – precooled mixed refrigerant
*PMV – production master valve
*PNP – proved not producing
*POB – personnel on board
*POBM – pseudo-oil-based mud
*POD – plan of development
*POF – permanent operations facility
*POH – pull out of hole
*POOH – pull out of hole
*PON – petroleum operations notice (United Kingdom)
*POP – pump-out plug
*POP – possible oil production
*POP – place on production
*POR – density porosity log
*PORRT - pack off run retrieval tool
*POSFR – post-fracture report
*POSTW – post-well appraisal report
*POSWE – post-well summary report
*PP – DXC pressure plot log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*PP – pump pressure
*PP&A – permanent plug and abandon (also P&A{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*ppb – pounds per barrel
*PPC – powered positioning caliper (Schlumberger dual-axis wireline caliper tool)<ref>http://www.slb.com/resources/other_resources/product_sheets/evaluation/other_ppc_ps.aspx {{Bare URL inline|date=April 2022}}</ref>
*ppcf – pounds per cubic foot
*PPD - pour point depressant
*PPE – preferred pressure end
*PPE – personal protective equipment
*PPFG – pore pressure/fracture gradient
*ppg – pounds per gallon
*PPI – post production inspection/intervention
*PPI – post pipelay installation
*PPL – pre-perforated liner
*{{not a typo|pptf}} – pounds (per square inch) per thousand feet (of depth) – a unit of fluid density/pressure{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*PPS – production packer setting
*PPU – pipeline process and umbilical
*PQR – procedure qualification record
*PR2 – testing regime to API6A annex F{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*PRA – production reporting and [[allocation (oil and gas)|allocation]]
*PREC – perforation record
*PRESS – pressure report
*PRL – polished rod liner
*PRV – pressure relief valve
*PROD – production log
*PROTE – production test report
*PROX – proximity log
*PRSRE – pressure gauge report
*PSANA – pressure analysis
*PSA – production service agreement
*PSA – production sharing agreement
*PSC – production sharing contract
*PSD – planned shut-down
*PSD – pressure safety device
*PSD – process shut-down
*PSD – pump setting depth
*PSE – pressure safety element (rupture disc)
*PSIA – pounds per square inch atmospheric
*PSIG – pounds per square inch gauge
*PSL – product specification level
*PSLOG – pressure log
*PSM – [[process safety management]]
*PSP – pseudostatic spontaneous potential
*PSP – positive sealing plug
*PSPL – PSP leak detection log
*PSSR – [[pre-start-up audit|pre-startup]] safety review
*PSSR – pressure systems safety regulations (UK)
*PSQ – plug squeeze log
*PST – PST log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*PSV – pipe/platform supply vessel
*PSV – pressure [[safety valve]]
*PSVAL – pressure evaluation log
*PTA/S – pipeline termination assembly/structure
*PTO – permit to sperate
*PTRO – test rack opening pressure (For a gas lift valve{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*PTSET – production test setter
*PTTC – Petroleum Technology Transfer Council, United States
*PTW – permit to work
*PU – pick-up (tubing, rods, power swivel, etc.)
*PUD – proved undeveloped reserves
*PUN – puncher log
*PUR – plant upset report
*PUQ – production utilities quarters (platform)
*PUWER – [[Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998]]
*PV – plastic viscosity
*PVDF – polyvinylidene fluoride
*PVSV –pressure vacuum safety valve
*PVT – pressure volume temperature
*PVTRE – pressure volume temperature report
*PW – produced water
*PWD – pressure while drilling
*PWB – production wing block (XT{{clarify|date=August 2022}})
*PWHT – post-weld heat treat
*PWRI – produced water reinjection
*PWV – production wing valve (also known as a flow wing valve on a [[christmas tree (oil well)|christmas tree]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})

==Q==
*QA – quality assurance
*QC – quality control
*QCR – quality control report
*QL – quick-look log

==R==
*R/B – rack back
*R&M – repair and maintenance
*RAC – ratio curves
*RACI – responsible / accountable / consulted / informed
*RAT – riser assembly tower
*RAM – reliability, availability, and maintainability
*RAWS – raw stacks VSP log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*RBI – [[risk-based inspection]]
*RBP – retrievable bridge plug
*RBS – riser base spool
*RCA – [[root cause analysis]]
*RCKST – rig checkshot
*RCD – rotating control device
*RCI – reservoir characterization instrument (for downhole fluid measurements e.g. spectrometry, density)<ref>[http://blogs.bakerhughes.com/reservoir/2011/04/23/formation-testing-part-iii-of-iii/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621002132/http://blogs.bakerhughes.com/reservoir/2011/04/23/formation-testing-part-iii-of-iii/ |date=21 June 2011 }}</ref>
*RCL – retainer correlation log
*RCM – reliability-centred maintenance
*RCR – remote component replacement (tool)
*RCU – remote control unit
*RDMO – rig down move out
*RDS – ROV-deployed sonar{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*RDRT – rig down rotary tools
*RDT – reservoir description tool
*RDVI – remote digital video inspection
*RDWL – rig down wireline
*RE – reservoir engineer
*REOR – reorientation log
*RE-PE – re-perforation report
*RESAN – reservoir analysis
*RESDV – riser emergency shut-down valve
*RESEV – reservoir evaluation
*RESFL – reservoir fluid
*RESI – resistivity log
*RESL – reservoir log
*RESOI – [[residual oil]]
*REZ – renewable energy zone (United Kingdom)
*RF – recovery factor
*RFCC – ready for commissioning certificate
*RFLNG – ready for [[liquefied natural gas]]
*RFM – riser feeding machine
*RFMTS – [[repeat formation tester]]
*RFO – ready for operations (pipelines/cables)
*RFR – refer to attached (e.g., letter, document)
*RFSU – ready for start-up
*RFT – [[repeat formation tester]]
*RFTRE – repeat formation tester report
*RFTS – repeat formation tester sample
*RHA – riser heel anchor
*RHD – rectangular heavy duty – usually screens used for shaking{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*RHT - Right Hand Turn
*RIGMO – rig move
*RIH – run in hole
*RIMS – riser integrity monitoring system
*RITT – riser insertion tube (tool)
*RKB – [[kelly drive|rotary kelly bushing]] (a datum for measuring depth in an oil well{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*RLOF – rock load-out facility
*RMLC – request for mineral land clearance
*RMP – reservoir management plan
*RMS – ratcheting mule shoe
*RMS – riser monitoring system
*RNT – RNT log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*ROB – received on board (used for fuel/water received in bunkering operations{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*ROCT – rotary coring tool
*ROP – rate of penetration
*ROP – rate of perforation
*ROT – remote-operated tool
*ROV/WROV – remotely-operated vehicle/work class remotely-operated vehicle, used for [[subsea]] construction and maintenance{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*ROZ – recoverable oil zone
*ROWS – remote operator workstation
*RPCM – ring pair [[corrosion monitoring]]
*RPM – revolutions per minute (rotations per minute)
*RRC – [[Railroad Commission of Texas]] (governs oil and gas production in Texas)
*RROCK – routine rock properties report
*RRR – reserve replacement ratio
*RSES – responsible for safety and environment on site
*RSPP – a publicly-traded oil and gas producer focused on horizontal drilling of multiple stacked pay zones in the oil-rich Permian basin{{cn|date=August 2022}}{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*RSS – rig site survey
*RSS – rotary steerable systems
*RST – reservoir saturation tool (Schlumberger) log
*RTMS – riser tension monitoring system
*RTE – rotary table elevation
*RTO - real-time operation
*RTP/RTS – return to production/service
*RTTS – retrievable test-treat-squeeze (packer)
*RU – rig up
*RURT – rig up rotary tools
*RV – relief valve
*RVI – remote video inspection
*RWD – reaming while drilling

==S==
*SABA – supplied air-breathing apparatus
*SAFE – safety analysis function evaluation
*SAGD – steam-assisted gravity drainage
*SALM – single anchor loading mooring
*SAM – subsea accumulator module
*SAML – sample log
*SAMTK – sample-taker log
*SANDA – sandstone analysis log
*SAPP – [[disodium pyrophosphate|sodium acid pyrophosphate]]
*SAS – safety and automation system
*SAT – SAT log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SAT – site acceptance test
*SB – SIT-BO log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SBF – synthetic base fluid
*SBM – synthetic base mud
*SBT – segmented bond tool
*SC – seismic calibration
*SCADA – supervisory control and data acquisition
*SCAL – special core analysis
*SCAP – scallops log
*SCBA – self-contained breathing apparatus
*SCUBA – self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
*SCC – system completion certificate
*SCD – system control diagram
*SCDES – sidewall core description
*scf – standard cubic feet (of gas{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*scf/STB – standard cubic feet (of gas) / stock tank barrel (of fluid){{cn|date=August 2022}}
*SCHLL – [[Schlumberger]] log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*{{not a typo|SCM(MB)}} – subsea control module (mounting base{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*SCO – [[synthetic crude oil]]
*SCO – sand clean-out
*SCR – slow circulation rate
*SCRS – slow circulation rates
*SCSG – type of pump
*SCSSV – [[downhole safety valve|surface-controlled subsurface safety valve]]
*SDON – shut down overnight
*SPCU – subsea control unit
*SCVF – [[surface casing vent flow]]. It's kind of test{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*SD – sonic density
*SDFD – shut down for day
*SDFN – shut down for night
*SDIC – sonic dual induction
*SDL – supplier document list
*SDM/U – subsea distribution module/unit
*SDPBH – SDP bottom hole pressure report
*SDSS – super duplex stainless steel
*SDT – step draw-down test (sometimes SDDT{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*SDU/M – subsea distribution unit/module
*SEA – strategic environmental assessment (United Kingdom)
*SECGU – section gauge log
*SEDHI – sedimentary history
*SEDIM – sedimentology
*SEDL – sedimentology log
*SEDRE – sedimentology report
*SEG – Society of Exploration Geophysicsists
*SEM – subsea electronics module
*Semi (or semi-sub{{cn|date=August 2022}}) – semi-submersible drilling rig
*SEPAR – separator sampling report
*SEQSU – sequential survey
*SFERAE – global association for the use of knowledge on fractured rock in a state of stress, in the field of energy, culture and environment<ref>[http://www.sferae.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718025754/http://www.sferae.org/ |date=18 July 2010 }}</ref>
*SFL – steel flying lead
*SG – static gradient, specific gravity
*SGR – shale gouge ratio
*SGS – steel gravity structure
*SGSI – Shell Global Solutions International
*SGUN – squeeze gun
*SHA – sensor harness assembly
*SHC – system handover certificate
*SHDT – stratigraphic high resolution dipmeter tool
*SHINC – sunday holiday including
*SHO – stab and hinge over
*SHOCK – shock log
*SHOWL – show log
*SHT – shallow hole test
*SI – shut in well
*SI – structural integrity
*SI – scale inhibitor
*SI/TA – shut in/temporarily abandoned
*SIA – social impact assessment
*SIC – subsea installation contractor
*SICP – shut-in casing pressure
*SIDPP – shut-in drill pipe pressure
*SIDSM – sidewall sample
*SIF – safety instrumented functions (test{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*SIGTTO – Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators
*SIL – safety integrity level
*SIMCON – simultaneous construction
*SIMOPS – simultaneous operations
*SIP – shut-in pressure
*SIPCOM – simultaneous production and commissioning
*SIPES – Society of Independent Professional Earth Scientists, United States
*SIPROD – simultaneous production and drilling
*SIS – safety-instrumented system
*SIT – [[acceptance testing|system integration test]] FR SIT – field representation SIT{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SIT – (casing) shoe integrity test
*SITHP – shut-in tubing hanger/head pressure
*SITT – single TT log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SIWHP – shut-in well head pressure
*SKPLT – stick plot log
*SL – seismic lines
*SLS – SLS GR log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SLT – SLT GR log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SM or S/M – safety meeting
*SMA – small amount
*SMLS – seamless PipeMPP{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SMO – suction module
*SMPC – subsea multiphase pump, which can increase flowrate and pressure of the untreated wellstream{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*SN – seat nipple
*SNAM – [[Snam|Societá Nazionale Metanodotti]] now Snam S.p.A. (Italy)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snam.it |title=Snam home page |publisher=Snam.it |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*SNP – sidewall neutron porosity
*SNS – southern [[North Sea oil|North Sea]]
*SOBM – synthetic oil-based mud
*SOLAS – safety of life at sea
*SONCB – sonic calibration log
*SONRE – sonic calibration report
*SONWR – sonic waveform report
*SONWV – sonic waveform log
*SOP – shear-out plug
*SOR – senior operations representative
*SOW – slip-on wellhead
*SP – set point
*SP – [[shot point]] (geophysics)
*SP – spontaneous potential (well log)
*SPAMM – subsea pressurization and monitoring manifold
*SPCAN – [[special core analysis]]
*SPCU – subsea power and control unit
*SPE – [[Society of Petroleum Engineers]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spe.org |title=Society of Petroleum Engineers |publisher=Spe.org |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*SPEAN – spectral analysis
*SPEL – spectralog
*spf – shots per foot (perforation density)
*SPFM – single-phase flow meter
*SPH – SPH log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SPHL – self-propelled hyperbaric lifeboats
*SPM – [[Completion (oil well)#Side pocket mandrel|side pocket mandrel]]
*SPM – strokes per minute (of a positive-displacement pump{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*spm – shots per meter (perforation density{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*SPMT – [[self-propelled modular transporter]]
*SPOP – spontaneous potential log
*SPP – stand pipe pressure
*SPR – slow pumping rate
*SPROF – seismic profile
*SPS – subsea production systems
*SPT – shallower pool test, Lahee classification{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*SPUD – spud date (started drilling well)
*SPWLA – Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spwla.org/ |title=Home |website=spwla.org}}</ref>
*SQL – seismic quicklook log
*SQZ – squeeze job
*SR – shear rate
*SRD – seismic reference datum, an imaginary horizontal surface at which TWT{{clarify|date=August 2022}} is assumed to be zero{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*SREC – seismic record log
*SRJ – semi-rigid jumper
*SRK – Soave-Redlich-Kwong
*SRO – surface read-out
*SRP – sucker rod pump
*SRB – sulfate-reducing bacteria
*SRT – site receival test
*SS – subsea, as in a datum of depth, e.g. TVDSS (true vertical depth subsea){{cn|date=August 2022}}
*SSCC – [[sulfide stress cracking|sulphide stress corrosion cracking]]
*SSCP – subsea cryogenic pipeline
*SSCS – subsea control system
*SSD – sub-sea level depth (in metres or feet, positive value in downwards direction with respect to the geoid{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*SSD – sliding sleeve door
*SSFP – subsea flowline and pipeline
*SSG – sidewall sample gun
*SSH – steam superheater
*SSIC – safety system inhibit certificate
*SSIV – subsea isolation valve
*SSTV – subsea test valve
*SSM – subsea manifolds
*SSMAR – synthetic seismic marine log
*SSPLR – [[pig (pipeline)|subsea pig launcher/receiver]]
*SSSL – Supplementary Seismic Survey Licence (United Kingdom), a type of onshore licence{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*SSSV – [[downhole safety valve|sub-surface safety valve]]
*SSTT – [[subsea test tree]]
*SSU – subsea umbilicals
*SSV – surface safety valve
*SSWI – subsea well intervention
*STAB – stabiliser
*STAGR – static gradient survey report
*STB – stock tank barrel
*STC – STC log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*STD – 2-3 joints of tubing{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*STFL – steel tube fly lead
*STG – steam turbine generator
*STGL – stratigraphic log
*STHE - shell-and-tube heat exchanger
*STIMU – stimulation report
*STKPT – stuck point
*STL – STL gamma ray log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*STL – submerged turret loading
*STRAT – [[stratigraphy]], stratigraphic
*STRRE – stratigraphy report
*STOIIP – stock tank oil initially in place
*STOP – safety training observation program
*STP – submerged turret production
*STSH – string shot
*STTR – single top tension riser
*ST&C – short thread and coupled
*STC – short thread and coupled
*STU – steel tube umbilical
*STV – select tester valve
*SUML – summarised log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*SUMRE – summary report
*SUMST – geological summary sheet
*SURF – subsea/umbilicals/risers/flowlines
*SURFR – surface sampling report
*SURRE – survey report
*SURU – start-up ramp-up
*SURVL – survey chart log
*{{not a typo|SUT(A/B)}} – subsea umbilical termination (assembly/box)
*SUTU – subsea umbilical termination unit
*SW – salt water
*SWC – side wall core
*SWD – salt water disposal well
*SWE – senior well engineer
*SWHE – spiral-wound heat exchanger
*SWOT – strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
*SWT – surface well testing
*SV – sleeve valve, or standing valve
*SVLN – safety valve landing nipple
*SWLP – seawater lift pump
*SYNRE – synthetic seismic report
*SYSEI – synthetic seismogram log

==T==
*T – well flowing to tank
*T/T – tangent to tangent
*TA – temporarily abandoned well
*TA – top assembly
*TAC – tubing anchor (or Tubing - Annulus Communication)
*TAGOGR – thermally assisted gas/oil gravity drainage
*TAN – total acid number
*TAPLI – tape listing
*TAPVE – tape verification
*TAR – true amplitude recovery
*TB – tubing puncher log
*TBE – technical bid evaluation
*TBG – tubing
*TBT – through bore tree / toolbox talk
*TCA – total corrosion allowance
*TCC – tungsten carbide coating
*TCCC – transfer of care, custody and control
*TCF – temporary construction facilities
*TCF – trillion cubic feet (of gas{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*TCI – tungsten carbide insert (a type of rollercone drillbit{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*TCP – tubing conveyed perforating (gun)
*TCPD – tubing-conveyed perforating depth
*TCU – thermal combustion unit
*TD – target depth
*TD – total depth (depth of the end of the well; also a verb, to reach the final depth, used as an acronym in this case{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*TDD – total depth (driller)
*TDC – total drilling cost
*TDL – total depth (logger)
*TDM – touch-down monitoring
*TDP – touch-down point
*TDS – top drive system
*TDS – total dissolved solids
*TDT – thermal decay time log
*TDTCP – TDT CPI log{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*TDT GR – TDT gamma ray casing collar locator log
*TEA – triethanolamine
*TEFC – totally enclosed fan-cooled
*TEG – triethylene glycol
*TEG – thermal electric generator
*TELER – teledrift report
*TEMP – temperature log
*TETT – too early to tell
*TFE – total fina elf (obsolete; Now [[Total S.A.]]) major French multinational oil company<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.total.com/ |title=Home |website=total.com}}</ref>
*TFL – through flow line
*TFM – [[TaskForceMajella]] research project
*TFM – tubular feeding machine
*TGB – temporary guide base
*TGT / TG – tank gross test
*TGOR – total gas oil ratio (GOR uncorrected for [[gas lift]] gas present in the [[production fluid]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*TH – [[tubing hanger]]
*THCP – tubing hanger crown plug
*Thr/Th# – thruster ('#'- means identification letter/number of the equipment, e.g. thr3 or thr#3 means "thruster no. 3"{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*THD – [[tubing head]]
*THERM – thermometer log
*THF – tubing hanger flange
*THF – tetrahydrofuran (organic solvent)
*THP – tubing hanger pressure (pressure in the [[production tubing]] as measured at the [[tubing hanger]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*THRT – tubing hanger running tool
*THS – tubing head spool
*TIE – tie-in log
*TIH – trip into hole
*TIT – tubing integrity test
*TIW – Texas Iron Works (pressure valve{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*TIEBK – tieback report
*TLI – top of logging interval
*TLOG – technical log
*TLP – [[tension-leg platform]]
*TMCM – transverse mercator central meridian
*TMD – total measured depth in a wellbore
*TNDT – thermal neutron decay time
*TNDTG – thermal neutron decay time/gamma ray log
*TOC – top of cement
*TOC – [[Total organic carbon]]
*TOF – top of fish
*TOFD – time of first data sample (on seismic trace{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*TOFS – time of first surface sample (on seismic trace)
*TOH – trip out of hole
*TOOH – trip out of hole
*TOL – top of liner
*TORAN – torque and drag analysis
*TOVALOP – tanker owners' voluntary agreement concerning liability for oil pollution
*TPC – temporary plant configuration
*TPERF – tool performance
*TQM – total quality management
*TR – temporary refuge
*TRCFR – total recordable case frequency rate
*TRT – tree running tool
*TR – temporary refuge
*TRA – top riser assembly
*TRA – tracer log
*TRACL – tractor log
*TRAN –transition zone
*TRD – total report data
*TREAT – treatment report
*TREP – test report
*TRIP – trip condition log
*TRS – tubing running services
*TRSV – [[downhole safety valve|tubing-retrievable safety valve]]
*TRSCSSV – tubing-Retrievable surface-controlled sub-surface valve
*TRSCSSSV – tubing-retrievable surface-controlled sub-surface safety valve
*TSA – thermally-sprayed aluminium
*TSA – terminal storage agreement
*TSI – temporarily shut in
*TSOV – tight shut-off valve
*TSS – total suspended solids
*TSTR – tensile strength
*TT – torque tool
*TT – transit time log
*TTOC – theoretical top of cement
*TTVBP – through-tubing vented bridge plug
*TTRD – through-tubing rotary drilling
*TUC – topside umbilical connection
*TUC – turret utility container
*TUM – tracked umbilical machine
*TUPA – topside umbilical panel assembly
*TUTB – topside umbilical termination box/unit/assembly (TUTU{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*TVBDF – true vertical depth below derrick floor
*TV/BIP – ratio of total volume (ore and overburden) to bitumen in place
*TVD – true vertical depth
*TVDPB – true vertical depth playback log
*TVDRT – true vertical depth (referenced to) rotary table zero datum
*TVDKB – true vertical depth (referenced to) top kelly bushing zero datum
*TVDSS – true vertical depth (referenced to) mean sea level zero datum
*TVELD – time and velocity to depth
*TVRF – true vertical depth versus [[repeat formation tester]]
*TWT – two-way time (seismic)
*TWTTL – two-way travel time log

==U==
*UBHO – universal bottom hole orientation (sub)
*UBI – ultrasonic borehole imager
*UBIRE – ultrasonic borehole imager report
*UCH – umbilical connection housing
*UCIT – ultrasonic casing imaging tool (high resolution casing and corrosion imaging tool{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*UCL – unit control logic
*UCR – unsafe condition report
*UCS – unfonfined compressive strength
*UCSU – upstream commissioning and start-up
*UFJ – upper flex joint
*UFR – umbilical flow lines and risers
*UGF – universal guide frame
*UIC – underground injection control
*UKCS – United Kingdom [[continental shelf]]
*UKOOA – [[United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association]]
*UKOOG – [[United Kingdom Onshore Operators Group]]
*ULCGR – uncompressed LDC CNL gamma ray log
*UMCA – umbilical midline connection assembly
*UMV – upper master valve (from a [[christmas tree (oil well)|christmas tree]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*UPB – unmanned production buoy
*UPL – upper pressure limit
*UPR – upper pipe ram
*UPT – upper pressure threshold
*URA – upper riser assembly
*URT – universal running tool
*USBL – [[ultra-short baseline]] systems
*USIT – ultrasonic imaging tool (cement bond logging, casing wear logging)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slb.com/services/drilling/cementing/cement_evaluation/ultrasonic_imager.aspx |title=USI Ultrasonic Imager | Schlumberger |publisher=slb.com |date= |accessdate=2022-04-12}}</ref>
*USGS – [[United States Geological Survey]]
*UTA/B – umbilical termination assembly/box
*UTAJ – umbilical termination assembly jumper
*UTHCP – upper tubing hanger crown plug
*UTM – [[universal transverse mercator]]
*UWI – unique well identifier
*UWILD – underwater inspection in lieu of dry-docking
*UZV – shutdown valve

==V==
*VBR – variable bore ram
*VCCS – vertical clamp connection system
*VDENL – variation density log
*VDL – variable density log
*VDU – vacuum distillation unit, used in processing [[bitumen]]{{cn|date=August 2022}}
*VELL – velocity log
*VERAN – verticality analysis
*VERIF – verification list
*VERLI – verification listing
*VERTK – vertical thickness
*VFC – volt-free contact
*VGMS – vent gas monitoring system (flexible riser annulus vent system{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*VIR – value-investment ratio
*VISME – viscosity measurement
*VIV – vortex-induced vibration
*VLP – vertical lift performance
*VLS – vertical lay system
*VLTCS – very-low-temperature carbon steel
*VO – variation order
*VOCs – volatile organic compounds
*VOR – variation order request
*VPR – vertical pipe racker
*VRS – vapor recovery system
*VRR – voidage replacement ratio
*VS – vertical section
*VSD – variable-speed drive
*VSI – versatile seismic imager (Schlumberger VSP tool)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slb.com/services/characterization/geophysics/wireline/vertical_seismic_imager.aspx |title=VSI Versatile Seismic Imager, Schlumberger |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113074911/http://www.slb.com/services/characterization/geophysics/wireline/vertical_seismic_imager.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*VSP – [[vertical seismic profile]]
*VSPRO – vertical seismic profile
*VTDLL – vertical thickness dual laterolog
*VTFDC – vertical thickness FDC CNL log
*VTISF – vertical thickness ISF log
*VWL – velocity well log
*VXT – vertical christmas tree

==W==
*W – watt
*WABAN – well abandonment report
*WAC – weak acid cation
*WAG – water alternating gas (describes an injection well which alternates between water and gas injection{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*WALKS – walkaway seismic profile
*WAS – well access system
*WATAN – water analysis
*WAV3 – amplitude (in seismics)
*WAV4 – two-way travel time (in seismics)
*WAV5 – compensate amplitudes
*WAVF – waveform log
*WBCO – wellbore clean-out
*WBE – well barrier element
*WBM – water-based drilling mud
*WBS – well bore schematic
*WBS – work breakdown structure
*WC – watercut
*WC – wildcat (well)
*W/C – water cushion
*WCC – work control certificate
*WCT – wet christmas tree
*WE – well engineer
*WEG – [[completion (oil well)#Wireline entry guide|wireline entry guide]]
*WELDA – well data report
*WELP – well log plot
*WEQL – well equipment layout
*WESTR – well status record
*WESUR – well summary report
*WF – water flood(ing)
*WFAC – waveform acoustic log
*WGEO – well geophone report
*WGFM – wet gas flow meter
*WGR – water gas ratio
*WGUNT – water gun test
*Wh – white
*WH – well history
*WHIG – whitehouse gauge
*WHM – wellhead maintenance
*WHP – wellhead pressure
*WHRU – [[waste heat recovery unit]]
*WHSIP – wellhead shut-in pressure
*WI – water injection
*WI – working interest
*WI – work instructions
*WIKA – definition needed
*WIMS – well integrity management system
*WIR – water intake risers
*WIT – water investigation tool
*WITS – [[Wellsite Information Transfer Specification]]
*WITSML – [[wellsite information transfer standard markup language]]
*WIPSP – WIP stock packer
*WLC – wireline composite log
*WLL – [[wireline logging]]
*WLSUM – well summary
*WLTS –well log tracking system
*WLTS – well log transaction system
*WM – wet mate
*WHM – wellhead maintenance
*WHMIS – workplace hazardous material information systems
*WHP – wellhead pressure
*WO – well in work over
*WO/O – waiting on orders
*WOA – well operations authorization
*WOB – weight on bit
*WOC – wait on cement
*WOC – water/oil contact (or oil/water contact)
*WOE – well operations engineer (a key person of [[well services]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*WOM – wait/waiting on material
*WOR – water-oil ratio
*WORKO – workover
*WOS – west of [[Shetland]], oil province on the [[UKCS]]
*WOW – wait/waiting on weather
*WP – well proposal or working pressure
*WPC – water pollution control
*WPLAN – well course plan
*WPQ/S/T – weld procedure qualification/specification/test
*WPP – wellhead protection platform
*WPR – well prognosis report
*WQ – a textural parameter used for CBVWE computations ([[Halliburton]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*WQCA – Water Quality Control Act
*WQCB – Water Quality Control Board
*WR – wireline retrievable (as in a WR plug)
*WR – wet resistivity
*WRS – well report sepia
*WRSCSSV – [[downhole safety valve|wireline-retrievable surface-controlled sub-surface valve]]
*WSCL – well site core log
*WSE – well seismic edit
*WSERE – well seismic edit report
*WSG – wellsite geologist
*WSHT – well shoot
*WSL – well site log
*WSO – water shut-off
*WSOG – well-specific operation guidelines
*WSP – well seismic profile
*WSR – well shoot report
*WSS – well services supervisor (leader of well services at the wellsite{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*WSS – working spreadsheet (for logging{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*WSSAM – well site sample
*WSSOF – WSS offset profile{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*WSSUR – well seismic survey plot
*WSSVP – WSS VSP raw shots
*WSSVS – WSS VSP stacks
*WST – well seismic tool (checkshot{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*WSTL – well site test log
*WSU – well service unit
*wt – wall thickness
*WT – well test
*WTI – [[West Texas Intermediate]] benchmark crude
*WTR – water
*WUT – water up to
*WV – wing valve (from a [[christmas tree (oil well)|christmas tree]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*WVS – well velocity survey
*WWS – wire-wrapped (sand) screens

==X==
*XC – cross-connection, cross correlation
*XL or EXL - exploration licence (United Kingdom), a type of onshore licence issued between the First Onshore Licensing Round (1986) and the sixth (1992){{cn|date=August 2022}}
*Xln – crystalline (minerals)
*XLPE -cross-linked polyethylene
*XMAC – cross-multipole array acoustic log
*XMAC-E – XMAC elite (next generation of XMAC{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*XMRI – extended-range micro-imager ([[Halliburton]])
*XMT/XT/HXT – [[christmas tree (oil well)|christmas tree]]
*XO – cross-over
*XOM – Exxon Mobil
*XOV – cross-over valve
*XPERM – matrix permeability in the x-direction{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*XPHLOC – crossplot selection for XPHI{{clarify|date=August 2022}}
*XPOR – crossplot porosity
*XPT – formation pressure test log ([[Schlumberger]])
*XV – on/off valve (process control{{cn|date=August 2022}})
*XYC – XY caliper log ([[Halliburton]]{{cn|date=August 2022}})

==Y==
*yd – yard
*yl – holdup factor
*YP – yield point
*yr – year

==Z==
*Z – depth, in the geosciences referring to the depth dimension in any x, y, z data
*ZDENP – density log
*ZDL – compensated Z-densilog
*ZLD – zero liquid discharge
*ZOI – zone of influence

==See also==
*[[Oilfield terminology]]

{{Petroleum industry}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.networkintl.com/support/glossary.aspx Network International Glossary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515171708/http://www.networkintl.com/support/glossary.aspx |date=15 May 2009 }} July-11
* [https://www.allacronyms.com/tag/oil_field Oil Field Acronyms and Abbreviations] July-11
* [http://oilgasglossary.com Oil Gas Technical Terms Glossary] July-11
* [http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/ Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary] July-11
* [http://www.theoildrum.com/special/acronyms Oil Drum Acronyms] July-11
* [https://oiltrashgear.com/oilfield-acronyms/ Oiltrashgear Oilfield Acronyms & Terminology] November-15
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120117190428/http://www.ocimf-ovid.com/microsite/content/resources/Acronyms.pdf OCIMF Acronyms] Oct-11
* [http://www.spwla.org/technical/mnemonic-listings SPWLA Petrophysical Curve Names and Mnemonics] Oct-11
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120117185405/http://www.americanroyaltycouncil.com/Resources/Glossary/tabid/65/Default.aspx American Royalty Council Glossary] Nov-11
* [http://www.technip.com/en/media-center/glossary Technip Glossary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424010942/http://www.technip.com/en/media-center/glossary |date=24 April 2013 }} Apr-13

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oil Field Abbreviations}}
[[Category:Petroleum industry]]
[[Category:Oil wells|Abbreviations]]
[[Category:Oil platforms|Abbreviations]]
[[Category:Drilling technology]]
[[Category:Energy-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of acronyms]]
[[Category:Oil exploration]]

Skye Blue

2023-06-15T17:56:15Z

8.38.177.4: /* Independent circuit (2017–present) */

{{Short description|American professional wrestler (born 1999)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
|name = Skye Blue
|image =
|caption =
|birthname = Skye Dolecki
|names = Skye Blue
|height = {{height|ft=5|in=2}}
|weight = {{convert|110|lbs|kg|abbr=on}}
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|10|2}}
|birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|resides =
|billed = Chicago, Illinois
|trainer =
|debut = 2017
|retired =
}}
'''Skye Dolecki''' (born October 2, 1999) is an American [[professional wrestler]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Coyle-Simmons|first=Patrick|date=September 30, 2022|title=Skye Blue Is The Most Likable Women's Wrestler You Don't Know About|url=https://www.thesportster.com/aew-skye-blue-most-likable-women-wrestler-you-dont-know-about/|access-date=October 13, 2022|website=TheSportster|language=en-US|archive-date=October 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013193745/https://www.thesportster.com/aew-skye-blue-most-likable-women-wrestler-you-dont-know-about/|url-status=live}}</ref> She is currently signed to the American [[Professional wrestling promotion|promotion]] [[All Elite Wrestling]] (AEW) under the [[ring name]] '''Skye Blue.'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Murray|first=Andy H.|date=September 16, 2022|title=Update On Skye Blue's AEW Roster Status|url=https://whatculture.com/wwe/update-on-skye-blues-aew-roster-status|access-date=October 13, 2022|website=WhatCulture.com|language=en|archive-date=October 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013193744/https://whatculture.com/wwe/update-on-skye-blues-aew-roster-status|url-status=live}}</ref> She also wrestles for [[Ring of Honor]] (ROH).

Blue has also appeared on [[National Wrestling Alliance]] (NWA)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Greer|first=Jamie|date=March 31, 2021|title=Indie Stars Jennacide and Skye Blue Make NWA Debuts|url=https://lastwordonsports.com/prowrestling/2021/03/30/jennacide-skye-blue-nwa-debuts/|access-date=October 13, 2022|website=Last Word on Pro Wrestling|language=en-US|archive-date=October 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013193745/https://lastwordonsports.com/prowrestling/2021/03/30/jennacide-skye-blue-nwa-debuts/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Warrior Wrestling]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Warrior Wrestling 20 Results 3/12/22: Thunder Rosa vs. Athena vs. Skye Blue|date=March 12, 2022|url=http://www.wrestlingwithdemons.com/2022/03/warrior-wrestling-20-results-31222.html|access-date=October 13, 2022|language=en|archive-date=October 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013193745/http://www.wrestlingwithdemons.com/2022/03/warrior-wrestling-20-results-31222.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Professional wrestling career ==
=== Independent circuit (2017–present) ===
Blue debuted in 2017, wrestling on the [[independent circuit]] in Illinois, having her first match in Premier Pro Wrestling (PPW) against Sierra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailyddt.com/2022/04/21/skye-blue-has-the-potential-to-be-a-future-womens-champion-in-aew/|title=Skye Blue Has The Potential To Be A Future Women's Champion In AEW|work=Daily DDT|first=Scott|last=Mitchell|date=April 21, 2022|access-date=June 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421160700/https://dailyddt.com/2022/04/21/skye-blue-has-the-potential-to-be-a-future-womens-champion-in-aew/|archive-date=April 21, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== All Elite Wrestling (2021–present) ===
Blue made her [[All Elite Wrestling]] (AEW) debut on the April 7, 2021, episode of ''[[AEW Dark: Elevation]]'', where she lost to [[Britt Baker]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Richards|first=Alex|title=Skye Blue Making AEW Debut Against Britt Baker|url=https://lastwordonsports.com/prowrestling/2021/04/12/skye-blue-aew-debut-britt-baker/|date=April 12, 2021|access-date=October 13, 2022|website=Last Word on Pro Wrestling|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017092023/https://lastwordonsports.com/prowrestling/2021/04/12/skye-blue-aew-debut-britt-baker/|archive-date=October 17, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 3, she made her ''[[AEW Dark]]'' debut losing to [[Red Velvet (wrestler)|Red Velvet]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Reneo|first=Juan C.|title=AEW Dark results: Skye Blue vs. Red Velvet, CM Punk appearance|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/results/aew-dark-results-skye-blue-vs-red-velvet-cm-punk-appearance-352436|date=September 4, 2021|access-date=October 13, 2022|website=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205155213/https://www.f4wonline.com/news/aew/results/aew-dark-results-skye-blue-vs-red-velvet-cm-punk-appearance-352436|archive-date=December 5, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 5, she made her [[pay-per-view]] debut, competing in the [[Casino Battle Royale]] at [[All Out (2021)|All Out]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Guzzo|first=Gisberto|title=Skye Blue Added To Women's Casino Battle Royale At AEW All Out 2021|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/skye-blue-added-women-s-casino-battle-royale-aew-all-out-2021|date=September 3, 2021|access-date=October 13, 2022|website=Fightful|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921022128/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/skye-blue-added-women-s-casino-battle-royale-aew-all-out-2021|archive-date=September 21, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> On October 6, she debuted on ''[[AEW Rampage]]'', losing to [[Jade Cargill]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilkinson|first=Nick|title=Skye Blue to face Jade Cargill in a TBS Title Eliminator Match on AEW Dark|url=https://www.diva-dirt.com/skye-blue-to-face-jade-cargill-in-a-tbs-title-eliminator-match-on-aew-dark/|date=January 11, 2022|access-date=October 13, 2022|website=Diva Dirt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126160958/https://www.diva-dirt.com/skye-blue-to-face-jade-cargill-in-a-tbs-title-eliminator-match-on-aew-dark/|archive-date=November 26, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 19, 2022, Blue debuted on ''[[AEW Dynamite]]'', losing to [[Serena Deeb]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Blanchard|first=Matthew|title=AEW Dynamite Results: Serena Deeb Destroys Skye Blue, AEW Rampage Card Set, Sting & Darby Allin Defeat The Acclaimed (01/19)|url=https://theovertimer.com/2022/01/aew-dynamite-results-serena-deeb-destroys-skye-blue-aew-rampage-card-set-sting-darby-allin-defeat-the-acclaimed-01-19/|date=January 19, 2022|access-date=October 13, 2022|website=The Overtimer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120053030/https://theovertimer.com/2022/01/aew-dynamite-results-serena-deeb-destroys-skye-blue-aew-rampage-card-set-sting-darby-allin-defeat-the-acclaimed-01-19/|archive-date=January 20, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> On the April 2 episode of ''AEW Rampage'', Blue competed in the [[Owen Hart Foundation Women's Tournament]], losing to [[Jamie Hayter]] in a qualifying match.<ref>{{cite web|title=AEW Rampage Results April 1 2022|url=https://www.allelitewrestling.com/post/aew-rampage-results-for-april-2-2022|author=AEW Staff|website=allelitewrestling|publisher=All Elite Wrestling (AEW)|date=April 2, 2022|access-date=January 28, 2022|archive-date=April 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407143657/https://www.allelitewrestling.com/post/aew-rampage-results-for-april-2-2022|url-status=live}}</ref> On the August 12 episode of ''Rampage'', Blue alongside [[Dante Martin]] challenged [[Sammy Guevara]] and [[Tay Melo]] for the [[AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship]], but were unsuccessful.<ref name="Rampage08122022">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2022/08/12/8-12-aew-rampage-results-mcguires-review-of-orange-cassidy-vs-ari-daivari-sammy-guevara-and-tay-melo-vs-dante-martin-and-skye-blue-for-the-aaa-mixed-tag-titles-gunn-club-vs-erick-redbeard/|title=8/12 AEW Rampage results: McGuire's review of Orange Cassidy vs. Ari Daivari, Sammy Guevara and Tay Melo vs. Dante Martin and Skye Blue for the AAA Mixed Tag Titles, Gunn Club vs. Erick Redbeard and Danhausen, Parker Boudreaux vs. Sonny Kiss, Bryan Danielson, Swerve Strickland and Keith Lee, and Hook speak|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|first=Colin|last=McGuire|date=August 12, 2022|access-date=June 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207184419/https://prowrestling.net/site/2022/08/12/8-12-aew-rampage-results-mcguires-review-of-orange-cassidy-vs-ari-daivari-sammy-guevara-and-tay-melo-vs-dante-martin-and-skye-blue-for-the-aaa-mixed-tag-titles-gunn-club-vs-erick-redbeard/|archive-date=February 7, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

On January 6, 2023, at ''[[Battle of the Belts V]]'', Blue challenged Jade Cargill for the [[AEW TBS Championship]], but was unsuccessful.<ref name="AEWBOTBV">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/01/06/1-6-aew-battle-of-the-belts-v-results-mcguires-review-of-orange-cassidy-vs-kip-sabian-for-the-aew-all-atlantic-championship-the-acclaimed-vs-jeff-jarrett-and-jay-lethal-in-a-no-holds-barred-matc/|title=1/6 AEW Battle of the Belts V results: McGuire's review of Orange Cassidy vs. Kip Sabian for the AEW All-Atlantic Championship, The Acclaimed vs. Jeff Jarrett and Jay Lethal in a No Holds Barred match for the AEW Tag Team Titles, Jade Cargill vs. Skye Blue for the TBS Title|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|first=Colin|last=McGuire|date=January 6, 2023|access-date=June 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207184419/https://prowrestling.net/site/2022/08/12/8-12-aew-rampage-results-mcguires-review-of-orange-cassidy-vs-ari-daivari-sammy-guevara-and-tay-melo-vs-dante-martin-and-skye-blue-for-the-aaa-mixed-tag-titles-gunn-club-vs-erick-redbeard/|archive-date=February 7, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 7, it was announced that Blue has signed with AEW.<ref name="AEWSigning">{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/skye-blue-signs-all-elite-wrestling|title=Skye Blue Signs With All Elite Wrestling|work=Fightful|first=Jeremy|last=Lambert|date=April 7, 2023|access-date=June 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114182421/https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/01/06/1-6-aew-battle-of-the-belts-v-results-mcguires-review-of-orange-cassidy-vs-kip-sabian-for-the-aew-all-atlantic-championship-the-acclaimed-vs-jeff-jarrett-and-jay-lethal-in-a-no-holds-barred-matc/|archive-date=January 14, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> On the June 9 episode of ''Rampage'', Blue defeated [[Britt Baker|Dr. Britt Baker, D.M.D.]], [[Mercedes Martinez]] and [[Nyla Rose]] in a [[four-way match]] to become the number one contender for the [[AEW Women's World Championship]].<ref name="Rampage06092023">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/06/09/aew-rampage-results-6-9-powells-review-of-britt-baker-vs-skye-blue-vs-mercedes-martinez-vs-nyla-rose-for-a-shot-at-the-aew-womens-title-penta-el-zero-miedo-rey-fenix-and-bandido-vs-ethan/|title=AEW Rampage results (6/9): Powell's review of Britt Baker vs. Skye Blue vs. Mercedes Martinez vs. Nyla Rose for a shot at the AEW Women's Title, Penta El Zero Miedo, Rey Fenix, and Bandido vs. Ethan Page, Lee Moriarty, and Big Bill, The Acclaimed and Billy Gunn vs. SAP, Powerhouse Hobbs in action|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|first=Jason|last=Powell|date=June 9, 2023|access-date=June 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610020020/https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/06/09/aew-rampage-results-6-9-powells-review-of-britt-baker-vs-skye-blue-vs-mercedes-martinez-vs-nyla-rose-for-a-shot-at-the-aew-womens-title-penta-el-zero-miedo-rey-fenix-and-bandido-vs-ethan/|archive-date=June 10, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Ring of Honor (2023–present) ===
Blue made her [[Ring of Honor]] (ROH) debut on the March 2, 2023, episode of ''[[Honor Club|ROH on Honor Club]]'', where she alongside [[Madison Rayne]] defeated [[Renegade Twins|The Renegades]] (Charlette Renegade and Robyn Renegade).<ref name="ROH02032023">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/03/03/roh-on-honorclub-results-claudio-castagnoli-vs-ar-fox-for-the-roh-championship-konosuke-takeshita-vs-josh-woods-metalik-vs-ari-daivari-zack-sabre-jr-vs-blake-christian-for-the-njpw-tv-title/|title=ROH on HonorClub results: Claudio Castagnoli vs. AR Fox for the ROH Championship, Konosuke Takeshita vs. Josh Woods, Metalik vs. Ari Daivari, Zack Sabre Jr. vs. Blake Christian for the NJPW TV Title, Rohit Raju vs. Christopher Daniels, Mark Briscoe vs. Slim J, Lady Frost vs. Willow Nightingale|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|first=Jason|last=Powell|date=March 3, 2023|access-date=June 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310203035/https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/03/03/roh-on-honorclub-results-claudio-castagnoli-vs-ar-fox-for-the-roh-championship-konosuke-takeshita-vs-josh-woods-metalik-vs-ari-daivari-zack-sabre-jr-vs-blake-christian-for-the-njpw-tv-title/|archive-date=March 10, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> On the May 11 episode of the televised ROH episode, during the main event, Blue challenged [[Athena (wrestler)|Athena]] for the [[ROH Women's World Championship]], but was unsuccessful.<ref name="ROH05112023">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/05/12/5-11-roh-on-honorclub-results-robinsons-review-of-samoa-joe-vs-blake-christian-for-the-roh-tv-title-athena-vs-skye-blue-for-the-roh-womens-championship-ninja-mack-vs-willie-mack/|title=5/11 ROH on HonorClub results: Robinson's review of Samoa Joe vs. Blake Christian for the ROH TV Title, Athena vs. Skye Blue for the ROH Women's Championship, Ninja Mack vs. Willie Mack, Claudio Castagnoli and Wheeler Yuta vs. Rhett Titus and Tracy Williams, Mark Briscoe vs. Shane Taylor, Kyle Fletcher vs. Tony Deppen|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|first=Sam|last=Robinson|date=May 12, 2023|access-date=June 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519155719/https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/05/12/5-11-roh-on-honorclub-results-robinsons-review-of-samoa-joe-vs-blake-christian-for-the-roh-tv-title-athena-vs-skye-blue-for-the-roh-womens-championship-ninja-mack-vs-willie-mack/|archive-date=May 19, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Championships and accomplishments ==
* [[AAW Wrestling|'''AAW: Professional Wrestling Redefined''']]
** [[AAW Women's Championship]] (1 time)
* '''Chicago Style Wrestling'''
** CSW Women's Championship (1 time)
* '''Global Professional Wrestling'''
** GPW Battle Royal Champion (1 time)
* '''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''''
** Ranked No. 74 of the top 150 female singles wrestlers in the ''[[PWI Women's 150]]'' in 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-female-50/2021.html|title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) Female 50/100/150 for 2021|work=The Internet Wrestling Database|access-date=June 10, 2023|archive-date=October 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027222206/http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-female-50/2021.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Pro Wrestling ZERO1 USA'''
** ZERO1 USA Women's Championship (1 time)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm12431507|Skye Blue}}
* {{Professional wrestling profiles}}

{{AAW Women's Championship}}
{{All Elite Wrestling}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blue, Skye}}
[[Category:21st-century female professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:American female professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Professional wrestlers from New York City]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:All Elite Wrestling personnel]]

2023 LIV Golf League

2023-06-06T15:32:25Z

8.38.177.4: /* Starting roster */

{{Short description|Professional golf circuit}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox golf season
| year = 2023
| tour = LIV Golf League
| regular_season = {{Start date|2023|2|24|df=y}} – {{end date|2023|11|5|df=y}}
| no_of_events = 14
| most_wins =
| honor1 =
| honoree1 =
| honor2 =
| honoree2 =
| honor3 =
| honoree3 =
| honor4 =
| honoree4 =
| prevseason = [[2022 LIV Golf Invitational Series|2022]]
| nextseason = [[2024 LIV Golf League|2024]]
}}
The '''2023 LIV Golf League''' is the second season of [[LIV Golf]] following the inaugural LIV Golf Invitational Series. The season consists of fourteen 54-hole tournaments, featuring 48 players and no cut, and a team championship event at the season end.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=LIV Golf League 2023 schedule starts to take shape with stops in Mexico, Singapore and Spain |url=https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2022/11/30/liv-golf-league-2023-schedule-starts-to-take-shape-with-stops-in-mexico-singapore-and-spain/ |magazine=Golfweek |first=Adam |last=Woodward |date=30 November 2022 |access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref> Twelve teams and forty-eight individuals are competing for a total of $405 million in prize purses.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=LIV Golf League Schedule 2023 |url=https://www.golfmonthly.com/news/liv-golf-league-schedule-2023 |magazine=Golf Monthly |first=Mike |last=Hall |date=30 November 2022 |access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref>

==Broadcasting==
In the United States, [[The CW]] will broadcast and stream the tournaments under a multi-year deal with the organization signed in January 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Porter |first=Kyle |title=LIV Golf inks multi-year deal with The CW Network as Saudi-backed league lands first U.S. TV deal |url=https://www.cbssports.com/golf/news/liv-golf-inks-multi-year-deal-with-the-cw-network-as-saudi-backed-league-lands-first-u-s-tv-deal/ |work=[[CBS Sports]] |date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref>

==Teams==
The 2023 LIV Golf League will consist of twelve teams. Unlike the structure of the [[2022 LIV Golf Invitational Series|2022 Invitational Series]]; where some players regularly changed teams from week-to-week, the 2023 season is planned to have players signed to individual teams and will remain with that team throughout the entire season. LIV Golf began announcing team rosters on 15 February 2023.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Beall |first=Joel |title=LIV Golf begins roll out of teams, players for 2023 as Pereira and Munoz official join league |url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/liv-golf-2023-teams-players |magazine=Golf Digest |date=16 February 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> The first transfer of the season was reported in May 2023, when [[Matthew Wolff]] was removed from Smash GC roster.<ref name="wolffout">{{cite magazine |last=McEwan |first=Michael |title=Report: LIV Golf star 'splits from team' |url=https://www.bunkered.co.uk/golf-news/report-liv-golf-star-splits-from-team/ |magazine=Bunkered |date=31 May 2023 |access-date=31 May 2023}}</ref>

===Starting roster===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; style="font-size:95%"
!rowspan=2|Team !! colspan=5|Members{{efn|Players presented in order of the LIV Golf final 2023 team rosters announcement.<ref>{{cite web |title=LIV Golf: The rosters are set |url=https://twitter.com/livgolf_league/status/1627829690835812352 |publisher=Twitter |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
!Captain(s) || Player 2 || Player 3 || Player 4 || Reserve players
|-
!4 Aces GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dustin Johnson]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Patrick Reed]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Peter Uihlein]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Pat Perez]] ||
|-
!Cleeks GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Martin Kaymer]] || {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Bernd Wiesberger]] || {{flagicon|NIR}} [[Graeme McDowell]] || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Richard Bland (golfer)|Richard Bland]] || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Laurie Canter]]{{efn|Substituted for Kaymer in Mayakoba,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleeks GC captain Kaymer to miss LIV Golf Mayakoba; Canter to fill in |url=https://www.livgolf.com/news/news-cleeks-gc-captain-kaymer-to-miss-liv-golf-mayakoba-canter-to-fill-in |publisher=LIV Golf |access-date=26 February 2023 |date=22 February 2023}}</ref> Tucson<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Golf Injury Report |user=InjuryReportPGA |number=1636543028507574274 |title=Martin Kaymer *O* (Wrist) is still recovering from his injury. |date=17 March 2023 |access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref> and Orlando.<ref name=orlandosub/>}}
|-
!Crushers GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bryson DeChambeau]] || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Paul Casey]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Charles Howell III]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirban Lahiri]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Andy Ogletree]]{{efn|Substituted for Lahiri in Orlando,<ref name=orlandosub>{{cite web |title=Ogletree, Canter to replace Lahiri, Kaymer in LIV Golf Orlando field |url=https://www.livgolf.com/news/ogletree-canter-to-replace-lahiri-kaymer-in-liv-golf-orlando-field |publisher=LIV Golf |access-date=28 March 2023 |date=28 March 2023}}</ref> and Casey in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=LIVGolfComms |user=LIVGolfComms |number=1661385797516382209 |title=Reserve player Andy Ogletree to replace Paul Casey (injury) in @Crushers_gc lineup for #LIVGolf DC |date=24 May 2023 |access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
!Fireballs GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio García]] || {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Abraham Ancer]] || {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Carlos Ortiz (golfer)|Carlos Ortiz]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Eugenio Chacarra]] ||
|-
!HyFlyers GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Phil Mickelson]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cameron Tringale]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[James Piot]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brendan Steele]] ||
|-
!Iron Heads GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Kevin Na]] || {{flagicon|ZWE}} [[Scott Vincent (golfer)|Scott Vincent]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sihwan Kim]] || {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Danny Lee (golfer)|Danny Lee]] ||
|-
!Majesticks GC{{efn|Poulter, Stenson and Westwood are co-captains of Majesticks GC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Now Playing His 25th Season, Stenson Eager To Chase Titles As Majesticks Co-Captain |url=https://www.livgolf.com/news/news-now-playing-his-25th-season-stenson-eager-to-chase-titles-as-majesticks-co-captain |publisher=LIV Golf |first=Mike |last=McAllister |date=15 February 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>}}
|colspan=3 style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ian Poulter]], {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Henrik Stenson]], {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lee Westwood]] || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sam Horsfield]] || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Laurie Canter]]{{efn|Substituted for Horsfield after he withdrew before the third round in Adelaide,<ref>{{cite tweet |user=LIVGolfComms |author=LIVGolfComms |number=1649942077634125825 |title=Due to injury, Sam Horsfield is a WD prior to Sunday's final round #LIVGolfAdelaide. |date=23 April 2023 |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> Singapore and Tulsa.}} {{flagicon|USA}} [[Andy Ogletree]]{{efn|Substituted for Westwood in Tulsa, after he withdrew before the third round.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=MajesticksGC |author=Majesticks GC |number=1657783338671775744 |title=Due to injury Andy Ogletree will come in to replace @WestwoodLee |date=14 May 2023 |access-date=14 May 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
!RangeGoats GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bubba Watson]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Talor Gooch]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Harold Varner III]] || {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Thomas Pieters]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Wade Ormsby]]{{efn|Substituted for Pieters after he withdrew before the third round in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=LIVGolfComms |author=LIVGolfComms |number=1662865002531782658 |title=Pieters WDs (injury). Replaced by reserve Ormsby on RangeGoats GC. |date=28 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
!Ripper GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Cameron Smith (golfer)|Cameron Smith]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Marc Leishman]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matt Jones (golfer)|Matt Jones]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jediah Morgan]] ||
|-
!Smash GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brooks Koepka]] || || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jason Kokrak]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chase Koepka]] || {{flagicon|ZWE}} [[Kieran Vincent]]{{efn|Substituted for Kokrak in Washington, D.C., after he withdrew before the second round.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=SmashGC |author=Smash GC |number=1662510374539730944 |title=Due to injury Kieran Vincent to replace Jason Kokrak #SmashGC |date=27 May 2023 |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
!Stinger GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Louis Oosthuizen]] || {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Charl Schwartzel]] || {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Branden Grace]] || {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Dean Burmester]] ||
|-
!Torque GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Joaquín Niemann]] || {{flagicon|COL}} [[Sebastián Muñoz]] || {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Mito Pereira]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[David Puig]] ||
|}

===Transfers===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; style="font-size:95%"
!Date!!Player!!From!!To!!Ref.
|-
| 31 May || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Matthew Wolff]] || Smash GC || TBC || <ref name="wolffout"/>
|}

==Schedule==
The following table lists official events during the 2023 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livgolf.com/2023-events |title=2023 Events |publisher=LIV Golf |access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! rowspan=2|Date !! rowspan=2|Tournament !! rowspan=2|Host country !! colspan=2|Purse ([[United States dollar|US$]]) !! colspan=2|Winner{{efn|The number in brackets after each winner's name is the number of LIV Golf League events they had won up to and including that tournament.}} !! rowspan=2|Other tours{{efn|MENA − [[MENA Tour]].}} !! rowspan=2|Notes
|-
! Individual !! Team !! Individual !! Team
|-
| 26 Feb || LIV Golf Mayakoba || Mexico ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Charles Howell III]] (1) || Crushers GC || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 19 Mar || LIV Golf Tucson || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Danny Lee (golfer)|Danny Lee]] (1) || Fireballs GC || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 2 Apr || LIV Golf Orlando || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brooks Koepka]] (2) || Torque GC || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 23 Apr || LIV Golf Adelaide || Australia ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Talor Gooch]] (1) || 4 Aces GC || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 30 Apr || LIV Golf Singapore || Singapore ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Talor Gooch]] (2) || RangeGoats GC || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 14 May || LIV Golf Tulsa || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dustin Johnson]] (2) || Stinger GC || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 28 May || LIV Golf Washington, D.C. || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Harold Varner III]] (1) || Torque GC || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 2 Jul || LIV Golf Valderrama || Spain ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|}} || || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 9 Jul || [[LIV Golf London]] || England ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|}} || || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 6 Aug || LIV Golf Greenbrier || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|}} || || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 13 Aug || [[LIV Golf Bedminster]] || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|}} || || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 24 Sep || [[LIV Golf Chicago]] || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|}} || || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 22 Oct || LIV Golf Miami || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|}} || || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 5 Nov || LIV Golf Jeddah || Saudi Arabia ||align=center|n/a ||align=right|50,000,000 || align=center|n/a || || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] || Team Championship
|}

==Points standings==
Below are the team and individual points standings following LIV Golf Washington, D.C.<ref name="2023 standings">{{cite web |title=2023 standings |url=https://www.livgolf.com/standings-2023 |publisher=LIV Golf |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>

===Individual===
{| class="wikitable"
! Position !! Player !! Team !! Points
|-
| align=center|1 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Talor Gooch]] || RangeGoats GC || align=center|96
|-
| align=center|2 || {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Branden Grace]] || Stinger GC || align=center|86
|-
| align=center|3 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brooks Koepka]] || Smash GC || align=center|85
|-
| align=center|4 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Cameron Smith (golfer)|Cameron Smith]] || Ripper GC || align=center|83
|-
| align=center|5 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Peter Uihlein]] || 4 Aces GC || align=center|76
|}

===Team===
{| class="wikitable"
! Position !! Team !! Points
|-
| align=center|1 || 4 Aces GC || align=center|124
|-
| align=center|2 || Stinger GC || align=center|108
|-
| align=center|3 || Torque GC || align=center|97
|-
| align=center|4 || RangeGoats GC || align=center|91
|-
| align=center|5 || Crushers GC || align=center|80
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.livgolf.com/}}

{{LIV Golf Invitational Series seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:LIV Golf League}}
[[Category:LIV Golf seasons|2023]]
[[Category:2023 in golf]]
[[Category:Current golf seasons]]

2023 LIV Golf League

2023-06-06T15:30:36Z

8.38.177.4: Eliminating Wolff

{{Short description|Professional golf circuit}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox golf season
| year = 2023
| tour = LIV Golf League
| regular_season = {{Start date|2023|2|24|df=y}} – {{end date|2023|11|5|df=y}}
| no_of_events = 14
| most_wins =
| honor1 =
| honoree1 =
| honor2 =
| honoree2 =
| honor3 =
| honoree3 =
| honor4 =
| honoree4 =
| prevseason = [[2022 LIV Golf Invitational Series|2022]]
| nextseason = [[2024 LIV Golf League|2024]]
}}
The '''2023 LIV Golf League''' is the second season of [[LIV Golf]] following the inaugural LIV Golf Invitational Series. The season consists of fourteen 54-hole tournaments, featuring 48 players and no cut, and a team championship event at the season end.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=LIV Golf League 2023 schedule starts to take shape with stops in Mexico, Singapore and Spain |url=https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2022/11/30/liv-golf-league-2023-schedule-starts-to-take-shape-with-stops-in-mexico-singapore-and-spain/ |magazine=Golfweek |first=Adam |last=Woodward |date=30 November 2022 |access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref> Twelve teams and forty-eight individuals are competing for a total of $405 million in prize purses.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=LIV Golf League Schedule 2023 |url=https://www.golfmonthly.com/news/liv-golf-league-schedule-2023 |magazine=Golf Monthly |first=Mike |last=Hall |date=30 November 2022 |access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref>

==Broadcasting==
In the United States, [[The CW]] will broadcast and stream the tournaments under a multi-year deal with the organization signed in January 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Porter |first=Kyle |title=LIV Golf inks multi-year deal with The CW Network as Saudi-backed league lands first U.S. TV deal |url=https://www.cbssports.com/golf/news/liv-golf-inks-multi-year-deal-with-the-cw-network-as-saudi-backed-league-lands-first-u-s-tv-deal/ |work=[[CBS Sports]] |date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref>

==Teams==
The 2023 LIV Golf League will consist of twelve teams. Unlike the structure of the [[2022 LIV Golf Invitational Series|2022 Invitational Series]]; where some players regularly changed teams from week-to-week, the 2023 season is planned to have players signed to individual teams and will remain with that team throughout the entire season. LIV Golf began announcing team rosters on 15 February 2023.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Beall |first=Joel |title=LIV Golf begins roll out of teams, players for 2023 as Pereira and Munoz official join league |url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/liv-golf-2023-teams-players |magazine=Golf Digest |date=16 February 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref> The first transfer of the season was reported in May 2023, when [[Matthew Wolff]] was removed from Smash GC roster.<ref name="wolffout">{{cite magazine |last=McEwan |first=Michael |title=Report: LIV Golf star 'splits from team' |url=https://www.bunkered.co.uk/golf-news/report-liv-golf-star-splits-from-team/ |magazine=Bunkered |date=31 May 2023 |access-date=31 May 2023}}</ref>

===Starting roster===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; style="font-size:95%"
!rowspan=2|Team !! colspan=5|Members{{efn|Players presented in order of the LIV Golf final 2023 team rosters announcement.<ref>{{cite web |title=LIV Golf: The rosters are set |url=https://twitter.com/livgolf_league/status/1627829690835812352 |publisher=Twitter |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
!Captain(s) || Player 2 || Player 3 || Player 4 || Reserve players
|-
!4 Aces GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dustin Johnson]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Patrick Reed]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Peter Uihlein]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Pat Perez]] ||
|-
!Cleeks GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Martin Kaymer]] || {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Bernd Wiesberger]] || {{flagicon|NIR}} [[Graeme McDowell]] || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Richard Bland (golfer)|Richard Bland]] || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Laurie Canter]]{{efn|Substituted for Kaymer in Mayakoba,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleeks GC captain Kaymer to miss LIV Golf Mayakoba; Canter to fill in |url=https://www.livgolf.com/news/news-cleeks-gc-captain-kaymer-to-miss-liv-golf-mayakoba-canter-to-fill-in |publisher=LIV Golf |access-date=26 February 2023 |date=22 February 2023}}</ref> Tucson<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Golf Injury Report |user=InjuryReportPGA |number=1636543028507574274 |title=Martin Kaymer *O* (Wrist) is still recovering from his injury. |date=17 March 2023 |access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref> and Orlando.<ref name=orlandosub/>}}
|-
!Crushers GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bryson DeChambeau]] || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Paul Casey]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Charles Howell III]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirban Lahiri]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Andy Ogletree]]{{efn|Substituted for Lahiri in Orlando,<ref name=orlandosub>{{cite web |title=Ogletree, Canter to replace Lahiri, Kaymer in LIV Golf Orlando field |url=https://www.livgolf.com/news/ogletree-canter-to-replace-lahiri-kaymer-in-liv-golf-orlando-field |publisher=LIV Golf |access-date=28 March 2023 |date=28 March 2023}}</ref> and Casey in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=LIVGolfComms |user=LIVGolfComms |number=1661385797516382209 |title=Reserve player Andy Ogletree to replace Paul Casey (injury) in @Crushers_gc lineup for #LIVGolf DC |date=24 May 2023 |access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
!Fireballs GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio García]] || {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Abraham Ancer]] || {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Carlos Ortiz (golfer)|Carlos Ortiz]]|| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Eugenio Chacarra]] ||
|-
!HyFlyers GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Phil Mickelson]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cameron Tringale]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[James Piot]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brendan Steele]] ||
|-
!Iron Heads GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Kevin Na]] || {{flagicon|ZWE}} [[Scott Vincent (golfer)|Scott Vincent]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sihwan Kim]] || {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Danny Lee (golfer)|Danny Lee]] ||
|-
!Majesticks GC{{efn|Poulter, Stenson and Westwood are co-captains of Majesticks GC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Now Playing His 25th Season, Stenson Eager To Chase Titles As Majesticks Co-Captain |url=https://www.livgolf.com/news/news-now-playing-his-25th-season-stenson-eager-to-chase-titles-as-majesticks-co-captain |publisher=LIV Golf |first=Mike |last=McAllister |date=15 February 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>}}
|colspan=3 style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ian Poulter]], {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Henrik Stenson]], {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lee Westwood]] || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sam Horsfield]] || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Laurie Canter]]{{efn|Substituted for Horsfield after he withdrew before the third round in Adelaide,<ref>{{cite tweet |user=LIVGolfComms |author=LIVGolfComms |number=1649942077634125825 |title=Due to injury, Sam Horsfield is a WD prior to Sunday's final round #LIVGolfAdelaide. |date=23 April 2023 |access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> Singapore and Tulsa.}} {{flagicon|USA}} [[Andy Ogletree]]{{efn|Substituted for Westwood in Tulsa, after he withdrew before the third round.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=MajesticksGC |author=Majesticks GC |number=1657783338671775744 |title=Due to injury Andy Ogletree will come in to replace @WestwoodLee |date=14 May 2023 |access-date=14 May 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
!RangeGoats GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bubba Watson]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Talor Gooch]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Harold Varner III]] || {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Thomas Pieters]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Wade Ormsby]]{{efn|Substituted for Pieters after he withdrew before the third round in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=LIVGolfComms |author=LIVGolfComms |number=1662865002531782658 |title=Pieters WDs (injury). Replaced by reserve Ormsby on RangeGoats GC. |date=28 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
!Ripper GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Cameron Smith (golfer)|Cameron Smith]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Marc Leishman]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matt Jones (golfer)|Matt Jones]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jediah Morgan]] ||
|-
!Smash GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brooks Koepka]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jason Kokrak]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chase Koepka]] || {{flagicon|ZWE}} [[Kieran Vincent]]{{efn|Substituted for Kokrak in Washington, D.C., after he withdrew before the second round.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=SmashGC |author=Smash GC |number=1662510374539730944 |title=Due to injury Kieran Vincent to replace Jason Kokrak #SmashGC |date=27 May 2023 |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
!Stinger GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Louis Oosthuizen]] || {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Charl Schwartzel]] || {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Branden Grace]] || {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Dean Burmester]] ||
|-
!Torque GC
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"| {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Joaquín Niemann]] || {{flagicon|COL}} [[Sebastián Muñoz]] || {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Mito Pereira]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[David Puig]] ||
|}

===Transfers===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; style="font-size:95%"
!Date!!Player!!From!!To!!Ref.
|-
| 31 May || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Matthew Wolff]] || Smash GC || TBC || <ref name="wolffout"/>
|}

==Schedule==
The following table lists official events during the 2023 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livgolf.com/2023-events |title=2023 Events |publisher=LIV Golf |access-date=5 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! rowspan=2|Date !! rowspan=2|Tournament !! rowspan=2|Host country !! colspan=2|Purse ([[United States dollar|US$]]) !! colspan=2|Winner{{efn|The number in brackets after each winner's name is the number of LIV Golf League events they had won up to and including that tournament.}} !! rowspan=2|Other tours{{efn|MENA − [[MENA Tour]].}} !! rowspan=2|Notes
|-
! Individual !! Team !! Individual !! Team
|-
| 26 Feb || LIV Golf Mayakoba || Mexico ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Charles Howell III]] (1) || Crushers GC || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 19 Mar || LIV Golf Tucson || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Danny Lee (golfer)|Danny Lee]] (1) || Fireballs GC || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 2 Apr || LIV Golf Orlando || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brooks Koepka]] (2) || Torque GC || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 23 Apr || LIV Golf Adelaide || Australia ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Talor Gooch]] (1) || 4 Aces GC || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 30 Apr || LIV Golf Singapore || Singapore ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Talor Gooch]] (2) || RangeGoats GC || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 14 May || LIV Golf Tulsa || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dustin Johnson]] (2) || Stinger GC || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 28 May || LIV Golf Washington, D.C. || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Harold Varner III]] (1) || Torque GC || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 2 Jul || LIV Golf Valderrama || Spain ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|}} || || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 9 Jul || [[LIV Golf London]] || England ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|}} || || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 6 Aug || LIV Golf Greenbrier || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|}} || || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 13 Aug || [[LIV Golf Bedminster]] || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|}} || || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 24 Sep || [[LIV Golf Chicago]] || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|}} || || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 22 Oct || LIV Golf Miami || United States ||align=right|20,000,000 ||align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|}} || || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] ||
|-
| 5 Nov || LIV Golf Jeddah || Saudi Arabia ||align=center|n/a ||align=right|50,000,000 || align=center|n/a || || [[2022–23 MENA Tour|MENA]] || Team Championship
|}

==Points standings==
Below are the team and individual points standings following LIV Golf Washington, D.C.<ref name="2023 standings">{{cite web |title=2023 standings |url=https://www.livgolf.com/standings-2023 |publisher=LIV Golf |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>

===Individual===
{| class="wikitable"
! Position !! Player !! Team !! Points
|-
| align=center|1 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Talor Gooch]] || RangeGoats GC || align=center|96
|-
| align=center|2 || {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Branden Grace]] || Stinger GC || align=center|86
|-
| align=center|3 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brooks Koepka]] || Smash GC || align=center|85
|-
| align=center|4 || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Cameron Smith (golfer)|Cameron Smith]] || Ripper GC || align=center|83
|-
| align=center|5 || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Peter Uihlein]] || 4 Aces GC || align=center|76
|}

===Team===
{| class="wikitable"
! Position !! Team !! Points
|-
| align=center|1 || 4 Aces GC || align=center|124
|-
| align=center|2 || Stinger GC || align=center|108
|-
| align=center|3 || Torque GC || align=center|97
|-
| align=center|4 || RangeGoats GC || align=center|91
|-
| align=center|5 || Crushers GC || align=center|80
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.livgolf.com/}}

{{LIV Golf Invitational Series seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:LIV Golf League}}
[[Category:LIV Golf seasons|2023]]
[[Category:2023 in golf]]
[[Category:Current golf seasons]]

Rich Gunning

2023-06-06T15:25:10Z

8.38.177.4: restore

{{short description|American actor}}

{{Infobox person
|name = Rich Gunning
|birth_name = Richard Gunning
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|06|15}}
|birth_place = [[Philadelphia, PA]], U.S.
|occupation = [[Radio Personality, Traffic Reporter, Voice Actor]]
|years_active = 1984–present
|website = {{url|richgunning.com}}
|module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
|allegiance = {{flag|United States}}
|branch = [[File:Flag of the United States Army.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Army]]
|serviceyears= 1986-1994
}}
}}

'''Rich Gunning''' (born June 15, 1966) is an [[Americans|American]] voice-over artist, radio commercial producer and former traffic reporter based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite news | title=NAB Hall of Fame | url =http://www.wnpv1440.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Awards7&CONTENTID=11047&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm | work =WNPV | access-date = 2008-05-03 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gunning attended [[Council Rock High School North|Council Rock High School]] in Newtown, Pennsylvania and the [[University of Maryland]]{{which|reason=Specify which campus/location of the University of Maryland and diffuse category|date=April 2022}}.

==Career==
He began his broadcasting career in the mid-1980s as a radio disc-jockey with former oldies station WBUX (Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA). In 1986, he joined the [[United States Army]] and served two years at [[AFRTS]] in Germany. He was on active duty and the reserves until 1994. In addition to part-time on-air work at radio stations [[WDEL (AM)|WDEL]] and [[WSTW]] (Wilmington, Delaware, USA), Gunning served as Production Manager and on-air personality with suburban Philadelphia news/talk radio station [[WNPV]] from 1994 to 2010.

Since 1998, Gunning has voiced hundreds of radio and television commercials. National voice-over clients have included Alarm.com, AOL, Burger King, Hawaii Tourism, Pontiac, Sears Auto Center and Triumph Motorcycles.
From 2004 to 2018, he was employed by [[iHeart Media]] as a traffic reporter, heard primarily on [[KYW (AM)|KYW]] Newsradio in Philadelphia, as well as radio stations in Pittsburgh, New Jersey and Delaware.

In 2016, Gunning joined the staff at Philadelphia's Classical and Jazz station [[WRTI]] as an on-air personality.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.richgunning.com/ RichGunning.com] - Official website
*[http://wrti.org/ WRTI.org] - WRTI-FM/Philadelphia

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gunning, Rich}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:Radio personalities from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]
[[Category:United States Army reservists]]
[[Category:University System of Maryland alumni]]

Rich Gunning

2023-06-05T09:56:26Z

8.38.177.4:

{{Infobox person
|name = Rich Gunning
|birth_name = Richard Gunning
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|06|15}}
|birth_place = [[Philadelphia, PA]], U.S.
|occupation = [[Radio Personality, Traffic Reporter, Voice Actor]]
|years_active = 1984–present
|website = {{url|richgunning.com}}
|module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
|allegiance = {{flag|United States}}
|branch = [[File:Flag of the United States Army.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Army]]
|serviceyears= 1986-1994
}}
}}

'''Rich Gunning''' (born June 15, 1966) is an [[Americans|American]] voice-over artist, radio commercial producer and former traffic reporter based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite news | title=NAB Hall of Fame | url =http://www.wnpv1440.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Awards7&CONTENTID=11047&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm | work =WNPV | access-date = 2008-05-03 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gunning attended [[Council Rock High School North|Council Rock High School]] in Newtown, Pennsylvania and the [[University of Maryland]]{{which|reason=Specify which campus/location of the University of Maryland and diffuse category|date=April 2022}}.

==Career==
He began his broadcasting career in the mid-1980s as a radio disc-jockey with former oldies station WBUX (Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA). In 1986, he joined the [[United States Army]] and served two years at [[AFRTS]] in Germany. He was on active duty and the reserves until 1994. In addition to part-time on-air work at radio stations [[WDEL (AM)|WDEL]] and [[WSTW]] (Wilmington, Delaware, USA), Gunning served as Production Manager and on-air personality with suburban Philadelphia news/talk radio station [[WNPV]] from 1994 to 2010.

Since 1998, Gunning has voiced hundreds of radio and television commercials. National voice-over clients have included Alarm.com, AOL, Burger King, Hawaii Tourism, Pontiac, Sears Auto Center and Triumph Motorcycles.
From 2004 to 2018, he was employed by [[iHeart Media]] as a traffic reporter, heard primarily on [[KYW (AM)|KYW]] Newsradio in Philadelphia, as well as radio stations in Pittsburgh, New Jersey and Delaware.

In 2016, Gunning joined the staff at Philadelphia's Classical and Jazz station [[WRTI]] as an on-air personality.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.richgunning.com/ RichGunning.com] - Official website
*[http://wrti.org/ WRTI.org] - WRTI-FM/Philadelphia

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gunning, Rich}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:Radio personalities from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]
[[Category:United States Army reservists]]
[[Category:University System of Maryland alumni]]

Rich Gunning

2023-06-05T09:55:16Z

8.38.177.4:

{{short description|American announcer}

{{Infobox person
|name = Rich Gunning
|birth_name = Richard Gunning
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|06|15}}
|birth_place = [[Philadelphia, PA]], U.S.
|occupation = [[Radio Personality, Traffic Reporter, Voice Actor]]
|years_active = 1984–present
|website = {{url|richgunning.com}}
|module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
|allegiance = {{flag|United States}}
|branch = [[File:Flag of the United States Army.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Army]]
|serviceyears= 1986-1994
}}
}}

'''Rich Gunning''' (born June 15, 1966) is an [[Americans|American]] voice-over artist, radio commercial producer and former traffic reporter based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite news | title=NAB Hall of Fame | url =http://www.wnpv1440.com/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Awards7&CONTENTID=11047&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm | work =WNPV | access-date = 2008-05-03 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gunning attended [[Council Rock High School North|Council Rock High School]] in Newtown, Pennsylvania and the [[University of Maryland]]{{which|reason=Specify which campus/location of the University of Maryland and diffuse category|date=April 2022}}.

==Career==
He began his broadcasting career in the mid-1980s as a radio disc-jockey with former oldies station WBUX (Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA). In 1986, he joined the [[United States Army]] and served two years at [[AFRTS]] in Germany. He was on active duty and the reserves until 1994. In addition to part-time on-air work at radio stations [[WDEL (AM)|WDEL]] and [[WSTW]] (Wilmington, Delaware, USA), Gunning served as Production Manager and on-air personality with suburban Philadelphia news/talk radio station [[WNPV]] from 1994 to 2010.

Since 1998, Gunning has voiced hundreds of radio and television commercials. National voice-over clients have included Alarm.com, AOL, Burger King, Hawaii Tourism, Pontiac, Sears Auto Center and Triumph Motorcycles.
From 2004 to 2018, he was employed by [[iHeart Media]] as a traffic reporter, heard primarily on [[KYW (AM)|KYW]] Newsradio in Philadelphia, as well as radio stations in Pittsburgh, New Jersey and Delaware.

In 2016, Gunning joined the staff at Philadelphia's Classical and Jazz station [[WRTI]] as an on-air personality.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.richgunning.com/ RichGunning.com] - Official website
*[http://wrti.org/ WRTI.org] - WRTI-FM/Philadelphia

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gunning, Rich}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:Radio personalities from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]
[[Category:United States Army reservists]]
[[Category:University System of Maryland alumni]]

Talk:Mourning (Post Malone song)

2023-06-01T20:28:58Z

8.38.177.4: /* Information */ new section

{{WikiProject Songs|class=stub}}

== Information ==

Do you think it might be a reasonable idea to list song information like bpm and key? [[Special:Contributions/8.38.177.4|8.38.177.4]] ([[User talk:8.38.177.4|talk]]) 20:28, 1 June 2023 (UTC)

Incorruptibility

2023-05-31T16:41:10Z

8.38.177.4: /* Judaism */

{{Short description|Supposed miraculous preservation of the corpses of some Catholic saints}}
[[File:Cuerpo Incorrupto de La Siervita de Dios.jpg|thumb|400px|The body of [[Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado]] (1643-1731), Monastery of St. Catherine of Siena found to be incorrupt by the Catholic Church ([[Tenerife]], [[Spain]]).]]
'''Incorruptibility''' is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]] belief that divine intervention allows some human bodies (specifically [[saint]]s and [[Beatification|beati]]) to completely or partially avoid the normal process of [[decomposition]] after death as a sign of their holiness.

Incorruptibility is thought to occur even in the presence of factors which normally hasten decomposition, as in the cases of saints [[Catherine of Genoa]], [[Julie Billiart]] and [[Francis Xavier]].<ref name="Quigley">{{cite book | last = Quigley| first = Christine| title =The Corpse: A History| publisher = McFarland| year = 2005| page = 254| isbn =978-0786424498}}</ref>

==Catholicism==
In [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]], if a body is judged as incorruptible after death, this is most often seen as a sign that the individual is a [[saint]]. [[Canon law]] allows inspection of the body so that [[relic]]s can be taken and sent to Rome. The relics must be sealed with wax and the body must be replaced after inspection. These ritual inspections are performed very rarely and can only be performed by a bishop according to the requirements of canon law. A pontifical commission can authorize inspection of the relics and demand a written report.<ref>http://www.pravoslavie.ru/english/print49948.htm The Re-Vesting of the Relics of St. John of Shanghai & San Francisco</ref> After solemn inspection of the relics, it can be decided that the body is presented in an open [[reliquary]] and displayed for veneration. Catholic law allows saints to be buried under the altar, so [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] can be celebrated above the remains.

The remains of [[Bernadette Soubirous]] were inspected multiple times, and reports by the church tribunal confirmed that the body was preserved. The opening of the coffin was attended by multiple canons, the mayor and the bishop in 1919, and repeated in 1925.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicpilgrims.com/lourdes/bb_bernadette_body.htm|title=The Body of Saint Bernadette|website=www.catholicpilgrims.com|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> However, the face and hands were covered with a wax mask.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaneedsfatima.org/Miracles/the-incorrupt-body-of-saint-bernadette-soubirous.html|title = The Incorrupt Body of Saint Bernadette Soubirous | Miracles | ANF Articles}}</ref>

Not every saint, however, is expected to have an incorruptible corpse. Although believers see incorruptibility as [[supernatural]], it is no longer counted as a miracle in the recognition of a saint.<ref name="discover">Archived at [https://archive.today/20010610014402/http://www.discover.com/june_01/featsaints.html The Incorruptibles], ''The bodies of many medieval Catholic saints and martyrs have resisted decay for centuries— just the sort of mystery that begs for scientific inquiry'', By [[Heather Pringle (writer)|Heather Pringle]], ''Discover'' Vol. 22 No. 6 (June 2001)</ref>

[[Embalmed]] bodies were not recognized as incorruptibles. For example, although the body of [[Pope John XXIII]] remained in a remarkably intact state after its exhumation, Church officials remarked that the body had been embalmed<ref>{{cite web|last=Sandri |first=Luigi |title=Blessed John XXIII's Remains Are Now On View At St Peter's |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/juneweb-only/6-11-13.0.html?paging=off |website=Christianity Today |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511161435/http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/juneweb-only/6-11-13.0.html?paging=off |archive-date=11 May 2014 |date=1 June 2001 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and additionally there was a lack of oxygen in his sealed triple coffin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tomov|first=Nikola|title=Preserving the Pontiff: an account of the body preservation methods used by the Roman Catholic Church|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326198591|journal=Acta Morphologica et Anthropologica|volume=25|issue=1–2|pages=117–121}}</ref>

Incorruptibility is seen as distinct from the good preservation of a body, or from [[Mummy|mummification]]. Incorruptible bodies are often said to have the [[odour of sanctity]], exuding a sweet or [[Flower|floral]], pleasant aroma.

=== Saints ===
<gallery>
File:Lucca Zita San Frediano.jpg|The body of [[Zita|Saint Zita]], found to be incorrupt by the Catholic Church. (born c. 1218 - d. 27 April 1272).
File:Rita-urna.jpg|The body of [[Rita of Cascia|Saint Rita of Cascia]], found to be incorrupt by the Catholic Church. (b. 1381 - d. May 22, 1457).
File:Casket of Saint Francis Xavier.jpg|Casket of Saint [[Francis Xavier]] in the [[Basilica of Bom Jesus]] in [[Goa]], [[India]]
File:Virginia Centurione body.jpg|The body of [[Virginia Centurione Bracelli|Saint Virginia Centurione]], found to be incorrupt by the Catholic Church. (b. April 2, 1587 – d. December 15, 1651).
File:Bernadette Soubirous-sarcophagus-2.jpg|The body of [[Bernadette Soubirous|Saint Bernadette of Lourdes]] with wax face and hand coverings, declared to appear incorrupt by a committee in 1909 (subsequent exhumations indicated corruption). (b. January 7, 1844 – d. April 16, 1879).
File:Jean-Marie Vianney.jpg|The body of [[John Vianney|Saint John Mary Vianney]] wearing a wax mask, found to be incorrupt by the Catholic Church. (b. 8 May 1786 – d. 4 August 1859).
File:Bac.Catherine.Cercueil.jpg|The body of [[Catherine Labouré|Saint Catherine Labouré]], found to be incorrupt by the Catholic Church. (b. May 2, 1806 – d. December 31, 1876).
</gallery>

=== Beatified ===
* [[Margaret of Castello|Saint Margaret of Castello]]
* [[Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster]]
* [[Pier Giorgio Frassati]]
* [[Charles I of Austria]]
* [[Maria Angela Astorch]]
* [[Sebastian de Aparicio]]

== Eastern Orthodoxy ==
[[File:Anthony, John, and Eustathios in Orthodox Church of the Holy Spirit in Vilnius-2.jpg|upright|thumb|Relics of [[Anthony, John, and Eustathios]] at the [[Orthodox Church of the Holy Spirit in Vilnius]], Lithuania.]]
To the [[Eastern Orthodox]], a distinction is made between natural mummification and what is believed to be supernatural incorruptibility. While incorruptibility is not generally deemed to be a prerequisite for sainthood, there are reportedly many Eastern Orthodox saints whose bodies have been found to be incorrupt and are in much veneration.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} These include:
* [[Saint Alexander of Svir]] – the incorrupt relics of the saint were removed from the Svir Monastery by the Bolsheviks on December 20, 1918, after several unsuccessful attempts to confiscate them. Finally, the holy relics were sent to Petrograd's Military Medical Academy. There they remained for nearly eighty years. A second uncovering of St Alexander's relics took place in December 1997, before their return to the Svir Monastery.<ref>[http://www.theorthodoxword.com/back%20articles/OW%20PDFs/236/A%20Brief%20Life%20of%20St%20Alexander%20of%20Svir.pdf The Marvelous Wonderworker of All Russia, Holy Venerable Alexander of Svir. St. Petersburg: Holy Trinity Monastery of St. Alexander of Svir, 2002.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402130203/http://www.theorthodoxword.com/back%20articles/OW%20PDFs/236/A%20Brief%20Life%20of%20St%20Alexander%20of%20Svir.pdf |date=2012-04-02 }}</ref>
* [[Anthony, John, and Eustathios|Saints Anthony, John, and Eustathios]]
* [[Dionysios of Zakynthos|Saint Dionysios of Zakynthos]]
* Saint Elizabeth
* [[Gerasimus of Kefalonia|Saint Gerasimus of Kefalonia]]
* [[Ioasaph of Belgorod|Saint Ioasaph of Belgorod]] – In 1918 the Bolsheviks removed Saint Ioasaph's relics from his shrine in the cathedral of the Holy Trinity at Belgorod, and for some seventy years, their whereabouts remained unknown. In 1927, the cathedral itself was demolished. In the late 1980s, the relics were discovered in [[Leningrad]]'s Museum of Religion and Atheism, and on 16 September 1991, they were solemnly returned to the new Cathedral of the Transfiguration of Our Lord in Belgorod, in the presence of [[Alexy II of Moscow|Patriarch Alexy II]].<ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/nm/duga/sec041.htm ST. IOSAF THE DIVINE PROTECTOR] at angelfire.com</ref>
* [[Saint Job of Pochayiv]]
* [[Saint John of Shanghai and San Francisco|Saint John Maximovitch of Shanghai and San Francisco]]
* [[Saint John the Russian]]
* [[Saint Nectarios of Aegina]]
* [[Parascheva of the Balkans|Saint Parascheva of the Balkans]]
* [[Saint Spyridon]]
* Saint Zosima

==Judaism==

Rabbi [[Louis Ginzberg]] in his monumental "[[Legends of the Jews]]" (Vol. 4, Chapter 10) based on the Jewish Apocrypha and [[Aggadah]] mentions an alleged case of bodily incorruptibility of the Biblical [[Baruch ben Neriah|Baruch]], scribe of Jeremiah (whose tomb is found in [[Iraq]]).<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2882/pg2882-images.html The Legends of the Jews By Louis Ginzberg. Volume 4. Chapter 10. 1909.]</ref> Similar stories are told of later [[Hasidic]] saints, such as [[Rebbe]] [[Elimelech of Lizhensk]] and others.

== See also ==
* [[Gisant]]
* [[Bog body]]
* [[Buddhist mummies]]
* [[Paramahansa Yogananda]]
* [[Sokushinbutsu]]
* [[Sufism]]
* [[Shahid]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

== Literature ==
* Cruz, Joan Carroll (1977 and 1991). ''The Incorruptibles: A Study of the Incorruption of the Bodies of Various Catholic Saints and Beati'', by, [[Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites|OCDS]], TAN Books. {{ISBN|0-89555-066-0}}.
* Jeremiah, Ken (2012). ''Christian Mummification: An Interpretive History of the Preservation of Saints, Martyrs and Others'', [[Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites|OCDS]], McFarland & Co., Inc. {{ISBN|0786465190}}.

== External links ==
{{commons category|Incorruptible bodies}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.catholicapologetics.info/library/gallery/incorrupt.htm|title=Incorrupt Bodies Of the Saints|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614055125/http://www.catholicapologetics.info/library/gallery/incorrupt.htm|archive-date=2008-06-14}}
* [http://www.orthodoxchristian.info/pages/St_Dionysios.htm St Dionysios of Zakynthos]
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103526 St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus]

{{Mummies}}

[[Category:Death]]
[[Category:Incorrupt saints| ]]
[[Category:Christian miracles]]
[[Category:Christian saints|*]]
[[Category:Christian relics]]

Harry Houdini

2023-05-31T16:12:34Z

8.38.177.4: /* Magic career */

{{short description|American illusionist, escapologist, and stunt performer}}
{{Redirect|Houdini}}
{{redirect|Erich Weiss|the baseball player|Erich Weiss (baseball)}}
{{Hungarian name|Weisz Erich}}
{{Use mdy dates |date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harry Houdini
| image = HarryHoudini1899.jpg
| caption = Houdini in 1899, in chains to mimic his escapist stunts
| birth_name = Erich Weisz
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1874|3|24|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Budapest]], [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen|Kingdom of Hungary]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1926|10|31|1874|3|24|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Detroit, Michigan]], U.S.
| nationality =
| death_cause = [[Peritonitis]]<ref>Schiller, Gerald. (2010). ''It Happened in Hollywood: Remarkable Events That Shaped History''. Globe Pequot Press. p. 34. {{ISBN|978-0762754496}}</ref>
| resting_place = [[Machpelah Cemetery (Queens)|Machpelah Cemetery]]
| height = 5 ft 6 in
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Magic (illusion)|Illusionist]]|[[Escapology|escapologist]]|[[stunt performer]]}}
| years_active = 1891–1926
| signature = HoudiniSig.svg
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Bess Houdini|Wilhelmina Beatrice "Bess" Rahner]]|1894}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/272947/Harry-Houdini?source=ONTHISDAY |title=Harry Houdini |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=March 24, 2014}}</ref>
| relatives = [[Theodore Hardeen]] (brother)
}}
'''Harry Houdini''' ({{IPAc-en|h|uː|ˈ|d|iː|n|i}}, born '''Erich Weisz'''; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was an American [[Escapology|escape artist]], [[Magic (illusion)|magic man]], and [[stunt performer]], noted for his escape acts.<ref>{{Citation |title=Houdini! |url=http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-526-9882j69777 |language=en |access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref> His pseudonym is a reference to his spiritual master, French magician [[Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin|Robert-Houdin]] (1805–1871).

He first attracted notice in [[vaudeville]] in the United States and then as "Harry '[[Handcuff]]' Houdini" on a tour of Europe, where he challenged police forces to keep him locked up. Soon he extended his repertoire to include chains, ropes slung from [[skyscraper]]s, [[straitjacket]]s under water, and having to escape from and hold his breath inside a sealed milk can with water in it.

In 1904, thousands watched as he tried to escape from special [[handcuff]]s commissioned by London's ''[[Daily Mirror]]'', keeping them in suspense for an hour. Another stunt saw him [[Premature burial|buried alive]] and only just able to claw himself to the surface, emerging in a state of near-breakdown. While many suspected that these escapes were faked, Houdini presented himself as the scourge of fake [[spiritualist]]s. As President of the [[Society of American Magicians]], he was keen to uphold professional standards and expose fraudulent artists. He was also quick to sue anyone who imitated his escape stunts.

Houdini made several movies but quit acting when it failed to bring in money. He was also a keen [[aviator]] and aimed to become the first man to fly a powered aircraft in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maksel|first=Rebecca|title=The Hunt for Houdini's Airplane|url=https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/the-hunt-for-houdinis-airplane-8082655/|access-date=2021-08-04|website=Air & Space Magazine|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Erich Weisz was born in [[Budapest]], [[Kingdom of Hungary]] to a [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Jewish]] family.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2011/03/137-years-ago-in-budapest.html |title=137 years ago in Budapest... |publisher=Wild About Harry |access-date=March 24, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Harry Houdini {{!}} Biography & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harry-Houdini|access-date=2021-12-11|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> His parents were [[Rabbi]] Mayer Sámuel Weisz (1829–1892) and Cecília Steiner (1841–1913). Houdini was one of seven children: Herman M. (1863–1885), who was Houdini's half-brother by Rabbi Weisz's first marriage; Nathan J. (1870–1927); Gottfried William (1872–1925); [[Theodore Hardeen|Theodore]] (1876–1945);<ref>{{cite news |title=Hardeen Dead, 69. Houdini's Brother. Illusionist, Escape Artist, a Founder of Magician's Guild. Gave Last Show May 29 |quote=Theodore Hardeen, a brother of the late Harry Houdini, illusionist and a prominent magician in his own right, died yesterday in the Doctors Hospital. His age was 69. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 13, 1945 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1945/06/13/archives/hardeen-dead-69-houdinis-brother-illusionist-escape-artist-a.html |access-date=24 March 2020 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Leopold D. (1879–1962); and Carrie Gladys (1882–1959),<ref>Meyer, Bernard C. (1976), ''Houdini: A Mind in Chains'', [[E. P. Dutton|E.P. Dutton & Co.]], [https://archive.org/details/houdinimindincha0000meye  Chapter 1, p. 5], {{ISBN|0841504482}}.</ref> who was left almost blind after a childhood accident.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2011/09/mystery-of-carrie-gladys-weiss.html |title=The mystery of Carrie Gladys Weiss |publisher=Wild About Harry |access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref>

Weisz arrived in the [[United States]] on July 3, 1878, on the SS ''Frisia'' with his mother (who was pregnant) and his four brothers.<ref>US National Archives Microfilm serial: M237; Microfilm roll: 413; Line: 38; List number: 684.</ref> The family changed their name to the German spelling Weiss, and Erich became Erik. The family lived in [[Appleton, Wisconsin]], where his father served as [[rabbi]] of the Zion Reform Jewish Congregation.

According to the [[1880 US Census|1880 census]], the family lived on Appleton Street in an area that is now known as Houdini Plaza.<ref>[[1880 US Census]] with Samuel M. Weiss, Cecelia (wife), Armin M., Nathan J., Ehrich, Theodore, and Leopold.</ref> On June 6, 1882, Rabbi Weiss became an American citizen. Losing his job at Zion in 1882, Rabbi Weiss and family moved to Milwaukee and fell into dire poverty.<ref>[http://www.houdinifile.com/2014/02/houdinis-forgotten-years.html Houdini's Forgotten Years] The Houdini File.</ref> In 1887, Rabbi Weiss moved with Erich to New York City, where they lived in a boarding house on [[79th Street (Manhattan)|East 79th Street]]. He was joined by the rest of the family once Rabbi Weiss found permanent housing. As a child, Erich Weiss took several jobs, making his public début as a nine-year-old [[trapeze artist]], calling himself "Ehrich, the Prince of the Air". He was also a champion [[cross country running|cross country runner]] in his youth.

==Magic career==
When Weiss became a professional [[magic (illusion)|magician]] he began calling himself "Harry Houdini", after the French magician [[Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin]], after reading Robert-Houdin's [[autobiography]] in 1890. Weiss incorrectly believed that an ''i'' at the end of a name meant "like" in French. However, "i" at the end of the name means "belong to" in Hungarian. In later life, Houdini claimed that the first part of his new name, Harry, was an homage to American magician [[Harry Kellar]], whom he also admired, though it was likely adapted from "Ehri", a nickname for "Ehrich", which is how he was known to his family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://taramarion.vpweb.com/upload/Harry%20Houdini.pdf|title=Harry Houdini|publisher=American Decades|date=December 16, 1998|access-date=February 4, 2016|archive-date=November 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109085403/http://taramarion.vpweb.com/upload/Harry%20Houdini.pdf|url-status=dead}} Also at [http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=2a3b8a0573f3c6eeab667966408317da&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CK1602000557&userGroupName=tlc199095657&jsid=8d70ce38fc654bb5c3842e043b6782b7 Biography In Context].</ref>

When he was a teenager, Houdini was coached by the magician [[Joseph Rinn]] at the Pastime Athletic Club.<ref name="Loxton 2013">{{cite web|last=Loxton|first=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Loxton|title=The Remarkable Mr. Rinn| date=January 30, 2013 |url=http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/13-01-30/#feature | work=[[Skeptic (U.S. magazine)|Skeptic Magazine]] | access-date=January 16, 2016 }}</ref>

[[File:Harry Houdini-sitting.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Houdini, c. 1900]]
Houdini began his magic career in 1891, but had little success.<ref>{{cite web| last=Rocha| first=Guy| title=MYTH No. 56 – No Disappearing Act for Harry Houdini at Piper's Opera House| url=http://nsla.nevadaculture.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=728&Itemid=418| publisher=Nevada State Library and Archives| access-date=March 24, 2011| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722132236/http://nsla.nevadaculture.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=728&Itemid=418| archive-date=July 22, 2011| df=mdy-all}}</ref> He appeared in a tent act with strongman [[Emil Jarrow]].<ref>Immerso, Michael. (2002). ''Coney Island: The People's Playground''. Rutgers University Press. p. 114. {{ISBN|978-0813531380}}</ref> He performed in [[Dime museum|dime museums]] and sideshows, and even doubled as "The Wild Man" at a circus. Houdini focused initially on traditional card tricks. At one point, he billed himself as the "King of Cards".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.houdini.org/houdinimagic.html|title=Harry Houdini: Famous magician, master of escapes, Houdini metamorphosis|publisher=Houdini Magic|access-date=February 4, 2016}}</ref> Some – but not all – professional magicians would come to regard Houdini as a competent but not particularly skilled sleight-of-hand artist, lacking the grace and finesse required to achieve excellence in that craft.<ref>[http://www.houdinifile.com/2014/04/houdini-king-of-cards.html Houdini, King of Cards] The Houdini Files.</ref><ref name=Johnson2005>{{cite book
|last = Johnson| first = Karl| title = The Magician and the Cardsharp| url = https://archive.org/details/magiciancardshar00karl
|url-access = registration| year = 2005}}</ref> He soon began experimenting with [[escapology|escape acts]].{{citation needed |date=January 2020}}

In the early 1890s, Houdini was performing with his brother "[[Theodore Hardeen|Dash]]" (Theodore) as "The Brothers Houdini".<ref name="randi">{{Cite book |last=Randi |first=James |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26162991 |title=Conjuring |date=1992 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=0-312-08634-2 |location=New York |oclc=26162991|author-link=James Randi}}</ref>{{rp|160}} The brothers performed at at the [[World's Columbian Exposition|Chicago World's Fair]] in 1893 before returning to New York City and working at Huber's Dime Museum for "near-starvation wages".<ref name="randi" />{{rp|160}} In 1894, Houdini met a fellow performer, [[Bess Houdini|Wilhelmina Beatrice "Bess" Rahner]]. Bess was initially courted by Dash, but she and Houdini married, with Bess replacing Dash in the act, which became known as "The Houdinis". For the rest of Houdini's performing career, Bess worked as his stage assistant.

Houdini's big break came in 1899 when he met manager [[Martin Beck (vaudeville)|Martin Beck]] in [[St. Paul, Minnesota]]. Impressed by Houdini's [[handcuffs]] act, Beck advised him to concentrate on escape acts and booked him on the [[Orpheum Circuit|Orpheum]] [[vaudeville]] circuit. Within months, he was performing at the top vaudeville houses in the country. In 1900, Beck arranged for Houdini to tour Europe. After some days of unsuccessful interviews in London, Houdini's British agent [[Harry Day (politician)|Harry Day]] helped him to get an interview with C. Dundas Slater, then manager of the [[Alhambra Theatre]]. He was introduced to [[William Melville]] and gave a demonstration of escape from handcuffs at [[Scotland Yard]].<ref>[[William Lindsay Gresham|Gresham, William Lindsay]]. (1959). ''Houdini: The Man Who Walked Through Walls''. Holt. pp. 82–83</ref> He succeeded in baffling the police so effectively that he was booked at the Alhambra for six months. His show was an immediate hit and his salary rose to $300 a week ({{Inflation|US|300|1900|fmt=eq}}).<ref>Price, David. (1985). ''Magic: A Pictorial History of Conjurers in the Theater''. Cornwall Books. p. 191. {{ISBN|0845347381}}</ref>

[[File:Weiss with mother and wife.jpg|thumb|"My Two Sweethearts"{{snd}}Houdini with his mother and wife, {{circa}} 1907]]
Between 1900 and 1920 he appeared in theatres all over Great Britain performing escape acts, illusions, card tricks and outdoor stunts, becoming one of the world's highest paid entertainers.<ref>Tait, Derek. (2017). ''The Great Houdini: His British Tours'' (Kindle Edition). Pen & Sword Books Ltd. Chapter One {{ISBN|978-1473867949}}</ref> He also toured the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Russia and became widely known as "The Handcuff King". In each city, Houdini challenged local police to restrain him with [[shackle]]s and lock him in their jails. In many of these challenge escapes, he was first [[strip search|stripped nude and searched]]. In [[Moscow]], he escaped from a [[Siberia]]n prison transport van,<ref name="randi" />{{rp|163}} claiming that, had he been unable to free himself, he would have had to travel to Siberia, where the only key was kept.

In [[Cologne]], he sued a police officer, Werner Graff, who alleged that he made his escapes via [[bribery]].<ref>Silverman, p. 81.</ref> Houdini won the case when he opened the judge's safe (he later said the judge had forgotten to lock it). With his new-found wealth, Houdini purchased a dress said to have been made for [[Queen Victoria]]. He then arranged a grand reception where he presented his mother in the dress to all their relatives. Houdini said it was the happiest day of his life. In 1904, Houdini returned to the U.S. and purchased a house for $25,000 ({{Inflation|US|25000|1904|fmt=eq}}), a [[brownstone]] at 278 W. 113th Street in [[Harlem]], New York City.<ref>Silverman, p. 109.</ref>

While on tour in Europe in 1902, Houdini visited [[Blois]] with the aim of meeting the widow of Emile Houdin, the son of [[Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin]], for an interview and permission to visit his grave. He did not receive permission but still visited the grave.<ref name="Steinmeyer 152-153">[[Jim Steinmeyer|Steinmeyer, Jim]]. (2004). ''Hiding The Elephant: How Magicians Invented the Impossible''. Da Capo Press. pp. 152–153. {{ISBN|0786714018}}</ref> Houdini believed that he had been treated unfairly and later wrote a negative account of the incident in his magazine, claiming he was "treated most discourteously by Madame W. Emile Robert-Houdin".<ref name="Steinmeyer 152-153"/> In 1906, he sent a letter to the French magazine ''L'Illusionniste'' stating: "You will certainly enjoy the article on Robert Houdin I am about to publish in my magazine. Yes, my dear friend, I think I can finally demolish your idol, who has so long been placed on a pedestal that he did not deserve."<ref>Jones, Graham Matthew. (2007). ''Trades of the Trick: Conjuring Culture in Modern France''. New York University. pp. 96–98</ref>

In 1906, Houdini created his own publication, the ''Conjurers' Monthly Magazine''.<ref>[[William Lindsay Gresham|Gresham, William Lindsay]] (1959). ''Houdini: The Man Who Walked Through Walls''. Holt. p. 136</ref> It was a competitor to ''[[The Sphinx: An Independent Magazine for Magicians|The Sphinx]]'', but was short-lived and only two volumes were released until August 1908. Magic historian [[Jim Steinmeyer]] has noted that "Houdini couldn't resist using the journal for his own crusades, attacking his rivals, praising his own appearances, and subtly rewriting history to favor his view of magic."<ref>[[Jim Steinmeyer|Steinmeyer, Jim]]. (2006). ''The Glorious Deception: The Double Life of William Robinson, Aka Chung Ling Soo, the Marvelous Chinese Conjurer''. Da Capo Press. p. 291. {{ISBN|078671770X}}</ref>

[[File:After Harry Houdini jumps off Harvard Bridge in Boston 1908.jpg|thumb|250px|Harry Houdini before he jumped off the [[Harvard Bridge]] in [[Boston]] in 1908]]
From 1907 and throughout the 1910s, Houdini performed with great success in the United States. He freed himself from jails, handcuffs, chains, ropes, and [[straitjacket]]s, often while hanging from a rope in sight of street audiences. Because of imitators, Houdini put his "handcuff act" behind him on January 25, 1908, and began escaping from a locked, water-filled milk can. The possibility of failure and death thrilled his audiences. Houdini also expanded his repertoire with his escape challenge act, in which he invited the public to devise contraptions to hold him. These included nailed packing crates (sometimes lowered into water), riveted boilers, wet sheets, [[mail bag]]s,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_-UQ8pUg_4C&q=Houdini+Mailbag+escape&pg=PA39 |first1=J. C. |last1=Cannell |title=The Secrets of Houdini |pages=36–41 |location=New York |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1973| access-date=August 17, 2012 |isbn=978-0486229133}}</ref> and even the belly of a [[Whale#In myth, literature and art|whale]] that had washed ashore in Boston. Brewers in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]], and other cities challenged Houdini to escape from a barrel after they filled it with beer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Houdini's escapes and magic – Houdini's unique challenges in Scranton, PA. during the vaudeville era |url=http://www.houdini.org/challeng.html |access-date=September 29, 2014}}</ref>

Many of these challenges were arranged with local merchants in one of the first uses of mass [[tie-in]] [[marketing]]. Rather than promote the idea that he was assisted by spirits, as did the [[Davenport Brothers]] and others, Houdini's advertisements showed him making his escapes via [[Teleportation|dematerializing]], although Houdini himself never claimed to have supernatural powers.<ref name="secret">{{cite book |last1=Kalush |first1=William |first2=Larry |last2=Sloman |year= 2006 |title=The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-0743272070 |url=https://archive.org/details/secretlifeofhoud00kalu |access-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref>

After much research, Houdini wrote a collection of articles on the history of magic, which were expanded into ''[[The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin]]'' published in 1908. In this book he attacked his former idol Robert-Houdin as a liar and a fraud for having claimed the invention of automata and effects such as [[Aerial suspension (illusion)|aerial suspension]], which had been in existence for many years.<ref>[[Jim Steinmeyer|Steinmeyer, Jim]]. (2004). ''Hiding The Elephant: How Magicians Invented the Impossible''. Da Capo Press. pp. 154–155. {{ISBN|0786714018}} "He decided to portray Robert-Houdin as a liar and thief who was completely incompetent as a magician. Houdini had developed a hatred for his spiritual father. In 1908 his collection of articles was gathered together, expanded and sold to a London publisher. By comparing the original articles with the finished book, it's clear that Houdini employed a ghost writer to polish the language and clarify his points. Other surviving manuscripts from Houdini demonstrate that most of Houdini's writing depended on ghostwriters. The theme of his book on Robert-Houdin was sharpened to a razor's edge, and was now titled ''The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin''."</ref><ref>Goto-Jones, Chris. (2016). ''Conjuring Asia''. Cambridge University Press. p. 193. {{ISBN|978-1107076594}}</ref> Many of the allegations in the book were dismissed by magicians and researchers who defended Robert-Houdin. Magician [[Jean Hugard]] would later write a full rebuttal to Houdini's book.<ref>Inge, M. Thomas; Hall, Dennis. (2002). ''The Greenwood Guide to American Popular Culture, Volume 3''. Greenwood Press. p. 1037. {{ISBN|978-0313323690}} "Stung by the refusal of the widow of Robert-Houdin's son Emile to receive him in 1901, Houdini launched a literary vendetta against his former hero in the form of a book, ''The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin'', published seven years later. While the book did not achieve its aim, it remains of considerable historical interest as the first sustained attempt to mine Houdini's large and growing collection for historical information. Its errors and oversights became the subject of two extensive rebuttals. The first was Maurice Sardina's ''Les Erreurs de Harry Houdini'', translated and edited by Victor Farelli as ''Where Houdini Was Wrong''. The second was Jean Hugard's ''Houdini's "Unmasking": Fact vs Fiction''.</ref><ref>[[Jim Steinmeyer|Steinmeyer, Jim]]. (2004). ''Hiding The Elephant: How Magicians Invented the Impossible''. Da Capo Press. p. 156. {{ISBN|0786714018}} "A number of researchers and authors have dismissed his claims and defended Robert-Houdin's reputation."</ref><ref>Jones, Graham M. (2011). ''Trade of the Tricks: Inside the Magician's Craft''. University of California Press. p. 208. {{ISBN|978-0520270466}} "The publication ultimately did more to tarnish Houdini's reputation than to refute Robert-Houdin's claims to originality and distinction especially in France, where magicians rallied to defend their spiritual progenitor against aspersions cast by an American parvenu."</ref>

[[File:Houdini challenge.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Poster promoting Houdini taking up the challenge of escaping an "extra strong and large traveling basket"]]
Houdini introduced the [[Chinese Water Torture Cell]] at the Circus Busch in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]], on September 21, 1912.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mastronet.com/index.cfm?action=DisplayContent&ContentName=Lot%20Information&LotIndex=78310 |title=1912 Harry Houdini 'Water Torture Cell' Presentation Piece from Circus Busch Containing the Original Concept Art for the Performance's Famous Poster |access-date=May 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220050429/http://www.mastronet.com/index.cfm?action=DisplayContent&ContentName=Lot%20Information&LotIndex=78310 |archive-date=December 20, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was suspended upside-down in a locked glass-and-steel cabinet full to overflowing with water, holding his breath for more than three minutes. He would go on performing this escape for the rest of his life.

During his career, Houdini explained some of his tricks in books written for the magic brotherhood. In ''Handcuff Secrets'' (1909), he revealed how many locks and handcuffs could be opened with properly applied force, others with shoestrings. Other times, he carried concealed [[lock picking|lockpicks]] or keys. When tied down in ropes or [[straitjacket]]s, he gained wiggle room by enlarging his shoulders and chest, moving his arms slightly away from his [[Human body|body]].<ref name="secret"/>

[[File:Houdini-Elephant.jpg|thumb|right|Houdini and Jennie, the Vanishing Elephant, January 7, 1918]]
[[File:Houdini in Handcuffs, 1918.JPG|thumb|upright|Houdini in handcuffs, 1918]]
His straitjacket escape was originally performed behind curtains, with him popping out free at the end. Houdini's brother (who was also an escape artist, billing himself as [[Theodore Hardeen]]) discovered that audiences were more impressed when the curtains were eliminated so they could watch him struggle to get out. On more than one occasion, they both performed straitjacket escapes while dangling upside-down from the roof of a building in the same city.<ref name="secret"/>

For most of his career, Houdini was a headline act in [[vaudeville]]. For many years, he was the highest-paid performer in American vaudeville. One of Houdini's most notable non-escape stage illusions was performed at the [[New York Hippodrome]], when he vanished a full-grown elephant from the stage.<ref>[http://www.thegreatharryhoudini.com/vanishingelephant.html "The Vanishing Elephant"]. Retrieved June 30, 2016.</ref> He had purchased this trick from the magician [[Charles Morritt]].<ref>[[Milbourne Christopher|Christopher, Milbourne]]. (1990 edition, originally published in 1962). ''Magic: A Picture History''. Dover Publications. p. 160. {{ISBN|0486263738}} "Morritt invented a 'Disappearing Donkey'. When he expanded the idea so that an elephant could be whisked away in a box, Houdini bought the full rights to the spectacular illusion."</ref><ref>Silverman, p. 224.</ref> In 1923, Houdini became president of [[Martinka (company)|Martinka & Co.]], America's oldest magic company. The business is still in operation today.

He also served as president of the [[Society of American Magicians]] ({{aka}} S.A.M.) from 1917 until his death in 1926. Founded on May 10, 1902, in the back room of Martinka's magic shop in New York, the Society expanded under the leadership of Harry Houdini during his term as national president from 1917 to 1926. Houdini was magic's greatest visionary. He sought to create a large, unified national network of professional and amateur magicians. Wherever he traveled, he gave a lengthy formal address to the local magic club, made speeches, and usually threw a banquet for the members at his own expense. He said "The Magicians Clubs as a rule are small: they are weak ... but if we were amalgamated into one big body the society would be stronger, and it would mean making the small clubs powerful and worthwhile. Members would find a welcome wherever they happened to be and, conversely, the safeguard of a city-to-city hotline to track exposers and other undesirables".

For most of 1916, while on his vaudeville tour, Houdini had been recruiting{{snd}}at his own expense{{snd}}local magic clubs to join the S.A.M. in an effort to revitalize what he felt was a weak organization. Houdini persuaded groups in Buffalo, Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Kansas City to join. As had happened in London, he persuaded magicians to join. The Buffalo club joined as the first branch, (later assembly) of the Society. Chicago Assembly No. 3 was, as the name implies, the third regional club to be established by the S.A.M., whose assemblies now number in the hundreds. In 1917, he signed Assembly Number Three's charter into existence, and that charter and this club continue to provide Chicago magicians with a connection to each other and to their past. Houdini dined with, addressed, and got pledges from similar clubs in Detroit, Rochester, Pittsburgh, Kansas City, Cincinnati and elsewhere. This was the biggest movement ever in the history of magic. In places where no clubs existed, he rounded up individual magicians, introduced them to each other, and urged them into the fold.

By the end of 1916, magicians' clubs in San Francisco and other cities that Houdini had not visited were offering to become assemblies. He had created the richest and longest-surviving organization of magicians in the world. It now embraces almost 6,000 dues-paying members and almost 300 assemblies worldwide. In July 1926, Houdini was elected for the ninth successive time President of the Society of American Magicians. Every other president has only served for one year. He also was President of the Magicians' Club of London.<ref name="Houdini!">{{cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Silverman |title=Houdini! The Career of Ehrich Weiss: American Self-Liberator, Europe's Eclipsing Sensation, World's Handcuff King & Prison Breaker |year=1996 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0060169787 |page=[https://archive.org/details/houdinicareerofe00silv/page/544 544] |url=https://archive.org/details/houdinicareerofe00silv/page/544 }}</ref>

In the final years of his life (1925/26), Houdini launched his own full-evening show, which he billed as "Three Shows in One: Magic, Escapes, and Fraud Mediums Exposed".<ref>{{cite web |title=Houdini: A Biography |work=Wild About Harry |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/p/houdini-biography.html |author=John Cox |year=2017 |orig-year=2011 |access-date=February 10, 2017}}</ref>

==Notable escapes==
===''Daily Mirror'' challenge===
[[File:HandCuffHarryHoudini.jpg|thumb|left|upright|"Handcuff" Harry Houdini, c. 1905]]
In 1904, the London ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' newspaper challenged Houdini to escape from special handcuffs that it claimed had taken Nathaniel Hart, a locksmith from [[Birmingham]], five years to make. Houdini accepted the challenge for March 17 during a matinée performance at London's Hippodrome theatre. It was reported that 4000 people and more than 100 journalists turned out for the much-hyped event.<ref name="copperfield-2021">{{Cite book |last=Copperfield |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1236259508 |title=David Copperfield's history of magic |last2=Wiseman |first2=Richard |last3=Britland |first3=David |date=2021 |isbn=978-1-9821-1291-2 |location=New York, NY |oclc=1236259508 |author-link=David Copperfield (illusionist) |author-link2=Richard Wiseman}}</ref> The escape attempt dragged on for over an hour, during which Houdini emerged from his "ghost house" (a small screen used to conceal the method of his escape) several times. At one point he asked if the cuffs could be removed so he could take off his coat. The ''Mirror'' representative, Frank Parker, refused, saying Houdini could gain an advantage if he saw how the cuffs were unlocked. Houdini promptly took out a [[penknife]] and, holding it in his teeth, used it to cut his coat from his body. Some 56 minutes later, Houdini's wife appeared on stage and gave him a kiss. Many thought that in her mouth was the key to unlock the special handcuffs. However, it has since been suggested that Bess did not in fact enter the stage at all, and that this theory is unlikely due to the size of the six-inch key.<ref>''The Secret Life of Houdini'', Kaulush & Sloman, 2006.</ref> Houdini then went back behind the curtain. After an hour and ten minutes, Houdini emerged free. As he was paraded on the shoulders of the cheering crowd, he broke down and wept. At the time, Houdini said it had been one of the most difficult escapes of his career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Houdini's Great Victory |date=18 March 1904 |url=http://www.handcuffs.org/mirror/ |publisher=Daily Illustrated Mirror}}</ref>

After Houdini's death, his friend [[Martin Beck]] was quoted in [[Will Goldston]]'s book, ''Sensational Tales of Mystery Men'', admitting that Houdini was tested that day and had appealed to his wife, Bess, for help. Goldston goes on to claim that Bess begged the key from the ''Mirror'' representative, then slipped it to Houdini in a glass of water. It was stated in the book ''The Secret Life of Houdini'' that the key required to open the specially designed Mirror handcuffs was six inches long, and could not have been smuggled to Houdini in a glass of water. Goldston offered no proof of his account, and many modern biographers have found evidence (notably in the custom design of the handcuffs) that the ''Mirror'' challenge may have been arranged by Houdini and that his long struggle to escape was pure showmanship.<ref>Silverman, pp. 59–62.</ref> [[James Randi]] believes that the only way the handcuffs could have been opened was by using their key, and speculates that it would have been viewed "distasteful" to both the ''Mirror'' and to Houdini if Houdini had failed the escape.<ref name="randi" />{{rp|165}}

This escape was discussed in depth on the Travel Channel's ''[[Mysteries at the Museum]]'' in an interview with Houdini expert, magician and escape artist Dorothy Dietrich of Scranton's Houdini Museum.<ref name=mysteries>{{cite web |title=Keys To Houdini's Secrets |publisher=[[Travel Channel]]| series=[[Mysteries at the Museum]] |date=November 23, 2010 |access-date=November 9, 2015 |url=http://www.travelchannel.com/shows/mysteries-at-the-museum/video/the-secret-to-houdini-s-tricks}}</ref>

A full-sized construction of the same Mirror Handcuffs, as well as a replica of the [[Bramah lock|Bramah style]] key for them, are on display to the public at [[The Houdini Museum]] in Scranton, Pennsylvania.<ref name=Genii>{{cite web |url=http://www.geniimagazine.com/magicpedia/Mirror_Cuffs |title=Mirror Cuffs| work=Genii Magazine |access-date=November 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUNaBSfO3p4| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ZUNaBSfO3p4| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live| title=Travel Channel Dorothy Dietrich Promo Houdini Mirror Cuffs |publisher=Travel Channel| series=Mysteries at the Museum |access-date=November 29, 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> This set of cuffs is believed to be one of only six in the world, some of which are not on display.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2013/03/guest-blog-replica-mirror-cuffs.html |title=The Replica Mirror Cuffs |first=Mick |last=Hanzlik |publisher=Wild About Harry |date=March 16, 2013}}</ref>

===Milk Can Escape===
In 1908, Houdini introduced his own original act, the Milk Can Escape.<ref name="randi-1976" />{{rp|175-178}} In this act, Houdini was handcuffed and sealed inside an oversized milk can filled with water and made his escape behind a curtain. As part of the effect, Houdini invited members of the audience to hold their breath along with him while he was inside the can. Advertised with dramatic posters that proclaimed "Failure Means A Drowning Death", the escape proved to be a sensation.<ref name="randi-1976">{{Cite book |author-link1=James Randi |last1=Randi |first1=James |author-link2=Bert Randolph Sugar |first2=Bert Randolph |last2=Sugar |url=http://archive.org/details/houdinihislifear0000rand |title=Houdini, his life and art |date=1976 |publisher=New York : Grosset & Dunlap |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-448-12546-6}}</ref>{{rp|177}} Houdini soon modified the escape to include the milk can being locked inside a wooden chest, being chained or padlocked. Houdini performed the milk can escape as a regular part of his act for only four years, but it has remained one of the acts most associated with him. Houdini's brother, [[Theodore Hardeen]], continued to perform the milk can escape and its wooden chest variant<ref>{{cite book| last=Christopher| first=Milbourne| title=Houdini: A Pictorial Life| year= 1976| isbn=978-0690011524| page=[https://archive.org/details/houdini00milb/page/54 54]| publisher=Ty Crowell Co.| url=https://archive.org/details/houdini00milb/page/54}}</ref> into the 1940s.

The [[American Museum of Magic]] has the milk can and overboard box used by Houdini.<ref name="MACC-comment">{{cite web| url=http://www.marshallmi.org/attractions.taf?_function=detail&id=107| title=American Museum of Magic| access-date=April 20, 2008| publisher=Marshall area Chamber of Commerce| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011055130/http://www.marshallmi.org/attractions.taf?_function=detail&id=107| archive-date=October 11, 2007| df=mdy-all}}</ref>

After other magicians proposed variations on the Milk Can Escape, Houdini claimed that the act was protected by copyright and in 1906, brought a case against [[John Clempert]], one of the most persistent imitators. The matter was settled out of court and Clempert agreed to publish an apology.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tait |first=Derek| date=2018 |title=The Great Illusionists|location=Barnsley South, Yorkshire |publisher=Pen and Sword History |pages=260–274|isbn=978-1473890763}}</ref>

===Chinese water torture cell===
{{main|Chinese Water Torture Cell}}
[[File:Houdini performing Water Torture Cell.jpg|thumb|upright|Houdini performing the Chinese Water Torture Cell]]

Around 1912, the vast number of imitators prompted Houdini to replace his milk can act with the Chinese water torture cell. In this escape, Houdini's feet were locked in [[stocks]], and he was lowered upside down into a tank filled with water. The [[mahogany]] and metal cell featured a glass front, through which audiences could clearly see Houdini. The stocks were locked to the top of the cell, and a curtain concealed his escape. In the earliest version of the torture cell, a metal cage was lowered into the cell, and Houdini was enclosed inside that. While making the escape more difficult – the cage prevented Houdini from turning – the cage bars also offered protection should the front glass break.

The original cell was built in England, where Houdini first performed the escape for an audience of one person as part of a one-act play he called "Houdini Upside Down". This was done to obtain [[copyright]] protection for the effect, and establish grounds to sue imitators – which he did. While the escape was advertised as "The Chinese Water Torture Cell" or "The Water Torture Cell", Houdini always referred to it as "the Upside Down" or "USD". The first public performance of the USD was at the Circus Busch in [[Berlin]], on September 21, 1912. Houdini continued to perform the escape until his death in 1926.<ref name="secret"/>

===Suspended straitjacket escape===
One of Houdini's most popular publicity stunts was to have himself strapped into a regulation straitjacket and suspended by his ankles from a tall building or crane. Houdini would then make his [[Straitjacket#Escape techniques|escape]] in full view of the assembled crowd. In many cases, Houdini drew tens of thousands of onlookers who brought city traffic to a halt. Houdini would sometimes ensure press coverage by performing the escape from the office building of a local newspaper. In New York City, Houdini performed the suspended straitjacket escape from a crane being used to build the [[New York City Subway|subway]]. After flinging his body in the air, he escaped from the straitjacket. Starting from when he was hoisted up in the air by the crane, to when the straitjacket was completely off, it took him two minutes and thirty-seven seconds. There is film footage in the Library of Congress of Houdini performing the escape.<ref>"[http://lccn.loc.gov/94505242 Thousands see Harry Houdini escape from a straitjacket while hanging in mid-air, Chicago, Ill.]", International news [1923 or 1924?]</ref> Films of his escapes are also shown at The Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

After being battered against a building in high winds during one escape, Houdini performed the escape with a visible safety wire on his ankle so that he could be pulled away from the building if necessary. The idea for the upside-down escape was given to Houdini by a young boy named [[Randolph Osborne Douglas]] (March 31, 1895 – December 5, 1956), when the two met at a performance at [[Sheffield]]'s Empire Theatre.<ref name="secret"/>

===Overboard box escape===
[[File:HoudiniSubmergedCrate.jpg|thumb|left|Houdini prepares to do the overboard box escape c. 1912]]
Another of Houdini's most famous publicity stunts was to escape from a nailed and roped packing crate after it had been lowered into water. He first performed the escape in New York's [[East River]] on July 7, 1912. Police forbade him from using one of the piers, so he hired a tugboat and invited press on board. Houdini was locked in handcuffs and leg-irons, then nailed into the crate which was roped and weighed down with two hundred pounds of lead. The crate was then lowered into the water. He escaped in 57 seconds. The crate was pulled to the surface and found still to be intact, with the manacles inside.

Houdini performed this escape many times, and even performed a version on stage, first at Hamerstein's Roof Garden where a {{convert|5500|USgal|L|adj=on}} tank was specially built, and later at the [[New York Hippodrome]].<ref>{{cite book| title=Houdini His Legend and His Magic| last=Henning| first=Doug| author-link=Doug Henning| year= 1977| publisher=[[Times Books]]| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtMTAQAAIAAJ&q=hamerstein%27s+roof | isbn=978-0812906868}}</ref>

===Buried alive stunt===
Houdini performed at least three variations on a [[Premature burial|buried alive]] stunt during his career. The first was near Santa Ana, California in 1915, and it almost cost him his life. Houdini was buried, without a casket, in a pit of earth six feet deep. He became exhausted and panicked while trying to dig his way to the surface and called for help. When his hand finally broke the surface, he fell unconscious and had to be pulled from the grave by his assistants. Houdini wrote in his diary that the escape was "very dangerous" and that "the weight of the earth is killing".<ref>{{cite book| last=Christopher| first=Milbourne| title=Houdini: The Untold Story| url=https://archive.org/details/houdiniuntoldsto00chri| url-access=registration| date=1969| isbn=978-0891909811| page=[https://archive.org/details/houdiniuntoldsto00chri/page/140 140]| publisher=Ty Crowell Co.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2011/01/digging-into-buried-alive.html |title=Digging into Houdini's Buried Alive |access-date=January 6, 2011}}</ref>

Houdini's second variation on buried alive was an endurance test designed to expose mystical Egyptian performer Rahman Bey, who had claimed to use supernatural powers to remain in a sealed casket for an hour. Houdini bettered Bey on August 5, 1926, by remaining in a sealed casket, or coffin, submerged in the swimming pool of New York's Hotel Shelton for one and a half hours. Houdini claimed he did not use any trickery or supernatural powers to accomplish this feat, just controlled breathing.<ref>Silverman, pp. 397–403.</ref> He repeated the feat at the YMCA in Worcester, Massachusetts on September 28, 1926, this time remaining sealed for one hour and eleven minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2010/01/uncovering-houdinis-forgotten-second.html |title=Uncovering Houdini's second underwater test |access-date=January 26, 2010}}</ref>

Houdini's final buried alive was an elaborate stage escape that featured in his full evening show. Houdini would escape after being strapped in a straitjacket, sealed in a casket, and then buried in a large tank filled with sand. While posters advertising the escape exist (playing off the Bey challenge by boasting "Egyptian Fakirs Outdone!"), it is unclear whether Houdini ever performed buried alive on stage. The stunt was to be the feature escape of his 1927 season, but Houdini died on October 31, 1926. The bronze casket Houdini created for buried alive was used to transport Houdini's body from Detroit to New York following his death on [[Halloween]].<ref>Silverman, p. 406.</ref>

==Film career==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| image1 = Mastermystery-1919poster.jpg
| alt1 = ''The Houdini Serial'', 1919 movie poster
| caption1 = ''The Houdini Serial'', 1919 movie poster
| image2 = Grim game.jpg
| alt2 = ''[[The Grim Game]]'', 1919 movie poster
| caption2 = ''The Grim Game'', 1919 movie poster
}}
[[File:The Master Mystery (trailer) - Burton King - 1919, B.A. Rolfe Photoplays - EYE FLM41533 - OB 685697.webm|thumb|Silent movie ''The Master Mystery'' (1919). Running time: 09:39. Episode of a serial in fifteen episodes with magician and escape artist Houdini in the lead]]
In 1906, Houdini started showing films of his outside escapes as part of his vaudeville act. In Boston, he presented a short film called ''Houdini Defeats Hackenschmidt''. [[Georg Hackenschmidt]] was a famous wrestler of the day, but the nature of their contest is unknown as the film is lost.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2010/01/houdini-defeats-hackenschmidt-and-other.html| title=Houdini Defeats Hackenschmidt and other revelations from Disappearing Tricks| access-date=January 31, 2010}}</ref> In 1909, Houdini made a film in Paris for Cinema Lux titled ''Merveilleux Exploits du Célèbre Houdini à Paris'' (Marvellous Exploits of the Famous Houdini in Paris).<ref>''Disappearing Tricks'' by Matthew Solomon, 2010, p. 95.</ref> It featured a loose narrative designed to showcase several of Houdini's famous escapes, including his straitjacket and underwater handcuff escapes. That same year Houdini got an offer to star as [[Captain Nemo]] in a silent version of ''[[20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]]'', but the project never made it into production.<ref>Silverman, p. 205.</ref>

It is often erroneously reported that Houdini served as special-effects consultant on the Wharton/International cliffhanger serial, ''The Mysteries of Myra'', shot in Ithaca, New York, because Harry Grossman, director of ''The Master Mystery'' also filmed a serial in Ithaca at about the same time. The consultants on the serial were pioneering [[Hereward Carrington]] and [[Aleister Crowley]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stedman |first1=Eric |title=The Mysteries of Myra |year=2010 |page=8}}</ref>

In 1918, Houdini signed a contract with film producer [[B. A. Rolfe]] to star in a 15-part [[serial (film)|serial]], ''[[The Master Mystery]]'' (released in November 1918). As was common at the time, the film serial was released simultaneously with a novel. Financial difficulties resulted in [[Rolfe Photoplays Inc.|B. A. Rolfe Productions]] going out of business, but ''The Master Mystery'' led to Houdini being signed by [[Famous Players-Lasky Corporation]]/[[Paramount Pictures]], for whom he made two pictures, ''[[The Grim Game]]'' (1919) and ''[[Terror Island]]'' (1920).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2010/12/adroit-harry-and-ancient-hokum.html |title=Adroit Harry and ancient hokum |access-date=December 30, 2012}}</ref>

''The Grim Game'' was Houdini's first full-length movie and is reputed to be his best. Because of the flammable nature of [[Nitrocellulose#Film|nitrate film]] and their low rate of survival, film historians considered the film lost. One copy did exist hidden in the collection of a private collector only known to a tiny group of magicians that saw it. Dick Brookz and Dorothy Dietrich of The Houdini Museum in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]], had seen it twice on the invitation of the collector. After many years of trying, they finally got him to agree to sell the film to [[Turner Classic Movies]]<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.turner.com/pressroom/tcm-fest-present-lost-houdini-film |title=Turner Classic Movies to Host World Premiere Screening of Long Lost Harry Houdini Classic The Grim Game at 2015 TCM Classic Film Festival |date=January 23, 2015 |publisher=TCM |access-date=November 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102051055/https://www.turner.com/pressroom/tcm-fest-present-lost-houdini-film|archive-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> who restored the complete 71-minute film. The film, not seen by the general public for 96 years was shown by TCM on March 29, 2015, as a highlight of their yearly 4-day festival in Hollywood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://houdini.org/houdinigrimgameuncoveredbyhoudinimuseum.html |title=Houdini Museum in Scranton PA Reveals the Secrets of Uncovering Houdini's 1919 Lost Silent Film The Grim Game |access-date=January 23, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Houdini swims river in scene from The man from beyond (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright|Houdini swims above [[Niagara Falls]] in a scene from ''[[The Man from Beyond]]'' (1922)]]
While filming an aerial stunt for ''The Grim Game'', two biplanes collided in mid-air with a stuntman doubling Houdini dangling by a rope from one of the planes. Publicity was geared heavily toward promoting this dramatic "caught on film" moment, claiming it was Houdini himself dangling from the plane. While filming these movies in Los Angeles, Houdini rented a home in [[Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles, California|Laurel Canyon]]. Following his two-picture stint in Hollywood, Houdini returned to New York and started his own film production company called the "Houdini Picture Corporation". He produced and starred in two films, ''[[The Man from Beyond]]'' (1921) and ''[[Haldane of the Secret Service]]'' (1923). He also founded his own film laboratory business called The Film Development Corporation (FDC), gambling on a new process for developing motion picture film. Houdini's brother, [[Theodore Hardeen]], left his own career as a magician and escape artist to run the company. Magician [[Harry Kellar]] was a major investor.<ref>Silverman, pp. 226–249.</ref> In 1919 Houdini moved to Los Angeles to film. He resided in 2435 Laurel Canyon Boulevard, a residence owned by Ralph M. Walker. The Houdini Estate, a tribute to Houdini, is located on 2400 Laurel Canyon Boulevard. Previously home to Walker himself.<ref name="John Cox and Patrick Culliton">{{cite web| url= https://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2012/03/inside-houdini-estate.html?m=1 | title= The true story of the Laurel Canyon Houdini Estate | publisher=John Cox and Patrick Culliton | access-date=March 30, 2012}}</ref> The Houdini Estate is subject to controversy, in that it is disputed whether Houdini ever actually made it his home. While there are claims it was Houdini's house, others counter that "he never set foot" on the property. It is rooted in Bess's parties or seances, etc. held across the street, she would do so at the Walker mansion. In fact, the guesthouse featured an [[elevator]] connecting to a tunnel that crossed under Laurel Canyon to the big house grounds (though capped, the tunnel still exists).<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2012/03/inside-houdini-estate.html| title=The true story of the Laurel Canyon Houdini Estate | publisher=Patrick Culliton and John Cox | access-date=March 30, 2012}}</ref>

Neither Houdini's acting career nor FDC found success, and he gave up on the movie business in 1923, complaining that "the profits are too meager".

In April 2008, Kino International released a DVD box set of Houdini's surviving silent films, including ''The Master Mystery'', ''Terror Island'', ''The Man From Beyond'', ''Haldane of the Secret Service'', and five minutes from ''The Grim Game''. The set also includes newsreel footage of Houdini's escapes from 1907 to 1923, and a section from ''Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris, ''although it is not identified as such.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2008/04/houdini-movie-star-dvd-collection.html| title=Houdini The Movie Star DVD collection released| access-date=April 8, 2008}}</ref>

==Aviator==
In 1909, Houdini became fascinated with aviation. He purchased a French [[Voisin 1907 biplane|Voisin biplane]] for $5,000 ({{Inflation|US|5000|1907|fmt=eq}}) from the Chilean aviators {{ill|José Luis Sánchez-Besa|fr|José Luis Sanchez Besa}} and Emilio Eduardo Bello,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefirstairraces.net/pilots/sanchezbesa.php|title=The First Air Races |author= José Sanchez Besa|website=www.thefirstairraces.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefirstairraces.net/pilots/edwards.php|title=The First Air Races |author= Emilio Edwards|website=www.thefirstairraces.net}}</ref><ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10841981 Fledgling Aviators: Trying Their Wings: Houdini and Banks, ''The Argus'', (Wednesday, March 16, 1910), p. 13.]</ref> and hired a full-time mechanic, Antonio Brassac. After crashing once, he made his first successful flight on November 26 in [[Hamburg]], Germany.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article123834614 Houdini as Flyer, ''The (Sydney) Sunday Times'', (Sunday, February 6, 1910), p. 2.]</ref>

The following year, Houdini toured Australia, and brought along his Voisin biplane with the intention to be the first person to fly in Australia.
::Melbourne people will shortly have an opportunity of witnessing the ascent of a flying machine, for Houdini, whose Voision [sic] bi-plane has arrived, has determined to make a flight before his season closes at the [[Tivoli Theatre, Melbourne|[New] Opera House]] [in Melbourne, at the end of March]. The 60 to 80 horse-power motor used is of the [[E.N.V. Motor Syndicate|E.N.V. pattern]]. The machine has been erected at Diggers' Rest. ''Table Talk'', March 3, 1910.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/17393122|title=Table Talk (Melbourne, Vic. : 1885–1939) 3 Mar 1910 | page=25|website=Trove}}</ref>

=== Falsely reported as pioneer ===
====March 18, 1910====
On Friday, March 18, 1910, following more than a month of delays due to inclement weather conditions,<ref>For photographs taken of Houdini's preparation at Diggers Rest before his first flight see: [http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article142922712 Houdini's Experiment with his Voisin Bi-Plane at Diggers' Rest, ''The Australasian'', (Saturday, 19 March 1910), p. 35.]</ref><ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28142581 Learning to Fly: Experiments in Victoria, ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', (Thursday, 17 March 1910), p. 6.]</ref> Houdini completed one of the first powered aeroplane flights ever made in Australia. He made three flights in his French [[Voisin 1907 biplane|Voisin biplane]], at the Old Plumpton Paddock, at [[Diggers Rest, Victoria]], ranging from 1 minute to 3½ minutes{{snd}}reaching an altitude of 100ft in one of his flights, and travelling more than two miles in another.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article196490588 First Air Flight in Australia{{snd}}Houdini at Diggers' Rest, ''The Leader'', (Saturday, 26 March 1910), p. 25.]</ref><ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221811438 The Airship in Victoria: Houdini’s Flights at Digger’s Rest, ''The Weekly Times''’, (Saturday, 2 April 1910), p. 28.]</ref> Nine of the 30 spectators present on that day signed a certificate verifying Houdini's achievement.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10843090 Houdini Flies: Trials at Digger’s Rest: Three Successful Flights: Height of 100 ft. Reached, ''The Argus'', (Saturday, 19 March 1910), p. 18.]</ref><ref>Only one of those who signed the 18 March 1910 certificate, Robert Howie, a local farmer, was unconnected with either Houdini or Ralph Coningsby Banks (1883–1955), a Melbourne-based aviator, whose [[Wright Flyer]] was also stationed on the same paddock, right next to Houdini's base.</ref>

Although it was widely reported at the time that Houdini's March 18 flights were the first aeroplane flights in Australia<ref>{{cite news| url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19100319.2.62| work=[[The Evening Post (New Zealand)|The Evening Post]]| location=Wellington| date=March 19, 1910| title=Aerial Flight in Australia | volume=LXXIX| issue=66| agency=[[Press Association]]| access-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref><ref name=smh>{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/houdinis-australian-dream-one-for-the-record-books/2008/05/09/1210131263951.html| title=Houdini's Australian dream: one for the record books| work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]| date=May 10, 2008| first=Max| last=Prisk| access-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aarg.com.au/Aviation-EarlyAustralian.htm |title=Australian National Aviation Museum – Early Australian Aviation |publisher=Aarg.com.au |access-date=April 1, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719022731/http://www.aarg.com.au/Aviation-EarlyAustralian.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2011 }}</ref>{{snd}}and, even a century later, some major news outlets were still crediting him with this feat<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/10/31/sunday/main7008518.shtml| title=The Art and Magic of Harry Houdini| work=[[CBS News]]| date=November 2, 2010| access-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/article/2010/03/18/166815_entertainment-news.html Entertainment Houdini's flight into history]. Weekly Times Now (March 18, 2010). Retrieved February 28, 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429102458/http://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/article/2010/03/18/166815_entertainment-news.html |date=April 29, 2010 }}</ref> – his flight was the third powered flight ever made in Australia. The first was by Colin Defries (1884–1963) on December 9, 1909, and the second was by Frederick Cyril Custance (1890–1923) on March 17, 1910, the day before Houdini's flight.

====March 20, 1910====
Hampered by the windy conditions on the Saturday, and unable to fly safely, Houdini took to the air again early on Sunday morning, 20 March 20, 1910:
::After a short preliminary flight, lasting 26 sec., Houdini took wing again, and, amid loud applause from the hundred or more spectators, who were on the ground, described three circles at altitudes, varying from 20ft to over 100ft, covering a distance of between three and four miles in 3min 45½sec. ''The Argus'', 21 March 1910.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10843281 In Full Flight: Houdin’s Success: Three and a Half Miles, ''The Argus'', Monday, 21 March 1910), p. 9.]</ref>

====March 21, 1910====
On Monday morning, 21 March 1910, some 30 spectators witnessed Houdini make an extended flight at Diggers Rest of 7min. 37secs., covering at least 6 miles, at altitudes ranging from 20ft. to 100ft. Australian aviator [[Basil George Watson|Basil Watson's]] father, mother, and younger sister, Venora, were among the spectators; and their names were included in the list of 16 spectator signatures on the certificate that verified Houdini's achievement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10843511|title=Australian Flights|date=March 22, 1910|via=Trove}}</ref><ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12071022 When Australia first saw Planes fly: Houdini's 1910 Voisin Biplane was Closely Followed by an Australian-built Machine, ''The Argus Week-end Magazine'', (Saturday, 3 December 1938), p. 3]: obviously, the mistaken signature of "James. L. Watson" should have been read as "James. I. Watson".</ref>

====Colin Defries====
In March 1938, Wing Commander [[Harry Cobby]] wrote, in ''Aircraft'', in March 1938 that "the first aeroplane flight in the Southern Hemisphere was made on December 9, 1909, by Mr [[Colin Defries]], a Londoner, at [[Victoria Park Racecourse, Sydney]], in a Wilbur Wright aeroplane".<ref>While this is universally accepted as the first flight in Australia, the first flight in the Southern Hemisphere could possibly have been made by [[Richard Pearse]] in New Zealand several years earlier, either in 1903 or 1904.</ref> Colin Defries was a trained pilot, having learnt to fly in Cannes, France. By modern standards his flight time was minimal, but in 1909 he had accumulated enough to become an instructor.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article26240492 The Conquest of the Air: Evolution of the Aeroplane: Interview with Mr. C. Defries: Flights in Australia, ''The West Australian'', (Friday, 22 October 1909), p. 6.]</ref>

Defries' first Australian flight was at the [[Victoria Park Racecourse, Sydney]],<ref>It is accepted by Australian historians – e.g., The [[Powerhouse Museum]], the major branch of the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences in Sydney: [http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/blog/index.php/2009/12/first-powered-flight-in-australia-episode-4/ First Powered Flight in Australia- Episode 4 « Inside the collection – Powerhouse Museum, Powerhousemuseum.com. (Retrieved February 28, 2012.)] – and the Aviation Historical Society of Australia, that Defries' demonstration meets the definition of flight established by the Gorell Committee on behalf of the [[Aero Club of Great Britain]], giving Colin Defries credit as the first to make an aeroplane flight in Australia, and the Southern Hemisphere.</ref> in a Wilbur Wright aeroplane, on December 1909,<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15077937 Aerial Flight: Successful Trial at Victoria Park: 100 yards in Five Seconds, ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', (Friday, 10 December 1909), p. 5.]</ref> On his first flight he took off, maintained straight and level flight, albeit briefly, and landed safely. His crash landing on his second flight, when he tried to retrieve his hat which was blown off, demonstrated what a momentary lack of attention could cause while flying a [[Wright Model A]].

====Fred Custance====
On Thursday, March 17, 1910, one day before Houdini's flight, the second Australian flight took place, when Frederick Cyril Custance (1890–1923) flew for 5mins 25secs, at a height of between 12 and 15ft, for some three miles, in a [[Blériot XI|Blériot XI monoplane]], at [[Bolivar, South Australia]].<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article200930209 'Roscommon', "The Passing of Fred Custance: A Bright Career Ended", ''The (Adelaide) Journal'', (Friday, 15 June 1923), p. 7.]</ref><ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article57374160 Bleriot Rivalled: Fine Flights at Bolivar: Successful South Australians: An Unfortunate Descent, ''The (Adelaide) Register'', (Friday, 18 March 1910), p. 7.]</ref>

====Richard Pearse====
The New Zealand farmer and inventor, [[Richard Pearse]] is believed by many in New Zealand to have undertaken his first flight as early as 1902 – which would give him not only the Southern Hemisphere, but the World record{{snd}}although this belief is disputed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/richard-pearse|title=Richard Pearse|access-date=June 10, 2015|work=New Zealand History}}</ref>

====Australia Post stamps (2010)====
In 2010, [[Australia Post]] issued stamps commemorating Colin Defries, Houdini and [[John Robertson Duigan]], crediting only Defries and Duigan with historical firsts.<ref>[http://auspost.com.au/about-us/harry-houdini-cant-escape-being-part-of-australias-history.html Australia Post – Harry Houdini can't escape being part of Australia's history]. Auspost.com.au. Retrieved February 28, 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910114814/http://auspost.com.au/about-us/harry-houdini-cant-escape-being-part-of-australias-history.html |date=September 10, 2011 }}</ref> Duigan was an Australian pioneer aviator who built and flew the [[Duigan pusher biplane|first Australian-made aircraft]] later in 1910. Although Australia Post acknowledged the part Houdini played, it did not attribute any record to him.

===After Australia===
After completing his Australia tour, Houdini put the Voisin into storage in England. He announced he would use it to fly from city to city during his next music hall tour and even promised to leap from it handcuffed, but he never flew again.<ref>Silverman, pp. 137–154.</ref>

==Debunking spiritualists==
[[File:Houdini and Lincoln.jpg|right|thumb|Houdini demonstrates how a photographer could produce fraudulent "spirit photographs" that purported to document the apparition and social interaction of the dead<ref name="LOC-Lincoln">{{cite web| title=Notes to ''Houdini and the ghost of Abraham Lincoln''| url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/varstg:@FIELD(NUMBER(3a27314))| publisher=[[Library of Congress]]| access-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref>]]
In the 1920s, Houdini turned his energies toward debunking [[parapsychology|psychics]] and [[mediumship|mediums]] in order to show how they were taking advantage of the bereaved,<ref name="randi" />{{rp|166}} a pursuit that was in line with the debunkings by [[stage magician]]s since the late nineteenth century.<ref name="Conjure">{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Ricky |last1=Jay |date=March 3, 2011 |url=https://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/14/117891/conjuring |title=Conjuring |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref>

Houdini's training in magic allowed him to expose frauds who had successfully fooled many scientists and academics. He was a member of a ''[[Scientific American]]'' committee that offered a cash prize to any medium who could successfully demonstrate [[supernatural]] abilities. None were able to do so, and the prize was never collected. The first to be tested was medium [[George Valiantine]] of [[Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania]]. As his fame as a "medium-buster" grew, Houdini took to attending [[séance]]s in disguise, accompanied by a reporter and a police officer. Possibly the most famous medium who he debunked was [[Mina Crandon]], also known as "Margery".<ref>{{cite web| series=[[American Experience]]| title="Margery" the Medium Exposed |publisher=[[PBS]]| year=2011| access-date=November 9, 2015| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/houdini/sfeature/margery1.html}}</ref>

[[Joaquín Argamasilla]], known as the "Spaniard with X-ray Eyes", claimed to be able to [[Dermo-optical perception|read]] handwriting or numbers on [[dice]] through closed metal boxes. In 1924, he was exposed by Houdini as a fraud. Argamasilla peeked through his simple blindfold and lifted up the edge of the box so he could look inside it without others noticing.<ref>Nickell, Joe (2007). ''Adventures in Paranormal Investigation''. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 213–215. {{ISBN|978-0813124674}}</ref> Houdini also investigated the Italian medium [[Nino Pecoraro]], whom he considered to be fraudulent.<ref>Polidoro, Massimo. (2001). ''Final Séance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle''. Prometheus Books. pp. 127–128. {{ISBN|1573928968}}</ref>

Houdini's exposure of phony mediums has inspired other magicians to follow suit, including [[The Amazing Randi]], [[Dorothy Dietrich]], [[Penn & Teller]], and [[Dick Brookz]].<ref name="Williams">{{cite news |title=Annual Houdini Séance to be held on Halloween |first=Michael |last=Williams |access-date=November 9, 2015 |url=http://tnsjournal.com/culture/annual-houdini-seance-held-halloween/ |work=Tennessee Star Journal |date=October 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022100650/http://tnsjournal.com/culture/annual-houdini-seance-held-halloween/ |archive-date=October 22, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Houdini chronicled his debunking exploits in his book, ''A Magician Among the Spirits'', co-authored with [[C. M. Eddy, Jr.]], who was not credited. These activities compromised Houdini's friendship with Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]. Doyle, a firm believer in [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|spiritualism]] during his later years, refused to give credence to any of Houdini's exposés. Doyle came to believe that Houdini was a powerful spiritualist medium and had performed many of his stunts by means of paranormal abilities and was using those abilities to block the powers of the mediums that he was supposedly debunking.<ref>see Conan Doyle's ''The Edge of The Unknown'', published in 1931.</ref> This disagreement led to the two men becoming public antagonists and Doyle came to view Houdini as a dangerous enemy.<ref name="secret"/>

Before Houdini died, he and his wife agreed that if Houdini found it possible to communicate after death, he would communicate the message "Rosabelle believe", a secret code which they agreed to use. Rosabelle was their favorite song. Bess held yearly [[Seances|séances]] on [[Halloween]] for ten years after Houdini's death. She did claim to have contact through [[Arthur Ford (psychic)|Arthur Ford]] in 1929 when Ford conveyed the secret code, but Bess later said the incident had been faked. The code seems to have been such that it could be broken by Ford or his associates using existing clues.<ref name="secret"/> Evidence to this effect was discovered by Ford's biographer after he died in 1971.<ref>{{cite book| first1=Allen| last1=Spragget| first2= William V.| last2=Rauscher| title=Arthur Ford: The Man Who Talked with the Dead| year=1974| publisher=[[New American Library]]| page=246}}</ref> In 1936, after a last unsuccessful séance on the roof of the [[Knickerbocker Hotel (Los Angeles)|Knickerbocker Hotel]], she put out the candle that she had kept burning beside a photograph of Houdini since his death. In 1943, Bess said that "ten years is long enough to wait for any man."

The tradition of holding a séance for Houdini continues, held by magicians throughout the world. The Official Houdini Séance was organized in the 1940s<ref>{{cite news| title=Boldt CEO spends Halloween in search of Houdini| url=http://www.postcrescent.com/story/news/local/2014/10/30/boldt-ceo-spends-halloween-search-houdini/18203727/| first=Ed| last=Berthiaume| date=October 31, 2014| work=[[The Post-Crescent]]| location=Appleton, Wisconsin| access-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref> by [[Sidney Hollis Radner]], a Houdini aficionado from Holyoke, Massachusetts.<ref>Houdini Facts [https://web.archive.org/web/20100421073238/http://www.foxvalleyhistory.org/houdini/facts.asp].</ref> Yearly Houdini séances are also conducted in Chicago at the [[Excalibur (nightclub)|Excalibur]] nightclub by "[[necromancer]]" [[Neil Tobin]] on behalf of the Chicago Assembly of the [[Society of American Magicians]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wgntv.trb.com/news/local/morningnews/wgntv-news-102805larrysworld,0,2750659.story?coll=wgntv-morning-news-1|title=Houdini's Halloween|publisher=[[WGN-TV]] and Red Eye|date=October 28, 2005|access-date=February 4, 2016|archive-date=March 10, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310222125/http://wgntv.trb.com/news/local/morningnews/wgntv-news-102805larrysworld,0,2750659.story?coll=wgntv-morning-news-1 }}</ref> and at the Houdini Museum in Scranton by magician [[Dorothy Dietrich]], who previously held them at New York's [[Magic Towne House]] with such magical notables as Houdini biographers [[Walter B. Gibson]] and [[Milbourne Christopher]]. Gibson was asked by Bess Houdini to carry on the original seance tradition. After doing them for many years at New York's Magic Towne House, before he died, Walter passed on the tradition of conducting of the Original Seances to Dorothy Dietrich.<ref name="Williams"/>

In 1926, Harry Houdini hired [[H. P. Lovecraft]] and his friend [[C. M. Eddy, Jr.]], to write an entire book about debunking religious miracles, which was to be called ''[[The Cancer of Superstition]].'' Houdini had earlier asked Lovecraft to write an article about astrology, for which he paid $75 ({{Inflation|US|75|1926|fmt=eq}}). The article does not survive. Lovecraft's detailed synopsis for ''Cancer'' does survive, as do three chapters of the treatise written by Eddy. Houdini's death derailed the plans, as his widow did not wish to pursue the project.<ref>{{cite book| title=Collected Essays of H. P. Lovecraft: Science| editor-last=Joshi| editor-first=S.T.| volume=3| publisher=Hippocampus Press| location=New York| date= 2005| pages=11–12| isbn=978-0974878980}}</ref>

==Appearance and voice recordings==
[[File:Jack Dempsey, Harry Houdini and Benny Leonard2.jpg|thumb|Heavyweight boxer [[Jack Dempsey]] mock-punching Houdini (held back by lightweight boxer [[Benny Leonard]])]]Unlike the image of the classic magician, Houdini was short and stocky and typically appeared on stage in a long frock coat and tie. Most biographers give his height as {{convert|5|ft|5|in|m}}, but descriptions vary. Houdini was also said to be slightly [[bow-legged]], which aided in his ability to gain slack during his rope escapes. In the 1997 biography ''Houdini!!!: The Career of Ehrich Weiss'', author [[Kenneth Silverman]] summarizes how reporters described Houdini's appearance during his early career:

{{blockquote|They stressed his smallness{{snd}}"somewhat undersized"{{snd}}and angular, vivid features: "He is smooth-shaven with a keen, sharp-chinned, sharp-cheekboned face, bright blue eyes and thick, curly, black hair." Some sensed how much his complexly expressive smile was the outlet of his charismatic stage presence. It communicated to audiences at once warm amiability, pleasure in performing, and, more subtly, imperious self-assurance. Several reporters tried to capture the charming effect, describing him as "happy-looking", "pleasant-faced", "good natured at all times", "the young Hungarian magician with the pleasant smile and easy confidence".<ref>Silverman, p. 31.</ref>}}

{{Listen
| filename = Harry Houdini's voice.ogg
| title = Harry Houdini's voice
| description = Recording of Harry Houdini's voice made on October 29, 1914
}}
Houdini made the only known recordings of his voice on Edison [[Phonograph cylinder|wax cylinder]]s on October 29, 1914, in [[Flatbush, New York]]. On them, Houdini practices several different introductory speeches for his famous [[Chinese Water Torture Cell]]. He also invites his sister, Gladys, to recite a poem. Houdini then recites the same poem in German. The six wax cylinders were discovered in the collection of magician [[John Mulholland (magician)|John Mulholland]] after his death in 1970. They are part of the [[David Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]] collection.<ref name="Wild About Harry">{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2010/11/houdini-speaks-in-1970.html |title=Houdini speaks in 1970 |access-date=November 13, 2010}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Houdini became an active [[Freemason]] and was a member of St. Cecile Lodge No. 568 in New York City.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nymasons.org/about-freemasonry/famous-masons-i.html| publisher=MWGLNY| title=Famous Masons| date=January 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110010123/http://www.nymasons.org/about-freemasonry/famous-masons-i.html| archive-date=November 10, 2013| df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 1904, Houdini bought a New York City townhouse at 278 West 113th Street in Harlem. He paid US$25,000 ({{Inflation|US|25000|1904|fmt=eq}}) for the five-level, 6,008-square-foot house, which was built in 1895, and lived in it with his wife Bess, and various other relatives until his death in 1926. In March 2018, it was purchased for $3.6 million. A plaque affixed to the building by the Historical Landmark Preservation Center reads, "The magician lived here from 1904 to 1926 collecting illusions, theatrical memorabilia, and books on psychic phenomena and magic."<ref>{{cite web|author=Gordon, Lisa Kaplan|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/real-estate/g10202603/harry-houdini-house/|title=Harry Houdini's House Is About to Disappear from the Market|magazine=[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]|date=March 27, 2018|access-date=January 2, 2020|archive-date=October 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030203340/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/real-estate/g10202603/harry-houdini-house/}}</ref>

In 1919, Houdini moved to Los Angeles to film. He resided in 2435 Laurel Canyon Boulevard, a house of his friend and business associate Ralph M. Walker, who owned both sides of the street, 2335 and 2400, the latter address having a pool where Houdini practiced his water escapes. 2400 Laurel Canyon Boulevard, previously numbered 2398, is presently known as The Houdini Estate, thus named in the honor of Houdini's time there, the same estate where Bess Houdini threw a party for 500 magicians years after his death. After decades of abandonment, the estate was acquired in 2006 by José Luis Nazar, a Chilean/American citizen who has restored it to its former splendor.<ref name="John Cox and Patrick Culliton"/>

In 1918, he registered for [[Selective Service System|selective service]] as Harry Handcuff Houdini.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.archives.gov/atlanta/wwi-draft/houdini.html| title=Notable Registrants of the World War I Draft: Harry Houdini | publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] | access-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Harry Houdini and his wife.jpg|thumb|upright|Houdini and his wife [[Bess Houdini|Bess]]]]

Witnesses to an incident at Houdini's dressing room in the Princess Theatre in [[Montreal]] on October 22, 1926, speculated that Houdini's death was caused by Jocelyn Gordon Whitehead (1895–1954), who repeatedly struck Houdini's abdomen.<ref name=Snopes>{{cite web| last=Mikkelson| first=Barbara and David P.| date=September 2, 2014| title=Punched Out| url=http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/houdini.asp| website=[[Snopes.com]]}}</ref>

The accounts of the witnesses, students named Jacques Price and Sam Smilovitz (sometimes called Jack Price and Sam Smiley), generally corroborated each other. Price said that Whitehead asked Houdini "if he believed in the miracles of the Bible" and "whether it was true that punches in the stomach did not hurt him". Houdini offered a casual reply that his stomach could endure a lot. Whitehead then delivered "some very hammer-like blows below the belt". Houdini was reclining on a couch at the time, having broken his ankle while performing several days earlier. Price said that Houdini winced at each blow and stopped Whitehead suddenly in the midst of a punch, gesturing that he had had enough, and adding that he had had no opportunity to prepare himself against the blows, as he did not expect Whitehead to strike him so suddenly and forcefully. Had his ankle not been broken, he would have risen from the couch into a better position to brace himself.<ref name=Snopes/><ref>{{cite book| title=Edge of the Unknown| last=Conan Doyle| first=Arthur| url=https://www.amazon.com/Edge-Sir-Arthur-Conan-Doyle/dp/B00AZSCMA8/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1447096312&sr=1-1&keywords=edge+of+the+unknown&pebp=1447096314933&perid=0P11K5GHK33608SN7VBH#reader_B00AZSCMA8| year=1930| isbn=978-1409235149}}</ref>

Throughout the evening, Houdini performed in great pain. He was unable to sleep and remained in constant pain for the next two days, but did not seek medical help. When he finally saw a doctor, he was found to have a fever of {{convert|102|°F|°C|abbr=on}} and acute [[appendicitis]], and was advised to have immediate surgery. He ignored the advice and decided to go on with the show.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite book| title=The Man Who Killed Houdini| first=Don| last=Bell| publisher=[[Véhicule Press]]| date= 2005| isbn=978-1550651874}}</ref><ref name=Benoit>{{cite book| last=Benoit| first=Tod| title=Where Are They Buried? How Did They Die?| date=May 2003| publisher=[[Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers]]| isbn=978-0739465585| page=469}}</ref> When Houdini arrived at the Garrick Theater in Detroit, Michigan, on October 24, 1926, for what would be his last performance, he had a fever of {{convert|104|F|C}}. Despite the diagnosis, Houdini took the stage. He was reported to have passed out during the show, but was revived and continued. Afterwards, he was hospitalized at Detroit's [[Sinai-Grace Hospital#History|Grace Hospital]].<ref name=Snopes/>

It is unclear whether the dressing room incident caused Houdini's eventual death, as the relationship between blunt trauma and appendicitis is uncertain.<ref name=Snopes/> One theory suggests that Houdini was unaware that he was suffering from appendicitis, and he might have taken his abdominal pain more seriously had he not coincidentally received blows to the abdomen.<ref name=Snopes/>

After taking statements from Price and Smilovitz, Houdini's insurance company concluded that the death was due to the dressing-room incident and paid [[double indemnity]].<ref name="autogenerated3" />

==Houdini grave site==
Houdini's funeral was held on November 4, 1926, in New York, with more than 2,000 mourners in attendance.<ref>{{cite news| last=Goldenberg| first=Suzanne| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/24/usa.suzannegoldenberg1| title=Final Escape for the Master of Illusion? Houdini's Family Press for Exhumation| work=[[The Guardian]]| date=March 24, 2007| access-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref> He was interred in the [[Machpelah Cemetery (Queens)|Machpelah Cemetery]] in [[Glendale, Queens]], with the crest of the [[Society of American Magicians]] inscribed on his grave site. A statuary bust was added to the [[exedra]] in 1927, a rarity, because graven images are forbidden in Jewish cemeteries. In 1975, the bust was destroyed by vandals. Temporary busts were placed at the grave until 2011 when a group who came to be called The self-named Houdini Commandos, from the [[Houdini Museum]] in [[Scranton]], Pennsylvania, placed a permanent bust with the permission of Houdini's family and of the cemetery.<ref name="Houdini Returns">{{cite news |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/24/houdini-returns-of-course/ |title=Houdini Returns |access-date=October 24, 2011 | work=[[The New York Times]] |first=David W. |last=Dunlap |date=October 24, 2011}}</ref>

The Society of American Magicians took responsibility for the upkeep of the site, as Houdini had willed a large sum of money to the organization he had grown from one club to 5,000–6,000 dues-paying membership worldwide. The payment of upkeep was abandoned by the society's dean [[George Schindler]], who said "Houdini paid for perpetual care, but there's nobody at the cemetery to provide it", adding that the operator of the cemetery, David Jacobson, "sends us a bill for upkeep every year but we never pay it because he never provides any care." Members of the Society tidy the grave themselves.<ref name="Houdini's Final Trick">{{cite news |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/31/houdinis-final-trick-a-tidy-grave/ |title=Houdini's Final Trick, a Tidy Grave |access-date=October 31, 2008 | work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Corey |last=Kilgannon |date=October 31, 2008}}</ref>

Machpelah Cemetery operator Jacobson said that they "never paid the cemetery for any restoration of the Houdini family plot in my tenure since 1988", claiming that the money came from the cemetery's dwindling funds. The granite monuments of Houdini's sister, Gladys, and brother, Leopold were also destroyed by vandals.<ref name="Houdinis' Plot Is Cleared Up, and Then Thickens">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/24/nyregion/houdinis-plot-is-cleared-up-and-then-thickens.html |title=Houdinis' Plot Is Cleared Up, and Then Thickens |access-date=June 10, 2015 |work=The New York Times |first=Charlie |last=LeDuff |date=November 24, 1996}}</ref> For many years, until recently, the Houdini grave site has been only cared for by [[Dorothy Dietrich]] and [[Dick Brookz]] of the [[Houdini Museum]] in [[Scranton]], Pennsylvania.<ref name="From the President's Desk Dal Sanders Page 8">{{cite web|url=http://magicsam.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/201312mum.pdf|title=From the President's Desk Dal Sanders|access-date=December 15, 2013|work=MUM Magazine|first=Dal|last=Sanders|date=December 15, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105072201/http://magicsam.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/201312mum.pdf|archive-date=November 5, 2014}}</ref> The Society of American Magicians, at its National Council Meeting in Boca Raton, Florida, in 2013, under the prompting of Dietrich and Brookz, voted to assume the financial responsibilities for the care and maintenance of the Houdini Gravesite.

In ''MUM Magazine'', the Society's official magazine, President Dal Sanders announced "Harry Houdini is an icon as revered as Elvis Presley or Marilyn Monroe. He is not only a magical icon; his gravesite bears the seal of The Society of American Magicians. That seal is our brand and we should be proud to protect it. This gravesite is clearly our responsibility and I'm proud to report that the National Council unanimously voted to maintain Houdini's final resting place."<ref name="Abracadabra: Houdini's grave to get a facelift">{{cite web |url=http://www.qchron.com/editions/central/abracadabra-houdini-s-grave-to-get-a-facelift/article_8c97412d-b791-5add-b1a2-89caaad00dde.html |title=Houdini's grave to get a facelift |access-date=October 9, 2014 |work=[[Queens Chronicle]] |first=Christopher |last=Barca |date=October 9, 2014}}</ref>

The Houdini Gravesite Restoration Committee under the Chairmanship of National President David Bowers, is working closely with National President Kenrick "Ice" McDonald to see this project to completion. Bowers said it is a foregone conclusion that the Society will approve the funding request, because "Houdini is responsible for the Society of American Magicians being what it is today. We owe a debt of gratitude to him." Like Bowers, McDonald said the motivation behind the repairs is to properly honor the grave of the "Babe Ruth of magicians". "This is hallowed ground," he said. "When you ask people about magicians, the first thing they say is Harry Houdini." While the actual plot will remain under the control of Machpelah Cemetery management, the Society of American Magicians, with the help of the Houdini Museum in Pennsylvania, will be in charge of the restoration.<ref name="Houdini's gravesite to get a magic fix in Queens">{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/houdini-queens-grave-site-magic-fix-article-1.1989172 |title=Houdini's gravesite to get a magic fix in Queens |access-date=October 27, 2014 | work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York |first=Eli |last=Rosenberg |date=October 27, 2014}}</ref>

Magicians Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz have been caring for the escape artist's Queens grave over the years. "This is a monument where people go and visit on a daily basis," said Dietrich who is spearheading restoration efforts. "The nearly 80-year-old popular plot at the Machpelah Cemetery has fallen into disrepair over the years." "The Houdini Museum has teamed with The Society of American Magicians, one of the oldest fraternal magic organizations in the world, to give the beloved site a facelift." The organization has a specific Houdini gravesite committee made up of nine members headed up by President elect David Bowers who brought this project to the Society's attention.

Kenrick "Ice" McDonald, the current president of the Society of American Magicians said, "You have to know the history. Houdini served as President from 1917 until his death in 1926. Houdini's burial site needs an infusion of cash to restore it to its former glory." Magician Dietrich said the repairs could cost "tens of thousands of dollars", after consulting with glass experts and grave artisans. "It's a wonderful project, but it's taken a lifetime to get people interested," she said. "It's long overdue, and it's great that it's happening." Houdini was a living superhero," Dietrich said. "He wasn't just a magician and escape artist, he was a great humanitarian." To this day, the Society holds a [[broken wand ceremony]] at the grave every November.

Houdini's widow, [[Bess Houdini|Bess]], died of a [[heart attack]] on February 11, 1943, aged 67, in [[Needles, California]], while on a train en route from Los Angeles to New York City. She had expressed a wish to be buried next to her husband, but instead was interred 35 miles due north at the [[Gate of Heaven Cemetery]] in [[Westchester County, New York]], as her [[Catholic]] family refused to allow her to be buried in a Jewish cemetery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://houdini.net/besshoudinideath.php |title=Bess Houdini dies in 1943 |publisher=Houdini.net |access-date=April 1, 2011 |archive-date=November 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105204347/http://houdini.net/besshoudinideath.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| width = 300
| footer_align = center
| footer = Weiss Family Grave Memorial Site at [[Machpelah Cemetery (Queens)|Machpelah Cemetery]]
| image1 = Houdini Gravesite 1024.jpg
| alt1 = The gravesite of Harry Houdini
| caption1 = The gravesite of Harry Houdini
| image2 = Harry Houdini Grave Marker 8-2008.jpg
| alt2 = The grave marker at Harry Houdini's burial site
| caption2 = The grave marker at Harry Houdini's burial site
}}

===Proposed exhumation===
On March 22, 2007, Houdini's grand-nephew (the grandson of his brother Theo), George Hardeen, announced that the courts would be asked to allow [[exhumation]] of Houdini's body, to investigate the possibility of Houdini being murdered by spiritualists, as suggested in the biography ''The Secret Life of Houdini''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/grandnephew-seeks-to-set-record-straight-about-houdini-s-death-1.660397 |title=Grandnephew seeks to 'set record straight' about Houdini's death |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=March 23, 2007 |date=March 23, 2007}}</ref>
In a statement given to the [[Houdini Museum]] in Scranton, the family of Bess Houdini opposed the application and suggested it was a publicity ploy for the book.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://houdini.org/HoudiniFamilyLetter.html |title=Family Statement re: exhumation |access-date=March 26, 2007}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' stated that the press conference was not arranged by the family of Houdini. Instead, the ''Post'' reported, it was orchestrated by authors Kalush and Sloman, who hired the public relations firm Dan Klores Communications to promote their book.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/23/AR2007032301850.html |title=Why Not Just Hold a Seance? |access-date=March 24, 2007 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=David |last=Segal |date=March 24, 2007}}</ref>

In 2008, it was revealed the parties involved had not filed legal papers to perform an exhumation.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2010/11/time-to-bury-houdini-exhumation.html| title=Time to bury the Houdini exhumation| access-date=April 9, 2011|website=Wild About Harry}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Houdini's brother, [[Theodore Hardeen]], who returned to performing after Houdini's death, inherited his brother's effects and props. Houdini's will stipulated that all the effects should be "burned and destroyed" upon Hardeen's death. Hardeen sold much of the collection to magician and Houdini enthusiast [[Sidney Hollis Radner]] during the 1940s, including the water torture cell.<ref>{{cite news |title=With Sadness, Prime Houdini Artifact Collector Puts Items on Auction Block |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/29/us/with-sadness-houdini-artifact-collector-puts-it-on-the-auction-block.html |access-date=24 March 2020 |quote= ... Mr. Radner, aka Rendar the Magician, owns one of the world's biggest and most valuable collections of Harry Houdini artifacts, including the Chinese Water Torture Cell, one of Houdini's signature props from 1912 until his death in 1926. Most of the items were given to Mr. Radner in the 1940s by Houdini's brother, Theodore Hardeen. Hardeen considered Radner, then a student at Yale with a reputation for jumping from diving boards in handcuffs, as his protégé. Until early this year, the collection was on display at the Outagamie Museum in Appleton, Wisconsin, where Houdini's father was the town rabbi in the 1870s. But after a rancorous falling out between Mr. Radner and museum officials, the 1,000-piece collection was packed-up and shipped here, where it will be auctioned on Saturday in the windowless back room at the Liberace Museum and on eBay. |work=The New York Times |date=October 29, 2004}}</ref> Radner allowed choice pieces of the collection to be displayed at The Houdini Magical Hall of Fame in [[Niagara Falls, Ontario]]. In 1995, a fire destroyed the museum. The water torture cell's metal frame remained, and it was restored by illusion builder John Gaughan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2007/02/mystery-of-two-torture-cells.html |title=The Mystery of the Two Torture Cells |access-date=May 14, 2007 |work=Wild About Harry}}</ref> Many of the props contained in the museum such as the mirror handcuffs, Houdini's original packing crate, a milk can, and a straitjacket, survived the fire and were auctioned in 1999 and 2008.

Radner loaned the bulk of his collection for archiving to the [[History Museum at the Castle|Outagamie Museum]] in [[Appleton, Wisconsin]], but reclaimed it in 2003 and auctioned it in Las Vegas, on October 30, 2004.<ref name="houdini">{{cite web| url=http://www.houdini.com/houdiniauction.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515020225/http://www.houdini.com/houdiniauction.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=May 15, 2006| title=Houdini's Magic Shop | Novelties| publisher=houdini.com| access-date=January 27, 2014}}</ref>

Houdini was a "formidable collector", and bequeathed many of his holdings and paper archives on magic and spiritualism to the [[Library of Congress]], which became the basis for the Houdini collection in cyberspace.<ref name="Higbee">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/970224/houdini.html |title=Great Escapes |work=American Memory Web Site, Hosts Houdini Collection |first1=Joan |last1=Higbee |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=March 24, 2011}}</ref> Houdini's book collecting has been explored in an essay in ''[[The Book Collector]].''<ref>Downs, Troy, “Harry Houdini’s Library, ''The Book Collector'' 69 (Summer, 2020); 251–265.</ref>

In 1934, the bulk of Houdini's collection of American and British theatrical material, along with a significant portion of his business and personal papers, and some of his collections of other magicians were sold to pay off estate debts to theatre magnate Messmore Kendall. In 1958, Kendall donated his collection to the Hoblitzelle Theatre Library at the [[University of Texas at Austin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/collections/performingarts/info/|title=The Performing Arts Collection|website=hrc.utexas.edu|access-date=March 15, 2017|archive-date=March 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315175430/http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/collections/performingarts/info/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 1960s, the Hoblitzelle Library became part of the [[Harry Ransom Center]]. The extensive Houdini collection includes a 1584 first edition of [[Reginald Scot]]'s [[The Discoverie of Witchcraft|''Discoverie of Witchcraft'']] and [[David Garrick]]'s travel diary to Paris from 1751.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://catalog.lib.utexas.edu/record=b3031490~S29|title=The discouerie of witchcraft,: wherein the lewde dealings of witches and witchmongers is notablie detected, the knauerie of coniurors, the impietie of inchantors, thefollie of soothsaiers, the impudent falshood of cousenors, the infidelitie of atheists, the pestilent practices of Pythonists, the curiositie of figure casters, the vanitie of dreamers, the beggerlie art of alcumystrie, the abhomination of idolatrie, the horrible art of poisoning, the vertue and power of naturall magike, and all the conueiances of legierdemaine and iuggling are deciphered and many other things opened which have long lien hidden, howbeit verie necessarie to be knowne. Heerevnto is added a treatise vpon the nature and substance of spirits and diuels, &c|last=Scot|first=Reginald|date=January 1, 1584|publisher=By William Brome|location=Imprinted at London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/ransomcenter/status/723981326982901760|title=Harry Ransom Center on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=September 2019}} Some of the scrapbooks in the Houdini collection have been digitized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hrc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15878coll22#nav_top|title=Harry Houdini Scrapbook Collection|website=hrc.contentdm.oclc.org|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> The collection was exclusively paper-based until April 2016, when the Ransom Center acquired one of Houdini's ball weights with chain and ankle cuff. In October 2016, in conjunction with the 90th anniversary of the death of Houdini, the Ransom Center embarked on a major re-cataloging of the Houdini collection to make it more visible and accessible to researchers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.hrc.utexas.edu/2016/09/22/houdini-illusionist-and-collector/|title=Houdini: Illusionist and collector|website=Cultural Compass|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> The collection reopened in 2018, with its finding aids posted online.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=01275|title=Harry Houdini: An Inventory of His Papers at the Harry Ransom Center|website=norman.hrc.utexas.edu|others=Evanion, Henry, 1831?–1905., Hardeen, 1876–1945., Houdini, Beatrice, 1876–1943., Houdini, Harry, 1974–1926., Ingersoll, Robert Green, 1833–1899., Northcote, James, 1746–1831.|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

A large portion of Houdini's estate holdings and memorabilia was willed to his fellow magician and friend, [[John Mulholland (magician)|John Mulholland]] (1898–1970). In 1991, illusionist and television performer [[David Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]] purchased all of Mulholland's Houdini holdings from Mulholland's estate. These are now archived and preserved in Copperfield's warehouse at his headquarters in Las Vegas. It contains the world's largest collection of Houdini memorabilia, and preserves approximately 80,000 items of memorabilia of Houdini and other magicians, including Houdini's stage props and material, his rebuilt water torture cabinet and his metamorphosis trunk. It is not open to the public, but tours are available by invitation to magicians, scholars, researchers, journalists and serious collectors.

In a posthumous ceremony on October 31, 1975, Houdini was given a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 7001 Hollywood Blvd.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walkoffame.com/harry-houdini |title=Harry Houdini |work=Hollywood Walk of Fame |access-date=May 13, 2015 |publisher=Hollywood Chamber of Commerce |quote=Address: 7001 Hollywood Blvd. Ceremony: October 31, 1975.}}</ref>

The [[Houdini Museum]] in Scranton, Pennsylvania, bills itself as "the only building in the world entirely dedicated to Houdini". It is open to the public year-round by reservation. It includes Houdini films, a guided tour about Houdini's life and a stage magic show. Magicians Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz opened the facility in 1991.

[[The Magic Castle]] in Los Angeles, California, a nightclub for magicians and magic enthusiasts, as well as the clubhouse for the [[Academy of Magical Arts]], features Houdini séances performed by magician [[Misty Lee]].

[[The House of Houdini]] is a museum and performance venue located at 11, Dísz square in the Buda Castle in Budapest, Hungary. It claims to house the largest collection of original Houdini artifacts in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.houseofhoudinibudapest.com/ |title=House of Houdini Official website |publisher=The House of Houdini |access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref>

The [[Houdini Museum of New York]] is located at Fantasma Magic, a retail magic manufacturer and seller located in Manhattan. The museum contains several hundred pieces of ephemera, most of which belonged to Harry Houdini.

== In popular culture ==
* Houdini appeared as himself in ''[[Weird Tales]]'' magazine in three ghostwritten fictionalizations of sensational events from his career (issues of March, April, and May–June–July 1924). The third story, "[[Imprisoned with the Pharaohs]]," was written by horror writer [[H. P. Lovecraft]] based on Houdini's notes. The Houdini-Lovecraft collaboration was envisioned to continue, but the magazine ceased publication for financial reasons. When it resumed later in 1924, Houdini no longer figured in its plans.<ref>"The Magician's Ghostwriters" in ''The Thing's Incredible! The Secret Origins of Weird Tales'' (Off-Trail Publications, 2018).</ref>
* ''[[Houdini (1953 film)|Houdini]]'' (1953){{snd}}played by [[Tony Curtis]]
* ''Man of Magic'' – a 1966 musical about Houdini's life, produced by [[Harold Fielding]]. [[Stuart Damon]] played the title role in the show, which opened at the [[Manchester Opera House|Opera House]] in [[Manchester]] on 22 October 1966<ref>Man of Magic: theatre poster, Manchester Opera House 22 Oct 1966</ref> before transferring to the [[Piccadilly Theatre]] in London where it opened on 15 November and ran for 135 performances. Music was by [[Wilfred Josephs]], under the pseudonym [[Wilfred Josephs|Wilfred Wylam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Production of Man of Magic |url=https://theatricalia.com/play/fc6/man-of-magic/production/zx6 |url-status=live |website=Theatricalia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Man of Magic |url=http://www.stagedoorrecords.com/stage9068.html |url-status=live |archive-date=27 June 2022 |website=Stage Door Records}}</ref>
* ''[[The Great Houdini (film)|The Great Houdini]]'' {{aka}} ''The Great Houdinis'' (1976){{snd}}played by [[Paul Michael Glaser]] ([[Television movie|TV movie]])
* ''A Magician Amongst the Spirits'', a 1982 BBC radio drama about Houdini's life written by [[Bert Coules]]<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/44ba9584942242faa8bf33b7fecdd40c |title=Saturday-Night Theatre: A Magician Amongst the Spirits |journal=The Radio Times |date=September 23, 1982 |issue=3072 |page=31 |publisher=BBC |access-date=November 10, 2020}}</ref>
* Song "Houdini" from the 1982 album ''[[The_Dreaming_(album)#Track_listing|The Dreaming]]'' composed, written and performed by [[Kate Bush]]. Album cover features Bush, with a padlock key resting on her tongue, about to kiss a chain-restrained man who is leaning over her. A subtitle on the cover reads "with a kiss I'll pass the key", a direct allusion to Houdini's escape acts.
* ''[[Houdini (album)|Houdini]]'' (1993) is the title of the [[Melvins]] fifth studio album.
* ''[[FairyTale: A True Story]]'' (1997) -- played by [[Harvey Keitel]], a film about the [[Cottingley Fairies]] hoax.
*''[[Houdini]]'' (1998) -- played by [[Jonathon Schaech]] (TV Movie)
* Death Defying Acts (2007) -- played by [[Guy Pearce]].
* ''[[Houdini (miniseries)|Houdini]]'' (2014){{snd}}played by [[Adrien Brody]] (TV miniseries)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wildabouthoudini.com/2013/08/its-on-history-green-lights-houdini.html |title=It's On! History greenlights Houdini miniseries |publisher=Wild About Harry |access-date=August 19, 2013}}</ref>
* ''Doctor Who – Harry Houdini's War'' (2019){{snd}}played by [[John Schwab]] (Big Finish audio play)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-harry-houdini-s-war-1285|title=255. Doctor Who: Harry Houdini's War – Doctor Who – The Monthly Adventures – Big Finish|website=www.bigfinish.com}}</ref>
* ''d'Illusion: The Houdini Musical – The Audio Theater Experience'' (2020){{snd}}played by Julian R. Decker ([[Album musical]]/[[audiobook]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.houdinionbroadway.com |title= d'Illusion: The Houdini Musical – The Aduio Theater Experience |access-date=August 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/off-broadway/article/DILLUSION-THE-HOUDINI-MUSICAL-Announces-Launch-of-Audiobook-20200514|title=d'Illusion: The Houdini Musical Announces Launch of Audiobook|author=|website=Broadway World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/dILLUSION-The-Houdini-Musical-Releases-Theater-Audio-Experience-20200807|title=d'Illusion: The Houdini Musical Releases Theater Audio Experience|author=|website=Broadway World}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0nwJkIsbMbkeb6Aly2EXvq |title= d'Illusion: The Houdini Musical – The Audio Theater Experience on Spotify |website= [[Spotify]] |access-date=August 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/dillusion-the-houdini-musical/1528148505 |title= d'Illusion: The Houdini Musical – The Audio Theater Experience on Apple Music |access-date=August 23, 2020}}</ref>
* The 2017 song ''Rosabelle, Believe'' by UK electronic band [[Cult With No Name]] is about the pact Houdini made with his wife on his deathbed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.electricityclub.co.uk/a-not-so-short-conversation-with-cult-with-no-name/|title=A Not So Short Conversation with Cult with No Name|date=April 20, 2020|access-date=May 6, 2021|archive-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212747/https://www.electricityclub.co.uk/a-not-so-short-conversation-with-cult-with-no-name/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Publications==
Houdini published numerous books during his career (some of which were written by his good friend [[Walter B. Gibson]], the creator of [[The Shadow]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-07/071406vortex.html#i1 |title=James Randi's Swift |date=July 14, 2006 |publisher=randi.org}}</ref>
* [https://archive.org/details/rightwaytodowro00conggoog ''The Right Way to Do Wrong: An Exposé of Successful Criminals''] (1906)
* ''Handcuff Secrets'' (1907)
* [https://archive.org/details/unmaskingrobert00houdgoog ''The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin''] (1908), a debunking study of [[Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin|Robert-Houdin]]'s alleged abilities.
* ''Magical Rope Ties and Escapes'' (1920)
* [https://archive.org/details/1920HoudiniMiracleMongers ''Miracle Mongers and Their Methods''] (1920)
* [https://archive.org/details/houdinispaperma00houdgoog ''Houdini's Paper Magic''] (1921)
* [https://archive.org/details/1924HoudiniAMagicianAmongTheSpirits ''A Magician Among the Spirits''] (1924)
* [https://archive.org/details/BostomMediumMargery ''Houdini Exposes the Tricks Used by the Boston Medium "Margery"''] (1924)
* ''[[Imprisoned with the Pharaohs]]'' (1924), a short story ghostwritten by [[H. P. Lovecraft]].
* [http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=aycDAAAAMBAJ&pg=12&query=How%20I%20Unmask%20the%20Spirit%20Fakers ''How I Unmask the Spirit Fakers'']{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, article for ''[[Popular Science]]'' (November 1925)
* [http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=4ygDAAAAMBAJ&pg=12&query=%22How%20I%20do%20My%22%20Houdini ''How I do My "Spirit Tricks"'']{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, article for ''[[Popular Science]]'' (December 1925)
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harry-Houdini-on-conjuring-1973131 ''Conjuring''] (1926), article for the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'s 13th edition.

==Filmography==
* ''Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris''{{snd}}Cinema Lux (1909){{snd}}playing himself
* ''[[The Master Mystery]]''{{snd}}Octagon Films (1918){{snd}}playing Quentin Locke
* ''[[The Grim Game]]''{{snd}}[[Famous Players-Lasky]]/[[Paramount Pictures]] (1919){{snd}}playing Harvey Handford
* ''[[Terror Island]]''{{snd}}[[Famous Players Lasky]]/Paramount (1920){{snd}}playing Harry Harper
* ''[[The Man from Beyond]]''{{snd}}Houdini Picture Corporation (1922){{snd}}playing Howard Hillary
* ''[[Haldane of the Secret Service]]''{{snd}}Houdini Picture Corporation/[[Film Booking Offices of America|FBO]] (1923){{snd}}playing Heath Haldane

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [[List of magic museums]]
* [[List of magicians]]
* [[Ann O'Delia Diss Debar]] (Swami Laura Horos)
* [[David Blaine]]
* [[Walford Bodie]]{{snd}}A friend of Houdini, and fellow magician
* [[Carleete]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book| last=Brandon| first=Ruth| author-link= Ruth Brandon| title=The Life and Many Deaths of Harry Houdini| location=London| publisher=[[Secker & Warburg|Secker & Warburg, Ltd.]]| year=1993| isbn=978-0394224152}}
* {{cite book| last=Fleischman| first=Sid| title=Escape! The Story of The Great Houdini| publisher=[[Greenwillow Books]]| year= 2006| isbn=978-0060850944| url=https://archive.org/details/escapestoryofgre00flei}}
* [[William Lindsay Gresham|Gresham, William Lindsay]] ''Houdini: The Man Who Walked Through Walls'' (New York: [[Henry Holt & Co.]], 1959).
* [[Doug Henning|Henning, Doug]] with Charles Reynolds. ''Houdini: His Legend and His Magic'' (New York: Times Books, 1978). {{ISBN|978-0446873284}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Kalush |first1=William |first2=Larry |last2=Sloman |year= 2006 |title=The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero |location=New York |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-0743272070 |url=https://archive.org/details/secretlifeofhoud00kalu }}
* Kellock, Harold. ''Houdini: His Life-Story'' ''from the recollections and documents of Beatrice Houdini'', ([[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt, Brace Co.]], June 1928).
* Kendall, Lance. ''Houdini: Master of Escape'' (New York: Macrae Smith & Co., 1960). {{ISBN|006092862X}}.
* Meyer, M.D., Bernard C. ''Houdini: A Mind in Chains'' (New York: [[E. P. Dutton|E. P. Dutton & Co.]], 1976). {{ISBN|0841504482}}.
* {{Cite book |author-link1=James Randi |last1=Randi |first1=James |author-link2=Bert Randolph Sugar |first2=Bert Randolph |last2=Sugar |url=http://archive.org/details/houdinihislifear0000rand |title=Houdini, his life and art |date=1976 |publisher=New York : [[Grosset & Dunlap]] |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-448-12546-6}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Kenneth Silverman |last1=Silverman |first1=Kenneth |title=Houdini!!!: The Career of Ehrich Weiss : American Self-Liberator, Europe's Eclipsing Sensation, World's Handcuff King & Prison Breaker |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=006092862X}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_41MAAAAYAAJ|title=Magic: Harry Houdini Collection |place=London |year=1901 |first1=Ellis |last1=Stanyon |publisher=[[Ellis Stanyon]]}}
* Williams, Beryl & Samuel Epstein. ''[[The Great Houdini: Magician Extraordinary]]'' (New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1950).

==Further reading==
* "Why Is Houdini?" by [[Fred Lockley]], ''[[Photoplay]]'', June 1920, p. 50.
* "[http://ladailymirror.com/2015/06/01/harry-houdini-an-interview-by-marcet-haldeman-julius-october-1925/ An Interview with Harry Houdini]" by [[Marcet Haldeman-Julius]], ''Haldeman-Julius Monthly'' Vol. 2.5 (October 1925), pp. 387–397.
* ''Houdini's Escapes and Magic'' by [[Walter B. Gibson]], ''Prepared from Houdini's private notebooks'' Blue Ribbon Books, Inc., 1930. Reveals some of Houdini's magic and escape methods (also released in two separate volumes: ''Houdini's Magic'' and ''Houdini's Escapes'').
* ''The Secrets of Houdini'' by J.C. Cannell, Hutchinson & Co., London, 1931. Reveals some of Houdini's escape methods.
* ''Houdini and Conan Doyle: The Story of a Strange Friendship'' by Bernard M. L. Ernst, Albert & Charles Boni, Inc., NY, 1932.
* ''Sixty Years of Psychical Research'' by [[Joseph Rinn]], Truth Seeker Co., 1950, Rinn was a long time close friend of Houdini. Contains detailed information about the last Houdini message (there are 3) and its disclosure.
* ''Houdini's Fabulous Magic'' by [[Walter B. Gibson]] and Morris N. Young. Chilton, NY, 1960. Excellent reference for Houdini's escapes and some methods (includes the Water Torture Cell).
* ''The Houdini Birth Research Committee's Report'', Magico Magazine (reprint of report by The Society of American Magicians), 1972. Concludes Houdini was born March 24, 1874, in Budapest.
* ''Arthur Ford: The Man Who Talked with the Dead'' by Allen Spraggett with William V. Rauscher, 1973, pp. 152–165, Chapter 7, ''The Houdini Affair'' contains detailed information about the Houdini messages and their disclosure.
* ''Mediums, Mystics and the Occult'' by [[Milbourne Christopher]], Thomas T. Crowell Co., 1975, pp. 122–145, ''Arthur Ford-Messages from the Dead,'' contains detailed information about the Houdini messages and their disclosure.
* ''Houdini: A Definitive Bibliography'' by Manny Weltman, Finders/Seekers Enterprises, Los Angeles, 1991. A Description of the Literary Works of Houdini, includes pamphlets from Weltman's collection
* ''Believe'' by William Shatner and Michael Charles Tobias, Berkeley Books, NY 1992.
* ''Houdini: Escape into Legend, The Early Years: 1862–1900'' by Manny Weltman, Finders/Seekers Enterprises, Los Angeles, 1993. Examination of Houdini's childhood and early career.
* ''Houdini Comes to America'' by Ronald J. Hilgert, The Houdini Historical Center, 1996. Documents the Weiss family's immigration to the United States on July 3, 1878 (when Ehrich was 4).
* ''Houdini Unlocked'' by Patrick Culliton, Two volume box set: ''The Tao of Houdini'' and ''The Secret Confessions of Houdini'', Kieran Press, 1997.
* ''The Houdini Code Mystery: A Spirit Secret Solved'' by William V. Rauscher, Magic Words, 2000.
* ''Final Séance. The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle'' by [[Massimo Polidoro]], Prometheus Books, 2001.
* ''The Man Who Killed Houdini'' by Don Bell, Vehicle Press, 2004. Investigates J. Gordon Whitehead and the events surrounding Houdini's death.
* ''Disappearing Tricks: Silent Film, Houdini, and the New Magic of the Twentieth Century'' by Matthew Solomon, [[University of Illinois Press]], 2010. Contains new information about Houdini's early movie career.
* ''Houdini Art and Magic'' by Brooke Kamin Rapaport, Jewish Museum, 2010. Essays on Houdini's life and work are accompanied by interviews with novelist E.L. Doctorow, Teller, Kenneth Silverman, and more.
* ''Houdini The Key'' by Patrick Culliton, Kieran Press, 2010. Reveals the authentic working methods of many of Houdini effects, including the Milk Can and Water Torture Cell. Limited to 278 copies.
* ''The Life and Afterlife of Harry Houdini'' by [[Joe Posnanski]], [[Avid Reader Press]], 2019.

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q131545|s=Author:Harry Houdini|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|species=no|n=no|b=no|v=no}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Houdini,+Harry | name=Harry Houdini}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Harry Houdini}}
* {{Librivox author |id=4549}}
* [http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=01275 Harry Houdini Papers] at the [[Harry Ransom Center]]
* [http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=01276 Harry Houdini Collection] at the [[Harry Ransom Center]]
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/houdini/timeline/index.html Timeline of Houdini's life]
* [http://www.houdini.org/ The Houdini Museum in Scranton Pennsylvania]
* [http://archives.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArchive&search=priref=110003387 Houdini archives in the Harry Price papers]
* [http://siarchives.si.edu/blog/houdini-escapes-smithsonian Houdini Escapes the Smithsonian]
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/122.html The Harry Houdini Collection] From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the [[Library of Congress]]
* {{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/970224/houdini.html |title=Great Escapes |work=American Memory Web Site, Hosts Houdini Collection |first1=Joan |last1=Higbee |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}
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Scipio Aemilianus

2023-05-25T13:45:49Z

8.38.177.4: /* Tiberius Gracchus */

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{short description|Roman politician and general (185–129 BC)}}
{{Distinguish|Scipio Africanus}}
{{For|other individuals named Publius Cornelius Scipio|Publius Cornelius Scipio (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=January 2019}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2019|details=Please add refs to modern works.}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus
| image = Bronze statue of a Hellenistic prince, 1st half of 2nd century BC, found on the Quirinal in Rome, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome (31479801364).jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| alt = Male head of a bronze statue
| caption = The so-called "[[Hellenistic Prince]]", tentatively identified as Scipio Aemilianus<ref>Coarelli p. 187</ref>
| birth_date = 185 BC
| birth_place =
| death_date = 129 BC (aged 55–56)
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| nationality = Roman
| occupation = General and statesman
| known_for =
| office = [[Roman consul|Consul]] (147, 134 BC)
| party =
| opponents =
| spouse = [[Sempronia (sister of the Gracchi)|Sempronia]]
| relatives = [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus]] (father) [[Scipio Africanus]] (adoptive grandfather) [[Tiberius Gracchus|Ti. Gracchus]] (brother-in-law)
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| rank = [[Proconsul]]
| battles = [[Third Punic War]] • [[Battle of the Port of Carthage]] • [[Battle of Nepheris (147 BC)|Second Battle of Nepheris]] • [[Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)|Siege of Carthage]] [[Numantine War]] • [[Siege of Numantia]]
| battles_label = Wars
| awards = [[Mural Crown]] [[Grass Crown]] 2 [[Roman triumphs]]
}}
}}

'''Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus''' (185–129 BC), known as '''Scipio Aemilianus''' or '''Scipio Africanus the Younger''', was a Roman general and statesman noted for his military exploits in the [[Third Punic War]] against [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] and during the [[Numantine War]] in Spain. He oversaw the final defeat and destruction of the city of [[Carthage]]. He was a prominent patron of writers and philosophers, the most famous of whom was the Greek historian [[Polybius]]. In politics, he opposed the populist reform program of his murdered brother-in-law, [[Tiberius Gracchus]].

== Family ==
[[File:Comic History of Rome p 240 Scipio Aemilianus cramming himself for a Speech after a hearty Supper.jpg|thumb|Scipio Aemilianus cramming himself for a speech after a hearty supper. Image by [[John Leech (caricaturist)|John Leech]] from ''The Comic History of Rome'', by [[Gilbert Abbott à Beckett]]. ]]
Scipio Aemilianus was the second son of [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus]], the commander of the Romans' victorious campaign in the [[Third Macedonian War]], and his first wife, Papiria Masonis. Scipio was adopted by his first cousin, [[Publius Cornelius Scipio P.f. P.n. Africanus|Publius Cornelius Scipio]], the eldest son of his aunt [[Aemilia Tertia]] and her husband [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus]], the acclaimed commander who won the [[Battle of Zama|decisive battle]] of the [[Second Punic War]] against [[Hannibal]]. This made Scipio Africanus the adoptive grandfather of Scipio Aemilianus. On adoption, he became Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, assuming the name of his adoptive father, but keeping Aemilianus as a fourth name to indicate his original [[Nomen gentilicium|nomen]]. His elder brother was adopted by a son or grandson of [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus]], another prominent commander in the Second Punic War, and his name became [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus]].

== Military career ==
=== First involvement in a war (Third Macedonian War, 171–168 BC) ===
Lucius Aemilius Paullus took his two older sons with him on his campaign in Greece. [[Plutarch]] wrote that Scipio was his favorite son because he "saw that he was by nature more prone to excellence than any of his brothers". He related that during mopping-up operations after the [[Battle of Pydna]], Aemilius was worried because his younger son was missing. Plutarch also wrote that "The whole army learned of the distress and anguish of their general, and springing up from their suppers, ran about with torches, many to the tent of Aemilius, and many in front of the ramparts, searching among the numerous dead bodies. Dejection reigned in the camp, and the plain was filled with the cries of men calling out the name of Scipio. For from the very outset he had been admired by everybody, since, beyond any other one of his family, he had a nature adapted for leadership in war and public service. Well, then, when it was already late and he was almost despaired of, he came in from the pursuit with two or three comrades, covered with the blood of the enemies he had slain ..."<ref>Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Live of Aemilius, 22.2–7</ref> Scipio Aemilianus was seventeen at the time.

=== First involvement in the Numantine War (151–150 BC) ===
In 152 BC, the consul [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 166 BC)|Marcus Claudius Marcellus]] urged the Senate to conclude a peace with the [[Celtiberians]]. The Senate rejected this proposal, and instead sent one of the consuls of 151 BC, [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus (consul 151 BC)|Lucius Licinius Lucullus]], to [[Hispania]] to continue the war. However, there was a crisis of recruitment due to rumors of incessant battles and heavy Roman losses. Additionally, Marcellus appeared to be afraid of continuing the war; this led to panic. Young men avoided enrollment as soldiers through unverifiable excuses. Men eligible to be [[legatus|legates]] (legion commanders) or [[military tribune]]s (senior officers) did not volunteer.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 35.4.1–7</ref>

Scipio Aemilianus was thought to have advised for the prosecution of the war. He asked the Senate to be sent to Hispania either as a military tribune or a legate, due to the urgency of the situation, even though it would have been safer to go to [[Macedon]], where he had been invited to settle domestic disputes. The Senate was at first surprised. Ultimately, Scipio's decision made him popular, and many of those who had been avoiding their duty, ashamed by Scipio's example, began to volunteer as legates or to enroll as soldiers.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 35, 4.8–14</ref>

Scipio served under Lucullus. [[Velleius Paterculus]] wrote that Scipio was awarded a [[mural crown]], which was a military decoration awarded to the soldier who first climbed the wall of a besieged city or fortress and successfully placed the military standard on it.<ref>Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, I.12.3</ref> [[Florus]] wrote that "having been challenged by [the Celtiberian] king to a single combat, carried off the [[spolia opima]], the armor and arms stripped from the body of an opposing commander slain in single combat. These were regarded as the most honorable of all war trophies."<ref>Florus, Epitome of Roman History 1.17</ref>

=== Third Punic War (149–146 BC) ===
[[File:Scipio at the deathbed of Masinissa (C20).jpg|thumb|Scipio at the deathbed of [[Masinissa]]]]
Although the power of Carthage had been broken with her defeat in the Second Punic War, there was still lingering resentment in Rome. [[Cato the Elder]] ended every speech with, "[[Carthago delenda est|Carthage must be destroyed.]]" In 150 BC an appeal was made to Scipio Aemilianus by the Carthaginians to act as a mediator between them and the Numidian prince [[Massinissa]] who, supported by the anti-Carthaginian faction in Rome, was incessantly encroaching on Carthaginian territory. After winning the Second Punic War, Rome had mandated that Carthage could not defend itself militarily without seeking Rome's permission first. Rome construed Carthage's defense of itself against Numidians as a violation of this agreement. In 149 BC Rome declared war on Carthage, and a force was sent to Africa (modern [[Tunisia]]), Carthage's homeland.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911 |inline=1 |wstitle=Scipio |display=Scipio § ''Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus'' |volume=24 |pages=406–407}}</ref>

In the early stages of the war, the Romans suffered repeated defeats. Scipio Aemilianus was a military tribune (senior officer) and distinguished himself repeatedly. In 147 BC he was elected [[Roman consul|consul]], while still under the minimum age required by law to hold this office.<ref name="EB1911"/> Without the customary procedure of drawing lots, he was assigned to the African theater of war. After a year of desperate fighting and stubborn heroism on the part of the defenders, he took the city of Carthage, taking prisoner about 50,000 survivors (about one-tenth of the city's population). Complying with the mandate of the [[Roman Senate|Senate]], he ordered the city evacuated, burnt it, razed it to the ground and plowed it over, ending the Third Punic War. On his return to Rome he received a [[Roman Triumph|Triumph]], having also established a personal claim to his adoptive ''[[agnomen]]'' of Africanus.<ref name="EB1911"/> According to [[Pliny the Elder]] he was also awarded the [[Grass Crown|grass crown]] in [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]] during the war.<ref>Pliny, [[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]], 22.6</ref>

=== Numantine War (143–133 BC) ===
In 134 BC Scipio was elected consul again because the citizens thought that he was the only man capable of defeating the Numantines in the [[Numantine War]]. The [[Celtiberians]] of the City of [[Numantia]], which had strong defensive geographical features, held off the Romans for nine years. The army in Hispania was demoralized and ill-disciplined. Scipio concentrated on restoring discipline by forbidding luxuries the troops had become accustomed to, through regular tough exercises (all-day marches, building camps and fortifications and then demolishing them, digging ditches and then filling them up, and the like) and by enforcing regulations strictly. When he thought that the army was ready he encamped near Numantia. He did not proceed along the shorter route to avoid the guerrilla tactics the Numantines were good at. Instead, he made a detour though the land of the Vaccaei, who were selling food to the Numantines. He was ambushed several times but defeated the enemy. In one of these ambushes by a river which was difficult to cross, he was forced to make a detour along a longer route where there was no water. He marched at night when it was cooler and dug wells which had bitter water. He saved his men, but some horses and pack animals died of thirst. Then he passed through the territory of the Caucaei who had broken the treaty with Rome and declared that they could return safely to their homes. He returned to the Numantine territory and was joined by [[Jugurtha]], the son of the king of [[Numidia]], with archers, slingers, and twelve elephants.<ref>Appian, Roman History, Book 6, The Wars in Spain, 84–89</ref>

Eventually, Scipio prepared to besiege Numantia. He asked the allied tribes in Hispania for specified numbers of troops. He built a circuit of fortifications which was nine kilometers long. The wall was three meters high and two and a half meters wide. He built an embankment of the same dimensions as the wall around the adjoining marsh. He built two towers by the River [[Durius]] ([[Douro]]) to which he moored large timbers with ropes which were full of knives and spear heads and were constantly kept in motion by the current. This prevented the enemy from slipping through covertly. He managed to force Numantia into starvation. The Numantines surrendered. Some killed themselves. Scipio sold the rest into slavery, destroyed the city and kept fifty men for his triumph.<ref>Appian, Roman History, Book 6, The Wars in Spain, 90–98</ref> For his success Scipio Aemilianus received the additional ''agnomen'' of "Numantinus".<ref name="EB1911"/>

== Political career ==
[[File:Seleucid_prince_Massimo_Inv1049.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Hellenistic Prince]], a bronze statue made by a Greek artist in Rome, possibly depicting Scipio Aemilianus.<ref>Etcheto, ''Les Scipions'', pp. 278-282.</ref>]]

=== Censorship ===
In 142 BC Scipio Aemilianus was a censor. During his [[Roman censor|censorship]], he endeavoured to check the growing luxury and immorality of the period. In 139 BC, he was unsuccessfully accused of high treason by [[Tiberius Claudius Asellus]], whom he had degraded when [[Roman censor|censor]]. The speeches he gave on that occasion (now lost) were considered brilliant.<ref name=EB1911/>

=== Tiberius Gracchus ===
Scipio helped his relative [[Tiberius Gracchus]] who in 137 BC had served in the Numantine War as a [[quaestor]] (treasurer) under the consul [[Gaius Hostilius Mancinus]]. The consul was pinned down by the enemy and, unable to escape, made a peace treaty. Tiberius negotiated the peace terms. The treaty was rejected by the senate as a disgrace. [[Plutarch]] wrote that "the relatives and friends of the soldiers, who formed a large part of the people" blamed this on Mancinus and insisted "that it was due to Tiberius that the lives of so many citizens had been saved". Those who disagreed with the violation of the treaty "cast forth those who had taken hand and share in the treaty, as for instance the quaestors and military tribunes, turning upon their heads the guilt of perjury and violation of the pact. In the present affair, indeed, more than at any other time, the people showed their good will and affection towards Tiberius. For they voted to deliver up the consul unarmed and in bonds to the Numantines, but spared all the other officers for the sake of Tiberius." Scipio used his influence to help to save the men "but none the less he was blamed for not saving Mancinus, and for not insisting that the treaty with the Numantines, which had been made through the agency of his kinsman and friend Tiberius, should be kept inviolate."<ref>Plutarch, Parallel lives, The live of Tiberius Gracchus, 7.1–3</ref>

The Encyclopædia Britannica suggests that Scipio Aemilianus was not in sympathy with the [[optimates]], the political faction which supported the aristocracy.<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Scipio Africanus the Younger|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/529059/Scipio-Africanus-the-Younger|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access-date=4 May 2013}}</ref> Whatever the case, he was in disagreement with the militant actions of the movement led by Gracchus when he was a [[Plebeian Tribune|plebeian tribune]], which pressed for a law to redistribute land to the poor. Plutarch wrote that "this disagreement certainly resulted in no mischief past remedy" and thought that if Scipio had been in Rome during the political activity of Gracchus, the latter would not have been murdered<ref>Plutarch, Parallel lives, The live of Tiberius Gracchus, 7.4</ref> - he was fighting the war in Hispania. Still, he disliked the actions of Gracchus. Plutarch wrote "[while] at Numantia, when he learned of the death of Tiberius, he recited in a loud voice the verse of Homer: [from the [[Odyssey]] I.47] ''"So perish also all others who on such wickedness venture."''<ref>Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The life of Tiberius Gracchus, 20.1</ref> Plutarch also wrote that (after his return to Rome) "when Gaius and Fulvius asked him in an assembly of the people what he thought about the death of Tiberius, he made a reply which showed his dislike of the measures advocated by him," this made him unpopular, "the people began to interrupt him as he was speaking, a thing which they had never done before, and Scipio himself was thereby led on to abuse the people."<ref>Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The life of Tiberius Gracchus, 21.4–25</ref> [[Gaius Papirius Carbo (consul 120 BC)|Gaius Papirius Carbo]] was a plebeian tribune and [[Marcus Fulvius Flaccus (consul 125 BC)|Marcus Fulvius Flaccus]] was a senator sympathetic to the Gracchian cause.

Scipio made himself unpopular again. [[Appian]] related that Fulvius Flaccus, Papirius Carbo and Tiberius’ younger brother, [[Gaius Sempronius Gracchus]], chaired a commission to implement the Gracchian law. There never had been a land survey and land owners often did not have land deeds. The land was resurveyed. Some owners had to give up their orchards and farm buildings and go to empty land or move from cultivated to uncultivated land or swamps. As anyone was allowed to work undistributed land, many tilled land next to their own, blurring the demarcation between public and private land. Rome's Italian allies complained about lawsuits brought against them and chose Scipio Aemilianus to defend them. As the allies had fought in his wars, he accepted. In the senate Scipio did not criticise the Law, but argued that the cases should be heard by a court rather than the commission which did not have the confidence of the litigants. This was accepted and the consul [[Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus]] was appointed to give judgment. However, seeing that the job was difficult he found a pretext to fight a war in Illyria. The people were angry at Scipio "because they saw a man, in whose favour they had often opposed the aristocracy and incurred their enmity, electing him consul twice contrary to law, now taking the side of the Italian allies against themselves" His enemies claimed that he was determined to abolish the Gracchian law and was about to start "armed strife and bloodshed". When the people heard these allegations they were in a state of alarm until Scipio died at home in his bed; according to Appian, without a wound.<ref>Appian, Roman History, Book 13 The Civil Wars, 1.18–20</ref>

=== Death and possible assassination ===

Modern historians believe "there is no strong evidence or credible argument to support any alternative hypothesis [from death by natural causes]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santangelo |first=Federico |date=2007 |title=A survey of recent scholarship on the age of the Gracchi (1985-2005) |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/topoi_1161-9473_2007_num_15_2_2250 |journal=Topoi |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=465–510 |doi=10.3406/topoi.2007.2250 |quote=Scipio Aemilianus… was crucial during and after the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus, and his sudden death in 129 BC was an event that aroused suspicions. However, Worthington 1989 convincingly argues that the great man died of natural causes; there is no strong evidence or credible argument to support any alternative hypothesis. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Worthington |first=Ian |date=1989 |title=The Death of Scipio Aemilianus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4476690 |journal=Hermes |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=253–256 |issn=0018-0777}}</ref> The ancient sources, however, record various different rumours of foul play.

Appian wrote that it could not be known whether Scipio was murdered by [[Cornelia (mother of the Gracchi)|Cornelia]] (the mother of the Gracchi brothers) and her daughter [[Sempronia (sister of the Gracchi)|Sempronia]] (who was married to Scipio), who were worried that the Gracchian law might be repealed, or whether he committed [[suicide]] because he saw that he could not deliver on his promises. He added that "[s]ome say that slaves under torture testified that unknown persons were introduced through the rear of the house by night who suffocated him, and that those who knew about it hesitated to tell because the people were angry with him still and rejoiced at his death."<ref>Appian, Roman History, Book 13, The Civil Wars, 1.20</ref>

[[Plutarch]] wrote that "although Scipio Africanus died at home after dinner, there is no convincing proof of the manner of his end, but some say that he died naturally, being of a sickly habit, some that he died of poison administered by his own hand, and some that his enemies broke into his house at night and smothered him. And yet Scipio's dead body lay exposed for all to see, and all who beheld it formed therefrom some suspicion and conjecture of what had happened to it."<ref>Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The live of Romulus, 27.4–5</ref> In another book Plutarch wrote "no cause of such an unexpected death could be assigned, only some marks of blows upon his body seemed to intimate that he had suffered violence." The heaviest suspicions fell on Fulvius Flaccus who "that very day had reflected upon Scipio in a public address to the people".

Gaius Gracchus also came under suspicion. However, "this great outrage, committed too upon the person of the greatest and most considerable man in Rome, was never either punished or inquired into thoroughly, for the populace opposed and hindered any judicial investigation, for fear that Gaius should be implicated in the charge if proceedings were carried on".<ref>Plutarch, Parallel lives, The live of Caius Gracchus, 10.4–5.</ref> Gaius Papirius Carbo also came under accusation. During a trial [[Lucius Licinius Crassus]] accused Carbo of being a party to the murder of Scipio.<ref>Cicero, De Oratore, II.40</ref>

== Personal character ==
[[File:Scipion Emilien et Polybe devant les ruines de Carthage après la destruction de la ville.jpg|thumb|1797 engraving representing Scipio Aemilianus before the ruins of [[Carthage]] in 146 BC in the company of his friend [[Polybius]]]]
Velleius Paterculus wrote that Scipio was "a cultivated patron and admirer of liberal studies and of every form of learning, and kept constantly with him, at home and in the field, two men of eminent genius, Polybius and Panaetius. No one ever relieved the duties of an active life by a more refined use of his intervals of leisure than Scipio, or was more constant in his devotion to the arts either of war or peace. Ever engaged in the pursuit of arms or his studies, he was either training his body by exposing it to dangers or his mind by learning."<ref>Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, 1.13.3</ref> Polybius mentioned going to Africa with Scipio to explore the continent.<ref>Polybius,The Histories, 34, 15.7, 16.2</ref> [[Gellius]] wrote that Scipio "used the purest diction of all men of his time".<ref>Gellius, Attic Nights, 2.20.4</ref> Cicero cited him among the orators who were "a little more emphatic than the ordinary, [but] never strained their lungs or shouted …"<ref>Cicero De Oratore, 2.60</ref> It seems that he had a good sense of humour and Cicero cited a number of anecdotes about his puns.<ref>Cicero, De Oratore, 2.61, 64, 65, 66, 69</ref> He is also a central character in Book VI of Cicero's [[De re publica]], a passage known as the [[Somnium Scipionis]] or "Dream of Scipio".

Culturally, Scipio Aemilianus was both philhellenic and conservative. He was the patron of the so-called [[Scipionic circle]], a group of 15 to 27 philosophers, poets, and politicians. Besides Roman satirists and comedy writers such as [[Lucilius]] and [[Terence]], there were Greek intellectuals, such as the scholar and historian Polybius and the Stoic philosopher [[Panaetius]]. Hence, Scipio had a [[Philhellenism|philhellenic]] disposition (love and admiration for Greek culture){{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}. Such disposition was criticised by Roman traditionalists who disliked the growing [[Hellenization|Hellenisation]] of Rome—which, they thought, was corrupting Roman culture and life through alien influences—and advocated adherence to old Roman traditions and ancestral virtues and mores. Yet, Scipio was also a supporter of such traditions and mores. Gellius wrote that when he was censor, Scipio made a speech "urging the people to follow the customs of their forefathers".<ref>Gellius, Attic Nights, 4.20.10</ref> He criticised several things which "were done contrary to the usage of our forefathers," and found fault with adoptive sons being of profit to their adoptive father in gaining the rewards of paternity, and said: "A father votes in one tribe, the son in another, an adopted son is of as much advantage as if one had a son of his own; orders are given to take the census of absentees, and hence it is not necessary for anyone to appear in person at the census."<ref>Gellius, Attic Nights, 19.15</ref>

Gellius wrote that after he was censor, Scipio was accused before the people by Tiberius Claudius Asellus, a plebeian tribune, whom he had stripped of his knighthood during his censorship. He does not mention what the accusation was. Although under accusation, Scipio did not stop to shave and to wear white clothing and did not appear in the garb of those under accusation. He added that in those days noblemen started shaving in middle age.<ref>Gellius, Attic Nights, 3.4</ref> The satirist Lucilius wrote a verse about the episode: "Thus base Asellus did great Scipio taunt: Unlucky was his censorship and bad."<ref>Gellius Attic Nights, 4.17.1</ref>

Polybius relates a well-known anecdote of Scipio's reflections on the mutability of human affairs following the sack of Carthage:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polybius - Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/polybius/ |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=www.livius.org}}</ref>

{{cquote|
''Scipio, when he looked upon the city as it was utterly perishing and in the last throes of its complete destruction, is said to have shed tears and wept openly for his enemies. After being wrapped in thought for long, and realizing that all cities, nations, and authorities must, like men, meet their doom; that this happened to [[Troy|Ilium]], once a prosperous city, to the empires of [[Assyrian Empire|Assyria]], [[Medes|Media]], and [[Greater Iran|Persia]], the greatest of their time, and to [[Kingdom of Macedonia|Macedonia]] itself, the brilliance of which was so recent, either deliberately or the verses escaping him, he said:''
:::''A day will come when sacred Troy shall perish,''
:::''And [[Priam]] and his people shall be slain.''
''And when Polybius speaking with freedom to him, for he was his teacher, asked him what he meant by the words, they say that without any attempt at concealment he named his own country, for which he feared when he reflected on the fate of all things human. Polybius actually heard him and recalls it in his history.''<ref>Polybius 38.22 ''[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/38*.html The Fall of Carthage]''</ref> }}

==In popular culture==
Scipio Aemilianus is portrayed as a young boy in the household of his adopted grandfather in the 1971 film ''[[Scipio the African]]''.
The name "Scipio" was used in the animated series, ''[[Code Lyoko]]'' in reference to the general's destruction of Carthage. He is also portrayed in the anime [[Drifters (manga)|''Drifters'']].

==See also==
*[[Scipio–Paullus–Gracchus family tree]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
===Ancient sources===
* Appian, ''Roman History'', Book 6, ''The Wars in Spain'', Loeb Classical Library, Vol I, Books 1–8.1., Loeb, 1989; {{ISBN|978-0674990029}}
* Appian, ''Roman History'', Book 8 Part 1, ''The Punic Wars'', Loeb Classical Library, Vol III, Books 1–3.26., Loeb, 1989; {{ISBN|978-0674990029}}
* Appian, ''Roman History'', Book 13, ''The Civil Wars'' (Book I) in Spain, Loeb Classical Library, Vol I, Books 1–81., Loeb, 1989; {{ISBN|978-0674990050}}
* Cicero, ''De oratore I-III'', Bloomsbury 3PL; new edition, 2013; {{ISBN|978-1853996313}}
* Florus ''Epitome of Roman History'', CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015; {{ISBN|978-1519684851}}
* Plutarch, ''Tiberius Gracchus'', ''Caius Gracchus'', ''Romulus,'' in ''Plutarch's Lives'' (two volumes), Modern Library, 2001; Vol. 1 {{ISBN|978-0375756764}}; Vol 2 {{ISBN|978-0375756771}}
* Polybius, ''The Histories'', Oxford World's Classics, OUP Oxford, 2010; {{ISBN|978-0199534708}}
* Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, Hackett Publishing, 2011; {{ISBN|978-1603845915}}

===Secondary sources===
*Astin, A. E., ''Scipio Aemilianus'', Oxford University Press, 1967; {{ISBN|978-0198142577}}
* [[Filippo Coarelli]], "La doppia tradizione sulla morte di Romolo e gli auguracula dell'Arx e del Quirinale", ''Gli Etruschi e Roma: atti dell'incontro di studio in onore di Massimo Pallottino'', Rome, 1981, pp. 173–188.
*Etcheto, Henri, ''Les Scipions. Famille et pouvoir à Rome à l’époque républicaine'', Bordeaux, Ausonius Éditions, 2012.
*{{cite book |last=Person |first=Émile |date=1877 |title=De P. Cornelio Scipione Æmiliano Africano Et Numantino Thesim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-E8JMwEACAAJ }}
*Warmington, B.H. ''Carthage, A History'', Barnes & Noble, New edition, 1994;{{ISBN|978-1566192101}}
*Ward, A. M., Heichelheim, F. M., and Yeo, C. A., ''A History of the Roman People'', Pearson; 3 edition, 1998. 158.{{ISBN|978-0138965983}}
* Worthington, I, ''The Death of Scipio Africanus'', Hermes, Vol. 117, No. 2 (1989), pp. 253–256 ( [https://www.jstor.org/pss/4476690 JSTOR reference])

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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Roman consuls|Roman consul]]|years=147 BC|with=[[Gaius Livius Drusus (consul)|Gaius Livius Drusus]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (consul 146 BC)|Gn. Cornelius Lentulus]]|after2=[[Lucius Mummius Achaicus|L. Mummius Achaicus]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Roman consuls|Roman consul]]|years=134 BC|with=[[Gaius Fulvius Flaccus]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Publius Mucius Scaevola (pontifex maximus)|P. Mucius Scaevola]]|after2=[[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (consul 133 BC)|L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi]]}}
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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:185 BC births]]
[[Category:129 BC deaths]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Roman augurs]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Roman consuls]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Roman generals]]
[[Category:Aemilii]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman adoptees]]
[[Category:Cornelii Scipiones|Aemilianus]]
[[Category:Roman censors]]
[[Category:Roman patricians]]
[[Category:Roman philhellenes]]
[[Category:Third Punic War]]
[[Category:Genocide perpetrators]]

Scipio Aemilianus

2023-05-25T13:44:04Z

8.38.177.4: /* Tiberius Gracchus */

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{short description|Roman politician and general (185–129 BC)}}
{{Distinguish|Scipio Africanus}}
{{For|other individuals named Publius Cornelius Scipio|Publius Cornelius Scipio (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=January 2019}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2019|details=Please add refs to modern works.}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus
| image = Bronze statue of a Hellenistic prince, 1st half of 2nd century BC, found on the Quirinal in Rome, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome (31479801364).jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| alt = Male head of a bronze statue
| caption = The so-called "[[Hellenistic Prince]]", tentatively identified as Scipio Aemilianus<ref>Coarelli p. 187</ref>
| birth_date = 185 BC
| birth_place =
| death_date = 129 BC (aged 55–56)
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| nationality = Roman
| occupation = General and statesman
| known_for =
| office = [[Roman consul|Consul]] (147, 134 BC)
| party =
| opponents =
| spouse = [[Sempronia (sister of the Gracchi)|Sempronia]]
| relatives = [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus]] (father) [[Scipio Africanus]] (adoptive grandfather) [[Tiberius Gracchus|Ti. Gracchus]] (brother-in-law)
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| rank = [[Proconsul]]
| battles = [[Third Punic War]] • [[Battle of the Port of Carthage]] • [[Battle of Nepheris (147 BC)|Second Battle of Nepheris]] • [[Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)|Siege of Carthage]] [[Numantine War]] • [[Siege of Numantia]]
| battles_label = Wars
| awards = [[Mural Crown]] [[Grass Crown]] 2 [[Roman triumphs]]
}}
}}

'''Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus''' (185–129 BC), known as '''Scipio Aemilianus''' or '''Scipio Africanus the Younger''', was a Roman general and statesman noted for his military exploits in the [[Third Punic War]] against [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] and during the [[Numantine War]] in Spain. He oversaw the final defeat and destruction of the city of [[Carthage]]. He was a prominent patron of writers and philosophers, the most famous of whom was the Greek historian [[Polybius]]. In politics, he opposed the populist reform program of his murdered brother-in-law, [[Tiberius Gracchus]].

== Family ==
[[File:Comic History of Rome p 240 Scipio Aemilianus cramming himself for a Speech after a hearty Supper.jpg|thumb|Scipio Aemilianus cramming himself for a speech after a hearty supper. Image by [[John Leech (caricaturist)|John Leech]] from ''The Comic History of Rome'', by [[Gilbert Abbott à Beckett]]. ]]
Scipio Aemilianus was the second son of [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus]], the commander of the Romans' victorious campaign in the [[Third Macedonian War]], and his first wife, Papiria Masonis. Scipio was adopted by his first cousin, [[Publius Cornelius Scipio P.f. P.n. Africanus|Publius Cornelius Scipio]], the eldest son of his aunt [[Aemilia Tertia]] and her husband [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus]], the acclaimed commander who won the [[Battle of Zama|decisive battle]] of the [[Second Punic War]] against [[Hannibal]]. This made Scipio Africanus the adoptive grandfather of Scipio Aemilianus. On adoption, he became Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, assuming the name of his adoptive father, but keeping Aemilianus as a fourth name to indicate his original [[Nomen gentilicium|nomen]]. His elder brother was adopted by a son or grandson of [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus]], another prominent commander in the Second Punic War, and his name became [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus]].

== Military career ==
=== First involvement in a war (Third Macedonian War, 171–168 BC) ===
Lucius Aemilius Paullus took his two older sons with him on his campaign in Greece. [[Plutarch]] wrote that Scipio was his favorite son because he "saw that he was by nature more prone to excellence than any of his brothers". He related that during mopping-up operations after the [[Battle of Pydna]], Aemilius was worried because his younger son was missing. Plutarch also wrote that "The whole army learned of the distress and anguish of their general, and springing up from their suppers, ran about with torches, many to the tent of Aemilius, and many in front of the ramparts, searching among the numerous dead bodies. Dejection reigned in the camp, and the plain was filled with the cries of men calling out the name of Scipio. For from the very outset he had been admired by everybody, since, beyond any other one of his family, he had a nature adapted for leadership in war and public service. Well, then, when it was already late and he was almost despaired of, he came in from the pursuit with two or three comrades, covered with the blood of the enemies he had slain ..."<ref>Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The Live of Aemilius, 22.2–7</ref> Scipio Aemilianus was seventeen at the time.

=== First involvement in the Numantine War (151–150 BC) ===
In 152 BC, the consul [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 166 BC)|Marcus Claudius Marcellus]] urged the Senate to conclude a peace with the [[Celtiberians]]. The Senate rejected this proposal, and instead sent one of the consuls of 151 BC, [[Lucius Licinius Lucullus (consul 151 BC)|Lucius Licinius Lucullus]], to [[Hispania]] to continue the war. However, there was a crisis of recruitment due to rumors of incessant battles and heavy Roman losses. Additionally, Marcellus appeared to be afraid of continuing the war; this led to panic. Young men avoided enrollment as soldiers through unverifiable excuses. Men eligible to be [[legatus|legates]] (legion commanders) or [[military tribune]]s (senior officers) did not volunteer.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 35.4.1–7</ref>

Scipio Aemilianus was thought to have advised for the prosecution of the war. He asked the Senate to be sent to Hispania either as a military tribune or a legate, due to the urgency of the situation, even though it would have been safer to go to [[Macedon]], where he had been invited to settle domestic disputes. The Senate was at first surprised. Ultimately, Scipio's decision made him popular, and many of those who had been avoiding their duty, ashamed by Scipio's example, began to volunteer as legates or to enroll as soldiers.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 35, 4.8–14</ref>

Scipio served under Lucullus. [[Velleius Paterculus]] wrote that Scipio was awarded a [[mural crown]], which was a military decoration awarded to the soldier who first climbed the wall of a besieged city or fortress and successfully placed the military standard on it.<ref>Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, I.12.3</ref> [[Florus]] wrote that "having been challenged by [the Celtiberian] king to a single combat, carried off the [[spolia opima]], the armor and arms stripped from the body of an opposing commander slain in single combat. These were regarded as the most honorable of all war trophies."<ref>Florus, Epitome of Roman History 1.17</ref>

=== Third Punic War (149–146 BC) ===
[[File:Scipio at the deathbed of Masinissa (C20).jpg|thumb|Scipio at the deathbed of [[Masinissa]]]]
Although the power of Carthage had been broken with her defeat in the Second Punic War, there was still lingering resentment in Rome. [[Cato the Elder]] ended every speech with, "[[Carthago delenda est|Carthage must be destroyed.]]" In 150 BC an appeal was made to Scipio Aemilianus by the Carthaginians to act as a mediator between them and the Numidian prince [[Massinissa]] who, supported by the anti-Carthaginian faction in Rome, was incessantly encroaching on Carthaginian territory. After winning the Second Punic War, Rome had mandated that Carthage could not defend itself militarily without seeking Rome's permission first. Rome construed Carthage's defense of itself against Numidians as a violation of this agreement. In 149 BC Rome declared war on Carthage, and a force was sent to Africa (modern [[Tunisia]]), Carthage's homeland.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911 |inline=1 |wstitle=Scipio |display=Scipio § ''Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus'' |volume=24 |pages=406–407}}</ref>

In the early stages of the war, the Romans suffered repeated defeats. Scipio Aemilianus was a military tribune (senior officer) and distinguished himself repeatedly. In 147 BC he was elected [[Roman consul|consul]], while still under the minimum age required by law to hold this office.<ref name="EB1911"/> Without the customary procedure of drawing lots, he was assigned to the African theater of war. After a year of desperate fighting and stubborn heroism on the part of the defenders, he took the city of Carthage, taking prisoner about 50,000 survivors (about one-tenth of the city's population). Complying with the mandate of the [[Roman Senate|Senate]], he ordered the city evacuated, burnt it, razed it to the ground and plowed it over, ending the Third Punic War. On his return to Rome he received a [[Roman Triumph|Triumph]], having also established a personal claim to his adoptive ''[[agnomen]]'' of Africanus.<ref name="EB1911"/> According to [[Pliny the Elder]] he was also awarded the [[Grass Crown|grass crown]] in [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]] during the war.<ref>Pliny, [[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]], 22.6</ref>

=== Numantine War (143–133 BC) ===
In 134 BC Scipio was elected consul again because the citizens thought that he was the only man capable of defeating the Numantines in the [[Numantine War]]. The [[Celtiberians]] of the City of [[Numantia]], which had strong defensive geographical features, held off the Romans for nine years. The army in Hispania was demoralized and ill-disciplined. Scipio concentrated on restoring discipline by forbidding luxuries the troops had become accustomed to, through regular tough exercises (all-day marches, building camps and fortifications and then demolishing them, digging ditches and then filling them up, and the like) and by enforcing regulations strictly. When he thought that the army was ready he encamped near Numantia. He did not proceed along the shorter route to avoid the guerrilla tactics the Numantines were good at. Instead, he made a detour though the land of the Vaccaei, who were selling food to the Numantines. He was ambushed several times but defeated the enemy. In one of these ambushes by a river which was difficult to cross, he was forced to make a detour along a longer route where there was no water. He marched at night when it was cooler and dug wells which had bitter water. He saved his men, but some horses and pack animals died of thirst. Then he passed through the territory of the Caucaei who had broken the treaty with Rome and declared that they could return safely to their homes. He returned to the Numantine territory and was joined by [[Jugurtha]], the son of the king of [[Numidia]], with archers, slingers, and twelve elephants.<ref>Appian, Roman History, Book 6, The Wars in Spain, 84–89</ref>

Eventually, Scipio prepared to besiege Numantia. He asked the allied tribes in Hispania for specified numbers of troops. He built a circuit of fortifications which was nine kilometers long. The wall was three meters high and two and a half meters wide. He built an embankment of the same dimensions as the wall around the adjoining marsh. He built two towers by the River [[Durius]] ([[Douro]]) to which he moored large timbers with ropes which were full of knives and spear heads and were constantly kept in motion by the current. This prevented the enemy from slipping through covertly. He managed to force Numantia into starvation. The Numantines surrendered. Some killed themselves. Scipio sold the rest into slavery, destroyed the city and kept fifty men for his triumph.<ref>Appian, Roman History, Book 6, The Wars in Spain, 90–98</ref> For his success Scipio Aemilianus received the additional ''agnomen'' of "Numantinus".<ref name="EB1911"/>

== Political career ==
[[File:Seleucid_prince_Massimo_Inv1049.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Hellenistic Prince]], a bronze statue made by a Greek artist in Rome, possibly depicting Scipio Aemilianus.<ref>Etcheto, ''Les Scipions'', pp. 278-282.</ref>]]

=== Censorship ===
In 142 BC Scipio Aemilianus was a censor. During his [[Roman censor|censorship]], he endeavoured to check the growing luxury and immorality of the period. In 139 BC, he was unsuccessfully accused of high treason by [[Tiberius Claudius Asellus]], whom he had degraded when [[Roman censor|censor]]. The speeches he gave on that occasion (now lost) were considered brilliant.<ref name=EB1911/>

=== Tiberius Gracchus ===
Scipio helped his relative [[Tiberius Gracchus]] who in 137 BC had served in the Numantine War as a [[quaestor]] (treasurer) under the consul [[Gaius Hostilius Mancinus]]. The consul was pinned down by the enemy and, unable to escape, made a peace treaty. Tiberius negotiated the peace terms. The treaty was rejected by the senate as a disgrace. [[Plutarch]] wrote that "the relatives and friends of the soldiers, who formed a large part of the people" blamed this on Mancinus and insisted "that it was due to Tiberius that the lives of so many citizens had been saved". Those who disagreed with the violation of the treaty "cast forth those who had taken hand and share in the treaty, as for instance the quaestors and military tribunes, turning upon their heads the guilt of perjury and violation of the pact. In the present affair, indeed, more than at any other time, the people showed their good will and affection towards Tiberius. For they voted to deliver up the consul unarmed and in bonds to the Numantines, but spared all the other officers for the sake of Tiberius." Scipio used his influence to help to save the men "but none the less he was blamed for not saving Mancinus, and for not insisting that the treaty with the Numantines, which had been made through the agency of his kinsman and friend Tiberius, should be kept inviolate."<ref>Plutarch, Parallel lives, The live of Tiberius Gracchus, 7.1–3</ref>

The Encyclopædia Britannica suggests that Scipio Aemilianus was not in sympathy with the [[optimates]], the political faction which supported the aristocracy.<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Scipio Africanus the Younger|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/529059/Scipio-Africanus-the-Younger|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access-date=4 May 2013}}</ref> Whatever the case, he was in disagreement with the militant actions of the movement led by Gracchus when he was a [[Plebeian Tribune|plebeian tribune]], which pressed for a law to redistribute land to the poor. Plutarch wrote that "this disagreement certainly resulted in no mischief past remedy" and thought that if Scipio had been in Rome during the political activity of Gracchus, the latter would not have been murdered<ref>Plutarch, Parallel lives, The live of Tiberius Gracchus, 7.4</ref> - he was fighting the war in Hispania. Still, he disliked the actions of Gracchus. Plutarch wrote "[while] at Numantia, when he learned of the death of Tiberius, he recited in a loud voice the verse of Homer: [from the [[Odyssey]] I.47] ''"So perish also all others who on such wickedness venture."'' Plutarch also wrote that (after his return to Rome) "when Gaius and Fulvius asked him in an assembly of the people what he thought about the death of Tiberius, he made a reply which showed his dislike of the measures advocated by him," this made him unpopular, "the people began to interrupt him as he was speaking, a thing which they had never done before, and Scipio himself was thereby led on to abuse the people."<ref>Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The life of Tiberius Gracchus, 21.4–25</ref> [[Gaius Papirius Carbo (consul 120 BC)|Gaius Papirius Carbo]] was a plebeian tribune and [[Marcus Fulvius Flaccus (consul 125 BC)|Marcus Fulvius Flaccus]] was a senator sympathetic to the Gracchian cause.

Scipio made himself unpopular again. [[Appian]] related that Fulvius Flaccus, Papirius Carbo and Tiberius’ younger brother, [[Gaius Sempronius Gracchus]], chaired a commission to implement the Gracchian law. There never had been a land survey and land owners often did not have land deeds. The land was resurveyed. Some owners had to give up their orchards and farm buildings and go to empty land or move from cultivated to uncultivated land or swamps. As anyone was allowed to work undistributed land, many tilled land next to their own, blurring the demarcation between public and private land. Rome's Italian allies complained about lawsuits brought against them and chose Scipio Aemilianus to defend them. As the allies had fought in his wars, he accepted. In the senate Scipio did not criticise the Law, but argued that the cases should be heard by a court rather than the commission which did not have the confidence of the litigants. This was accepted and the consul [[Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus]] was appointed to give judgment. However, seeing that the job was difficult he found a pretext to fight a war in Illyria. The people were angry at Scipio "because they saw a man, in whose favour they had often opposed the aristocracy and incurred their enmity, electing him consul twice contrary to law, now taking the side of the Italian allies against themselves" His enemies claimed that he was determined to abolish the Gracchian law and was about to start "armed strife and bloodshed". When the people heard these allegations they were in a state of alarm until Scipio died at home in his bed; according to Appian, without a wound.<ref>Appian, Roman History, Book 13 The Civil Wars, 1.18–20</ref>

=== Death and possible assassination ===

Modern historians believe "there is no strong evidence or credible argument to support any alternative hypothesis [from death by natural causes]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santangelo |first=Federico |date=2007 |title=A survey of recent scholarship on the age of the Gracchi (1985-2005) |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/topoi_1161-9473_2007_num_15_2_2250 |journal=Topoi |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=465–510 |doi=10.3406/topoi.2007.2250 |quote=Scipio Aemilianus… was crucial during and after the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus, and his sudden death in 129 BC was an event that aroused suspicions. However, Worthington 1989 convincingly argues that the great man died of natural causes; there is no strong evidence or credible argument to support any alternative hypothesis. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Worthington |first=Ian |date=1989 |title=The Death of Scipio Aemilianus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4476690 |journal=Hermes |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=253–256 |issn=0018-0777}}</ref> The ancient sources, however, record various different rumours of foul play.

Appian wrote that it could not be known whether Scipio was murdered by [[Cornelia (mother of the Gracchi)|Cornelia]] (the mother of the Gracchi brothers) and her daughter [[Sempronia (sister of the Gracchi)|Sempronia]] (who was married to Scipio), who were worried that the Gracchian law might be repealed, or whether he committed [[suicide]] because he saw that he could not deliver on his promises. He added that "[s]ome say that slaves under torture testified that unknown persons were introduced through the rear of the house by night who suffocated him, and that those who knew about it hesitated to tell because the people were angry with him still and rejoiced at his death."<ref>Appian, Roman History, Book 13, The Civil Wars, 1.20</ref>

[[Plutarch]] wrote that "although Scipio Africanus died at home after dinner, there is no convincing proof of the manner of his end, but some say that he died naturally, being of a sickly habit, some that he died of poison administered by his own hand, and some that his enemies broke into his house at night and smothered him. And yet Scipio's dead body lay exposed for all to see, and all who beheld it formed therefrom some suspicion and conjecture of what had happened to it."<ref>Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The live of Romulus, 27.4–5</ref> In another book Plutarch wrote "no cause of such an unexpected death could be assigned, only some marks of blows upon his body seemed to intimate that he had suffered violence." The heaviest suspicions fell on Fulvius Flaccus who "that very day had reflected upon Scipio in a public address to the people".

Gaius Gracchus also came under suspicion. However, "this great outrage, committed too upon the person of the greatest and most considerable man in Rome, was never either punished or inquired into thoroughly, for the populace opposed and hindered any judicial investigation, for fear that Gaius should be implicated in the charge if proceedings were carried on".<ref>Plutarch, Parallel lives, The live of Caius Gracchus, 10.4–5.</ref> Gaius Papirius Carbo also came under accusation. During a trial [[Lucius Licinius Crassus]] accused Carbo of being a party to the murder of Scipio.<ref>Cicero, De Oratore, II.40</ref>

== Personal character ==
[[File:Scipion Emilien et Polybe devant les ruines de Carthage après la destruction de la ville.jpg|thumb|1797 engraving representing Scipio Aemilianus before the ruins of [[Carthage]] in 146 BC in the company of his friend [[Polybius]]]]
Velleius Paterculus wrote that Scipio was "a cultivated patron and admirer of liberal studies and of every form of learning, and kept constantly with him, at home and in the field, two men of eminent genius, Polybius and Panaetius. No one ever relieved the duties of an active life by a more refined use of his intervals of leisure than Scipio, or was more constant in his devotion to the arts either of war or peace. Ever engaged in the pursuit of arms or his studies, he was either training his body by exposing it to dangers or his mind by learning."<ref>Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, 1.13.3</ref> Polybius mentioned going to Africa with Scipio to explore the continent.<ref>Polybius,The Histories, 34, 15.7, 16.2</ref> [[Gellius]] wrote that Scipio "used the purest diction of all men of his time".<ref>Gellius, Attic Nights, 2.20.4</ref> Cicero cited him among the orators who were "a little more emphatic than the ordinary, [but] never strained their lungs or shouted …"<ref>Cicero De Oratore, 2.60</ref> It seems that he had a good sense of humour and Cicero cited a number of anecdotes about his puns.<ref>Cicero, De Oratore, 2.61, 64, 65, 66, 69</ref> He is also a central character in Book VI of Cicero's [[De re publica]], a passage known as the [[Somnium Scipionis]] or "Dream of Scipio".

Culturally, Scipio Aemilianus was both philhellenic and conservative. He was the patron of the so-called [[Scipionic circle]], a group of 15 to 27 philosophers, poets, and politicians. Besides Roman satirists and comedy writers such as [[Lucilius]] and [[Terence]], there were Greek intellectuals, such as the scholar and historian Polybius and the Stoic philosopher [[Panaetius]]. Hence, Scipio had a [[Philhellenism|philhellenic]] disposition (love and admiration for Greek culture){{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}. Such disposition was criticised by Roman traditionalists who disliked the growing [[Hellenization|Hellenisation]] of Rome—which, they thought, was corrupting Roman culture and life through alien influences—and advocated adherence to old Roman traditions and ancestral virtues and mores. Yet, Scipio was also a supporter of such traditions and mores. Gellius wrote that when he was censor, Scipio made a speech "urging the people to follow the customs of their forefathers".<ref>Gellius, Attic Nights, 4.20.10</ref> He criticised several things which "were done contrary to the usage of our forefathers," and found fault with adoptive sons being of profit to their adoptive father in gaining the rewards of paternity, and said: "A father votes in one tribe, the son in another, an adopted son is of as much advantage as if one had a son of his own; orders are given to take the census of absentees, and hence it is not necessary for anyone to appear in person at the census."<ref>Gellius, Attic Nights, 19.15</ref>

Gellius wrote that after he was censor, Scipio was accused before the people by Tiberius Claudius Asellus, a plebeian tribune, whom he had stripped of his knighthood during his censorship. He does not mention what the accusation was. Although under accusation, Scipio did not stop to shave and to wear white clothing and did not appear in the garb of those under accusation. He added that in those days noblemen started shaving in middle age.<ref>Gellius, Attic Nights, 3.4</ref> The satirist Lucilius wrote a verse about the episode: "Thus base Asellus did great Scipio taunt: Unlucky was his censorship and bad."<ref>Gellius Attic Nights, 4.17.1</ref>

Polybius relates a well-known anecdote of Scipio's reflections on the mutability of human affairs following the sack of Carthage:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polybius - Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/polybius/ |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=www.livius.org}}</ref>

{{cquote|
''Scipio, when he looked upon the city as it was utterly perishing and in the last throes of its complete destruction, is said to have shed tears and wept openly for his enemies. After being wrapped in thought for long, and realizing that all cities, nations, and authorities must, like men, meet their doom; that this happened to [[Troy|Ilium]], once a prosperous city, to the empires of [[Assyrian Empire|Assyria]], [[Medes|Media]], and [[Greater Iran|Persia]], the greatest of their time, and to [[Kingdom of Macedonia|Macedonia]] itself, the brilliance of which was so recent, either deliberately or the verses escaping him, he said:''
:::''A day will come when sacred Troy shall perish,''
:::''And [[Priam]] and his people shall be slain.''
''And when Polybius speaking with freedom to him, for he was his teacher, asked him what he meant by the words, they say that without any attempt at concealment he named his own country, for which he feared when he reflected on the fate of all things human. Polybius actually heard him and recalls it in his history.''<ref>Polybius 38.22 ''[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/38*.html The Fall of Carthage]''</ref> }}

==In popular culture==
Scipio Aemilianus is portrayed as a young boy in the household of his adopted grandfather in the 1971 film ''[[Scipio the African]]''.
The name "Scipio" was used in the animated series, ''[[Code Lyoko]]'' in reference to the general's destruction of Carthage. He is also portrayed in the anime [[Drifters (manga)|''Drifters'']].

==See also==
*[[Scipio–Paullus–Gracchus family tree]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
===Ancient sources===
* Appian, ''Roman History'', Book 6, ''The Wars in Spain'', Loeb Classical Library, Vol I, Books 1–8.1., Loeb, 1989; {{ISBN|978-0674990029}}
* Appian, ''Roman History'', Book 8 Part 1, ''The Punic Wars'', Loeb Classical Library, Vol III, Books 1–3.26., Loeb, 1989; {{ISBN|978-0674990029}}
* Appian, ''Roman History'', Book 13, ''The Civil Wars'' (Book I) in Spain, Loeb Classical Library, Vol I, Books 1–81., Loeb, 1989; {{ISBN|978-0674990050}}
* Cicero, ''De oratore I-III'', Bloomsbury 3PL; new edition, 2013; {{ISBN|978-1853996313}}
* Florus ''Epitome of Roman History'', CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015; {{ISBN|978-1519684851}}
* Plutarch, ''Tiberius Gracchus'', ''Caius Gracchus'', ''Romulus,'' in ''Plutarch's Lives'' (two volumes), Modern Library, 2001; Vol. 1 {{ISBN|978-0375756764}}; Vol 2 {{ISBN|978-0375756771}}
* Polybius, ''The Histories'', Oxford World's Classics, OUP Oxford, 2010; {{ISBN|978-0199534708}}
* Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, Hackett Publishing, 2011; {{ISBN|978-1603845915}}

===Secondary sources===
*Astin, A. E., ''Scipio Aemilianus'', Oxford University Press, 1967; {{ISBN|978-0198142577}}
* [[Filippo Coarelli]], "La doppia tradizione sulla morte di Romolo e gli auguracula dell'Arx e del Quirinale", ''Gli Etruschi e Roma: atti dell'incontro di studio in onore di Massimo Pallottino'', Rome, 1981, pp. 173–188.
*Etcheto, Henri, ''Les Scipions. Famille et pouvoir à Rome à l’époque républicaine'', Bordeaux, Ausonius Éditions, 2012.
*{{cite book |last=Person |first=Émile |date=1877 |title=De P. Cornelio Scipione Æmiliano Africano Et Numantino Thesim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-E8JMwEACAAJ }}
*Warmington, B.H. ''Carthage, A History'', Barnes & Noble, New edition, 1994;{{ISBN|978-1566192101}}
*Ward, A. M., Heichelheim, F. M., and Yeo, C. A., ''A History of the Roman People'', Pearson; 3 edition, 1998. 158.{{ISBN|978-0138965983}}
* Worthington, I, ''The Death of Scipio Africanus'', Hermes, Vol. 117, No. 2 (1989), pp. 253–256 ( [https://www.jstor.org/pss/4476690 JSTOR reference])

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Spurius Postumius Albinus Magnus|Sp. Postumius Albinus Magnus]]|before2=[[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 148 BC)|L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Roman consuls|Roman consul]]|years=147 BC|with=[[Gaius Livius Drusus (consul)|Gaius Livius Drusus]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (consul 146 BC)|Gn. Cornelius Lentulus]]|after2=[[Lucius Mummius Achaicus|L. Mummius Achaicus]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Servius Fulvius Flaccus|Ser. Fulvius Flaccus]]|before2=[[Quintus Calpurnius Piso|Q. Calpurnius Piso]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Roman consuls|Roman consul]]|years=134 BC|with=[[Gaius Fulvius Flaccus]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Publius Mucius Scaevola (pontifex maximus)|P. Mucius Scaevola]]|after2=[[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (consul 133 BC)|L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:185 BC births]]
[[Category:129 BC deaths]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Roman augurs]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Roman consuls]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Roman generals]]
[[Category:Aemilii]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman adoptees]]
[[Category:Cornelii Scipiones|Aemilianus]]
[[Category:Roman censors]]
[[Category:Roman patricians]]
[[Category:Roman philhellenes]]
[[Category:Third Punic War]]
[[Category:Genocide perpetrators]]

Red Land High School

2023-05-24T16:17:29Z

8.38.177.4: /* Notable alumni */

{{Short description|Public school in Pennsylvania, United States}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Red Land High School
| address = 560 Fishing Creek Rd
| city = [[Lewisberry, Pennsylvania|Lewisberry]]
| county = [[York County, Pennsylvania|York County]]
| state = [[Pennsylvania]]
| zipcode = 17339
| country = [[United States]]
| other_names = Red Land Senior High School
| schooltype = High School
| type = Public
| established = 1964
| status = Open
| district = West Shore School District
| us_nces_district_id = 4225830
| school_number = (717) 938-6561
| us_nces_school_id = 422583004704
| head_name = Principal
| head = Melissa Herbert
| teaching_staff = 70
| grades = 9-12
| enrollment = 1,107 students Current<ref>About Our School. (n.d.). About Our Schools. Retrieved October 21, 2021, from https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/aboutourschool3285.aspx</ref>
| colors = {{colour box|Blue}}{{color box|Red}}{{colour box|White}} blue, red, and silver
| athletics = [[Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association]]
| mascot = Patriots
| team_name = Red Land Patriots
| website = {{URL|https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/RedLand.aspx}}
}}
'''Red Land High School''' is located in [[Lewisberry, Pennsylvania|Lewisberry]], [[York County, Pennsylvania|York County]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States]], and is younger of the two high schools in the [[West Shore School District]]. The entire West Shore School District attended [[Cedar Cliff High School]] until fall 1965, when Red Land High School opened. Currently, the school has 1,107 students enrolled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Our School|url=https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/aboutourschool3285.aspx|access-date=2021-10-21|website=www.wssd.k12.pa.us}}</ref> In 2019, the school had 70 teachers yielding a student teach ratio of 15:8.<ref name=":0">NCES, Common Core of Data - Red Land SHS, 2019-2020, 2020-2021 school years.</ref>

== Demographics ==
The demographic breakdown of the 1,107 students enrolled for 2019-2020 was:

=== Enrollment by grade ===

* 9th - 297
* 10th - 287
* 11th - 254
* 12th - 269

=== Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity ===

* Native American/Alaskan - 1
* Asian - 14
* Black - 18
* Hispanic - 36
* White - 1,008
* Multiracial - 29

=== Enrollment by Gender ===

* Male - 571
* Female - 536

196 students are eligible for free lunch and 21 for reduced-price lunch. For 2019-2020, Red Land was not a [[Elementary and Secondary Education Act|Title 1]] school.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Center for Education Statistics, Common Care Data – Red Land Senior High School, CCD Public school data 2019-2020, 2020-2021 school years.|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&SchoolID=422583004704&ID=422583004704|access-date=2022-01-27|website=nces.ed.gov|language=EN}}</ref>

Note: Details may not add to totals.

== Academic achievement ==

; 2014 School Performance Profile

Red Land Senior High School achieved 87.4 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature – 80% were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 68.7% showed on grade level skills. In Biology, just 63% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=November 6, 2014|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Performance Data 2014|url=http://www.paschoolperformance.org/Profile/5615|url-status=live}}</ref>

; 2013 School Performance Profile

Red Land Senior High School achieved 88.7 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature – 85% were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 63% showed on grade level skills. In Biology, just 44% showed on grade level science understanding.<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Red Land Senior High School Academic Performance Data 2013, October 4, 2013</ref>

; AYP History

In 2012, Red Land Senior High School declined further to '''Corrective Action I''' AYP status under No Child Left Behind. In 2011, the Red Land Senior High School was in '''Making Progress: in School Improvement II''' status. In 2010, the school declined to '''School Improvement II''' status due to continued poor student achievement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania department of Education|date=September 29, 2011|title=RED LAND Senior High School AYP Overview|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/School/Overview/c67/115219002/4704}}</ref> In 2009, Red Land Senior High School was in '''Making Progress: in School Improvement I''' due to chronic, low student achievement. In 2008, Red Land Senior High School was in '''School Improvement I''' status due to chronic low student achievement.

; '''Red Land Senior High School Graduation Rate:'''

* 2014 – 92.9%
* 2012 – 90% <ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=September 21, 2012|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2012 data table|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/School/DataTable/c67/115219002/4704}}</ref>
* 2011 – 90%<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2011 data table, September 29, 2011</ref>
* 2010 – 94%
* 2009 – 95%<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|year=2009|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2009|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/32722221/Red-Lion-Area-Senior-High-School-Academic-Achievement-Report-Card-2009}}</ref>
* 2008 – 90%

; '''PSSA Results'''
{{col-begin}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
;11th Grade Reading:
*2012 – 68% on grade level (16% below basic). State – 67%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paayp.emetric.net/Content/reportcards/RC12S115219002000004704.PDF |title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Report Card 2012 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>
*2011 – 78%, (9% below basic). State – 69.1%<ref name="PSSAAYP">{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/school_assessments/7442 |title=2010–2011 PSSA and AYP Results |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=September 29, 2011}}</ref>
*2010 – 73%, State – 67%
*2009 – 69%, State – 65%
*2008 – 57%, State – 65%
*2007 – 57%, State – 65%
{{col-2-of-2}}
;11th Grade Math:
*2012 – 60% on grade level (26% below basic). State – 59%
*2011 – 65%, (17% below basic). State – 60.3%
*2010 – 54%, State – 59%
*2009 – 56%, State – 55%
*2008 – 49%, State – 56%
*2007 – 45%, State – 53%
{{col-end}}
[[File:Map of York County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|thumb|West Shore School District region in York County]]
[[File:Map of Cumberland County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|thumb|West Shore School District region in Cumberland County]]
; '''11th Grade Science:'''

* 2012 – 44% on grade level (12% below basic). State – 42% of 11th graders were on grade level.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=September 21, 2012|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2012|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/Content/reportcards/RC12S115219002000004704.PDF}}</ref>
* 2011 – 44%, (12% below basic). State – 40%
* 2010 – 39%, State – 39%
* 2009 – 41%, State – 40%
* 2008 – 32%, State – 39%

=== SAT scores ===
In 2013, School District students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was . The Math average score was . The Writing average score was . The College Board reported that statewide scores were: 494 in reading, 504 in math and 482 in writing. The nationwide SAT results were the same as in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|year=2013|title=The 2013 SAT Report on College & Career Readiness|url=http://research.collegeboard.org/programs/sat/data/cb-seniors-2013|publisher=College Board}}</ref>

In 2012, 198 Red Land Senior High School students took the SAT exams. The School's Verbal Average Score was 509. The Math average score was 515. The Writing average score was 492. The statewide Verbal SAT exams results were: Verbal 491, Math 501, Writing 480. In the US, 1.65 million students took the exams achieving scores: Verbal 496, Math 514, Writing 488. According to the College Board the maximum score on each section was 800, and 360 students nationwide scored a perfect 2,400.

From January to June 2011, 186 Red Land Senior High School students took the SAT exams. The school's Verbal Average Score was 503. The Math average score was 501. The Writing average score was 477.<ref name="Pennsylvania Department of Education 2011">{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|year=2011|title=Public School SAT Scores 2011|url=http://pa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/data_and_statistics/7202/sat_and_act_scores/674663|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015105956/http://pa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/data_and_statistics/7202/sat_and_act_scores/674663|archive-date=October 15, 2011}}</ref> Pennsylvania ranked 40th among states with SAT scores: Verbal – 493, Math – 501, Writing – 479.<ref name="College Board">{{cite web|date=September 2011|title=SAT Scores State By State – Pennsylvania|url=http://www.commonwealthfoundation.org/policyblog/detail/sat-scores-by-state-2011|publisher=College Board}}</ref> In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing.<ref name="nj.com">{{cite web|date=September 2011|title=While U.S. SAT scores dip across the board, N.J. test-takers hold steady|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/09/while_us_sat_scores_dip_across.html|work=The Star-Ledger}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Stephen Zack]] (born 1992), basketball player for [[Hapoel Holon B.C.|Hapoel Holon]] in the [[Israeli Basketball Premier League]]
*Steve Keim (born September 8, 1972) GM for [[Arizona Cardinals]] 2013 - 2022 [[National Football League]]
*Kyle A. Wagner ( Born April 1973) Drafted 1995-12-312 [[California Angels]] College: Wake Forest University
*Brett A. Wagner (Born April 1973) Drafted 1994-1-19 [[Saint Louis Cardinals]] College: Wake Forest University
*Davey Douden (Born 1971) Locksmith Extraordinaire, [[Pennsylvania State Capitol]] 1999 - Present
*Douglas Smith (Born 1971) Mayor of [[Goldsboro, Pennsylvania]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/redland.aspx Red Land High School website]
{{Cumberland County, Pennsylvania School Districts}}

[[Category:High schools in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:High schools in Central Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:Schools in York County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Pennsylvania]]

Red Land High School

2023-05-24T16:14:31Z

8.38.177.4: /* Notable alumni */

{{Short description|Public school in Pennsylvania, United States}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Red Land High School
| address = 560 Fishing Creek Rd
| city = [[Lewisberry, Pennsylvania|Lewisberry]]
| county = [[York County, Pennsylvania|York County]]
| state = [[Pennsylvania]]
| zipcode = 17339
| country = [[United States]]
| other_names = Red Land Senior High School
| schooltype = High School
| type = Public
| established = 1964
| status = Open
| district = West Shore School District
| us_nces_district_id = 4225830
| school_number = (717) 938-6561
| us_nces_school_id = 422583004704
| head_name = Principal
| head = Melissa Herbert
| teaching_staff = 70
| grades = 9-12
| enrollment = 1,107 students Current<ref>About Our School. (n.d.). About Our Schools. Retrieved October 21, 2021, from https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/aboutourschool3285.aspx</ref>
| colors = {{colour box|Blue}}{{color box|Red}}{{colour box|White}} blue, red, and silver
| athletics = [[Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association]]
| mascot = Patriots
| team_name = Red Land Patriots
| website = {{URL|https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/RedLand.aspx}}
}}
'''Red Land High School''' is located in [[Lewisberry, Pennsylvania|Lewisberry]], [[York County, Pennsylvania|York County]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States]], and is younger of the two high schools in the [[West Shore School District]]. The entire West Shore School District attended [[Cedar Cliff High School]] until fall 1965, when Red Land High School opened. Currently, the school has 1,107 students enrolled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Our School|url=https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/aboutourschool3285.aspx|access-date=2021-10-21|website=www.wssd.k12.pa.us}}</ref> In 2019, the school had 70 teachers yielding a student teach ratio of 15:8.<ref name=":0">NCES, Common Core of Data - Red Land SHS, 2019-2020, 2020-2021 school years.</ref>

== Demographics ==
The demographic breakdown of the 1,107 students enrolled for 2019-2020 was:

=== Enrollment by grade ===

* 9th - 297
* 10th - 287
* 11th - 254
* 12th - 269

=== Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity ===

* Native American/Alaskan - 1
* Asian - 14
* Black - 18
* Hispanic - 36
* White - 1,008
* Multiracial - 29

=== Enrollment by Gender ===

* Male - 571
* Female - 536

196 students are eligible for free lunch and 21 for reduced-price lunch. For 2019-2020, Red Land was not a [[Elementary and Secondary Education Act|Title 1]] school.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Center for Education Statistics, Common Care Data – Red Land Senior High School, CCD Public school data 2019-2020, 2020-2021 school years.|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&SchoolID=422583004704&ID=422583004704|access-date=2022-01-27|website=nces.ed.gov|language=EN}}</ref>

Note: Details may not add to totals.

== Academic achievement ==

; 2014 School Performance Profile

Red Land Senior High School achieved 87.4 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature – 80% were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 68.7% showed on grade level skills. In Biology, just 63% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=November 6, 2014|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Performance Data 2014|url=http://www.paschoolperformance.org/Profile/5615|url-status=live}}</ref>

; 2013 School Performance Profile

Red Land Senior High School achieved 88.7 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature – 85% were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 63% showed on grade level skills. In Biology, just 44% showed on grade level science understanding.<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Red Land Senior High School Academic Performance Data 2013, October 4, 2013</ref>

; AYP History

In 2012, Red Land Senior High School declined further to '''Corrective Action I''' AYP status under No Child Left Behind. In 2011, the Red Land Senior High School was in '''Making Progress: in School Improvement II''' status. In 2010, the school declined to '''School Improvement II''' status due to continued poor student achievement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania department of Education|date=September 29, 2011|title=RED LAND Senior High School AYP Overview|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/School/Overview/c67/115219002/4704}}</ref> In 2009, Red Land Senior High School was in '''Making Progress: in School Improvement I''' due to chronic, low student achievement. In 2008, Red Land Senior High School was in '''School Improvement I''' status due to chronic low student achievement.

; '''Red Land Senior High School Graduation Rate:'''

* 2014 – 92.9%
* 2012 – 90% <ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=September 21, 2012|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2012 data table|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/School/DataTable/c67/115219002/4704}}</ref>
* 2011 – 90%<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2011 data table, September 29, 2011</ref>
* 2010 – 94%
* 2009 – 95%<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|year=2009|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2009|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/32722221/Red-Lion-Area-Senior-High-School-Academic-Achievement-Report-Card-2009}}</ref>
* 2008 – 90%

; '''PSSA Results'''
{{col-begin}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
;11th Grade Reading:
*2012 – 68% on grade level (16% below basic). State – 67%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paayp.emetric.net/Content/reportcards/RC12S115219002000004704.PDF |title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Report Card 2012 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>
*2011 – 78%, (9% below basic). State – 69.1%<ref name="PSSAAYP">{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/school_assessments/7442 |title=2010–2011 PSSA and AYP Results |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=September 29, 2011}}</ref>
*2010 – 73%, State – 67%
*2009 – 69%, State – 65%
*2008 – 57%, State – 65%
*2007 – 57%, State – 65%
{{col-2-of-2}}
;11th Grade Math:
*2012 – 60% on grade level (26% below basic). State – 59%
*2011 – 65%, (17% below basic). State – 60.3%
*2010 – 54%, State – 59%
*2009 – 56%, State – 55%
*2008 – 49%, State – 56%
*2007 – 45%, State – 53%
{{col-end}}
[[File:Map of York County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|thumb|West Shore School District region in York County]]
[[File:Map of Cumberland County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|thumb|West Shore School District region in Cumberland County]]
; '''11th Grade Science:'''

* 2012 – 44% on grade level (12% below basic). State – 42% of 11th graders were on grade level.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=September 21, 2012|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2012|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/Content/reportcards/RC12S115219002000004704.PDF}}</ref>
* 2011 – 44%, (12% below basic). State – 40%
* 2010 – 39%, State – 39%
* 2009 – 41%, State – 40%
* 2008 – 32%, State – 39%

=== SAT scores ===
In 2013, School District students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was . The Math average score was . The Writing average score was . The College Board reported that statewide scores were: 494 in reading, 504 in math and 482 in writing. The nationwide SAT results were the same as in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|year=2013|title=The 2013 SAT Report on College & Career Readiness|url=http://research.collegeboard.org/programs/sat/data/cb-seniors-2013|publisher=College Board}}</ref>

In 2012, 198 Red Land Senior High School students took the SAT exams. The School's Verbal Average Score was 509. The Math average score was 515. The Writing average score was 492. The statewide Verbal SAT exams results were: Verbal 491, Math 501, Writing 480. In the US, 1.65 million students took the exams achieving scores: Verbal 496, Math 514, Writing 488. According to the College Board the maximum score on each section was 800, and 360 students nationwide scored a perfect 2,400.

From January to June 2011, 186 Red Land Senior High School students took the SAT exams. The school's Verbal Average Score was 503. The Math average score was 501. The Writing average score was 477.<ref name="Pennsylvania Department of Education 2011">{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|year=2011|title=Public School SAT Scores 2011|url=http://pa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/data_and_statistics/7202/sat_and_act_scores/674663|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015105956/http://pa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/data_and_statistics/7202/sat_and_act_scores/674663|archive-date=October 15, 2011}}</ref> Pennsylvania ranked 40th among states with SAT scores: Verbal – 493, Math – 501, Writing – 479.<ref name="College Board">{{cite web|date=September 2011|title=SAT Scores State By State – Pennsylvania|url=http://www.commonwealthfoundation.org/policyblog/detail/sat-scores-by-state-2011|publisher=College Board}}</ref> In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing.<ref name="nj.com">{{cite web|date=September 2011|title=While U.S. SAT scores dip across the board, N.J. test-takers hold steady|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/09/while_us_sat_scores_dip_across.html|work=The Star-Ledger}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Stephen Zack]] (born 1992), basketball player for [[Hapoel Holon B.C.|Hapoel Holon]] in the [[Israeli Basketball Premier League]]
*Steve Keim (born September 8, 1972) GM for [[Arizona Cardinals]] 2013 - 2022 [[National Football League]]
*Kyle A. Wagner ( Born April 1973) Drafted 1995-12-312 California Angels College: Wake Forest University
*Brett A. Wagner (Born April 1973) Drafted 1994-1-19 St Louis Cardinals College: Wake Forest University
*Davey Douden (Born 1971) Locksmith Extraordinaire, [[Pennsylvania State Capitol]] 1999 - Present
*Douglas Smith (Born 1971) Mayor of [[Goldsboro, Pennsylvania]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/redland.aspx Red Land High School website]
{{Cumberland County, Pennsylvania School Districts}}

[[Category:High schools in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:High schools in Central Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:Schools in York County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Pennsylvania]]

Red Land High School

2023-05-24T16:13:54Z

8.38.177.4: /* Notable alumni */

{{Short description|Public school in Pennsylvania, United States}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Red Land High School
| address = 560 Fishing Creek Rd
| city = [[Lewisberry, Pennsylvania|Lewisberry]]
| county = [[York County, Pennsylvania|York County]]
| state = [[Pennsylvania]]
| zipcode = 17339
| country = [[United States]]
| other_names = Red Land Senior High School
| schooltype = High School
| type = Public
| established = 1964
| status = Open
| district = West Shore School District
| us_nces_district_id = 4225830
| school_number = (717) 938-6561
| us_nces_school_id = 422583004704
| head_name = Principal
| head = Melissa Herbert
| teaching_staff = 70
| grades = 9-12
| enrollment = 1,107 students Current<ref>About Our School. (n.d.). About Our Schools. Retrieved October 21, 2021, from https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/aboutourschool3285.aspx</ref>
| colors = {{colour box|Blue}}{{color box|Red}}{{colour box|White}} blue, red, and silver
| athletics = [[Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association]]
| mascot = Patriots
| team_name = Red Land Patriots
| website = {{URL|https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/RedLand.aspx}}
}}
'''Red Land High School''' is located in [[Lewisberry, Pennsylvania|Lewisberry]], [[York County, Pennsylvania|York County]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States]], and is younger of the two high schools in the [[West Shore School District]]. The entire West Shore School District attended [[Cedar Cliff High School]] until fall 1965, when Red Land High School opened. Currently, the school has 1,107 students enrolled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Our School|url=https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/aboutourschool3285.aspx|access-date=2021-10-21|website=www.wssd.k12.pa.us}}</ref> In 2019, the school had 70 teachers yielding a student teach ratio of 15:8.<ref name=":0">NCES, Common Core of Data - Red Land SHS, 2019-2020, 2020-2021 school years.</ref>

== Demographics ==
The demographic breakdown of the 1,107 students enrolled for 2019-2020 was:

=== Enrollment by grade ===

* 9th - 297
* 10th - 287
* 11th - 254
* 12th - 269

=== Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity ===

* Native American/Alaskan - 1
* Asian - 14
* Black - 18
* Hispanic - 36
* White - 1,008
* Multiracial - 29

=== Enrollment by Gender ===

* Male - 571
* Female - 536

196 students are eligible for free lunch and 21 for reduced-price lunch. For 2019-2020, Red Land was not a [[Elementary and Secondary Education Act|Title 1]] school.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Center for Education Statistics, Common Care Data – Red Land Senior High School, CCD Public school data 2019-2020, 2020-2021 school years.|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&SchoolID=422583004704&ID=422583004704|access-date=2022-01-27|website=nces.ed.gov|language=EN}}</ref>

Note: Details may not add to totals.

== Academic achievement ==

; 2014 School Performance Profile

Red Land Senior High School achieved 87.4 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature – 80% were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 68.7% showed on grade level skills. In Biology, just 63% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=November 6, 2014|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Performance Data 2014|url=http://www.paschoolperformance.org/Profile/5615|url-status=live}}</ref>

; 2013 School Performance Profile

Red Land Senior High School achieved 88.7 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature – 85% were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 63% showed on grade level skills. In Biology, just 44% showed on grade level science understanding.<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Red Land Senior High School Academic Performance Data 2013, October 4, 2013</ref>

; AYP History

In 2012, Red Land Senior High School declined further to '''Corrective Action I''' AYP status under No Child Left Behind. In 2011, the Red Land Senior High School was in '''Making Progress: in School Improvement II''' status. In 2010, the school declined to '''School Improvement II''' status due to continued poor student achievement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania department of Education|date=September 29, 2011|title=RED LAND Senior High School AYP Overview|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/School/Overview/c67/115219002/4704}}</ref> In 2009, Red Land Senior High School was in '''Making Progress: in School Improvement I''' due to chronic, low student achievement. In 2008, Red Land Senior High School was in '''School Improvement I''' status due to chronic low student achievement.

; '''Red Land Senior High School Graduation Rate:'''

* 2014 – 92.9%
* 2012 – 90% <ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=September 21, 2012|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2012 data table|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/School/DataTable/c67/115219002/4704}}</ref>
* 2011 – 90%<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2011 data table, September 29, 2011</ref>
* 2010 – 94%
* 2009 – 95%<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|year=2009|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2009|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/32722221/Red-Lion-Area-Senior-High-School-Academic-Achievement-Report-Card-2009}}</ref>
* 2008 – 90%

; '''PSSA Results'''
{{col-begin}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
;11th Grade Reading:
*2012 – 68% on grade level (16% below basic). State – 67%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paayp.emetric.net/Content/reportcards/RC12S115219002000004704.PDF |title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Report Card 2012 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>
*2011 – 78%, (9% below basic). State – 69.1%<ref name="PSSAAYP">{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/school_assessments/7442 |title=2010–2011 PSSA and AYP Results |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=September 29, 2011}}</ref>
*2010 – 73%, State – 67%
*2009 – 69%, State – 65%
*2008 – 57%, State – 65%
*2007 – 57%, State – 65%
{{col-2-of-2}}
;11th Grade Math:
*2012 – 60% on grade level (26% below basic). State – 59%
*2011 – 65%, (17% below basic). State – 60.3%
*2010 – 54%, State – 59%
*2009 – 56%, State – 55%
*2008 – 49%, State – 56%
*2007 – 45%, State – 53%
{{col-end}}
[[File:Map of York County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|thumb|West Shore School District region in York County]]
[[File:Map of Cumberland County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|thumb|West Shore School District region in Cumberland County]]
; '''11th Grade Science:'''

* 2012 – 44% on grade level (12% below basic). State – 42% of 11th graders were on grade level.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=September 21, 2012|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2012|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/Content/reportcards/RC12S115219002000004704.PDF}}</ref>
* 2011 – 44%, (12% below basic). State – 40%
* 2010 – 39%, State – 39%
* 2009 – 41%, State – 40%
* 2008 – 32%, State – 39%

=== SAT scores ===
In 2013, School District students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was . The Math average score was . The Writing average score was . The College Board reported that statewide scores were: 494 in reading, 504 in math and 482 in writing. The nationwide SAT results were the same as in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|year=2013|title=The 2013 SAT Report on College & Career Readiness|url=http://research.collegeboard.org/programs/sat/data/cb-seniors-2013|publisher=College Board}}</ref>

In 2012, 198 Red Land Senior High School students took the SAT exams. The School's Verbal Average Score was 509. The Math average score was 515. The Writing average score was 492. The statewide Verbal SAT exams results were: Verbal 491, Math 501, Writing 480. In the US, 1.65 million students took the exams achieving scores: Verbal 496, Math 514, Writing 488. According to the College Board the maximum score on each section was 800, and 360 students nationwide scored a perfect 2,400.

From January to June 2011, 186 Red Land Senior High School students took the SAT exams. The school's Verbal Average Score was 503. The Math average score was 501. The Writing average score was 477.<ref name="Pennsylvania Department of Education 2011">{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|year=2011|title=Public School SAT Scores 2011|url=http://pa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/data_and_statistics/7202/sat_and_act_scores/674663|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015105956/http://pa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/data_and_statistics/7202/sat_and_act_scores/674663|archive-date=October 15, 2011}}</ref> Pennsylvania ranked 40th among states with SAT scores: Verbal – 493, Math – 501, Writing – 479.<ref name="College Board">{{cite web|date=September 2011|title=SAT Scores State By State – Pennsylvania|url=http://www.commonwealthfoundation.org/policyblog/detail/sat-scores-by-state-2011|publisher=College Board}}</ref> In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing.<ref name="nj.com">{{cite web|date=September 2011|title=While U.S. SAT scores dip across the board, N.J. test-takers hold steady|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/09/while_us_sat_scores_dip_across.html|work=The Star-Ledger}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Stephen Zack]] (born 1992), basketball player for [[Hapoel Holon B.C.|Hapoel Holon]] in the [[Israeli Basketball Premier League]]
*Steve Keim (born September 8, 1972) GM for [[Arizona Cardinals]] 2013 - 2022 [[National Football League]]
*Kyle A. Wagner ( Born April 1973) Drafted 1995-12-312 California Angels College: Wake Forest University
*Brett A. Wagner (Born April 1973) Drafted 1994-1-19 St Louis Cardinals College: Wake Forest University
*Davey Douden (Born 1971) Locksmith Extraordinaire, [[Pennsylvania State Capitol]] 1999 - Present
*Douglas Smith (Born 1971) Mayor of [[Goldsboro, Pa]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/redland.aspx Red Land High School website]
{{Cumberland County, Pennsylvania School Districts}}

[[Category:High schools in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:High schools in Central Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:Schools in York County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Pennsylvania]]

Red Land High School

2023-05-24T16:13:21Z

8.38.177.4: /* Notable alumni */

{{Short description|Public school in Pennsylvania, United States}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Red Land High School
| address = 560 Fishing Creek Rd
| city = [[Lewisberry, Pennsylvania|Lewisberry]]
| county = [[York County, Pennsylvania|York County]]
| state = [[Pennsylvania]]
| zipcode = 17339
| country = [[United States]]
| other_names = Red Land Senior High School
| schooltype = High School
| type = Public
| established = 1964
| status = Open
| district = West Shore School District
| us_nces_district_id = 4225830
| school_number = (717) 938-6561
| us_nces_school_id = 422583004704
| head_name = Principal
| head = Melissa Herbert
| teaching_staff = 70
| grades = 9-12
| enrollment = 1,107 students Current<ref>About Our School. (n.d.). About Our Schools. Retrieved October 21, 2021, from https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/aboutourschool3285.aspx</ref>
| colors = {{colour box|Blue}}{{color box|Red}}{{colour box|White}} blue, red, and silver
| athletics = [[Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association]]
| mascot = Patriots
| team_name = Red Land Patriots
| website = {{URL|https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/RedLand.aspx}}
}}
'''Red Land High School''' is located in [[Lewisberry, Pennsylvania|Lewisberry]], [[York County, Pennsylvania|York County]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States]], and is younger of the two high schools in the [[West Shore School District]]. The entire West Shore School District attended [[Cedar Cliff High School]] until fall 1965, when Red Land High School opened. Currently, the school has 1,107 students enrolled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Our School|url=https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/aboutourschool3285.aspx|access-date=2021-10-21|website=www.wssd.k12.pa.us}}</ref> In 2019, the school had 70 teachers yielding a student teach ratio of 15:8.<ref name=":0">NCES, Common Core of Data - Red Land SHS, 2019-2020, 2020-2021 school years.</ref>

== Demographics ==
The demographic breakdown of the 1,107 students enrolled for 2019-2020 was:

=== Enrollment by grade ===

* 9th - 297
* 10th - 287
* 11th - 254
* 12th - 269

=== Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity ===

* Native American/Alaskan - 1
* Asian - 14
* Black - 18
* Hispanic - 36
* White - 1,008
* Multiracial - 29

=== Enrollment by Gender ===

* Male - 571
* Female - 536

196 students are eligible for free lunch and 21 for reduced-price lunch. For 2019-2020, Red Land was not a [[Elementary and Secondary Education Act|Title 1]] school.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Center for Education Statistics, Common Care Data – Red Land Senior High School, CCD Public school data 2019-2020, 2020-2021 school years.|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&SchoolID=422583004704&ID=422583004704|access-date=2022-01-27|website=nces.ed.gov|language=EN}}</ref>

Note: Details may not add to totals.

== Academic achievement ==

; 2014 School Performance Profile

Red Land Senior High School achieved 87.4 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature – 80% were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 68.7% showed on grade level skills. In Biology, just 63% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=November 6, 2014|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Performance Data 2014|url=http://www.paschoolperformance.org/Profile/5615|url-status=live}}</ref>

; 2013 School Performance Profile

Red Land Senior High School achieved 88.7 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature – 85% were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 63% showed on grade level skills. In Biology, just 44% showed on grade level science understanding.<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Red Land Senior High School Academic Performance Data 2013, October 4, 2013</ref>

; AYP History

In 2012, Red Land Senior High School declined further to '''Corrective Action I''' AYP status under No Child Left Behind. In 2011, the Red Land Senior High School was in '''Making Progress: in School Improvement II''' status. In 2010, the school declined to '''School Improvement II''' status due to continued poor student achievement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania department of Education|date=September 29, 2011|title=RED LAND Senior High School AYP Overview|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/School/Overview/c67/115219002/4704}}</ref> In 2009, Red Land Senior High School was in '''Making Progress: in School Improvement I''' due to chronic, low student achievement. In 2008, Red Land Senior High School was in '''School Improvement I''' status due to chronic low student achievement.

; '''Red Land Senior High School Graduation Rate:'''

* 2014 – 92.9%
* 2012 – 90% <ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=September 21, 2012|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2012 data table|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/School/DataTable/c67/115219002/4704}}</ref>
* 2011 – 90%<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2011 data table, September 29, 2011</ref>
* 2010 – 94%
* 2009 – 95%<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|year=2009|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2009|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/32722221/Red-Lion-Area-Senior-High-School-Academic-Achievement-Report-Card-2009}}</ref>
* 2008 – 90%

; '''PSSA Results'''
{{col-begin}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
;11th Grade Reading:
*2012 – 68% on grade level (16% below basic). State – 67%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paayp.emetric.net/Content/reportcards/RC12S115219002000004704.PDF |title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Report Card 2012 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>
*2011 – 78%, (9% below basic). State – 69.1%<ref name="PSSAAYP">{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/school_assessments/7442 |title=2010–2011 PSSA and AYP Results |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=September 29, 2011}}</ref>
*2010 – 73%, State – 67%
*2009 – 69%, State – 65%
*2008 – 57%, State – 65%
*2007 – 57%, State – 65%
{{col-2-of-2}}
;11th Grade Math:
*2012 – 60% on grade level (26% below basic). State – 59%
*2011 – 65%, (17% below basic). State – 60.3%
*2010 – 54%, State – 59%
*2009 – 56%, State – 55%
*2008 – 49%, State – 56%
*2007 – 45%, State – 53%
{{col-end}}
[[File:Map of York County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|thumb|West Shore School District region in York County]]
[[File:Map of Cumberland County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|thumb|West Shore School District region in Cumberland County]]
; '''11th Grade Science:'''

* 2012 – 44% on grade level (12% below basic). State – 42% of 11th graders were on grade level.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=September 21, 2012|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2012|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/Content/reportcards/RC12S115219002000004704.PDF}}</ref>
* 2011 – 44%, (12% below basic). State – 40%
* 2010 – 39%, State – 39%
* 2009 – 41%, State – 40%
* 2008 – 32%, State – 39%

=== SAT scores ===
In 2013, School District students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was . The Math average score was . The Writing average score was . The College Board reported that statewide scores were: 494 in reading, 504 in math and 482 in writing. The nationwide SAT results were the same as in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|year=2013|title=The 2013 SAT Report on College & Career Readiness|url=http://research.collegeboard.org/programs/sat/data/cb-seniors-2013|publisher=College Board}}</ref>

In 2012, 198 Red Land Senior High School students took the SAT exams. The School's Verbal Average Score was 509. The Math average score was 515. The Writing average score was 492. The statewide Verbal SAT exams results were: Verbal 491, Math 501, Writing 480. In the US, 1.65 million students took the exams achieving scores: Verbal 496, Math 514, Writing 488. According to the College Board the maximum score on each section was 800, and 360 students nationwide scored a perfect 2,400.

From January to June 2011, 186 Red Land Senior High School students took the SAT exams. The school's Verbal Average Score was 503. The Math average score was 501. The Writing average score was 477.<ref name="Pennsylvania Department of Education 2011">{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|year=2011|title=Public School SAT Scores 2011|url=http://pa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/data_and_statistics/7202/sat_and_act_scores/674663|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015105956/http://pa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/data_and_statistics/7202/sat_and_act_scores/674663|archive-date=October 15, 2011}}</ref> Pennsylvania ranked 40th among states with SAT scores: Verbal – 493, Math – 501, Writing – 479.<ref name="College Board">{{cite web|date=September 2011|title=SAT Scores State By State – Pennsylvania|url=http://www.commonwealthfoundation.org/policyblog/detail/sat-scores-by-state-2011|publisher=College Board}}</ref> In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing.<ref name="nj.com">{{cite web|date=September 2011|title=While U.S. SAT scores dip across the board, N.J. test-takers hold steady|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/09/while_us_sat_scores_dip_across.html|work=The Star-Ledger}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Stephen Zack]] (born 1992), basketball player for [[Hapoel Holon B.C.|Hapoel Holon]] in the [[Israeli Basketball Premier League]]
*Steve Keim (born September 8, 1972) GM for [[Arizona Cardinals]] 2013 - 2022 [[National Football League]]
*Kyle A. Wagner ( Born April 1973) Drafted 1995-12-312 California Angels College: Wake Forest University
*Brett A. Wagner (Born April 1973) Drafted 1994-1-19 St Louis Cardinals College: Wake Forest University
*Davey Douden (Born 1971) Locksmith Extraordinaire, [[Pennsylvania Stat Capitol]] 1999 - Present
*Douglas Smith (Born 1971) Mayor of [[Goldsboro, Pa]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/redland.aspx Red Land High School website]
{{Cumberland County, Pennsylvania School Districts}}

[[Category:High schools in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:High schools in Central Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:Schools in York County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Pennsylvania]]

Red Land High School

2023-05-24T16:10:57Z

8.38.177.4: /* Notable alumni */

{{Short description|Public school in Pennsylvania, United States}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Red Land High School
| address = 560 Fishing Creek Rd
| city = [[Lewisberry, Pennsylvania|Lewisberry]]
| county = [[York County, Pennsylvania|York County]]
| state = [[Pennsylvania]]
| zipcode = 17339
| country = [[United States]]
| other_names = Red Land Senior High School
| schooltype = High School
| type = Public
| established = 1964
| status = Open
| district = West Shore School District
| us_nces_district_id = 4225830
| school_number = (717) 938-6561
| us_nces_school_id = 422583004704
| head_name = Principal
| head = Melissa Herbert
| teaching_staff = 70
| grades = 9-12
| enrollment = 1,107 students Current<ref>About Our School. (n.d.). About Our Schools. Retrieved October 21, 2021, from https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/aboutourschool3285.aspx</ref>
| colors = {{colour box|Blue}}{{color box|Red}}{{colour box|White}} blue, red, and silver
| athletics = [[Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association]]
| mascot = Patriots
| team_name = Red Land Patriots
| website = {{URL|https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/RedLand.aspx}}
}}
'''Red Land High School''' is located in [[Lewisberry, Pennsylvania|Lewisberry]], [[York County, Pennsylvania|York County]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States]], and is younger of the two high schools in the [[West Shore School District]]. The entire West Shore School District attended [[Cedar Cliff High School]] until fall 1965, when Red Land High School opened. Currently, the school has 1,107 students enrolled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Our School|url=https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/aboutourschool3285.aspx|access-date=2021-10-21|website=www.wssd.k12.pa.us}}</ref> In 2019, the school had 70 teachers yielding a student teach ratio of 15:8.<ref name=":0">NCES, Common Core of Data - Red Land SHS, 2019-2020, 2020-2021 school years.</ref>

== Demographics ==
The demographic breakdown of the 1,107 students enrolled for 2019-2020 was:

=== Enrollment by grade ===

* 9th - 297
* 10th - 287
* 11th - 254
* 12th - 269

=== Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity ===

* Native American/Alaskan - 1
* Asian - 14
* Black - 18
* Hispanic - 36
* White - 1,008
* Multiracial - 29

=== Enrollment by Gender ===

* Male - 571
* Female - 536

196 students are eligible for free lunch and 21 for reduced-price lunch. For 2019-2020, Red Land was not a [[Elementary and Secondary Education Act|Title 1]] school.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Center for Education Statistics, Common Care Data – Red Land Senior High School, CCD Public school data 2019-2020, 2020-2021 school years.|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&SchoolID=422583004704&ID=422583004704|access-date=2022-01-27|website=nces.ed.gov|language=EN}}</ref>

Note: Details may not add to totals.

== Academic achievement ==

; 2014 School Performance Profile

Red Land Senior High School achieved 87.4 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature – 80% were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 68.7% showed on grade level skills. In Biology, just 63% demonstrated on grade level science understanding at the end of the course.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=November 6, 2014|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Performance Data 2014|url=http://www.paschoolperformance.org/Profile/5615|url-status=live}}</ref>

; 2013 School Performance Profile

Red Land Senior High School achieved 88.7 out of 100. Reflects on grade level reading, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature – 85% were on grade level. In Algebra 1, 63% showed on grade level skills. In Biology, just 44% showed on grade level science understanding.<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Red Land Senior High School Academic Performance Data 2013, October 4, 2013</ref>

; AYP History

In 2012, Red Land Senior High School declined further to '''Corrective Action I''' AYP status under No Child Left Behind. In 2011, the Red Land Senior High School was in '''Making Progress: in School Improvement II''' status. In 2010, the school declined to '''School Improvement II''' status due to continued poor student achievement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania department of Education|date=September 29, 2011|title=RED LAND Senior High School AYP Overview|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/School/Overview/c67/115219002/4704}}</ref> In 2009, Red Land Senior High School was in '''Making Progress: in School Improvement I''' due to chronic, low student achievement. In 2008, Red Land Senior High School was in '''School Improvement I''' status due to chronic low student achievement.

; '''Red Land Senior High School Graduation Rate:'''

* 2014 – 92.9%
* 2012 – 90% <ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=September 21, 2012|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2012 data table|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/School/DataTable/c67/115219002/4704}}</ref>
* 2011 – 90%<ref>Pennsylvania Department of Education, Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2011 data table, September 29, 2011</ref>
* 2010 – 94%
* 2009 – 95%<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|year=2009|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2009|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/32722221/Red-Lion-Area-Senior-High-School-Academic-Achievement-Report-Card-2009}}</ref>
* 2008 – 90%

; '''PSSA Results'''
{{col-begin}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
;11th Grade Reading:
*2012 – 68% on grade level (16% below basic). State – 67%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paayp.emetric.net/Content/reportcards/RC12S115219002000004704.PDF |title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Report Card 2012 |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>
*2011 – 78%, (9% below basic). State – 69.1%<ref name="PSSAAYP">{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/school_assessments/7442 |title=2010–2011 PSSA and AYP Results |author=Pennsylvania Department of Education |date=September 29, 2011}}</ref>
*2010 – 73%, State – 67%
*2009 – 69%, State – 65%
*2008 – 57%, State – 65%
*2007 – 57%, State – 65%
{{col-2-of-2}}
;11th Grade Math:
*2012 – 60% on grade level (26% below basic). State – 59%
*2011 – 65%, (17% below basic). State – 60.3%
*2010 – 54%, State – 59%
*2009 – 56%, State – 55%
*2008 – 49%, State – 56%
*2007 – 45%, State – 53%
{{col-end}}
[[File:Map of York County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|thumb|West Shore School District region in York County]]
[[File:Map of Cumberland County Pennsylvania School Districts.png|thumb|West Shore School District region in Cumberland County]]
; '''11th Grade Science:'''

* 2012 – 44% on grade level (12% below basic). State – 42% of 11th graders were on grade level.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|date=September 21, 2012|title=Red Land Senior High School Academic Achievement Report Card 2012|url=http://paayp.emetric.net/Content/reportcards/RC12S115219002000004704.PDF}}</ref>
* 2011 – 44%, (12% below basic). State – 40%
* 2010 – 39%, State – 39%
* 2009 – 41%, State – 40%
* 2008 – 32%, State – 39%

=== SAT scores ===
In 2013, School District students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was . The Math average score was . The Writing average score was . The College Board reported that statewide scores were: 494 in reading, 504 in math and 482 in writing. The nationwide SAT results were the same as in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|year=2013|title=The 2013 SAT Report on College & Career Readiness|url=http://research.collegeboard.org/programs/sat/data/cb-seniors-2013|publisher=College Board}}</ref>

In 2012, 198 Red Land Senior High School students took the SAT exams. The School's Verbal Average Score was 509. The Math average score was 515. The Writing average score was 492. The statewide Verbal SAT exams results were: Verbal 491, Math 501, Writing 480. In the US, 1.65 million students took the exams achieving scores: Verbal 496, Math 514, Writing 488. According to the College Board the maximum score on each section was 800, and 360 students nationwide scored a perfect 2,400.

From January to June 2011, 186 Red Land Senior High School students took the SAT exams. The school's Verbal Average Score was 503. The Math average score was 501. The Writing average score was 477.<ref name="Pennsylvania Department of Education 2011">{{cite web|author=Pennsylvania Department of Education|year=2011|title=Public School SAT Scores 2011|url=http://pa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/data_and_statistics/7202/sat_and_act_scores/674663|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015105956/http://pa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/data_and_statistics/7202/sat_and_act_scores/674663|archive-date=October 15, 2011}}</ref> Pennsylvania ranked 40th among states with SAT scores: Verbal – 493, Math – 501, Writing – 479.<ref name="College Board">{{cite web|date=September 2011|title=SAT Scores State By State – Pennsylvania|url=http://www.commonwealthfoundation.org/policyblog/detail/sat-scores-by-state-2011|publisher=College Board}}</ref> In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing.<ref name="nj.com">{{cite web|date=September 2011|title=While U.S. SAT scores dip across the board, N.J. test-takers hold steady|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2011/09/while_us_sat_scores_dip_across.html|work=The Star-Ledger}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Stephen Zack]] (born 1992), basketball player for [[Hapoel Holon B.C.|Hapoel Holon]] in the [[Israeli Basketball Premier League]]
*Steve Keim (born September 8, 1972) GM for [[Arizona Cardinals]] 2013 - 2022 [[National Football League]]
*Kyle A. Wagner ( Born April 1973) Drafted 1995-12-312 California Angels College: Wake Forest University
*Brett A. Wagner (Born April 1973) Drafted 1994-1-19 St Louis Cardinals College: Wake Forest University
*Davey Douden (Born 1971) Locksmith Extraordinaire, Pa State Capitol 1999 - Present
*Douglas Smith (Born 1971) Mayor of [[Goldsboro, Pa]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.wssd.k12.pa.us/redland.aspx Red Land High School website]
{{Cumberland County, Pennsylvania School Districts}}

[[Category:High schools in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:High schools in Central Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]
[[Category:Schools in York County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Pennsylvania]]

Chaim Elazar Spira

2023-05-22T12:47:40Z

8.38.177.4: /* Legacy */

{{Short description|Rebbe of the Hasidic Munkacs dynasty (1868–1937)}}
{{Infobox rebbe
|title = Munkacser Rebbe
|image = Pestrý týden, 1937-05-22, Lazar Spira.jpg
|caption = Spira in 1937.
| began = 1913
| ended = 1937
|birth_name = Chaim Elazar Spira
|main_work = Minchas Elozor
|predecessor = [[Tzvi Hirsch Spira]]<ref name=BHR>it says so on his monument (shown below)</ref>
|successor = [[Baruch Yehoshua Yerachmiel Rabinovich]]
|spouse = Rochel Perl, daughter of Yakov Moshe Safrin of [[Komarno (Hasidic dynasty)|Komarno]]
|children = Chaya Fruma<ref name=NineMin/> ("Frima")<ref name=Carp/> Rifka Spira
|dynasty = [[Munkacz (Hasidic dynasty)|Munkacz]]
|father = Tzvi Hirsch Spira of [[Munkacz]]
|mother = Esther, daughter of Chanina Horowitz of [[Ulanów]]
|birth_date = December 17, 1868
|birth_place = [[Strzyżów]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
|date of death = May 13, 1937
|place of death = [[Mukachevo]]
|date of burial = May 13, 1937
|place of burial = [[Mukachevo]], [[Czechoslovakia]]
|}}
'''Chaim Elazar Spira''' (December 17, 1868 – May 13, 1937)<ref name=Star>{{cite book
|title=A Tapestry of Stars |pages=343–352
|author=C. B. Weinfeld |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-4226-1902-5}}</ref> was a [[rebbe]] of the [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] [[Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)|Munkacs]] dynasty.<ref name=Yivo>{{cite web
|title=Munkatsh Hasidic Dynasty
|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Munkatsh_Hasidic_Dynasty}}</ref>

==Family background==
Spira was born in [[Strzyżów]], [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]], [[Austria-Hungary]], now part of Poland, where his grandfather, Shlomo Spira, was a rabbi. Chaim Elazar's father, Tzvi Hersh Spira,<ref name=BHR/> was from Spira family which had held rabbinical positions in [[Munkács]] dating back to the founder of the Munkács Hasidic dynasty, Tzvi Elimelech Spira of Dinov (Bnei Yisoschor),<ref>Note spelling Shapira. {{cite web |title=Chassidic Rebbe Biographies |website=AscentOfSafed.com
|url=http://ascentofsafed.com/cgi-bin/ascent.cgi?Name=rebbeBios
|quote=Rabbi Tzvi Elimelech Shapira of Dinov (1785 - 18 Teves, 1841), a renowned ...}}</ref> who was Chief Rabbi from 1828 to 1832.

Spira became Chief Justice of the Rabbinical Court in Munkács in 1903, where he worked along with his father until the latter died in 1913. He succeeded his father as Chief Rabbi of Munkács and the surrounding communities.<ref name=YadVa>{{cite web
|title=Rabbi Chaim Elazar Shapira |website=YadVashem.org
|quote=... chief rabbi and head of the Beit Din ... with the passing of his father, ... 1913, Chaim Elazar ...
|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/munkacs/rabbi_shapira.asp}}</ref>

==Biography==
Spira wrote and published over twenty books on the [[Halakha|Jewish law]], [[Torah]], Hasidism, and religious philosophy and customs including the six-volume ''Minchas Elazar''. He opposed political [[Zionism]] and the [[World Agudath Israel|Agudat Yisrael]].<ref>{{Cite book
|title=The World of Hasidism |author=H. Rabinowicz |page=170 |year=1970
|isbn=978-0-87677-005-4 |publisher=Hartmore House}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|journal=Modern Judaism |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=233–264
|author=Al Nadler |date=1994
|title=The War on Modernity of R. Hayyim Elazar Shapira of Munkacz
|quote=... by the ultra-conservative hasidic Rabbi of Munkacz ... Shapira ... Zionist .. perceived .. greater threats to ...
|jstor=1396352 |doi=10.1093/mj/14.3.233}}</ref>

[[File:Minchas Elazar.jpg|thumb|left|Chaim Elazar Spira]]
Spira established elementary schools under the name "Machzike Torah."{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

He founded a ''[[yeshiva]]'' (rabbinical college) in Munkacs, named ''Darchei Tshuva'', after the title of his father's [[sefer (book)]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Esther Spira |website=MyHeritage.com
|quote=Zvi Hirsh Spira (Darchei Tshuva). ... one son: Chaim Elazar Spira (Minchas Elazar).
|url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/esther_spira}}</ref>

==Journey to Jerusalem==
[[File:The Minchas Eliezer.jpg|thumb|The Minchas Elazar]]
In 1930, Spira visited [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] for a thirteen-day trip to visit the elderly [[kabbalah|kabbalist]] [[Solomon Eliezer Alfandari]] (known as the Saba Kadisha, "Holy Grandfather") and also to visit with his followers in Palestine.

He met with Alfandari for long hours behind closed doors over the span of a week. While Spira was in Jerusalem Alfandari died.
[[File:Mun1.jpg|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=poster welcoming the holy minkatcher rabbi to Jerusalem|poster welcoming the holy minkatcher rabbi to Jerusalem]]
Details of the trip were recorded in a book written by a disciple of Spira's, Moshe Goldstein, who was one of those accompanying the Rebbe on his trip. The book was reprinted several times in Hebrew and Yiddish, and was translated to English in 2009 by Artscroll Publications.<ref>{{cite book
|publisher=[[Artscroll]] Mesorah Publications |date=2009 |author=Moshe Goldstein
|title=Journey to Jerusalem: The Historic Visit of the Minchas Eluzar of Munkacs Zt'l to the Saba Kadisha Zt'l
|isbn=978-1422608876}}</ref>

==Wedding of daughter in 1933==
Spira's only daughter,
Chaya Fruma Rivka (known as Frima),<ref name=Carp/> married [[Baruch Yehoshua Yerachmiel Rabinowicz]] in Munkács on March 15, 1933.<ref name=NineMin>{{cite magazine |magazine=Mishpacha |date=June 6, 2012
|url=http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/2136/Munkaczs-Nine-Minutes-of-Fame
|quote=... the wedding of the Minchas Elazar's only daughter, Chaya Fruma Rivka 17 Adar – March 15, 1933
|title=Munkacz's Nine Minutes of Fame}}</ref>

Over 20,000 guests attended the wedding.<ref name=Carp>{{cite web |title=A Jewish Community in the Carpathian Mountains- The Story of ...
|quote=... from across Europe and overseas for the wedding ... of Rabbi Baruch Rabinowitz and Chaya Frima
|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/munkacs/rabbi_rabinowitz.asp}}</ref> According to the daily newspaper ''[[Rudý večerník]]'', "The wedding lasted for seven days".

== Legacy ==
[[File:MEmatzeiva.jpg|thumb|120px|Spira's tombstone]]
Spira died in 1937 and was succeeded as Chief Rabbi by his son-in-law [[Baruch Yehoshua Yerachmiel Rabinowicz]], Spira's only daughter Frima's husband, who was chief rabbi until the Nazi occupation of Munkács in 1944.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Rabbi Moshe Yehuda Leib Rabinowitz Munkatch Rebbe
|quote=R' Baruch Joshua Jerachmeel Rabinovitch served as ... in 1937 until the Nazis occupied Munkacs in 1944.
|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Rabbi-Moshe-Rabinowitz-Munkatch-Rebbe/6000000002802652268}}</ref>

Spira's gravesite in the Munkács Jewish Cemetery dresses pilgrims, especially on the anniversary of his death on the second day in the month of [[Sivan]].

===Today===
[[File:Munkacs World Headquarters in Boro Park, Brooklyn.jpg|thumb|left|Munkacs World Headquarters (Boro Park, Brooklyn)]]
The Munkacs Hasidic dynasty is now led by his grandson, [[Moshe Leib Rabinovich]], who lives in [[Brooklyn]].

====Israel====
[[Batei Munkacs]], the Israeli residential neighborhood founded by Spira,<ref>{{cite web
|title=A Letter from the Admor author of 'Minchat Elazar' of Munkacs
|url=https://winners-auctions.com/en/node/10853
|date=March 27, 2017
|quote=... and established the Batei Munkacs neighborhood.
|access-date=November 7, 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108065657/https://winners-auctions.com/en/node/10853
|archive-date=November 8, 2018
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> draws tourists.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://moovitapp.com/index/en/public_transit-Batei_Munkacs-Israel-site_44671959-1
|quote=find the best routes to Batei Munkacs using public transit... updated schedule... bus
|title=How to get to Batei Munkacs in Israel by Bus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=The Nachlaot Nook - Apartments for Rent in Jerusalem
|quote=Neighborhoods in Nachlaot (plural of nachala, lit. "homestead") include ... Batei Munkacs, ...
|url=https://www.airbnb.com/rooms/26170820}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=Journey to Jerusalem|author= Goldstein, Moshe|publisher=[[ArtScroll]]|isbn=978-1-4226-0887-6|date= 2009-01-01}}
*Aviezer Ravitzky, "Munkacs and Jerusalem: Ultra-Orthodox Opposition to Zionism and Agudaism," ''Zionism and Religion'', eds. Shmuel Almog, Jehuda Reinharz, and Anita Shapira (Hanover and London, 1998), 67–89. {{ISBN|0-87451-882-2}}

==External links==
* [http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/munkacs/rabbi_shapira.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki Rabbi Chaim Elazar Shapira – the Munkaczer Rebbe - A Jewish Community in the Carpathian Mountains- The Story of Munkács]
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1622609518319953327&pr=goog-sl Video of the wedding of Chaya Frima Rivka Spira - daughter of Rabbi Chaim Elazar to Rabbi Baruch Rabinovich]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spira, Chaim Elazar}}
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian rabbis]]
[[Category:Anti-Zionist Hasidic rabbis]]
[[Category:Hungarian Orthodox rabbis]]
[[Category:People from Strzyżów County]]
[[Category:Polish Hasidic rabbis]]
[[Category:Rabbis from Galicia (Eastern Europe)]]
[[Category:Rebbes of Munkacs]]
[[Category:Religious leaders in Hungary]]

Corvus

2023-05-17T18:01:37Z

8.38.177.4: /* In folklore and mythology */

{{Short description|Genus of birds including crows, ravens and rooks}}
{{For other uses|Corvus (disambiguation)|Crow (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|5|0}}Late [[Miocene]] – Recent
| image = Corvus-brachyrhynchos-001.jpg
| image_caption = [[American crow]] (''Corvus brachyrhynchos'')
| taxon = Corvus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = Many, see [[List of Corvus species|List of ''Corvus'' species]]
| diversity_link = List of Corvus species
| diversity = c. 46 species
| type_species = ''[[Corvus corax]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Linnaeus]], 1758
}}

'''''Corvus''''' is a widely distributed [[genus]] of medium-sized to large [[bird]]s in the family [[Corvidae]]. It includes species commonly known as [[crow]]s, [[raven]]s and [[Rook (bird)|rooks]]. The species commonly encountered in Europe are the [[carrion crow]], the [[hooded crow]], the [[common raven]] and the [[rook (bird)|rook]]; those discovered later were named "crow" or "raven" chiefly on the basis of their size, crows generally being smaller. The genus name is [[Latin]] for "raven".<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page= [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n119 119]}}</ref>

The [[List of Corvus species|46 or so members of this genus]] occur on all temperate continents except South America, and several islands. The ''Corvus'' genus makes up a third of the species in the family Corvidae. The members appear to have evolved in Asia from the corvid stock, which had evolved in Australia. The [[collective noun|collective name]] for a group of crows is a "flock" or a "murder".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.word-detective.com/2009/02/murder-of-crows-etc |title=Murder of Crows, etc. |publisher=Word-detective.com |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>

Recent research has found some crow species capable of not only [[Tool use by animals|tool use]], but also tool construction.<ref name="Winkler">{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0808_020808_crow.html|title=Crow Makes Wire Hook to Get Food|last=Winkler|first=Robert|date=8 August 2002|work=National Geographic|access-date=6 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215221959/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0808_020808_crow.html|archive-date=15 February 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Crows are now considered to be among the world's most [[Animal cognition|intelligent]] animals<ref name="pbs">{{cite web|url=http://video.pbs.org/video/1621910826/#|title=A Murder of Crows|date=24 October 2010|work=Nature|publisher=PBS video|access-date=6 February 2011|quote=New research indicates that crows are among the brightest animals in the world.}}</ref> with an [[encephalization quotient]] equal to that of many non-human primates.<ref name="ngn">{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1209_041209_crows_apes.html|title=Crows as Clever as Great Apes, Study Says|date=9 December 2004|work=National Geographic News|publisher=NG Society|access-date=24 June 2015|quote=Emery and Clayton write, "These studies have found that some corvids are not only superior in intelligence to birds of other avian species (perhaps with the exception of some parrots), but also rival many nonhuman primates."}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Flying Crow.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hooded crow]] (''Corvus cornix'') in flight]]
[[File:Raven scavenging on a dead shark.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jungle crow]] (''Corvus macrorhynchos'') scavenging on a dead shark at a beach in [[Kumamoto, Japan]]]]

Medium-large species are ascribed to the genus, ranging from {{Convert|34|cm|in|abbr=on}} of some small Mexican species to {{Convert|60–70|cm|in|abbr=on}} of the large [[common raven]] and [[thick-billed raven]], which together with the [[lyrebird]] represent the larger [[passerines]].

These are birds with a robust and slender appearance, equipped with a small rounded head with a strong conical beak, elongated and pointed, with a slightly curved end towards the bottom: the legs are strong and the tail is short and wedge-shaped.

The coloration of the livery is dominated by shades of black, with some species having plumage with metallic iridescence and others that have white or gray areas on the neck or torso: Australian species have light eyes, while generally the irises are dark.

[[Sexual dimorphism]] is limited.

==Evolutionary history and systematics==
{{further|Corvidae}}

[[File:Crow on a branch.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rook (bird)|Rook (''Corvus frugilegus'')]] on a branch]]
The members of the genus ''Corvus'' are believed to have [[Evolution|evolve]]d in Central Asia and radiated out from there into North America, Africa, Europe, and [[Australia]]. The center of diversity of ''Corvus'' is within [[Melanesia]], [[Wallacea]], and the island of [[New Guinea]] and surrounding islands, with numerous species endemic to islands in the area; other areas with a large number of crow species include [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], [[East Africa]], and [[Australia]]. A high density of endemics are also present in [[Mexico]] and the [[Caribbean]].

The latest evidence<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0401892101|pmid=15263073|pmc=503738| title = Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| volume = 101| issue = 30| pages = 11040–5| year = 2004| last1 = Barker | first1 = F. K.| last2 = Cibois | first2 = A.| last3 = Schikler | first3 = P.| last4 = Feinstein | first4 = J.| last5 = Cracraft | first5 = J.|bibcode=2004PNAS..10111040B|doi-access=free}}</ref> regarding the evolution indicates descent within the Australasian family Corvidae. However, the branch that would produce the modern groups such as [[jays]], [[magpies]], and large, predominantly black ''Corvus'' species had left [[Australasia]] and were concentrated in Asia by the time the ''Corvus'' species evolved.

The genus was originally described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his 1758 [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'']].<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=C. | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. | publisher=Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii) | year=1758 | url=http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/index.php?id=img&no_cache=1&IDDOC=265100 | page=824 | language=la | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319115418/http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/index.php?id=img&no_cache=1&IDDOC=265100 | archive-date=19 March 2015 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> The name is derived from the [[Latin (language)|Latin]] ''corvus'' meaning "raven".<ref>{{cite book | last = Simpson | first = D.P. | title = Cassell's Latin Dictionary | publisher = Cassell | year= 1979| edition = 5 | location = London | isbn = 978-0-304-52257-6 | page = 883}}</ref> The [[type species]] is the [[common raven]] (''Corvus corax'');<ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Greenway | editor2-first=James C. Jr | year=1962 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=15 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=261 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14485634 }}</ref> others named by Linnaeus in the same work include the [[carrion crow]] (''C. corone''), the [[hooded crow]] (''C. cornix''), the [[Rook (bird)|rook]] (''C. frugilegus''), and two species which have since been moved to other genera, the [[western jackdaw]] (now ''Coloeus monedula'') and the [[Eurasian magpie]] (now ''Pica pica''). At least 42 [[Extant taxon|extant]] species are now considered to be members of ''Corvus'', and at least 14 [[extinct]] species have been described.

The [[fossil record]] of crows is rather dense in Europe, but the relationships among most prehistoric species are not clear. Corvids are found in major cities across the world, and a major increase in the number of crows in urban settings has occurred since the 1900s. Historical records suggest that the population of American crows found in North America has been growing steadily since the introduction of European colonization, and spread east to west with the opening of the frontier. Crows were uncommon in the Pacific Northwest in the 1900s, except in [[Riparian zone|riparian habitat]]s. Populations in the west increased substantially from the late 1800s to the mid-1900s. Crows and ravens spread along with agriculture and urbanization into the western part of North America.<ref>Marzluff, J., Bowman, R. and Donnelly, R. (2001). Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.</ref>

===Species===
{{Main|List of Corvus species{{!}}List of ''Corvus'' species}}

==Behavior==
[[File:House crow Bangalore India wb.jpg|thumb|right|House crow (''[[Corvus splendens]]''), Bangalore]]

===Communal roosting===
Crows gather in large communal roosts numbering between 200 and tens of thousands of individuals during nonbreeding months, particularly in the winter. These gatherings tend to happen near large food sources such as garbage dumps and shopping centers.<ref>Caccamise, D., Reed, L. and Stouffer, P. (1997). Roosting Behavior and Group Territoriality in American Crows. The Auk, 114(4), 628-637.</ref>

===Play===
Countless incidents are recorded of corvids at play. Many behaviourists see play as an essential quality in intelligent animals.<ref>Bekoff, Mark & Byers, John (1998). ''Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative and Ecological Perspectives.''</ref>

===Calls===
{{Listen|filename=Corvus brachyrhynchos call.ogg|title=''Corvus brachyrhynchos'' call|description=Call of ''Corvus brachyrhynchos'' ([[American crow]])|format=[[Ogg/FLAC]]}}
Crows and the other members of the genus make a wide variety of [[Bird vocalization|calls]] or vocalizations.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Selected Vocalizations of the Common Crow|journal = The Auk|volume = 88|issue = 3|pages = 613–634|jstor = 4083753|last1 = Chamberlain|first1 = Dwight R|last2 = Cornwell|first2 = George W|year = 1971}}</ref> Crows have also been observed to respond to calls of other species; presumably, this behavior is learned because it varies regionally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can Crows Talk Like Parrots, can Crows Mimic Human Voice – Science Facts |url=https://www.science-facts.com/can-crows-talk/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Crows' vocalizations are complex and poorly understood. Some of the many vocalizations that crows make are a "koww", usually echoed back and forth between birds, a series of "kowws" in discrete units, a long caw followed by a series of short caws (usually made when a bird takes off from a perch), an echo-like "eh-aw" sound, and more. These vocalizations vary by species, and within each species they vary regionally. In many species, the pattern and number of the numerous vocalizations have been observed to change in response to events in the surroundings (e.g. arrival or departure of crows).<ref>{{Cite web |last=birdy |date=2022-05-06 |title=Can crows talk like parrots? (Facts + Video) |url=https://birdsology.com/can-crows-talk/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=birdsology |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Foraging ===
[[File:A lone wolf with ravens and crows in 4K HDR. 07 (cropped).png|thumb|Wolf and ravens associating]]
Along with other birds, ravens have been known to associate with other animals like [[coyote]]s and [[Wolf|wolves]]. These associations are linked to feeding and hunting. Ravens use their calls to notify these animals when an injured prey is near. This interaction is most noticeable in winter where ravens are associated with wolf packs nearly 100% of the time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-28|title=Ravens: The Wolf's "Wingman" {{!}} Wolf Conservation Center|url=https://nywolf.org/2019/02/ravens-the-wolfs-wingman-2/|access-date=2021-10-23|language=en-US}}</ref> As a result of this connection, there have been studies conducted on the reaction of prey animals to the call of the raven. In areas where ravens associate with predators, prey animals are more likely to avoid predation by leaving after hearing the call.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Memorial University Libraries - Proxy Login| year=1999 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1999.0917|pmc=1690453|pmid=10629976| last1=Berger | first1=J. | journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume=266 | issue=1435 | pages=2261–2267 }}</ref> They are also capable of distinguishing between coyotes and wolves and have shown a preference for wolves. This may be due to the fact that wolves kill larger prey.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Stahler|first1=Daniel|last2=Heinrich|first2=Bernd|last3=Smith|first3=Douglas|date=2002-08-01|title=Common ravens, Corvus corax, preferentially associate with grey wolves, Canis lupus, as a foraging strategy in winter|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347202930472|journal=Animal Behaviour|language=en|volume=64|issue=2|pages=283–290|doi=10.1006/anbe.2002.3047|s2cid=53176223 |issn=0003-3472}}</ref> When hunting, ravens can locate injured animals, like elk, and can call out to wolves to kill them. At times, ravens associate with wolves even when there is no carcass and can even be seen forming relationships with them.<ref name=":0" /> This includes playing with cubs by using sticks, picking at their tails, or flying around them.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-10|title=Naturalist Notes: Wolves and Ravens|url=https://www.yellowstone.org/naturalist-notes-wolves-and-ravens/|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Yellowstone Forever|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Yellowstone sound library - Common Raven - 001.mp3|thumb|Audio clip of the call of a Common Raven from the Yellowstone sound library]]

Ravens have been mostly seen among travelling wolf packs rather than resting wolves, possibly due to the increased likelihood of food. They are also known to trust wolves in the pack they follow, when encountering a carcass killed by animals other than wolves they will be more apprehensive to eat from it.<ref name=":0"/> This [[Symbiosis|symbiotic]] relationship between ravens and wolves is shown to be [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualistic]], ravens help wolves find prey and when the wolves kill them the ravens can eat too. However, this relationship is not without its faults. Ravens may at times eat more of the prey than the wolf does. This problem has also been linked to wolf pack size, with some researchers suggesting that one of the reasons wolves hunt in larger packs is so that ravens (and other scavengers) get less of the food.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vucetich|first1=John A.|last2=Peterson|first2=Rolf O.|last3=Waite|first3=Thomas A.|date=2004-06-01|title=Raven scavenging favours group foraging in wolves|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000334720400065X|journal=Animal Behaviour|language=en|volume=67|issue=6|pages=1117–1126|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.06.018|s2cid=52063060 |issn=0003-3472}}</ref> Along with contention in wolves, ravens can also bother each other. By feeding off of the same carcass it is possible that some ravens will steal from their conspecifics. This behaviour is related to the ravens' ability to make quick decisions about eating the food then or storing it for later,<ref name=":12"/> and to their dominance and fighting ability.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Memorial University Libraries - Proxy Login| year=2020 |doi=10.1111/eth.12986|pmc=7079088|pmid=32201438| last1=Gallego-Abenza | first1=M. | last2=Loretto | first2=M. C. | last3=Bugnyar | first3=T. | journal=Ethology | volume=126 | issue=4 | pages=413–422 }}</ref>[[File:Indian Crow vs.JPG|thumb|Indian crow in [[Tamil Nadu]]]]

===Intelligence===
As a group, crows show remarkable examples of intelligence. Natural history books from the 18th century recount an often-repeated, but unproven anecdote of "counting crows"—specifically a crow whose ability to count to five (or four in some versions) is established through a logic trap set by a farmer.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dehaene, Stanislas |title=The Number Sense: How the Mind Creates Mathematics, Revised and Updated Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPaapa4PMVEC&pg=PA289|date= 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-975387-1|pages=289–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Park, Keeok |title=Numbers Are Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74e6ZB9YcscC&pg=PA19|publisher=Keeok Park|isbn=978-0-9843446-3-5|pages=19–}}</ref> Crows and ravens often score very highly on intelligence tests. Certain species top the [[avian IQ]] scale.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rincon |first=Paul |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4286965.stm |title=Science/Nature | Crows and jays top bird IQ scale |work=BBC News |date=22 February 2005 |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref> Wild hooded crows in Israel have learned to use bread crumbs for bait-fishing.<ref>[http://www.orenhasson.com/EN/bait-fishing.htm Bait-Fishing in Crows]</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2011}} Crows engage in a kind of mid-air [[jousting]], or air-"[[game of chicken|chicken]]" to establish pecking order. They have been found to engage in activities such as sports,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wimp.com/crowtubing/ |title=Crow tubing upon a slide (video) |publisher=Wimp.com |access-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219171733/http://www.wimp.com/crowtubing/ |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> tool use, the ability to hide and store food across seasons, [[episodic-like memory]], and the ability to use individual experience in predicting the behavior of proximal conspecifics.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202| pmid = 18715117|pmc=2517622| title = Mirror-Induced Behavior in the Magpie (''Pica pica''): Evidence of Self-Recognition| journal = PLOS Biology| volume = 6| issue = 8| pages = e202| year = 2008| last1 = Prior | first1 = H. | last2 = Schwarz | first2 = A. | last3 = Güntürkün | first3 = O. }}</ref>

One species, the [[New Caledonian crow]], has also been intensively studied recently because of its ability to manufacture and use [[tool]]s in the day-to-day search for food. On 5 October 2007, researchers from the [[University of Oxford]] presented data acquired by mounting tiny video cameras on the tails of New Caledonian crows. They pluck, smooth, and bend twigs and grass stems to procure a variety of foodstuffs.<ref>Schmid, Randolph E. (5 October 2007) {{Cite web |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/10/05/crows_ani.html?category=animals&guid=20071005130000&dcitc=w19-502-ak-0000 |title=Crows Bend Twigs Into Tools |access-date=13 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331073051/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/10/05/crows_ani.html?category=animals&guid=20071005130000&dcitc=w19-502-ak-0000 |archive-date=31 March 2012 |url-status=bot: unknown }}, Associated Press via Discovery Channel</ref><ref>See also the video [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00bt2kq "Crow bars"], from the BBC's ''The Life of Birds''</ref> Crows in [[Queensland]] have learned how to eat the toxic [[cane toad]] by flipping the cane toad on its back and violently stabbing the throat where the skin is thinner, allowing the crow to access the nontoxic innards; their long beaks ensure that all of the innards can be removed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Katrina Bolton |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/15/2033759.htm |title=Toads fall victim to crows in NT – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |publisher=[[Abc.net.au]] |date=15 September 2007 |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozanimals.com/Frog/Cane-Toad/Bufo/marinus.html |title=Cane Toad (''Bufo marinus'') |publisher=Ozanimals.com |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>

The western jackdaw and the Eurasian magpie have been found to have a [[nidopallium]] about the same relative size as the functionally equivalent neocortex in chimpanzees and humans, and significantly larger than is found in the [[gibbon]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Comparative Vertebrate Cognition: Are Primates Superior to Non-Primates?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e021s7atsicC&pg=PA9|author1=Rogers, Lesley J. |author2=Kaplan, Gisela T. |page= 9|publisher= Springer|location=New York, New York|year=2004|isbn=978-0-306-47727-0}}</ref>

Crows have demonstrated the ability to distinguish individual humans by recognizing facial features.<ref name="Nijhuis">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/26/science/26crow.html|title=Friend or Foe? Crows Never Forget a Face, It Seems|last=Nijhuis|first=Michelle|date=25 August 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=6 February 2011}}</ref> Evidence also suggests they are one of the few nonhuman animals, along with insects like bees or ants, capable of [[displacement (linguistics)|displacement]] (communication about things that are not immediately present, spatially or temporally).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00300349| title = Winter foraging at carcasses by three sympatric corvids, with emphasis on recruitment by the raven, ''Corvus corax''| journal = Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology| volume = 23| issue = 3| pages = 141–156| year = 1988| last1 = Heinrich | first1 = B.| s2cid = 10471307}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00172134| title = Do common ravens yell because they want to attract others?| journal = Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology| volume = 28| year = 1991| last1 = Heinrich | first1 = B.| last2 = Marzluff | first2 = J. M. | s2cid = 38841889}}</ref>

In [[Japan]], crows have demonstrated the ability to learn how to use public drinking fountains for both water and bathing purposes. In the [[Gumyōji|Gumyoji Park]] of [[Yokohama]] crows have shown the ability to both activate public drinking fountains and adjust the water flow to appropriate levels for either bathing or drinking.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higuchi |first1=Hiroyoshi |title=Carrion Crow manipulating water taps for drinking and bathing |journal=British Birds |date=2019 |volume=112 |pages=167–169 |url=http://hhiguchi.justhpbs.jp/ |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sugimoto |first1=Takashi |title="Genius" crow that twists the water tap Drinking, bathing, adjustable |url=https://www-asahi-com.translate.goog/articles/ASM3161QTM31ULBJ00W.html?iref=pc_rellink_01&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=nui |website=Asahi Shimbun Digital |date=2 March 2019 |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>

In the past there have been plenty of studies conducted on how ravens and corvids in general learn. Some of these studies have concluded that the brains of ravens and crows compare in relative size to great apes. The encephalization quotient (EQ), helps to expose the similarities between a great ape brain and a crow/raven brain. This includes cognitive ability. Even though the brain differs significantly between mammals and birds we can see larger forebrains in corvids than other birds (except some parrots), especially in areas associated with social learning, planning, decision making in humans and complex cognition in apes. Along with tool use, ravens can recognize themselves in a mirror.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mechanism|url=https://www.reed.edu/biology/professors/srenn/pages/teaching/web_2010/ndr_site/mechanism.html|access-date=2021-11-20|website=www.reed.edu}}</ref> This complex cognition can also be extended to socio-cognitive abilities. Studies have been conducted regarding the development and evolution of social abilities in ravens. These results help to show how ravens prefer to form stable relationships with siblings and close social partners as opposed to strangers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Memorial University Libraries - Proxy Login|url=http://qe2a-proxy.mun.ca/login?qurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2fpmc%2farticles%2fpmc4398861%2f|access-date=2021-11-06|website=qe2a-proxy.mun.ca}}</ref> The development in social abilities is essential for raven survival, including identifying whether something poses a threat and how ravens alert others nearby of an incoming threat.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Memorial University Libraries - Proxy Login| year=2020 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581794|pmc=7609869|pmid=33192900| doi-access=free | last1=Blum | first1=C. R. | last2=Fitch | first2=W. T. | last3=Bugnyar | first3=T. | journal=Frontiers in Psychology | volume=11 | page=581794 }}</ref>

==Diet==
[[File:House Crow (Corvus splendens) in Shantinagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 17 March 2015.JPG|thumb|''[[Corvus splendens]]'' or house crow resting in shadows on a rooftop with [[slaughterhouse]] refuse to eat]]
Crows are omnivorous, and their diet is very diverse. They will eat almost anything, including other birds, fruits, nuts, mollusks, earthworms, seeds, frogs, eggs, nestlings, mice, and carrion. The origin of placing scarecrows in grain fields resulted from the crow's incessant damaging and scavenging, although crows assist farmers by eating insects otherwise attracted to their crops.<ref>[http://www.crowbusters.com/facts.htm Crow Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009013506/http://www.crowbusters.com/facts.htm |date=9 October 2014 }}. crowbusters.com</ref>

==Reproduction==
[[File:crow-nestlings.jpg|thumb|left|Nestlings, almost ready to fledge]]
Crows reach sexual maturity around the age of three years for females and five years for males. Clutch size is approximately three to nine eggs, and the nesting period lasts between 20 and 40 days. Crows often mate for life, and young from previous years often help nesting pairs protect a nest and feed nestlings.<ref>Allaboutbirds.org, (2014). American Crow. [online] Available at: http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/american_crow/lifehistory</ref>
[[File:Crow corvus nest.jpg|thumb|A crow's nest is made of materials like twigs, electrical wires, metal strips, plastic pieces, and other small items.]]
Crow nestlings in urban areas face threats such as nest entanglement from anthropogenic nesting materials and stunted growth due to poor nutrition.<ref>Andrea K Townsend and Christopher M Barker (2014). Plastic and the Nest Entanglement of Urban and Agricultural Crows. Heiss, R., Clark, A. and McGowan, K. (2009).</ref><ref>Growth and nutritional state of American crow nestlings vary between urban and rural habitats. ''Ecological Applications'', 19(4), 829-839.</ref>

==Lifespan and disease==
Some crows may live to the age of 20, and the oldest known American crow in the wild was almost 30 years old.<ref>McGowan, K.J. [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/crows/crowfaq.htm#longevity "Frequently Asked Questions About Crows"], Cornell Lab of Ornithology</ref> The oldest documented captive crow died at age 59.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/07/AR2006070700860.html Crow Believed to Be Oldest in World Dies]. Associated Press via ''Washington Post'' (7 July 2006)</ref>
The American crow is highly susceptible to the recently introduced North American strain of [[West Nile virus]].<ref>[http://www.cidd.psu.edu/research/synopses/why-west-nile-virus-kills-so-many-crows "Why West Nile virus kills so many crows"], Penn State Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics</ref> American crows typically die within one week of acquiring the disease and very few survive exposure.

==Conservation status==
[[File:Corvus hawaiiensis in grass.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Hawaiian crow]] or ''ʻalala'' (''Corvus hawaiiensis'') is nearly [[extinct]]; only a few dozen birds survive in captivity. It is listed as "extinct in the wild" by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.]]

Two species of crow have been listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: the [[Hawaiian crow]] and the [[Mariana crow]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/pacific/ecoservices/endangered/recovery/5yearactive.html |title=Pacific Region Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |publisher=Fws.gov |date=23 June 2011 |access-date=12 November 2011 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015195614/https://www.fws.gov/pacific/ecoservices/endangered/recovery/5yearactive.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The American crow, despite having its population reduced by 45% since 1999 by the West Nile virus, is considered a species of [[least concern]].

==Problems and methods of control==
Intelligence and social structures make most crow species adaptable and opportunistic. Crows frequently cause damage to crops and property,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lim, H. C., N. S. Sodhi, B. W. Brook, and M. C. K. Soh|year= 2003|title=Factors determining the distribution of three invasive bird species in Singapore|journal= Journal of Tropical Ecology |volume=19|issue= 6|pages= 685–695|doi=10.1017/s0266467403006084|hdl= 2440/36842|s2cid= 53507416|url= http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:1299|hdl-access= free}}</ref> strew trash, and transfer disease. In densely populated areas around the world, corvids are generally regarded as nuisance animals.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3802688| jstor = 3802688| title = Abundance and Projected Control of Invasive House Crows in Singapore| journal = The Journal of Wildlife Management| volume = 67| issue = 4| pages = 808| year = 2003| last1 = Brook | first1 = B. W. | last2 = Sodhi | first2 = N. S. | last3 = Soh | first3 = M. C. K. | last4 = Lim | first4 = H. C. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235438420}}</ref> Crows are protected in the U.S. under the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, but because of their perceived destructive nature, control of the species is allowed in certain areas. Because of their intelligence, control is often difficult or expensive. Methods for control include hunting, chemical immobilization, harassment and scare tactics, and trapping. Before any measure is used to confine, trap, kill, poison, immobilize, or alter the habits of any wild bird species, a person must check local, state, and federal regulations pertaining to such actions.

===Hunting===
{{Globalize|date=July 2014|discuss=Talk:Crow#Hunting| 1= section | 2=the United States}}
[[File:American Crow skeleton.jpg|thumb|Skeleton of American crow ([[American crow|''Corvus brachyrhychos'']]) on display at [[Museum of Osteology]]]]
In the United States, hunting is allowed under state and federal regulation. Crow hunting is considered a sport in rural areas of the U.S. because the birds are not considered a tasty traditional game species. Some cultures do treat various corvid species as a food source.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/06/090609-eating-crow-video-ap.html |title=National Geographic News. 2010. Crow meat comes back—boost sexual potency? Accessed. 17 Oct 2013 |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=28 October 2010 |access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> Liability and possible danger to persons and property limit the use of hunting or shooting as control methods in urban areas. Crows' wariness and cunning make harvesting crows in sufficient numbers difficult.

===Scare tactics===
Scare tactics have been the most widely used aversion tactic for crows in areas frequented by humans and domestic animal species. This safe method does not require constant maintenance or manpower to operate or monitor. However, corvids quickly become habituated to most tactics such as blast cannons, predator decoys, and traditional scarecrows. Greater success has been achieved by adding sound and motion to predator decoys to mimic a distressed crow being caught by a predator such as an owl or hawk.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Conover, M. R.|year= 1985|title= Protecting vegetables from crows using an animated crow-killing owl model|journal= The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume= 49|issue= 3|pages= 643–645|doi=10.2307/3801687|jstor= 3801687}}</ref> Work is currently being done which uses multiple aversion techniques in one area. The theory is that multiple techniques used together will confuse the crows, thereby lessening the probability of habituation to stimuli.

===Trapping===
{{more citations needed|date=October 2020}}
{{see also|Bird trapping}}
Trapping is a rarely used technique in the U.S., but is being used with success in parts of Europe and Australia. The ladder-style trap (e.g., Australian Crow Trap or Modified Australian Crow Trap) seems to be the most effective in crow-trapping techniques. Ladder traps are constructed in such a way that unintentional catch of nontarget species is avoided. If a nontarget species is caught, it can be easily released without harm to the bird. The traps are cost-efficient because they are inexpensive and simple to construct, and require little manpower to monitor. The bait used in the traps can also be specific to corvids. Carrion, grains, unshelled raw peanuts, and shiny objects in the trap are effective baits.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} When removing crows from a ladder trap, one living crow is left as an effective decoy for other crows. Trapping is considered{{by whom|date=October 2020}} the most humane method for crow removal because the crows can be relocated without harm or stress. However, most wild birds in general have a knack for returning to their home ranges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icwdm.org/handbook/birds/bird_e33.pdf |title= American crows|author=Johnson, R. J.|publisher= Internet Center for Wildlife Management|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref>

===Other methods===
Other methods have been used with little or limited success. Lasers have been used successfully to remove large flocks of birds from roost structures in urban areas, but success in keeping crows off roosts has been short-lived.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/09670870210151689| title = Evaluation of lasers to disperse American crows, ''Corvus brachyrhynchos'', from urban night roosts|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/466/| journal = International Journal of Pest Management| volume = 48| issue = 4| pages = 327| year = 2002| last1 = Gorenzel | first1 = W. P.| last2 = Blackwell | first2 = B. F.| last3 = Simmons | first3 = G. D.| last4 = Salmon | first4 = T. P.| last5 = Dolbeer | first5 = R. A.| s2cid = 54997197}}</ref> Homeowners can reduce the presence of crows by keeping trash stored in containers, feeding pets indoors, and hanging tin pie-pans or reflective gazing globes around garden areas.

==As food==
Crows were hunted for survival by [[Curonians]], a Baltic tribe,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nerija.lt/kultra/verslai/varnu-gaudymas |title=Crow hunting |publisher=nerija.lt |access-date=17 March 2013}}</ref> when common food was exhausted and the landscape changed so that farming was not as productive during the 18th and 19th centuries. Fishermen supplemented their diet by gathering coastal bird eggs and preserving crow meat by salting and smoking it. It became a traditional food for poor folk and is documented in a poem, "[[The Seasons (poem)|The Seasons]]" by [[Kristijonas Donelaitis|K. Donelaitis]]. After the nonhunting policy was lifted by the Prussian government in 1721–1724 and alternative food supplies increased, the practice was forgotten. The tradition re-emerged after World War I; in marketplaces, butchered crows which were sought after and bought by townsfolk were common. The hunted crows were not the local, but the migrating ones; each year during the spring and autumn, crows migrated via the [[Curonian Spit]] between Finland and the rest of Europe. In 1943, the government even issued a hunting quota for such activities. Crows were usually caught by attracting them with smoked fish or grains soaked in spirits and then collecting them with nets. It was a job for the elderly or young who were unable to go to sea to fish, and it was common to catch 150 to 200 birds during a hunting day.

==Human interaction==
The common raven and carrion crow have been blamed for killing weak lambs and are often seen eating freshly dead corpses probably killed by other means. The Australian raven has been documented chasing, attacking, and seriously injuring lambs.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1071/EA9670329| title = Activities of foxes and crows in a flock of lambing ewes| journal = Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture| volume = 7| issue = 27| pages = 329| year = 1967| last1 = Alexander | first1 = G. | last2 = Mann | first2 = T. | last3 = Mulhearn | first3 = C. J. | last4 = Rowley | first4 = I. C. R. | last5 = Williams | first5 = D. | last6 = Winn | first6 = D. }}</ref> Rooks have been blamed for eating grain in the UK and [[brown-necked raven]]s for raiding date crops in desert countries.<ref name = "CotW83">{{cite book|author=Goodwin D.|year=1983|title=Crows of the World |publisher=Queensland University Press, St Lucia, Qld|isbn=978-0-7022-1015-0}}</ref>

Crows have been shown to have the ability to visually recognize individual humans and to transmit information about "bad" humans by squawking.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106826971 |title=The Crow Paradox|author=Krulwich, Robert |work= Morning Edition|publisher= National Public Radio|date= July 27, 2009}}</ref> Crows appear to show appreciation to humans by presenting them with gifts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-31604026 |title=The girl who gets gifts from birds |last=Sewall |first=Katy |publisher=BBC |date=February 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31795681 |title=Birds that bring gifts and do the gardening |work=BBC News |date= March 10, 2015}}</ref>

==Cultural depictions==
{{See also|Cultural depictions of ravens}}
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Crow on a Branch - Kawanabe Kyosai.jpg|thumb|upright|''Crow on a Branch'' - [[Kawanabe Kyosai]] (1831–1889)]]
[[File:Paattinen.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright|Crow pictured in the former coat of arms of [[Paattinen]]]]

===In folklore and mythology===
[[File:Corbeau branche Kyo.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|''Crow on a Branch'', [[Maruyama Ōkyo]] (1733–1795)]]
[[File:Dhumavati.JPG|thumb|right|Dhumavati]]

In Ancient Greece and Rome, several myths about crows and jackdaws included:
*An ancient Greek and Roman adage, told by [[Erasmus]] runs, "The swans will sing when the jackdaws are silent," meaning that educated or wise people will speak after the foolish become quiet.<ref>{{cite book|title=Collected Works of Erasmus: Adages: Ivi1 to Ix100|author= Mynors, Roger A. (Translator)| publisher=University of Toronto Press|date= 1989|page= 314|title-link= Erasmus}}</ref>
*The Roman poet [[Ovid]] saw the crow as a harbinger of rain (''Amores'' 2,6, 34).<ref>{{cite book |last=de Vries |first=Ad |title=Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery |year=1976 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb0000vrie/page/275 275] |publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-0-7204-8021-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb0000vrie/page/275}}</ref>
*[[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] noted how the [[Thessalian]]s, [[Illyrians]], and [[Lemnian]]s cherished jackdaws for destroying grasshoppers' eggs. The [[Adriatic Veneti|Veneti]] are fabled to have bribed the jackdaws to spare their crops.<ref name=wentworth/>
*Ancient Greek authors tell how a jackdaw, being a social creature, may be caught with a dish of oil into which it falls while looking at its own reflection.<ref name=wentworth>{{cite news|author=Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth |work=A Glossary of Greek Birds|title=Jackdaw|publisher= Oxford|date= 1895|page= 89}}</ref>
*In Greek legend, princess [[Arne Sithonis|Arne]] was bribed with gold by King [[Minos]] of Crete and was punished for her avarice by being transformed into an equally avaricious jackdaw, which still seeks shiny things.<ref name=Graves1589>{{cite book |last=Graves |first=R |author-link=Robert Graves |title=Greek Myths |year=1955 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-001026-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greekmythsvolume00robe/page/308 308] |chapter=Scylla and Nisus |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/greekmythsvolume00robe/page/308 }}</ref>

In the [[Bible]] account at 1 Kings 17:6, ravens are credited with providing Elijah food.

[[File:The-Twa-Corbies.jpg|left|thumb|upright|''[[The Three Ravens|The Twa Corbies]]'' by [[Arthur Rackham]]]]
In [[Australian Aboriginal mythology]], [[Crow (Australian Aboriginal mythology)|Crow]] is a [[trickster]], [[culture hero]], and ancestral being. Legends relating to Crow have been observed in various Aboriginal language groups and cultures across Australia; these commonly include stories relating to Crow's role in the theft of fire, the origin of death, and the killing of Eagle's son.

Crows are mentioned often in [[Buddhism]], especially [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan]] disciplines. The Dharmapala (protector of the Dharma) [[Mahakala]] is represented by a crow in one of his physical/earthly forms.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

In the [[Chaldean mythology|Chaldean myth]], the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', [[Utnapishtim]] releases a [[dove]] and raven to find land; however, the dove merely circles and returns. Only then does Utnapishtim send forth the raven, which does not return, and Utnapishtim concludes the raven has found land.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kovacs, Maureen Gallery|title=The Epic of Gilgamesh|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-8047-1711-3|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYxEd9c0EUYC&pg=PA102}}</ref>

In [[Chinese mythology]], the world originally had 10 suns either spiritually embodied as 10 crows and/or carried by 10 crows; when all 10 decided to rise at once, the effect was devastating to crops, so the gods sent their greatest archer [[Houyi]], who shot down nine crows and spared only one.<ref>This mythology comes from a text in ''[[Shanhaijing]]'', among other sources.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Lihui |title=Handbook of Chinese Mythology |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=95–96 and 231 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUwTxocaOGsC&pg=PA95 |isbn=978-0-19-533263-6}}</ref>

In [[Denmark]], the night raven is considered an exorcised spirit. A hole in its left wing denotes where the stake used to exorcise it was driven into the earth. He who looks through the hole will become a night raven himself.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Atlantic Monthly|volume= 34}}</ref>

In [[Hinduism]], crows are thought of as carriers of information that give omens to people regarding their situations. For example, when a crow crows in front of a person's house, the resident is expected to have special visitors that day. Also, in Hindu literature, crows have great memories which they use to give information.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Symbolism is associated with the crow in the Hindu faith. On a positive note, crows are often associated with worship of ancestors because they are believed to be embodying the souls of the recently deceased. However, many other associations with crows are seen in Hinduism. Crows are believed to be connected with both the gods and goddesses, particularly the controversial ones such as Sani, the god of the planet [[Saturn]], who uses a crow as his vehicle. In Hindu astrology, it is said that one who has the effect of Sani in their horoscope are angered easily, and may be unable to take control of their futures, but are extremely intelligent at the same time. Thus the presence of a crow, the vehicle of Sani is believed to have similar effects on the homes it lays its eyes on. Whether these effects are positive or negative is a source of debate in Hinduism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zailer |first=Xenia |date=2013 |title=Dark Shades of Power: the Crow in Hindu and Tantric Religious Traditions |journal=Religions of South Asia |volume=7 |issue=1–3 |pages=212–229 |doi=10.1558/rosa.v7i1-3.212}}</ref> Crows are also considered ancestors in Hinduism and during [[Śrāddha]], the practice of offering food or [[Pinda (riceball)|pinda]] to crows is still in vogue.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/26/stories/13261289.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610045900/http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/26/stories/13261289.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 June 2012 | location=Chennai, India |title=It's a crow's day |author=Vasudevan, Vidia | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=26 July 2001}}</ref> Crows are associated with [[Dhumavati]] the form of mother goddess that invokes quarrel and fear.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kinsley |first=David R. |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1988 |edition=1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/161 161–177] |chapter=Tara, Chinnamasta and the Mahavidyas |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDquQXm0bDsC |isbn=978-0-520-06339-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/161 }}</ref> Crows are also fed during the fifteen day period of [[Pitru Paksha]], which occurs in the autumn season, as an offering and sacrifice to the ancestors. During the time of Pitra Paksha, it is believed that the ancestors descend on earth from pitra-loka, and are able to eat food offered to them by the means of a crow. This can also occur during the time of [[Kumbha]], many Hindus prepare entire vegetarian meals that are eaten solely by the crows and other birds.

In [[Irish mythology]], crows are associated with [[Morrigan]], the goddess of war and death.<ref>{{cite book |author=Leeming, David Adams |chapter=Crows and ravens |title=The Oxford Companion to World Mythology |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-515669-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000leem/page/86 86] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&pg=PA86 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000leem/page/86 }}</ref>

In Islam, the Surat [[Al-Ma'ida]] of the Qur'an describes the story of how the crow teaches son of Adam to cover dead body of his brother: "Then Allah sent a crow digging a grave in the ground for a dead crow, in order to show him how to bury the corpse of his brother. He cried, 'Alas! Have I even failed to be like this crow and bury the corpse of my brother?' So he became regretful."<ref>{{cite web | title = Surat Al-Maidah 5:31 | publisher=Quran.com | access-date=May 1, 2015 | url=http://quran.com/5/31#0}}</ref>

In [[Japanese mythology]], a [[three-legged crow]] called {{Nihongo|''Yatagarasu''|八咫烏||"eight-hand-crow"}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Picken, Stuart D.B. |title=Essentials of Shinto: An Analytical Guide to Principal Teachings |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1994|isbn=978-0-313-26431-3 |page=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA3_QqC6pPgC&pg=PA96}}</ref> is depicted.<ref>{{cite book|author=Como, Michael |title=Weaving and Binding: Immigrant Gods and Female Immortals in Ancient Japan |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8248-2957-5 |pages=100–103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UNEhdX6ePMC&pg=PA100}}</ref>

In [[Korean mythology]], a [[three-legged crow]] is known as ''Samjokgo'' (hangul: 삼족오; hanja: 三足烏).{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

In [[Norse mythology]], [[Huginn and Muninn]] are a pair of common ravens that range the entire world, [[Midgard]], bringing the god [[Odin]] information.

In [[Sweden]], ravens are held to be the ghosts of murdered men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avianweb.com/commonravens.html |title=Common Ravens - Species Information |publisher=Avianweb.com |access-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418205056/http://avianweb.com/commonravens.html |archive-date=18 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In [[Welsh mythology]], the god [[Brân the Blessed]] – whose name means "crow" or "raven"—is associated with corvids and death; tradition holds that Bran's severed head is buried under the [[Tower of London]], facing France—a possible genesis for the practice of keeping ravens in the Tower, said to protect the fortunes of Britain. In [[Cornish folklore]], crows—magpies particularly—are associated with death and the "other world", and must be greeted respectfully. The origin of "counting crows" as [[augury]] is British; however, the British version rather is to "count magpies"—their black and white [[Piebald|pied]] colouring alluding to the realms of the living and dead.

In [[Raven Tales|some Native American mythologies]], especially those in the Pacific Northwest, the raven is seen as both the Creator of the World and, separately, a trickster god.

In medieval times, crows were thought to live abnormally long lives. They were also thought to be monogamous throughout their long lives. They were thought to predict the future, anticipate rain and reveal ambushes. Crows were also thought to lead flocks of storks while they crossed the sea to Asia.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://bestiary.ca/beasts/beast252.htm | title=Medieval Bestiary: Crow}}</ref>

===In popular culture===

====Literature====
* In ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'', the jackdaw embodies stupidity in one tale (by starving while waiting for figs on a fig tree to ripen), vanity in another (the jackdaw sought to become king of the birds with borrowed feathers, but was shamed when they fell off),<ref>{{cite book |last=de Vries |first=Ad |title=Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery |year=1976 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb0000vrie/page/388 388–89] |publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-0-7204-8021-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb0000vrie/page/388 }}</ref> and cunning in yet another (the crow comes up to a pitcher and knows that his beak is too short to reach the water, and if he tips it over, all the water will fall out, so the crow places pebbles in the pitcher so the water rises and he can reach it to relieve his thirst).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pagebypagebooks.com/Aesop/Aesops_Fables/The_Crow_and_the_Pitcher_p1.html |title=The Crow and the Pitcher|work= Aesop's Fables}}</ref>
* The British [[Poet Laureate]] [[Ted Hughes]] combined some of the Amerindian and Celtic myths mentioned above in writing the 1970 poetry collection ''[[Crow (poetry)|Crow: From the Life and Songs of the Crow]]'' (1970).
* In ''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]'' Mrs. Frisby helps Jeremy, a young crow who was tied with a silver ribbon, and they managed to escape from Dragon, the farmer's cat, in gratitude for saving his life, Jeremy flies Mrs. Frisby to The Great Owl's tree, so that the owl can give the necessary answers to Mrs. Frisby.
* In [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', in [[Greek mythology]], the god [[Apollo]] became enraged when the crow exposed his lover [[Coronis (Greek mythology)|Coronis']] tryst with a mortal, his ire transmuting the crow's feathers from white to black.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dixon-Kennedy, Mike|chapter=Coronis/Corvus|title=Encyclopedia of Greco-Roman Mythology|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=1998|isbn=978-1-57607-129-8|page=93|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2U7okUE3PIcC&pg=PA93}}</ref>
* In the ''[[Contents and stories of the Yoga Vasistha#Section Six: On Liberation|Story of Bhusunda]]'', a chapter of the ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'', a very old sage in the form of a crow, Bhusunda, recalls a succession of epochs in the earth's history, as described in [[Hindu cosmology]]. He survived several destructions, living on a [[Kalpavriksha|wish-fulfilling tree]] on [[Mount Meru]].<ref name="cole-hindu-zoro">Cole, Juan R.I. ''[http://bahaistudies.net/hindu_zoro.html Baha'u'llah on Hinduism and Zoroastrianism: The Tablet to Mirza Abu'l-Fadl Concerning the Questions of Manakji Limji Hataria]''.</ref>
* Edgar Allan Poe's "[[The Raven]]"
*[[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Hobbit]]'' states that crows are agents of the evil [[goblins]], while ravens are allies of the [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]].
*In [[Hans Christian Andersen]]'s 1844 fairy tale ''[[The Snow Queen]]'', the protagonist Gerda meets a crow and his mate who help her trying to find her friend Kai.

====Games====
* In a [[science-fantasy]] [[tabletop game]] ''[[Warhammer 40,000]]'' one of 20 [[demigod]]s called Primarchs is named Corvus Corax, and many of his weapons and armor are raven-themed. He's the spiritual father of a [[Space Marines (Warhammer 40,000)|space marine]] legion (later changed to a [[Chapter (religion)|chapter]]) called the ''Raven Guard''.

====Music====
* Both ravens and crows have commonly featured in the lyrics of [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] songs. A 2019 study showed that ravens are the most frequent birds mentioned in heavy metal lyrics, while crows are the fourth ([[eagles]] and [[vultures]] being the second and third).<ref name=soaresetal2019>{{cite journal |author1=Soares, Henrique M.|author2=Tomotani, João, V.|author3=Tomotani, Barbara M.|author4=Salvador, Rodrigo B.|year=2019 |title= Bird biodiversity in heavy metal songs. |journal=Journal of Geek Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=111–126 |url= https://jgeekstudies.org/2019/09/01/bird-biodiversity-in-heavy-metal-songs/}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Corvus (heraldry)]]
* [[Eating crow]]
* [[Ischys]] for the Greek myth of why the crow's feathers are black
* [[Scarecrow]]s

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|chapter=Crow|title=The International Wildlife Encyclopedia |volume=10 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7614-7266-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojMQP6aWW6sC&pg=PA610|author1=Burton, Maurice |author2=Burton, Robert}}
*{{cite book|author=Coombs, Franklin|title=The Crows: A Study of the Corvids of Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Zs_AAAAYAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Batsford|isbn=9780713413274}}
*{{cite journal|ref=idGill2003|title=Osteometry and Systematics of the Extinct New Zealand Ravens (Aves: Corvidae: ''Corvus'')|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=149547|author=Gill, B. J. |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|year=2003|volume=1|pages=43–58|access-date=14 March 2008|doi=10.1017/S1477201903001019|s2cid=84190534|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412195809/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=149547.|archive-date=12 April 2016|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|ref=idGoodwin1983|author=Goodwin, D.|title=Crows of the World|isbn=978-0-7022-1015-0|year=1983|publisher=Queensland University Press}}
*{{cite book|ref=idHeinrich1991|author=Heinrich, Bernd|title=Ravens in Winter|isbn=978-0-679-73236-5|year=1991|publisher=Vintage Press}}
*{{cite book|ref=idHeinrich1999|author=Heinrich, Bernd|title=Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds|isbn=978-0-06-093063-9|year=1999|publisher=Cliff Street Books|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mindofraven00bern}}
*{{cite book|ref=idKilham1991|author=Kilham, Lawrence|title=The American Crow and the Common Raven|isbn=978-0-89096-466-8|year=1991|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/americancrowcomm00lawr}}
* {{cite book|title=Crows and Jays: A Guide to the Crows, Jays, and Magpies of the World|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1994|isbn=978-0-395-67171-9|author1=Madge, Steve |author2=Burn, Hillary}}
*{{cite book|ref=idWesterfield2011|author=Westerfield, Michael|title=The Language of Crows: The Crows.net Book of the American Crow|isbn=978-0-937992-00-5|year=2011|publisher=Ashford Press}}
*{{cite book|ref=idWorthy2002|title=The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric Life of New Zealand|isbn=978-0-253-34034-4|year=2002|publisher=Indiana University Press|author1=Worthy, Trevor H. |author2=Holdaway, Richard N.}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Crow}}
{{Commons|Corvus (genus)}}
*[http://www.birds.cornell.edu/crows/crowfaq.htm Frequently Asked Questions About Crows] - [[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]]
*[http://www.crows.net/ Crows.net: The Language and Culture of Crows]
*[https://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/tools/introduction.shtml Tool making and use by Crows] - Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Oxford University
*[https://www.pbs.org/video/nature-a-murder-of-crows/ "A Murder of Crows"] - [[PBS]] documentary (2010)

{{Corvidae|2}}
{{Birds in culture}}
{{Taxonbar |from=Q43365}}

[[Category:Corvus|*]]
[[Category:Talking birds]]
[[Category:Scavengers]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Extant Burdigalian first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Corvus

2023-05-17T18:01:13Z

8.38.177.4: /* In folklore and mythology */

{{Short description|Genus of birds including crows, ravens and rooks}}
{{For other uses|Corvus (disambiguation)|Crow (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|5|0}}Late [[Miocene]] – Recent
| image = Corvus-brachyrhynchos-001.jpg
| image_caption = [[American crow]] (''Corvus brachyrhynchos'')
| taxon = Corvus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = Many, see [[List of Corvus species|List of ''Corvus'' species]]
| diversity_link = List of Corvus species
| diversity = c. 46 species
| type_species = ''[[Corvus corax]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Linnaeus]], 1758
}}

'''''Corvus''''' is a widely distributed [[genus]] of medium-sized to large [[bird]]s in the family [[Corvidae]]. It includes species commonly known as [[crow]]s, [[raven]]s and [[Rook (bird)|rooks]]. The species commonly encountered in Europe are the [[carrion crow]], the [[hooded crow]], the [[common raven]] and the [[rook (bird)|rook]]; those discovered later were named "crow" or "raven" chiefly on the basis of their size, crows generally being smaller. The genus name is [[Latin]] for "raven".<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page= [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n119 119]}}</ref>

The [[List of Corvus species|46 or so members of this genus]] occur on all temperate continents except South America, and several islands. The ''Corvus'' genus makes up a third of the species in the family Corvidae. The members appear to have evolved in Asia from the corvid stock, which had evolved in Australia. The [[collective noun|collective name]] for a group of crows is a "flock" or a "murder".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.word-detective.com/2009/02/murder-of-crows-etc |title=Murder of Crows, etc. |publisher=Word-detective.com |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>

Recent research has found some crow species capable of not only [[Tool use by animals|tool use]], but also tool construction.<ref name="Winkler">{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0808_020808_crow.html|title=Crow Makes Wire Hook to Get Food|last=Winkler|first=Robert|date=8 August 2002|work=National Geographic|access-date=6 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215221959/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0808_020808_crow.html|archive-date=15 February 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Crows are now considered to be among the world's most [[Animal cognition|intelligent]] animals<ref name="pbs">{{cite web|url=http://video.pbs.org/video/1621910826/#|title=A Murder of Crows|date=24 October 2010|work=Nature|publisher=PBS video|access-date=6 February 2011|quote=New research indicates that crows are among the brightest animals in the world.}}</ref> with an [[encephalization quotient]] equal to that of many non-human primates.<ref name="ngn">{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1209_041209_crows_apes.html|title=Crows as Clever as Great Apes, Study Says|date=9 December 2004|work=National Geographic News|publisher=NG Society|access-date=24 June 2015|quote=Emery and Clayton write, "These studies have found that some corvids are not only superior in intelligence to birds of other avian species (perhaps with the exception of some parrots), but also rival many nonhuman primates."}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Flying Crow.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hooded crow]] (''Corvus cornix'') in flight]]
[[File:Raven scavenging on a dead shark.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jungle crow]] (''Corvus macrorhynchos'') scavenging on a dead shark at a beach in [[Kumamoto, Japan]]]]

Medium-large species are ascribed to the genus, ranging from {{Convert|34|cm|in|abbr=on}} of some small Mexican species to {{Convert|60–70|cm|in|abbr=on}} of the large [[common raven]] and [[thick-billed raven]], which together with the [[lyrebird]] represent the larger [[passerines]].

These are birds with a robust and slender appearance, equipped with a small rounded head with a strong conical beak, elongated and pointed, with a slightly curved end towards the bottom: the legs are strong and the tail is short and wedge-shaped.

The coloration of the livery is dominated by shades of black, with some species having plumage with metallic iridescence and others that have white or gray areas on the neck or torso: Australian species have light eyes, while generally the irises are dark.

[[Sexual dimorphism]] is limited.

==Evolutionary history and systematics==
{{further|Corvidae}}

[[File:Crow on a branch.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rook (bird)|Rook (''Corvus frugilegus'')]] on a branch]]
The members of the genus ''Corvus'' are believed to have [[Evolution|evolve]]d in Central Asia and radiated out from there into North America, Africa, Europe, and [[Australia]]. The center of diversity of ''Corvus'' is within [[Melanesia]], [[Wallacea]], and the island of [[New Guinea]] and surrounding islands, with numerous species endemic to islands in the area; other areas with a large number of crow species include [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], [[East Africa]], and [[Australia]]. A high density of endemics are also present in [[Mexico]] and the [[Caribbean]].

The latest evidence<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0401892101|pmid=15263073|pmc=503738| title = Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| volume = 101| issue = 30| pages = 11040–5| year = 2004| last1 = Barker | first1 = F. K.| last2 = Cibois | first2 = A.| last3 = Schikler | first3 = P.| last4 = Feinstein | first4 = J.| last5 = Cracraft | first5 = J.|bibcode=2004PNAS..10111040B|doi-access=free}}</ref> regarding the evolution indicates descent within the Australasian family Corvidae. However, the branch that would produce the modern groups such as [[jays]], [[magpies]], and large, predominantly black ''Corvus'' species had left [[Australasia]] and were concentrated in Asia by the time the ''Corvus'' species evolved.

The genus was originally described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his 1758 [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'']].<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=C. | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. | publisher=Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii) | year=1758 | url=http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/index.php?id=img&no_cache=1&IDDOC=265100 | page=824 | language=la | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319115418/http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/index.php?id=img&no_cache=1&IDDOC=265100 | archive-date=19 March 2015 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> The name is derived from the [[Latin (language)|Latin]] ''corvus'' meaning "raven".<ref>{{cite book | last = Simpson | first = D.P. | title = Cassell's Latin Dictionary | publisher = Cassell | year= 1979| edition = 5 | location = London | isbn = 978-0-304-52257-6 | page = 883}}</ref> The [[type species]] is the [[common raven]] (''Corvus corax'');<ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Greenway | editor2-first=James C. Jr | year=1962 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=15 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=261 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14485634 }}</ref> others named by Linnaeus in the same work include the [[carrion crow]] (''C. corone''), the [[hooded crow]] (''C. cornix''), the [[Rook (bird)|rook]] (''C. frugilegus''), and two species which have since been moved to other genera, the [[western jackdaw]] (now ''Coloeus monedula'') and the [[Eurasian magpie]] (now ''Pica pica''). At least 42 [[Extant taxon|extant]] species are now considered to be members of ''Corvus'', and at least 14 [[extinct]] species have been described.

The [[fossil record]] of crows is rather dense in Europe, but the relationships among most prehistoric species are not clear. Corvids are found in major cities across the world, and a major increase in the number of crows in urban settings has occurred since the 1900s. Historical records suggest that the population of American crows found in North America has been growing steadily since the introduction of European colonization, and spread east to west with the opening of the frontier. Crows were uncommon in the Pacific Northwest in the 1900s, except in [[Riparian zone|riparian habitat]]s. Populations in the west increased substantially from the late 1800s to the mid-1900s. Crows and ravens spread along with agriculture and urbanization into the western part of North America.<ref>Marzluff, J., Bowman, R. and Donnelly, R. (2001). Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.</ref>

===Species===
{{Main|List of Corvus species{{!}}List of ''Corvus'' species}}

==Behavior==
[[File:House crow Bangalore India wb.jpg|thumb|right|House crow (''[[Corvus splendens]]''), Bangalore]]

===Communal roosting===
Crows gather in large communal roosts numbering between 200 and tens of thousands of individuals during nonbreeding months, particularly in the winter. These gatherings tend to happen near large food sources such as garbage dumps and shopping centers.<ref>Caccamise, D., Reed, L. and Stouffer, P. (1997). Roosting Behavior and Group Territoriality in American Crows. The Auk, 114(4), 628-637.</ref>

===Play===
Countless incidents are recorded of corvids at play. Many behaviourists see play as an essential quality in intelligent animals.<ref>Bekoff, Mark & Byers, John (1998). ''Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative and Ecological Perspectives.''</ref>

===Calls===
{{Listen|filename=Corvus brachyrhynchos call.ogg|title=''Corvus brachyrhynchos'' call|description=Call of ''Corvus brachyrhynchos'' ([[American crow]])|format=[[Ogg/FLAC]]}}
Crows and the other members of the genus make a wide variety of [[Bird vocalization|calls]] or vocalizations.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Selected Vocalizations of the Common Crow|journal = The Auk|volume = 88|issue = 3|pages = 613–634|jstor = 4083753|last1 = Chamberlain|first1 = Dwight R|last2 = Cornwell|first2 = George W|year = 1971}}</ref> Crows have also been observed to respond to calls of other species; presumably, this behavior is learned because it varies regionally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can Crows Talk Like Parrots, can Crows Mimic Human Voice – Science Facts |url=https://www.science-facts.com/can-crows-talk/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Crows' vocalizations are complex and poorly understood. Some of the many vocalizations that crows make are a "koww", usually echoed back and forth between birds, a series of "kowws" in discrete units, a long caw followed by a series of short caws (usually made when a bird takes off from a perch), an echo-like "eh-aw" sound, and more. These vocalizations vary by species, and within each species they vary regionally. In many species, the pattern and number of the numerous vocalizations have been observed to change in response to events in the surroundings (e.g. arrival or departure of crows).<ref>{{Cite web |last=birdy |date=2022-05-06 |title=Can crows talk like parrots? (Facts + Video) |url=https://birdsology.com/can-crows-talk/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=birdsology |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Foraging ===
[[File:A lone wolf with ravens and crows in 4K HDR. 07 (cropped).png|thumb|Wolf and ravens associating]]
Along with other birds, ravens have been known to associate with other animals like [[coyote]]s and [[Wolf|wolves]]. These associations are linked to feeding and hunting. Ravens use their calls to notify these animals when an injured prey is near. This interaction is most noticeable in winter where ravens are associated with wolf packs nearly 100% of the time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-28|title=Ravens: The Wolf's "Wingman" {{!}} Wolf Conservation Center|url=https://nywolf.org/2019/02/ravens-the-wolfs-wingman-2/|access-date=2021-10-23|language=en-US}}</ref> As a result of this connection, there have been studies conducted on the reaction of prey animals to the call of the raven. In areas where ravens associate with predators, prey animals are more likely to avoid predation by leaving after hearing the call.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Memorial University Libraries - Proxy Login| year=1999 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1999.0917|pmc=1690453|pmid=10629976| last1=Berger | first1=J. | journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume=266 | issue=1435 | pages=2261–2267 }}</ref> They are also capable of distinguishing between coyotes and wolves and have shown a preference for wolves. This may be due to the fact that wolves kill larger prey.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Stahler|first1=Daniel|last2=Heinrich|first2=Bernd|last3=Smith|first3=Douglas|date=2002-08-01|title=Common ravens, Corvus corax, preferentially associate with grey wolves, Canis lupus, as a foraging strategy in winter|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347202930472|journal=Animal Behaviour|language=en|volume=64|issue=2|pages=283–290|doi=10.1006/anbe.2002.3047|s2cid=53176223 |issn=0003-3472}}</ref> When hunting, ravens can locate injured animals, like elk, and can call out to wolves to kill them. At times, ravens associate with wolves even when there is no carcass and can even be seen forming relationships with them.<ref name=":0" /> This includes playing with cubs by using sticks, picking at their tails, or flying around them.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-10|title=Naturalist Notes: Wolves and Ravens|url=https://www.yellowstone.org/naturalist-notes-wolves-and-ravens/|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Yellowstone Forever|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Yellowstone sound library - Common Raven - 001.mp3|thumb|Audio clip of the call of a Common Raven from the Yellowstone sound library]]

Ravens have been mostly seen among travelling wolf packs rather than resting wolves, possibly due to the increased likelihood of food. They are also known to trust wolves in the pack they follow, when encountering a carcass killed by animals other than wolves they will be more apprehensive to eat from it.<ref name=":0"/> This [[Symbiosis|symbiotic]] relationship between ravens and wolves is shown to be [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualistic]], ravens help wolves find prey and when the wolves kill them the ravens can eat too. However, this relationship is not without its faults. Ravens may at times eat more of the prey than the wolf does. This problem has also been linked to wolf pack size, with some researchers suggesting that one of the reasons wolves hunt in larger packs is so that ravens (and other scavengers) get less of the food.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vucetich|first1=John A.|last2=Peterson|first2=Rolf O.|last3=Waite|first3=Thomas A.|date=2004-06-01|title=Raven scavenging favours group foraging in wolves|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000334720400065X|journal=Animal Behaviour|language=en|volume=67|issue=6|pages=1117–1126|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.06.018|s2cid=52063060 |issn=0003-3472}}</ref> Along with contention in wolves, ravens can also bother each other. By feeding off of the same carcass it is possible that some ravens will steal from their conspecifics. This behaviour is related to the ravens' ability to make quick decisions about eating the food then or storing it for later,<ref name=":12"/> and to their dominance and fighting ability.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Memorial University Libraries - Proxy Login| year=2020 |doi=10.1111/eth.12986|pmc=7079088|pmid=32201438| last1=Gallego-Abenza | first1=M. | last2=Loretto | first2=M. C. | last3=Bugnyar | first3=T. | journal=Ethology | volume=126 | issue=4 | pages=413–422 }}</ref>[[File:Indian Crow vs.JPG|thumb|Indian crow in [[Tamil Nadu]]]]

===Intelligence===
As a group, crows show remarkable examples of intelligence. Natural history books from the 18th century recount an often-repeated, but unproven anecdote of "counting crows"—specifically a crow whose ability to count to five (or four in some versions) is established through a logic trap set by a farmer.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dehaene, Stanislas |title=The Number Sense: How the Mind Creates Mathematics, Revised and Updated Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPaapa4PMVEC&pg=PA289|date= 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-975387-1|pages=289–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Park, Keeok |title=Numbers Are Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74e6ZB9YcscC&pg=PA19|publisher=Keeok Park|isbn=978-0-9843446-3-5|pages=19–}}</ref> Crows and ravens often score very highly on intelligence tests. Certain species top the [[avian IQ]] scale.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rincon |first=Paul |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4286965.stm |title=Science/Nature | Crows and jays top bird IQ scale |work=BBC News |date=22 February 2005 |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref> Wild hooded crows in Israel have learned to use bread crumbs for bait-fishing.<ref>[http://www.orenhasson.com/EN/bait-fishing.htm Bait-Fishing in Crows]</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2011}} Crows engage in a kind of mid-air [[jousting]], or air-"[[game of chicken|chicken]]" to establish pecking order. They have been found to engage in activities such as sports,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wimp.com/crowtubing/ |title=Crow tubing upon a slide (video) |publisher=Wimp.com |access-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219171733/http://www.wimp.com/crowtubing/ |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> tool use, the ability to hide and store food across seasons, [[episodic-like memory]], and the ability to use individual experience in predicting the behavior of proximal conspecifics.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202| pmid = 18715117|pmc=2517622| title = Mirror-Induced Behavior in the Magpie (''Pica pica''): Evidence of Self-Recognition| journal = PLOS Biology| volume = 6| issue = 8| pages = e202| year = 2008| last1 = Prior | first1 = H. | last2 = Schwarz | first2 = A. | last3 = Güntürkün | first3 = O. }}</ref>

One species, the [[New Caledonian crow]], has also been intensively studied recently because of its ability to manufacture and use [[tool]]s in the day-to-day search for food. On 5 October 2007, researchers from the [[University of Oxford]] presented data acquired by mounting tiny video cameras on the tails of New Caledonian crows. They pluck, smooth, and bend twigs and grass stems to procure a variety of foodstuffs.<ref>Schmid, Randolph E. (5 October 2007) {{Cite web |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/10/05/crows_ani.html?category=animals&guid=20071005130000&dcitc=w19-502-ak-0000 |title=Crows Bend Twigs Into Tools |access-date=13 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331073051/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/10/05/crows_ani.html?category=animals&guid=20071005130000&dcitc=w19-502-ak-0000 |archive-date=31 March 2012 |url-status=bot: unknown }}, Associated Press via Discovery Channel</ref><ref>See also the video [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00bt2kq "Crow bars"], from the BBC's ''The Life of Birds''</ref> Crows in [[Queensland]] have learned how to eat the toxic [[cane toad]] by flipping the cane toad on its back and violently stabbing the throat where the skin is thinner, allowing the crow to access the nontoxic innards; their long beaks ensure that all of the innards can be removed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Katrina Bolton |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/15/2033759.htm |title=Toads fall victim to crows in NT – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |publisher=[[Abc.net.au]] |date=15 September 2007 |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozanimals.com/Frog/Cane-Toad/Bufo/marinus.html |title=Cane Toad (''Bufo marinus'') |publisher=Ozanimals.com |access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>

The western jackdaw and the Eurasian magpie have been found to have a [[nidopallium]] about the same relative size as the functionally equivalent neocortex in chimpanzees and humans, and significantly larger than is found in the [[gibbon]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Comparative Vertebrate Cognition: Are Primates Superior to Non-Primates?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e021s7atsicC&pg=PA9|author1=Rogers, Lesley J. |author2=Kaplan, Gisela T. |page= 9|publisher= Springer|location=New York, New York|year=2004|isbn=978-0-306-47727-0}}</ref>

Crows have demonstrated the ability to distinguish individual humans by recognizing facial features.<ref name="Nijhuis">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/26/science/26crow.html|title=Friend or Foe? Crows Never Forget a Face, It Seems|last=Nijhuis|first=Michelle|date=25 August 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=6 February 2011}}</ref> Evidence also suggests they are one of the few nonhuman animals, along with insects like bees or ants, capable of [[displacement (linguistics)|displacement]] (communication about things that are not immediately present, spatially or temporally).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00300349| title = Winter foraging at carcasses by three sympatric corvids, with emphasis on recruitment by the raven, ''Corvus corax''| journal = Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology| volume = 23| issue = 3| pages = 141–156| year = 1988| last1 = Heinrich | first1 = B.| s2cid = 10471307}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00172134| title = Do common ravens yell because they want to attract others?| journal = Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology| volume = 28| year = 1991| last1 = Heinrich | first1 = B.| last2 = Marzluff | first2 = J. M. | s2cid = 38841889}}</ref>

In [[Japan]], crows have demonstrated the ability to learn how to use public drinking fountains for both water and bathing purposes. In the [[Gumyōji|Gumyoji Park]] of [[Yokohama]] crows have shown the ability to both activate public drinking fountains and adjust the water flow to appropriate levels for either bathing or drinking.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higuchi |first1=Hiroyoshi |title=Carrion Crow manipulating water taps for drinking and bathing |journal=British Birds |date=2019 |volume=112 |pages=167–169 |url=http://hhiguchi.justhpbs.jp/ |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sugimoto |first1=Takashi |title="Genius" crow that twists the water tap Drinking, bathing, adjustable |url=https://www-asahi-com.translate.goog/articles/ASM3161QTM31ULBJ00W.html?iref=pc_rellink_01&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=nui |website=Asahi Shimbun Digital |date=2 March 2019 |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>

In the past there have been plenty of studies conducted on how ravens and corvids in general learn. Some of these studies have concluded that the brains of ravens and crows compare in relative size to great apes. The encephalization quotient (EQ), helps to expose the similarities between a great ape brain and a crow/raven brain. This includes cognitive ability. Even though the brain differs significantly between mammals and birds we can see larger forebrains in corvids than other birds (except some parrots), especially in areas associated with social learning, planning, decision making in humans and complex cognition in apes. Along with tool use, ravens can recognize themselves in a mirror.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mechanism|url=https://www.reed.edu/biology/professors/srenn/pages/teaching/web_2010/ndr_site/mechanism.html|access-date=2021-11-20|website=www.reed.edu}}</ref> This complex cognition can also be extended to socio-cognitive abilities. Studies have been conducted regarding the development and evolution of social abilities in ravens. These results help to show how ravens prefer to form stable relationships with siblings and close social partners as opposed to strangers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Memorial University Libraries - Proxy Login|url=http://qe2a-proxy.mun.ca/login?qurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2fpmc%2farticles%2fpmc4398861%2f|access-date=2021-11-06|website=qe2a-proxy.mun.ca}}</ref> The development in social abilities is essential for raven survival, including identifying whether something poses a threat and how ravens alert others nearby of an incoming threat.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Memorial University Libraries - Proxy Login| year=2020 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581794|pmc=7609869|pmid=33192900| doi-access=free | last1=Blum | first1=C. R. | last2=Fitch | first2=W. T. | last3=Bugnyar | first3=T. | journal=Frontiers in Psychology | volume=11 | page=581794 }}</ref>

==Diet==
[[File:House Crow (Corvus splendens) in Shantinagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 17 March 2015.JPG|thumb|''[[Corvus splendens]]'' or house crow resting in shadows on a rooftop with [[slaughterhouse]] refuse to eat]]
Crows are omnivorous, and their diet is very diverse. They will eat almost anything, including other birds, fruits, nuts, mollusks, earthworms, seeds, frogs, eggs, nestlings, mice, and carrion. The origin of placing scarecrows in grain fields resulted from the crow's incessant damaging and scavenging, although crows assist farmers by eating insects otherwise attracted to their crops.<ref>[http://www.crowbusters.com/facts.htm Crow Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009013506/http://www.crowbusters.com/facts.htm |date=9 October 2014 }}. crowbusters.com</ref>

==Reproduction==
[[File:crow-nestlings.jpg|thumb|left|Nestlings, almost ready to fledge]]
Crows reach sexual maturity around the age of three years for females and five years for males. Clutch size is approximately three to nine eggs, and the nesting period lasts between 20 and 40 days. Crows often mate for life, and young from previous years often help nesting pairs protect a nest and feed nestlings.<ref>Allaboutbirds.org, (2014). American Crow. [online] Available at: http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/american_crow/lifehistory</ref>
[[File:Crow corvus nest.jpg|thumb|A crow's nest is made of materials like twigs, electrical wires, metal strips, plastic pieces, and other small items.]]
Crow nestlings in urban areas face threats such as nest entanglement from anthropogenic nesting materials and stunted growth due to poor nutrition.<ref>Andrea K Townsend and Christopher M Barker (2014). Plastic and the Nest Entanglement of Urban and Agricultural Crows. Heiss, R., Clark, A. and McGowan, K. (2009).</ref><ref>Growth and nutritional state of American crow nestlings vary between urban and rural habitats. ''Ecological Applications'', 19(4), 829-839.</ref>

==Lifespan and disease==
Some crows may live to the age of 20, and the oldest known American crow in the wild was almost 30 years old.<ref>McGowan, K.J. [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/crows/crowfaq.htm#longevity "Frequently Asked Questions About Crows"], Cornell Lab of Ornithology</ref> The oldest documented captive crow died at age 59.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/07/AR2006070700860.html Crow Believed to Be Oldest in World Dies]. Associated Press via ''Washington Post'' (7 July 2006)</ref>
The American crow is highly susceptible to the recently introduced North American strain of [[West Nile virus]].<ref>[http://www.cidd.psu.edu/research/synopses/why-west-nile-virus-kills-so-many-crows "Why West Nile virus kills so many crows"], Penn State Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics</ref> American crows typically die within one week of acquiring the disease and very few survive exposure.

==Conservation status==
[[File:Corvus hawaiiensis in grass.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Hawaiian crow]] or ''ʻalala'' (''Corvus hawaiiensis'') is nearly [[extinct]]; only a few dozen birds survive in captivity. It is listed as "extinct in the wild" by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.]]

Two species of crow have been listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: the [[Hawaiian crow]] and the [[Mariana crow]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/pacific/ecoservices/endangered/recovery/5yearactive.html |title=Pacific Region Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |publisher=Fws.gov |date=23 June 2011 |access-date=12 November 2011 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015195614/https://www.fws.gov/pacific/ecoservices/endangered/recovery/5yearactive.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The American crow, despite having its population reduced by 45% since 1999 by the West Nile virus, is considered a species of [[least concern]].

==Problems and methods of control==
Intelligence and social structures make most crow species adaptable and opportunistic. Crows frequently cause damage to crops and property,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lim, H. C., N. S. Sodhi, B. W. Brook, and M. C. K. Soh|year= 2003|title=Factors determining the distribution of three invasive bird species in Singapore|journal= Journal of Tropical Ecology |volume=19|issue= 6|pages= 685–695|doi=10.1017/s0266467403006084|hdl= 2440/36842|s2cid= 53507416|url= http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:1299|hdl-access= free}}</ref> strew trash, and transfer disease. In densely populated areas around the world, corvids are generally regarded as nuisance animals.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3802688| jstor = 3802688| title = Abundance and Projected Control of Invasive House Crows in Singapore| journal = The Journal of Wildlife Management| volume = 67| issue = 4| pages = 808| year = 2003| last1 = Brook | first1 = B. W. | last2 = Sodhi | first2 = N. S. | last3 = Soh | first3 = M. C. K. | last4 = Lim | first4 = H. C. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235438420}}</ref> Crows are protected in the U.S. under the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, but because of their perceived destructive nature, control of the species is allowed in certain areas. Because of their intelligence, control is often difficult or expensive. Methods for control include hunting, chemical immobilization, harassment and scare tactics, and trapping. Before any measure is used to confine, trap, kill, poison, immobilize, or alter the habits of any wild bird species, a person must check local, state, and federal regulations pertaining to such actions.

===Hunting===
{{Globalize|date=July 2014|discuss=Talk:Crow#Hunting| 1= section | 2=the United States}}
[[File:American Crow skeleton.jpg|thumb|Skeleton of American crow ([[American crow|''Corvus brachyrhychos'']]) on display at [[Museum of Osteology]]]]
In the United States, hunting is allowed under state and federal regulation. Crow hunting is considered a sport in rural areas of the U.S. because the birds are not considered a tasty traditional game species. Some cultures do treat various corvid species as a food source.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/06/090609-eating-crow-video-ap.html |title=National Geographic News. 2010. Crow meat comes back—boost sexual potency? Accessed. 17 Oct 2013 |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=28 October 2010 |access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> Liability and possible danger to persons and property limit the use of hunting or shooting as control methods in urban areas. Crows' wariness and cunning make harvesting crows in sufficient numbers difficult.

===Scare tactics===
Scare tactics have been the most widely used aversion tactic for crows in areas frequented by humans and domestic animal species. This safe method does not require constant maintenance or manpower to operate or monitor. However, corvids quickly become habituated to most tactics such as blast cannons, predator decoys, and traditional scarecrows. Greater success has been achieved by adding sound and motion to predator decoys to mimic a distressed crow being caught by a predator such as an owl or hawk.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Conover, M. R.|year= 1985|title= Protecting vegetables from crows using an animated crow-killing owl model|journal= The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume= 49|issue= 3|pages= 643–645|doi=10.2307/3801687|jstor= 3801687}}</ref> Work is currently being done which uses multiple aversion techniques in one area. The theory is that multiple techniques used together will confuse the crows, thereby lessening the probability of habituation to stimuli.

===Trapping===
{{more citations needed|date=October 2020}}
{{see also|Bird trapping}}
Trapping is a rarely used technique in the U.S., but is being used with success in parts of Europe and Australia. The ladder-style trap (e.g., Australian Crow Trap or Modified Australian Crow Trap) seems to be the most effective in crow-trapping techniques. Ladder traps are constructed in such a way that unintentional catch of nontarget species is avoided. If a nontarget species is caught, it can be easily released without harm to the bird. The traps are cost-efficient because they are inexpensive and simple to construct, and require little manpower to monitor. The bait used in the traps can also be specific to corvids. Carrion, grains, unshelled raw peanuts, and shiny objects in the trap are effective baits.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} When removing crows from a ladder trap, one living crow is left as an effective decoy for other crows. Trapping is considered{{by whom|date=October 2020}} the most humane method for crow removal because the crows can be relocated without harm or stress. However, most wild birds in general have a knack for returning to their home ranges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icwdm.org/handbook/birds/bird_e33.pdf |title= American crows|author=Johnson, R. J.|publisher= Internet Center for Wildlife Management|access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref>

===Other methods===
Other methods have been used with little or limited success. Lasers have been used successfully to remove large flocks of birds from roost structures in urban areas, but success in keeping crows off roosts has been short-lived.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/09670870210151689| title = Evaluation of lasers to disperse American crows, ''Corvus brachyrhynchos'', from urban night roosts|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/466/| journal = International Journal of Pest Management| volume = 48| issue = 4| pages = 327| year = 2002| last1 = Gorenzel | first1 = W. P.| last2 = Blackwell | first2 = B. F.| last3 = Simmons | first3 = G. D.| last4 = Salmon | first4 = T. P.| last5 = Dolbeer | first5 = R. A.| s2cid = 54997197}}</ref> Homeowners can reduce the presence of crows by keeping trash stored in containers, feeding pets indoors, and hanging tin pie-pans or reflective gazing globes around garden areas.

==As food==
Crows were hunted for survival by [[Curonians]], a Baltic tribe,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nerija.lt/kultra/verslai/varnu-gaudymas |title=Crow hunting |publisher=nerija.lt |access-date=17 March 2013}}</ref> when common food was exhausted and the landscape changed so that farming was not as productive during the 18th and 19th centuries. Fishermen supplemented their diet by gathering coastal bird eggs and preserving crow meat by salting and smoking it. It became a traditional food for poor folk and is documented in a poem, "[[The Seasons (poem)|The Seasons]]" by [[Kristijonas Donelaitis|K. Donelaitis]]. After the nonhunting policy was lifted by the Prussian government in 1721–1724 and alternative food supplies increased, the practice was forgotten. The tradition re-emerged after World War I; in marketplaces, butchered crows which were sought after and bought by townsfolk were common. The hunted crows were not the local, but the migrating ones; each year during the spring and autumn, crows migrated via the [[Curonian Spit]] between Finland and the rest of Europe. In 1943, the government even issued a hunting quota for such activities. Crows were usually caught by attracting them with smoked fish or grains soaked in spirits and then collecting them with nets. It was a job for the elderly or young who were unable to go to sea to fish, and it was common to catch 150 to 200 birds during a hunting day.

==Human interaction==
The common raven and carrion crow have been blamed for killing weak lambs and are often seen eating freshly dead corpses probably killed by other means. The Australian raven has been documented chasing, attacking, and seriously injuring lambs.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1071/EA9670329| title = Activities of foxes and crows in a flock of lambing ewes| journal = Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture| volume = 7| issue = 27| pages = 329| year = 1967| last1 = Alexander | first1 = G. | last2 = Mann | first2 = T. | last3 = Mulhearn | first3 = C. J. | last4 = Rowley | first4 = I. C. R. | last5 = Williams | first5 = D. | last6 = Winn | first6 = D. }}</ref> Rooks have been blamed for eating grain in the UK and [[brown-necked raven]]s for raiding date crops in desert countries.<ref name = "CotW83">{{cite book|author=Goodwin D.|year=1983|title=Crows of the World |publisher=Queensland University Press, St Lucia, Qld|isbn=978-0-7022-1015-0}}</ref>

Crows have been shown to have the ability to visually recognize individual humans and to transmit information about "bad" humans by squawking.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106826971 |title=The Crow Paradox|author=Krulwich, Robert |work= Morning Edition|publisher= National Public Radio|date= July 27, 2009}}</ref> Crows appear to show appreciation to humans by presenting them with gifts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-31604026 |title=The girl who gets gifts from birds |last=Sewall |first=Katy |publisher=BBC |date=February 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31795681 |title=Birds that bring gifts and do the gardening |work=BBC News |date= March 10, 2015}}</ref>

==Cultural depictions==
{{See also|Cultural depictions of ravens}}
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Crow on a Branch - Kawanabe Kyosai.jpg|thumb|upright|''Crow on a Branch'' - [[Kawanabe Kyosai]] (1831–1889)]]
[[File:Paattinen.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright|Crow pictured in the former coat of arms of [[Paattinen]]]]

===In folklore and mythology===
[[File:Corbeau branche Kyo.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|''Crow on a Branch'', [[Maruyama Ōkyo]] (1733–1795)]]
[[File:Dhumavati.JPG|thumb|right|Dhumavati]]

In Ancient Greece and Rome, several myths about crows and jackdaws included:
*An ancient Greek and Roman adage, told by [[Erasmus]] runs, "The swans will sing when the jackdaws are silent," meaning that educated or wise people will speak after the foolish become quiet.<ref>{{cite book|title=Collected Works of Erasmus: Adages: Ivi1 to Ix100|author= Mynors, Roger A. (Translator)| publisher=University of Toronto Press|date= 1989|page= 314|title-link= Erasmus}}</ref>
*The Roman poet [[Ovid]] saw the crow as a harbinger of rain (''Amores'' 2,6, 34).<ref>{{cite book |last=de Vries |first=Ad |title=Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery |year=1976 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb0000vrie/page/275 275] |publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-0-7204-8021-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb0000vrie/page/275}}</ref>
*[[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] noted how the [[Thessalian]]s, [[Illyrians]], and [[Lemnian]]s cherished jackdaws for destroying grasshoppers' eggs. The [[Adriatic Veneti|Veneti]] are fabled to have bribed the jackdaws to spare their crops.<ref name=wentworth/>
*Ancient Greek authors tell how a jackdaw, being a social creature, may be caught with a dish of oil into which it falls into while looking at its own reflection.<ref name=wentworth>{{cite news|author=Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth |work=A Glossary of Greek Birds|title=Jackdaw|publisher= Oxford|date= 1895|page= 89}}</ref>
*In Greek legend, princess [[Arne Sithonis|Arne]] was bribed with gold by King [[Minos]] of Crete and was punished for her avarice by being transformed into an equally avaricious jackdaw, which still seeks shiny things.<ref name=Graves1589>{{cite book |last=Graves |first=R |author-link=Robert Graves |title=Greek Myths |year=1955 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-001026-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greekmythsvolume00robe/page/308 308] |chapter=Scylla and Nisus |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/greekmythsvolume00robe/page/308 }}</ref>

In the [[Bible]] account at 1 Kings 17:6, ravens are credited with providing Elijah food.

[[File:The-Twa-Corbies.jpg|left|thumb|upright|''[[The Three Ravens|The Twa Corbies]]'' by [[Arthur Rackham]]]]
In [[Australian Aboriginal mythology]], [[Crow (Australian Aboriginal mythology)|Crow]] is a [[trickster]], [[culture hero]], and ancestral being. Legends relating to Crow have been observed in various Aboriginal language groups and cultures across Australia; these commonly include stories relating to Crow's role in the theft of fire, the origin of death, and the killing of Eagle's son.

Crows are mentioned often in [[Buddhism]], especially [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan]] disciplines. The Dharmapala (protector of the Dharma) [[Mahakala]] is represented by a crow in one of his physical/earthly forms.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

In the [[Chaldean mythology|Chaldean myth]], the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', [[Utnapishtim]] releases a [[dove]] and raven to find land; however, the dove merely circles and returns. Only then does Utnapishtim send forth the raven, which does not return, and Utnapishtim concludes the raven has found land.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kovacs, Maureen Gallery|title=The Epic of Gilgamesh|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-8047-1711-3|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYxEd9c0EUYC&pg=PA102}}</ref>

In [[Chinese mythology]], the world originally had 10 suns either spiritually embodied as 10 crows and/or carried by 10 crows; when all 10 decided to rise at once, the effect was devastating to crops, so the gods sent their greatest archer [[Houyi]], who shot down nine crows and spared only one.<ref>This mythology comes from a text in ''[[Shanhaijing]]'', among other sources.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Yang |first=Lihui |title=Handbook of Chinese Mythology |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=95–96 and 231 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUwTxocaOGsC&pg=PA95 |isbn=978-0-19-533263-6}}</ref>

In [[Denmark]], the night raven is considered an exorcised spirit. A hole in its left wing denotes where the stake used to exorcise it was driven into the earth. He who looks through the hole will become a night raven himself.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Atlantic Monthly|volume= 34}}</ref>

In [[Hinduism]], crows are thought of as carriers of information that give omens to people regarding their situations. For example, when a crow crows in front of a person's house, the resident is expected to have special visitors that day. Also, in Hindu literature, crows have great memories which they use to give information.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Symbolism is associated with the crow in the Hindu faith. On a positive note, crows are often associated with worship of ancestors because they are believed to be embodying the souls of the recently deceased. However, many other associations with crows are seen in Hinduism. Crows are believed to be connected with both the gods and goddesses, particularly the controversial ones such as Sani, the god of the planet [[Saturn]], who uses a crow as his vehicle. In Hindu astrology, it is said that one who has the effect of Sani in their horoscope are angered easily, and may be unable to take control of their futures, but are extremely intelligent at the same time. Thus the presence of a crow, the vehicle of Sani is believed to have similar effects on the homes it lays its eyes on. Whether these effects are positive or negative is a source of debate in Hinduism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zailer |first=Xenia |date=2013 |title=Dark Shades of Power: the Crow in Hindu and Tantric Religious Traditions |journal=Religions of South Asia |volume=7 |issue=1–3 |pages=212–229 |doi=10.1558/rosa.v7i1-3.212}}</ref> Crows are also considered ancestors in Hinduism and during [[Śrāddha]], the practice of offering food or [[Pinda (riceball)|pinda]] to crows is still in vogue.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/26/stories/13261289.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610045900/http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/26/stories/13261289.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 June 2012 | location=Chennai, India |title=It's a crow's day |author=Vasudevan, Vidia | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=26 July 2001}}</ref> Crows are associated with [[Dhumavati]] the form of mother goddess that invokes quarrel and fear.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kinsley |first=David R. |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1988 |edition=1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/161 161–177] |chapter=Tara, Chinnamasta and the Mahavidyas |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDquQXm0bDsC |isbn=978-0-520-06339-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins/page/161 }}</ref> Crows are also fed during the fifteen day period of [[Pitru Paksha]], which occurs in the autumn season, as an offering and sacrifice to the ancestors. During the time of Pitra Paksha, it is believed that the ancestors descend on earth from pitra-loka, and are able to eat food offered to them by the means of a crow. This can also occur during the time of [[Kumbha]], many Hindus prepare entire vegetarian meals that are eaten solely by the crows and other birds.

In [[Irish mythology]], crows are associated with [[Morrigan]], the goddess of war and death.<ref>{{cite book |author=Leeming, David Adams |chapter=Crows and ravens |title=The Oxford Companion to World Mythology |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-515669-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000leem/page/86 86] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&pg=PA86 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000leem/page/86 }}</ref>

In Islam, the Surat [[Al-Ma'ida]] of the Qur'an describes the story of how the crow teaches son of Adam to cover dead body of his brother: "Then Allah sent a crow digging a grave in the ground for a dead crow, in order to show him how to bury the corpse of his brother. He cried, 'Alas! Have I even failed to be like this crow and bury the corpse of my brother?' So he became regretful."<ref>{{cite web | title = Surat Al-Maidah 5:31 | publisher=Quran.com | access-date=May 1, 2015 | url=http://quran.com/5/31#0}}</ref>

In [[Japanese mythology]], a [[three-legged crow]] called {{Nihongo|''Yatagarasu''|八咫烏||"eight-hand-crow"}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Picken, Stuart D.B. |title=Essentials of Shinto: An Analytical Guide to Principal Teachings |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1994|isbn=978-0-313-26431-3 |page=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA3_QqC6pPgC&pg=PA96}}</ref> is depicted.<ref>{{cite book|author=Como, Michael |title=Weaving and Binding: Immigrant Gods and Female Immortals in Ancient Japan |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8248-2957-5 |pages=100–103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UNEhdX6ePMC&pg=PA100}}</ref>

In [[Korean mythology]], a [[three-legged crow]] is known as ''Samjokgo'' (hangul: 삼족오; hanja: 三足烏).{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

In [[Norse mythology]], [[Huginn and Muninn]] are a pair of common ravens that range the entire world, [[Midgard]], bringing the god [[Odin]] information.

In [[Sweden]], ravens are held to be the ghosts of murdered men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avianweb.com/commonravens.html |title=Common Ravens - Species Information |publisher=Avianweb.com |access-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418205056/http://avianweb.com/commonravens.html |archive-date=18 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In [[Welsh mythology]], the god [[Brân the Blessed]] – whose name means "crow" or "raven"—is associated with corvids and death; tradition holds that Bran's severed head is buried under the [[Tower of London]], facing France—a possible genesis for the practice of keeping ravens in the Tower, said to protect the fortunes of Britain. In [[Cornish folklore]], crows—magpies particularly—are associated with death and the "other world", and must be greeted respectfully. The origin of "counting crows" as [[augury]] is British; however, the British version rather is to "count magpies"—their black and white [[Piebald|pied]] colouring alluding to the realms of the living and dead.

In [[Raven Tales|some Native American mythologies]], especially those in the Pacific Northwest, the raven is seen as both the Creator of the World and, separately, a trickster god.

In medieval times, crows were thought to live abnormally long lives. They were also thought to be monogamous throughout their long lives. They were thought to predict the future, anticipate rain and reveal ambushes. Crows were also thought to lead flocks of storks while they crossed the sea to Asia.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://bestiary.ca/beasts/beast252.htm | title=Medieval Bestiary: Crow}}</ref>

===In popular culture===

====Literature====
* In ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'', the jackdaw embodies stupidity in one tale (by starving while waiting for figs on a fig tree to ripen), vanity in another (the jackdaw sought to become king of the birds with borrowed feathers, but was shamed when they fell off),<ref>{{cite book |last=de Vries |first=Ad |title=Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery |year=1976 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb0000vrie/page/388 388–89] |publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-0-7204-8021-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsymb0000vrie/page/388 }}</ref> and cunning in yet another (the crow comes up to a pitcher and knows that his beak is too short to reach the water, and if he tips it over, all the water will fall out, so the crow places pebbles in the pitcher so the water rises and he can reach it to relieve his thirst).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pagebypagebooks.com/Aesop/Aesops_Fables/The_Crow_and_the_Pitcher_p1.html |title=The Crow and the Pitcher|work= Aesop's Fables}}</ref>
* The British [[Poet Laureate]] [[Ted Hughes]] combined some of the Amerindian and Celtic myths mentioned above in writing the 1970 poetry collection ''[[Crow (poetry)|Crow: From the Life and Songs of the Crow]]'' (1970).
* In ''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]'' Mrs. Frisby helps Jeremy, a young crow who was tied with a silver ribbon, and they managed to escape from Dragon, the farmer's cat, in gratitude for saving his life, Jeremy flies Mrs. Frisby to The Great Owl's tree, so that the owl can give the necessary answers to Mrs. Frisby.
* In [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', in [[Greek mythology]], the god [[Apollo]] became enraged when the crow exposed his lover [[Coronis (Greek mythology)|Coronis']] tryst with a mortal, his ire transmuting the crow's feathers from white to black.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dixon-Kennedy, Mike|chapter=Coronis/Corvus|title=Encyclopedia of Greco-Roman Mythology|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=1998|isbn=978-1-57607-129-8|page=93|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2U7okUE3PIcC&pg=PA93}}</ref>
* In the ''[[Contents and stories of the Yoga Vasistha#Section Six: On Liberation|Story of Bhusunda]]'', a chapter of the ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'', a very old sage in the form of a crow, Bhusunda, recalls a succession of epochs in the earth's history, as described in [[Hindu cosmology]]. He survived several destructions, living on a [[Kalpavriksha|wish-fulfilling tree]] on [[Mount Meru]].<ref name="cole-hindu-zoro">Cole, Juan R.I. ''[http://bahaistudies.net/hindu_zoro.html Baha'u'llah on Hinduism and Zoroastrianism: The Tablet to Mirza Abu'l-Fadl Concerning the Questions of Manakji Limji Hataria]''.</ref>
* Edgar Allan Poe's "[[The Raven]]"
*[[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Hobbit]]'' states that crows are agents of the evil [[goblins]], while ravens are allies of the [[Dwarf (Middle-earth)|Dwarves]].
*In [[Hans Christian Andersen]]'s 1844 fairy tale ''[[The Snow Queen]]'', the protagonist Gerda meets a crow and his mate who help her trying to find her friend Kai.

====Games====
* In a [[science-fantasy]] [[tabletop game]] ''[[Warhammer 40,000]]'' one of 20 [[demigod]]s called Primarchs is named Corvus Corax, and many of his weapons and armor are raven-themed. He's the spiritual father of a [[Space Marines (Warhammer 40,000)|space marine]] legion (later changed to a [[Chapter (religion)|chapter]]) called the ''Raven Guard''.

====Music====
* Both ravens and crows have commonly featured in the lyrics of [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] songs. A 2019 study showed that ravens are the most frequent birds mentioned in heavy metal lyrics, while crows are the fourth ([[eagles]] and [[vultures]] being the second and third).<ref name=soaresetal2019>{{cite journal |author1=Soares, Henrique M.|author2=Tomotani, João, V.|author3=Tomotani, Barbara M.|author4=Salvador, Rodrigo B.|year=2019 |title= Bird biodiversity in heavy metal songs. |journal=Journal of Geek Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=111–126 |url= https://jgeekstudies.org/2019/09/01/bird-biodiversity-in-heavy-metal-songs/}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Corvus (heraldry)]]
* [[Eating crow]]
* [[Ischys]] for the Greek myth of why the crow's feathers are black
* [[Scarecrow]]s

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|chapter=Crow|title=The International Wildlife Encyclopedia |volume=10 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7614-7266-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojMQP6aWW6sC&pg=PA610|author1=Burton, Maurice |author2=Burton, Robert}}
*{{cite book|author=Coombs, Franklin|title=The Crows: A Study of the Corvids of Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Zs_AAAAYAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Batsford|isbn=9780713413274}}
*{{cite journal|ref=idGill2003|title=Osteometry and Systematics of the Extinct New Zealand Ravens (Aves: Corvidae: ''Corvus'')|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=149547|author=Gill, B. J. |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|year=2003|volume=1|pages=43–58|access-date=14 March 2008|doi=10.1017/S1477201903001019|s2cid=84190534|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412195809/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=149547.|archive-date=12 April 2016|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|ref=idGoodwin1983|author=Goodwin, D.|title=Crows of the World|isbn=978-0-7022-1015-0|year=1983|publisher=Queensland University Press}}
*{{cite book|ref=idHeinrich1991|author=Heinrich, Bernd|title=Ravens in Winter|isbn=978-0-679-73236-5|year=1991|publisher=Vintage Press}}
*{{cite book|ref=idHeinrich1999|author=Heinrich, Bernd|title=Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds|isbn=978-0-06-093063-9|year=1999|publisher=Cliff Street Books|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mindofraven00bern}}
*{{cite book|ref=idKilham1991|author=Kilham, Lawrence|title=The American Crow and the Common Raven|isbn=978-0-89096-466-8|year=1991|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/americancrowcomm00lawr}}
* {{cite book|title=Crows and Jays: A Guide to the Crows, Jays, and Magpies of the World|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1994|isbn=978-0-395-67171-9|author1=Madge, Steve |author2=Burn, Hillary}}
*{{cite book|ref=idWesterfield2011|author=Westerfield, Michael|title=The Language of Crows: The Crows.net Book of the American Crow|isbn=978-0-937992-00-5|year=2011|publisher=Ashford Press}}
*{{cite book|ref=idWorthy2002|title=The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric Life of New Zealand|isbn=978-0-253-34034-4|year=2002|publisher=Indiana University Press|author1=Worthy, Trevor H. |author2=Holdaway, Richard N.}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Crow}}
{{Commons|Corvus (genus)}}
*[http://www.birds.cornell.edu/crows/crowfaq.htm Frequently Asked Questions About Crows] - [[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]]
*[http://www.crows.net/ Crows.net: The Language and Culture of Crows]
*[https://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/tools/introduction.shtml Tool making and use by Crows] - Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Oxford University
*[https://www.pbs.org/video/nature-a-murder-of-crows/ "A Murder of Crows"] - [[PBS]] documentary (2010)

{{Corvidae|2}}
{{Birds in culture}}
{{Taxonbar |from=Q43365}}

[[Category:Corvus|*]]
[[Category:Talking birds]]
[[Category:Scavengers]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Extant Burdigalian first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Powerbomb

2022-07-14T17:44:33Z

8.38.177.4: /* Slingshot powerbomb */

{{short description|Professional wrestling tactic}}
[[File:Powerbomb.gif|thumb|An animated example of a powerbomb|alt=Jacknife Powrbomb, used by Kevin Nash]]
A '''powerbomb''' is a [[professional wrestling]] [[Professional wrestling throws|throw]] in which an opponent is lifted (usually so that they are sitting on the wrestler's shoulders) and then slammed back-first down to the mat.<ref name=mf242/> The standard powerbomb sees an opponent first placed in a [[Professional wrestling holds#Standing headscissors|standing headscissors]] position (bent forward with their head placed between the attacking wrestler's thighs). The opponent is then lifted on the wrestler's shoulders and slammed down back-first to the mat.<ref name=mf242>Foley, Mick. Have A Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks (p.242).</ref> A [[Pin (professional wrestling)#Prawn hold|prawn hold]] is commonly used for a pinning powerbomb.

Powerbombs are sometimes used in [[mixed martial arts]] competitions, when a fighter attempts to slam another fighter who has him trapped in a [[triangle choke]]. In professional wrestling, it is also sometimes used by a bigger wrestler as a counter to an attempted [[hurricanrana]] by a smaller wrestler. While it was associated with super-heavyweight wrestlers, the move was invented by [[Lou Thesz]].<ref>https://www.wwe.com/classics/sports-entertainment-maneuver-innovators The innovators behind sports-entertainment's best maneuvers</ref>

==Variations==
===Argentine powerbomb===
The wrestler first places their opponent face-up across their shoulders, as in an [[Argentine backbreaker rack]], hooks the head with one hand and a leg with the other, and the wrestler will then spin the opponent's head away from them, dropping the opponent down to the mat. Often the wrestler drops to a seated position while spinning the opponent. Innovated by [[Lioness Asuka]] and popularized by [[A.J. Styles]] as the ''Rack Bomb''.

===Chokebomb===
Also known as a sitout [[two-handed chokeslam]] and a choke driver. The most common move referred to as a chokebomb sees an attacking wrestler grasps an opponent's neck with both hands and then lift them up into the air. From here the attacking wrestler would throw the opponent back down to the mat while falling to a seated position. This would see the opponent land in a position where their legs are wrapped around the wrestler with their back and shoulders on the mat. This allows the attacking wrestler to lean forward and place both their arms on the opponent for a [[Pin (professional wrestling)|pinfall]] attempt. A falling version exists, and usually ends with the attacking wrestler pinning the opponent immediately while still holding the throat after the move has already been executed. It was used by [[Matt Bloom|Albert]], [[The Great Khali]], [[Wifebeater (wrestler)|The Wifebeater/Matt Martini]] and [[Lisa Marie Varon|Tara]].

===Crucifix powerbomb===
[[File:Crucifix powerbomb.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mikael Judas]] performing [[Crucifix powerbomb|El Crucifijo]] on Pendleton]]
The wrestler places the opponent's head in between their legs, then grabs the opponent's stomach, lifts the opponent over their shoulder, and holds both their arms in a [[cross]] position over their head. The wrestler finally runs or falls to their knees and throws the opponent onto the mat back and neck first. [[Sheamus]] employs the running variation, dubbing it the ''High Cross''. The falling variation is often associated with [[Scott Hall|Razor Ramon]], who called it ''Razor's Edge'' (also known as the Outsider's Edge or Diamonds Edge during his time in [[World Championship Wrestling|WCW]] as Scott Hall). [[Damian Priest]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/classic-lists/the-50-coolest-maneuvers-of-all-time/page-38|title=the 50 coolest maneuvers of all time|date=2014-02-21|access-date=2014-05-04|publisher=WWE}}</ref> uses the move to pay tribute to the latter. The throwing variation is used by both [[Bad Luck Fale]] and [[Hernandez (wrestler)|Hernandez]]. [[Lance Archer]] uses an inverted variation called the ''Blackout''.

====Sitout crucifix powerbomb====
Also known as a ''Niagara Driver'', ''Splash Mountain'', or ''[[Black Tiger (professional wrestling)#Signature moves|Black Tiger Bomb]]'', this powerbomb is similar to the Crucifix Powerbomb, but instead of the wrestler falling forward to drop the opponent, the attacking wrestler falls to a seated position for a pinfall attempt instead of releasing the opponent. Innovated by [[Kyoko Inoue]] and popularized by [[Black Tiger (professional wrestling)|Black Tiger]]. A top rope version was used by [[Konnan]] as well. It is used by [[Roman Reigns]] as a signature move.

===Dangan Bomb===
This move, invented by Masato Tanaka, is performed when the wrestler will put the opponent in to the position for a [[Belly-to-back suplex|belly to back suplex]], lift them up and then catch them in mid air as if going for a [[spinebuster]] but instead put the opponents legs on their shoulders then drives the opponent to the mat like a falling powerbomb.

===Double powerbomb===
Due to convenience of wording this name can refer to a maneuver either performed by [[professional wrestling double-team maneuvers|two persons on one]], or one person on two; generally both opponents will be far smaller than the wrestler attempting the move. One opponent is placed on the attackers shoulders as per a standard powerbomb, then the other will be placed on the first opponents shoulders, facing in the same direction. This is normally performed by putting the first opponent's head between the seconds legs while they are sitting on the second or top turnbuckle. Finally, both opponents will be slammed to the mat.

===Double underhook powerbomb===
Also known as a Tiger Driver. The wrestler faces a bent over opponent, and [[Professional wrestling holds#Butterfly|hooks each of the opponent's arms behind the opponent's back]]. The wrestler then lifts the opponent in the air and flips them over, throwing them back down and driving the back and shoulders of the opponent to the ground. The wrestler may also fall to their knees as they slam the opponent down. A [[#Sitout powerbomb|sitout version]] is commonly known as a ''Tiger Driver'' and was invented by [[Mitsuharu Misawa]]. [[Ahmed Johnson]] used the sitout version as well, calling it the ''Pearl River Plunge''. [[Tyler Bate]] uses the move as his finishing maneuver, calling it the ''Tyler Driver '97'' and [[Toni Storm]] calling it ''Storm Zero''.

====Kneeling double underhook powerbomb ====
Another variation credited to Misawa is the ''Tiger Driver '91''. In this version, the wrestler keeps the arm hooks applied during the entire move, causing their opponent to land on their head, neck, and shoulders. The title refers to the January 29, 1991 match in which Misawa debuted the maneuver against [[Akira Taue]].<ref>{{cite web |title=El legado de Mitsuharu Misawa - Movimientos de lucha devastadores: Tiger Suplex '85 y Tiger Driver '91 |url=https://superluchas.com/el-legado-de-mitsuharu-misawa-movimientos-de-lucha-devastadores-tiger-suplex-85-y-tiger-driver-91/ |website=Super Luchas |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=es |date=June 13, 2016}}</ref> [[Mitsuharu Misawa]] popularized the move as ''Tiger Driver 91'''. [[Kota Ibushi]] uses this move as finishing move. [[Masahiro Chono]] used it as finishing move on rare occasions, most famously used to win the first ever [[G1 Climax#1991|G1 Climax]].

===Elevated powerbomb===
This move is similar to a standard powerbomb. Instead of slamming the opponent directly on the mat from the shoulders, the attacking wrestler first lifts the opponent even higher by holding onto the opponent and extending their arms up, lifting the opponent up off the shoulders of the attacking wrestler just moments before slamming them down to the mat. This move was used prominently by [[The Undertaker]], who named it the ''Last Ride''. A sitout version is used by [[Kota Ibushi]], who calls it the ''Golden Star Powerbomb'', and by [[Keith Lee (wrestler)|Keith Lee]], who calls it the ''Spirit Bomb.''

===Falling powerbomb===
This move starts by lifting an opponent like a normal powerbomb, but when the opponent is on the wrestler's shoulders the wrestler falls forward, slamming the opponent onto the ground. This move was popularized by [[Kane (wrestler)|Kane]].

===Fireman's carry powerbomb ===
The wrestler lifts the opponent onto their shoulders, into the [[Professional wrestling holds#Fireman's carry|fireman's carry]] position. The wrestler grabs hold of the opponent's near leg with one hand, and their head with the other, then pushes the opponent's upper body up and simultaneously spins them, causing them to end up in front of the wrestler face up. The wrestler then either sits down or stays standing. They may also wrap their hands around the opponent's upper legs. It is used by [[Evil (wrestler)|Evil]] as ''Darkness Falls.''

===Folding powerbomb===
The move sees the wrestler lifts the opponent and drops them on the mat, while sliding forward and lifts his legs off the mat, putting his full body weight on top of the wrestler and thus pinning their shoulders more firmly against the mat. Popularized by [[Genichiro Tenryu]] and [[Toshiaki Kawada]]. [[Joey Ryan (wrestler)|Joey Ryan]] utilized this for comical purpose (mainly female wrestlers) while [[Samoa Joe]] used this to transition into any sumbmission holds.

===Ganso bomb===
Translated literally from [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as Originator Bomb (元祖 ''ganso'') but in [[English language|English]] more commonly referred to as the original powerbomb, this move sees the attacking wrestler make an opponent bend over and grab them in a belly to back waistlock before then lifting the opponent until they are vertical. The attacking wrestler then drives the opponent down on their neck and shoulder while either remaining in a standing position, sitting position or dropping down to their knees. The move is considered one of the most dangerous moves in professional wrestling as the person taking the move is in freefall, dropped onto their own head or neck without protection. It was invented by [[Lou Thesz]] and popularized by Toshiaki Kawada as the ''Kawada Driver.'' [[AJ Styles]] used during his tenure with New Japan Pro-Wrestling as the ''Hollow Point''. [[Brock Lesnar]] unknowingly use the move on [[Hardcore Holly]] in 2002 that legitimately injured his neck.

===Gutwrench powerbomb===
This move involves a wrestler standing over a bent over opponent, locking their arms around the opponent's waist and lifting them up, flipping them over, and slamming them down to the mat back first. The difference compared to a regular powerbomb is that the opponent's head does not go between the wrestler's thighs, instead they remain slightly in front or to the side of the wrestler. The [[#Falling powerbomb|falling variation]] was used by [[Jake Hager|Jack Swagger]] as the ''Swagger Bomb''. [[Steve Williams (wrestler)|"Dr. Death" Steve Williams]] popularized the [[#Sitout powerbomb|sitout variation]], naming it the ''Doctor Bomb''. [[Kenny Omega]] also uses the sitout variation as the ''Dr. Willy Bomb''.

===Inverted powerbomb===
Also known as an Inverted front powerslam, this move sees the attacking wrestler faces a bent-over opponent and apply a gutwrench waistlock before lifting the opponent up so they are lying across the wrestler's shoulder, facing upward, with the wrestler maintaining the waistlock to hold them in position, known as an [[Canadian backbreaker rack|overhead gutwrench backbreaker rack]]. The wrestler then falls forward, standing or into a sitout position while flipping the opponent forward, driving the opponent horizontally belly-down into the ground. A double underhook version of this move also exists. [[Ron Simmons#in wrestling|Ron Simmons]] made the standing variation famous, calling it the ''Dominator'', [[Bobby Lashley]] utilized a kneeling version as a finisher, while [[Yujiro Takahashi]] popularized the sitout version, calling it ''Tokyo Pimps''.

===Jackknife Hold powerbomb===
A normal powerbomb which is ended with the wrestler flipping or rolling forward into a bridge with a [[jackknife hold]]. Not to be confused with [[Kevin Nash]]'s finisher, referred to as the ''Jackknife Powerbomb'' but is actually a [[#Release powerbomb|release powerbomb]].

===Kneeling powerbomb===
This variation of a powerbomb is similar to an ordinary powerbomb, however, instead of the wrestler remaining standing, the wrestler falls into a kneeling position while driving the opponent back-first into the mat. Triple H has used this version of the Powerbomb.

===Multiple powerbombs===
As the name implies, the wrestler performing the move will do so multiple times. To start, they will lift the opponent into powerbomb position and perform the move. Without letting go of the opponent's waist, the wrestler raises them up again and drops them. Depending on the wrestler, they may continue to repeat the process and may pin the opponent after the last one. Although neither wrestler does this anymore, [[Chris Jericho]] and Brock Lesnar used the multiple powerbomb as a signature maneuver when they debuted in [[WWE]]; Jericho's version was a double and Lesnar's a triple.

===Pop-up powerbomb===
As the name implies, this move begins with the opponent rushing towards the attacker who then flings the opponent vertically up into the air. The move is finished by catching the opponent and performing a powerbomb. This move was popularized by [[Kevin Owens]] and [[Scott Steiner]].

===Release powerbomb===
A variation of the powerbomb where the opponent is lifted into the air and then dropped without [[Pin (professional wrestling)#Prawn hold|being forced into a pin]]. [[Kevin Nash]],SiD,

[[Big Van Vader]], [[Bubba Ray Dudley]], [[Chris Benoit]], [[Sycho Sid]], [[Lita (wrestler)|Lita]], [[Sara Del Rey]], [[John Layfield|John Bradshaw Layfield]] and [[Sable (wrestler)|Sable]] use this move. [[Raquel González (wrestler)|Raquel Rodriguez]] uses a one-arm version of the move itself, calling it the ''Chingona Bomb''.

===Rope-aided powerbomb===
The wrestler takes hold of an opponent, who is lying on the mat, by their legs. The opponent then grabs hold of one of the ropes with both hands as the wrestler pulls them backwards, lifting them off the mat. At this point the opponent releases their grip on the rope and is brought down to the mat.

====Corner sitout powerbomb====
The opponent begins sitting in the corner of the ring and facing outwards, while holding on to the ring ropes. The wrestler takes hold of the opponent by the legs and pulls them upwards and backwards with a twist, falling into a sitting position as they do so. The move ends with the opponent's back on the ground and their legs over the shoulders of the wrestler, placing the opponent in a pinning predicament.

===Running powerbomb===
In this variation of the powerbomb, the wrestler runs before they releases the opponent. A wrestler may also sit down for a pinfall attempt.

===Scoop lift powerbomb===
In this variation of a powerbomb an opponent is first [[Professional wrestling holds#Scoop|scooped]] so they are horizontal across an attacking wrestler's chest. The wrestler then pushes the opponent up and turns them, so that they are sitting on the shoulders of the wrestler, before then slamming them down in a powerbomb motion. A seated version is also possible. This maneuver was occasionally performed by "The Alpha Male" [[Monty Brown]] and was referred to as the Alpha Bomb. [[Raquel González (wrestler)|Raquel Rodriguez]] uses a one arm version of the powerbomb.

===Sitout powerbomb===
In this variation of a powerbomb, the attacking wrestler falls to a seated position as they slam the opponent down. Some wrestlers remain in seated position to pin the opponent, while others choose not to. The move can either be performed as a standard powerbomb or as a [[#Gutwrench powerbomb|gutwrench powerbomb]]. The move was popularized by [[Jushin Thunder Liger|Jushin Liger]], who used it as a finisher, known as the ''Liger Bomb'', and was also famously used by [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] as the ''Batista Bomb'', and is currently used by [[Keith Lee (wrestler)|Keith Lee]] as the ''Spirit Bomb''.

===Slingshot powerbomb===
From a position in which the opponent is sitting across the wrestlers shoulder, the attacker bounces the opponent's back across the top rope. The attacker then spins around, using the momentum to powerbomb the opponent. Dax Harwood has used this version several times in AEW matches.

===Spinning powerbomb===
[[File:Kraven powerbomb.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Vanessa Kraven]] performing a spinning sit-down powerbomb on [[Leah von Dutch]].]]
Also called a spiral bomb. The wrestler lifts the opponent up onto their shoulders and spins around several rotations before sitting down and slamming the opponent down to the mat, as in a [[#Sitout powerbomb|sitout powerbomb]]. A [[#Release powerbomb|release variation]] sees the wrestler remain standing or kneeling and just throwing the opponent away from them onto their back to the mat. A [[#Gutwrench powerbomb|gutwrench variation]] is also possible, with the wrestler dropping the opponent as in a normal gutwrench powerbomb. This maneuver was used by [[Diamond Dallas Page]], but the [[#Sitout powerbomb|sitout]] variation was popularized by [[Michael Elgin]], who adopted it as his finisher.

===Spin-out powerbomb===
Also known as a Blue Thunder Driver or a Blue Thunder Bomb, this is a [[suplex#Belly-to-back variants|belly-to-back]] powerbomb, usually beginning in the [[Belly-to-back suplex|back suplex]] position in which the wrestler stands behind their opponent and puts their head under the arm of the opponent. They then lift the opponent up using one arm around the waist of the opponent and another under their legs. The wrestler then spins the opponent around 180°, dropping them to the mat back first as they drop to a sitting position. Invented by [[Jun Akiyama]], it is used by [[Sami Zayn]] as a finishing move. [[Apollo Crews]] uses a toss variation of the move. [[John Cena]] uses a kneeling variation of the move.

===Straight jacket powerbomb===
Also known as a ''Pyramid Driver'', this move can be executed when a wrestler lifts the opponent on the shoulders between the legs, but crossing the both arms during his bent-over position before, and drops on the mat with a seated position to setup a pin. It was used by [[Super Crazy]] with the name called ''Crazy Bomb'' and by Cesaro in a Sit-Out variation.

===Sunset flip powerbomb===
[[File:Bryan sunset flip powerbomb at WM30.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Bryan Danielson|Daniel Bryan]] performs a sunset flip superbomb to [[Triple H]] at [[WrestleMania XXX]].]]
This move sees the wrestler bend over and place their opponent in a standing head scissors. However, the wrestler moves forward slightly so the opponent's midsection is between the wrestler's thighs instead of their head. The wrestler wraps their arms around the opponent's midsection in a waistlock, then jumps and rolls forward, under the opponent's legs, and into a seated position, forcing the opponent to fall back to the mat. The resulting position can lead to a [[Pin (professional wrestling)#Sitout pin|sitout pin]]. This is often called a ''Yoshi Tonic'' in Japan or ''Code Red'' in America, the latter name coined by [[Amazing Red]]. The top rope version is also used sometimes, as seen in the picture above. The move is also very dangerous, because when the wrestler flips over the opponent's back, if they put too much downward force on their legs, it could result in a leg injury. [[Seth Rollins]] was injured while attempting to perform a sunset flip powerbomb by applying too much downward force on his leg, thus injuring it. An avalanche leg trap variation is used by [[Hirooki Goto]] on rare occasions as ''Kaiten.''

===Superbomb===
The attacking wrestler forces the opponent to ascend to the top rope, standing usually on the top ropes with their legs spread. The wrestler then bends the opponent, placing their head between the wrestler's thighs. The wrestler then wraps their hands around the opponent's waist. The wrestler then lifts the opponent up, flipping them over, while jumping forward. The opponent falls down to the mat back first, and the wrestler usually falls to their knees or to a sitting position. This variation was popularized by [[Chris Candido]] as the ''Blonde Bombshell'', while Bubba Ray Dudley used a sitout version.

Another variation sees the opponent sitting on the top rope. The wrestler climbs up to the top rope and stands facing the opponent. The wrestler then bends the opponent over and takes hold of opponent around the waist. The wrestler then flips the opponent up and over so they are sitting on the shoulders of the wrestler. At the same time, the wrestler spins around 180° and leaps forward, falling to the ground in a standing or sitting position and driving the opponent's back and shoulders to the mat.

Another variant of the Superbomb was popularized by [[B.J. Whitmer]], who used the move to toss himself and fellow wrestler [[Jimmy Jacobs]] into a crowd at a [[Ring of Honor]] show in June 2006.

===Thunder Fire powerbomb{{anchor|Thunder fire powerbomb}}===
[[File:サンダーファイヤーパワーボム.JPG|thumb|upright|[[The Great Sasuke]] performing a thunder fire powerbomb.]]
The wrestler faces a bent opponent and places them in the standing headscissors position (bent forward with their head placed between the wrestler's thighs). The wrestler then grabs hold around the opponent's upper torso or waist, and lifts them on top of one of the wrestler's shoulders on their back. The wrestler then bends forward and slams the opponent down to the mat on their back or shoulders. It is also known as an over-the-shoulder powerbomb. Innovated by [[Atsushi Onita|the Great Nita]] ([[Atsushi Onita]]).

===Triple powerbomb===
A powerbomb performed by three wrestlers. Two wrestlers lift an opponent with a belly-to-back hold and place the opponent's legs on the third partner's shoulders, who executes the powerbomb while the other two push the opponent from the carrying partner's shoulders. There is also an avalanche variation of this move performed from the middle rope. This was popularized by [[The Shield (professional wrestling)|The Shield]] in [[WWE]].

===Turnbuckle powerbomb===
Also known as the ''Buckle Bomb''. This move sees the wrestler faces a standing opponent, bends them forwards, takes a hold around their waist and then flips the opponent up and over so the opponent is sitting on the wrestler's shoulders. The wrestler then faces a corner of the ring and throws the opponent into the corner, driving the back and neck of the opponent to the turnbuckle. The move was famously used by [[Kenta Kobashi]] and [[Seth Rollins]]. The move is considered to be dangerous if done wrong, which led to [[Sting (wrestler)|Sting]] retiring from wrestling (he has since returned to the ring in 2020 with [[All Elite Wrestling|AEW]]) and [[Finn Balor]] injuring his [[Glenoid labrum|shoulder]] in 2016. WWE has since banned it in 2020 after [[Nia Jax]] botched the move on [[Kairi Sane]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pwinsider.com/article.php?id=136834&p=1 |title=Wwe Bans Move From In-Ring Action |publisher=PWInsider.com |date=2020-05-30 |accessdate=2022-05-13}}</ref>

===Suplex powerbomb===
The wrestler lifts the opponent upside down as in a [[vertical suplex]] and then pushes their upper body forward while sitting down, ending the move in the same position as the [[#Sitout powerbomb|sitout powerbomb]]. A fall-forward and standing versions are also possible. The move was invented by [[Kenta Kobashi]] who called it ''Orange Crush''. [[Sami Zayn|El Generico]] used the move with a double pumphandle cradle before delivering the ''Orange Crush.'' [[Jon Moxley]] and [[Roderick Strong]] used the standing version.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{Cite book|author=Mick Foley|author-link=Mick Foley|title=Have A Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2000|isbn=0-06-103101-1}}

{{Commons category}}
{{Wrestling Moves}}

[[Category:Professional wrestling moves]]

Bias–variance tradeoff

2022-07-12T12:56:13Z

8.38.177.4: /* Motivation */

{{Machine learning|Theory}}
{{short description|Property of a model}}
{{multiple image| align=right|direction=vertical|width=200
|image1=Test function and noisy data.png|caption1=Function and noisy data.
|image2=Radial basis function fit, spread=5.png|caption2=spread=5
|image3=Radial basis function fit, spread=1.png|caption3=spread=1
|image4=Radial basis function fit, spread=0.1.png|caption4=spread=0.1
|footer=A function (red) is approximated using [[radial basis functions]] (blue). Several trials are shown in each graph. For each trial, a few noisy data points are provided as a training set (top). For a wide spread (image 2) the bias is high: the RBFs cannot fully approximate the function (especially the central dip), but the variance between different trials is low. As spread decreases (image 3 and 4) the bias decreases: the blue curves more closely approximate the red. However, depending on the noise in different trials the variance between trials increases. In the lowermost image the approximated values for x=0 varies wildly depending on where the data points were located.}}

[[File:Bias and variance contributing to total error.svg|thumb|Bias and variance as function of model complexity]]

In [[statistics]] and [[machine learning]], the '''bias–variance tradeoff''' is the property of a model that the [[variance]] of the parameter estimated across [[sample (statistics)|samples]] can be reduced by increasing the [[Bias_of_an_estimator|bias]] in the [[estimation theory|estimated]] [[statistical parameter|parameters]].
The '''bias–variance dilemma''' or '''bias–variance problem''' is the conflict in trying to simultaneously minimize these two sources of [[Errors and residuals in statistics|error]] that prevent [[supervised learning]] algorithms from generalizing beyond their [[training set]]:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kohavi |first1=Ron |last2=Wolpert |first2=David H. |title=Bias Plus Variance Decomposition for Zero-One Loss Functions |journal=ICML |date=1996 |volume=96}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Luxburg |first1=Ulrike V. |last2=Schölkopf |first2=B. |title=Statistical learning theory: Models, concepts, and results |journal=Handbook of the History of Logic |date=2011 |volume=10| page=Section 2.4}}</ref>
* The [[Bias of an estimator|''bias'']] error is an error from erroneous assumptions in the learning [[algorithm]]. High bias can cause an algorithm to miss the relevant relations between features and target outputs (underfitting).
* The ''[[variance]]'' is an error from sensitivity to small fluctuations in the training set. High variance may result from an algorithm modeling the random [[Noise (signal processing)|noise]] in the training data ([[overfitting]]).

The '''bias–variance decomposition''' is a way of analyzing a learning algorithm's [[expected value|expected]] [[generalization error]] with respect to a particular problem as a sum of three terms, the bias, variance, and a quantity called the ''irreducible error'', resulting from noise in the problem itself.

==Motivation==
<gallery>

File:En low bias low variance.png|bias low, variance low
File:Truen bad prec ok.png|bias high, variance low
File:Truen ok prec bad.png|bias low, variance high
File:Truen bad prec bad.png|bias high, variance high
</gallery>
The bias–variance tradeoff is a central problem in supervised learning. Ideally, one wants to [[Model selection|choose a model]] that both accurately captures the regularities in its training data, but also [[Generalization|generalizes]] well to unseen data. Unfortunately, it is typically impossible to do both simultaneously. High-variance learning methods may be able to represent their training set well but are at risk of overfitting to noisy or unrepresentative training data. In contrast, algorithms with high bias typically produce simpler models that may fail to capture important regularities (i.e. underfit) in the data.

It is an often made [[Affirming the consequent|fallacy]]<ref name="nealThesis2019">{{cite arXiv |last=Neal |first=Brady |eprint=1912.08286 |title=On the Bias-Variance Tradeoff: Textbooks Need an Update |class=cs.LG |date=2019}}</ref><ref name="neal2018">{{cite arXiv |first1=Brady |last1=Neal |first2=Sarthak |last2=Mittal |first3=Aristide |last3=Baratin |first4=Vinayak |last4=Tantia |first5=Matthew |last5=Scicluna |first6=Simon |last6=Lacoste-Julien |first7=Ioannis |last7=Mitliagkas |eprint=1810.08591 |title=A Modern Take on the Bias-Variance Tradeoff in Neural Networks |class=cs.LG |date=2018}}</ref> to assume that complex models must have high variance; High variance models are 'complex' in some sense, but the reverse needs not be true{{clarify|reason=Why is this true? And what does it mean for a "high-variance model" to be "complex", i.e. in which sense?|date=May 2021}}.
In addition, one has to be careful how to define complexity: In particular, the number of parameters used to describe the model is a poor measure of complexity. This is illustrated by an example adapted from:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vapnik |first1=Vladimir |title=The nature of statistical learning theory |date=2000 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4757-3264-1 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3264-1}}</ref> The model <math>f_{a,b}(x)=a\sin(bx)</math> has only two parameters (<math>a,b</math>) but it can interpolate any number of points by oscillating with a high enough frequency, resulting in both a high bias and high variance.

An analogy can be made to the relationship between [[Accuracy and precision|accuracy and precision]]. Accuracy is a description of bias and can intuitively be improved by selecting from only [[Sample space|local]] information. Consequently, a sample will appear accurate (i.e. have low bias) under the aforementioned selection conditions, but may result in underfitting. In other words, [[Training, validation, and test data sets|test data]] may not agree as closely with training data, which would indicate imprecision and therefore inflated variance. A graphical example would be a straight line fit to data exhibiting quadratic behavior overall. Precision is a description of variance and generally can only be improved by selecting information from a comparatively larger space. The option to select many data points over a broad sample space is the ideal condition for any analysis. However, intrinsic constraints (whether physical, theoretical, computational, etc.) will always play a limiting role. The limiting case where only a finite number of data points are selected over a broad sample space may result in improved precision and lower variance overall, but may also result in an overreliance on the training data (overfitting). This means that test data would also not agree as closely with the training data, but in this case the reason is due to inaccuracy or high bias. To borrow from the previous example, the graphical representation would appear as a high-order polynomial fit to the same data exhibiting quadratic behavior. Note that error in each case is measured the same way, but the reason ascribed to the error is different depending on the balance between bias and variance. To mitigate how much information is used from neighboring observations, a model can be [[smoothing|smoothed]] via explicit [[Regularization (mathematics)|regularization]], such as [[shrinkage (statistics)|shrinkage]].

==Bias–variance decomposition of mean squared error==
{{main|Mean squared error}}
Suppose that we have a training set consisting of a set of points <math>x_1, \dots, x_n</math> and real values <math>y_i</math> associated with each point <math>x_i</math>. We assume that there is a function with noise <math>y = f(x) + \varepsilon</math>, where the noise, <math>\varepsilon</math>, has zero mean and variance <math>\sigma^2</math>.

We want to find a function <math>\hat{f}(x;D)</math>, that approximates the true function <math>f(x)</math> as well as possible, by means of some learning algorithm based on a training dataset (sample) <math>D=\{(x_1,y_1) \dots, (x_n, y_n)\}</math>. We make "as well as possible" precise by measuring the [[mean squared error]] between <math>y</math> and <math>\hat{f}(x;D)</math>: we want <math>(y - \hat{f}(x;D))^2</math> to be minimal, both for <math>x_1, \dots, x_n</math> ''and for points outside of our sample''. Of course, we cannot hope to do so perfectly, since the <math>y_i</math> contain noise <math>\varepsilon</math>; this means we must be prepared to accept an ''irreducible error'' in any function we come up with.

Finding an <math>\hat{f}</math> that generalizes to points outside of the training set can be done with any of the countless algorithms used for supervised learning. It turns out that whichever function <math>\hat{f}</math> we select, we can decompose its [[expected value|expected]] error on an unseen sample <math>x</math> as follows:<ref name="islr">{{cite book |first1=Gareth |last1=James |first2=Daniela |last2=Witten |author-link2=Daniela Witten |first3=Trevor |last3=Hastie |author-link3=Trevor Hastie |first4=Robert |last4=Tibshirani |author-link4=Robert Tibshirani |title=An Introduction to Statistical Learning |publisher=Springer |year=2013 |url=http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~gareth/ISL/ }}</ref>{{rp|34}}<ref name="ESL">{{cite book |first1=Trevor |last1=Hastie |first2=Robert |last2=Tibshirani |first3=Jerome H. |last3=Friedman |author-link3=Jerome H. Friedman |year=2009 |title=The Elements of Statistical Learning |url=http://statweb.stanford.edu/~tibs/ElemStatLearn/ |access-date=2014-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126123924/http://statweb.stanford.edu/~tibs/ElemStatLearn/ |archive-date=2015-01-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|223}}

:<math>
\operatorname{E}_{D, \varepsilon} \Big[\big(y - \hat{f}(x;D)\big)^2\Big]
= \Big(\operatorname{Bias}_D\big[\hat{f}(x;D)\big] \Big) ^2 + \operatorname{Var}_D\big[\hat{f}(x;D)\big] + \sigma^2
</math>

where
:<math>
\operatorname{Bias}_D\big[\hat{f}(x;D)\big] = \operatorname{E}_D\big[\hat{f}(x;D)\big] - f(x)
</math>

and

:<math>
\operatorname{Var}_D\big[\hat{f}(x;D)\big] = \operatorname{E}_D[\big(\operatorname{E}_D[\hat{f}(x;D)] - \hat{f}(x;D)\big)^2].
</math>

The expectation ranges over different choices of the training set <math>D=\{(x_1,y_1) \dots, (x_n, y_n)\}</math>, all sampled from the same joint distribution <math>P(x,y)</math> which can for example be done via [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrapping]].
The three terms represent:
* the square of the ''bias'' of the learning method, which can be thought of as the error caused by the simplifying assumptions built into the method. E.g., when approximating a non-linear function <math>f(x)</math> using a learning method for [[linear model]]s, there will be error in the estimates <math>\hat{f}(x)</math> due to this assumption;
* the ''variance'' of the learning method, or, intuitively, how much the learning method <math>\hat{f}(x)</math> will move around its mean;
* the irreducible error <math>\sigma^2</math>.

Since all three terms are non-negative, the irreducible error forms a lower bound on the expected error on unseen samples.<ref name="islr" />{{rp|34}}

The more complex the model <math>\hat{f}(x)</math> is, the more data points it will capture, and the lower the bias will be. However, complexity will make the model "move" more to capture the data points, and hence its variance will be larger.

===Derivation===
The derivation of the bias–variance decomposition for squared error proceeds as follows.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Sethu |last1=Vijayakumar |author-link=Sethu Vijayakumar |title=The Bias–Variance Tradeoff |publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]] |year=2007 |access-date=19 August 2014 |url=http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/teaching/courses/mlsc/Notes/Lecture4/BiasVariance.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Notes on derivation of bias-variance decomposition in linear regression |first=Greg |last=Shakhnarovich |year=2011 |access-date=20 August 2014 |url=http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~gregory/courses/wis-ml2012/lectures/biasVarDecom.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821063842/http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~gregory/courses/wis-ml2012/lectures/biasVarDecom.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2014 }}</ref> For notational convenience, we abbreviate <math>f = f(x)</math>, <math>\hat{f} = \hat{f}(x;D)</math> and we drop the <math>D</math> subscript on our expectation operators. First, recall that, by definition, for any random variable <math>X</math>, we have

:<math>
\operatorname{Var}[X] = \operatorname{E}[X^2] - \operatorname{E}[X]^2.
</math>
Rearranging, we get:
:<math>
\operatorname{E}[X^2] = \operatorname{Var}[X] + \operatorname{E}[X]^2.
</math>

Since <math>f</math> is [[Deterministic algorithm|deterministic]], i.e. independent of <math>D</math>,

:<math>
\operatorname{E}[f] = f.
</math>

Thus, given <math>y = f + \varepsilon</math> and <math>\operatorname{E}[\varepsilon] = 0</math> (because <math>\varepsilon</math> is noise), implies <math>\operatorname{E}[y] = \operatorname{E}[f + \varepsilon] = \operatorname{E}[f] = f.</math>

Also, since <math>\operatorname{Var}[\varepsilon] = \sigma^2,</math>

:<math>
\operatorname{Var}[y] = \operatorname{E}[(y - \operatorname{E}[y])^2] = \operatorname{E}[(y - f)^2] = \operatorname{E}[(f + \varepsilon - f)^2] = \operatorname{E}[\varepsilon^2] = \operatorname{Var}[\varepsilon] + \operatorname{E}[\varepsilon]^2 = \sigma^2 + 0^2 = \sigma^2.

</math>

Thus, since <math>\varepsilon</math> and <math>\hat{f}</math> are independent, we can write

:<math>
\begin{align}
\operatorname{E}\big[(y - \hat{f})^2\big]
& = \operatorname{E}\big[(f+\varepsilon - \hat{f} )^2\big] \\[5pt]
& = \operatorname{E}\big[(f+\varepsilon - \hat{f} +\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}]-\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}])^2\big] \\[5pt]
& = \operatorname{E}\big[(f-\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}])^2\big]+\operatorname{E}[\varepsilon^2]+\operatorname{E}\big[(\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}]- \hat{f})^2\big]
+2\operatorname{E}\big[(f-\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}])\varepsilon\big]
+2\operatorname{E}\big[\varepsilon(\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}]- \hat{f})\big]
+2\operatorname{E}\big[(\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}]- \hat{f})(f-\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}])\big] \\[5pt]
& = (f-\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}])^2+\operatorname{E}[\varepsilon^2]+\operatorname{E}\big[(\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}]- \hat{f})^2\big]
+2(f-\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}])\operatorname{E}[\varepsilon]
+2\operatorname{E}[\varepsilon]\operatorname{E}\big[\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}]- \hat{f}\big]
+2\operatorname{E}\big[\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}]- \hat{f}\big](f-\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}]) \\[5pt]
& = (f-\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}])^2+\operatorname{E}[\varepsilon^2]+\operatorname{E}\big[(\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}]- \hat{f})^2\big]\\[5pt]
& = (f-\operatorname{E}[\hat{f}])^2+\operatorname{Var}[\varepsilon]+\operatorname{Var}\big[\hat{f}\big]\\[5pt]
& = \operatorname{Bias}[\hat{f}]^2+\operatorname{Var}[\varepsilon]+\operatorname{Var}\big[\hat{f}\big]\\[5pt]
& = \operatorname{Bias}[\hat{f}]^2+\sigma^2+\operatorname{Var}\big[\hat{f}\big].
\end{align}
</math>

Finally, MSE loss function (or negative log-likelihood) is obtained by taking the expectation value over <math>x\sim P</math>:
:<math>
\text{MSE} = \operatorname{E}_x\bigg\{\operatorname{Bias}_D[\hat{f}(x;D)]^2+\operatorname{Var}_D\big[\hat{f}(x;D)\big]\bigg\} + \sigma^2.
</math>

==Approaches==
[[Dimensionality reduction]] and [[feature selection]] can decrease variance by simplifying models. Similarly, a larger training set tends to decrease variance. Adding features (predictors) tends to decrease bias, at the expense of introducing additional variance. Learning algorithms typically have some tunable parameters that control bias and variance; for example,
* [[linear model|linear]] and [[Generalized linear model|Generalized linear]] models can be [[Regularization (mathematics)|regularized]] to decrease their variance at the cost of increasing their bias.<ref>{{cite book |last=Belsley |first=David |title=Conditioning diagnostics : collinearity and weak data in regression |publisher=Wiley |location=New York (NY) |year=1991 |isbn=978-0471528890 }}</ref>
* In [[artificial neural network]]s, the variance increases and the bias decreases as the number of hidden units increase,<ref name="geman">{{cite journal |last1=Geman |first1=Stuart |author-link1=Stuart Geman |first2=Élie |last2=Bienenstock |first3=René |last3=Doursat |year=1992 |title=Neural networks and the bias/variance dilemma |journal=Neural Computation |volume=4 |pages=1–58 |doi=10.1162/neco.1992.4.1.1 |url=http://web.mit.edu/6.435/www/Geman92.pdf }}</ref> although this classical assumption has been the subject of recent debate.<ref name="neal2018" /> Like in GLMs, regularization is typically applied.
* In [[k-nearest neighbor|''k''-nearest neighbor]] models, a high value of {{mvar|k}} leads to high bias and low variance (see below).
* In [[instance-based learning]], regularization can be achieved varying the mixture of [[prototype]]s and exemplars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gagliardi |first1=Francesco |date=May 2011 |title=Instance-based classifiers applied to medical databases: diagnosis and knowledge extraction |journal=Artificial Intelligence in Medicine |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=123–139 |doi=10.1016/j.artmed.2011.04.002 |pmid=21621400 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51173579 }}</ref>
* In [[decision tree]]s, the depth of the tree determines the variance. Decision trees are commonly pruned to control variance.<ref name="islr" />{{rp|307}}

One way of resolving the trade-off is to use [[mixture models]] and [[ensemble learning]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Jo-Anne |last1=Ting |first2=Sethu |last2=Vijaykumar |first3=Stefan |last3=Schaal |url=http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/svijayak/publications/ting-EMLDM2016.pdf |chapter=Locally Weighted Regression for Control |title=Encyclopedia of Machine Learning |editor-first1=Claude |editor-last1=Sammut |editor-first2=Geoffrey I. |editor-last2=Webb |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |page=615 |bibcode=2010eoml.book.....S }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Scott |last=Fortmann-Roe |title=Understanding the Bias–Variance Tradeoff |year=2012 |url=http://scott.fortmann-roe.com/docs/BiasVariance.html }}</ref> For example, [[Boosting (machine learning)|boosting]] combines many "weak" (high bias) models in an ensemble that has lower bias than the individual models, while [[Bootstrap aggregating|bagging]] combines "strong" learners in a way that reduces their variance.

[[Model validation]] methods such as [[cross-validation (statistics)]] can be used to tune models so as to optimize the trade-off.

===''k''-nearest neighbors===
In the case of [[k-nearest neighbors algorithm|{{mvar|k}}-nearest neighbors regression]], when the expectation is taken over the possible labeling of a fixed training set, a [[closed-form expression]] exists that relates the bias–variance decomposition to the parameter {{mvar|k}}:<ref name="ESL" />{{rp|37, 223}}

:<math>
\operatorname{E}[(y - \hat{f}(x))^2\mid X=x] = \left( f(x) - \frac{1}{k}\sum_{i=1}^k f(N_i(x)) \right)^2 + \frac{\sigma^2}{k} + \sigma^2
</math>

where <math>N_1(x), \dots, N_k(x)</math> are the {{mvar|k}} nearest neighbors of {{mvar|x}} in the training set. The bias (first term) is a monotone rising function of {{mvar|k}}, while the variance (second term) drops off as {{mvar|k}} is increased. In fact, under "reasonable assumptions" the bias of the first-nearest neighbor (1-NN) estimator vanishes entirely as the size of the training set approaches infinity.<ref name="geman" />

==Applications==

===In regression===
The bias–variance decomposition forms the conceptual basis for regression [[Regularization (mathematics)|regularization]] methods such as [[Lasso (statistics)|Lasso]] and [[ridge regression]]. Regularization methods introduce bias into the regression solution that can reduce variance considerably relative to the [[ordinary least squares|ordinary least squares (OLS)]] solution. Although the OLS solution provides non-biased regression estimates, the lower variance solutions produced by regularization techniques provide superior MSE performance.

===In classification===
The bias–variance decomposition was originally formulated for least-squares regression. For the case of [[statistical classification|classification]] under the [[0-1 loss]] (misclassification rate), it is possible to find a similar decomposition.<ref>{{cite conference |last=Domingos |first=Pedro |author-link=Pedro Domingos |title=A unified bias-variance decomposition |conference=ICML |year=2000 |url=http://homes.cs.washington.edu/~pedrod/bvd.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Giorgio |last1=Valentini |first2=Thomas G. |last2=Dietterich |author-link2=Thomas G. Dietterich |title=Bias–variance analysis of support vector machines for the development of SVM-based ensemble methods |journal=[[Journal of Machine Learning Research]] |volume=5 |year=2004 |pages=725–775 |url=http://www.jmlr.org/papers/volume5/valentini04a/valentini04a.pdf }}</ref> Alternatively, if the classification problem can be phrased as [[probabilistic classification]], then the expected squared error of the predicted probabilities with respect to the true probabilities can be decomposed as before.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Christopher D. |last1=Manning |first2=Prabhakar |last2=Raghavan |first3=Hinrich |last3=Schütze |title=Introduction to Information Retrieval |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |url=http://nlp.stanford.edu/IR-book/ |pages=308–314 }}</ref>

It has been argued that as training data increases, the variance of learned models will tend to decrease, and hence that as training data quantity increases, error is minimized by methods that learn models with lesser bias, and that conversely, for smaller training data quantities it is ever more important to minimize variance.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Brain|first1=Damian|last2 Webb|first2 Geoffrey|author-link2=Geoff Webb|title=The Need for Low Bias Algorithms in Classification Learning From Large Data Sets|conference=Proceedings of the Sixth European Conference on Principles of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (PKDD 2002)|year=2002 |url=http://i.giwebb.com/wp-content/papercite-data/pdf/brainwebb02.pdf}}</ref>

===In reinforcement learning===
Even though the bias–variance decomposition does not directly apply in [[reinforcement learning]], a similar tradeoff can also characterize generalization. When an agent has limited information on its environment, the suboptimality of an RL algorithm can be decomposed into the sum of two terms: a term related to an asymptotic bias and a term due to overfitting. The asymptotic bias is directly related to the learning algorithm (independently of the quantity of data) while the overfitting term comes from the fact that the amount of data is limited.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Vincent |last1=Francois-Lavet |first2=Guillaume |last2=Rabusseau |first3=Joelle |last3=Pineau |first4=Damien |last4=Ernst |first5=Raphael |last5=Fonteneau |title=On Overfitting and Asymptotic Bias in Batch Reinforcement Learning with Partial Observability |journal=Journal of AI Research |volume=65 |year=2019 |pages=1–30 |url=https://jair.org/index.php/jair/article/view/11478 |doi=10.1613/jair.1.11478 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===In human learning===
While widely discussed in the context of machine learning, the bias–variance dilemma has been examined in the context of [[Cognitive science|human cognition]], most notably by [[Gerd Gigerenzer]] and co-workers in the context of learned heuristics. They have argued (see references below) that the human brain resolves the dilemma in the case of the typically sparse, poorly-characterised training-sets provided by experience by adopting high-bias/low variance heuristics. This reflects the fact that a zero-bias approach has poor generalisability to new situations, and also unreasonably presumes precise knowledge of the true state of the world. The resulting heuristics are relatively simple, but produce better inferences in a wider variety of situations.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Gigerenzer |first1=Gerd |author-link1=Gerd Gigerenzer |last2=Brighton |first2=Henry |doi=10.1111/j.1756-8765.2008.01006.x |title=Homo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences |journal=Topics in Cognitive Science |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=107–143 |year=2009 |pmid=25164802 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F678-0 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

[[Stuart Geman|Geman]] et al.<ref name="geman" /> argue that the bias–variance dilemma implies that abilities such as generic [[object recognition]] cannot be learned from scratch, but require a certain degree of "hard wiring" that is later tuned by experience. This is because model-free approaches to inference require impractically large training sets if they are to avoid high variance.

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Accuracy and precision]]
* [[Bias of an estimator]]
* [[Gauss–Markov theorem]]
* [[Hyperparameter optimization]]
* [[Law of total variance]]
* [[Minimum-variance unbiased estimator]]
* [[Model selection]]
* [[Regression model validation]]
* [[Supervised learning]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mlu-explain.github.io/bias-variance/ MLU-Explain: The Bias Variance Tradeoff] — An interactive visualization of the bias-variance tradeoff in LOESS Regression and K-Nearest Neighbors.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bias-variance dilemma}}
[[Category:Dilemmas]]
[[Category:Model selection]]
[[Category:Machine learning]]
[[Category:Statistical classification]]

State Correctional Institution – Coal Township

2021-11-14T16:50:05Z

8.38.177.4: /* Facility makeup */

{{Infobox prison
| prison_name = State Correctional Institution – Coal Township
| image = [[File:Seal of the Department of Corrections of Pennsylvania.svg|150px]]
| location = [[Coal Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Coal Township]], [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland County]], near [[Shamokin, Pennsylvania]], USA
| coordinates =
| status =
| classification = Medium-Security
| capacity = 2,153
| opened = April 26, 1993
| closed =
| managed_by = [[Pennsylvania Department of Corrections]]
| street-address = 1 Kelley Drive
| zip = PA 17866-1020
| director =
}}

The '''State Correctional Institution – Coal Township''', commonly referred to as ''SCI Coal Township'', is a [[Pennsylvania Department of Corrections]] prison. Thomas McGinley is its superintendent. SCI Coal Township houses about 2,300 inmates.<ref name=SViPaJ>{{cite web |url=http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri0809.pdf |title=Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2008/09 |last1=Beck |first1=Allen J. |last2=Harrison |first2=Paige M. |last3=Berzofsky |first3=Marcus |last4=Caspar |first4=Rachel |last5=Krebs |first5=Christopher |date=August 2010 |website=bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov |accessdate=13 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223165109/http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri0809.pdf |archivedate=23 February 2013 }}</ref>

==History==
The State Correctional Institution – Coal Township held its official Dedication on April 26, 1993.<ref name="Coal Township">{{cite web|title=SCI Coal Township Webpage|url=http://www.cor.pa.gov/Facilities/StatePrisons/Pages/Coal-Twp.aspx#.VbGD2PlViko|website=Pennsylvania Department of Corrections|publisher=Pennsylvania Department of Corrections|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref> The construction of SCI Coal Township was part of Governor Casey's Operation Jump Start Program. This construction and expansion program was launched in 1990 to address the [[prison overcrowding]] problem, to create jobs and stimulate economic growth. SCI Coal Township was one of five institutions constructed and financed through county or municipal authorities and one of five prototypical state prisons dedicated in 1993. The Northumberland County Authority was responsible to oversee the construction financing and to develop the lease with the option to buy for the Department of Corrections.

==Sexual victimization at SCI Coal Township==
According to a study by the [[United States Department of Justice]] released in August 2010, 3.9% of inmates who responded to a survey reported that they had been sexually victimized at the prison.<ref name="SViPaJ" />

==Facility makeup==
At SCI Coal Township there are 226 acres of land, 43 inside of the perimeter. There are 34 operational structures at the facility, including 10 housing units consisting of both cells and dormitory-style housing. One of these units is a Special Needs Unit.<ref name="Coal Township" />

==Capacity and demographics==
According to the June 2015 Capacity Report issued by the DOC,<ref>{{cite web|title=PA DOC Monthly Capacity Report|url=http://www.cor.pa.gov/Administration/Statistics/Documents/current%20monthly%20population.pdf|website=Pennsylvania Department of Corrections|publisher=Pennsylvania Department of Corrections|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref> the population was 2,271, this being 118 beds over capacity of 2,153, meaning that the facility is at 105-1/2 % Capacity. The average age of an inmate at Coal Township is 37 and the institution employs 526 full-time employees.<ref name="Coal Township" />

==Inmate supports==
At SCI Coal Township, there are a plethora of inmate supports<ref name="Coal Township" /> available to them, including:

===Academic and vocational education===
The Academic complement at Coal Township includes Learning Support, Adult Basic Education, GED, Business Education, along with ESL. The Vocational Opportunities provided to inmates at SCI Coal Township include Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC), Barber, Computer-Aided Drafting/Design (CADD), Automotive, Custodial Maintenance NCCER, OSHA 10, Flaggers course. Furthermore, All vocational classes offer industry-recognized certifications specific to the trade skills taught in the program.

===Inmate groups and programs===
There are programs in the domains of Family/Relationship/Self, Sex Offender, Re-Entry, Alcohol and Other Drug (AOD), Offense Related, along with Mental Health Programs.

===Outside opportunities for inmates, families and surrounding residents===
* '''Virtual Visitation'''
* '''Community Work Program:''' The Community Work Program had a total of 1623 hours of community work in 2012.

==Notable inmates==
* Bryan Freeman, convicted in the [[Freeman family murders]]
* [[Harrison Graham]], serial killer who murdered seven women

==See also==
{{Portal|Pennsylvania}}
* [[List of Pennsylvania state prisons]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/hide_coal_township/11318 SCI Coal Township Site]
*[http://www.cor.state.pa.us/ PA Dept of Corrections Web site]

{{coord|40|48|22|N|76|33|08|W|scale:10000|display=title}}

{{State prisons in Pennsylvania}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State Correctional Institution - Coal Township}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Prisons in Pennsylvania|Coal Township]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Pennsylvania]]

History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)

2021-11-12T14:00:36Z

8.38.177.4: /* Russian Civil War */

{{short description|Period of history of Russia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2007}}
{{History of Russia}}
{{History of the Soviet Union}}
The ten years 1917–1927 saw a radical transformation of the [[Russian Empire]] into a socialist state, the [[Soviet Union]]. [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic#Early years (191654–20)|Soviet Russia covers 1917–1922]] and [[Soviet Union]] covers the years 1922 to 1991. After the [[Russian Civil War]] (1917–1923), the [[Bolsheviks]] took control. They were dedicated to a version of [[Marxism]] developed by [[Vladimir Lenin]]. It promised the workers would rise, destroy [[capitalism]], and create a socialist utopia under the leadership of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]. The awkward problem was the small [[proletariat]], in an overwhelmingly [[peasant]] society with limited industry and a very small [[middle class]]. Following the [[February Revolution]] in 1917 that deposed [[Nicholas II of Russia]], a short-lived [[Russian Provisional Government|provisional government]] gave way to Bolsheviks in the [[October Revolution]]. The Bolshevik Party was renamed the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Party]] (RCP).

All politics and attitudes that were not strictly RCP were suppressed, under the premise that the RCP represented the [[proletariat]] and all activities contrary to the party's beliefs were "counterrevolutionary" or "anti-socialist." Most rich families fled to exile. During 1917 to 1923, the Bolsheviks/Communists under Lenin surrendered to Germany in 1918, then fought an intense [[Russian Civil War]] against multiple enemies especially the [[White movement#Armed forces|White Army]]. They won the Russian heartland but lost most non-Russian areas that had been part of Imperial Russia. One by one defeating each opponent, the RCP established itself through the Russian heartland and some non-Russian areas such as Ukraine and the [[Caucasus]], It became the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU) following the [[Treaty on the Creation of the USSR|creation]] of the [[Soviet Union]] (USSR) in 1922. Following [[Lenin's death]] in 1924, [[Joseph Stalin]], [[General Secretary of the CPSU]], became the [[List of leaders of the USSR|leader of the USSR]], achieving [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)|complete dictatorship]] from the early 1930s to [[Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin|his death]] in 1953.

==Russian Revolution of 1917==
{{main|Russian Revolution}}
During [[World War I]], Tsarist Russia experienced military humiliation, famine and economic collapse. The demoralized [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian Army]] suffered severe military setbacks, and many captured soldiers deserted the front lines. Dissatisfaction with the monarchy and its policy of continuing the war grew among the Russian people. Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne following the February Revolution of 1917 (March 1917 [[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe|N.S]]. See: [[Soviet calendar]].), causing widespread rioting in [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]] and other major Russian cities.

The [[Russian Provisional Government]] was installed immediately following the fall of the Tsar by the [[Provisional Committee of the State Duma]] in early March 1917 and received conditional support of the [[Mensheviks]]. Led first by Prince [[Georgy Lvov]], then [[Alexander Kerensky]] the Provisional Government consisted mainly of the parliamentarians most recently elected to the [[State Duma (Russian Empire)|State Duma of the Russian Empire]], which had been overthrown alongside Tsar Nicholas II. The new Provisional Government maintained its commitment to the war, remaining in the [[Triple Entente]] with Britain and France. The Provisional Government postponed the land reforms demanded by the Bolsheviks.

Lenin, and his Assistant Joseph Stalin embodying the Bolshevik ideology, viewed alliance with the capitalist countries of Western Europe and the United States as involuntary servitude of the proletariat, who was forced to fight the [[Imperialism|imperialists']] war. As seen by Lenin, Russia was reverting to the rule of the Tsar, and it was the job of Marxist revolutionaries, who truly represented socialism and the proletariat, to oppose such counter-socialistic ideas and support [[Proletarian internationalism|socialist revolutions in other countries]].

Within the military, mutiny and desertion were pervasive among conscripts. The [[intelligentsia]] was dissatisfied over the slow pace of social reforms; poverty was worsening, income disparities and inequality were becoming out of control while the Provisional Government grew increasingly autocratic and inefficient. The government appeared to be on the verge of succumbing to a [[Military dictatorship|military ''junta'']]. Deserting soldiers returned to the cities and gave their weapons to angry, and extremely hostile, socialist factory workers. The deplorable and inhumane poverty and starvation of major Russian centers produced optimum conditions for revolutionaries.

During the months between February and October 1917, the power of the Provisional Government was consistently questioned by nearly all political parties. A system of 'dual power' emerged, in which the Provisional Government held nominal power, though increasingly opposed by the [[Petrograd Soviet]], their chief adversary, controlled by the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries (both democratic socialist parties politically to the right of the Bolsheviks). The Soviet chose not to force further changes in government due to the belief that the February Revolution was Russia's "crowing" overthrow of the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]]. The Soviet also believed that the new Provisional Government would be tasked with implementing democratic reforms and pave the way for a [[proletarian revolution]]. Though the creation of a government not based on the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] in any form, was viewed as a "retrograde step" in Vladmir Lenin's [[April Theses]]. However, the Provisional Government still remained an overwhelmingly powerful governing body.

Failed military offensives in summer 1917 and large scale protesting and riots in major Russian cities (as advocated by Lenin in his Theses, known as the [[July Days]]) led to the deployment of troops in late August to restore order. The July Days were suppressed and blamed on the Bolsheviks, forcing Lenin into hiding. Still, rather than use force, many of the deployed soldiers and military personnel joined the rioters, disgracing the government and military at-large. It was during this time that support for the Bolsheviks grew and another of its leading figures, [[Leon Trotsky]], was elected chair of the Petrograd Soviet, which had complete control over the defenses of the city, mainly, the city's military force.
[[File:Protección del Palacio Tauride durante el Segundo Congreso Regional de los Soviets.jpg|thumb|The dissolution of the [[Russian Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] on 6 January 1918. The [[Tauride Palace]] is locked and guarded by [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]], [[Yakov Sverdlov|Sverdlov]], [[Grigory Zinoviev|Zinoviev]] and [[Mikhail Lashevich|Lashevich]].]]
On 24 October, in the early days of the [[October Revolution]], the Provisional Government moved against the Bolsheviks, arresting activists and destroying pro-Communist propaganda. The Bolsheviks were able to portray this as an attack against the People's Soviet and garnered support for the [[Red Guards (Russia)|Red Guard of Petrograd]] to take over the Provisional Government. The administrative offices and government buildings were taken with little opposition or bloodshed. The generally accepted end of this transitional revolutionary period, which will lead to the creation of the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR) lies with the assault and capture of the poorly defended [[Winter Palace]] (the traditional home and symbol of power of the Tsar) on the evening of 26 October 1917.
[[File:Мы на горе всем буржуям мировой пожар раздуем.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''To the grief of all the bourgeois we’ll fan a worldwide conflagration!''', a Soviet poster with the words from the poem ''[[The Twelve (poem)|The Twelve]]'' by [[Alexander Blok]] (artist [[Alexander Zelenskiy]])]]
The Mensheviks and the right-wing of the Socialist Revolutionaries, outraged by the abusive and coercive acts carried out by the Red Guard and Bolsheviks, fled Petrograd, leaving control in the hands of the Bolsheviks and remaining Left Socialist Revolutionaries. On 25 October 1917, the [[Council of People's Commissars|Sovnarkom]] was established by the [[Soviet Russia Constitution of 1918|Russian Constitution of 1918]] as the administrative arm of the [[All-Russian Congress of Soviets]]. By 6 January 1918, the [[All-Russian Central Executive Committee|VTsIK]], supported by the Bolsheviks, ratified the dissolution of the [[Russian Constituent Assembly]], which intended to establish the non-Bolshevik [[Russian Democratic Federative Republic]] as the permanent form of government established at its Petrograd session held 5 and 6 January 1918. At the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 25 January 1918, the unrecognised state was renamed the [[Russian Soviet Republic]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Stalin and Stalinism: Revised 3rd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W3aAAAAQBAJ|first=Martin|last=Mccauley|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|series=Seminar Studies|isbn=9781317863687}}</ref>

==Russian Civil War==
:{{main|Russian Civil War}}

[[File:Russian Revolutionary Poster, Red Cavalry.jpg|thumb|200px|1919 poster, "Mount your horses, workers and peasants! The Red Cavalry is the pledge of victory."]]

Prior to the revolution, the Bolshevik doctrine of democratic centralism argued that only a tightly knit and secretive organization could successfully overthrow the government; after the revolution, they argued that only such an organization could prevail against foreign and domestic enemies. Fighting the civil war would actually force the party to put these principles into practice.

Arguing that the revolution needed not a mere parliamentary organization but a party of action which would function as a scientific body of direction, a vanguard of activists, and a central control organ, the [[10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Tenth Party Congress]] banned factions within the party, initially intending it only to be a temporary measure after the shock of the [[Kronstadt rebellion]]. It was also argued that the party should be an elite body of professional revolutionaries dedicating their lives to the cause and carrying out their decisions with iron discipline, thus moving toward putting loyal party activists in charge of new and old political institutions, army units, factories, hospitals, universities, and food suppliers. Against this backdrop, the ''[[nomenklatura]]'' system (a class of people who were granted key positions only with approval of the party) would evolve and become standard practice.

In theory, this system was to be democratic since all leading party organs would be elected from below, but also centralized since lower bodies would be accountable to higher organizations. In practice, "democratic centralism" was centralist, with decisions of higher organs binding on lower ones, and the composition of lower bodies largely determined by the members of higher ones. Over time, party cadres would grow increasingly careerist and professional. Party membership required exams, special courses, special camps, schools, and nominations by three existing members.
[[File:Ivan Vladimirov in-basements-of-cheka-1919.jpg|thumb|400px|«In the basements of a [[Cheka]]», by [[Ivan Vladimirov]]]]
In December 1917, the [[Cheka]] was founded as the Bolshevik's first internal security force following the failed assassination attempt on Lenin's life. Later it changed names to [[State Political Directorate|GPU]], [[Joint State Political Directorate|OGPU]], [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|MVD]], [[NKVD]] and finally [[KGB]]. The [[Red Terror]] became the instrument to eliminate groups defined as "enemies" of the new society. Summary executions were widespread.

At the same time, the [[White Terror (Russia)|White Terror]], mostly uncontrolled and perpetrated by such warlords as the [[Cossack]] [[ataman]]s [[Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov|Grigory Semenov]] or [[:ru:Анненков, Борис Владимирович|Boris Annenkov]], targeted suspected Bolshevik sympathizers.

During the Russian civil war [[History of the Jews in the Soviet Union|the Jewish communities]] of the [[Ukraine]] and, to a lesser extent [[Belarus]], suffered
the worst [[pogrom]]s ever to take place in these regions. They were performed by various armed units: by the [[White Army]] of [[Anton Denikin]], by troops of the [[Ukrainian Peoples Republic]] headed by [[Symon Petliura]], by gangs of warlord atamans and [[Green armies|"Green" insurgent peasants]], and even by some [[Red Army]] units<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150927155629if_/http://www.massviolence.org/IMG/article_PDF/Crimes-and-mass-violence-of-the-Russian-civil-wars-1918.pdf Crimes and Mass Violence of the Russian Civil Wars (1918-1921)]</ref>.
[[File:Rastrel.jpg|thumb|400px|Execution of the members of the [[Alexandrovo-Gaysky District|Alexandrovo-Gaysky]] Regional Soviet by Cossacks under the command of Ataman [[Alexander Dutov]], 1918.]]
[[File:Ivan Vladimirov famine.jpg!HD.jpg|thumb|400px|«Famine», by [[Ivan Vladimirov]]]]
The Soviet government was able gradually to consolidate its hold on central Russia first and then to fight its enemies sucsessfully. The [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Allied intervention]] and the [[Polish–Soviet War|Polish invasion]] allowed the Bolsheviks to play the nationalist card. Worsening economic conditions, however, created mass social turmoil. This came to a head after the final defeat of organised White military forces in the autumn of 1920 with mass peasant insurgencies, such as the [[Tambov Rebellion]]. They were brutally supressed.<ref>[https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/international_responses_to_the_russian_civil_war_russian_empire International Responses to the Russian Civil War (Russian Empire)]</ref>

==Polish–Soviet War==
{{main|Polish–Soviet War}}

The frontiers between Poland, which had established an unstable independent government following World War I, and the former Tsarist empire, were rendered chaotic by the repercussions of the Russian revolutions, the civil war and the winding down of World War I. Poland's [[Józef Piłsudski]] envisioned a new federation ([[Intermarium|Międzymorze]]), forming a Polish-led East European bloc to form a bulwark against Russia and Germany, while the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] considered carrying the revolution westward by force. When Piłsudski carried out a [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|military thrust into Ukraine in 1920]], he was met by a Red Army offensive that drove into Polish territory almost to Warsaw. However, Piłsudski halted the Soviet advance at the [[battle of Warsaw (1920)|Battle of Warsaw]] and resumed the offensive. The "[[Peace of Riga]]" signed in early 1921 split the territory of [[Belarus]] and [[Ukraine]] between Poland and Soviet Russia.

== Creation of the USSR ==
On 29 December 1922 a conference of plenipotentiary delegations from the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], the [[Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic|Transcaucasian SFSR]], the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] and the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]] approved the [[Treaty on the Creation of the USSR]] and the [[Declaration of the Creation of the USSR]], forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. These two documents were confirmed by the 1st [[Congress of Soviets]] of the USSR and signed by heads of delegations<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://region.adm.nov.ru/pressa.nsf/0c7534916fcf6028c3256b3700243eac/4302e4941fb6a6bfc3256c99004faea5!OpenDocument Voted Unanimously for the Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091204132112/http://region.adm.nov.ru/pressa.nsf/0c7534916fcf6028c3256b3700243eac/4302e4941fb6a6bfc3256c99004faea5%21OpenDocument |date=4 December 2009 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Kalinin]], [[Mikhail Tskhakaya]], [[Mikhail Frunze]] and [[Grigory Petrovsky]], [[Alexander Chervyakov]]<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.hronos.km.ru/sobyt/cccp.html Creation of the USSR] at Khronos.ru</ref> on 30 December 1922.

== Propaganda and media==
{{see also|Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union}}
Many of the leading Bolsheviks who came to power in 1917 had been pamphleteers or editors, including Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Bukharin, and Zinoviev. Lenin set up the daily newspaper ''Pravda'' in January 1912. Before it was suppressed by the government in 1914. It was a "singularly effective propaganda and educational instrument which enabled the Bolsheviks to gain control of the Petersburg labor movement and to build up a mass base for their organization."<ref>Whitman Bassow, "The Pre-Revolutionary Pravda and Tsarist Censorship," ''American Slavic and East European Review'' (1954) 13#1 pp. 47–65 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2492164 in JSTOR]</ref> Under Lenin, the Bolsheviks (Communists) controlled all of the media After 1917. The major national newspapers were [[Izvestia]] (the voice of the government),<ref>John C. Merrill, and Harold A. Fisher, ''The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers'' (1980) pp 170–76</ref> and especially [[Pravda]] (the voice of the party).<ref>Merrill, and Fisher, ''The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers'' (1980) pp 242–49</ref> ''Pravda'' acquired the first and best printing equipment for illustrations.<ref>Katerina Romanenko, "Photomontage for the Masses: The Soviet Periodical Press of the 1930s." ''Design Issues'' 26.1 (2010): 29–39.</ref> The leading newspapers developed a specialized rhetorical vocabulary designed to enhance the totalitarian structure of society, with total truth emanating from the top, and all sorts of mischievous errors stemming from clumsy bureaucrats at lower levels, or from devious traitors and spies working on behalf of capitalism.<ref>Ludmila Pöppel, "The rhetoric of Pravda editorials: A diachronic study of a political genre." (Stockholm U. 2007). [http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:197005/FULLTEXT01.pdf online]</ref>

The Communist leadership was rooted in printed propaganda. Taking over a nation where 90% could not read, they made schools and literacy a high priority in order to optimize printed journalism and propaganda through newspapers and magazines, as well as posters that reached the illiterate older generations.<ref>Boris N. Mironov, "The Development of Literacy in Russia and the USSR from the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries." ''History of Education Quarterly'' 31.2 (1991): 229–252 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/368437 in JSTOR].</ref><ref>Ben Eklof, "Russian literacy campaigns, 1861–1939." in Harvey J. Graff and Robert F. Arnove, eds., ''National Literacy Campaigns and Movements: Historical and Comparative Perspectives '' (Springer US, 1987) pp. 123–145.</ref>
[[File:KruglikovaLikbez.jpg|thumb|- Woman, learn to read and write! - Oh, Mother! If you were literate, you could help me! A poster by [[Elizaveta Kruglikova]] advocating female literacy. 1923.]]
The [[Likbez]] (eradication of illiteracy) campaign was started on December 26, 1919, when [[Vladimir Lenin]] signed the [[Soviet Decrees|Decree]] of the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet government]] "On eradication of illiteracy among the population of RSFSR" ("О ликвидации безграмотности среди населения РСФСР"). According to this decree, all people from 8 to 50 years old were required to become literate in their native language. 40,000 liquidation points (ликпункты) were arranged to serve as centers for education, and achieving literacy. Fighting for time and funding during the ensuing [[Russian Civil War]] of 1917–23, [[Narkompros]], the Soviet Ministry of Education, quickly assembled the Cheka Likbez (an acronym for the "Extraordinary Commission for the Liquidation of Illiteracy") which was to be responsible for the training of literacy teachers as well as organizing and propagating the literacy campaign.

Radio was not neglected—it was a major new technology, and was used for political speeches. Soviet authorities realized that the "ham" operator was highly individualistic and encouraged private initiative– too much so for the totalitarian regime. Criminal penalties were imposed but the working solution was to avoid broadcasting over the air. Instead radio programs were transmitted by copper wire, using a hub and spoke system, to loudspeakers in approved listening stations, such as the "Red" corner of a factory.<ref>Stephen Lovell, "How Russia learned to listen: radio and the making of Soviet culture." p 600-1</ref>

The Soviet style involved citizens listening to party leaders, using in-person speeches, radio talks or printed speeches. There was little role for the journalist to summarize or interpret the text; there was no commentary or background or discussion. No one questioned or challenged the leadership. There were no press conferences and little in the way of broadcast news.<ref>Stephen Lovell, "Broadcasting Bolshevik: The radio voice of Soviet culture, 1920s–1950s." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 48.1 (2013): 78–97.</ref><ref>Jeffrey Brooks, "Public and private values in the Soviet press, 1921–1928." ''Slavic Review'' 48.1 (1989): 16–35.</ref>

Foreign correspondents were strictly prevented from any access beyond official spokesmen. The result was a rosy depiction of Soviet life in the Western media before Khrushchev exposed Stalin's horrors in the 1950s.<ref>Whitman Bassow, ''Moscow Correspondents: From John Reed to Nicholas Daniloff'' (1988).</ref> The most famous exemplar was [[Walter Duranty]] of the ''New York Times.''<ref>Sally J. Taylor, ''Stalin's Apologist: Walter Duranty: The New York Times's Man in Moscow'' (Oxford UP, 1990).</ref><ref>R. B. Cockett, "'In Wartime Every Objective Reporter Should Be Shot.'The Experience of British Press Correspondents in Moscow, 1941-5." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 23#4 (1988): 515–530. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/260832 in JSTOR]</ref><ref>Ralph Elphick, "Moscow's blue pencils and the green baize door," ''Historical Journal of Film, Radio & Television'' (2004) 24#3 pp 491–495. Elphick was a Reuters correspondent in Moscow 1958–62.</ref>

==War Communism==
[[File:Ivan Vladimirov russian-clergy-on-forced-labor-1919.jpg|thumb|400px|Clergy on forced labor, by [[Ivan Vladimirov]]]]
During the Civil War (1917–21), the Bolsheviks adopted [[War communism]], which entailed the breakup of the [[Landed property|landed estate]]s and the forcible seizure of agricultural surpluses. In the cities there were intense food shortages and a breakdown in the money system (at the time many Bolsheviks argued that ending money's role as a transmitter of "value" was a sign of the rapidly approaching communist epoch). Many city dwellers fled to the countryside – often to tend the land that the Bolshevik breakup of the landed estates had transferred to the peasants. Even small scale "capitalist" production was suppressed.<ref>Alan M. Ball,''Russia's Last Capitalists: The Nepmen, 1921–1929'' (U of California Press, 1990) [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2199n7h5/ online free] pp 10–38.</ref>

The [[Kronstadt rebellion]] signaled the growing unpopularity of War Communism in the countryside: in March 1921, at the end of the civil war, disillusioned sailors, primarily peasants who initially had been stalwart supporters of the Bolsheviks, revolted against the economic failures of the new regime. The [[Red Army]], commanded by [[Lev Trotsky]], crossed the ice over the frozen Baltic Sea to quickly crush the rebellion. This sign of growing discontent forced the party to foster a broad alliance of the working class and peasantry (80% of the population), despite left factions of the party which favored a regime solely representative of the interests of the revolutionary proletariat.<ref>{{cite book|author=Allan Todd|title=The Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlw30T44PS0C&pg=PA88|year=2001|publisher=Oxford UP|pages=88–89}}</ref>

As millions died of starvation, Communist officials were paralyzed by the [[Russian famine of 1921–22]] because they could not blame it on the usual enemies. Food was purchased abroad but it all went to cities, not to peasants. Eventually Herbert Hoover's offer of $62 million worth of American food and $8 million in medicine was accepted, feeding up to 11 million people. Other outside agencies fed another three million.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pipes|title=Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfNEY931UzYC&pg=PA413|year=2011|publisher=Knopf Doubleday |pages=413–19}}</ref><ref>Charles M. Edmondson, "The politics of hunger: The Soviet response to famine, 1921." ''Soviet Studies'' 29.4 (1977): 506–518. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/150533 online]</ref>

==New Economic Policy==
:{{main|New Economic Policy}}

[[File:Rubel 1924.png|thumb|100 px|Silver Rubel 1924]]
[[File:Tscherwonetz.jpg|thumb|100 px|Gold Chervonetz (1979)]]
At the Tenth Party Congress, it was decided to end War Communism and institute the [[New Economic Policy]] (NEP), in which the state allowed a limited market to exist. Small private businesses were allowed and restrictions on political activity were somewhat eased.<ref>Alan M. Ball, ''Russia's Last Capitalists: The NEPmen, 1921–1929.'' (U of California Press, 1987). [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2199n7h5/ online free]</ref>

However, the key shift involved the status of agricultural surpluses. Rather than simply requisitioning agricultural surpluses in order to feed the urban population (the hallmark of War Communism), the NEP allowed peasants to sell their surplus yields on the open market. Meanwhile, the state still maintained state ownership of what Lenin deemed the "commanding heights" of the economy: heavy industry such as the coal, iron, and [[Metallurgy|metallurgical]] sectors along with the banking and financial components of the economy. The "commanding heights" employed the majority of the workers in the urban areas. Under the NEP, such state industries would be largely free to make their own economic decisions.

In the cities and between the cities and the countryside, the NEP period saw a huge expansion of trade in the hands of full-time merchants – who were typically denounced as "speculators" by the leftists and also often resented by the public. The growth in trade, though, did generally coincide with rising living standards in both the city and the countryside (around 80% of Soviet citizens were in the countryside at this point).

Factories, badly damaged by civil war and capital depreciation, were far less productive. In addition, the organization of enterprises into trusts or syndicates representing one particular sector of the economy would contribute to imbalances between supply and demand associated with monopolies. Due to the lack of incentives brought by market competition, and with little or no state controls on their internal policies, trusts were likely to sell their products at higher prices.

The slower recovery of industry would pose some problems for the peasantry, who accounted for 80% of the population. Since agriculture was relatively more productive, relative price indexes for industrial goods were higher than those of agricultural products. The outcome of this was what Trotsky deemed the "[[Scissors Crisis]]" because of the scissors-like shape of the graph representing shifts in relative price indexes. Simply put, peasants would have to produce more grain to purchase consumer goods from the urban areas. As a result, some peasants withheld agricultural surpluses in anticipation of higher prices, thus contributing to mild shortages in the cities. This, of course, is speculative market behavior, which was frowned upon by many Communist Party cadres, who considered it to be exploitative of urban consumers.

In the meantime, the party took constructive steps to offset the crisis, attempting to bring down prices for manufactured goods and stabilize inflation, by imposing price controls on essential industrial goods and breaking-up the trusts in order to increase economic efficiency.

==Death of Lenin and the fate of the NEP==
{{See also|Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin}}
Following Lenin's third stroke, a [[List of Troikas in the Soviet Union|troika]] made up of [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Grigory Zinoviev]] and [[Lev Kamenev]] emerged to take day to day leadership of the party and the country and try to block Trotsky from taking power. Lenin, however, had become increasingly anxious about Stalin and, following his December 1922 stroke, dictated a letter (known as [[Lenin's Testament]]) to the party criticizing him and urging his removal as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]], a position which was starting to arise as the most powerful in the party. Stalin was aware of Lenin's Testament and acted to keep Lenin in isolation for health reasons and increase his control over the party apparatus.
[[File:Leon Trotsky attends The October Revolution parade 1924.jpg|thumb|400px|From left, [[Andrei Bubnov]], [[Klim Voroshilov]], [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Mikhail Kalinin]] and [[Mikhail Frunze]] attend [[October Revolution Day]] parade on the [[Red Square]] in [[Moscow]] on 7 November 1924. Leon Trotsky attends the last time as the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs.]]
Zinoviev and [[Bukharin]] became concerned about Stalin's increasing power and proposed that the [[Orgburo]] which Stalin headed be abolished and that Zinoviev and Trotsky be added to the party secretariat thus diminishing Stalin's role as general secretary. Stalin reacted furiously and the Orgburo was retained but Bukharin, Trotsky and Zinoviev were added to the body.

Due to growing political differences with Trotsky and his [[Left Opposition]] in the fall of 1923, the troika of Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev reunited. At the [[12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Twelfth Party Congress]] in 1923, Trotsky failed to use Lenin's Testament as a tool against Stalin for fear of endangering the stability of the party.

Lenin died in January 1924 and in May his Testament was read aloud at the Central Committee but Zinoviev and Kamenev argued that Lenin's objections had proven groundless and that Stalin should remain General Secretary. The [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] decided not to publish the testament.

Meanwhile, the campaign against Trotsky intensified and he was removed from the position of People's Commissar of War before the end of the year. In 1925, Trotsky was denounced for his essay ''[[Lessons of October]]'', which criticized Zinoviev and Kamenev for initially opposing Lenin's plans for an insurrection in 1917. Trotsky was also denounced for his theory of [[permanent revolution]] which contradicted Stalin's position that [[Socialism in One Country|socialism could be built in one country]], Russia, without a worldwide revolution. As the prospects for a revolution in Europe, particularly Germany, became increasingly dim through the 1920s, Trotsky's theoretical position began to look increasingly pessimistic as far as the success of Russian socialism was concerned.

In 1925, the Soviet Union [[Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)|occupied the island of Urtatagai]], which was considered Afghan territory at the time, due to the island being used as a base to start border raids by the [[Basmachi movement]]. In 1926 the Soviet Union withdrew from the island after the Afghan government agreed to restrain the Basmachi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ritter|first=William S.|date=1990|title=Revolt in the Mountains: Fuzail Maksum and the Occupation of Garm, Spring 1929|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=25|issue=4|pages=547–580|doi=10.1177/002200949002500408|issn=0022-0094|jstor=260761}}</ref>

With the resignation of Trotsky as People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, the unity of the troika began to unravel. Zinoviev and Kamenev again began to fear Stalin's power and felt that their positions were threatened. Stalin moved to form an alliance with Bukharin and his allies on the right of the party who supported the [[New Economic Policy]] and encouraged a slowdown in industrialization efforts and a move towards encouraging the peasants to increase production via market incentives. Zinoviev and Kamenev criticized this policy as a return to capitalism. The conflict erupted at the [[14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Fourteenth Party Congress]] held in December 1925 with Zinoviev and Kamenev now protesting against the dictatorial policies of Stalin and trying to revive the issue of Lenin's Testament which they had previously buried. Stalin now used Trotsky's previous criticisms of Zinoviev and Kamenev to defeat and demote them and bring in allies like [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], [[Kliment Voroshilov]] and [[Mikhail Kalinin]]. Trotsky was dropped from the politburo entirely in 1926. The Fourteenth Congress also saw the first developments of the [[Stalin's cult of personality]] with him being referred to as "leader" for the first time and becoming the subject of effusive praise from delegates.

Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev formed a [[United Opposition]] against the policies of Stalin and [[Bukharin]], but they had lost influence as a result of the inner party disputes and in October 1927, Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev were expelled from the Central Committee. In November, prior to the [[15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|Fifteenth Party Congress]], Trotsky and Zinoviev were expelled from the Communist Party itself as Stalin sought to deny the Opposition any opportunity to make their struggle public. By the time, the Congress finally convened in December 1927. Zinoviev had capitulated to Stalin and denounced his previous adherence to the opposition as "anti-Leninist" and the few remaining members still loyal to the opposition were subjected to insults and humiliations. By early 1928, Trotsky and other leading members of the [[Left Opposition]] had been sentenced to internal exile.

Stalin now moved against Bukharin by appropriating Trotsky's criticisms of his right wing policies and he promoted a new [[general line of the party]] favoring collectivization of the peasantry and rapid industrialization, forcing Bukharin and his supporters into the [[Right Opposition]].

At the Central Committee meeting held in July 1928, Bukharin and his supporters argued that Stalin's new policies would cause a breach with the peasantry. Bukharin also alluded to Lenin's Testament. While he had support from the party organization in Moscow and the leadership of several commissariats, Stalin's control of the secretariat was decisive in that it allowed Stalin to manipulate elections to party posts throughout the country, giving him control over a large section of the Central Committee. The Right Opposition was defeated and Bukharin attempted to form an alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev but it was too late.

==Nationalities==
{{main|National delimitation in the Soviet Union}}
[[File:Да здравствует единение угнетённых трудящихся Востока с рабочими всего мира в борьбе за социализм.jpg|thumb|200px|"Long live the unity of the opressed labourers of the East with the workers of all the world in the struggle for the socialism!", a 1924 poster in [[Uzbek language]]]]
The Russian Empire comprised a multitude of nationalities, languages, ethnic groups and religions. The spirit of nationalism, so strong in 19th century Europe, was significant in Russia, [[Ukraine]], and [[Finland]] especially before 1900. Much later the spirit of nationalism appeared in central Asia, especially among the Muslim population.<ref>James R. Millar, ''Encyclopedia Of Russian History'' (2004) 3: 1000–1027.</ref> The Bolsheviks made use of the slogan "Self-determination" to fight imperialism and to build support among non-Russian nationalities.<ref>Rudolf A. Mark, "National Self-Determination, as Understood by Lenin and the Bolsheviks." ''Lithuanian Historical Studies'' (2008), Vol. 13, p 21-39. [http://talpykla.istorija.lt/bitstream/handle/99999/2080/LHS_13_21-39.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Online]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lenin's position was that after the revolution all nationalities would be free to choose, either to become part of Soviet Russia or become independent.<ref>Alfred D. Low, ''Lenin on the Question of Nationality'' (1958) pp 130–39. [https://www.questia.com/library/7123768/lenin-on-the-question-of-nationality Online]</ref> Left-wing Bolsheviks, most notably [[Georgy Pyatakov]], derided nationalism as a false consciousness that was much less important than class conflict, and would disappear with the victory of socialism.

Lenin's views prevailed, and were supported by Stalin, who became the Party's specialist on nationalities. The "[[Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia]]", issued 15 November 1917, left the new Soviet state with undefined boundaries, and invited of other nations to join in. The "Declaration of the Rights of the Toiling and Exploited People", issued in January 1918, announced that all nationalities would have the right to determine on what basis they would participate in the federal government of the new state. A new agency was set up, the People's Commissariat for Nationalities (NARKOMNATS) based in Moscow. It operated from 1918 to 1924 And had responsibility for 22 percent of the entire Soviet population. It was led by Stalin and settled boundary disputes As it set up autonomous regions for non-Russian peoples. It established newspapers in the local languages and fostered literacy. It took a paternalistic view toward "backward" or "primitive peoples." Soviet anthropology and ethnography specialized in understanding these people. <ref>Greenwood Press 1995, p.20.</ref> Evkom was the Jewish Commissariat;<ref>Zvi Y. Gitelman, ''Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917–1930'' (1972)</ref> [[Muskom]] was the Muslim Commissariat.<ref>Millar, ''Encyclopedia'' 3:1158–59.</ref><ref>Jeremy Smith, "Stalin as Commissar for Nationality Affairs, 1918–1922,: in Sarah Davies, ed., ''Stalin: A new history'' (2005), pp 45–62 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614897.006</ref><ref>Stephen Blank, ''The Sorcerer as Apprentice: Stalin as Commissar of Nationalities, 1917 – 1924'' (1994) [https://www.questia.com/library/3415956/the-sorcerer-as-apprentice-stalin-as-commissar-of Online]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Foreign relations of the Soviet Union]]
* [[History of Russia]]
* [[Timeline of Russian history]]
* [[Historiography in the Soviet Union]]
* [[Leninism]]
* [[Politics of the Soviet Union]]
* [[Political repression in the Soviet Union]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{See also|Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War|Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union}}
* Acton, Edward, V. I͡U Cherni͡aev, and William G. Rosenberg, eds. ''Critical companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921'' (Indiana UP, 1997), emphasis on historiography
* Ball, Alan M. ''Russia's Last Capitalists: The NEPmen, 1921–1929.'' (U of California Press. 1987). [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2199n7h5/ online free]
* Cohen, Stephen F. ''Rethinking the Soviet Experience: Politics and History since 1917''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
* Daniels, Robert V. "The Soviet Union in Post‐Soviet Perspective" ''Journal of Modern History'' (2002) 74#2 pp: 381–391. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/343412 in JSTOR]
* Davies, R. W. ed. ''From Tsarism to the New Economic Policy: Continuity and Change in the Economy of the USSR.'' (Cornell UP, 1991)
* Fitzpatrick, Sheila, et al. eds. ''Russia in the Era of NEP''. (1991).
* Fitzpatrick, Sheila. ''The Russian Revolution''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982, 208 pages. {{ISBN|0-19-280204-6}}
* Hosking, Geoffrey. ''The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within'' (2nd ed. Harvard UP 1992) 570pp
* Gregory, Paul R. and Robert C. Stuart, ''Russian and Soviet Economic Performance and Structure'' (7th ed. 2001)
* Kort, Michael. ''The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath'' (7th ed. 2010) 502pp
* Kotkin, Stephen. ''Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928'' (2014), scholarly biography
** Kotkin, Stephen. ''Stalin" vol 2 1929–1941 (2017)
* Lincoln, W. Bruce. ''Passage Through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution, 1914–1918'' (1986) [https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28%20bruce%20lincoln%20%29%20Armageddon%3A online free to borrow]
* [[Moshe Lewin|Lewin, Moshe]]. ''Russian Peasants and Soviet Power''. (Northwestern University Press, 1968)
* McCauley, Martin. ''The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union '' (2007), 522 pages.
* Millar, James R. ed. ''Encyclopedia of Russian History'' (4 vol, 2004), 1700pp; 1500 articles by experts.
* Moss, Walter G. ''A History of Russia''. Vol. 2: Since 1855. 2d ed. Anthem Press, 2005.
* [[Alec Nove|Nove, Alec]]. ''An Economic History of the USSR, 1917–1991''. 3rd ed. London: Penguin Books, 1993. [https://archive.org/details/economichistoryo00nove online free to borrow]
* Pipes, Richard. ''Russia under the Bolshevik regime'' (1981). [https://archive.org/details/russiaunderbolsh00rich online free to borrow]
* Pipes, Richard. ''The Russian Revolution'' (1991) [https://archive.org/details/russianrevolutio00pipe_0 online free to borrow]
** Pipes, Richard. ''A Concise History of the Russian Revolution'' (1996), abridged version [https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00pipe online free to borrow]
* Remington, Thomas. ''Building Socialism in Bolshevik Russia''. (U of Pittsburgh Press, 1984).
* Service, Robert. ''A History of Twentieth-Century Russia''. 2nd ed. Harvard UP, 1999. [https://archive.org/details/historyoftwentie00serv online free to borrow]
* Service, Robert, ''Lenin: A Biography ''(2000) [https://archive.org/details/leninabiography00serv online free to borrow]
* Service, Robert. ''Stalin: A Biography'' (2004), along with Kotlin & Tucker a standard biography [https://archive.org/details/stalinbiography00serv_0 online free to borrow]
* Tucker, Robert C. ''Stalin as Revolutionary, 1879–1929'' (1973); ''Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1929–1941.'' (1990) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103246514 online edition] with Service, a standard biography; [https://web.archive.org/web/20000707012840/http://www.historyebook.org/ online at ACLS e-books]

===Primary sources===
* Degras, Jane T. ''The Communist International, 1919–43'' (3 Vols. 1956); documents; [https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/documents/volume1-1919-1922.pdf online vol 1 1919–22]; [https://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/documents/volume2-1923-1928.pdf vol 2 1923–28] (PDF).
* Degras, Jane Tabrisky. ed. ''Soviet documents on foreign policy'' (1978).
* Eudin, Xenia Joukoff, and Harold Henry Fisher, eds. ''Soviet Russia and the West, 1920–1927: A Documentary Survey'' (Stanford University Press, 1957) [https://archive.org/details/sovietrussiawest00eudi/page/n3 online free to borrow]
* Eudin, Xenia Joukoff; North, Robert Carver, eds. ''Soviet Russia and the East, 1920–1927; a documentary survey'' (Stanford University Press, 1957) [https://archive.org/details/sovietrussiaeas00eudi online free to borrow]
* Goldwin, Robert A., Gerald Stourzh, Marvin Zetterbaum, eds. ''Readings in Russian Foreign Policy'' (1959) 800pp; [https://www.questia.com/library/7835260/readings-in-russian-foreign-policy online]; long essays from primary and secondary sources
* Gruber, Helmut. ''International Communism in the Era of Lenin: A Documentary History'' (Cornell University Press, 1967)

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{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917-1927)}}
[[Category:1917 establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:1927 disestablishments in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1910s in Russia]]
[[Category:1920s in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:History of the Soviet Union by period|*1917]]
[[Category:Modern history of Russia|*1917]]