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Talk:Dua Lipa

2022-10-20T14:52:44Z

82.71.1.207: /* Semi-protected edit request on 20 October 2022 */ new section

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== Personal life ==

Just found out that her boyfriend Anwar Hadid is the brother of Bella and Gigi Hadid, famous fashion models. Might be interesting to add! [https://www.insider.com/hadid-family-net-worth-life-fame-modeling-2019-5 Source].

== Boom Boom Tick ==

In "Fashion ventures," paragraph one change "Boom Boom Thick" to "Boom Boom Tick."

I believe Elle is paywalled so I can't provide a direct source, but I do have a source that has a picture of the original page

https://models.com/Work/elle-us-boom-boom-tick---dua-lipa

== change the first picture? ==

this isn't a problem or anything, but I think the info box picture shows her older/stranger. Change it?

== Semi-protected edit request on 31 August 2021 ==

== Nationality ==

A recent edit changed the lede to "Kosovar-English". This is clearly wrong as it is a ethnicity rather than nationality as has been discussed numerous times. However, both of her parents are Kosovar and she has lived there and referred to Kosovo as "my country". It might be necessary to discuss changing the lede to "English and Kosovar" to reflect dual nationality. [[User:RedBaron12|RedBaron12]] ([[User talk:RedBaron12|talk]]) 17:50, 9 August 2022 (UTC)

: Usually, we use citizenship exclusively in the opening sentence. So, if we were to say that she's Kosovar, we would have to have evidence that she holds Kosovan citizenship. [[User:Jargo Nautilus|Jargo Nautilus]] ([[User talk:Jargo Nautilus|talk]]) 04:04, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

: Please refer to [[MOS:ETHNICITY]]. --[[User:Lapadite|Lapadite]] ([[User talk:Lapadite|talk]]) 05:41, 10 August 2022 (UTC)
::I'm aware of [[MOS:ETHNICITY]]. This would be in reference to Kosovan citizenship, not ethnicity. However, I did check and @[[User:Jargo Nautilus|Jargo Nautilus]] is correct that citizenship isn’t evidenced in sources despite a high likelihood of it being the case. Something to keep an eye on. [[User:RedBaron12|RedBaron12]] ([[User talk:RedBaron12|talk]]) 14:54, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

== 2022 outdated writing ==

Regarding the "Sweetest Pie" collaboration, in the 2019-present section, Megan Thee Stallion's album is still written as upcoming. On 12 august 2022, Traumazine (the album) was actually released so it should be corrected [[Special:Contributions/2.119.181.214|2.119.181.214]] ([[User talk:2.119.181.214|talk]]) 13:56, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 20 October 2022 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Dua Lipa|answered=no}}
At the bottom of the philanthropy section, can this be added:

Dua Lipa gave a speech at the Booker Prize 2022 ceremony, where she talked about her life-long love of reading including books such as Ismail Kadare’s Keshtjella (The Castle), which helped her develop her language skills and connect with her Kosovan Albanian identity. Citation: https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/features/dua-lipas-booker-prize-speech-i-often-wonder-if-authors-realise-just [[Special:Contributions/82.71.1.207|82.71.1.207]] ([[User talk:82.71.1.207|talk]]) 14:52, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida

2022-10-18T07:43:30Z

82.71.1.207: added the date and the location of the Booker Prize ceremony.

{{Short description|2022 novel by Shehan Karunatilaka}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{use British English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| image =File:The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida - cover of 2022 ed.jpg
| caption = Cover of 2022 first edition
| author = [[Shehan Karunatilaka]]
| set_in = [[Sri Lanka]]
| publisher = [[Sort of Books]]
| pub_date = 4 August 2022
| pages =
| awards = [[2022 Booker Prize]]
| isbn = 9781908745903
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
}}
'''''The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida''''' is a 2022 novel by Sri Lankan author [[Shehan Karunatilaka]].<ref name="owolade">{{cite news |last1=Owolade |first1=Tomiwa |title=The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida by Shehan Karunatilaka review – life after death in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/aug/09/the-seven-moons-of-maali-almeida-by-shehan-karunatilaka-review-life-after-death-in-sri-lanka |access-date=17 October 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="lezard">{{cite news |last1=Lezard |first1=Nicholas |title=A ghoulish afterlife: The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida, by Shehan Karunatilaka, reviewed |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/a-ghoulish-afterlife-the-seven-moons-of-maali-almeida-by-shehan-karunatilaka-reviewed | date=10 September 2022|access-date=17 October 2022 |work=[[The Spectator]]}}</ref> It won the [[2022 Booker Prize]] at a ceremony at the Roundhouse in London on October 17 2022.<ref name="booker">{{cite web |title=The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-seven-moons-of-maali-almeida |website=thebookerprizes.com |publisher=The Booker Prizes |access-date=17 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/garner-bulawayo-and-strout-on-booker-shortlist|title=Garner, Bulawayo and Strout on Booker shortlist|website=[[The Bookseller]]|date=6 September 2022|first=Sian|last=Bayley|access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/news/karunatilaka-wins-booker-prize-with-audacious-the-seven-moons-of-maali-almeida|title=Karunatilaka wins Booker Prize with 'audacious' The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida|first=Sian|last=Bayley|magazine=The Bookseller|date=17 October 2022|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/17/shehan-karunatilaka-wins-booker-prize-for-the-seven-moons-of-maali-almeida|title=Shehan Karunatilaka wins Booker prize for The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Sarah|last=Shaffi|date=17 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/17/books/shehan-karunatilaka-booker-prize.html|title=Shehan Karunatilaka Wins Booker Prize for 'The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida'|first=Alexandra|last=Alter|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/booker-prize-2022-winner-seven-moons-of-maali-almeida-b2204629.html|title=Booker Prize 2022 winner The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida is compelling about conflict – but not a simple read|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|first=Martin|last=Chilton|date=17 October 2022}}</ref> ''The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida'' was published on 4 August 2022 by [[Sort of Books]] ({{ISBN|978-1908745903}}).

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seven Moons of Maali Almeida, The}}

[[Category:2022 novels]]
[[Category:Booker Prize-winning works]]

Oh William!

2022-10-16T08:35:42Z

82.71.1.207: added in the date the booker prize shortlist was announced.

{{short description|2021 novel by Elizabeth Strout}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| oclc =
| pub_date = October 19, 2021
| media_type = Print, e-book, audiobook
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn = 9780812989434
| isbn_note =
| dewey =
| publisher = [[Random House]]
| congress =
| preceded_by = [[My Name Is Lucy Barton]], [[Anything Is Possible (book)|Anything is Possible]]
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| publisher2 =
| published = 2021
| name = Oh William!
| title_working =
| image = Oh William! Book cover.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Elizabeth Strout]]
| audio_read_by =
| illustrator =
| set_in = Amgash, Illinois
| cover_artist =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series = Lucy Barton / Amgash
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre =
| website =
}}
'''''Oh William!''''' is a novel by American writer [[Elizabeth Strout]], published on October 19, 2021, by [[Random House]]. The novel returns to the fictional rural town of Amgash, Illinois, from Strout's ''[[My Name Is Lucy Barton]]'' (2016) and ''[[Anything Is Possible (book)|Anything Is Possible]]'' (2017).

The book was a ''[[The New York Times Best Seller list|New York Times]]'' and [[IndieBound]] best seller.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-19|title=Oh William!|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/elizabeth-strout/oh-william/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref> It was longlisted and shortlisted for the [[2022 Booker Prize]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Shaffi|first=Sarah|date= 2022-07-26|title=Booker prize longlist of 13 writers aged 20 to 87 announced|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/26/booker-prize-longlist-of-13-writers-aged-20-to-87-announced|access-date= 2022-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Garner, Bulawayo and Strout on Booker shortlist |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/garner-bulawayo-and-strout-on-booker-shortlist |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=The Bookseller |language=En}}</ref> which was announced on September 6, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oh William! {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/oh-william |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Oh William!'' was a ''[[The New York Times Best Seller list|New York Times]]'' and [[IndieBound]] best seller<ref name=":0"/> and received positive reviews from various outlets.

''[[Booklist]]'' provided ''Oh William!'' a starred review and called it "a masterful, wise, moving, and ultimately uplifting meditation on human existence."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prindiville|first=Mary Ellen|date=August 2021|title=Oh William!|url=https://www.booklistonline.com/Oh-William-/pid=9747208|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Booklist}}</ref> ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' also provided a starred review.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fiction Book Review: Oh William! by Elizabeth Strout. Random House, $27 (256p) ISBN 978-0-8129-8943-4|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-8129-8943-4|access-date=2021-12-27|website=PublishersWeekly.com|language=en}}</ref>

[[Pankaj Mishra]] of ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'' complimented Strout's prose, stating her "unshowy, sparing of metaphor ... vivid with both necessary and contingent detail, matches her democracy of subject and theme, and seems agile enough to describe any human situation."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mishra|first=Pankaj|date=November 4, 2021|title=Writing the Other America|language=en|work=The New York Times Book Review|url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2021/11/04/elizabeth-strout-oh-william-writing-america/|access-date=2021-12-27|issn=0028-7504}}</ref> ''[[Los Angeles Times|The Los Angeles Times]]'' mirrored the sentiment, stating, "Strout doesn’t dress language up in a tuxedo when a wool sweater will suffice. Other novelists must berate themselves when they see what Strout pulls off without any tacky pyrotechnics. Straightforward goes down so easy and feels so refreshing."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kelly|first=Hillary|date=2021-10-19|title=Review: How Elizabeth Strout's simplicity runs rings around more pyrotechnic novelists|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2021-10-19/review-only-elizabeth-strout-can-make-quiet-magic-out-of-operatic-plots-and-exclamation-points|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

Speaking of Strout's strengths in creating natural dialogue, ''[[The New York Times Book Review]]''<nowiki/>'s [[Jennifer Egan]] stated: "One proof of Elizabeth Strout’s greatness is the sleight of hand with which she injects sneaky subterranean power into seemingly transparent prose. Strout works in the realm of everyday speech, conjuring repetitions, gaps and awkwardness with plain language and forthright diction, yet at the same time unleashing a tidal urgency that seems to come out of nowhere even as it operates in plain sight."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Egan|first=Jennifer|date=2021-10-18|title=Elizabeth Strout Gets Meta in Her New Novel About Marriage|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/18/books/review/oh-william-elizabeth-strout.html|access-date=2021-12-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

''[[Financial Times|The Financial Times]]'' noted that "What sets Strout’s work apart is her characterisation."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Levitin|first=Mia|date=2021-10-08|title=Oh William! by Elizabeth Strout — mysteries of marriage|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3f858c7a-3d92-44e0-a992-d081b4cc439c|access-date=2021-12-27}}</ref> ''[[Library Journal]]'' expanded on the sentiment, stating that Strout's characters are "so developed, so human and flawed, that readers might feel frustrated with them, as one would with a friend or family member."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hoffert|first=Barbara|date=2021-09-24|title=Oh William!|url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/review/oh-william-2129255|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Library Journal}}</ref> ''[[The Spectator]]'' continues, stating that Strout's use of "you" throughout the story asks the reader "to reassess every single relationship they’ve ever had: with their partner, their parents, their children and themselves, while they can still do something about it."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mesure|first=Susie|date=2021-10-16|title=Reassess every relationship you’ve ever had before it’s too late|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/reassess-every-relationship-you-ve-ever-had-before-it-s-too-late|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|website=The Spectator Australia|language=en-US}}</ref>

''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' claimed that "Elizabeth’s Strout’s Lucy Barton novels, of which ''Oh William!'' is the latest, have become essential to the contemporary canon."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sacks|first=Sam|date=2021-10-22|title=Fiction: Elizabeth Strout’s ‘Oh William!’|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/fiction-book-review-elizabeth-strout-oh-william-asali-solomon-susan-daitch-11634910425|access-date=2021-12-27|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

''Oh WIlliam!'' also received positive reviews from ''[[The Boston Globe]],''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Medwed|first=Mameve|date= 2021-10-14|title=Tracing a post-divorce road trip in 'Oh William!' |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/10/14/arts/tracing-post-divorce-road-trip-oh-william/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|website=The Boston Globe|language=en-US}}</ref> [[NPR]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=McAlpin|first=Heller|date=2021-10-19|title=Lucy Barton returns — and reconnects with an old love — in 'Oh William!'|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/10/19/1047132621/elizabeth-strout-oh-william-review|access-date=2021-12-27}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]],''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Frank|first=Joan|date=2021-10-19|title=Review {{!}} Elizabeth Strout’s ‘Oh William!’ is yet another dazzler|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/elizabeth-strout-oh-william/2021/10/19/fff4396c-305b-11ec-93e2-dba2c2c11851_story.html|access-date=2021-12-27|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> ''[[The Sunday Times]],''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Thomas-Corr|first=Johanna|title=Oh William! by Elizabeth Strout review — the brilliant new novel by the author of Olive Kitteridge|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/oh-william-by-elizabeth-strout-review-the-brilliant-new-novel-by-the-author-of-olive-kitteridge-pwnjgxgrh|access-date=2021-12-27|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]],''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Laura|date=2021-10-20|title=Oh William! by Elizabeth Strout review – the return of Lucy Barton|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/oct/20/oh-william-by-elizabeth-strout-review-the-return-of-lucy-barton|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Irish Times]],''<ref>{{Cite web|last=MacMahon|first=Kathleen|title=Oh William! by Elizabeth Strout: a profoundly moving experience|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/oh-william-by-elizabeth-strout-a-profoundly-moving-experience-1.4695359|access-date=2021-12-27|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Scotsman]],''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Massie|first=Allan|date=2021-10-27|title=Book review: Oh William! by Elizabeth Strout|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/book-review-oh-william-by-elizabeth-strout-3433187|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|website=The Scotsman|language=en}}</ref> [[I (newspaper)|I News]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-21|title=Oh William! by Elizabeth Strout is the best Lucy Barton book yet|url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/books/oh-william-elizabeth-strout-book-review-dazzling-best-lucy-barton-book-yet-1261028|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|website=I News|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Associated Press]],''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Levin|first=Ann|date=2021-10-18|title=Review: Elizabeth Strout writes a 'Lucy Barton' sequel|url=https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-arts-and-entertainment-book-reviews-elizabeth-strout-cc7cd42aded875348b876c202f5bca39|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> and ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]].''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silcox|first=Beejay|date= 2021-10-29|title=Elizabeth Strout’s under-celebrated boldness|url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/oh-william-elizabeth-strout-book-review-beejay-silcox/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|website=The Times Literary Supplement|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Contrary to the above, Connie Ogle of ''The Star Tribune'' noted that "While it's always a pleasure to read Strout's restrained but lovely prose and skillful character sketches, ''Oh William!'' lacks the urgency and affecting, understated power of the original novel."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ogle|first=Connie|date=2021-10-15|title=REVIEW: "Oh William!" by Elizabeth Strout|url=https://www.startribune.com/review-oh-william-by-elizabeth-strout/600106856/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Star Tribune}}</ref> The San Francisco Chronicle's Alexis Burling echoed the sentiment, stating that the book is a "welcome return to form (if you liked 2016’s somewhat claustrophobic ''My Name Is Lucy Barton'' and are able to gloss over Strout’s habit of rehashing some of the old plotlines in this one, that is)."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Burling|first=Alexis|date= 2021-10-18|title=Review: Elizabeth Strout’s ‘Oh William!’ is a poignant master class on aging and vulnerability|url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/books/review-elizabeth-strouts-oh-william-is-a-poignant-master-class-on-aging-and-vulnerability|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|website=San Francisco Arts & Entertainment Guide|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Maureen Corrigan]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Corrigan|first=Maureen|date=2021-12-13|title=Literary fiction dominates Maureen Corrigan's 2021 Best Books list|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/12/13/1060830513/maureen-corrigans-2021-best-books-list|access-date=2021-12-27}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times Book Review]],''<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-30|title=The 10 Best Books of 2021|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/30/books/review/best-books-2021.html|access-date=2021-12-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]],''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-18|title=Review {{!}} 50 notable works of fiction|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/11/18/2021-books-fiction/|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]],''<ref>{{Cite web|title='Oh William!' Is One of the 100 Must-Read Books of 2021|url=https://time.com/collection/100-must-read-books-2021/6120595/oh-william/|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Time|language=en}}</ref> ''[[BBC]],''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laurence|first=Rebecca|last2=Baker|first2=Lindsay|date=2021-12-22|title=The best books of the year 2021|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20210409-the-best-books-of-2021-so-far|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-27|website=BBC|language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kelly|first=Hillary|date=2021-12-15|title=The Best Books of 2021|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/best-books-of-2021.html|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Vulture|language=en-us}}</ref> named it one of the best books of the year.

''Oh William!'' was also a nominee for the Goodreads Choice Award for Fiction (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oh William!|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/56294820-oh-william?ac=1&from_search=true&qid=sksuYKAOzE&rank=1|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-26|website=Goodreads}}</ref> The novel was named on the longlist and shortlist for the [[2022 Booker Prize]] (Strout having been previously nominated for the Booker Prize in 2016 with ''[[My Name Is Lucy Barton]]'').<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/booker-prize-longlist-dominated-by-indies-as-judges-pick-youngest-and-oldest-ever-nominees|title=Booker Prize longlist dominated by indies as judges pick youngest and oldest ever nominees|first=Sian|last=Bayley|magazine=[[The Bookseller]]|date= 2022-07-26|access-date= 2022-08-01}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2021 American novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Elizabeth Strout]]
[[Category:Random House books]]

NoViolet Bulawayo

2022-10-16T08:33:09Z

82.71.1.207: Added Booker Prize shortlist citation.

{{Short description|Zimbabwean author}}{{Infobox writer 
| name = NoViolet Bulawayo
| image = File:NoViolet Bulawayo at Melbourne, Australia.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Elizabeth Zandile Tshele
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1981|12|10}}
| birth_place = [[Tsholotsho]], [[Zimbabwe]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation =
| language = English
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education = [[Njube High School]]; [[Mzilikazi High School]]
| alma_mater = [[Texas A&M University-Commerce]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}} [[Southern Methodist University]] {{small|([[Master of Arts|MA]])}} [[Cornell University]] {{small|([[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]])}}
| period =
| genre = Short story; novel
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Caine Prize for African Writing]]; [[Man Booker Prize]] shortlist
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{url|http://novioletbulawayo.com/}}
| portaldisp =
}}
'''NoViolet Bulawayo''' is the pen name of '''Elizabeth Zandile Tshele''' (born 12 October 1981), a [[Zimbabwe]]an author<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14120349| title=Zimbabwe's NoViolet Bulawayo wins Caine writing prize| work=BBC News| date=12 July 2011}}</ref> and [[Stegner Fellowship|Stegner Fellow]] at [[Stanford University]] (2012–14).<ref name=stegner>[http://creativewriting.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/Stegner-Fellow-Bios-2012.pdf "Announcing the 2012–2014 Stegner Fellowship Recipients"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201213854/http://creativewriting.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/Stegner-Fellow-Bios-2012.pdf |date=1 February 2014 }}, from [http://creativewriting.stanford.edu/about-the-fellowship "Wallace Stegner Fellowship"], Stanford University. Retrieved April 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Zvomuya|first=Percy|title=NoViolet Bulawayo makes Man Booker Prize longlist|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-07-23-noviolet-bulawayo-makes-the-cut/|date=23 July 2013|access-date=23 July 2013|newspaper=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> In 2012, the [[National Book Foundation]] named her a "5 under 35" honoree.<ref>[http://www.nationalbook.org/5under35_2013_bulawayo.html#.WddlR1tSzIU The National Book Foundation's 5 Under 35, 2013.]</ref> Bulawayo was cited as one of the Top 100 most influential Africans by ''[[New African]]'' magazine in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=newsday|title=Trevor Ncube among most influential persons in Africa|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/12/trevor-ncube-among-influential-persons-africa/|date=5 December 2014|access-date=6 January 2021|website=NewsDay Zimbabwe|language=en-US}}</ref> Her debut novel [[We Need New Names]] was shortlisted for the [[2013 Man Booker Prize|2013 Booker Prize]], and her second novel [[Glory (Bulawayo novel)|Glory]] was shortlisted for the [[2022 Booker Prize]], making her "the first Black African woman to appear on the Booker list twice".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/07/noviolet-bulawayos-glory-a-zimbabwean-masterpiece-longlisted-for-2022-booker-prize/|title=Noviolet Bulawayo's Glory, a Zimbabwean Masterpiece, Longlisted for 2022 Booker Prize|website=[[Brittle Paper]]|first=Chukwuebuka|last= Ibeh|date=29 July 2022|access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe's NoViolet Bulawayo makes Booker Prize shortlist with ‘Glory' |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-local-byo-223171.html |access-date=2022-09-08 |work=Bulawayo24 News |date=2022-09-08}}</ref>

==Life==
Bulawayo was born in [[Tsholotsho]] Zimbabwe, and attended [[Njube High School]] and later [[Mzilikazi High School]] for her A-levels.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hard work, passion the special ingredients for success: author |first=Simba |last=Manhango |url=https://thestandard.newsday.co.zw/2011/07/23/hard-work-passion-the-special-ingredients-for-success-author/ |newspaper=The Standard |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=27 April 2022 }}</ref> She completed her college education in the US, studying at Kalamazoo Valley Community College,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mlive.com/entertainment/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2013/07/author_kvcc_graduate_noviolet.html|title=Author, KVCC graduate NoViolet Bulawayo named to prestigious Man Booker long list|work=MLive Media Group |first=John |last=Liberty |date=23 July 2013 }}</ref> and earning bachelor's and master's degrees in English from [[Texas A&M University-Commerce]] and [[Southern Methodist University]] respectively.<ref name=cornell>[http://www.arts.cornell.edu/english/people/?id=23 Elizabeth Tshele], Cornell University Department of English. Retrieved April 2012.</ref> In 2010, she completed a [[Master of Fine Arts]] in [[Creative Writing]] at [[Cornell University]], where her work was recognized with a [[Truman Capote Fellowship]].<ref name=cornell/>

In 2011 she won the [[Caine Prize]] with her story "Hitting Budapest",<ref>[[Margaret Busby|Busby, Margaret]], [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/we-need-new-names-by-noviolet-bulawayo-8647510.html "We Need New Names, By NoViolet Bulawayo"], ''[[The Independent]]'', 7 June 2013.</ref> which had been published in the November/December 2010 issue of the ''[[Boston Review]]''<ref>Waxman, Simon (6 June 2013), [http://bostonreview.net/blog/congratulations-noviolet-bulawayo "Congratulations, NoViolet Bulawayo"], ''Boston Review''.</ref> and became the opening chapter of her 2013 [[We Need New Names|debut novel]].<ref>[https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/bulawayo-2013-we-need-new.html "We Need New Names – NoViolet Bulawayo"] at ''Book Excerptise.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oprah.com/book/We-Need-New-Names-A-Novel-by-NoViolet-Bulawayo?editors_pick_id=43545|title=9 Must-Read Books for June 2013 {{!}} We Need New Names: A Novel|website=Oprah.com|first=Kristy|last= Davis }}</ref><ref>Habila, Helon, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jun/20/need-new-names-bulawayo-review "We Need New Names by NoViolet Bulawayo – review"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 20 June 2013.</ref> ''We Need New Names'' was included in the [[2013 Man Booker Prize]] shortlist,<ref name=bookershortlist>{{cite web|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/man-booker-shortlist-2013|title=Shortlist 2013 announced|date=10 September 2013|publisher=Man Booker Prize}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Driscoll|first=Molly|title=Man Booker Prize long list includes writers Colum McCann, Tash Aw|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2013/0723/Man-Booker-Prize-long-list-includes-writers-Colum-McCann-Tash-Aw|access-date=23 July 2013|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|date=July 23, 2013}}</ref> making Bulawayo the first black African woman and the first Zimbabwean to be shortlisted for the [[Man Booker Prize|prize]].<ref>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gxn1UQzfFlxRyajVIHWz8jbSPyYg?docId=CNG.90870fe5a7f48d77a30bd6298455f89f.7f1&hl=en "First black African woman nominated for Booker Prize"] AFP, 10 September 2013.</ref> She also won the [[Etisalat Prize for Literature]] and the [[Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award]], among other accolades.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

In 2011, it was reported that she had begun work on a memoir project.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-local-byo-5547-article-Zimbabwean,+NoViolet+Bulawayo's+'Hitting+Budapest'+takes+the+12th+Caine+Prize.html| title=Zimbabwean, NoViolet Bulawayo's 'Hitting Budapest' takes the 12th Caine Prize| date=12 July 2011| work=Bulawayo 24 }}</ref> Bulawayo sat on the board of trustees of the pan-African literary initiative Writivism between 2014 and 2018.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Published in 2022, her second novel ''[[Glory (Bulawayo novel)|Glory]]'' – inspired by [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[Animal Farm]]'' and about a nation on the cusp of revolution – was in the writing for more than three years, during which period Bulawayo "closely followed the grass roots activism demanding change in countries including Sudan, Algeria, Uganda, Eswatini and the United States, where the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement surged."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/books/noviolet-bulawayo-glory.html|title=NoViolet Bulawayo Believes Freedom Begins With Imagination|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Abdi Latif |last=Dahir|date=2 March 2022}}</ref> ''Glory'' was described by ''[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]'' as "unforgettable" and "an instant Zimbabwean classic".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/noviolet-bulawayos-new-novel-is-an-instant-zimbabwean-classic-185783|title=NoViolet Bulawayo's new novel is an instant Zimbabwean classic|website=The Conversation|first=Tinashe|last= Mushakavanhu|date=27 July 2022|access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref> Reviewing the novel for ''The Guardian'', [[Sarah Ladipo Manyika]] concluded: "Bulawayo doesn't hold back in speaking truth to power. She writes urgently and courageously, holding up a mirror both to contemporary Zimbabwe and the world at large. Her fearless and innovative chronicling of politically repressive times calls to mind other great storytellers such as Herta Müller, Elif Shafak and Zimbabwean compatriot Yvonne Vera. Glory, with a flicker of hope at its end, is allegory, satire and fairytale rolled into one mighty punch."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/mar/23/glory-by-noviolet-bulawayo-review-a-zimbabwean-animal-farm|title=Glory by NoViolet Bulawayo review – a Zimbabwean Animal Farm|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Sarah Ladipo|last=Manyika|date=23 March 2022}}</ref> ''Glory'' was longlisted for the [[2022 Booker Prize]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/glory|title=Glory|publisher=The Booker Prizes|access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/26/booker-prize-longlist-of-13-writers-aged-20-to-87-announced|title=Booker prize longlist of 13 writers aged 20 to 87 announced|first=Sarah|last=Shaffi|newspaper=The Guardian|date=26 July 2022}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
*2010: [[Truman Capote Fellowship]]<ref name=cornell/>
*2011: [[Caine Prize for African Writing]] for the short story "Hitting Budapest" about a gang of street children in a [[Zimbabwe]]an [[shantytown]].<ref>[http://www.caineprize.com/news_2011_winner.php "NoViolet Bulawayo wins 12th Caine Prize for African Writing"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717043838/http://www.caineprize.com/news_2011_winner.php |date=17 July 2011 }}, Caine Prize for African Writing.</ref><ref>Sophy (11 July 2011), [http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2011/07/11/noviolet-bulawayo-wins-the-2011-caine-prize-for-african-writing-for-hitting-budapest/ "NoViolet Bulawayo wins the 2011 Caine Prize for African Writing for 'Hitting Budapest'"], ''Books Live – Sunday Times''.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NoViolet Bulawayo wins 'African Booker' |first=Alison |last=Flood |url=http://guardian.co.uk/books/2011/jul/12/noviolet-bulawayo-caine-prize |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011}}</ref>
*2013: [[Man Booker Prize]] shortlist for ''We Need New Names''<ref name=bookershortlist/>
*2013: [[National Book Award]]'s "5 Under 35" chosen by a panel of past finalists and winners. Bulawayo was selected by [[Junot Díaz]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mhpbooks.com/women-dominate-the-national-book-foundations-5-under-35-list/ |title=Women dominate the National Book Foundation's 5 Under 35 list |work=[[Melville House Books]] |first=Julia |last=Fleischaker |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2013}}</ref>
*2013: [[Guardian First Book Award]] shortlist for ''We Need New Names''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/15/we-need-new-names-noviolet-bulawayo-guardian-first-book-award |title=We Need New Names by NoViolet Bulawayo |work=[[The Guardian]] |author= |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=5 February 2014}}</ref>
*2013: [[Barnes & Noble]] Discover Award finalist for ''We Need New Names''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/u/discover-book-awards-winners-finalists/379003476/ |title=2013 Discover Awards |publisher=[[Barnes & Noble]] |author= |year=2013 |access-date=5 February 2014}}</ref>
*2013: [[Etisalat Prize for Literature]] winner for ''We Need New Names''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://etisalatprize.com/etisalat-prize-for-literature-announces-2013-shortlist/ |title=Etisalat Prize for Literature Announces 2013 Shortlist |publisher=Etisalat Prize |author= |date=23 January 2014 |access-date=January 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301214613/http://etisalatprize.com/etisalat-prize-for-literature-announces-2013-shortlist/ |archive-date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/02/23/noviolet-bulawayo-wins-the-inaugural-etisalat-prize-for-literature/ |title=NoViolet Bulawayo Wins the Inaugural Etisalat Prize for Literature |work=Books Live |author=Ben |date=23 February 2014 |access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref>
*2013: [[Los Angeles Times Book Prize]] Art Seidenbaum Award for First Fiction, winner for ''We Need New Names''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-et-jc-winners-los-angeles-times-book-prizes-20140411,0,4418200.story |title=Jacket Copy: The winners of the Los Angeles Times Book Prizes are ... |work=[[LA Times]] |first=Carolyn |last=Kellogg |date=11 April 2014 |access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref>
*2014: [[Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award]] winner for ''We Need New Names''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/17/writer-from-zimbabwe-wins-penhemingway-award-for-first-novel/ |title=Writer From Zimbabwe Wins PEN/Hemingway Award for First Novel |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Allan Kozinn |date=17 March 2014 |access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2014/03/noviolet_bulawayo_wins_prestig.html |title=NoViolet Bulawayo wins prestigious Hemingway/PEN award |work=MLive.com |first=Yvonne |last=Zipp |date=18 March 2014 |access-date=2 April 2014}}</ref>
*2014: [[Betty Trask Award]] winner for ''We Need New Names'' <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.societyofauthors.org/Prizes/Society-of-Authors-Awards/Fiction/Betty-Trask/Past-winners|title= Past Winners of the Betty Trask Prize and Awards}}</ref>
*2022: [[Booker Prize]] shortlist for ''Glory''<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glory {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/glory |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Works==
*2009: "Snapshots", published in ''New Writing from Africa 2009'' ([[J. M. Coetzee]], ed.)
*2010: "Hitting Budapest", published in ''[[Boston Review]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bostonreview.net/bulawayo-hitting-budapest |title=Hitting Budapest |work=Boston Review |author=NoViolet Bulawayo |date=November–December 2010 |access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref> and ''The Caine Prize for African Writing 2011''
*2013: ''[[We Need New Names]]''
*2020: Country Country<ref>{{Cite web|title=Country Country|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/43159411-country-country|access-date=21 September 2021|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref>
*2022: ''[[Glory (Bulawayo novel)|Glory]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Wikiquote|NoViolet Bulawayo}}

==External links==
* [http://novioletbulawayo.com/ NoViolet Bulawayo], official website.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulawayo, NoViolet Mkha}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Zimbabwean women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Zimbabwean writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Mzilikazi High School]]
[[Category:Caine Prize winners]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Southern Methodist University alumni]]
[[Category:Stegner Fellows]]
[[Category:Texas A&M University alumni]]
[[Category:Zimbabwean short story writers]]
[[Category:Zimbabwean women short story writers]]

Glory (Bulawayo novel)

2022-10-16T08:31:47Z

82.71.1.207: added the date the Booker Prize shortlist was announced.

{{Short description|2022 political satire by NoViolet Bulawayo}}
{{Infobox book
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| name = Glory
| image = File:Glory (Bulawayo novel).jpg
| image_size =
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| author = [[NoViolet Bulawayo]]
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| language = English
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| genre = [[Literary fiction]], [[Political satire]]
| set_in = Jidada (fictionalised version of Zimbabwe)
| publisher = [[Viking Press]] (US) [[Hamish Hamilton]] (UK)
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 8 March 2022<ref>{{cite web | title=Glory|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/58491879-glory |website=[[Goodreads]] |publisher=[[Goodreads]] |access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref>
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| pages = 416
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'''''Glory''''' is the second novel of Zimbabwean author [[NoViolet Bulawayo]]. Published on 8 March 2022, Glory is a [[political satire]] inspired by [[George Orwell]]'s novel [[Animal Farm]]. <ref name="GUA">{{cite news|title=Glory by NoViolet Bulawayo review – a Zimbabwean Animal Farm|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/mar/23/glory-by-noviolet-bulawayo-review-a-zimbabwean-animal-farm|first=Sarah|last=Ladipo Manyika|author-link=Sarah Ladipo Manyika|date=23 March 2022|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> It is shortlisted for the [[2022 Booker Prize]]<ref name="booker-shortlist">{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe's NoViolet Bulawayo makes Booker Prize shortlist with ‘Glory' |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-local-byo-223171.html |access-date=2022-09-08 |work=Bulawayo24 News |date=2022-09-08}}</ref> which was announced on September 6, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glory {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/glory |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Development and background ==
The novel was inspired by ''[[Animal Farm]]'' by [[George Orwell]].<ref name=Kupersmith>{{Cite news |last=Kupersmith |first=Violet |date=6 March 2022 |title=NoViolet Bulawayo Allegorizes the Aftermath of Robert Mugabe |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/06/books/review/noviolet-bulawayo-glory.html |access-date=4 April 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> According to Bulawayo, she intended to write the [[2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état|2017 coup]] against [[Robert Mugabe]] as a nonfiction, instead, she settled for [[political satire]].<ref name=GUA/>

== Reception ==
While shortlisting ''Glory'' for the [[2022 Booker Prize]], the jury said, “A fictional country of animals ruled by a tyrannical and absolute power is on the verge of liberation. The fiction becomes almost reality as we picture the parallel between this Animal Farm, Zimbabwe, and the fate of many African nations. An ingenious and brilliant political fable that bears witness to the surreal turns of history.”<ref name="booker-shortlist" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Booker Prize 2022 shortlist: A reader’s introduction to the six novels |url=https://scroll.in/article/1032256/booker-prize-2022-shortlist-a-readers-introduction-to-the-six-novels |access-date=2022-09-08 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=2022-09-08}}</ref>

[[Sarah Ladipo Manyika]], writing for ''[[The Guardian]]'', said ''Glory'' was in good company with ''[[Chronicles from the Land of the Happiest People on Earth]]'' by [[Wole Soyinka]], and also observed: "Bulawayo doesn't hold back in speaking truth to power. She writes urgently and courageously, holding up a mirror both to contemporary Zimbabwe and the world at large. Her fearless and innovative chronicling of politically repressive times calls to mind other great storytellers such as [[Herta Müller]], [[Elif Shafak]] and Zimbabwean compatriot [[Yvonne Vera]]. ''Glory'', with a flicker of hope at its end, is allegory, satire and fairytale rolled into one mighty punch."<ref name=GUA/>

''Glory'' was described by ''[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]'' as "unforgettable" and "an instant Zimbabwean classic".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/noviolet-bulawayos-new-novel-is-an-instant-zimbabwean-classic-185783|title=NoViolet Bulawayo's new novel is an instant Zimbabwean classic|website=The Conversation|first=Tinashe|last= Mushakavanhu|date=27 July 2022|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' stated: "The scope and complexity of the historical material Bulawayo takes on in her tale are ambitious, and she pulls it off."<ref name=Kupersmith />

Reviewing the novel for ''[[The Scotsman]]'', [[Stuart Kelly (literary critic)|Stuart Kelly]] wrote: "It is too neat to refer to this as a kind of Zimbabwean ''Animal Farm''. ... If there were one book I would compare it to it would be [[Ngugi wa Thiong'o]]'s ''[[Wizard of the Crow]]'', an equally acerbic, precise, heart-rending and hilarious analysis of tyranny."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/book-review-glory-by-noviolet-bulawayo-3645806|title=Book review: Glory, by NoViolet Bulawayo|first=Stuart|last= Kelly|newspaper=The Scotsman|date=7 April 2022}}</ref>

[[Ainehi Edoro]] comments very favourably in ''[[Brittle Paper]]'' on the novel's use of language – "Bulawayo's writing is a performance. Colorful, poetic, comedic. Like a masquerade, her writing dances in a blend of contrasts." – and also cautions that "before we start calling ''Glory'' African ''Animal Farm'', I want to remind folks that Orwell did not invent the fable as a form of political critique. African literature has a rich tradition of animal stories."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/05/the-many-delights-of-animal-stories-review-of-glory-by-noviolet-bulawayo/|title=The Many Delights of Animal Stories {{!}} Review of Glory by Noviolet Bulawayo|first=Ainehi|last=Edoro|website=Brittle Paper|date=2 May 2022|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref>

The ''[[Financial Times]]'' reviewer wrote: "''Glory'' is a memorable, funny and yet serious allegory about a country's plight under tyranny and what individual and collective freedom means in an age of virtual worlds and political soundbites."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3106fd0d-187f-4bf4-9698-60dd007094bb|title=Glory — NoViolet Bulawayo’s Orwellian allegory of dictatorship|first=Franklin|last=Nelson|newspaper=Financial Times|date=14 April 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Novels by NoViolet Bulawayo]]
[[Category:2022 Zimbabwean novels]]
[[Category:Viking Press books]]
[[Category:Hamish Hamilton books]]
[[Category:Political satire novels]]

{{2020s-satirical-novel-stub}}

The Trees (Everett novel)

2022-10-16T08:29:07Z

82.71.1.207: Added the date the shortlist was announced.

{{Short description|2021 novel by Percival Everett}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Trees
| orig title =
| translator =
| image = File:The Trees (Everett novel).jpg
| caption = First edition (US)
| author = [[Percival Everett]]
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language =
| series =
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| publisher = [[Graywolf Press]] (US) [[Influx Press]] (UK)
| release_date = 2021
| media_type =
| pages =
| isbn =
| dewey =
| congress =
| oclc =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''The Trees''''' is a 2021 novel by American author [[Percival Everett]], published by [[Graywolf Press]].

==Writing and development==
To write the novel, Everett researched [[lynching in the United States]].<ref name=believerinterview>{{cite news |last1=Yeh |first1=James |title=An Interview with Percival Everett |url=https://culture.org/interview-percival-everett-james-yeh/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |work=Believer Magazine |date=1 December 2021}}</ref> For this research, Everett purchased enough books dealing with elements of lynching to incidentally develop a "lynching section in [his] library".<ref name=believerinterview/> Everett attributes the humor in his novels, including in ''The Trees'', to the influence of Mark Twain.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Qian |first1=Jianan |title=Art Makes Us Better: The Millions Interviews Percival Everett |url=https://themillions.com/2022/06/art-makes-us-better-the-millions-interviews-percival-everett.html |access-date=28 July 2022 |work=The Millions |date=9 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Simon |first1=Scott |title=Percival Everett's Novel 'The Trees' Parses Through Race's Part In A Southern Murder |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/18/1038533170/percival-everetts-novel-the-trees-parses-through-races-part-in-a-southern-murder |access-date=28 July 2022 |work=NPR.org |date=18 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception and accolades==
===Reception===
The novel received mostly favorable reviews.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Trees |url=https://bookmarks.reviews/reviews/the-trees-2/ |website=Book Marks |publisher=Literary Hub |access-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> Mary F. Corey, in a positive review published by the ''[[Los Angeles Review of Books]]'', wrote that the novel included a "Twainian level of wit and meanness".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corey |first1=Mary F. |title=Los Angeles Review of Books |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/confederate-dunces-on-percival-everetts-the-trees/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |date=3 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Joyce Carol Oates called it "[r]eally profound writing...about subjects of great tragic and political significance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oates |first1=Joyce Carol |title=Joyce Carol Oates Doesn’t Prefer Blondes |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/joyce-carol-oates-doesnt-prefer-blondes |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=The New Yorker |date=25 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Carole V. Bell, in a review published by [[NPR]], also praised the novel, writing that the book is a "combination of whodunnit, horror, humor and razor blade sharp insight".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bell |first1=Carole V. |title=Percival Everett's Latest Grounds Racial Allegory In History, Horror And Blood |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/22/1039434714/percival-everett-the-trees-review |access-date=4 August 2022 |work=NPR |date=22 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Honors===
Published in the UK by [[Influx Press]], the novel was shortlisted for the 2022 [[2022 Booker Prize|Booker Prize]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Segal |first1=Corinne |title=Here's the 2022 Booker Prize longlist. |url=https://lithub.com/heres-the-2022-booker-prize-longlist/ |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=Literary Hub |date=26 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/booker-prize-longlist-dominated-by-indies-as-judges-pick-youngest-and-oldest-ever-nominees|title=Booker Prize longlist dominated by indies as judges pick youngest and oldest ever nominees|first=Sian|last=Bayley|magazine=[[The Bookseller]]|date=26 July 2022|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bari |first=Shahidha |date=6 September 2022 |title='I've no idea how we'll pick a winner': the challenge of a spectacular Booker shortlist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/sep/06/ive-no-idea-how-well-pick-a-winner-the-challenge-of-a-spectacular-booker-shortlist |access-date=6 September 2022 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> that was announced on September 6, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Trees {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-trees |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref> It also won the [[Anisfield-Wolf Book Award|Anisfield-Wolf Book Award]] in 2022 for Fiction.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.anisfield-wolf.org/winners/the-trees/ | title=The Trees }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trees (Everett novel)}}
[[Category:2021 American novels]]
[[Category:Graywolf Press books]]
[[Category:English-language novels]]
[[Category:Lynching in the United States]]

{{2020s-crime-novel-stub}}

Shehan Karunatilaka

2022-10-16T08:25:40Z

82.71.1.207: Added in the date the shortlist was announced.

{{short description|Sri Lankan writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| image = Shehan Karunatilaka.jpg
| name = Shehan Karunatilaka
| caption = Karunatilaka in 2020
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1975}}
| birth_place = [[Galle]], Sri Lanka
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer, Creative Director
| nationality = Sri Lankan
| period = 2000 to present
| genre = Novels
| subject = Sri Lankan society
| movement =
| notableworks = ''[[Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew|Chinaman]]'' (2010)
| influences =
| influenced =
| website = {{URL|https://www.shehanwriter.com/}}
}}

'''Shehan Karunatilaka''' (born 1975) is a [[Sri Lankan writer]] most notable for his 2010 debut novel ''[[Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew]]'', which won the [[Commonwealth Writers|Commonwealth Prize]], the [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature|DSC Prize]], the [[Gratiaen Prize]] and was adjudged the second greatest cricket book of all time by ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]''. His novel ''The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida'' ([[Sort of Books]], 2022) was included on the shortlist for the [[2022 Booker Prize]] which was announced on September 6, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-seven-moons-of-maali-almeida |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
Shehan Karunatilaka was born in 1975 in [[Galle]], southern Sri Lanka.<ref name=literaturfestival>{{cite web|url=https://literaturfestival.com/en/authors/shehan-karunatilaka/|title=Shehan Karunatilaka|publisher=internationales literaturfestival berlin|access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref> He grew up in [[Colombo]], studied in [[New Zealand]] and has lived and worked in [[London]], [[Amsterdam]] and [[Singapore]].

Before publishing his debut novel in 2010, he worked in advertising at [[McCann (company)|McCann]], Iris and [[BBDO]], and has also written features for ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Newsweek]]'', ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', [[GQ]], ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'', [[Condé Nast|''Conde Nast'']], ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'', ''[[The Cricketer]]'' and the ''Economic Times''. He has played bass with Sri Lankan rock bands Independent Square and Powercut Circus<ref name="st1" /> and the Brass Monkey Band.

He was educated at [[S. Thomas' Preparatory School]], [[Kollupitiya]], Sri Lanka, [[Whanganui Collegiate School]], and [[Massey University]], Palmerston North (where he studied English literature, as well as business administration).<ref name=literaturfestival /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themodernnovel.org/asia/other-asia/sri-lanka/karunatilaka/|title=Shehan Karunatilaka|website=The Modern Novel}}</ref>

==Novels==
Karunatilaka's first manuscript, ''The Painter'', was shortlisted for the [[Gratiaen Prize]] in 2000, but was never published.

=== ''Chinaman'' (2010) ===
His debut novel, ''[[Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew]]'' (self-published in 2010),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2019/09/29/spectrum/self-publishing |title=Self-publishing |last=Kodagoda |first=Anuradha |date=29 September 2019 |website=[[Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)|Sunday Observer]] |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref> uses [[cricket]] as a device to write about Sri Lankan history.<ref>''[[Hindustan Times]]'', [http://www.hindustantimes.com/Spin-on-a-yarn/Article1-661320.aspx "Spin on a yarn"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519235048/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Spin-on-a-yarn/Article1-661320.aspx |date=19 May 2011 }}. Retrieved 12 February 2011.</ref> It tells the story of an alcoholic journalist's quest to track down a missing Sri Lankan cricketer of the 1980s.

==== Plot ====
Described as "part-tragedy, part-comedy, part-mystery and part-drunken-memoir", ''Chinaman'' is set in Sri Lanka in 1999, fresh after a world cup victory and in the throes of a civil war that will continue for another decade. Most of the action takes place "on Colombo's streets, at cricket matches, in strange houses and in dodgy bars."

The story's narrator is retired sports journalist WG Karunasena, who has done little with his 64 years, other than drink arrack and watch Sri Lankan cricket. When informed by doctors of his liver problems, WG decides to track down the greatest thing he has ever seen, Pradeep Mathew, left-arm spinner for Sri Lanka during the late 1980s.

==== Awards ====
The book was critically hailed, winning many awards. On 21 May 2012, ''Chinaman'' was announced as the regional winner for Asia of the [[Commonwealth Book Prize]]<ref>[http://www.commonwealthwriters.org/commonwealth-writers-announces-regional-winners-for-2012-prizes/ Commonwealth Book Prize & Commonwealth Short Story Prize Regional Winners 2012.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525084228/http://www.commonwealthwriters.org/commonwealth-writers-announces-regional-winners-for-2012-prizes/ |date=25 May 2012 }}</ref> and went on to win the overall Commonwealth Book Prize announced on 8 June, when chair of judges [[Margaret Busby]] said: "This fabulously enjoyable read will keep you entertained and rooting for the protagonist until the very end, while delivering startling truths about cricket and about Sri Lanka."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/jun/08/shehan-karunatilaka-commonwealth-book-prize |title=Shehan Karunatilaka wins 2012 Commonwealth book prize |date=8 June 2012 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |first=Alison|last= Flood |access-date=8 June 2012}}</ref> ''Chinaman'' also won the 2012 [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]], and the 2008 [[Gratiaen Prize]].<ref name="st1">[http://sundaytimes.lk/090419/Magazine/sundaytimesmagazine_00.html "Shehan's winning googly"], ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', 12 February 2011.</ref> Published to great acclaim in India and the UK, the book was one of the [[Waterstones 11]] selected by British bookseller [[Waterstones]] as one of the top debuts of 2011 and was also shortlisted for the Shakti Bhatt First Novel Prize.

In 2015, a [[Sinhala language|Sinhala-language]] translation by Dileepa Abeysekara was published as ''Chinaman: Pradeep Mathewge Cricket Pravadaya''.<ref>[http://www.diogenes.lk/ Diogenes Publishing.]</ref>

In April 2019, the novel was voted among the best cricket books ever by ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wisden.com/stories/magazine/best-cricket-books-ever-the-debate-who-made-the-top-seven|title=Best cricket books ever: The debate – who made the top seven?|website=Wisden|date=30 April 2019|access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>

=== ''Chats with the Dead'' (2020) ===
Karunatilaka's second novel, ''Chats with the Dead'', is a black comedy about ghosts and was published in 2020 by [[Penguin India|Pengun India]].

Set against the backdrop of the civil war, the story chronicles the challenges and ethical dilemmas of a war photographer tasked to solve his own murder mystery. ''Chats with the Dead'' is a story of a ghost trapped navigating the afterlife and coming to terms with his life, his work, his relationships and his death.

Structured as a [[whodunit]], the story follows renegade war photographer Maali Almeida, who is tasked with solving his own murder. Embroiled in red tape, memories of war, his own ethical dilemmas, and his awkward relationship with his mother, his official girlfriend and his secret boyfriend Maali is constantly interrupted by the overly chatty dead folks breezing through the afterlife, as he struggles to unravel his own death.

The author set the book in 1989, as this was when "The Tigers, The Army, The Indian peacekeepers, The JVP terrorists and State death squads were all killing each other at a prolific rate." A time of curfews, bombs, assassinations, abductions and mass graves seemed to the author to be "a perfect setting for a ghost story, a detective tale or a spy thriller. Or all three."

=== ''The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida'' (2022) ===
Published in August 2022 by [[Sort of Books]], ''The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida'' was shortlisted for the [[2022 Booker Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Booker Prize 2022 {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/2022 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Shaffi|first=Sarah|date=26 July 2022|title=Booker prize longlist of 13 writers aged 20 to 87 announced|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/26/booker-prize-longlist-of-13-writers-aged-20-to-87-announced|access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 July 2022|title=Shehan Karunatilaka's ''The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida'' longlisted for 2022 Booker Prize|work=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|The Sunday Times]]|url=https://www.timesonline.lk/news-online/Shehan-Karunatilakas-The-Seven-Moons-of-Maali-Almeida-longlisted-for-2022-Booker-Prize/2-1138181|access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/220731/plus/its-always-a-thrill-to-have-a-book-of-yours-make-a-list-shehan-490263.html|title=It's always a thrill to have a book of yours make a list: Shehan|first=Adilah|last=Ismail|newspaper=The Sunday Times|date=31 July 2022}}</ref> The judges said that the novel "fizzes with energy, imagery and ideas against a broad, surreal vision of the Sri Lankan civil wars. Slyly, angrily comic."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/booker-prize-longlist-dominated-by-indies-as-judges-pick-youngest-and-oldest-ever-nomineess|title=Booker Prize longlist dominated by indies as judges pick youngest and oldest ever nominees|first=Sian|last=Bayley|magazine=[[The Bookseller]]|date=26 July 2022|access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref> [[Charlie Connelly]]'s review in ''[[The New European]]'' characterised the novel as "part ghost story, part whodunnit, part political satire ... a wonderful book about Sri Lanka, friendship, grief and the afterlife".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/sri-lanka-in-purgatory/|title=Sri Lanka in purgatory|first=Charlie|last=Connelly|newspaper=The New European|date=28 July 2022}}</ref>

=== Children's books ===
Initially conceived as a story for his son, ''Please Don't Put That In Your Mouth'' (2019) marked the first formal collaboration between Shehan and his artist/illustrator brother, Lalith Karunatilaka, though Lalith had sketched the ball diagrams from ''Chinaman'' and the cover of ''Chats With The Dead''.

Speaking to [[LiveMint]], the author commented: "I have experienced many traumatic moments involving toddlers eating dangerous things. My daughter once mistook a wet paint brush for an ice cream and started licking it. My son is known to pick up dead insects and munch on them. I intended to write a cautionary tale, but silliness overtook it."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/meet-baby-baba-and-his-maker-1560573114648.html|title=Meet Baby Baba and his maker|last=Ghoshal|first=Somak|date=2019-06-15|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>

== Influences ==
In 2013, speaking to ''[[The Nation]]'', Karunatilaka described his influences as: "[[Kurt Vonnegut]], [[William Goldman]], [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Michael Ondaatje]], [[Agatha Christie]], [[Stephen King]], [[Neil Gaiman]], [[Tom Robbins]] and a few hundred others."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/25-Aug-2013/karunatilaka-a-novelist-par-excellence|title=Karunatilaka: A Novelist Par Excellence|date=2016-03-30|website=The Nation|language=en|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>

He has also written and spoken about his lifelong obsession with rock band [[The Police]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shehanwriter.com/Features-New/06.html|title=Shehan Writer - Features|website=www.shehanwriter.com|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>

== Future projects ==
Karunatilaka is currently at work on two more children's books, a short-story collection and hopes to begin a novel that "hopefully won't take 10 years."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/from-the-spectral-island/|title=From the Spectral Island|last=Karunatalika|first=Shehan|date=2020-02-07|website=Open The Magazine|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* ''[[Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew]]'' (2010), novel
* ''Please Don't Put That In Your Mouth'' (2019), children's book
* ''Chats with the Dead'' ([[Penguin India]], 2020), novel.
* ''The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida'' ([[Sort of Books]], 2022), novel

==Awards and honours==

*2008: [[Gratiaen Prize]], winner, ''Chinaman''
*2012: [[Commonwealth Book Prize]], overall winner, ''Chinaman''
*2012: DSC Prize for South Asian Literature, overall winner, ''Chinaman''

=== Shortlists ===

* 2000: [[Gratiaen Prize]] Shortlist, ''The Painter'' (Unpublished Novel)
* 2008: Shakthi Bhatt Award, ''Chinaman: The Legend of Pradeep Mathew''
* 2015: Gratiaen Prize Shortlist, ''Devil Dance'' (Unpublished Novel)
* 2017: Gratiaen Prize Shortlist, ''Short Eats'' (Unpublished Short Fiction)
*2019: ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'', Best Cricket Book Ever, 2nd, ''Chinaman''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wisden.com/stories/magazine/best-cricket-book-ever-revealed-wcm|title=Wisden Cricket Monthly's best cricket book ever – revealed|website=Wisden Cricket Monthly|issue=19|date=30 April 2019|access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>
*2022: Booker Prize, ''The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garner, Bulawayo and Strout on Booker shortlist |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/garner-bulawayo-and-strout-on-booker-shortlist |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=The Bookseller |language=En}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
* [https://www.shehanwriter.com/ Official website]
* Madushka Balasuriya, [https://www.ft.lk/ft-lite/Shehan-Karunatilaka-on-life-and-the-afterlife/6-697066 "Shehan Karunatilaka, on life and the afterlife"], ''Daily FT'', 7 March 2020.

* Harsh Pareek, [https://www.news9live.com/art-culture/books/shehan-karunatilaka-talks-cricket-war-life-death-and-everything-that-falls-in-between-158722 "Shehan Karunatilaka talks cricket, war, life, death — and everything that falls in between"], 12 March 2022.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karunatilaka, Shehan}}
[[Category:Alumni of S. Thomas' Preparatory School, Kollupitiya]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Massey University alumni]]
[[Category:Sinhalese musicians]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan expatriates in Singapore]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan novelists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Annie Ernaux

2022-10-06T11:00:20Z

82.71.1.207: Added she was nominated for the International Booker Prize in 2019.

{{short description|French writer}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Annie Ernaux
| image = Annie Ernaux al Salone del Libro (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Annie Duchesne
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|09|01}}
| birth_place = [[Lillebonne]], [[Seine-Maritime]], France
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = writer, diarist
| language =
| nationality = French
| education = [[University of Rouen]] [[University of Bordeaux]]
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
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}}
'''Annie Ernaux''' (birth name '''Annie Duchesne'''; born on 1 September 1940) is a [[French writer]] and professor of literature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annie Ernaux |url=http://www.evene.fr/celebre/biographie/annie-ernaux-4289.php |work=EVENE |language=fr |access-date=2010-10-31| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101101171722/http://www.evene.fr/celebre/biographie/annie-ernaux-4289.php| archive-date= 1 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> Her literary work, mostly autobiographical, maintains close links with sociology.

== Life and work ==

=== Childhood and education ===
Ernaux grew up in [[Yvetot]] in [[Normandy]]. She is from a working-class background,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/10/26/bad-genre-annie-ernaux-autofiction-and-finding-a-voice/|title=Bad Genre: Annie Ernaux, Autofiction, and Finding a Voice|last=Elkin|first=Lauren|date=2018-10-26|website=The Paris Review|language=en|access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> but her parents eventually owned a café-grocery store. She studied at the universities of Rouen and then Bordeaux, qualifying as a school-teacher, and gaining a higher degree in modern literature (1971). She worked for a time on a thesis project, unfinished, on [[Pierre de Marivaux|Marivaux]].<ref>[https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20111209.OBS6413/annie-ernaux-je-voulais-venger-ma-race.html https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20111209.OBS6413/annie-ernaux-I-would-venge-ma-race.html].</ref>

In the early 1970s, she taught at the Bonneville Lycée,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Héloïse Kolebka|year=2008|title=Annie Ernaux : "Je ne suis qu'histoire"|url=http://www.histoire.presse.fr/actualite/portraits/annie-ernaux-je-ne-suis-qu-histoire-01-06-2008-5928|journal=[[L'Histoire (revue)|L'Histoire]]|issue=332|page=18|issn=0182-2411}}.</ref> at the College of Évire in Annecy-le-Vieux, then in [[Pontoise]], before joining the National Center for Distance Learning (Centre national d'enseignement à distance - CNED).<ref>[http://www.cercle-enseignement.com/Espace-auteurs/Interviews/Interviews/Annie-Ernaux#reponses Annie Ernaux], Cercle-enseignement.com, accessed October 12, 2011.</ref>

=== Literary career ===
Annie Ernaux started her literary career in 1974 with ''Les Armoires vides'' (Cleaned Out), an autobiographical novel. In 1984, she won the [[Prix Renaudot|Renaudot Prize]] for another of her autobiographical works ''La Place'' (A Man's Place), an [[autobiography|autobiographical]] narrative focusing on her relationship with her father and her experiences growing up in a small town in France, and her subsequent process of moving into adulthood and away from her parents' place of origin.<ref>{{cite web |first=Christine |last=Ferniot |title=1983 : La place par Annie Ernaux |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/1983-la-place-par-annie-ernaux_810659.html |work=L'EXPRESS |language=fr |date=2005-11-01 |access-date=2010-10-31| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101029174142/http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/1983-la-place-par-annie-ernaux_810659.html| archive-date= 29 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Christine |last=Schwartz |title=The Prodigal Daughter |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77542800.html?dids=77542800:77542800&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+24%2C+1992&author=BY+CHRISTINE+SCHWARTZ.+Christine+Schwartz+writes&pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&desc=The+Prodigal+Daughter&pqatl=google |newspaper=Newsday |location=Long Island, N.Y. |page=35 |date=1992-05-24 |access-date=2010-10-31}} (Paywall))</ref>

Very early in her career, she turned away from fiction to focus on autobiography.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annie Ernaux. Les Années |url=http://www.letelegramme.com/ig/dossiers/prix-des-lecteurs/annie-ernaux-les-annees-03-05-2009-275493.php |work=Le Télégramme |date=2009-05-03 |language=fr |access-date=2010-10-31}}</ref> Her work combines historic and individual experiences. She charts her parents' social progression (''La place'', ''La honte''), her teenage years (''Ce qu'ils disent ou rien''), her marriage (''La femme gelée''), her passionate affair with an eastern European man (''Passion simple''), her abortion (''L'événement''), [[Alzheimer's disease]] (''Je ne suis pas sortie de ma nuit''), the death of her mother (''Une femme''), and [[breast cancer]] (''L'usage de la photo'').<ref name="Elle">{{cite web |title=People / Personnalités / Annie Ernaux |url=http://www.elle.fr/elle/Personnalites/Annie-Ernaux |work=Elle |language=fr |date=2009-05-06 |access-date=2010-10-31}}</ref> Ernaux also wrote ''L'écriture comme un couteau'' (Writing as Sharp as a Knife) with [[Frédéric-Yves Jeannet]].<ref name="Elle" />

''A Woman's Story,'' ''A Man's Place,'' and ''Simple Passion'' were recognized as [[The New York Times]] Notable Books, and ''A Woman's Story'' was a Finalist for the [[Los Angeles Times Book Prize]]. ''Shame'' was named a [[Publishers Weekly]] Best Book of 1998, ''I Remain in Darkness'' a Top Memoir of 1999 by [[The Washington Post]], and ''The Possession'' was listed as a Top Ten Book of 2008 by More Magazine.

Her 2008 historical memoir ''Les Années'' (The Years), very well received by French critics, is considered by many to be her magnum opus.<ref>{{cite web |first=Delphine |last=Peras |title=Les Années par Annie Ernaux |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/les-annees_848105.html |work=L'EXPRESS |date=2010-02-11 |access-date=2010-10-31 |language=fr| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101029174303/http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/les-annees_848105.html| archive-date= 29 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> In this book, Ernaux writes about herself in the third person (''elle'', or ''"''she" in English) for the first time, providing a vivid look at French society just after the Second World War until the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite web |first=Danielle |last=Laurin |title=Autobiographie : Les années: le livre d'une vie |url=http://www.radio-canada.ca/arts-spectacles/livres/2008/04/03/001-annie-ernaux-critique.asp |publisher=Radio-Canada |date=2008-04-03 |access-date=2010-10-31 |language=fr}}</ref> It is the moving social story of a woman and of the evolving society she lived in. ''The Years'' won the 2008 Françoise-Mauriac Prize of the [[Académie française]], the 2008 [[Marguerite Duras|Marguerite Duras Prize]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.margueriteduras.org/films-autres/prix-marguerite-duras/|title=Prix Marguerite Duras|website=Association Marguerite Duras|language=fr-FR|access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> the 2008 French Language Prize, the 2009 [[Télégramme]] Readers Prize, and the 2016 [[Premio Strega Europeo]] Prize. Translated by Alison L. Strayer, ''The Years'' was a Finalist for the 31st Annual [[French-American Foundation]] Translation Prize.
In 2018 she won the [[Premio Hemingway]].

She was nominated for the International Booker Prize in 2019 for her book ''The Years''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annie Ernaux {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/annie-ermaux |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref>

Many of her works have been translated into English and published by [[Seven Stories Press]]. Ernaux is one of the seven founding authors from whom the Press takes its name.

== Awards and distinctions ==

* 1977 Prix d'Honneur for the 1977 novel ''Ce qu'ils disent ou rien''
* 1984 [[Prix Renaudot]] for ''La Place''
* 2008 Prix Marguerite-Duras for ''Les Années''
* 2008 Prix François-Mauriac for ''Les Années''
* 2008 [[Prix de la langue française]] for the entirety of her oeuvre
* 2014 Doctor honoris causa of the [[University of Cergy-Pontoise]]
* 2016 [[Strega European Prize]] for ''The Years'' (translated into Italian as ''Gli Anni'' (L'Orma)
* 2017 Prix Marguerite-Yourcenar, awarded by the Civil Society of Multimedia Authors, for the entirety of her oeuvre
* 2018 [[Premio Hemingway]] per la letteratura for the entirety of her oeuvre
* 2019 [[Prix Formentor]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2019/05/06/actualidad/1557139278_217760.html |title=La escritora Annie Ernaux gana el Premio Formentor |work=elpais.com |author=Daniel Verdu |date=May 6, 2019 |access-date=May 6, 2019}}</ref>
* 2019 [[Premio Gregor von Rezzori]] for ''Una Donna''
* 2019 Short Listed for the [[Man Booker International Prize]] for ''The Years''
* 2021: Elected a [[Royal Society of Literature]] International Writer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsliterature.org/2021/11/inaugural-rsl-international-writers-announced/|title=Inaugural RSL International Writers Announced|website=Royal Society of Literature|date=30 November 2021|access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>

In addition, the Annie-Ernaux Award, of which she is the "godmother", bears her name.

==Bibliography==
*''Les Armoires vides'', Paris, Gallimard, 1974; Gallimard, 1984, {{ISBN|978-2-07-037600-1}}
**{{cite book| title=Cleaned out| others=Translator Carol Sanders| publisher=Dalkey Archive Press| year= 1990| isbn= 978-1-56478-139-0}}
*''Ce qu'ils disent ou rien'', Paris, Gallimard, 1977; French & European Publications, Incorporated, 1989, {{ISBN|978-0-7859-2655-9}}
**{{cite book| title=Do What They Say or Else|others=Translator Christopher Beach and Carrie Noland| publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]| year= 2022| isbn=978-1-4962-2800-0}}
*''La Femme gelée'', Paris, Gallimard, 1981; French & European Publications, Incorporated, 1987, {{ISBN|978-0-7859-2535-4}}
**{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/frozenwoman00erna| url-access=registration| title=A Frozen Woman| others=Translator Linda Coverdale|publisher=Four Walls Eight Windows| year= 1995| isbn= 978-1-56858-029-6}}
*''La Place'', Paris, Gallimard, 1983; Distribooks Inc, 1992, {{ISBN|978-2-07-037722-0}}
**{{cite book| title=La Place| others=Translator Tanya Leslie|publisher=Psychology Press| year= 1990| isbn= 978-0-415-05926-8 }}
**{{cite book| title=A man's place| others=Translator Tanya Leslie| publisher=[[Seven Stories Press]]| year= 1992| isbn= 978-0-941423-75-5}}
*''Une Femme'', Paris, Gallimard, 1987
**{{cite book| title=A Woman's Story| others=Translator Tanya Leslie| publisher=[[Seven Stories Press]]| year= 2003| isbn=978-1-58322-575-2}}
*''Passion simple'', Paris, Gallimard, 1991; Gallimard, 1993, {{ISBN|978-2-07-038840-0}}
**{{cite book| title=Simple Passion| others=Translator Tanya Leslie| publisher=[[Seven Stories Press]]| year= 2003| isbn= 978-1-58322-574-5}}
*''Journal du dehors'', Paris, Gallimard, 1993
**{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/exteriors00erna| url-access=registration| title=Exteriors|others=Translator Tanya Leslie| publisher=[[Seven Stories Press]]| year= 1996| isbn=978-1-888363-31-9}}
*''La Honte'', Paris, Gallimard, 1997<ref>{{cite web |first=Jean-Pierre |last=Tison |title=Critique: Annie dans l'arrière-boutique |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/la-honte-je-ne-suis-pas-sortie-de-ma-nuit_800039.html |work=L'EXPRESS |language=fr |date=1997-02-01 |access-date=2010-10-31| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101029175659/http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/la-honte-je-ne-suis-pas-sortie-de-ma-nuit_800039.html| archive-date= 29 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
**''Shame'', Translator Tanya Leslie, [[Seven Stories Press]], 1998, {{ISBN|978-1-888363-69-2}}
*''Je ne suis pas sortie de ma nuit'', Paris, Gallimard, 1997
**{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/iremainindarknes00erna| url-access=registration| title=I Remain in Darkness| others=Translator Tanya Leslie| publisher=Seven Stories Press| year= 1999| isbn= 978-1583220146}}
*''La Vie extérieure : 1993-1999'', Paris, Gallimard, 2000
**{{cite book| title=Things Seen| others=Translator Jonathan Kaplansky| publisher=University of Nebraska Press| year= 2010| isbn= 978-0803228153}}
*''L'Événement'', Paris, Gallimard, 2000, {{ISBN|978-2-07-075801-2}}
**{{cite book| title=Happening| others=Translator Tanya Leslie| publisher=[[Seven Stories Press]]| year= 2001| isbn= 978-1-58322-256-0}}
**''Happening'', Translator Tanya Leslie, [[Seven Stories Press]], 2001
*''Se perdre'', Paris, Gallimard, 2001
**''Getting Lost'', Translator Allison L. Strayer, [[Seven Stories Press]], 2022
*''L'Occupation'', Paris, Gallimard, 2002
**{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/possession00erna| title=The Possession| others=Translator [[Anna Moschovakis]]| publisher=Seven Stories Press| year=2008| isbn=978-1-58322-855-5}}
*''L'Usage de la photo'', with Marc Marie, Paris, Gallimard, 2005
*''Les Années'', Paris, Gallimard, 2008, {{ISBN|978-2-07-077922-2}} <ref>{{cite web |first=Guylaine |last=Massoutre |title=Littérature française - La chronique douce-amère d'Annie Ernaux |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/livres/185804/litterature-francaise-la-chronique-douce-amere-d-annie-ernaux |work=Le Devoir |date=2008-04-19 |access-date=2010-10-31 |language=fr}}</ref>
**{{cite book| title=The Years| others=Translator Alison L. Strayer| publisher=Seven Stories Press| year= 2017| isbn= 978-1609807870}}
*''L'Autre fille'', Paris, Nil 2011 {{ISBN|978-2-84111-539-6}}
*''L'Atelier noir'', Paris, éditions des Busclats, 2011
* ''Écrire la vie'', Paris, Gallimard, 2011
* ''Retour à Yvetot'', éditions du Mauconduit, 2013
* ''Regarde les lumières mon amour'', Seuil, 2014
* ''Mémoire de fille'', Gallimard, 2016
**{{cite book| title=A Girl's Story| others=Translator Alison L. Strayer| publisher=Seven Stories Press| year= 2020| isbn= 978-1609809515}}
* ''Hôtel Casanova'', Gallimard Folio, 2020
* ''Le jeune homme'', Gallimard, 2022

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* S. J. McIlvanney: ''Gendering mimesis. Realism and feminism in the works of Annie Ernaux and [[Claire Etcherelli]].'' Graduate thesis, University of Oxford 1994 {{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.601153}}
* Sarah Elizabeth Cant: ''Self-referentiality and the works of Annie Ernaux, [[Patrick Modiano]], and [[Daniel Pennac]].'' Thesis, University of Oxford 2000 {{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.327374}}
* Georges Gaillard: ''Traumatisme, solitude et auto-engendrement. Annie Ernaux: "L’événement".'' Filigrane, écoutes psychothérapiques, 15, 1. Montréal, Spring 2006 {{ISSN|1192-1412}} en ligne; {{ISSN|1911-4656}} {{doi|10.7202/013530AR}} p. 67–86

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721193525/http://auteurs.contemporain.info/annie-ernaux/ Critical bibliography (Auteurs.contemporain.info)]

{{Prix Renaudot}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ernaux, Annie}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Lillebonne]]
[[Category:French women novelists]]
[[Category:Prix Renaudot winners]]
[[Category:20th-century French novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century French women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century French novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century French women writers]]

Booker Prize

2022-09-26T12:45:55Z

82.71.1.207: corrected broken links to external websites, added in citations for several winners in the table.

Schindler's Ark

2022-09-26T12:31:28Z

82.71.1.207: added in the booker prize win

{{Short description|1982 novel by Thomas Keneally}}
{{About|the novel|the planned museum in Brněnec|Brněnec#The factory}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=November 2011}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Schindler's Ark (Schindler's List)
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Schindler's Ark cover.png
| caption = First edition cover
| author = [[Thomas Keneally]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = Australia
| language = English
| series =
| genre = [[Biographical novel]]
| publisher = [[Hodder and Stoughton]]
| release_date = 18 October 1982
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]])
| pages = 380 pp (hardcover edition)
| isbn = 0-340-27838-2
| isbn_note = (hardcover edition)
| oclc = 8994901
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| awards = Booker Prize 1982
}}
'''''Schindler's Ark''''' is a historical novel published in 1982 by the Australian novelist [[Thomas Keneally]]. The United States edition of the book was titled '''''Schindler's List;''''' it was later reissued in [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries under that name as well. The novel won the [[Booker Prize]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Booker Prize 1982 {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/1982 |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref> and was awarded the [[Los Angeles Times Book Prize|''Los Angeles Times'' Book Prize]] for Fiction in 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://events.latimes.com/bookprizes/previous-winners/winners-by-award/#fiction|title=Book Prizes – Los Angeles Times Festival of Books» Winners By Award|work=Los Angeles Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405013402/http://events.latimes.com/bookprizes/previous-winners/winners-by-award/#fiction|archive-date=5 April 2013}}</ref>

The book tells the story of [[Oskar Schindler]], a member of the [[Nazi Party]] who becomes an unlikely hero by saving the lives of 1,200 [[Jews]] during [[the Holocaust]]. It follows actual people and events, with fictional dialogue and scenes added by the author where exact details are unknown.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/22/books/nonfiction-schindler-s-list-and-a-fiction-prize.html|title=NONFICTION 'SCHINDLER'S LIST' AND A FICTION PRIZE|first=Richard F.|last=Shepard|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=22 November 1982}}</ref> Keneally wrote a number of well-received novels before and after ''Schindler's Ark''; however, in the wake of its highly successful [[Schindler's List|1993 film adaptation]] directed by director [[Steven Spielberg]], it has since gone on to become his most well-known and celebrated work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1134412,00.html|title=Review: The Tyrant's Novel by Thomas Keneally|author=Alfred Hickling|work=The Guardian|date=31 January 2004}}</ref>

In 2022, the novel was included on the "[[Big Jubilee Read]]" list of 70 books by [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] authors, selected to celebrate the [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2Ynpj933DJ2YG5nsMS6fn8k/a-literary-celebration-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-record-breaking-reign|title=The Big Jubilee Read: A literary celebration of Queen Elizabeth II's record-breaking reign|website=BBC|date=17 April 2022|access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>

==Background==
[[Poldek Pfefferberg]], a [[Holocaust survivor]] and [[Schindlerjuden|Schindlerjude]],<ref Name=loc>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r103:E21AP4-404: HON. TOM LANTOS, in the House of Representatives. 21 April, 1994]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Library of Congress. Retrieved 8 September 2006.</ref> inspired Keneally to write ''Schindler's Ark''. After the war, Pfefferberg had tried on a number of occasions to interest the screenwriters and filmmakers he met through his business in making a film based on the story of Schindler and his efforts to save Polish Jews from the Nazis, as well as arranging several interviews with Schindler for American television.

Keneally's meetings with Pfefferberg and his research and interviews of Schindler's acquaintances are detailed in his 2007 book ''Searching for Schindler: A Memoir''. In October 1980, Keneally went into Pfefferberg's shop in [[Beverly Hills]] to ask about the price of briefcases. Learning that Keneally was a novelist, Pfefferberg showed him his extensive files on Schindler, kept in two cabinets in his back room.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/bookclub/story/0,,2082930,00.html|title=Schindler's Ark: genesis|author=Thomas Keneally|work=The Guardian|date=18 May 2007}}</ref> After 50 minutes of entreaties, Pfefferberg was able to convince Keneally to write the book. Pfefferberg became an advisor, accompanying Keneally to Poland, where they visited [[Kraków]] and other sites associated with the Schindler story. Keneally dedicated ''Schindler's Ark'' to Pfefferberg: "who by zeal and persistence caused this book to be written."

After the publication of ''Schindler's Ark'' in 1982, Pfefferberg worked to persuade [[Steven Spielberg]] to film Keneally's book, using his acquaintance with Spielberg's mother to gain access.

A [[carbon copy]] of Schindler's original 13-page list, initially thought to be lost, was discovered in 2009 in a library in Sydney, Australia.<ref name="original">{{cite news
| first = Kathy
| last = Marks
| title = Schindler's lost list found in Australia
| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/schindlers-lost-list-found-in-australia-1664454.html
| work = [[The Independent]]
| publisher = [[Independent News & Media]]
| location = Sydney
| date = 7 April 2009
| access-date = 7 April 2009
}}</ref>

==Plot summary==
This novel tells the story of [[Oskar Schindler]], self-made entrepreneur and ''[[wikt:bon viveur|bon viveur]]'' who finds himself saving Polish Jews from the Nazi death machine. Based on numerous eyewitness accounts, Keneally's story takes place within [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler's]] attempts to make Europe ''[[judenfrei]]'' (free of Jews). Schindler is presented as a flawed hero - a drinker, a womaniser and, at first, a profiteer. After the war, he was commemorated as [[Righteous Among the Nations]] by the [[Yad Vashem]] Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem, but was never seen as a conventionally virtuous character.<ref>[http://books.guardian.co.uk/bookclub/story/0,,2077629,00.html ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518112914/http://books.guardian.co.uk/bookclub/story/0,,2077629,00.html |date=18 May 2008 }}</ref> The story is not only Schindler's, it is the story of [[Kraków Ghetto|Kraków's Ghetto]] and the forced labour camp outside town, [[Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp|Płaszów]], and of [[Amon Göth]], Płaszów's commandant.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E2DB153BF937A15753C1A964948260|title=A GOOD MAN IN A BAD TIME|first=Paul|last=Zweig|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 October 1982}}</ref>

His wife [[Emilie Schindler]] later remarked in a German TV interview that Schindler did nothing remarkable before the war and nothing after it. "He was fortunate therefore that in the short fierce era between 1939 and 1945 he had met people who had summoned forth his deeper talents." After the war, his business ventures failed and he separated from his wife. He ended up living a sparse life in a small flat in [[Frankfurt]]. Eventually he arranged to live part of the year in [[Israel]], supported by his Jewish friends, and part of the year in Frankfurt, where he was often hissed at in the streets as a traitor to his "race". After 29 unexceptional postwar years, he died in 1974. He was buried in Jerusalem, as he wished, with the help of his old friend Pfefferberg.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/133_wbc_archive_new/page4.shtml Thomas Keneally discusses ''Schindler's Ark''] on the BBC ''[[World Book Club]]''
{{Thomas Keneally}}
{{Booker Prize}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1982 Australian novels]]
[[Category:Australian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Booker Prize-winning works]]
[[Category:Oskar Schindler]]
[[Category:Biographical novels]]
[[Category:Historical novels]]
[[Category:Non-fiction novels]]
[[Category:Novels about the Holocaust]]
[[Category:Books about the Holocaust]]
[[Category:Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust]]
[[Category:Novels by Thomas Keneally]]
[[Category:Novels set in Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Novels set in Poland]]
[[Category:Censored books]]
[[Category:Hodder & Stoughton books]]

Booker Prize

2022-09-26T12:26:11Z

82.71.1.207: moved the references to the longlist being published and removed a duplicate sentence. italicised the name of Life of Pi.

Booker Prize

2022-09-26T12:09:37Z

82.71.1.207: corrected the original prize sums which were incorrect. Added in more detail with references about past winners.

Booker Prize

2022-09-24T08:29:45Z

82.71.1.207: corrected a mistake - there are five judges not seven. Added in details about the first Booker Prize winner (PH Newby) and also added in the original trophy in 1969 was designed by the writer of Meg and Mog.

Hilary Mantel

2022-09-24T08:03:08Z

82.71.1.207: Added in that Mantel was a Booker Prize judge in 1990. Added in a comment from Pat Barker (plus reference) that she should have won the Booker Prize for her novel Beyond Black.

{{Short description|British writer (1952–2022)}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix = [[Dame]]
| name = Hilary Mantel
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE|FRSL}}
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Hilary Mary Thompson
| birth_date = 6 July 1952
| birth_place = [[Glossop]], [[Derbyshire]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|9|22|1952|6|7|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Exeter]], Devon, England
| period = 1985–2020
|language=English
| notable_works = ''[[Wolf Hall]]'' ''[[Bring Up the Bodies]]'' ''[[Fludd (novel)|Fludd]]'' ''[[Beyond Black]]''
| occupation = Novelist, short story writer, essayist and critic
| spouse = {{marriage|Gerald McEwen|1973|1981|end=div}}{{marriage||1982}}
| education = [[London School of Economics]] [[University of Sheffield]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| awards = {{awd|[[Booker Prize]]|2009, 2012}} {{awd|[[Walter Scott Prize]]|2010, 2021}} {{awd|[[2012 Costa Book Awards|Costa Novel Prize]]|2012}}
| module = {{Listen| embed=yes |filename = Hilary mantell in bookclub b03c2mys.flac |title = Hilary Mantel's voice |type = speech |description = from the BBC programme ''[[Bookclub (radio)|Bookclub]]'', 6 October 2013<ref name="bbc">{{cite episode |title=Hilary Mantel – Bring Up the Bodies |series=Bookclub |series-link=Bookclub (radio) |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03c2mys |access-date=18 January 2014 |station=BBC Radio 4 |date=6 October 2013 }}</ref>}}
| website = {{URL|Hilary-Mantel.com}}
}}
'''Dame Hilary Mary Mantel''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=|DBE|FRSL}} ({{IPAc-en|m|æ|n|ˈ|t|ɛ|l}} {{respell|man|TEL|'}};<ref name="Pronunciation">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/magazinemonitor/2009/09/how_to_say_3.shtml |title=How to Say: JM Coetzee and other Booker authors |last=Sangster |first=Catherine |date=14 September 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=1 October 2009}}</ref> née '''Thompson'''; 6 July 1952 – 22 September 2022) was a British writer whose work includes historical fiction, personal memoirs and short stories.<ref name="likethis">{{cite web |url=http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth67 |title=Literature: Writers: Hilary Mantel| publisher=[[British Council]] |year=2011 |access-date=14 May 2012}}</ref> Her first novel, ''[[Every Day is Mother's Day]]'', was published in 1985. She went on to write 12 novels, two collections of short stories, a personal memoir, and numerous articles and opinion pieces.

Mantel won the [[Booker Prize]] twice: the first was for her 2009 novel ''[[Wolf Hall]]'', a fictional account of [[Thomas Cromwell]]'s rise to power in the court of [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], and the second was for its 2012 sequel ''[[Bring Up the Bodies]]''. The third instalment of the Cromwell trilogy, ''[[The Mirror & the Light]]'', was longlisted for the same prize.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/booker-prize/news/2020-booker-prize-longlist-announced|title=The 2020 Booker Prize longlist announced|publisher=The Booker Prizes|date=27 July 2020|access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Hilary Mary Thompson was born in [[Glossop]], Derbyshire, the eldest of three children, and raised as a Roman Catholic<ref name=catholic/> in the [[mill village]] of [[Hadfield, Derbyshire|Hadfield]] where she attended St Charles [[Roman Catholic]] Primary School. Her parents, Margaret (née Foster) and Henry Thompson, were both of Irish descent but born in England.<ref name="NYer">{{cite magazine |first=Larissa |last=MacFarquhar |author-link=Larissa MacFarquhar |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/10/15/121015fa_fact_macfarquhar?currentPage=all |title=How Hilary Mantel Revitalized Historical Fiction|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=15 October 2012|access-date=17 October 2012}}</ref> Her parents separated and she did not see her father after the age of eleven. The family, without her father but with Jack Mantel (1932–1995),<ref>{{cite news |first=Hilary |last=Mantel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/apr/17/hilary-mantel-author-author |title=Hilary Mantel remembers her stepfather's books|work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=17 October 2012|location=London|date=17 April 2010}}</ref> who by now had moved in with them, relocated to [[Romiley]], [[Cheshire]], and Jack became her unofficial stepfather.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/7345476/Hilary-Mantel-interview.html|title=Hilary Mantel Interview|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|last=Murphy|first=Anna|date=1 March 2010|access-date=2 January 2011|location=London}}</ref> At this point she took her ''de facto'' stepfather's surname legally.

She attended [[Harrytown Catholic High School|Harrytown Convent school]] in [[Romiley]], Cheshire. In 1970, she began her studies at the [[London School of Economics]] to read law.<ref name=likethis/> She transferred to the [[University of Sheffield]] and graduated as a Bachelor of [[Jurisprudence]] in 1973.<ref name="NYer"/> After university, Mantel worked in the social work department of a geriatric hospital and then as a sales assistant in a department store.{{cn|date=April 2022}}

In 1973 she married Gerald McEwen, a [[geologist]].<ref name=gentlewoman/> In 1974, she began writing a novel about the [[French Revolution]], but was unable to find a publisher (it was eventually released as ''A Place of Greater Safety'' in 1992). In 1977 Mantel moved to [[Botswana]] with her husband where they lived for the next five years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/people/hilary-mantel |title=Hilary Mantel |publisher=The Man Booker Prize |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128125009/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/people/hilary-mantel |archive-date=28 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later, they spent four years in [[Jeddah, Saudi Arabia|Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. She published a memoir of this period in the ''[[London Review of Books]]''. She later said that leaving Jeddah felt like "the happiest day of [her] life".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/feb/21/hilary-mantel-saudi-arabia |title=Once upon a life|work=[[The Observer]] Magazine|date= 21 February 2010|location=London|first=Hilary|last=Mantel}}</ref>

==Literary career==
Mantel's first novel, ''[[Every Day is Mother's Day]],'' was published in 1985, and its sequel, ''[[Vacant Possession (novel)|Vacant Possession]]'', a year later. After returning to England, she became the film critic of ''[[The Spectator]]'', a position she held from 1987 to 1991,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/hilary-mantel|title=Hilary Mantel - Literature|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212234223/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/hilary-mantel|archive-date=12 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a reviewer for a number of papers and magazines in Britain and the United States. Her novel ''[[Eight Months on Ghazzah Street]]'' (1988), which drew on her life in Saudi Arabia, uses a threatening clash of values between the neighbours in a city apartment block to explore the tensions between Islamic culture and the liberal West.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Hephzibah |date=19 April 2009 |title=Hilary Mantel: on the path from pain to prizes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/apr/19/hilary-mantel-man-booker |access-date=30 July 2011 |newspaper=The Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Mohit K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_YatfLrgnMC&pg=PA340 |title=The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=2007 |isbn=9788126908325 |page=340}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Rees |first=Jasper |date=8 Oct 2009 |title=Hilary Mantel: health or the Man Booker Prize? I'd take health |newspaper=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booker-prize/6271036/Hilary-Mantel-health-or-the-Man-Booker-Prize-Id-take-health.html |accessdate=30 July 2011}}</ref> Her [[Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize]]-winning novel ''[[Fludd (novel)|Fludd]]'' is set in 1956 in a fictitious northern village called Fetherhoughton, centring on a Roman Catholic church and a convent. A mysterious stranger brings about transformations in the lives of those around him.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

Mantel was a Booker Prize judge in 1990, when [[A. S. Byatt|A.S. Byatt's]] novel ''[[Possession (Byatt novel)|Possession]]'' was awarded the prize<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Booker Prize 1990 {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/1990 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref>.

''[[A Place of Greater Safety]]'' (1992) won the [[Sunday Express Book of the Year]] award, for which her two previous books had been shortlisted. A long and historically accurate novel, it traces the career of three French revolutionaries, [[Georges Danton|Danton]], [[Robespierre]] and [[Camille Desmoulins]], from childhood to their early deaths during the [[Reign of Terror]] of 1794.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

''[[A Change of Climate]]'' (1994), set in rural [[Norfolk]], explores the lives of Ralph and Anna Eldred, as they raise their four children and devote their lives to charity. It includes chapters about their early married life as missionaries in South Africa, when they were imprisoned and deported to [[Bechuanaland]], and the tragedy that occurred there.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

''[[An Experiment in Love]]'' (1996), which won the [[Hawthornden Prize]], takes place over two university terms in 1970. It follows the progress of three girls – two friends and one enemy – as they leave home and attend university in London. [[Margaret Thatcher]] makes a cameo appearance in this novel, which explores women's appetites and ambitions, and suggests how they are often thwarted. Though Mantel used material from her own life, it is not an autobiographical novel.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

Her next book, ''[[The Giant, O'Brien]]'' (1998), is set in the 1780s, and is based on the true story of [[Charles Byrne (giant)|Charles Byrne]] (or O'Brien). He came to London to earn money by displaying himself as a freak. His bones hang today in the Museum of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England|Royal College of Surgeons]]. The novel treats O'Brien and his antagonist, the Scots surgeon [[John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]], less as characters in history than as mythic protagonists in a dark and violent fairytale, necessary casualties of the [[Age of Enlightenment]]. She adapted the book for [[BBC Radio 4]], in a play starring [[Alex Norton]] (as Hunter) and [[Frances Tomelty]].{{cn|date=September 2022}}

In 2003 Mantel published her memoir, ''Giving Up the Ghost'', which won the [[Mind (charity)|MIND]] "Book of the Year" award. That same year she brought out a collection of short stories, ''Learning To Talk''. All the stories deal with childhood and, taken together, the books show how the events of a life are mediated as fiction. Her 2005 novel, ''[[Beyond Black]]'', was shortlisted for the [[Orange Prize]] and longlisted for the Booker Prize in 2005<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond Black {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/beyond-black |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref>. Novelist [[Pat Barker]] said it was "the book that should actually have won the Booker"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Hilary Mantel: how the Wolf Hall author rewrote history {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/features/celebrating-hilary-mantel |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref>. Set in the late 1990s and early 2000s, it features a professional medium, Alison Hart, whose calm and jolly exterior conceals grotesque psychic damage. She trails around with her a troupe of "fiends", who are invisible but always on the verge of becoming flesh.{{cn|date=September 2022}}

The long novel ''[[Wolf Hall]]'', about [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]'s minister [[Thomas Cromwell]], was published in 2009 to critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/sep/08/man-booker-shortlist|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=Booker Prize prize shortlist pits veteran Coetzee against bookies' favourite Mantel|first=Alison|last=Flood|date=8 September 2009|access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref> The book won that year's [[Booker Prize]] and, upon winning the award, Mantel said, "I can tell you at this moment I am happily flying through the air".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8292488.stm|work=BBC News|title=Mantel named Booker Prize winner|date=6 October 2009|access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref> Judges voted three to two in favour of ''Wolf Hall'' for the prize. Mantel was presented with a trophy and a £50,000 cash prize during an evening ceremony at the [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]], London.<ref name="Booker prize goes to Hilary Mantel for Wolf Hall">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/oct/06/booker-prize-hilary-mantel-wolf-hall|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=Booker prize goes to Hilary Mantel for Wolf Hall|first=Mark|last=Brown|date=6 October 2009|access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article6863836.ece|title=The Booker got it right: Mantel's Cromwell is a book for all seasons|date=6 October 2009|work=The Times|access-date=7 October 2009|location=London|first=Neel|last=Mukherjee|author-link=Neel Mukherjee (writer)}}</ref> The panel of judges, led by the broadcaster [[James Naughtie]], described ''Wolf Hall'' as an "extraordinary piece of storytelling".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article6863793.ece|work=The Times|location=London|title=Booker Prize won by Hilary Mantels tale of historical intrigue|first=Ben|last=Hoyle|date=6 October 2009|access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref> Leading up to the award, the book was backed as the favourite by bookmakers and accounted for 45% of the sales of all the nominated books.<ref name="Booker prize goes to Hilary Mantel for Wolf Hall"/> It was the first favourite since 2002 to win the award.<ref name="Hilary Mantel’s 'Wolf Hall' Wins U.K. Booker Prize, 50,000 Pounds"/> On receiving the prize, Mantel said that she would spend the prize money on "sex and drugs and rock' n' roll".<ref>{{cite news|last=Voigt|first=Claudia|title=Der schwarze Kern|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=14 January 2013|pages=132–134|language=de}}</ref>

The sequel to ''Wolf Hall'', called ''[[Bring Up the Bodies]]'', was published in May 2012 to wide acclaim. It won the [[2012 Costa Book Awards|2012 Costa Book of the Year]] and the 2012 Booker Prize; Mantel thus became the first British writer and the first woman to win the [[Booker Prize]] more than once.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/10/16/163038934/hilary-mantel-first-woman-to-win-booker-prize-twice|title=Hilary Mantel First Woman To Win Booker Prize Twice|newspaper=NPR.org}}</ref><ref name="Bring Up the Bodies Review">{{cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/books/2012/05/wolf_hall_sequel_hilary_mantel_s_bring_up_the_bodies_reviewed_.html|work=Slate|title=Hilary Mantel's Heart of Stone|date=4 May 2012|access-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> Mantel was the fourth author to receive the award twice, following [[J. M. Coetzee]], [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]] and [[J. G. Farrell]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Clark, Nick |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/booker-prize-2012-hilary-mantel-could-become-first-british-writer-to-win-the-literary-prize-twice-after-bring-up-the-bodies-makes-shortlist-8125426.html |title=Booker Prize 2012: Hilary Mantel could become first British writer to win the literary prize twice after Bring up the Bodies makes shortlist |work=The Independent |date=11 September 2012 |access-date=17 October 2012 |location=London}}</ref><ref name="Hilary Mantel’s 'Wolf Hall' Wins U.K. Booker Prize, 50,000 Pounds">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601088&sid=a4993nQqaUFw |work=Bloomberg |title=Hilary Mantel's 'Wolf Hall' Wins U.K. Booker Prize, 50,000 Pounds | last= Pressley|first= James |author2= Hephzibah Anderson|date=6 October 2009|access-date=14 May 2012}}</ref> This award also made Mantel the first author to win the award for a sequel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Alter|first=Alexandra|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/24/books/hilary-mantel-mirror-and-the-light-thomas-cromwell.html|title=For Hilary Mantel, There's No Time Like the Past|date=24 February 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=26 February 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The books were adapted into plays by the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] and were produced as a [[Wolf Hall (TV series)|mini-series]] by [[BBC]].<ref name=":0" /> In 2020 Mantel published the third novel of the Thomas Cromwell trilogy, called ''[[The Mirror and the Light]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-15788358|title=Hilary Mantel reveals plans for Wolf Hall trilogy|work=BBC News|date=18 November 2011|access-date=13 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-20887309 |title=Hilary Mantel wins 2012 Costa novel prize|date=2 January 2013 |access-date=2 January 2013|work=BBC News}}</ref> ''The Mirror and the Light'' was selected for the longlist for the 2020 Booker Prize.<ref>{{cite web |title=Booker Prize 2020: Hilary Mantel makes longlist |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-53557876 |work=BBC News |access-date=28 July 2020 |date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

She was also working on a short non-fiction book, titled ''The Woman Who Died of Robespierre'', about the Polish playwright [[Stanisława Przybyszewska]]. Mantel also wrote reviews and essays, mainly for ''[[The Guardian]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/hilary-mantel |title=Hilary Mantel {{!}} Books |website=The Guardian |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> the ''[[London Review of Books]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/contributors/hilary-mantel |title=Hilary Mantel · LRB |website=www.lrb.co.uk |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> and the ''[[New York Review of Books]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nybooks.com/contributors/hilary-mantel/ |title=Hilary Mantel |website=The New York Review of Books |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> ''[[The Culture Show]]'' programme on [[BBC Two]] broadcast a profile of Mantel on 17 September 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0152cyz |title=Hilary Mantel: A Culture Show Special |publisher= [[BBC Two]] |access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref>

In December 2016, Mantel spoke with ''[[Kenyon Review]]'' editor David H. Lynn on the KR Podcast<ref name=KRpodcast>[https://www.kenyonreview.org/conversation/kr-podcast-with-hilary-mantel/ "KR Podcast with Hilary Mantel"], ''Kenyon Review''.</ref> about the way historical novels are published, what it is like to live in the world of one character for more than ten years, writing for the stage, and the final book in her Thomas Cromwell trilogy, ''The Mirror and the Light''.<ref name=KRpodcast />

She delivered the 2017 [[Reith Lectures]] on [[BBC Radio Four]], talking about the theme of historical fiction. Her final one of these lectures was on the theme of adaptation of historical novels for stage or screen.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mantel |first=Hilary |title=Adaptation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08x9947 |website=[[BBC Online]] |date=15 July 2017 |access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref> Mantel's lectures were selected by its producer, Jim Frank, as amongst the best of the long-running series.<ref>{{cite web |last=Frank |first=Jim |title=Ten of the best Reith Lectures |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5p0gRZmQ40dLvRbhqJtpVDC/ten-of-the-best-reith-lectures |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=BBC Online}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Mantel married Gerald McEwen in 1973. They divorced in 1981 but remarried in 1982.<ref name=gentlewoman>{{cite magazine|last=Emina|first=Seb|date=Spring–Summer 2020|url=https://thegentlewoman.co.uk/library/hilary-mantel_4|title=Hilary Mantel {{!}} The queen of historical fiction|magazine=[[The Gentlewoman (magazine)|The Gentlewoman]]|issue=21|access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref> McEwen gave up geology to manage his wife's business.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://m.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/mantel-she-writes-about-cromwell-but-henry-viii-is-the-key/article4170246/?service=mobile|title=Inverview Mantel: She writes about Cromwell, but Henry VIII is the key| work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|last=Renzetti|first=Elizabeth|date=18 June 2012|access-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> They lived in [[Budleigh Salterton]], Devon.{{when|date=April 2022}}<ref name=":0" />

During her twenties, Mantel had a debilitating and painful illness. She was initially diagnosed with a psychiatric illness, hospitalised, and treated with antipsychotic drugs, which reportedly produced psychotic symptoms. In consequence, Mantel refrained from seeking help from doctors for some years. Finally, in [[Botswana]] and desperate, she consulted a medical textbook and realised she was probably suffering from a severe form of [[endometriosis]], a diagnosis confirmed by doctors in London. The condition and (at the time) necessary surgery – a surgical menopause at the age of 27 – left her unable to have children, and continued to disrupt her life. She later said "you've thought your way through questions of fertility and menopause and what it means to be without children because it all happened catastrophically". This led Mantel to see the problematised woman's body as a theme in her writing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hilary Mantel: 'Being a novelist is no fun. But fun isn't high on my list' |newspaper=The Guardian |date=4 October 2020 |access-date = 17 January 2021|url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/oct/04/hilary-mantel-wolf-hall-mantel-pieces}}</ref> She later became [[patron (charity)|patron]] of the Endometriosis SHE Trust.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/jun/07/health.genderissues |title='Every part of my body hurt' – Hilary Mantel on a little understood disease: endometriosis |first=Hilary |last=Mantel |date=7 June 2004|access-date = 17 January 2021|work = [[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Mantel died on 22 September 2022, at a hospital in [[Exeter]], from complications of a stroke that had occurred three days earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-23 |title=Hilary Mantel, celebrated author of Wolf Hall, dies aged 70 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/sep/23/hilary-mantel-author-wolf-hall-dies |first=Lucy |last=Knight|access-date=2022-09-23 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name= NYT>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/23/books/hilary-mantel-dead.html|title = Hilary Mantel, Prize-Winning Author of Historical Fiction, Dies at 70|last1 = Marshall|first1 = Alex|last2 = Alter|first2 = Alexandra|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = 23 September 2022|accessdate = 23 September 2022|url-access = limited}}</ref> Reacting to her death, author [[Douglas Stuart (writer)|Douglas Stuart]] quoted Mantel's agent Bill Hamilton, saying "She saw and felt things us ordinary mortals missed, but when she perceived the need for confrontation she would fearlessly go into battle", [[Bernardine Evaristo]] called Mantel a "massive talent", and [[Nilanjana Roy]] called Mantel "tenacious, gifted, visionary".<ref name=guardian_death_reactions/>

== Views ==

During her university years, Mantel identified as a socialist.<ref name="NYer"/>

=== Comments on royalty ===
In a 2013 speech on media and royal women at the [[British Museum]], Mantel commented on [[Catherine Middleton]], then the [[Duchess of Cambridge]], saying that Middleton was forced to present herself publicly as a personality-free "shop window mannequin" whose sole purpose is to deliver an heir to the throne.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sherwin|first= Adam|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/hilary-mantel-attacks-bland-plastic-machinemade-duchess-of-cambridge-8500035.html |title=Hilary Mantel attacks 'bland, plastic, machine-made' Duchess of Cambridge|newspaper=The Independent'|date=19 February 2013|access-date= 19 February 2013}}</ref><ref>"They also took up a total of four paragraphs in a 30-paragraph speech – less than one-seventh, in other words" according to [[Hadley Freeman]] [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/19/hilary-mantel-duchess-cambridge-scandal "Hilary Mantel v the Duchess of Cambridge: a story of lazy journalism and raging hypocrisy"], ''The Guardian'', 19 February 2013.</ref> Mantel expanded on these views in an essay for the ''[[London Review of Books]]'' (LRB): "It may be that the whole phenomenon of monarchy is irrational, but that doesn't mean that when we look at it we should behave like spectators at [[Bethlem Royal Hospital|Bedlam]]. Cheerful curiosity can easily become cruelty".<ref name="LRB13">Mantel, Hilary (21 February 2013). [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n04/hilary-mantel/royal-bodies "Royal Bodies"], ''London Review of Books'', 35:4, pp.3–7.</ref>

These remarks caused much controversy. The Leader of the Opposition [[Ed Miliband]] and Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] criticised them, while [[Jemima Khan]] defended Mantel.<ref>Sherwin, Adam. [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/david-cameron-defends-kate-over-hilary-mantels-shopwindow-mannequin-remarks-8501237.html "David Cameron defends Kate over Hilary Mantel’s ‘shop-window mannequin’ remarks"], ''The Independent'', 19 February 2013.</ref><ref>Jessica Elgot. [http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/02/19/hilary-mantel-on-kate-middleton-right_n_2715638.html "Hilary Mantel And 10 Reasons Why She Might Be Right About Kate Middleton"], ''The Huffington Post'', 19 February 2013.</ref> [[Zing Tsjeng]] praised the LRB essay, finding the "clarity of prose and analysis is just incredible".<ref name=guardian_death_reactions>{{cite news |last1=Bryant |first1=Miranda |title=‘We’ve lost a genius’: authors and politicians pay tribute to Hilary Mantel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/sep/23/hilary-mantel-genius-authors-politicians-pay-tribute |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=23 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Margaret Thatcher ===
In September 2014, in an interview published in ''[[The Guardian]]'', Mantel said she had fantasised about the murder of the [[British prime minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]] in 1983, and fictionalised the event in a short story called "The Assassination of Margaret Thatcher: 6 August 1983". Allies of Thatcher called for a police investigation, to which Mantel responded: "Bringing in the police for an investigation was beyond anything I could have planned or hoped for, because it immediately exposes them to ridicule."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/hilary-mantel-coalition-is-more-brutal-to-poor-and-immigrants-than-thomas-cromwell-9858630.html |location=London |work=The Independent |first=Adam |last=Sherwin |title=Hilary Mantel: Coalition government more brutal to poor and immigrants than Thomas Cromwell was |date=13 November 2014}}</ref>

=== Comments on Catholicism ===
Mantel discussed her religious views in her 2003 memoir, ''Giving Up the Ghost''. Brought up as a [[Roman Catholic]], she ceased to believe at age 12, but said the religion left a permanent mark on her:
<blockquote>[the] real cliché, the sense of guilt. You grow up believing that you're wrong and bad. And for me, because I took what I was told really seriously, it bred a very intense habit of introspection and self-examination and a terrible severity with myself. So that nothing was ever good enough. It's like installing a policeman, and one moreover who keeps changing the law.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/sep/12/hilary-mantel-booker-prize-interview|location=London|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Aida|last=Edemariam|title=I accumulated an anger that would rip a roof off|date=12 September 2009}}</ref></blockquote>

In a 2013 interview with ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', Mantel stated: "I think that nowadays the Catholic Church is not an institution for respectable people. [...] When I was a child I wondered why priests and nuns were not nicer people. I thought that they were amongst the worst people I knew."<ref name=catholic>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/9262955/Hilary-Mantel-Catholic-Church-is-not-for-respectable-people.html |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Anita |last=Singh |title=Hilary Mantel: Catholic Church is not for respectable people |date=13 May 2012}}</ref> These statements, as well as the themes explored in her earlier novel ''[[Fludd (novel)|Fludd]]'', led the Catholic bishop [[Mark O'Toole (bishop)|Mark O'Toole]] to comment: "There is an [[anti-Catholic]] thread there, there is no doubt about it. ''Wolf Hall'' is not neutral."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicireland.net/concern-anti-catholic-bias-bbcs-wolf-hall/|title=Concern over anti catholic bias in BBC's Wolf Hall - Catholicireland.net |date=6 February 2015}}</ref>

==List of works==

===Novels===

* Every Day is Mother's Day series:
*# ''[[Every Day is Mother's Day]]'': [[Chatto & Windus]], 1985
*# ''[[Vacant Possession (novel)|Vacant Possession]]'': [[Chatto & Windus]], 1986
* ''[[Eight Months on Ghazzah Street]]'': [[Viking Press]], 1988
* ''[[Fludd (novel)|Fludd]]'': [[Viking Press]], 1989
* ''[[A Place of Greater Safety]]'': [[Viking Press]], 1992
* ''[[A Change of Climate]]'': [[Viking Press]], 1994
* ''[[An Experiment in Love]]'': [[Viking Press]], 1995
* ''[[The Giant, O'Brien]]'': [[HarperCollins|Fourth Estate]], 1998
* ''[[Beyond Black]]'': [[HarperCollins|Fourth Estate]], 2005
* Thomas Cromwell series:
*#''[[Wolf Hall]]'': [[HarperCollins|Fourth Estate]], 2009<ref>{{cite news|author=Benfey, Christopher|author-link=Christopher Benfey|title=Sunday Book Review of ''Wolf Hall'' by Hilary Mantel|date=29 October 2009|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/01/books/review/Benfey-t.html?pagewanted=all}}</ref>
*# ''[[Bring Up the Bodies]]'': [[HarperCollins|Fourth Estate]], 2012<ref>{{cite news|author=McGrath, Charles|title=Sunday Book Review of ''Bring Up the Bodies'' by Hilary Mantel|date=25 May 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/27/books/review/bring-up-the-bodies-by-hilary-mantel.html?pagewanted=all}}</ref>
*# ''[[The Mirror & the Light]]'': [[HarperCollins|Fourth Estate]], 5 March 2020. {{ISBN|978-0007480999}}

===Short story collections===
* ''[[Learning to Talk]]'' ([[HarperCollins|Fourth Estate]], 2003)
**"King Billy Is a Gentleman"
**"Destroyed"
**"Curved is the Line of Beauty"
**"Learning to Talk"
**"Third Floor Rising"
**"The Clean Slate"
* ''The Assassination of Margaret Thatcher'' ([[HarperCollins|Fourth Estate]], 2014)<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/01/17/hilary-mantel-to-publish-the-assassination-of-margaret-thatcher/ | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=The Style Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Castle, Terry|author-link=Terry Castle|title=Sunday Book Review of ''The Assassination of Margaret Thatcher: Stories'' by Hilary Mantel|date=2 October 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/05/books/review/the-assassination-of-margaret-thatcher-by-hilary-mantel.html}}</ref>
**"Sorry to Disturb"
**"Comma"
**"The Long QT"
**"Winter Break"
**"Harley Street"
**"Offences Against the Person"
**"How Shall I Know You?"
**"The Heart Fails Without Warning"
**"Terminus"
**"The English School"
**"The Assassination of Margaret Thatcher"

===Memoir===
* ''Giving Up the Ghost'' ([[HarperCollins|Fourth Estate]], 2003)

===Selected articles and essays===
* [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v22/n07/mant01_.html "What a man this is, with his crowd of women around him!"], ''London Review of Books'', 30 March 2000.
* [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n05/hilary-mantel/some-girls-want-out "Some Girls Want Out"], ''London Review of Books'', v. 26 no. 5, pg 14–18, 4 March 2004. Describes extreme fasting for religious purposes as "holy anorexia", compares it with "secular anorexia", and characterizes both as "social hypocrisy".
* [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n21/hilary-mantel/diary "Diary"], ''London Review of Books'', 4 November 2010.
* [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n04/hilary-mantel/royal-bodies "Royal Bodies"], ''London Review of Books'', 21 February 2013
* [http://ioc.sagepub.com/content/45/3/64.extract "Blot, erase, delete: How the author found her voice and why all writers should resist the urge to change their past words"], ''Index Censorship'', September 2016.

== Awards and honours ==

=== Literary prizes ===
{{div col}}
* 1987 Shiva Naipaul Memorial Prize{{cn|date=September 2022}}
* 1990 Southern Arts Literature Prize for ''Fludd''{{cn|date=September 2022}}
* 1990 [[Cheltenham Prize]] for ''Fludd''{{cn|date=September 2022}}
* 1990 [[Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize]] for ''Fludd''<ref>{{cite web|title=The Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize|url=http://www.rslit.org/content/holtby|publisher=The Royal Society of Literature|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301190606/http://www.rslit.org/content/holtby|archivedate=1 March 2012}}</ref>
* 1992 [[Sunday Express Book of the Year]] for ''A Place of Greater Safety''{{cn|date=September 2022}}
* 1996 [[Hawthornden Prize]] for ''An Experiment in Love''{{cn|date=September 2022}}
* 2003 [[Mind (charity)|MIND]] Book of the Year for ''Giving Up the Ghost (A Memoir)''{{cn|date=September 2022}}
* 2009 [[Booker Prize]] for ''Wolf Hall''<ref name="Booker prize goes to Hilary Mantel for Wolf Hall"/>
* 2009 [[National Book Critics Circle Award]] for ''Wolf Hall''{{cn|date=September 2022}}
* 2010 [[Walter Scott Prize]] for ''Wolf Hall''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lea |first1=Richard |title=Hilary Mantel wins Walter Scott historical fiction prize for Wolf Hall |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/21/hilary-mantel-walter-scott-prize |work=The Guardian |date=21 June 2010 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2010 UK Author of the Year, [[British Book Awards]], for ''Wolf Hall''{{cn|date=September 2022}}
* 2012 [[Booker Prize]] for ''Bring Up the Bodies''<ref name=":0"/>
* 2012 UK Author of the Year, British Book Awards, for ''Bring Up the Bodies''<ref name=flood2012>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/dec/05/el-james-national-books-award |title=EL James comes out on top at National Book awards |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Alison |last=Flood |date=5 December 2012 |access-date=5 December 2012 |location=London}}</ref>
* 2012 Novel prize and Book of the Year, [[Costa Book Awards]], for ''Bring Up the Bodies''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-20887309 |title=Hilary Mantel wins 2012 Costa novel prize |author=Staff writer |author-link=Staff writer |date=2 January 2013 |access-date=2 January 2013 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=mccrum>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jan/29/hilary-mantel-middlebrow-triumph-costa |title=Hilary Mantel's Bring Up the Bodies: a middlebrow triumph |work=The Guardian |author=McCrum, Robert |date=29 January 2013 |access-date=30 January 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9835561/Costa-Book-Award-who-would-dare-refuse-Hilary-Mantel-her-crown.html |title=Costa Book Award: who would dare refuse Hilary Mantel her crown? |work=The Telegraph |author=Rahim, Sameer |date=29 January 2013 |access-date=30 January 2013 |location=London}}</ref>
* 2013 [[David Cohen Prize]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/mar/07/hilary-mantel-david-cohen-prize |title=Hilary Mantel adds David Cohen award to Booker and Costa prizes |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Alison |last=Flood |date=7 March 2013 |access-date=8 March 2013 |location=London}}</ref>
* 2013 Literature prize, [[South Bank Show Awards]], for ''Bring up the Bodies''<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.westendtheatre.com/21337/awards/south-bank-sky-arts-awards-winners-2013/| title= South Bank Sky Arts Awards – Winners 2013| publisher = West End Theatre| access-date = 18 February 2014}}</ref>
* 2016 [[British Academy President's Medal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=British Academy announces 2016 prizes and medal winners|url=http://www.britac.ac.uk/news/british-academy-announces-2016-prize-and-medal-winners|website=The British Academy|access-date=24 July 2017|date=27 September 2016}}</ref>
* 2016 [[The Kenyon Review|Kenyon Review Award for Literary Achievement]]<ref>[https://www.kenyonreview.org/programs/kenyon-review-award-for-literary-achievement/hilary-mantel/ "Hilary Mantel"], ''Kenyon Review''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kenyon Review for Literary Achievement|url=http://www.kenyonreview.org/programs/kenyon-review-award-for-literary-achievement/|website=KenyonReview.org}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

=== Honours ===
{{div col}}
*[[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in the [[2006 Birthday Honours]]{{cn|date=September 2022}}
* 2009 Honorary [[DLitt]] from [[Sheffield Hallam University]]<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.shu.ac.uk/_assets/pdf/newview-winter-09.pdf | title=Hallam's Class of 2009 | author= | journal=Newview | pages=14 | date=Winter 2009 | publisher=Sheffield Hallam University}}</ref>
* 2011 Honorary DLitt from the [[University of Exeter]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.exeter.ac.uk/honorarygraduates/2011/honorarygraduates/ceremony2/ |title=Honorary graduates 2011–12 |publisher=University of Exeter |date=17 July 2011 |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref>
* 2011 Honorary DLitt from [[Kingston University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kingston.ac.uk/news/article/485/03-nov-2011-writer-hilary-mantel-receives-honorary-degree/|title=Writer Hilary Mantel receives honorary degree|date=3 November 2011|publisher=[[Kingston University|Kingston University London]]|access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref>
* 2013 Honorary DLitt from the [[University of Cambridge]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2012-13/weekly/6304/section1.shtml | work=Cambridge University Reporter | date=22 April 2013 | access-date=30 January 2016 | title=Congregation of the Regent House for Honorary Degrees on Tuesday, 18 June 2013: Notice}}</ref>
* 2013 Honorary DLitt from the [[University of Derby]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.derby.ac.uk/newsevents/news/archive/news-archive/celebrated-author-hilary-mantel-to-be-honoured-by-university-of-derby.php | title=Celebrated Author Hilary Mantel To Be Honoured By University of Derby | publisher=University of Derby | date=10 December 2013 | access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref>
* 2013 Honorary DLitt from [[Bath Spa University]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bathspa.ac.uk/homepage/news/leading-figures-from-uk-arts-and-education-awarded-honorary-degrees-by-bath-spa-university | title=Leading figures from UK arts and education awarded honorary degrees by Bath Spa University | publisher=Bath Spa University | date=12 July 2013 | access-date=30 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206175100/https://www.bathspa.ac.uk/homepage/news/leading-figures-from-uk-arts-and-education-awarded-honorary-degrees-by-bath-spa-university | archive-date=6 February 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (DBE) in the [[2014 Birthday Honours]], for services to literature<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=60895 |date=14 June 2014 |page=b8 |supp=y}}</ref>
* 2015 Honorary DLitt from the [[University of Oxford]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2015-02-19-oxford-announces-honorary-degrees-2015 | title=Oxford announces honorary degrees for 2015 | publisher=University of Oxford | date=19 February 2015 | access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref>
* 2015 Honorary degree from [[Oxford Brookes University]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.brookes.ac.uk/about-brookes/news/inspirational-honorary-graduates-announced/ | title=Inspirational Honorary Graduates announced | publisher=Oxford Brookes University | date=3 June 2015 | access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official|http://hilary-mantel.com}}
* [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703746604574461110318457866 Online ''Wall Street Journal'' review]
* [http://abc.com.au/rn/bookshow/stories/2008/2393914.htm Interview] with [[Ramona Koval]], The Book Show, ABC Radio National, 21.10.08
* [http://www.newyorker.com/critics/books/articles/050725crbo_books1 Profile] in [[The New Yorker|''The New Yorker'' magazine]]
* [http://www.nybooks.com/authors/40 Mantel archive] from ''The New York Review of Books''
* [http://www.fifthestate.co.uk/author/hilarymantel/ Articles by Hilary Mantel on her publisher's blog, 5th Estate]
* {{NPG name|id=6565}}
*{{cite interview |interviewer=Mona Simpson |title=Hilary Mantel, Art of Fiction No. 226 |url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/6360/art-of-fiction-no-226-hilary-mantel |date=Spring 2015 |periodical=[[The Paris Review]] |issue=212}}
* {{Muckrack}}

{{Hilary Mantel}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Awards received by Hilary Mantel
|list1=
{{Booker Prize}}
{{David Cohen Prize}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mantel, Hilary}}
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[[Category:Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period]]

Yann Martel

2022-06-27T11:15:07Z

82.71.1.207: add in Yann Martel quote from when he won the Booker Prize in 2002, and a link to watch the full ceremony. Add in new interview with Yann Martel and a link to his official profile on the Booker Prize website.

{{Short description|Canadian author}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Yann Martel
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|size=100%|CC}}
| image = Yann martel 2007-10-25 Seattle WA USA.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Martel in 2007
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1963|06|25}}
| birth_place = [[Salamanca]], Spain
| occupation = Novelist
| alma_mater = [[Trent University]]
| period = 1988–present
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''[[Life of Pi]]'', ''[[Beatrice and Virgil]]'', ''[[The High Mountains of Portugal]]''
| partner = [[Alice Kuipers]] (2002–present)
| relatives = [[Émile Martel (writer)|Émile Martel]] (father)
| website =
| children = 4
| signature = Yann Martel signature (cropped).jpg
}}

'''Yann Martel''', {{post-nominals|country=CAN|CC}} (born 25 June 1963) is a Canadian author best known for the [[Man Booker Prize]]–winning novel ''[[Life of Pi]]'',<ref name=ox>{{cite journal
|url = http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/tigers-and-tall-tales/
|title = Tigers and Tall Tales
|last = Dunn
|first = Jennifer
|journal = The Oxonian Review
|volume = 2
|publisher = University of Oxford
|issue = 2
|date = 1 March 2003
|access-date =3 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Booker">{{cite web|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/prize/books/42 |title=Life of Pi |publisher=[[Man Booker Prize]] |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202165343/http://themanbookerprize.com/prize/books/42 |archive-date=2 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://articles.sfgate.com/2002-10-23/news/17568535_1_yann-martel-novel-pi | title = Canadian wins Booker Prize / 'Life of Pi' is tale of a boy who floats across the ocean from India |author=Kipen, David |date=23 October 2002 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=31 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/donotmigrate/3584451/Life-of-Pi-wins-Booker.html | title = Life of Pi wins Booker |author=Reynolds, Nigel |date=30 September 2002 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |access-date=3 September 2010 }}</ref> an international bestseller published in more than 50 territories. It has sold more than 12 million copies worldwide and spent more than a year on the bestseller lists of the ''New York Times'' and ''The Globe and Mail'', among many other best-selling lists.<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/the-bestsellers-of-2002/article1029255/ The Globe and Mail Bestseller List 2002], ''The Globe and Mail'', 2002. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref> It was [[Life of Pi (film)|adapted for a film]] directed by [[Ang Lee]],<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/feb/25/ang-lee-best-director-oscar-life-of-pi Ang Lee wins best director Oscar for Life of Pi]. ''The Guardian'' online. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref><ref>Hiscock, John (19 December 2012). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmmakersonfilm/9728119/Ang-Lee-interview-how-he-filmed-the-unfilmable-for-Life-of-Pi.html "Ang Lee, interview: how he filmed the unfilmable for Life of Pi"]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 19 January 2015.</ref> garnering four Oscars including Best Director<ref>{{cite news|last=Brooks|first=Xan|title=Ang Lee wins best director Oscar for Life of Pi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/feb/25/ang-lee-best-director-oscar-life-of-pi|access-date=17 October 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 February 2013}}</ref><ref>Brooks, Xan (5 February 2013).[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/feb/25/ang-lee-best-director-oscar-life-of-pi Ang Lee wins best director Oscar for Life of Pi]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 1 April 2016.</ref> and winning the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]].<ref>[http://www.classicfm.com/composers/danna/news/mychael-danna-wins-best-soundtrack-oscar/#di6Y11MZitxVjoar.97 Mychael Danna Wins Best Soundtrack Oscar for Life of Pi]. Classic fm online, 25 February 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2016.</ref>

Martel is also the author of the novels ''[[The High Mountains of Portugal]]'',<ref name = "Knopf">[http://penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/242201/high-mountains-portugal Knopf Canada: The High Mountains of Portugal]. Penguin Random House site. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</ref><ref name = "WP Charles">Charles, Ron (21 January 2016).[https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/yann-martels-the-high-mountains-of-portugal-is-his-best-since-life-of-pi/2016/01/21/59ba6f30-c04f-11e5-83d4-42e3bceea902_story.html Yann Martel's 'The High Mountains of Portugal' is his best since 'Life of Pi']. The Washington Post, Book World. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</ref> ''[[Beatrice and Virgil]]'',<ref name=Barber>Barber, John. [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/books/yann-martels-post-modern-holocaust-allegory-fetches-3-million-advance/article1525641/ "Martel's post-modern Holocaust allegory fetches $3-million advance"], ''The Globe and Mail'', 6 April 2010.</ref><ref>Woog, Adam. [http://seattletimes.com/html/books/2011607590_br18martel.html 'Beatrice and Virgil': Yann Martel's haunting fable of humans, animals and violence], ''The Seattle Times'', 17 April 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2015.</ref><ref>Wyndham, Susan. [http://blogs.smh.com.au/entertainment/archives/undercover/022391.html Books To Watch in 2010], ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', 9 January 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2015.</ref> and ''[[Self (novel)|Self]]'',<ref name="Saskatoon Star Phoenix">{{Cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/third_page/story.html?id=bc008e62-a986-43aa-b508-16eeef466135 |title=Martel protests level of arts funding by sending PM books |date=17 April 2002 |publisher=Saskatoon Star Phoenix |access-date=30 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107124210/http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/third_page/story.html?id=bc008e62-a986-43aa-b508-16eeef466135 |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Toronto Star |title=6 compete for first novel award |date=28 March 1997 |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/16755150.html?dids=16755150:16755150&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+28%2C+1997&author=&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=6+compete+for+first+novel+award&pqatl=google}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/19206092.html?dids=19206092:19206092&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+04%2C+1996&author=By+Philip+Marchand+Toronto+Star&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=An+unforgettable+exploration+of+a+self&pqatl=google |date=4 May 1996 |first=Philip |last=Marchand |title=An unforgettable exploration of a self |access-date=30 November 2009 }}</ref> the collection of stories ''[[The Facts Behind the Helsinki Roccamatios]]'', and a [[collection of letters]] to Canada's Prime Minister ''[[101 Letters to a Prime Minister]]''.<ref name="Saskatoon Star Phoenix"/> He has won a number of literary prizes, including the 2001 Hugh MacLennan Prize for Fiction<ref name ="MacLennan Prize">[http://quebecbooks.qwf.org/awards/year/2001 Winner of The Hugh MacLennan Prize for Fiction 2001.] QWF Literary Database of Quebec English-Language Authors. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref><ref name = "BC Yann">[https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/yann-martel British Council, Yann Martel Biography.] British Council, Literature. Retrieved 1 April 2016.</ref> and the 2002 [[Asian/Pacific American Award for Literature]].<ref name ="APALA">[http://www.apalaweb.org/awards/literature-awards/winners/2001-2003-awards/ 2001–2003 Asian Pacific American Awards for Literature]. Cooperative Children's Book Centre, School of Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref>

Martel lives in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, with writer [[Alice Kuipers]] and their four children.<ref>[http://www.saskatoonlibrary.ca/node/846 Saskatoon Public Library, Collections Connections]. Saskatoon Public Library site. Retrieved 30 December 2014.</ref><ref name = "Chatelaine">Black, Grant (27 May 2011). [http://www.chatelaine.com/living/alice-kuipers-a-woman-of-style-and-substance/ Alice Kuipers: "A Woman of Style and Substance"]. ''Chatelaine Magazine'', Canada. Retrieved 21 July 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.quillandquire.com/authors/life-after-pi/ Life After Pi]. Quill & Quire. Retrieved 25 March 2016.</ref> His first language is French, but he writes in English.<ref>[http://www.quoterature.com/yann-martel-quotes Quoterature]. Martel entry. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref>

==Early life==
Martel was born in [[Salamanca]], Spain, in 1963 to French-Canadians Nicole Perron and [[Émile Martel (writer)|Émile Martel]] who were studying at the [[University of Salamanca]].<ref name = "BC Yann"/> His mother was enrolled in Hispanic studies while his father was working on a PhD on Spanish writer [[Miguel de Unamuno]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kucUAQAAIAAJ&q=Nicole+Perron+Martel&dq=Nicole+Perron+Martel&hl=en&redir_esc=y Google Books, Twenty-first-century Canadian writers'']</ref> The family moved to [[Coimbra]], Portugal, soon after his birth, then to [[Madrid]], Spain, then to [[Fairbanks]], [[Alaska]], and finally to [[Victoria, British Columbia]]; his father taught at the Universities of Alaska and Victoria.<ref name = "parents">[http://www.le-mot-juste-en-anglais.com/2013/07/traducteur-et-traductrice-du-mois-de-juillet.html Émile Martel et Nicole Perron Martel]. le-mot-juste-en-anglais.com. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref> His parents joined the Canadian foreign service,<ref name = "parents"/> and he was raised in [[San José, Costa Rica]], Paris, France, and Madrid, Spain, with stints in [[Ottawa]], Ontario, in between postings.<ref>[http://www.academiedeslettresduquebec.ca/membres/emile-martel-94 L'Académie des lettres du Québec]. L'Académie des lettres du Québec. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.litterature.org/recherche/ecrivains/martel-emile-330/ L'ÎLE, l'Infocentre littéraire des écrivains]. L'ÎLE, l'Infocentre littéraire des écrivains. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref> Martel completed his final two years of high school at [[Trinity College School]] in [[Port Hope, Ontario]],<ref name = "Understanding">Brown, Mick (1 June 2010). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/7793416/Yann-Martel-in-search-of-understanding.html Yann Martel: in search of understanding]. ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.tcs.on.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=222&Itemid=462 Notable Alumni]. TCS Ontario. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref> and he completed an undergraduate degree in philosophy at [[Trent University]] in [[Peterborough, Ontario]].<ref name = "BC Yann"/><ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14040695_ITM |title=Mann Booker Prize Winner and Author of Life of Pi Yann Martel Returns to Trent on March 31 |date=28 March 2006 |access-date=30 November 2009 }}</ref>

Martel worked at odd jobs as an adult, including parking lot attendant in Ottawa, dishwasher in a tree-planting camp in northern Ontario, and security guard at the Canadian embassy in Paris. He also travelled through Mexico, South America, Iran, Turkey, and India.<ref>[https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/yann-martel British Council Literature: Yann Martel]. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.library.nashville.org/NashvilleReads/LifeofPi_AuthorBio_Synopsis.pdf Nashville Public Library: Yann Martel]. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/yann-martel/ Canadian Encyclopedia: Yann Martel]. Canadian Encyclopedia online. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref> He started writing while he was at university, writing plays and short stories that were "blighted by immaturity and dreadful", as he describes them.<ref>[http://www.trentu.ca/newsevents/newsDetail.php?newsId=14967 Best-Selling Author and Trent Alum Yann Martel Launches New Book]. Trent University News. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtTtUU1aD2g Trent Luminary – Yann Martel]. Trent University Youtube Channel. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/books/2016/02/magic-8-yann-martel.html Yann Martel on why Life of Pi didn't make him a better writer]. CBC Books. Retrieved 25 March 2016.</ref>

Martel moved to [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]], with Kuipers in 2003.<ref name = "Chatelaine"/><ref>[http://www.montana.edu/convocation/2013/ 2013 Montanan State University, Freshman Convocation and Summer Reading 2013]. Montanan State University. Retrieved 25 March 2016.</ref>

==Career==
Martel's work first appeared in print in 1988 in ''[[The Malahat Review]]'' with his short story ''Mister Ali and the Barrelmaker''.<ref>[http://www.malahatreview.ca/issues/featured/issue84.html The 50 Issues Project, Issue #84]. [[The Malahat Review]]. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref> The Malahat Review also published in 1990 his short story ''The Facts Behind the Helsinki Roccamatios'', for which he won the 1991 [[Journey Prize]] and which was included in the 1991–1992 [[Pushcart Prize]] Anthology.<ref>[http://www.malahatreview.ca/documents/brochure.pdf "Brochure"]. The Malahat Review. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref> In 1992, the Malahat brought out his short story ''The Time I Heard the Private Donald J. Rankin String Concerto with One Discordant Violin, by the American Composer John Morton'', for which he won a [[National Magazine Award]] gold.<ref>[http://openjour.uvic.ca/index.php/malahat/article/view/3883 Encyclopedia.com: Yann Martel]. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref> The cultural magazine ''Border Crossings'' published his short story ''Industrial Grandeur'' in 1993.<ref>[http://bordercrossingsmag.com/magazine/issue/issue-47 Border Crossings: Issue 47]. Border Crossings. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref> That same year, a bookstore in Ottawa that hosted Martel for a reading issued a handcrafted, limited edition of some of his stories, ''Seven Stories''.<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/title/seven-stories/oclc/35941554 worldcat.org: Seven Stories]. WorldCat libraries. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref>

Martel credits [[The Canada Council for the Arts]] for playing a key role in fostering his career, awarding him writing grants in 1991 and 1997. In the Author's Note of his novel ''Life of Pi'', he wrote: "I would like to express my sincere gratitude to that great institution, the Canada Council for the Arts, without whose grant I could not have brought together [Life of Pi]…. If we, citizens, do not support our artists, then we sacrifice our imagination on the altar of crude reality and we end up believing in nothing and having worthless dreams."<ref name = "CCA1">[http://canadacouncil.ca/council/artists/y/yann-martel Canada Council for the Arts: Yann Martel]. Canada Council for the Arts. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref><ref name = "CCA2">[http://www.oknovels.com/life-pi?page=0%2525252C114,3 OK Novels: Excerpt, Life of Pi]. OK Novels. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref>

In 1993, [[Knopf Canada]] published a collection of four of Martel's short stories: ''[[The Facts Behind the Helsinki Roccamatios]]'', the eponymous story, as well as ''The Time I Heard the Private Donald J. Rankin String Concerto...'', ''Manners of Dying'', and The Vita Aeterna Mirror Company. On first publication, the collection appeared in Canada, the UK, France, Netherlands, Italy, and Germany.

Martel's first novel, ''[[Self (novel)|Self]]'', appeared in 1996. It was published in Canada, the UK, the Netherlands, and Germany.<ref>[http://www.quillandquire.com/review/self-a-novel/ Quill & Quire: Self, A Novel]. Quill & Quire. Retrieved 23 March 2016.</ref>

Martel's second novel ''Life of Pi'', was published on 11 September 2001, and was awarded the [[Man Booker Prize]] in 2002, among other prizes, and became a bestseller in many countries, including spending 61 weeks on [[The New York Times Bestseller List]].

His response in the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lo0__lzinL8 Booker Prize ceremony in 2002] is one of the most exuberant of all winners in the history of the literary prize. Upon winning, Martel said: "When this started it was like being in a plane, and the plane is about to crash, everything shaken and the engines have fallen. But now I feel I'm in the arms of a beautiful woman."[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lo0__lzinL8]

Martel had been in New York the previous day, leaving on the evening of the 10th for Toronto to make the publication of his novel the next morning.<ref name="ox" /><ref name="NYT 61">Rule, Matt (22 August 2013).[http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/special_section/msu-survival-guide-2013/life-of-pi-author-to-speak-at-freshman-convocation/article_7bfc1188-799a-5a58-a195-28c36c85899b.html Bozeman Daily Chronicle, Montana State University Survival Guide]. Bozeman Daily Chronicle, Montana State University. Retrieved 25 January 2015.</ref> He was inspired in part to write a story about sharing a lifeboat with a wild animal after reading a review of the novella ''[[Max and the Cats]]'' by Brazilian author [[Moacyr Scliar]] in [[The New York Times Book Review]]. Martel initially received some criticism from Brazilian press for failing to consult with [[Life of Pi#Moacyr Scliar|Scliar]].<ref>{{cite news
|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/08/bookerprize2002.awardsandprizes
|title = Booker winner in plagiarism row
|newspaper =[[The Guardian]]
|date = November 2002
|access-date = 5 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/livrariadafolha/1218896-autor-de-as-aventuras-de-pi-e-suspeito-de-plagiar-brasileiro.shtml
|title = Autor de 'As Aventuras de Pi' é suspeito de plagiar brasileiro (portuguese)
|date = January 2013
|newspaper = [[Folha de S.Paulo]]
|access-date = 13 February 2013}}</ref> Martel pointed out that he could not have stolen from a work he had not at the time read, and he willingly acknowledged being influenced by the New York Times review of Scliar's work and thanked him in the Author's Note of Life of Pi.<ref name="CCA1" /><ref name="CCA2" /><ref>Hemminger, Peter (13 March, 2106). [https://calgaryherald.com/life/swerve/the-poseurs-guide-to-yann-martel The Poseurs Guide to Yann Martel]. Calgary Herald. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</ref><ref>Simas, Shed (12 July 2014). [http://www.shedsimas.com/on-life-of-pi-plagiarism-and-media/ On Life of Pi, Plagiarism and the Media]. Shed Simas. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</ref> ''Life of Pi'' was later chosen for the 2003 edition of [[CBC Radio]]'s ''[[Canada Reads]]'' competition, where it was championed by author [[Nancy Lee (writer)|Nancy Lee]].<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/books/booksandauthors/2010/08/life-of-pi.html Life of Pi was defended by Nancy Lee on Canada Reads 2003]. CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation): Books. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref> In addition, its French translation, ''Histoire de Pi'', was included in the French version of the competition, ''Le combat des livres'', in 2004, championed by singer [[Louise Forestier]].{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

Martel was the Samuel Fischer Visiting Professor at the Institute of Comparative Literature, [[Free University of Berlin]] in 2002, where he taught a course titled "The Animal in Literature".<ref>[https://www.fu-berlin.de/en/presse/informationen/fup/2010/fup_10_085/index.html Tomas Venclova Is Latest Samuel Fischer Visiting Professor at Freie Universität Berlin]. Freie Universität Berlin Presse. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref> He then spent a year in [[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan]], from September 2003 as the [[Saskatoon Public Library]]'s writer-in-residence.<ref>[http://www.saskatoonlibrary.ca/node/480 Writers in Residence at Saskatoon Public Library, 1981–2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408063113/http://www.saskatoonlibrary.ca/node/480 |date=8 April 2013 }}. Saskatoon Public Library: Collections, Connections. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref> He collaborated with [[Omar Daniel]], composer-in-residence at the Royal Conservatory of Music in [[Toronto]], on a piece for piano, string quartet and bass. The composition, ''You Are Where You Are'', is based on text written by Martel, which includes parts of cellphone conversations taken from moments in an ordinary day.<ref>[http://www.rcmusic.ca/media/news-releases/arc-premieres-new-work-europe ARC Premieres New Work in Europe]. The Royal Conservatory, Canada, News Release, 28 October 2004. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.arcensemble.com/recordings.php ARC Ensemble: Recordings, Concert Excerpts]. ARC Ensemble (Artists of The Royal Conservatory) Recordings. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref>

From 2005 to 2007, Martel was Visiting Scholar at the [[University of Saskatchewan]].<ref>[http://www.arts.usask.ca/news/n/3/Yann_Martel_Appointed_as_a_Visiting_Scholar_in_English Yann Martel Appointed as a Visiting Scholar in English]. University of Saskatchewan, College of Arts & Science, News & Events. Retrieved 1 April 2016.</ref><ref>Will, Joanne (Summer 2008). [http://nuvomagazine.com/magazine/summer-2008/yann-martel Yann Martel: Life of Yann]. Nuvo Magazine. Retrieved 1 April 2016.</ref>

''[[Beatrice and Virgil]]'', his third novel, came out in 2010.<ref name=Barber/> The work is an allegorical take on the [[Holocaust]], attempting to approach this period not through the lens of historical witness, but through imaginative synthesis.<ref>Lasdun, James (5 June 2010). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/05/beatrice-and-virgil-yann-martel Yann Martel's follow-up to Life of Pi is a risky fable about genocide ]. ''The Guardian'', UK, 5 June 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</ref><ref>Lo Dico, Joy (29 May 2010). [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/beatrice-and-virgil-by-yann-martel-1984399.html Independent Reviews: Beatrice and Virgil]. ''The Independent'', UK, 29 May 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</ref><ref>Ciabattari, Jane (10 April 2010). [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126022215 NPR Reviews: Beatrice and Virgil]. NPR, 10 April 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</ref> The main characters in the story are a writer, a taxidermist, and two stuffed animals: a red howler monkey and a donkey.<ref>Malla, Pasha (9 April 2010).[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/review-beatrice-virgil-by-yann-martel/article4315308/ "Fiction, or is it?"]. ''The Globe & Mail'', Canada, 9 April 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2015.</ref>

From 2007 to 2011, Martel ran a book club with the then [[Prime Minister of Canada]], [[Stephen Harper]], sending the Prime Minister a book every two weeks for four years, a total of more than a hundred novels, plays, poetry collections, graphic novels and children's books.<ref name = "GM Yann hears">Adams, James (9 June 2009). [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/yann-martel-hears-from-harper----finally/article4275782/ The Globe and Mail: Yann Martel hears from Harper('s team)]. ''The Globe and Mail''. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</ref><ref>Smith, Joanna (1 February 2011).[https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2011/02/01/yann_martel_shuts_down_harper_book_club.html Yann Martel shuts down Harper book club]. The Star online. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</ref> The letters were published as a book in 2012, ''[[101 Letters to a Prime Minister]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Canadian novelist Yann Martel mailed a book to Prime Minister Stephen Harper twice a month for the past four years|url = https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2011/02/01/yann_martel_shuts_down_harper_book_club.html|newspaper = Toronto Star|date = 1 February 2011|access-date = 18 February 2016|issn = 0319-0781|first = Joanna|last = Smith}}</ref><ref>[https://ipolitics.ca/2012/11/28/101-letters-to-a-prime-minister-yann-martel-opens-up-his-book-club/ 101 Letters to a Prime Minister: Yann Martel opens up his book club]. ipolitics.com. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</ref> The Polish magazine ''[[Histmag]]'' cited him as the inspiration behind their giving of books to the Prime Minister [[Donald Tusk]]; this, however, was a one-off with only 10 books involved, which had been donated by their publishers and selected by readers of the magazine. Tusk reacted very positively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Premier odebrał książki od internautów!|url=http://histmag.org/Premier-odebral-ksiazki-od-internautow-5524|website=Histmag|access-date=26 August 2014}}</ref>

Martel was invited to be a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 2014.<ref>[http://rsliterature.org/fellows/current-fellows/ Royal Society of Literature, List Current Fellows]. Royal Society of Literature, London, UK, 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.</ref> He sat on the Board of Governors of the [[Saskatoon Public Library]] from 2010 to 2015.<ref>[http://nationtalk.ca/story/saskatoon-public-library-announces-2010-board Saskatoon Public Library Announces 2010 Board]. Saskatoon Public Library, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, 2 June 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://204.83.241.21/about/leadership Leadership Saskatoon Public Library]. Saskatoon Public Library, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.saskatoonlibrary.ca/about/leadership Leadership Saskatoon Public Library, Past Board Meeting Minutes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328063846/http://saskatoonlibrary.ca/about/leadership |date=28 March 2016 }}. Saskatoon Public Library, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</ref>

His fourth novel, ''[[The High Mountains of Portugal]]'', was published on 2 February 2016.<ref name = "Knopf"/><ref name = "WP Charles"/> It tells of three characters in Portugal in three different time periods, who cope with love and loss each in their own way.<ref name = "NYT Broida">Broida, Mike (12 February 2016).[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/14/books/review/the-high-mountains-of-portugal-by-yann-martel.html?_r=0 The New York Times Sunday Book Review: The High Mountains of Portugal]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 25 March 2016.</ref><ref>Zimmerman, Jean (5 February 2016).[https://www.npr.org/2016/02/05/463861486/confronting-loss-while-scaling-the-high-mountains-of-portugal NPR Book Review: Confronting Loss While Scaling 'The High Mountains Of Portugal']. NPR. Retrieved 25 March 2016.</ref> It made The New York Times Bestseller list within the first month of its release.<ref name = "NYT 2016">[https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2016-02-28/hardcover-fiction/list.html New York Times Bestseller List, February 28, 2016: The High Mountains of Portugal]. New York Times Bestseller List online. Retrieved 25 March 2016.</ref>

==Published works==
* ''Seven Stories'' (1993)
* ''[[The Facts Behind the Helsinki Roccamatios]]'' (Collection of four short stories, including the title story) (1993)
* ''[[Self (novel)|Self]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Life of Pi]]'' (2001)
* ''We Ate the Children Last'' (Short story) (2004)
* ''[[Beatrice and Virgil]]'' (2010)
* ''[[101 Letters to a Prime Minister]]: The Complete Letters to Stephen Harper'' (2012)
** The first 55 book suggestions are available as ''What is Stephen Harper Reading?'' (2009)
* ''[[The High Mountains of Portugal]]'' (2016)

==Awards and accolades==
===''The High Mountains of Portugal''===
* [[New York Times Bestseller]] 2016<ref name = "NYT 2016"/>

===''Beatrice and Virgil''===
* [[New York Times Bestseller]] 2010<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2010-05-02/hardcover-fiction/list.html Best Sellers], ''The New York Times'', 2 May 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref>
* ''[[Boston Globe]]'' Bestseller<ref>[http://www.boston.com/ae/books/blog/2010/04/boston_globe_be_6.html Best Sellers], ''Boston Globe''. ''Boston Globe'', Off The Shelf, 23 April 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2015.</ref>
* ''[[L.A. Times]]'' Bestseller<ref>[http://projects.latimes.com/bestsellers/authors/yann-martel/ Best Sellers], ''Los Angeles Times'', 29 May 2010. Retrieve 14 January 2015.</ref>
* ''[[Minneapolis Star Tribune]]'' Bestseller<ref>[http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/books/95065859.html Local Best Sellers], ''Star Tribune'', 2 May 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref>
* National No. 1 Bestseller in [[Maclean's]]<ref>[http://www.macleans.ca/authors/brian-bethune/bestsellers-80/ Macleans Best Sellers]. ''Maclean's'', Week of 14 June 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2015.</ref>
* No. 1 Bestseller in ''[[The Toronto Star]]''<ref>Wagner, Vit (7 April 2010). [https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/books/2010/04/07/life_of_pi_writer_yann_martel_returns_with_new_book.html "Life of Pi writer Yann Martel returns with new book"]. ''Toronto Star'', Entertainment / Books, 7 April 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2015.</ref>
* Longlisted for The 2012 [[International Dublin Literary Award]]<ref>[http://www.impacdublinaward.ie/2012-longlist/ International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award Long List 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209211419/http://www.impacdublinaward.ie/2012-longlist/ |date=9 December 2014 }}. International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2015.</ref>
* ''[[Financial Times]]'' 2010 Fiction of the Year<ref>Blau, Rosie (3 December 2010). [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/6bfb59f8-fe61-11df-845b-00144feab49a.html FT Fiction Round-up 2010]. ''Financial Times'', Fiction Round-up 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2015.</ref>

===''Life of Pi''===
* Winner of the 2002 [[Man Booker Prize]] for Fiction<ref name = "Booker"/><ref>[http://www.bookweb.org/news/life-pi-wins-2002-man-booker-prize-fiction Life of Pi Wins 2002 Man Booker Prize for Fiction]. American Booksellers Association, Bookselling This Week. Retrieved 25 January 2015.</ref><ref name = "Numbers">Scott, Catherine (25 February 2013). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/9892360/Oscars-2013-Life-of-Pi-a-book-in-numbers.html 'Life of Pi' author to speak at freshman convocation]. Bozeman Daily Chronicle, Montana State University Survival Guide. Retrieved 25 January 2015.</ref>
* [[New York Times Bestseller List]] 2002–03 (61 weeks)<ref name = "NYT 61"/>
* Winner of the [[Asian/Pacific American Award for Literature]] 2002<ref name ="APALA"/><ref name = "Numbers"/>
* Winner of the [[Hugh MacLennan]] Prize for Fiction 2001<ref name ="MacLennan Prize"/><ref name = "Numbers"/>
* Winner of [[Exclusive Books Boeke Prize|The Boeke Prize]] 2003 (South Africa)<ref name = "Numbers"/>
* Winner of the [[Deutscher Bücherpreis|Deutscher Bücherpreis]], 2004
* Winner of the La Presse Prix du Grand Public 2003<ref>[http://www.gallimard-jeunesse.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD-JEUNESSE/Bibliotheque-Gallimard-Jeunesse/L-Histoire-de-Pi Life Of Pi entry]. Bibliothèque Gallimard Jeunesse – Livres. Retrieved 1 February 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.editionsxyz.com/catalogue/563.html ''Life Of Pi'' entry]. Les Éditions XYZ Catalogue. Retrieved 1 February 2015.</ref>
* Winner in the Scene It Read It category of the Coventry Inspiration Book Awards 2014<ref>[http://www.coventry.gov.uk/blog/bookawards2014/post/292/scene-it-read-it-life-of-pi Scene It Read It – Life Of Pi]. Coventry City Council site. Retrieved 26 January 2015.</ref>
* A [[Quill & Quire]] Best Book of 2001<ref>[http://www.quillandquire.com/omni/best-books-of-2001/ Quill & Quire Best Books 2001]. Quill & Quire, Canada Books. Retrieved 1 February 2015.</ref>

==='The Facts behind the Helsinki Roccamatios' (short story)===
* Winner of the 1991 [[Journey Prize]]

==Film adaptations==
* [[Life of Pi (film)|''Life of Pi'']], directed by Ang Lee in 2012 and won a number of [[List of accolades received by Life of Pi|awards]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0454876/ ''Life of Pi''] at IMDB. Retrieved 26 January 2015.</ref> Martel makes a brief appearance as an extra, sitting on a park bench across a pond while Irrfan Khan (Pi) and Rafe Spall (playing Yann Martel) converse.<ref>Barber, John (14 January 2013). [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/life-after-pi-how-yann-martels-moved-on-from-his-book-and-oscar-worthy-film/article7342707/ "Life after Pi: How Yann Martel's moved on from his book and Oscar-worthy film"]. ''The Globe & Mail'' online. Retrieved 26 January 2015.</ref><ref>Medley, Mark (21 November 2012). [http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/11/21/a-qa-with-life-of-pi-author-yann-martel-overall-i-think-its-a-wonderful-companion-piece/ Life of Pi author Yann Martel: "Overall, I think it's a wonderful companion piece"]. ''National Post''. Retrieved 26 January 2015.</ref><ref>Lederhouse, Craig (30 July 2012). [http://www.cbc.ca/books/2012/07/yann-martel-on-the-life-of-pi-trailer.html Yann Martel on the ''Life of Pi'' trailer]. CBC Books, First aired on The Afternoon Edition (26/7/12). Retrieved 26 January 2015.</ref>
* His short story ''[[We Ate the Children Last]]'' was adapted as an independent film by [[Andrew Cividino]].<ref>[http://www.library.nashville.org/nashvillereads/lifeofpi_authorbio_synopsis.pdf Yann Martel Author Bio]. Nashville Reads. Retrieved 23 January 2015.</ref>
* ''[[Manners of Dying]]'', directed by Jeremy Peter Allen in 2004.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0435181/ ''Manners of Dying''] at IMDB. Retrieved 23 January 2015.</ref>
* [[The Facts Behind the Helsinki Roccamatios#The Facts behind the Helsinki Roccamatios|''The Facts behind the Helsinki Roccamatios'']]

==Theatrical adaptations==
* ''Beatrice and Virgil'', adapted by Lindsay Cochrane and directed by [[Sarah Garton Stanley]] at the Factory Theatre, Toronto in 2013.<ref>[http://www.factorytheatre.ca/extra-information/201314-season/beatrice-and-virgil/ Beatrice and Virgil at the Factory Theatre]. Factory Theatre, 12 April – 11 May 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2015.</ref>
* [[The Facts Behind the Helsinki Roccamatios#The Facts behind the Helsinki Roccamatios|'The Facts behind the Helsinki Roccamatios']]
* ''Life of Pi'', adapted by Lolita Chakrabarti and directed by Max Webster at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield. This adaptation uses puppets controlled by the cast to represent the animals from the story. It ran from 28 June to 20 July 2019.

==Influences==
Martel has said in a number of interviews that [[Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]'' is the single most impressive book he has ever read. In talking about his most memorable childhood book, he recalls ''[[Le Petit Chose]]'' by [[Alphonse Daudet]]. He said that he read it when he was ten years old, and it was the first time he found a book so heartbreaking that it moved him to tears.<ref>[http://www.abebooks.com/docs/authors-corner/yann-martel.shtml Exclusive Interview – Life of Yann Martel]. Abe Books. Retrieved 2013.</ref>

His writing influences include [[Dante Alighieri]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Joseph Conrad]], [[Nikolai Gogol]], [[Sinclair Lewis]], [[Moacyr Scliar]],<ref>{{cite journal
|url = http://eng4ui.pbworks.com/f/the_empathetic_imagination.pdf
|title = The Empathetic Imagination – An Interview with Yann Martel
|last = Sielkl
|first = Sabine
|journal = [[Canadian Literature (journal)|Canadian Literature]]
|issue = 177
|publisher = [[University of British Columbia]] Press
|year = 2003
|access-date = 3 February 2011}}</ref> [[Thomas Hardy]], [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Alphonse Daudet]],<ref name="abebooks">{{cite web
|url = http://www.abebooks.co.uk/docs/authors-corner/yann-martel.shtml
|title = Exclusive Interview – Life of Yann Martel
|publisher = [[AbeBooks]]
|access-date = 3 February 2011}}</ref> [[J.M. Coetzee]] and [[Knut Hamsun]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.readersvoice.com/interviews/2009/01/yann-martel-author-of-life-of-pi/
|title = Yann Martel author of Life of Pi
|last = Sandall
|first = Simon
|publisher = readersvoice.com
|date = 10 January 2009
|access-date =3 February 2011}}</ref>

==Honours==
<center>
[[File:Order of Canada (CC) ribbon bar.svg|112px]]
</center>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:silver; text-align:center;"
|Ribbon || Description || Notes
|-
|[[File:Order of Canada (CC) ribbon bar.svg|80px]] || Companion of the [[Order of Canada]] (C.C.) ||
* Awarded on: December 29, 2021
* For his contribution to literature and for his philanthropic commitment to the betterment of his region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/146-10918|title=Mr. Yann Martel|website=The Governor General of Canada|access-date=December 29, 2021}}</ref>
|}

== Further Reading ==

* [https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/features/yann-martel-on-writing-life-of-pi-you-want-a-sense-that-it-was-written Yann Martel on writing Life of Pi: 'You want a sense that it was written in one breath'], 2022, The Booker Prize website.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Yann Martel}}
{{Library resources box|by=yes|about=no}}
* {{British council|id=yann-martel|name=Yann Martel}}
* [https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/yann-martel Yann Martel] at the Booker Prize website.
* {{OL author}}
* Archives of Yann Martel [http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=3721039&lang=eng [Yann Martel fonds, R15931)] are held at [[Library and Archives Canada]]

{{Booker Prize}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martel, Yann}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Booker Prize winners]]
[[Category:Canadian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:Canadian male novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Salamanca]]
[[Category:Trent University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Saskatoon]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian male writers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of Canada]]

V. S. Naipaul

2022-06-27T11:03:45Z

82.71.1.207: /* Further reading */ Link to new Sameer Rahim piece on V.S. Naipaul's views on colonialism.

{{Short description|Trinidadian-British novelist and non-fiction writer (1932–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix = [[Knight Bachelor|Sir]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAS]] [[Trinity Cross|TC]]
| image = VS Naipaul 2016 Dhaka.jpg
| caption = Naipaul in 2016
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1932|08|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chaguanas]], [[Caroni County]], [[Colony of Trinidad and Tobago]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|08|11|1932|08|17|df=yes}}
| death_place = London, England
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Novelist
* [[travel writer]]
* essayist
}}
| citizenship = [[British subject|United Kingdom]]<ref name="NP">{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/press.html | title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 – V. S. Naipaul | publisher=NobelPrize.org | access-date=7 May 2017 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504145641/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/press.html | archive-date=4 May 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[University College, Oxford]]
| period = 1957–2010
| genre = {{flatlist|
* Novel
* essay
}}
| subject =
| parents = [[Seepersad Naipaul]] (father)
| movement =
| notableworks = {{flatlist|
* ''[[A House for Mr Biswas]]''
* ''[[In a Free State]]''
* ''[[A Bend in the River]]''
* ''[[The Enigma of Arrival]]''
}}
| spouses = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Patricia Ann Hale|1955|1996|reason=died}}
* {{marriage|[[Nadira Naipaul|Nadira Khannum Alvi]] |1996}}
}}
| awards = {{indented plainlist|
* {{awd|[[Booker Prize]]|1971}}
* {{awd|[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]|2001}}
}}
| signature =
| website =
| relatives = [[Capildeo family]] (maternal)
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'''Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul'''{{refn|Meaning: ''vidiādhar'' ([[Hindi]] "possessed of learning", (p. 921) from ''vidyā'' ([[Sanskrit]] "knowledge, learning", p. 921) + ''dhar'' ([[Sanskrit]] "holding, supporting," p. 524)); ''sūrajprasād'' (from ''sūraj'' ([[Hindi]] "sun", p. 1036) + ''prasād'' ([[Sanskrit]] "gift, boon, blessing", p. 666)) from {{Cite book|last=McGregor|first=R. S.|author-link=R. S. McGregor|title=The Oxford Hindi–English Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhindiengli00mcgr_0|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press.|isbn=9780198643395}}|group=nb}} {{post-nominals|list=[[Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|FRAS]] [[Trinity Cross|TC]]}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɪ|d|j|ɑː|d|ər|_|ˌ|s|uː|r|ə|dʒ|p|r|ə|ˈ|s|ɑː|d|_|ˈ|n|aɪ|p|ɔː|l|,_|n|aɪ|ˈ|p|ɔː|l}}; 17 August 1932 – 11 August 2018), commonly known as '''V. S. Naipaul''' and, familiarly, '''Vidia Naipaul''', was a [[Trinidad]]ian-born British writer of works of fiction and nonfiction in English. He is known for his comic early novels set in Trinidad, his bleaker novels of alienation in the wider world, and his vigilant chronicles of life and travels. He wrote in prose that was widely admired, but his views sometimes aroused controversy. He published more than thirty books over fifty years.

Naipaul's breakthrough novel ''[[A House for Mr Biswas]]'' was published in 1961. Naipaul won the [[Booker Prize]] in [https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/1971 1971] for his novel ''[[In a Free State]]''. He won the [[Jerusalem Prize]] in 1983, and in 1989, he was awarded the Trinity Cross, Trinidad and Tobago's highest national honour. He received a knighthood in Britain in 1990, and the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 2001.

== Life and career ==

===Background and early life===
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|quote = "Where there had been swamp at the foot of the [[Northern Range]], with mud huts with earthen walls that showed the damp halfway up ... there was now the landscape of Holland ... Sugarcane as a crop had ceased to be important. None of the Indian villages were like villages I had known. No narrow roads; no dark, overhanging trees; no huts; no earth yards with hibiscus hedges; no ceremonial lighting of lamps, no play of shadows on the wall; no cooking of food in half-walled verandas, no leaping firelight; no flowers along gutters or ditches where frogs croaked the night away."{{Sfn|Naipaul|1987|p=352}}
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V. S. Naipaul was born to Droapatie (''[[née]]'' Capildeo) and [[Seepersad Naipaul]] on 17 August 1932 in the [[sugar plantation]]-town of [[Chaguanas]] on the island of [[Trinidad]], the larger of the two islands in the British [[crown colony]] of [[Trinidad and Tobago]].{{Sfn|Hayward|2002|p=5}} He was the couple's second child and first son.{{Sfn|Hayward|2002|p=5}}

Naipaul's father, Seepersad, was an English-language journalist.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=18b|ps=:"There was talk of him (Seepersad) becoming a pundit, and he learned some Sanskrit. Soookdeo Misir, ... gave him a basic education. ... by the time he was in his late teens, he had escaped from the likely future as an agricultural labourer in the grim depths of the rural Indian community. He had taught himself how to read and write English, and had conceived the idea of becoming a journalist, a profession that was usually open to Whites and Negroes."}} In 1929, he had begun contributing stories to the ''[[Trinidad and Tobago Guardian|Trinidad Guardian]]'',{{Sfn|French|2008|p=19|ps=: "In 1929, the year of his marriage, Seepersad began work as a freelance reporter on the ''Trinidad Guardian'', ..."}} and in 1932 he joined the staff as the provincial Chaguanas correspondent.{{Sfn|Hayward|2002|p=7}} In "A prologue to an autobiography" (1983), Naipaul describes how Seepersad's great reverence for writers and for the writing life spawned the dreams and aspirations of his eldest son.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=36–37|ps=: "Vido spent much of his time at Petit Valley with Pa, who would read to him and sometimes to other children: extracts from ''Julius Caesar'', ''Nicholas Nickleby'', ''Three Men in a Boat'', ... Pa and Vido positioned themselves in an ordered fantasy world derived from European literature ... Aspiration and ambition became the alternative to daily life ..."}}

In the 1880s, Naipaul's paternal grandfather had emigrated from India to work as an [[indentured servant]] in a sugar plantation.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=12}} In the 1890s, his maternal grandfather was to do the same.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=12}} During this time, many people in India, their prospects blighted by the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]], or similar calamities,{{Sfn|Visaria|Visaria|1983|p=515,a|ps=: Quote: "A majority of the emigrants were from rural areas and from 'overcrowded agricultural districts' where 'crop failure could plunge sections of the village community into near-starvation'. In fact, there was a strong correlation between emigration and harvest conditions. Acute scarcity during 1873–5 in [[Bihar]], [[Oudh]] and the North West Provinces provoked large-scale emigration through the port of Calcutta. The famine in south India during 1874–8 also resulted in heavy emigration."}} had emigrated to distant outposts of the British Empire such as [[Trinidad]], [[Fiji]], [[Guyana]], and the Dutch colony of [[Suriname]].{{Sfn|Visaria|Visaria|1983|p=515,b|ps=: Quote: "Most of the emigrants probably left even their villages of origin for the first time in their lives, and they were not fully aware of the hardships involved in long voyages and in living abroad. Diseases — cholera, typhoid, dysentery — were often rampant in depots or temporary abodes for labourers at ports of embarkation and also on ships. Consequently, mortality among the recruits and emigrants was very high. The data on long voyages to British Guiana and the West Indies clearly show that mortality at sea was alarmingly high. Before 1870, on an average about 17 to 20 per cent of the labourers departing from Calcutta port died on the ships before reaching their destination."}} Although slavery had been [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|abolished]] in these places in 1833, slave labour was still in demand, and [[indenture]] was the legal contract being drawn to meet the demand.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=5|ps=: "When slavery was formally abolished across the British empire in 1834 and cheap labour was needed for the sugar-can plantations, malnourished Indians were shipped over from Calcutta and Madras. ... Black agricultural labourers found their wages being undercut. They looked down on the Indians, who had to work long hours in the cane fields, as the 'new slaves'."}}{{Sfn|Hayward|2002|p=5}}

According to the genealogy the Naipauls had reconstructed in Trinidad, they were [[Hindu]] [[brahmin]]s—embraced from the knowledge of his mother's family; his father's background had remained less certain.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=23–25|ps=:"The three surviving photographs of Capildeo Maharah (Naipaul's maternal grandfather) show him looking distinctly Brahminical. ... He wears white clothing befitting his caste, his shoes are unlaced to indicate that he has not touched leather with his hand, ... This physical evidence, combined with the certainty that he knew Sanskrit, make his claimed family lineage highly plausible. ... Seepersad's antecedents are vague; he never liked to discuss his childhood. ... Nyepaul (Naipaul's paternal grandfather) may have been a pure Brahmin, a Brahmin-by-boat, or he may have come from another caste background altogether. ... V. S. Naipaul never addressed this inconsistency, preferring to embrace the implied "caste sense" of his mother's family, ..."}} Their ancestors in India had been guided by ritual restrictions. Among these were those on food—including the prohibition against eating flesh—drink, attire and social interaction.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=55a|ps=: "Hinduism had regulations on all things: clothing, ritual pollution, caste distinction, bodily functions, diet."}}
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width = 340|caption_align = center
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| image2 = Indian Women go Shopping in Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1945, National Archives, UK.jpg
| image1 = Trinidad and Tobago Shaded Relief PCL Texas Annotated.jpg
| footer = {{font|size=100%|font=Sans-serif|text=(Left) [[Chaguanas]] is just inward of the [[Gulf of Paria]] coast. [[Caroni County|County Caroni]] and [[Naparima Plain|Naparima]] were fictionalized as ''County Naparoni'' in Naipaul's ''[[The Suffrage of Elvira]]''. (Right) Indian women go shopping in [[Port-of-Spain]], [[Trinidad]], 1945.}}
}}
In Trinidad, the restrictions were to gradually loosen. By the time of Naipaul's earliest childhood memories, chicken and fish were eaten at the family's dining table, and Christmas was celebrated with a dinner.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=55b|ps=: The Naipaul family were not vegetarian, as most Brahmins are supposed to be; they sometimes ate meat, and treated chicken as a vegetable. At Christmas they would celebrate with baked fowl, dalpuri, nuts and fruit."}} The men wore only western clothes. The women's [[sari]]s were being accessorized with belts and heeled footwear, their [[hemline]]s rising in imitation of the [[skirt]], and they were soon to disappear altogether as an item of daily wear.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=208–209|ps=: (caption) Above left: "Vidia with his glamorous sisters, ... Long gone were the days of covered heads and traditional dress for Indian women in Trinidad. Above right: Ma (Naipaul's mother) in heels with an Oxford-returned Vidia, 1956."}} Disappearing as well were the languages of India. Naipaul and his siblings were encouraged to speak only English.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=26|ps=: "What Nanie (Naipaul's maternal grandmother) said, went. .... (quoted) 'Nanie believed in the Hindu way of life but the irony of it is, she would help with the churches and celebrate all the Catholic festivals ... She told us that she wanted us to speak in English, not Hindi, because we had to be educated.'"}} At school, other languages were taught, but these were usually [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Latin]].{{Sfn|French|2008|p=41}}

Naipaul's family moved to Trinidad's capital [[Port of Spain]], at first when he was seven,{{Sfn|French|2008|p=30|ps=: "Nanie had bought a house, 17 Luis Street, in the Port of Spain suburb of Woodbrook ... This coincided with Seeperdad's recovery from his nervous breakdown, and his success in 1938 in regaining his job as a ''Guardian'' journalist. It was decided that the Naipaul family ... would move to Luis Street."}} and then more permanently when he was nine.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=32–33|ps=: "The idyll could not last. In 1940, Seepersad and Droapatie were told by Nanie that they would be moving to a new family commune at a place called Petite valley. ... In 1943, Seepersad could stand it no longer at Petit Valley and the Naipaul family moved in desperation to 17 Luis Street.}}

===1943–1954: Education: Port of Spain and Oxford===
{{Gallery
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|File:Students at Queens Royal College Port of Spain with Visitor 1955.jpg|Naipaul attended the government-run [[Queen's Royal College]] (QRC), a high school, Port of Spain from 1942 to 1950. Shown here are some older students at QRC talking to a visitor in 1955.
|File:High Street Oxford showing University College on the left.jpg|A 1790 aquatint of [[High Street, Oxford]], showing [[University College, Oxford|University College]] in the left foreground. A century and half later, V. S. Naipaul would spend four years at the college.
}}

Naipaul was enrolled in the government-run [[Queen's Royal College]] (QRC), an urban, cosmopolitan, high performing school, which was designed and functioned in the fashion of a British boys' [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]].{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=40–41|ps=: "QRC was modelled on an English boys' public school, and offered a high standard of education. ... He enjoyed his classes n Latin, French, Spanish and Science. It was a highly competitive school, with metropolitan values. Caribbean dialect was ironed out in favour of standard English, although the students remained bilingual ...."}} Before he turned 17, he won a Trinidad Government scholarship to study abroad. He reflected later that the scholarship would have allowed him to study any subject at any institution of higher learning in the [[British Commonwealth]], but that he chose to go to [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] to do a degree in English. He went, he wrote, "in order at last to write...." In August 1950, Naipaul boarded a [[Pan American World Airways|Pan Am]] flight to New York, continuing the next day by boat to London.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=67}} He left Trinidad, like the narrator of ''[[Miguel Street]]'', hardening himself to the emotion displayed by his family.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=67}} For recording the impressions of his journey, Naipaul purchased a pad of paper and a [[copying pencil]], noting, "I had bought the pad and pencil because I was travelling to become a writer, and I had to start."{{Sfn|French|2008|p=67}} The copious notes and letters from that time were to become the basis for the chapter "Journey" in Naipaul's novel ''[[The Enigma of Arrival]]'' written 37 years later.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=67}}

Arriving at Oxford for the [[Michaelmas term]], 1950, Naipaul judged himself adequately prepared for his studies;{{Sfn|French|2008|p=73a|ps=: "Vidia thought that the quality of the education he had received at QRC put him ahead of his (Oxford) contemporaries."}} in the judgment of his Latin tutor, [[Peter Bayley (literary critic)|Peter Bayley]], Naipaul showed promise and poise.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=73b|ps=: "Peter Bayley remembers Vidia reading a later essay on Milton's ''Paradise Lost'' ... 'I knew I had a winner.'"}}{{Sfn|French|2008|p=96|ps=: "Peter Bayley had been impressed with Vidia's confidence, ... Vidia, then, was able to adjust and compose himself in a social, formal setting."}} But, a year later, in Naipaul's estimation, his attempts at writing felt contrived. Unsure of his ability and calling, and lonely, he became depressed.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=90}} By late March 1952, plans were made for his return to Trinidad in the summer.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=91}} His father put down a quarter of the passage.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=91}} However, in early April, in the ''[[wiktionary:vac|vac]]s'' before the [[Trinity term]], Naipaul took an impulsive trip to Spain, and quickly spent all he had saved.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=92–93}} Attempting an explanation to his family, he called it "a nervous breakdown."{{Sfn|French|2008|p=93|ps=: "When Vidia got back to England, he was in a bad state. Trinidad was off. 'The fact is,' he admitted, 'I spent too much money in Spain. And, during the nervous breakdown (yes, it was that) I had, I grew rash and reckless ... My only opportunity of recuperating from my present chaos is to remain in England this summer and live very cheaply.'"}} Thirty years later, he was to call it "something like a mental illness."{{Sfn|Jussawalla|1997|p=126|ps=: "At Oxford he continued to suffer. 'I drifted into something like a mental illness,' he would write."}}

Earlier in 1952, at a college play, Naipaul had met Patricia Ann Hale, a history student. Hale and Naipaul formed a close friendship, which eventually developed into a sexual relationship. With Hale's support, Naipaul began to recover and gradually to write. In turn, she became a partner in planning his career. When they told their families about their relationship, the response was unenthusiastic; from her family it was hostile. In June 1953, both Naipaul and Hale graduated, both receiving, in his words, "a damn, bloody, ... [[Second class honours#Second-class honours|second]]."{{Sfn|French|2008|p=115}} [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], professor of [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] at Oxford, however, judged Naipaul's Anglo-Saxon paper to have been the best in the university.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=115}}

In Trinidad, Naipaul's father had had a [[coronary thrombosis]] in early 1953,{{Sfn|French|2008|p=111}} and lost his job at the ''Guardian'' in the summer.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=118}} In October 1953, Seepersad Naipaul died.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=123}} By Hindu tenets, it fell to Naipaul to light the funeral pyre—it was the mandatory ritual of the eldest son. But since there was not the time nor the money for Naipaul to return, his eight-year-old brother, [[Shiva Naipaul]], performed the final rites of cremation. "The event marked him," Naipaul wrote about his brother. "That death and cremation were his private wound."{{Sfn|Naipaul|1987|p=346}}

Through the summer and autumn of 1953 Naipaul was financially depleted. His prospects for employment in frugal post-war Britain were unpromising, his applications to jobs overseas repeatedly rejected, and his attempts at writing as yet haphazard.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=117–128}} Working off and on at odd jobs, borrowing money from Pat or his family in Trinidad, Naipaul reluctantly enrolled for a [[Bachelor of Letters|B. Litt.]] [[post-graduate]] degree at Oxford in [[English Literature]].{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=117–128}} In December 1953, he failed his first B. Litt. exam.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=117–128}} Although he passed the second written examination, his [[Oral exam|viva voce]], in February 1954, with [[F. P. Wilson]], an [[Elizabethan literature|Elizabethan]] scholar and [[Merton Professors|Merton Professor of English Literature]] at Oxford, did not go well. He was failed overall for the B. Litt. degree.{{#tag:ref|According to Naipaul's authorized biographer [[Patrick French]], Wilson was "a retired professor ... who was renowned for being taciturn and socially awkward." and that Naipaul blamed Wilson for failing him—in Naipaul's words—"deliberately and out of racial feeling."{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=117–128}} However, according to Wilson's [[ODNB]] biographers, Wilson retired later, in 1957, and was, "a master of social graces and a witty conversationalist."{{Sfn|Robertson|Connell|2004}}|group=nb}} With that also ended all hopes of being supported for academic studies at Oxford.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=128|ps=: "He remained at Oxford, the staff of the college library having given him and administrative job to tide him over."}} Naipaul would later say that he 'hated Oxford'.{{Sfn|Rosen|Tejpal|1998|ps=: "Actually, I hated Oxford. I hate those degrees and I hate all those ideas of universities. I was far too well prepared for it. I was far more intelligent than most of the people in my college or in my course. I am not boasting, you know well—time has proved all these things. In a way, I had prepared too much for the outer world; there was a kind of solitude and despair, really, at Oxford. I wouldn’t wish anyone to go through it.."}}

===1954–1956: London, ''Caribbean Voices'', marriage===

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|File:Pauline Enriques Sam Sevlon Caribbean Voices 1952.jpg| [[Pauline Henriques]] and [[Samuel Selvon]] reading a story on [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]'s [[Caribbean Voices]]. In December 1954, Naipaul joined the staff.
|File:Langham Hotel London post card 1903.JPG|The old [[Langham Hotel, London|Langham Hotel]] in a picture-postcard ca. 1903. Here, in 1955 in the BBC freelancers' room, Naipaul wrote the first story of ''[[Miguel Street]]''.
}}
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|quote = "The freelancers' room was like a club: chat, movement, the separate anxieties of young or youngish men below the passing fellowship of the room. That was the atmosphere I was writing in. That was the atmosphere I gave to Bogart’s Port of Spain street. Partly for the sake of speed, and partly because my memory or imagination couldn’t rise to it, I had given his servant room hardly any furniture: the Langham room itself was barely furnished. And I benefited from the fellowship of the room that afternoon. Without that fellowship, without the response of the three men who read the story, I might not have wanted to go on with what I had begun."
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|source = — From, "A Prologue to an Autobiography" (1983).{{Sfn|Naipaul|1983c}}
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Naipaul moved to London, where he reluctantly accepted shelter in the flat of a cousin. Pat, who had won a scholarship for further studies at the University of Birmingham, moved out of her parents' flat to independent lodgings where Naipaul could visit her. For the remainder of 1954, Naipaul exhibited behaviour that tried the patience of those closest to him. He denounced Trinidad and Trinidadians; he castigated the British who he felt had taken him out of Trinidad but left him without opportunity; he took refuge in illness, but when help was offered, he rebuffed it. He was increasingly dependent on Pat, who remained loyal, offering him money, practical advice, encouragement, and rebuke.<ref>{{harvnb|French|2008|p=118|ps=:"Pat thought he needed to hurry up. 'If you haven't written in amongst the hurly burly you never will and what you write will never really be good. ...' She advised him not to get into debt, and asked him to send £1 that he owed her. Her affection was undimmed. 'I'm an absolute fool where you're concerned and (not to be told to your enormous ego) I really adore and worship that stupid expression ...'"}}</ref>

Gainful employment appeared for Naipaul in December 1954. [[Henry Swanzy]], producer of the BBC weekly program, ''[[Caribbean Voices]]'', offered Naipaul a three-month renewable contract as presenter of the program. Swanzy, on whose program a generation of Caribbean writers had debuted, including [[George Lamming]], [[Samuel Selvon]], the 19-year-old [[Derek Walcott]] and, earlier, Naipaul himself, was being transferred to [[Accra]] to manage the [[Gold Coast Broadcasting System]]. Naipaul would stay in the part-time job for four years, and Pat would remain the critical breadwinner for the couple.

In January 1955, Naipaul moved to new lodgings, a small flat in [[Kilburn, London|Kilburn]], and he and Pat were married. Neither informed their families or friends—their wedding guests limited to the two witnesses required by law. Pat continued to live in Birmingham, but visited on the weekends. At the BBC, Naipaul presented the program once a week, wrote short reviews and conducted interviews. The sparsely furnished freelancers' room in the old [[Langham Hotel, London|Langham Hotel]] flowed with the banter of Caribbean writers and would-be writers, providing camaraderie and fellowship. There, one afternoon in the summer of 1955, Naipaul typed out a 3,000-word story. It was based on the memory of a neighbour he had known as a child in a [[Port of Spain]] street, but it also drew on the mood and ambience of the freelancers' room. Three fellow writers, John Stockbridge, [[Andrew Salkey]], and Gordon Woolford, who read the story later, were affected by it and encouraged him to go on. Over the next five weeks, Naipaul would write his first publishable book, ''[[Miguel Street]]'', a collection of linked stories of that Port of Spain street. Although the book was not published right away, Naipaul's talent caught the attention of publishers and his spirits began to lift.

===1956–1958: Early Trinidad novels===
[[File:HMS-Cavina-WW2-1941-requisitioned-Elder&Fyffes-Banana-Boat.jpg|right|thumb|[[Her Majesty's Ship|HMS]] Cavina, the peacetime [[Fyffes Line|Elders & Fyffes]] passenger-carrying [[banana boat (ship)|banana boat]], shown in 1941, requisitioned for [[World War II]]. In August 1956, Naipaul returned on [[Steam turbine#Marine propulsion|TSS]] Cavina to Trinidad for a two-month stay with his family.]]
[[Diana Athill]], the editor at the publishing company André Deutsch, who read ''Miguel Street'', liked it. But the publisher, [[André Deutsch]], thought a series of linked stories by an unknown Caribbean writer unlikely to sell profitably in Britain.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=155–156}} He encouraged Naipaul to write a novel.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=155–156}} Without enthusiasm, Naipaul quickly wrote ''[[The Mystic Masseur]]'' in Autumn 1955.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=155–156}} On 8 December 1955, his novel was accepted by Deutsch, and Naipaul received a £125 payment.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=155–156}}

In late August 1956, six years after arriving in England, three years after his father's death, and in the face of pressure from his family in Trinidad, especially his mother, to visit, Naipaul boarded [[Steam turbine#Marine propulsion|TSS]] Cavina, an [[Fyffes Line|Elders & Fyffes]] passenger-carrying [[banana boat (ship)|banana boat]], in [[Bristol]].{{Sfn|French|2008|p=160}} From on board the ship, he sent harsh and humorous descriptions of the ship's [[West Indies|West Indians]] passengers to Pat, recording also their conversations in dialect.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=161}} His early letters from Trinidad spoke to the wealth created there during the intervening years, in contrast to the prevailing frugal economy in Britain.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=163}} Trinidad was in its last phase before decolonization, and there was a new-found confidence among its citizens.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=164–165}} Among Trinidad's different racial groups, there were also avowals of racial separateness—in contrast to the fluid, open racial attitudes of Naipaul's childhood—and there was violence.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=165}} In the elections of 1956, the party supported by the majority blacks and Indian Muslims narrowly won, leading to an increased sense of gloom in Naipaul.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=167–168}} Naipaul accompanied a politician uncle, a candidate of the Hindu party, to his campaign rallies.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=171–172}} During these and other events he was gathering ideas for later literary use.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=171–172}} By the time he left Trinidad, he had written to Pat about plans for a new novelette on a rural election in Trinidad.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=171–172}} These would transmute upon his return to England into the comic novel ''[[The Suffrage of Elvira]]''.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=171–172}}

Back in England, Deutsch informed Naipaul that ''The Mystic Masseur'' would not be published for another ten months. Naipaul's anger at the publisher together with his anxiety about surviving as a writer aroused more creative energy: ''The Suffrage of Elvira'' was written with great speed during the early months of 1957.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=173}} In June 1957, ''The Mystic Masseur'' was finally published. The reviews were generally complimentary, though some were also patronizing. Still shy of his 25th birthday, Naipaul copied out many of the reviews by hand for his mother, including the {{em|Daily Telegraph}}'s, "V. S. Naipaul is a young writer who contrives to blend Oxford wit with home-grown rambunctiousness and not do harm to either."{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=174–175}} Awaiting his book royalties, in summer 1957, Naipaul accepted his only full-time employment, the position of editorial assistant at the Cement and Concrete Association (C&CA). The association published the magazine ''Concrete Quarterly''.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=180–181}} Although he disliked the desk job and remained in it for a mere ten weeks, the salary of £1,000 a year provided financial stability, allowing him to send money to Trinidad.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=180–181}} The C&CA was also to be the office setting for Naipaul's later novel, ''Mr. Stone's and the Knight's Companion''.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=180–181}} Around this same time, writer [[Francis Wyndham (Writer)|Francis Wyndham]], who had taken Naipaul under his wing, introduced him to novelist [[Anthony Powell]]. Powell, in turn, convinced the publisher of the ''[[New Statesman]]'', [[Kingsley Martin]], to give Naipaul a part-time job reviewing books.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=186–187}} Naipaul would review books once a month from 1957 to 1961.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=186–187}}

With many West Indian writers now active in England, ''Caribbean Voices'' was judged to have achieved its purpose and slated to terminate in August 1958.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=179}} Naipaul's relations with his BBC employers began to fray. Despite three years of hosting the program and three completed novels, he had been unable to make the transition to mainstream BBC programming. He claimed later that he was told those jobs were reserved for Europeans.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=178–179}} In July 1958, after arriving late for a program, Naipaul was reprimanded by the producers, and, in his words, "broke with the BBC."{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=179–180}}

With promotional help from Andre Deutsh, Naipaul's novels would soon receive critical acclaim.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=185}} ''The Mystic Masseur'' was awarded the [[John Llewellyn Rhys Prize]] in 1958, and ''Miguel Street'' the [[Somerset Maugham Award]] in 1961, [[W. Somerset Maugham]] himself approving the first-ever selection of a non-European.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=185}}

===1957–1960: ''A House for Mr Biswas'' ===
[[File:Seepersad Naipaul with Ford Prefect.jpg|left|thumb|[[Seepersad Naipaul]], father of V. S. Naipaul, and the inspiration for the protagonist of the novel, Mr Biswas, with his [[Ford Prefect]]]]

Not long after Naipaul began writing ''A House for Mr Biswas'', he and Pat moved across town from their attic flat in [[Muswell Hill]] to an upstairs flat in [[Streatham|Streatham Hill]].{{Sfn|French|2008|p=184}} It was the first home in which they felt comfortable.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=184}} In his foreword to the 1983 [[Alfred A. Knopf]] edition of the book, Naipaul was to write: <blockquote> "I had more than changed flats: for the first time in my life I enjoyed solitude and freedom in a house. And just as, in the novel, I was able to let myself go, so in the solitude of the quiet, friendly house in Streatham Hill I could let myself go. ... The two years spent on this novel in Streatham Hill remain the most consuming, the most fulfilled, the happiest years of my life. They were my Eden."{{Sfn|Naipaul|1999a|pp=133, 136}}</blockquote>
The book is an imagined version of his father's life as fashioned from childhood memories.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=192}} The story as it evolved became so real for Naipaul, that he later claimed it had "destroyed memory" in some respects.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=192}} The protagonist, Mohun Biswas, referred to throughout the book as Mr Biswas, is propelled by the forces of circumstance into a succession of vocations: apprentice to a Hindu priest; a signboard painter; a grocery store proprietor in the "heart of the sugarcane area"; a driver, or "sub-overseer," in a dark, damp and overgrown estate; and a reporter for ''The Trinidad Sentinel''.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=193}} What ambition or resourcefulness Mr Biswas possesses is inevitably undermined by his dependence on his powerful in-laws and the vagaries of opportunity in a colonial society.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=193}} His in-laws, the Tulsis, with whom he lives much of the time, are a large [[extended family]], and are caricatured with great humour, and some unkindness, in the novel.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=193}}
There is a melancholic streak in Mr Biswas which makes him at times both purposeless and clumsy, but it also stirs flashes of anger and of sniping wit.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=194}} Humour underpins the many tense relationships in the book.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=194}} Eventually, as times change, as two of his children go abroad for college, and as ill-health overcomes him, he buys a house, with money borrowed from a friend, and moves into it with his wife and remaining children, and in small measure strikes out on his own before he dies at age 46.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=194}} According to author [[Patrick French]], ''A House for Mr Biswas'' is "universal in the way that the work of Dickens or Tolstoy is universal; the book makes no apologies for itself, and does not contextualize or exoticize its characters. It reveals a complete world."{{Sfn|French|2008|p=193}}

The writing of the book consumed Naipaul. In 1983, he would write:<blockquote>The book took three years to write. It felt like a career; and there was a short period, towards the end of the writing, when I do believe I knew all or much of the book by heart. The labour ended; the book began to recede. And I found that I was unwilling to re-enter the world I had created, unwilling to expose myself again to the emotions that lay below the comedy. I became nervous of the book. I haven't read it since I passed the proofs in May 1961.{{Sfn|Naipaul|1999a|p=128}} </blockquote>

The reviews of the book both in the British press and the Caribbean were generous.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=196}} In ''[[The Observer]]'', Colin McInnes wrote that the book had the "unforced pace of a masterpiece: it is relaxed, yet on every page alert."{{Sfn|French|2008|p=196}} Francis Wyndham, writing in the ''[[London Magazine]]'', suggested that the book was "one of the clearest and subtlest illustrations ever shown of the effects of colonialism ...."{{Sfn|French|2008|p=196}} In his ''Trinidad Guardian'' review, Derek Walcott, judged Naipaul to be "one of the most mature of West Indian writers."{{Sfn|French|2008|p=196}}

On the fiftieth anniversary of its publication, Naipaul dedicated ''A House for Mr Biswas'' to Patricia Anne Hale.

===1961–1963: ''The Middle Passage'', India, ''An Area of Darkness''===

{{Gallery
|align=right
|width=130 | lines=4
|File:Eric Williams Trinidad Independence.jpg|Dr. [[Eric Williams]], the [[List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago#Premier of Trinidad and Tobago .281959.E2.80.9362.29|Premier of Trinidad and Tobago]], invited Naipaul to visit in early 1961 and to write a book on Caribbean history, published as ''[[The Middle Passage (book)|The Middle Passage]]''.
|File:Illustrated Weekly of India January 1947.JPG|Naipaul wrote a monthly "Letter from London" for the ''[[Illustrated Weekly of India]]'' from 1963 to 1965.}}
In September 1960, Naipaul was sounded out about visiting Trinidad as a guest of the government and giving a few lectures.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=201}} The following month an invitation arrived offering an all-expenses-paid trip and a stipend.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=201}} Naipaul and Pat, both exhausted after the completion of ''A House for Mr Biswas'', spent the next five months in the Caribbean.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=201}} In Port-of-Spain, Naipaul was invited by Dr. [[Eric Williams]], [[List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago#Premier of Trinidad and Tobago .281959.E2.80.9362.29|Premier of Trinidad and Tobago]] within the short-lived [[West Indies Federation]], to visit other countries of the region and write a book on the Caribbean.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=201–202}} ''[[The Middle Passage (book)|The Middle Passage: Impressions of Five Societies – British, French and Dutch in the West Indies and South America]]'', Naipaul's first work of travel writing, was the result.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=201}}{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=37}} To gather material for the book, Naipaul and Pat traveled to [[British Guiana]], [[Suriname]], [[Martinique]] and [[Jamaica]].{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=37}}

The book begins with perceptive, lively, but unflattering and gratuitously descriptive portraits of the fellow passengers bound for Trinidad.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|pp=37–38}}{{Sfn|French|2008|p=202}} Although he was later criticized for the insensitivity of these descriptions, he stood by his book, claiming it was "a very funny book,"{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|pp=37–38}} and that he was employing a form of irreverent West Indian humour.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=202}} Naipaul does not attempt to be detached in the book, continually reminding the reader of his own ties to the region.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=39}} For him, the West Indies are islands colonized only for the purpose of employing slaves for the production of other people's goods; he states, "The history of the islands can never be told satisfactorily. Brutality is not the only difficulty. History is built around achievement and creation; and nothing was created in the West Indies."{{Sfn|French|2008|p=203}} As the narrative progresses, Naipaul becomes more sympathetic and insightful, noting that no African names remain on the islands; that slavery had engendered "self-contempt," impelling the descendants of the slaves to idealize European civilization and to look down on all others; and that the debasement of identity has created racial animosity and rivalry among the brutalized peoples.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=203}} As Naipaul does not see nationalism as having taken root in these societies, only cults of personality, he does not celebrate the coming of independence, though he does not suggest a return to colonial subjecthood.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=203}}

In early 1962, Naipaul and Pat, arrived in India for a year-long visit. It was Naipaul's first visit to the land of his ancestors. The title of the resulting book, ''[[An Area of Darkness]]'', was not so much a reference to India as to Naipaul's effort to understand India.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=230}}{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=44}} Soon after arrival, Naipaul was overwhelmed by two sensations. First, for the first time in his life, he felt anonymous, even faceless. He was no longer identified, he felt, as part of a special ethnic group as he had in Trinidad or England and this made him anxious.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=215}}{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|pp=41–42}} Second, he was upset by what he saw was the resigned or evasive Indian reaction to poverty and suffering.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=217}}{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|pp=42–43}} After a month in Bombay and Delhi, Naipaul and Pat spent five months in Kashmir, staying in a lakeside hotel, "Hotel Liward," in Srinagar.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|pp=43–44}} Here, Naipaul was exceptionally productive. He wrote a novella ''Mr. Stone and the Knight's Companion'', set in London, and based, in part, on his experiences working for the Cement and Concrete Association, and, in part, on his relationship with Pat.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=218–219}} He wrote a number of short stories which were eventually published in the collection ''[[A Flag on the Island]]''. His evolving relationship with the hotel manager, Mr. Butt, and especially his assistant, Mr. Aziz, became the subject of the middle section of ''An Area of Darkness'', Naipaul bringing his novelistic skills and economy of style to bear with good effect.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|pp=43–44}} During the rest of his stay, his frustration with some aspects of India mounted even as he felt attraction to other aspects.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=226–227}} Gorakhpur, in eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], he wrote later, had "reduced him to the early-Indian stage of (his) hysteria."{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=226–227}} During his visit to his ancestral village, soon afterwards, Naipaul impatiently turned down a request for assistance and made a quick escape.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=226–227}} But in a letter, he also wrote: "As you can imagine I fell in love with these beautiful people, their so beautiful women who have all the boldness and independence ... of Brahmin women ... and their enchanting fairy-tale village."{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=226–227}}

Just before he left India, Naipaul was invited by the editor of the ''[[Illustrated Weekly of India]]'', a prominent, established, English-language magazine, to write a monthly "Letter from London" for the magazine.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=232–233}} Naipaul accepted for a fee of £30 a letter.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=232–233}} He wrote a monthly letter for the next two years.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=232–233}} It would be the only time he would write regularly on the contemporary culture in England, his country of domicile.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=232–233}} The topics included [[cricket]], [[The Beatles]], the [[Profumo affair]], advertising in the [[London Underground|London Tube]], and the Queen.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=232–233}}

===1964–1967: ''A Flag on the Island'', Africa, ''The Mimic Men''===
{{See also|A Flag on the Island|The Mimic Men}}
{{Gallery
|align=left
|width=130 | lines=4
|File:Beach, Scarborough, Tobago, 1947.jpg|A beach near Scarborough, [[Tobago]], similar to the one on the fictional island of Isabella in ''The Mimic Men''.
|File:Makerere University tower.jpg|Naipaul served as writer-in-residence at [[Makerere University]] in [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]], and finished his novel ''The Mimic Men''}}
{{Quote box
|width = 13em
|border = 1px
|align = right
|bgcolor =#D0F0C0
|fontsize = 85%
|title_bg =
|title_fnt =
|title =
|quote ="Coconut trees and beach and the white of breakers seemed to meet at a point in the distance. It was not possible to see where coconut turned to mangrove and swampland. Here and there, interrupting the straight line of the beach, were the trunks of trees washed up by the sea. I set myself to walk to one tree, then to the other. I was soon far away from the village and from people, and was alone on the beach, smooth and shining silver in the dying light. No coconut now, but mangrove, tall on the black cages of their roots. From the mangrove swamps channels ran to the ocean between sand banks that were daily made and broken off, as neatly as if cut by machines, shallow channels of clear water touched with the amber of dead leaves, cool to the feet, different from the warm sea."
|salign = right
|source = — From, ''The Mimic Men'' (1967).{{Sfn|Naipaul|1967|p=133}}
}}
Naipaul had spent an overwrought year in India.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=239}} Back in London, after ''An Area of Darkness'' was completed, he felt creatively drained.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=239}} He felt he had used up his Trinidad material.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=219–220}} Neither India nor the writing of ''Mr Stone and the Knight's Companion'', his only attempt at a novel set in Britain with white British characters, had spurred new ideas for imaginative writing.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=219–220}} His finances too were low, and Pat went back to teaching to supplement them.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=239}} Naipaul's books had received much critical acclaim, but they were not yet money makers.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=239}} Socially, he was now breaking away from the ''Caribbean Voices'' circle, but no doors had opened to mainstream British society.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=240}}

That changed when Naipaul was introduced to [[Antonia Fraser]], at the time the wife of conservative politician [[Hugh Fraser (British politician)|Hugh Fraser]].{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=241–242}} Fraser introduced Naipaul to her social circle of upper-class British politicians, writers, and performing artists.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=241–242}} In this circle was the wealthy [[Baron Glenconner#Barons Glenconner .281911.29|second Baron Glenconner]], father of novelist [[Emma Tennant]] and owner of estates in Trinidad, who arranged for an unsecured loan of £7,200 for Naipaul.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=243–244}} Naipaul and Pat bought a three-floor house on [[Stockwell|Stockwell Park Crescent]].{{Sfn|French|2008|p=244}}

In late 1964, Naipaul was asked to write an original script for an American movie.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=247}} He spent the next few months in Trinidad writing the story, a novella named, "A Flag on the Island," later published in the collection, ''[[A Flag on the Island]]''. The finished version was not to the director's liking and the movie was never made.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=247}} The story is set in the present time—1964—in a Caribbean island, which is not named.{{Sfn|King|2003|p=69}} The main character is an American named "Frankie" who affects the mannerisms of Frank Sinatra.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=247}} Frankie has links to the island from having served there during World War II.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=57}} He revisits reluctantly when his ship anchors there during a hurricane.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=57}} Naipaul wilfully makes the pace of the book feverish, the narrative haphazard, the characters loud, the protagonist fickle or deceptive, and the dialogue confusing.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=57}}{{Sfn|French|2008|p=247}} Balancing the present time is Frankie's less disordered, though comfortless, memory of 20 years before.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=58}} Then he had become a part of a community on the island.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=58}} He had tried to help his poor friends by giving away the ample US Army supplies he had.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=58}} Not everyone was happy about receiving help and not everyone benefited.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=58}} Frankie was left chastened about finding tidy solutions to the island's social problems.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=58}} This theme, indirectly developed in the story, is one to which Naipaul would return again.

Not long after finishing ''[[A Flag on the Island]]'', Naipaul began work on the novel ''The Mimic Men'', though for almost a year he did not make significant progress.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=248}} At the end of this period, he was offered a Writer-in-Residence fellowship at [[Makerere University]] in [[Kampala]], Uganda.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=249}} There, in early 1966, Naipaul, began to rewrite his material, and went on to complete the novel quickly.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=250}} The finished novel broke new ground for him.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=250}} Unlike his Caribbean work, it was not comic.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=55}} It did not unfold chronologically.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=77–78}} Its language was allusive and ironic, its overall structure whimsical.{{Sfn|King|2003|p=71}} It had strands of both fiction and non-fiction, a precursor of other Naipaul novels.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=54}} It was intermittently dense, even obscure,{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=77–78}} but it also had beautiful passages, especially descriptive ones of the fictional tropical island of Isabella. The subject of sex appeared explicitly for the first time in Naipaul's work.{{Sfn|Dooley|2006|p=53}} The plot, to the extent there is one, is centred around a protagonist, Ralph Singh, an [[Indian people|East Indian]]-[[West Indian]] politician from Isabella.{{Sfn|King|2003|p=71}} Singh is in exile in London and attempting to write his political memoirs.{{Sfn|King|2003|p=71}} Earlier, in the immediate aftermath of [[decolonization]] in a number of British colonies in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Singh had shared political power with a more powerful African Caribbean politician. Soon, the memoirs take on a more personal aspect. There are flashbacks to the formative and defining periods of Singh's life. In many of these, during crucial moments, whether during his childhood, married life, or political career, he appears to abandon engagement and enterprise.{{Sfn|King|2003|p=71}} These, he rationalizes later, belong only to fully made European societies. When ''The Mimic Men'' was published, it received generally positive critical notice. In particular, Caribbean politicians, such as [[Michael Manley]] and [[Eric Williams]] weighed in, the latter writing, "V. S. Naipaul's description of West Indians as 'mimic men' is harsh but true ..."{{Sfn|French|2008|p=257}}

=== 1968–1972: ''The Loss of El Dorado'', ''In A Free State'' ===

{{Gallery
|align=right
|width=130 | lines=5
|File:Ugandan kings at Toro ceremony late 1950s.jpg|Four kings of Ugandan kingdoms, from left to right: The [[Omugabe]] of [[Ankole]], [[Omukama of Bunyoro]], the [[Kabaka of Buganda]], and the [[Langi people|Won Nyaci of Lango]], at the signing of an agreement in [[Kabarole District|Kabarole]], [[Toro Kingdom|Toro]], [[Uganda]] between the British governor, Sir [[Frederick Crawford (colonial administrator)|Frederick Crawford]] and the [[Omukama of Toro]].
|File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-76054-0003, Leipzig, Kenia-Tag, Gerald Götting.jpg|At "Kenya Day," [[Leipzig]], 1960, [[Milton Obote]], centre, later PM of Uganda, demanded the release of [[Jomo Kenyatta]], the Kenyan nationalist. In 1966 and 1967, Obote would depose all the Ugandan kings, including the Kabaka of Buganda.
}}

Back in London in October 1966, Naipaul received an invitation from the American publisher [[Little, Brown and Company]] to write a book on Port-of-Spain.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=258}} The book took two years to write, its scope widening with time. ''[[The Loss of El Dorado]]'' eventually became a narrative history of Trinidad based on primary sources. Pat spent many months in the archives of the British Library reading those sources.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=258}} In the end, the finished product was not to the liking of Little, Brown, which was expecting a guidebook.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=258}} [[Alfred A. Knopf]] agreed to publish it instead in the United States as did Andre Deutsch later in Britain.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=258}}

''The Loss of El Dorado'' is an attempt to ferret out an older, deeper, history of Trinidad, one preceding its commonly taught history as a British-run plantation economy of slaves and indentured workers.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=83–84}} Central to Naipaul's history are two stories: the search for [[El Dorado]], a Spanish obsession, in turn pursued by the British, and the British attempt to spark from their new colony of Trinidad, even as it was itself becoming mired in slavery, a revolution of lofty ideals in South America.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=83–84}} Sir [[Walter Raleigh]] and [[Francisco de Miranda|Francisco Miranda]] would become the human faces of these stories.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=83–84}} Although slavery is eventually abolished, the sought for social order slips away in the face of uncertainties created by changeable populations, languages, and governments and by the cruelties inflicted by the island's inhabitants on each other.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=83–84}}

Before Naipaul began writing ''The Loss of El Dorado'', he had been unhappy with the political climate in Britain.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=270}} He had been especially unhappy with the increasing public animosity, in the mid-1960s, towards Asian immigrants from Britain's ex-colonies.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=270}} During the writing of the book, he and Pat sold their house in London, and led a transient life, successively renting or borrowing use of the homes of friends. After the book was completed, they travelled to Trinidad and Canada with a view to finding a location in which to settle.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=84–85}} Naipaul had hoped to write a blockbuster, one relieving him of future money anxieties. As it turned out, ''The Loss of El Dorado'' sold only 3,000 copies in the US, where major sales were expected; Naipaul also missed England more than he had calculated. It was thus in a depleted state, both financial and emotional, that he returned to Britain.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=84–85}}

Earlier, during their time in Africa, Naipaul and Pat had travelled to Kenya, staying for month in [[Mombasa]] on the [[Indian Ocean]] coast.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=253}} They had travelled in rural Uganda to [[Kisoro District]] on the south-western border with [[Rwanda]] and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congo]].{{Sfn|French|2008|p=253}} Naipaul showed interest in the clans of the [[Baganda]]n people.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=253}} When Uganda's prime minister [[Milton Obote]] overthrew their ruler, the [[Kabaka of Buganda]], Naipaul was critical of the British press for not condemning [[Battle of Mengo Hill|the action]] enough.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=254}} Naipaul also travelled to [[Tanzania]] with a young American he had met in Kampala, [[Paul Theroux]].{{Sfn|French|2008|p=254}} It was upon this African experience that Naipaul would draw during the writing of his next book, ''[[In a Free State]]''.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=255}}

In the title novella, ‘In a Free State’, at the heart of the book, two young expatriate Europeans drive across an African country, which remains nameless, but which offers clues of Uganda, Kenya, and Rwanda.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=91–92}} The novella speaks to many themes. The colonial era ends and Africans govern themselves.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=91–92}} Political chaos, frequently violent, takes hold in newly decolonized countries.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=91–92}} Young, idealistic, expatriate whites are attracted to these countries, seeking expanded moral and sexual freedoms. They are rootless, their bonds with the land tenuous; at the slightest danger they leave.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=87–88}} The older, conservative, white settlers, by contrast, are committed to staying, even in the face of danger.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=87–88}} The young expatriates, though liberal, can be racially prejudiced.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=87–88}} The old settlers, unsentimental, sometimes brutal, can show compassion.{{Sfn|King|2003|p=88}} The young, engrossed in narrow preoccupations, are uncomprehending of the dangers that surround them.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=87–88}} The old are knowledgeable, armed, and ready to defend themselves.{{Sfn|King|2003|p=88}} The events unfolding along the car trip and the conversation during it become the means of exploring these themes.{{Sfn|King|2003|pp=87–88}}

===1972–1976: Trinidad killings, Argentina, ''Guerrillas''===

{{Gallery
|align=left
|width=130 | lines=6
|File:Jorge Luis Borges Hotel.jpg|Naipaul met Argentine author [[Jorge Luis Borges]] in Buenos Aires in 1972, and wrote critically of Borges in the [[New York Review of Books]]. Here Borges is shown three years earlier.
|File:Rochester with dying wife from Jane Eyre.jpg|Jane and Roche in ''Guerrillas'' also evoke the title character in ''[[Jane Eyre]]'' and her employer Rochester, whose deranged [[West Indian]] wife dies at the end of the novel while attempting to set fire to their house.
}}

The short life and career of Michael de Freitas, a Trinidadian immigrant in the London underworld of the late 1960s, who returned to Trinidad in the early 1970s as a Black Power activist, [[Michael X]], exemplified the themes Naipaul had developed in ''The Mimic Men'' and ''In a Free State''.

In late December 1971 as news of the killings at Michael X's commune in [[Arima]] filtered out, Naipaul, accompanied by Pat, arrived in Trinidad to cover the story.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=295}} This was a time of strains in their marriage.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=300–301}} Naipaul, although dependent on Pat, was frequenting prostitutes for sexual gratification.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=300–301}} Pat was alone. Intensifying their disaffection was Pat's childlessness, for which neither Pat nor Naipaul sought professional treatment, preferring instead to say that fatherhood would not allow time for Naipaul's sustained literary labours.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=272}} Naipaul was increasingly ill-humoured and infantile, and Pat increasingly reduced to mothering him.{{Sfn|French|2008|p=272}} Pat began to keep a diary, a practice she would continue for the next 25 years.{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=300–301}} According to biographer Patrick French, <blockquote>"Pat's diary is an essential, unparalleled record of V. S. Naipaul's later life and work, and reveals more about the creation of his subsequent books, and her role in their creation, than any other source. It puts Patricia Naipaul on a par with other great, tragic, literary spouses such as [[Sophia Tolstaya|Sonia Tolstoy]], [[Jane Welsh Carlyle|Jane Carlyle]] and [[Leonard Woolf]].{{Sfn|French|2008|pp=300–301}}"</blockquote>

Naipaul visited the commune in Arima and Pat attended the trial. Naipaul's old friend Wyndham Lewis who was now editor of the Sunday Times offered to run the story in his newspaper. Around the same time Naipaul received an invitation from [[Robert B. Silvers]], editor of the [[New York Review of Books]] to do some stories on Argentina. The Review, still in its first decade after founding, was short of funds and Silvers had to borrow money from a friend to fund Naipaul's trip.

===Later works===
In 1974, Naipaul wrote the novel ''[[Guerrillas (novel)|Guerrillas]]'', following a creative slump that lasted several years.<ref>Smyer, Richard (Autumn 1992), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1208485?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "Review: A New Look at V. S. Naipaul"], ''[[Contemporary Literature]]'', Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 573–581.</ref> ''[[A Bend in the River]]'', published in 1979, marks the beginning of his exploration of native historical traditions, deviating from his usual "[[New World]]" examinations.<ref>Cooke, John (December 1979), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23050631?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "'A Vision of the Land': V. S. Naipaul's Later Novels"], ''Caribbean Quarterly'', Vol. 25, No. 4, Caribbean Writing: Critical Perspectives, pp. 31–47.</ref> Naipaul also covered the [[1984 Republican National Convention]] in [[Dallas, Texas]], at the behest of [[Robert B. Silvers]], editor of ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', after which Naipaul wrote "Among the Republicans",<ref>Naipaul, V. S. (25 October 1984), [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1984/10/25/among-the-republicans/ ""Among the Republicans"], ''The New York Review of Books''.</ref> an anthropological study of a "white tribe in the United States".<ref name=naipaul-nobel-press-release>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001: V. S. Naipaul (Press Release)|publisher=Svenska Akademien|date=11 October 2001|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/press.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020045122/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/press.html|archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref>

In 1987, ''[[The Enigma of Arrival]]'', a novel in five sections, was published.

In his 1998 non-fiction book ''[[Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples]]'', Naipaul argued that Islam is a form of Arab imperialism that destroys other cultures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ignatieff |first1=Michael |title=In the Name of the Most Merciful |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/06/07/reviews/980607.07ignatit.html |access-date=24 January 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=7 June 1998}}</ref><ref name=tnr>{{cite news |last1=Ajami |first1=Fouad |title=The Traveler's Luck |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/91328/the-travelers-luck |access-date=24 January 2021 |work=The New Republic |date=13 July 1998}}</ref>

Naipaul continued to write non-fiction works, his last being ''The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief '' (2010), written following the author's trips to Africa in 2008–09. The book explores indigenous religious beliefs and rituals, where Naipaul portrays the countries he visited in real life as bleak, and the people primitive.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Forna |first1=Aminatta |title=The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief by VS Naipaul |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/aug/29/vs-naipaul-masque-of-africa-review |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=4 October 2021 |date=29 August 2010}}</ref>

===Personal life===
During his first trip to [[Argentina]], in 1972, Naipaul met and began an affair with Margaret Murray Gooding, a married [[Anglo-Argentine]] mother of three. He revealed his affair to his wife one year after it began, telling her that he had never been sexually satisfied in their relationship. In Patrick French's biography, Naipaul recounts his domestic abuse towards Margaret: "I was very violent with her for two days with my hand ... She thought of it in terms of my passion for her ... My hand was swollen."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Packer|first=George|date=21 November 2008|title=A Life Split in Two|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/23/books/review/Packer-t.html}}</ref> French writes that the "cruelty [for Naipaul] was part of the attraction".<ref>French 2008, p.97</ref> He moved between both women for the next 24 years.<ref name="WaPo_Obit">{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Harrison|date=11 August 2018|title=V.S. Naipaul, Nobel winner who offered 'a topography of the void,' dies at 85|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/vs-naipaul-nobel-winning-chronicler-of-a-topography-of-the-void-dies-at-85/2018/08/11/55fd72ee-9db9-11e8-b60b-1c897f17e185_story.html|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref>

In 1995, as he was travelling through Indonesia with Gooding, his wife Patricia was hospitalized with cancer. She died the following year. Within two months of her death, Naipaul ended his affair with Gooding and married [[Nadira Naipaul|Nadira Alvi]], a divorced Pakistani journalist more than 20 years his junior.<ref name="WaPo_Obit" /> He had met her at the home of the American consul-general in Lahore.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=French|first=Patrick|date=31 March 2008|title=Naipaul And His Three Women|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/naipaul-and-his-three-women/237069|magazine=Outlook India|access-date=12 August 2018|ref=none|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 2003, he adopted Nadira's daughter, Maleeha, who was then 25.<ref name="nytobit">{{cite web|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|date=11 August 2018|title=V.S. Naipaul, Delver of Colonialism Through Unsparing Books, Dies at 85|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/11/obituaries/vs-naipaul-dead-author-nobel-prize.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/ghYGC|archive-date=12 August 2018|access-date=11 August 2018|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Naipaul's brother, [[Shiva Naipaul]], was a novelist and journalist. Shiva died in 1985 at the age of 40.<ref name="Wheatcroft">Geoffrey Wheatcroft, [https://www.spectator.co.uk/2005/08/sardonic-genius/ "Sardonic Genius - Geoffrey Wheatcroft recalls his friendship with the writer Shiva Naipaul, who died 20 years ago"], ''[[The Spectator]]'', 13 August 2005.</ref>

===Death===
Naipaul died at his home in London on 11 August 2018.<ref name="nytobit" /> Before dying he read and discussed [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Lord Tennyson]]'s poem ''[[Crossing the Bar]]'' with those at his bedside.<ref name="guardianobit">{{cite web|last=Lea|first=Richard|date=11 August 2018|title=VS Naipaul, Nobel prize-winning British author, dies aged 85|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/aug/11/vs-naipaul-nobel-prize-winning-british-author-dies-aged-85|access-date=11 August 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> His funeral took place at [[Kensal Green Cemetery]].

==Critical response==
In awarding Naipaul the 2001 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], the [[Swedish Academy]] praised his work "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories."<ref name=naipaul-nobel-press-release/> The Committee added: "Naipaul is a modern ''[[philosopher]]'' carrying on the tradition that started originally with ''[[Lettres persanes]]'' and ''[[Candide]]''. In a vigilant style, which has been deservedly admired, he transforms rage into precision and allows events to speak with their own inherent irony."<ref name=naipaul-nobel-press-release/> The Committee also noted Naipaul's affinity with the novelist [[Joseph Conrad]]:
{{quote|Naipaul is Conrad's heir as the annalist of the destinies of empires in the moral sense: what they do to human beings. His authority as a narrator is grounded in the memory of what others have forgotten, the history of the vanquished.<ref name=naipaul-nobel-press-release/>}}

Naipaul's fiction and especially his travel writing have been criticised for their allegedly unsympathetic portrayal of the [[Third World]]. The novelist [[Robert Harris (novelist)|Robert Harris]] has called Naipaul's portrayal of Africa racist and "repulsive," reminiscent of [[Oswald Mosley]]'s fascism.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greig|first1=Geordie|title=VS Naipaul: You might not like it, but this is Africa – exactly as I saw it|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/vs-naipaul-you-might-not-like-it-but-this-is-africa--exactly-as-i-saw-it-6505873.html|access-date=14 June 2014|work=The London Evening Standard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827040647/http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/vs-naipaul-you-might-not-like-it-but-this-is-africa--exactly-as-i-saw-it-6505873.html|archive-date=27 August 2014}}</ref> [[Edward Said]] argued that Naipaul "allowed himself quite consciously to be turned into a witness for the Western prosecution", promoting what Said classified as "colonial mythologies about [[wog]]s and darkies".<ref>{{cite web|first=Edward W|last=Said|url=http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/post/caribbean/naipaul/said.html|title=Edward Said on Naipaul|date=1 March 2002|access-date=10 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010132752/http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/post/caribbean/naipaul/said.html|archive-date=10 October 2007}}</ref> Said believed that Naipaul's worldview may be most salient in his book-length essay ''[[The Middle Passage (book)|The Middle Passage]]'' (1962), composed following Naipaul's return to the Caribbean after 10 years of exile in England, and the work ''[[An Area of Darkness]]'' (1964).

Naipaul was accused of misogyny, and of having committed acts of "chronic physical abuse" against his mistress of 25 years, Margaret Murray, who wrote in a letter to ''The New York Review of Books'': "Vidia says I didn't mind the abuse. I certainly did mind."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/01/15/on-vs-naipaul-an-exchange/|title=On V.S. Naipaul: An Exchange|first1=Margaret|last1=Murray|first2=Ian|last2=Buruma|first3=Paul|last3=Theroux|date=8 May 2018|access-date=8 May 2018|via=www.nybooks.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027115653/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/01/15/on-vs-naipaul-an-exchange/|archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref>

Writing in ''The New York Review of Books'' about Naipaul in 1980, [[Joan Didion]] offered the following portrayal of the writer:<ref>{{cite news|first=Joan|last=Didion|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/7366|title=Without Regret or Hope|date=12 June 1980|work=The New York Review of Books|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050908002638/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/7366|archive-date=8 September 2005}}</ref>
{{quote|The actual world has for Naipaul a radiance that diminishes all ideas of it. The pink haze of the bauxite dust on the first page of ''Guerrillas'' tells us what we need to know about the history and social organization of the unnamed island on which the action takes place, tells us in one image who runs the island and for whose profit the island is run and at what cost to the life of the island this profit has historically been obtained, but all of this implicit information pales in the presence of the physical fact, the dust itself. ... The world Naipaul sees is of course no void at all: it is a world dense with physical and social phenomena, brutally alive with the complications and contradictions of actual human endeavour. ... This world of Naipaul's is in fact charged with what can only be described as a romantic view of reality, an almost unbearable tension between the idea and the physical fact ...}}

[[Nissim Ezekiel]] wrote the 1984 essay "Naipaul's India and Mine" as a reply to Naipaul's ''An Area of Darkness''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2004/02/commentary-remembering-indian-poet-nissim-ezekial|title=Commentary - Remembering the Indian poet Nissim Ezekial|first=Salil|last=Tripathi|website=New Statesman|date=9 February 2004}}</ref>

[[Fouad Ajami]] rejected the central thesis of Naipaul's 1998 book ''Beyond Belief'', that Islam is a form of Arab imperialism that destroys other cultures. He pointed to the diversity of Islamic practices across Africa, the Middle East and Asia.<ref name=tnr/>

==Awards and recognition==
Naipaul was awarded the [[Booker Prize]] for ''[[In a Free State]]'' in [https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/1971 1971]. He won the [[Jerusalem Prize]] in 1983.
He was awarded the [[Trinity Cross]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/books/review/Shaftel-t.html|title=An Island Scorned|first= David|last= Shaftel|date=18 May 2008|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> He was also made a [[Knight Bachelor]] at the [[1990 New Year Honours]]. He won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 2001.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/vs-naipaul-dead-died-author-death-house-mr-biswas-nobel-prize-literature-booker-a8488011.html|title=Nobel Prize-winning British author VS Naipaul dies aged 85|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-09-19|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Works==
{{Expand list|date=July 2020}}

===Fiction===
* ''[[The Mystic Masseur (novel)|The Mystic Masseur]]'' (1957)
* ''[[The Suffrage of Elvira]]''  (1958)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/06/07/specials/naipaul-india.html?_r=1&oref=slogin|title=A Country Still in the Making|work=New York Times|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[Miguel Street]]''  (1959)
* ''[[A House for Mr Biswas]]''  (1961)
* ''[[Mr Stone and the Knights Companion]]''  (1963)
* ''[[The Mimic Men]]''  (1967)
* ''[[A Flag on the Island]]''  (1967)
* ''[[In a Free State]]''  (1971) – Booker Prize Winner
* ''[[Guerrillas (novel)|Guerrillas]]''  (1975)
* ''[[A Bend in the River]]''  (1979)
* ''[[The Enigma of Arrival]]''  (1987)
* ''[[A Way in the World]]''  (1994)
* ''[[Half a Life (novel)|Half a Life]]''  (2001)
* ''[[Magic Seeds]]''  (2004)

===Non-fiction===
* ''[[The Middle Passage (book)|The Middle Passage: Impressions of Five Societies – British, French and Dutch in the West Indies and South America]]'' (1962)
* ''[[An Area of Darkness]]'' (1964)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/you-cant-read-this-book/article2953626.ece | title=You can't read this book |first=Hasan|last= Suroor| work=[[The Hindu]] | date=3 March 2012|access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref>
* ''[[The Loss of El Dorado]]''  (1969)
* ''The Overcrowded Barracoon and Other Articles'' (1972)
* ''[[India: A Wounded Civilization]]'' (1977)
* ''A Congo Diary'' (1980), published by [[Sylvester & Orphanos]]
* ''The Return of Eva Perón and the Killings in Trinidad'' (1980)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/06/07/specials/naipaul-peron.html|title=From the Third World|work=The New York Times|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey]]'' (1981)
* ''Finding the Centre: Two Narratives''  (1984)<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v06/n08/dan-jones/the-enchantment-of-vidia-naipaul|title=The Enchantment of Vidia Naipaul|first=D. A. N.|last=Jones|journal=London Review of Books|volume=6|number=8|publisher=LRB.co.uk|date=3 May 1984|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[A Turn in the South]]'' (1989)
* ''[[India: A Million Mutinies Now]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions among the Converted Peoples]]'' (1998)
* ''Between Father and Son: Family Letters'' (1999, edited by [[Gillon Aitken]])
* ''[[The Writer and the World: Essays]]'' (2002)
* ''[[A Writer's People: Ways of Looking and Feeling]]'' (2007)
* ''The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief'' (2010)
* {{cite journal |date=January 6, 2020 |title=Grief: A Writer Reckons with Loss |department=Personal History |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=95 |issue=43 |pages=18–24 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/01/06/the-strangeness-of-grief }}<ref>Online version is titled "The strangeness of grief".</ref>

==See also==
* [[Capildeo family]]
* [[Caribbean literature]]
* [[Postcolonial literature]]

==See also==
* [[List of British writers]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==Notes and references==
;Notes
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

;Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}

;Sources
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dooley|first=Gillian|title=V.S. Naipaul, Man and Writer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWMnQmhCwaYC|access-date=30 September 2013|year=2006|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-587-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=French|first=Patrick|title=The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul|url=https://archive.org/details/worldiswhatitisa0000fren_q3r9|url-access=registration|access-date=19 September 2013|year=2008|publisher=Alfred Knopf|location=New York|isbn=978-0-307-27035-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hayward|first=Helen|title=The Enigma of V. S. Naipaul|url=https://archive.org/details/enigmaofvsnaipau00hayw|url-access=registration|series=(Warwick University Caribbean Studies)|year=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-0254-2}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Jussawalla|editor-first=Feroza F.|title=Conversations with V. S. Naipaul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buHPh2ZkjP8C&pg=PA126|year=1997|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-0-87805-945-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=King|first=Bruce|title=V.S. Naipaul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVZzQgAACAAJ|edition=2nd|year=2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-0456-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Naipaul|first=V. S.|title=An Area of Darkness|year=1964}}
* {{Cite book|last=Naipaul|first=V. S.|title=The Mimic Men|year=1967}}
* {{Cite book|last=Naipaul|first=V. S.|title=A House for Mr. Biswas with a new foreword by the author|year=1983a|publisher=Alfred Knopf Inc|location=New York|isbn=978-0-679-44458-9|chapter=Foreword}}
** Also: {{cite journal|last=Naipaul|first = V. S.|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=24 November 1983b|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1983/nov/24/writing-a-house-for-mr-biswas/|title=Writing ''A House for Mr. Biswas''}}
** Also: {{Cite book|title=Literary Occasions|last=Naipaul|first=V. S.|publisher=Knopf Canada|year=2012|isbn=978-03-0-737065-5|pages=186|language=en|chapter=Foreword to ''A House of Mr. Biswas''|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCV7IW8-88kC&pg=PT186}}
** Also: {{Cite news|last=Naipaul|first = V. S.|title=A prologue to an autobiography|work=Vanity Fair |year= 1983c}}
* {{Cite book|last=Naipaul|first=V.S.|title=The Enigma of Arrival|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=709bdvwJKRAC|access-date=28 September 2013|year=1987|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=978-0-307-74403-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=Naipaul|first=V.S.|editor=Gillon Aitken|title=Between Father and Son: Family Letters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gL2g5rH_He8C|access-date=19 September 2013|year=2007|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf Inc|location=New York|orig-year=2000|isbn=978-0-307-42497-6}}
** Also: {{cite book|last=Aitken|first=Gillon|editor=Gillon Aitken|title=Between Father and Son: Family Letters |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gL2g5rH_He8C|access-date=19 September 2013|year=2007|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf Inc|location=New York|isbn=978-0-307-42497-6|chapter=Introduction|orig-year=2000}}
* {{Cite book|last=Nixon|first=Rob|title=London Calling: V. S. Naipaul, Postcolonial Mandarin|url=https://archive.org/details/londoncalling00robn|url-access=registration|access-date=19 September 2013|year=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536196-4}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Robertson|first1=Jean|last2=Connell|first2=P. J.|title=Wilson, Frank Percy (1889–1963) |journal=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36953|access-date=27 September 2013}}
* {{Cite journal|editor-last1=Rosen|editor-first1=Jonathan|editor-last2=Tejpal|editor-first2=Tarun|year=1998| title=V. S. Naipaul, The Art of Fiction No. 154| journal=[[The Paris Review]] |volume=Fall 1998|issue=148|url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/1069/the-art-of-fiction-no-154-v-s-naipaul}}
* {{Cite book|last=Said|first=Edward W.|title=Reflections on Exile and Other Essays|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=merq6HPXPm8C&pg=PA98|access-date=19 September 2013|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-00302-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/reflectionsonexi00said/page/98 98]|chapter=Bitter Dispatches from the Third World|url=https://archive.org/details/reflectionsonexi00said/page/98}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Visaria|first1=Pravin|last2=Visaria|first2=Leela|editor=Dharma Kumar, Meghnad Desai|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume 2, c.1757–c.1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ew8AAAAIAAJ |year=1983|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22802-2|chapter=Population (1757–1947)}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last=Bayley|first = John|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1987/apr/09/country-life/|title=Country Life|date=9 April 1987}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Boxill|first=Anthony|year=1976|title=The Little Bastard Worlds of VS Naipaul's The Mimic Men and A Flag on the Island|journal=International Fiction Review |volume=3 |issue=1 |url=http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/IFR/article/download/13159/14242}}
* {{cite journal|last=Buruma|first = Ian |author-link= Ian Buruma |journal= The New York Review of Books|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2008/nov/20/the-lessons-of-the-master/|title=Lessons of the Master|date=20 November 2008}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Chaubey|editor-first=Ajay Kumar|title=V. S. Naipaul: An Anthology of 21st Century Criticism|year=2015|location=New Delhi|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Chotiner|first=Isaac|title=V.S. Naipaul on the Arab Spring, Authors He Loathes, and the Books He Will Never Write|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|date=7 December 2012 |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/politics/magazine/110865/vs-naipaul-the-arab-spring-authors-he-loathes-and-the-books-he-will-never-write}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Fraser|first=Peter D.|title=Review of V.S. Naipaul: Man and Writer by Gillian Dooley|journal=Caribbean Studies|volume=38|issue=1|year=2010|pages=212–215|publisher=Institute of Caribbean Studies, UPR, Rio Piedras Campus|jstor=27944592|doi=10.1353/crb.2010.0027|s2cid=144996410}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gorra|first=Michael|title=After Empire: Scott, Naipaul, Rushdie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9m6PteVNcPAC|access-date=19 September 2013|year=2008|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-30476-2}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Greenberg|first = Robert M.|title= Anger and the Alchemy of Literary Method in V. S. Naipaul's Political Fiction: The Case of ''The Mimic Men''|journal=Twentieth Century Literature |volume=46 |issue=2 |date=Summer 2000|pages=214–237|jstor=441958|doi=10.2307/441958}}
*[[Patrick Marnham|Marnham, Patrick]] (April 2011). "An Interview with V.S. Naipaul". ''[[Literary Review]]'' (London).
*[[Patrick Marnham|Marnham, Patrick]] (2019). Introduction to V.S. Naipaul's ''[[A Bend in the River]]'' ([[Everyman's Library]])
* {{Cite book|last=Mustafa|first=Fawzia|title=V. S. Naipaul: Cambridge Studies in African and Caribbean Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/vsnaipaul0000must|url-access=registration|access-date=19 September 2013 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-48359-9}}
* {{cite journal|last=Miller|first= Karl|title= V. S. Naipaul and the New Order, ''The Mimic Men''|journal=[[The Kenyon Review]]|volume=29|issue=5|date=Nov 1967|pages=685–698|jstor=4334777}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|last=Naipaul|first=Shiva|author-link=Shiva Naipaul|title=An Unfinished Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xs9yAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Hamish Hamilton|location=London|isbn=978-0-241-11943-3 |chapter=Brothers}}
* {{cite journal|ref=none|last=Naipaul|first=V. S.|journal=The New York Review of Books|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1974/oct/17/conrads-darkness/|title=Conrad's Darkness|date=17 October 1974 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book|ref=none|last=Naipaul|first=V. S.|title=Finding the Center: Two Narratives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqpZAAAAYAAJ|access-date=19 September 2013|year=1986|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-394-74090-4 |chapter=A prologue to an autobiography}}
* {{cite journal|ref=none|last=Naipaul|first=V. S.|journal=The New York Review of Books|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1987/feb/12/the-ceremony-of-farewell/|title=The Ceremony of Farewell|date=12 February 1987 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|ref=none|last=Naipaul|first=V. S.|journal=The New York Review of Books|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1987/apr/23/on-being-a-writer/|title=On Being a Writer|date=23 April 1987 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|ref=none|last=Naipaul|first=V. S.|journal=The New York Review of Books|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1991/jan/31/our-universal-civilization/|title=Our Universal Civilization|date=31 January 1991 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|ref=none|last=Naipaul|first=V. S.|journal=The New York Review of Books|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1994/may/12/a-way-in-the-world/|title=A Way in the World|date=12 May 1994 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|ref=none|last=Naipaul|first=V. S.|journal=The New York Review of Books|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1999/feb/18/reading-writing/|title=Reading and Writing|date=18 February 1999 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|ref=none|last=Naipaul|first=V. S.|journal=The New York Review of Books|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1999/mar/04/the-writer-and-india/|title=The Writer in India|date=4 March 1999 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Pritchard|first=William H.|title=Naipaul Unveiled: Review of The World Is What It Is, The authorized biography of V. S. Naipaul by Patrick French|journal = The Hudson Review|volume=61 |issue=3 |year=2008 |pages=431–440|jstor=20464886}}
* Rahim, Sameer (2022) '[https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/features/why-those-who-dismiss-vs-naipaul-as-a-defender-of-colonialism-should Why those who dismiss V.S. Naipaul as a defender of colonialism should take a closer look at his writing]'. The Booker Prize website.
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Singh|editor-first=Bijender|year=2018|title=V.S. Naipaul: A Critical Evaluation|location=New Delhi|publisher=Pacific Books International}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q44593|c=Category:V. S. Naipaul|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/naipaul-bibl.html|title= V.S. Naipaul - Bibliography|publisher=Nobelprize.org}}
* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture 7 December 2001 ''Two Worlds''
* {{C-SPAN|91397}}
* {{Charlie Rose view|2470}}
* {{IMDb name|0619740}}
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-n79-99320}}
*[http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=98 List of Works]

{{V. S. Naipaul}}
{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 2001-2025}}
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|title= Awards received by V. S. Naipaul
|list1=
{{Booker Prize}}
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}}
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2020 Booker Prize

2022-03-21T14:01:35Z

82.71.1.207: Added the official home of the Booker 2020 Prize.

{{short description|British literary award given in 2020}}
[[File:Douglas Stuart (2021).png|thumb|right|[[Douglas Stuart (writer)|Douglas Stuart]], winner of the 2020 Booker Prize]]
The '''2020 [[Booker Prize|Booker Prize for Fiction]]''' was announced on 19 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alter |first=Alexandra |date=19 November 2020 |title=Douglas Stuart Wins Booker Prize for 'Shuggie Bain' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/books/booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html |access-date=22 November 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The Booker longlist of 13 books was announced on 27 July,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2020 |title=Booker Prize 2020: Hilary Mantel makes longlist |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53557876 |access-date=22 November 2020 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> and was narrowed down to a shortlist of six on 15 September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2020 |title=Booker Prize 2020: Four debuts make shortlist as Hilary Mantel misses out |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-54158215 |access-date=22 November 2020 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> The Prize was awarded to [[Douglas Stuart (writer)|Douglas Stuart]] for his [[debut novel]], ''[[Shuggie Bain]]'', receiving £50,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=19 November 2020 |title=Douglas Stuart wins Booker prize for debut Shuggie Bain |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/19/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize-for-debut-shuggie-bain |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Stuart is the second Scottish author to win the Booker Prize, after it was awarded to [[James Kelman]] for ''[[How Late It Was, How Late]]'' in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Judith |date=15 November 2020 |title=Douglas Stuart's Shuggie Bain could be second Scottish book to win Booker prize |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/18872482.douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-second-scottish-book-win-booker-prize/ |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]}}</ref> The ceremony was hosted by [[John Wilson (broadcaster)|John Wilson]] at the [[Roundhouse (venue)|Roundhouse]] in Central London, and broadcast by the [[BBC]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2020 |title=The 2020 Booker Prize for Fiction Winner Ceremony |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/media-centre/press-releases/the-2020-booker-prize-for-fiction-winner-ceremony |access-date=8 November 2021 |website=thebookerprizes.com}}</ref> As a result of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the shortlisted authors and guest speakers appeared virtually from their respective homes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marsden |first=Stevie |date=20 November 2020 |title=Booker Prize – masterful Scottish working-class story Shuggie Bain wins in most diverse year yet |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |url=https://theconversation.com/booker-prize-masterful-scottish-working-class-story-shuggie-bain-wins-in-most-diverse-year-yet-150507 |access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref>

==Judging panel==
*[[Margaret Busby]]
*[[Lee Child]]
*[[Lemn Sissay]]
*[[Sameer Rahim]]
*[[Emily Wilson (classicist)|Emily Wilson]]

==Nominees==
{{legend|gold|indicates the winner}}
===Shortlist===
{| class="wikitable"
! Author
! Title
! Genre(s)
! Country
! Publisher
|- style="background:gold"
| '''[[Douglas Stuart (writer)|Douglas Stuart]]'''
| '''''[[Shuggie Bain]]'''''
| Novel
| United Kingdom/United States
| [[Picador (imprint)|Picador]] / [[Pan Macmillan]]
|-
| [[Diane Cook]]
| ''[[The New Wilderness]]''
| Novel
| United States
| [[Oneworld Publications]]
|-
| [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]]
| ''[[This Mournable Body]]''
| Novel
| Zimbabwe
| [[Faber & Faber]]
|-
| [[Avni Doshi]]
| ''[[Burnt Sugar (novel)|Burnt Sugar]]''
| Novel
| United States
| [[Hamish Hamilton]] / [[Penguin Random House]]
|-
| [[Maaza Mengiste]]
| ''[[The Shadow King (novel)|The Shadow King]]''
| Novel
| Ethiopia / United States
| [[Canongate Books]]
|-
| [[Brandon Taylor (writer)|Brandon Taylor]]
| ''[[Real Life (novel)|Real Life]]''
| Novel
| United States
| Originals / [[Daunt Books Publishing]]
|-
|}
<ref>[https://thebookerprizes.com/fiction/2020 The 2020 Shortlist] The Booker Prize</ref>

===Longlist===
{| class="wikitable"
! Author
! Title
! Genre(s)
! Country
! Publisher
|-
| [[Diane Cook]]
| ''[[The New Wilderness]]''
| Novel
| United States
| [[Oneworld Publications]]
|-
| [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]]
| ''[[This Mournable Body]]''
| Novel
| Zimbabwe
| [[Faber & Faber]]
|-
| [[Avni Doshi]]
| ''[[Burnt Sugar (novel)|Burnt Sugar]]''
| Novel
| United States
| [[Hamish Hamilton]] / [[Penguin Random House]]
|-
| [[Gabriel Krauze]]
| ''[[Who They Was]]''
| Novel
| United Kingdom
| [[4th Estate]] [[HarperCollins]]
|-
| [[Hilary Mantel]]
| ''[[The Mirror and the Light]]''
| Novel
| United Kingdom
| [[4th Estate]] [[HarperCollins]]
|-
| [[Colum McCann]]
| ''[[Apeirogon (novel)|Apeirogon]]''
| Novel
| Ireland / United States
| [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
|-
| [[Maaza Mengiste]]
| ''[[The Shadow King (novel)|The Shadow King]]''
| Novel
| Ethiopia / United States
| [[Canongate Books]]
|-
| [[Kiley Reid]]
| ''[[Such a Fun Age]]''
| Novel
| United States
| [[Bloomsbury Circus]] / [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
|-
| [[Brandon Taylor (writer)|Brandon Taylor]]
| ''[[Real Life (novel)|Real Life]]''
| Novel
| United States
| Originals / [[Daunt Books Publishing]]
|-
| [[Anne Tyler]]
| ''[[Redhead by the Side of the Road]]''
| Novel
| United States
| [[Chatto & Windus]] / Vintage
|-
| [[Douglas Stuart (writer)|Douglas Stuart]]
| ''[[Shuggie Bain]]''
| Novel
| United Kingdom/United States
| [[Picador]] [[Pan Macmillan]]
|-
| [[Sophie Ward]]
| ''[[Love and Other Thought Experiments]]''
| Novel
| United Kingdom
| [[Corsair, Little, Brown]]
|-
| [[C Pam Zhang]]
| ''[[How Much of These Hills Is Gold]]''
| Novel
| United States
| [[Virago, Little, Brown]]
|-
|}
<ref>[https://thebookerprizes.com/fiction/2020 The 2020 Longlist] The Booker Prize</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of winners and shortlisted authors of the Booker Prize|List of winners and shortlisted authors of the Booker Prize for Fiction]]
*[https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/prize-years/2020 The official home of the 2020 Booker Prize].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Man Booker Prize}}

[[Category:2020 literary awards|Man Booker]]
[[Category:Booker Prizes by year]]
[[Category:2020 awards in the United Kingdom]]

Keri Hulme

2022-03-21T13:58:22Z

82.71.1.207: Added in the references to what happened at the ceremony and also a link to watch the ceremony on You Tube.

{{Short description|New Zealand writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{en-NZ|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| pseudonym = Kai Tainui
| death_place = [[Waimate]], New Zealand
| birth_name = Kerry Ann Ruhi Hulme
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1947|03|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Christchurch]], New Zealand
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|12|27|1947|03|09|df=y}}
| notable_works = ''[[The Bone People|the bone people]]'' (1984)
| occupation = Author
}}

'''Keri Ann Ruhi Hulme''' (9 March 1947{{snd}}27 December 2021) was a New Zealand novelist, poet and short-story writer of [[Ngāi Tahu|Kāi Tahu]] and [[Kāti Māmoe]] descent. She also wrote under the pen name '''Kai Tainui'''. Her novel ''[[The Bone People|the bone people]]'' won the [[Booker Prize]] in 1985<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Keri Hulme's official page on the Booker Prizes' website |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/keri-hulme |url-status=live |website=The Booker Prizes}}</ref>; she was the first New Zealander to win the award, and also the first writer to win the prize for their [[debut novel]]. Hulme's writing explores themes of isolation, postcolonial and multicultural identity, and [[Māori mythology|Maori]], [[Celtic mythology|Celtic]], and [[Norse mythology]].<ref name="ReadNZ">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Hulme, Keri|url=https://www.read-nz.org/writer/hulme-keri/|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=Read NZ Te Pou Muramura}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{Cite web|last=Israel|first=Janine|date=28 December 2021|title=Keri Hulme, New Zealand's first Booker prize-winning writer, dies aged 74|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/dec/28/keri-hulme-booker-prize-new-zealand-writer-dies-74|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Keri Ann Ruhi Hulme was born on 9 March 1947 in Burwood Hospital, [[Christchurch]], New Zealand.<ref name="crystal2004">{{Cite book|editor-last1=Crystal|editor-first1=David|editor-link1=David Crystal|title=The Penguin Encyclopedia|year=2004|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=0-14-051543-7|oclc=56479163|page=[[iarchive:isbn_9780140515435/page/743/mode/1up|743]]}}</ref><ref name="contempauthors">{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Authors: New Revision Series|title-link=|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]|year=1999|isbn=0-7876-2038-6|editor-last1=Jones|editor-first1=David|series=|volume=69|location=Detroit|pages=[[iarchive:isbn_9780787620387/page/277/mode/1up|277–279]]|issn=|oclc=|editor-last2=Jorgensen|editor-first2=John D.}}</ref> The daughter of John William Hulme, a carpenter, and Mary Ann Miller, a credit manager, she was the eldest of six children.<ref name="Te Karaka">{{Cite journal|last=Hulme|first=Keri|date=Spring 2012|title=Layering|url=https://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/TeKaraka55.pdf|journal=Te Karaka|volume=55|page=5}}</ref><ref name="NZ Book Council">{{cite web |url=http://www.bookcouncil.org.nz/writer/hulme-keri|title=Hulme, Keri|author=|date=April 2016|website=www.bookcouncil.org.nz|publisher=[[New Zealand Book Council]]|access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&id=GALE%7CH1000048141&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon&authCount=1#|title=Keri Hulme|last=Contemporary Authors Online|date=2012|website=GALE Literature Resource Center|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> Her father was a first-generation New Zealander whose parents were from [[Lancashire|Lancashire, England]], and her mother came from [[Oamaru]], of Orkney Scots and [[Māori people|Māori]] descent (Kāi Tahu, Kāti Māmoe). "Our family comes from diverse people: Kāi Tahu, Kāti Māmoe (South Island Māori iwi); [[Orkney|Orkney islanders]]; Lancashire folk; [[Faroese people|Faroese]] and/or [[Norwegian people|Norwegian]] migrants," Hulme stated.<ref name="mcleod1996">{{Cite book|last1=McLeod|first1=Aorewa Pohutukawa|chapter=Hulme, Keri|editor-last1=Kester-Shelton|editor-first1=Pamela|title=Feminist Writers|year=1996|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|St. James Press]]|isbn=1-55862-217-9|oclc=34839791|pages=[[iarchive:feministwriters0002unse/page/243/mode/1up|243–244]]}}</ref>

Hulme grew up in Christchurch at 160 Leaver Terrace, New Brighton, where she attended North New Brighton Primary School and [[Aranui High School]]. She described herself as a "very definite and determined child who inherently hate[d] assumed authority".<ref name="Te Karaka"/> In 1958, when she was 11, her father died. Hulme remembered herself as being interested in writing from a young age. She rewrote [[Enid Blyton]] stories the way she thought they should have been written, wrote poetry from the age of 12, and composed short stories; her mother organised the side front porch into a study for her after her father's death.<ref name="Te Karaka"/> Some of her poems and short stories were published in Aranui High School's magazine.<ref name="Stuff">{{Cite web|last=Welham|first=Keri|date=24 April 2018|title=Keri Hulme: Bait expectations|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/books/103196530/keri-hulme-bait-expectations|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=Stuff}}</ref> The family spent their holidays with her mother's family at [[Moeraki]], on the Otago East Coast, and Hulme identified [[Moeraki]] as her turangawaewae-ngakau, or homeland.<ref name="ReadNZ"/>

After high school, Hulme worked as a tobacco picker in [[Motueka]]. She began studying for an honours law degree at the [[University of Canterbury]] in 1967, but left after four terms – feeling "estranged/out-of-place"<ref name="Te Karaka"/> – and returned to tobacco picking, although she continued to write.<ref name="NZ Book Council"/>

==Career==
By 1972, Hulme had accumulated a large quantity of notes and drawings and decided to begin writing full-time, but, despite financial support from her family, she returned to work nine months later. She worked in a range of jobs, including in retail, as a fish-and-chips cook, a winder at a woollen mill, and as a mail deliverer in [[Greymouth]], on the West Coast of [[the South Island]]. She was also a pharmacist's assistant at Grey Hospital, a proofreader and journalist at the ''Grey Evening Star'', and an assistant television director on the shows ''[[Country Calendar]]'', ''Dig This'' and ''[[Play School (New Zealand TV series)|Play School]]''.<ref name="Stuff"/> She continued writing, and had her work published in journals and magazines; some appeared under the pseudonym Kai Tainui.<ref name="ReadNZ"/>

Hulme received Literary Fund grants in 1973, 1977, and 1979, and in 1979 she was a guest at the [[East–West Center|East-West Center]] in [[Hawaii]] as a visiting poet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keri Hulme|url=https://www.komako.org.nz/person/372|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=www.komako.org.nz}}</ref> Hulme held the 1977 [[Robert Burns Fellowship]] and became writer-in-residence at the [[University of Otago]] in 1978.<ref name="ReadNZ" /> During this time, she continued working on her novel, ''the bone people.''

Hulme submitted the manuscript for ''the bone people'' to several publishers over a period of 12 years, until it was accepted for publication by the [[Spiral (publisher)|Spiral Collective]], a feminist literary and arts collective in New Zealand.<ref name="Oxford Reference">{{Cite book|year=2016|title=Oxford Dictionary Plus Literature|chapter=Hulme, Keri|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191823510.001.0001/acref-9780191823510-e-63|access-date=3 March 2018|doi=10.1093/acref/9780191823510.001.0001|isbn=9780191823510}}</ref> The book was published in February 1984 and won the 1984 New Zealand Book Award for Fiction and the [[Booker Prize]] in 1985.<ref name="NZ Book Council"/><ref name="smith2001">{{Cite book|editor-last1=Riggs|editor-first1=Thomas|last1=Smith|first1=Anna|chapter=Hulme, Keri|title=Contemporary Poets|year=2001|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|St. James Press]]|isbn=1-55862-349-3|edition=7th|pages=[[iarchive:contemporarypoet0000unse_q1s2/page/571/mode/1up|571–573]]|oclc=45148536}}</ref> Hulme was the first New Zealander to win the Booker Prize and also the first writer to win the prize for their debut novel.<ref name="NZHerald">{{Cite web|date=23 December 2011|title=Author to quit 'nasty village'|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/author-to-quit-nasty-village/2LQMLZJZNSAOJRHAGM7A4ON4FU/|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=NZ Herald}}</ref> The [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4ZbScvNmyo ceremony was broadcast on Channel 4] and as Hulme was unable to attend she asked three women from Spiral – Irihapeti Ramsden, Marian Evans and Miriama Evans – to accept the award on her behalf. Ramsden and Miriama Evans walked up to the podium wearing Maori korowai, arm in arm with Marian Evans in a tuxedo, and chanted a Maori karanga as they went<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Keri Hulme’s The Bone People changed the way we read now {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/keri-hulme-the-bone-people-story-history-critique |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref>.

In 1985, Hulme was writer-in-residence at the University of Canterbury and in 1990 she was awarded the 1990 Scholarship in Letters from the [[Queen Elizabeth Arts Council of New Zealand|Queen Elizabeth Arts Council]] Literature Committee for two years. In 1996 she became the patron of [[New Zealand Republic]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url= http://www.republic.org.nz/node/6
|title= People Involved|publisher= [[New Zealand Republic]]
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045250/http://www.republic.org.nz/node/6
|archive-date= 27 September 2007|url-status= dead
|access-date= 24 January 2008|df= dmy-all
}}
</ref> Hulme also served on the Literary Fund Advisory Committee (1985–1989) and New Zealand's Indecent Publications Tribunal (1985–1990).<ref name="ReadNZ"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Huia {{!}} Keri Hulme|url=https://huia.co.nz/huia-bookshop/authors/author/75|access-date=28 December 2021|website=huia.co.nz}}</ref>

Around 1986 Hulme began working on a second novel, ''BAIT'', about fishing and death. She also worked on a third novel, ''On the Shadow Side;'' these two works were referred to by Hulme as "twinned novels".<ref name="ReadNZ"/><ref name="Stuff"/>

Common themes in Hulme's writing are identity and isolation.<ref name="ReadNZ"/><ref name="Guardian"/> Inspiration for her characters and stories also often came to her in dreams; she first dreamt of a mute, long-haired boy when she was 18, and wrote a short story about him called ''Simon Peter’s Shell''. The boy continued to appear in her dreams and eventually became the main character of ''the bone people.''<ref name="ReadNZ"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 December 2021|title=Keri Hulme, titan of NZ literature and the country's first Booker Prize winner, has died|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/books/127396715/keri-hulme-titan-of-nz-literature-and-the-countrys-first-booker-prize-winner-has-died|access-date=28 December 2021|website=Stuff}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
In 1973, Hulme won a land ballot and became the owner of a plot in the remote coastal settlement of [[Ōkārito Lagoon|Ōkārito]] in [[south Westland]], on the South Island of New Zealand.<ref name="Stuff"/><ref name="NZ Book Council"/> She built an octagonal house on the land and spent most of her adult life (almost 40 years) there. She vocally opposed plans to develop the settlement with additional housing or tourist activities and believed it deserved special government protection.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Newth|first=Kim|date=13 May 2001|title=Sunday Times|url=https://www.okarito.net/page/sunday_times_may_2001.html|url-status=live|access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref> In late 2011, Hulme announced that she was leaving the area as [[Local Government (Rating) Act 2002|local body rates]] (property taxes) meant she could no longer afford to live there.<ref name="NZHerald"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hulme|first=Keri|date=Summer 2011|title=The lagoon, the bluff – the story of us all|url=https://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/TeKaraka52.pdf|journal=Te Karaka|volume=52|pages=7}}</ref> She identified as atheist, aromantic, and asexual.<ref name="Oxford Reference"/>

Hulme's given name was recorded at birth as Kerry, however her family used the name Keri; she officially changed her name to Keri in 2001.<ref name="Stuff"/>

She died from dementia at a care home in [[Waimate]] on 27 December 2021, at the age of 74.<ref name="RNZ">{{Cite web|date=28 December 2021|title=Booker prize-winning New Zealand novelist Keri Hulme dies|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/458728/booker-prize-winning-new-zealand-novelist-keri-hulme-dies|access-date=28 December 2021|website=RNZ}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/28/books/keri-hulme-dead.html|title=Keri Hulme, New Zealand's First Booker Prize Winner, Dies at 74|last=Frost|first=Natasha|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 December 2021|accessdate=29 December 2021|url-access=limited}}</ref>

==Works==

===Novels===
* ''[[The Bone People|the bone people]]'' (Spiral Press, 1984)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hulme|first=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/bone-people-keri-hulme/oclc/861383049|title=The bone people Keri Hulme.|date=1985|publisher=New Zealand|isbn=978-0-340-37024-7|location=Spiral|oclc=861383049}}</ref>
* ''BAIT'' and ''On the Shadow Side'' (unfinished)<ref name="Stuff"/>

===Poetry===
* ''The silences between (Moeraki Conversations)'' (Auckland University Press, 1982)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hulme|first1=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/silences-between-moeraki-conversations/oclc/1050148603|title=The silences between: (Moeraki conversations)|last2=Van Vliet|first2=Claire|last3=Janus Press|date=2016|oclc=1050148603}}</ref>
* ''Lost Possessions'' (Victoria University Press, 1985)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hulme|first=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/lost-possessions/oclc/1070158081|title=Lost possessions|date=1985|publisher=Victoria Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-86473-042-8|location=Wellington|oclc=1070158081}}</ref>
* ''Strands'' (Auckland University Press, 1993)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hulme|first=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/strands/oclc/174342212|title=Strands|date=1993|publisher=Univ. Press|isbn=978-1-86940-068-2|location=Auckland|oclc=174342212}}</ref>

===Other works===
* ''Te Kaihau: The Windeater'' (Victoria University Press, 1986), collection of short stories<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hulme|first1=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/kaihau-the-windeater/oclc/715162155|title=Te kaihau = /The windeater|last2=Hulme|first2=Keri|last3=Hulme|first3=Keri|date=1986|publisher=Victoria Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-86473-041-1|location=Wellington|oclc=715162155}}</ref>
* ''Te Whenua, Te Iwi/The Land and The People'' co-edited with Jock Philips (Allen & Unwin/Port Nicholson Press, 1987), includes Hulme's autobiographical piece "Okatiro and Moeraki"<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Phillips|first1=Jock|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/te-whenua-te-iwi-the-land-and-the-people/oclc/18349866|title=Te Whenua, te iwi = The Land and the people|last2=Hulme|first2=Keri|last3=Stout Research Centre (Wellington|first3=N.Z.)|date=1987|publisher=Allen & Unwin/Port Nicholson Press in association with the Stout Research Centre for the Study of New Zealand Society, History and Culture|isbn=978-0-86861-762-6|location=Wellington, N.Z.|oclc=18349866}}</ref>
* ''Homeplaces: Three Coasts of the South Island of New Zealand'' (Hodder & Stoughton, 1989), autobiography<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hulme|first1=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/homeplaces-three-coasts-of-the-south-island-of-new-zealand/oclc/24795922|title=Homeplaces: three coasts of the South Island of New Zealand|last2=Morrison|first2=Robin|date=1989|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|isbn=978-0-340-50831-2|location=London|oclc=24795922}}</ref>
*''Hokitika Handmade'' (Hokitika Craft Gallery Co-operative, 1999), description and history of the co-operative and its members<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hulme|first1=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/hokitika-handmade/oclc/154589061|title=Hokitika handmade|last2=Brooke-White|first2=Julia|last3=Hokitika Craft Gallery Co-operative Society|date=1999|publisher=Hokitika Craft Gallery Co-operative Ltd.|location=Hokitika, N.Z.|oclc=154589061}}</ref>
*''Ahua – the story of Moki'' (2000), libretto of an opera based on the story of the Ngāi Tahu ancestor Moki, commissioned by the Christchurch City Choir<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dunbar|first=Anna|date=16 February 2000|title=Settling scores|page=34|work=Christchurch Press}}</ref>
*''Stonefish'' (Huia Publishers, 2004), collection of short stories and poems<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hulme|first=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/stonefish/oclc/249679522|title=Stonefish|date=2004|publisher=Huia-Publ.|isbn=978-1-86969-088-5|location=Wellington|oclc=249679522}}</ref>

===Adaptation into film===
In 1983, Hulme's short story "Hooks and Feelers" was made into a short film of the same name starring [[Bridgette Allen]].<ref name="hedback1996">{{Cite book|editor-last1=Breitinger|editor-first1=Eckhard|last1=Hedbäck|first1=Ann-Mari|chapter=Keri Hulme: Scriptwriter and Storyteller|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cojjgG_pX50C|title=Defining New Idioms and Alternative Forms of Expression|year=1996|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Rodopi]]|isbn=978-90-420-0021-6|pages=145–146}}</ref><ref>The New Zealand Archive of Film, Television and Sound Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision [http://new.ngataonga.org.nz/collections/catalogue/catalogue-item?record_id=66371 Catalogue → F6624, Hooks and Feelers]</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Work
!Notes
|-
|1975
|[[Katherine Mansfield Memorial Award]]
|''Hooks and Feelers''
|<ref name="ReadNZ"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Katherine Mansfield Awards|url=https://www.bnzheritage.co.nz/archives/story/katherine-mansfield-awards|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=BNZ}}</ref>
|-
|1977
|Māori Trust Fund Prize
|
|<ref name="ReadNZ"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984
|New Zealand Book of the Year (Fiction)
|''the bone people''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trailblazers: Keri Hulme|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/trailblazers/news/trailblazers-keri-hulme/ORHODIFZ5LXBXFCABWNX5XZIDM/|access-date=28 December 2021|website=NZ Herald}}</ref>
|-
|Mobil Pegasus Award for Māori Literature
|''the bone people''
|<ref name="ReadNZ"/>
|-
|1985
|[[Booker Prize]]
|''the bone people''
|<ref name=":0" /> <ref name="RNZ"/>
|-
|1987
|Chianti Ruffino-Antico Fattore Prize
|''the bone people''
|<ref name="ReadNZ"/><ref name="RNZ"/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Arias|first=Juan|date=25 May 1987|title=Pau Faner, ganador del Premio Chianti|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1987/05/26/cultura/548978414_850215.html|access-date=28 December 2021|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[New Zealand literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317235816/http://www.nzlf.auckland.ac.nz/author/?a_id=70 Bibliography of Keri Hulme's work and associated book reviews], [[University of Auckland]] Library
* [https://thebookerprizes.com/keri-hulme-the-bone-people-story-history-critique How Keri Hulme's the bone people changed the way we read now], the Booker Prizes website.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4ZbScvNmyo Full length 1985 Booker Prize ceremony where Keri Hulme wins for the bone people], You Tube.

{{Booker Prize}}
{{Robert Burns Fellowship}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hulme, Keri}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century New Zealand novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century New Zealand short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century New Zealand women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century New Zealand novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century New Zealand short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century New Zealand women writers]]
[[Category:Aromantic women]]
[[Category:Asexual women]]
[[Category:Booker Prize winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from dementia]]
[[Category:Kāti Māmoe]]
[[Category:Māori culture]]
[[Category:Neurological disease deaths in New Zealand]]
[[Category:New Zealand atheists]]
[[Category:New Zealand Māori writers]]
[[Category:New Zealand people of English descent]]
[[Category:New Zealand people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:New Zealand republicans]]
[[Category:New Zealand women novelists]]
[[Category:New Zealand women short story writers]]
[[Category:Ngāi Tahu]]
[[Category:People educated at Aranui High School]]
[[Category:People from the West Coast, New Zealand]]

Keri Hulme

2022-03-21T13:48:57Z

82.71.1.207: added in Keri Hulme's official page on the Booker Prize website, plus a link to watch the ceremony of her winning the Booker Prize on You Tube, and an obituary published after her death.

{{Short description|New Zealand writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{en-NZ|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| pseudonym = Kai Tainui
| death_place = [[Waimate]], New Zealand
| birth_name = Kerry Ann Ruhi Hulme
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1947|03|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Christchurch]], New Zealand
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|12|27|1947|03|09|df=y}}
| notable_works = ''[[The Bone People|the bone people]]'' (1984)
| occupation = Author
}}

'''Keri Ann Ruhi Hulme''' (9 March 1947{{snd}}27 December 2021) was a New Zealand novelist, poet and short-story writer of [[Ngāi Tahu|Kāi Tahu]] and [[Kāti Māmoe]] descent. She also wrote under the pen name '''Kai Tainui'''. Her novel ''[[The Bone People|the bone people]]'' won the [[Booker Prize]] in 1985<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Keri Hulme's official page on the Booker Prizes' website |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/keri-hulme |url-status=live |website=The Booker Prizes}}</ref>; she was the first New Zealander to win the award, and also the first writer to win the prize for their [[debut novel]]. Hulme's writing explores themes of isolation, postcolonial and multicultural identity, and [[Māori mythology|Maori]], [[Celtic mythology|Celtic]], and [[Norse mythology]].<ref name="ReadNZ">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Hulme, Keri|url=https://www.read-nz.org/writer/hulme-keri/|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=Read NZ Te Pou Muramura}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{Cite web|last=Israel|first=Janine|date=28 December 2021|title=Keri Hulme, New Zealand's first Booker prize-winning writer, dies aged 74|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/dec/28/keri-hulme-booker-prize-new-zealand-writer-dies-74|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Keri Ann Ruhi Hulme was born on 9 March 1947 in Burwood Hospital, [[Christchurch]], New Zealand.<ref name="crystal2004">{{Cite book|editor-last1=Crystal|editor-first1=David|editor-link1=David Crystal|title=The Penguin Encyclopedia|year=2004|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=0-14-051543-7|oclc=56479163|page=[[iarchive:isbn_9780140515435/page/743/mode/1up|743]]}}</ref><ref name="contempauthors">{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Authors: New Revision Series|title-link=|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]|year=1999|isbn=0-7876-2038-6|editor-last1=Jones|editor-first1=David|series=|volume=69|location=Detroit|pages=[[iarchive:isbn_9780787620387/page/277/mode/1up|277–279]]|issn=|oclc=|editor-last2=Jorgensen|editor-first2=John D.}}</ref> The daughter of John William Hulme, a carpenter, and Mary Ann Miller, a credit manager, she was the eldest of six children.<ref name="Te Karaka">{{Cite journal|last=Hulme|first=Keri|date=Spring 2012|title=Layering|url=https://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/TeKaraka55.pdf|journal=Te Karaka|volume=55|page=5}}</ref><ref name="NZ Book Council">{{cite web |url=http://www.bookcouncil.org.nz/writer/hulme-keri|title=Hulme, Keri|author=|date=April 2016|website=www.bookcouncil.org.nz|publisher=[[New Zealand Book Council]]|access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&id=GALE%7CH1000048141&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon&authCount=1#|title=Keri Hulme|last=Contemporary Authors Online|date=2012|website=GALE Literature Resource Center|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> Her father was a first-generation New Zealander whose parents were from [[Lancashire|Lancashire, England]], and her mother came from [[Oamaru]], of Orkney Scots and [[Māori people|Māori]] descent (Kāi Tahu, Kāti Māmoe). "Our family comes from diverse people: Kāi Tahu, Kāti Māmoe (South Island Māori iwi); [[Orkney|Orkney islanders]]; Lancashire folk; [[Faroese people|Faroese]] and/or [[Norwegian people|Norwegian]] migrants," Hulme stated.<ref name="mcleod1996">{{Cite book|last1=McLeod|first1=Aorewa Pohutukawa|chapter=Hulme, Keri|editor-last1=Kester-Shelton|editor-first1=Pamela|title=Feminist Writers|year=1996|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|St. James Press]]|isbn=1-55862-217-9|oclc=34839791|pages=[[iarchive:feministwriters0002unse/page/243/mode/1up|243–244]]}}</ref>

Hulme grew up in Christchurch at 160 Leaver Terrace, New Brighton, where she attended North New Brighton Primary School and [[Aranui High School]]. She described herself as a "very definite and determined child who inherently hate[d] assumed authority".<ref name="Te Karaka"/> In 1958, when she was 11, her father died. Hulme remembered herself as being interested in writing from a young age. She rewrote [[Enid Blyton]] stories the way she thought they should have been written, wrote poetry from the age of 12, and composed short stories; her mother organised the side front porch into a study for her after her father's death.<ref name="Te Karaka"/> Some of her poems and short stories were published in Aranui High School's magazine.<ref name="Stuff">{{Cite web|last=Welham|first=Keri|date=24 April 2018|title=Keri Hulme: Bait expectations|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/books/103196530/keri-hulme-bait-expectations|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=Stuff}}</ref> The family spent their holidays with her mother's family at [[Moeraki]], on the Otago East Coast, and Hulme identified [[Moeraki]] as her turangawaewae-ngakau, or homeland.<ref name="ReadNZ"/>

After high school, Hulme worked as a tobacco picker in [[Motueka]]. She began studying for an honours law degree at the [[University of Canterbury]] in 1967, but left after four terms – feeling "estranged/out-of-place"<ref name="Te Karaka"/> – and returned to tobacco picking, although she continued to write.<ref name="NZ Book Council"/>

==Career==
By 1972, Hulme had accumulated a large quantity of notes and drawings and decided to begin writing full-time, but, despite financial support from her family, she returned to work nine months later. She worked in a range of jobs, including in retail, as a fish-and-chips cook, a winder at a woollen mill, and as a mail deliverer in [[Greymouth]], on the West Coast of [[the South Island]]. She was also a pharmacist's assistant at Grey Hospital, a proofreader and journalist at the ''Grey Evening Star'', and an assistant television director on the shows ''[[Country Calendar]]'', ''Dig This'' and ''[[Play School (New Zealand TV series)|Play School]]''.<ref name="Stuff"/> She continued writing, and had her work published in journals and magazines; some appeared under the pseudonym Kai Tainui.<ref name="ReadNZ"/>

Hulme received Literary Fund grants in 1973, 1977, and 1979, and in 1979 she was a guest at the [[East–West Center|East-West Center]] in [[Hawaii]] as a visiting poet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keri Hulme|url=https://www.komako.org.nz/person/372|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=www.komako.org.nz}}</ref> Hulme held the 1977 [[Robert Burns Fellowship]] and became writer-in-residence at the [[University of Otago]] in 1978.<ref name="ReadNZ" /> During this time, she continued working on her novel, ''the bone people.''

Hulme submitted the manuscript for ''the bone people'' to several publishers over a period of 12 years, until it was accepted for publication by the [[Spiral (publisher)|Spiral Collective]], a feminist literary and arts collective in New Zealand.<ref name="Oxford Reference">{{Cite book|year=2016|title=Oxford Dictionary Plus Literature|chapter=Hulme, Keri|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191823510.001.0001/acref-9780191823510-e-63|access-date=3 March 2018|doi=10.1093/acref/9780191823510.001.0001|isbn=9780191823510}}</ref> The book was published in February 1984 and won the 1984 New Zealand Book Award for Fiction and the [[Booker Prize]] in 1985.<ref name="NZ Book Council"/><ref name="smith2001">{{Cite book|editor-last1=Riggs|editor-first1=Thomas|last1=Smith|first1=Anna|chapter=Hulme, Keri|title=Contemporary Poets|year=2001|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|St. James Press]]|isbn=1-55862-349-3|edition=7th|pages=[[iarchive:contemporarypoet0000unse_q1s2/page/571/mode/1up|571–573]]|oclc=45148536}}</ref> Hulme was the first New Zealander to win the Booker Prize and also the first writer to win the prize for their debut novel.<ref name="NZHerald">{{Cite web|date=23 December 2011|title=Author to quit 'nasty village'|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/author-to-quit-nasty-village/2LQMLZJZNSAOJRHAGM7A4ON4FU/|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=NZ Herald}}</ref>

In 1985, Hulme was writer-in-residence at the University of Canterbury and in 1990 she was awarded the 1990 Scholarship in Letters from the [[Queen Elizabeth Arts Council of New Zealand|Queen Elizabeth Arts Council]] Literature Committee for two years. In 1996 she became the patron of [[New Zealand Republic]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url= http://www.republic.org.nz/node/6
|title= People Involved|publisher= [[New Zealand Republic]]
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045250/http://www.republic.org.nz/node/6
|archive-date= 27 September 2007|url-status= dead
|access-date= 24 January 2008|df= dmy-all
}}
</ref> Hulme also served on the Literary Fund Advisory Committee (1985–1989) and New Zealand's Indecent Publications Tribunal (1985–1990).<ref name="ReadNZ"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Huia {{!}} Keri Hulme|url=https://huia.co.nz/huia-bookshop/authors/author/75|access-date=28 December 2021|website=huia.co.nz}}</ref>

Around 1986 Hulme began working on a second novel, ''BAIT'', about fishing and death. She also worked on a third novel, ''On the Shadow Side;'' these two works were referred to by Hulme as "twinned novels".<ref name="ReadNZ"/><ref name="Stuff"/>

Common themes in Hulme's writing are identity and isolation.<ref name="ReadNZ"/><ref name="Guardian"/> Inspiration for her characters and stories also often came to her in dreams; she first dreamt of a mute, long-haired boy when she was 18, and wrote a short story about him called ''Simon Peter’s Shell''. The boy continued to appear in her dreams and eventually became the main character of ''the bone people.''<ref name="ReadNZ"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 December 2021|title=Keri Hulme, titan of NZ literature and the country's first Booker Prize winner, has died|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/books/127396715/keri-hulme-titan-of-nz-literature-and-the-countrys-first-booker-prize-winner-has-died|access-date=28 December 2021|website=Stuff}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
In 1973, Hulme won a land ballot and became the owner of a plot in the remote coastal settlement of [[Ōkārito Lagoon|Ōkārito]] in [[south Westland]], on the South Island of New Zealand.<ref name="Stuff"/><ref name="NZ Book Council"/> She built an octagonal house on the land and spent most of her adult life (almost 40 years) there. She vocally opposed plans to develop the settlement with additional housing or tourist activities and believed it deserved special government protection.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Newth|first=Kim|date=13 May 2001|title=Sunday Times|url=https://www.okarito.net/page/sunday_times_may_2001.html|url-status=live|access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref> In late 2011, Hulme announced that she was leaving the area as [[Local Government (Rating) Act 2002|local body rates]] (property taxes) meant she could no longer afford to live there.<ref name="NZHerald"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hulme|first=Keri|date=Summer 2011|title=The lagoon, the bluff – the story of us all|url=https://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/TeKaraka52.pdf|journal=Te Karaka|volume=52|pages=7}}</ref> She identified as atheist, aromantic, and asexual.<ref name="Oxford Reference"/>

Hulme's given name was recorded at birth as Kerry, however her family used the name Keri; she officially changed her name to Keri in 2001.<ref name="Stuff"/>

She died from dementia at a care home in [[Waimate]] on 27 December 2021, at the age of 74.<ref name="RNZ">{{Cite web|date=28 December 2021|title=Booker prize-winning New Zealand novelist Keri Hulme dies|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/458728/booker-prize-winning-new-zealand-novelist-keri-hulme-dies|access-date=28 December 2021|website=RNZ}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/28/books/keri-hulme-dead.html|title=Keri Hulme, New Zealand's First Booker Prize Winner, Dies at 74|last=Frost|first=Natasha|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 December 2021|accessdate=29 December 2021|url-access=limited}}</ref>

==Works==

===Novels===
* ''[[The Bone People|the bone people]]'' (Spiral Press, 1984)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hulme|first=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/bone-people-keri-hulme/oclc/861383049|title=The bone people Keri Hulme.|date=1985|publisher=New Zealand|isbn=978-0-340-37024-7|location=Spiral|oclc=861383049}}</ref>
* ''BAIT'' and ''On the Shadow Side'' (unfinished)<ref name="Stuff"/>

===Poetry===
* ''The silences between (Moeraki Conversations)'' (Auckland University Press, 1982)<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hulme|first1=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/silences-between-moeraki-conversations/oclc/1050148603|title=The silences between: (Moeraki conversations)|last2=Van Vliet|first2=Claire|last3=Janus Press|date=2016|oclc=1050148603}}</ref>
* ''Lost Possessions'' (Victoria University Press, 1985)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hulme|first=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/lost-possessions/oclc/1070158081|title=Lost possessions|date=1985|publisher=Victoria Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-86473-042-8|location=Wellington|oclc=1070158081}}</ref>
* ''Strands'' (Auckland University Press, 1993)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hulme|first=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/strands/oclc/174342212|title=Strands|date=1993|publisher=Univ. Press|isbn=978-1-86940-068-2|location=Auckland|oclc=174342212}}</ref>

===Other works===
* ''Te Kaihau: The Windeater'' (Victoria University Press, 1986), collection of short stories<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hulme|first1=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/kaihau-the-windeater/oclc/715162155|title=Te kaihau = /The windeater|last2=Hulme|first2=Keri|last3=Hulme|first3=Keri|date=1986|publisher=Victoria Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-86473-041-1|location=Wellington|oclc=715162155}}</ref>
* ''Te Whenua, Te Iwi/The Land and The People'' co-edited with Jock Philips (Allen & Unwin/Port Nicholson Press, 1987), includes Hulme's autobiographical piece "Okatiro and Moeraki"<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Phillips|first1=Jock|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/te-whenua-te-iwi-the-land-and-the-people/oclc/18349866|title=Te Whenua, te iwi = The Land and the people|last2=Hulme|first2=Keri|last3=Stout Research Centre (Wellington|first3=N.Z.)|date=1987|publisher=Allen & Unwin/Port Nicholson Press in association with the Stout Research Centre for the Study of New Zealand Society, History and Culture|isbn=978-0-86861-762-6|location=Wellington, N.Z.|oclc=18349866}}</ref>
* ''Homeplaces: Three Coasts of the South Island of New Zealand'' (Hodder & Stoughton, 1989), autobiography<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hulme|first1=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/homeplaces-three-coasts-of-the-south-island-of-new-zealand/oclc/24795922|title=Homeplaces: three coasts of the South Island of New Zealand|last2=Morrison|first2=Robin|date=1989|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|isbn=978-0-340-50831-2|location=London|oclc=24795922}}</ref>
*''Hokitika Handmade'' (Hokitika Craft Gallery Co-operative, 1999), description and history of the co-operative and its members<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hulme|first1=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/hokitika-handmade/oclc/154589061|title=Hokitika handmade|last2=Brooke-White|first2=Julia|last3=Hokitika Craft Gallery Co-operative Society|date=1999|publisher=Hokitika Craft Gallery Co-operative Ltd.|location=Hokitika, N.Z.|oclc=154589061}}</ref>
*''Ahua – the story of Moki'' (2000), libretto of an opera based on the story of the Ngāi Tahu ancestor Moki, commissioned by the Christchurch City Choir<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dunbar|first=Anna|date=16 February 2000|title=Settling scores|page=34|work=Christchurch Press}}</ref>
*''Stonefish'' (Huia Publishers, 2004), collection of short stories and poems<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hulme|first=Keri|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/stonefish/oclc/249679522|title=Stonefish|date=2004|publisher=Huia-Publ.|isbn=978-1-86969-088-5|location=Wellington|oclc=249679522}}</ref>

===Adaptation into film===
In 1983, Hulme's short story "Hooks and Feelers" was made into a short film of the same name starring [[Bridgette Allen]].<ref name="hedback1996">{{Cite book|editor-last1=Breitinger|editor-first1=Eckhard|last1=Hedbäck|first1=Ann-Mari|chapter=Keri Hulme: Scriptwriter and Storyteller|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cojjgG_pX50C|title=Defining New Idioms and Alternative Forms of Expression|year=1996|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Rodopi]]|isbn=978-90-420-0021-6|pages=145–146}}</ref><ref>The New Zealand Archive of Film, Television and Sound Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision [http://new.ngataonga.org.nz/collections/catalogue/catalogue-item?record_id=66371 Catalogue → F6624, Hooks and Feelers]</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Work
!Notes
|-
|1975
|[[Katherine Mansfield Memorial Award]]
|''Hooks and Feelers''
|<ref name="ReadNZ"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Katherine Mansfield Awards|url=https://www.bnzheritage.co.nz/archives/story/katherine-mansfield-awards|url-status=live|access-date=28 December 2021|website=BNZ}}</ref>
|-
|1977
|Māori Trust Fund Prize
|
|<ref name="ReadNZ"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984
|New Zealand Book of the Year (Fiction)
|''the bone people''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trailblazers: Keri Hulme|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/trailblazers/news/trailblazers-keri-hulme/ORHODIFZ5LXBXFCABWNX5XZIDM/|access-date=28 December 2021|website=NZ Herald}}</ref>
|-
|Mobil Pegasus Award for Māori Literature
|''the bone people''
|<ref name="ReadNZ"/>
|-
|1985
|[[Booker Prize]]
|''the bone people''
|<ref name=":0" /> <ref name="RNZ"/>
|-
|1987
|Chianti Ruffino-Antico Fattore Prize
|''the bone people''
|<ref name="ReadNZ"/><ref name="RNZ"/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Arias|first=Juan|date=25 May 1987|title=Pau Faner, ganador del Premio Chianti|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1987/05/26/cultura/548978414_850215.html|access-date=28 December 2021|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[New Zealand literature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317235816/http://www.nzlf.auckland.ac.nz/author/?a_id=70 Bibliography of Keri Hulme's work and associated book reviews], [[University of Auckland]] Library
* [https://thebookerprizes.com/keri-hulme-the-bone-people-story-history-critique How Keri Hulme's the bone people changed the way we read now], the Booker Prizes website.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4ZbScvNmyo Full length 1985 Booker Prize ceremony where Keri Hulme wins for the bone people], You Tube.

{{Booker Prize}}
{{Robert Burns Fellowship}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hulme, Keri}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century New Zealand novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century New Zealand short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century New Zealand women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century New Zealand novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century New Zealand short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century New Zealand women writers]]
[[Category:Aromantic women]]
[[Category:Asexual women]]
[[Category:Booker Prize winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from dementia]]
[[Category:Kāti Māmoe]]
[[Category:Māori culture]]
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[[Category:New Zealand atheists]]
[[Category:New Zealand Māori writers]]
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[[Category:New Zealand women short story writers]]
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[[Category:People from the West Coast, New Zealand]]

Ben Okri

2022-03-21T13:39:19Z

82.71.1.207: /* External links */ links to Ben Okri's official page on the Booker Prize website plus his 1991 winning ceremony on You Tube.

{{short description|Nigerian writer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Ben Okri
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE|FRSL|size=100%}}
| image = Ben Okri in Tallinn.jpg
| caption = Ben Okri
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1959|3|15}}
| birth_place = [[Minna]], Nigeria
| occupation = Writer
| movement = [[Postmodern literature|Postmodernism]], [[postcolonial literature|Postcolonialism]]
| genre = Fiction, essays, poetry
| notableworks = ''[[The Famished Road]]'' (1991), ''A Way of Being Free'' (1997), ''[[Starbook]]'' (2007), ''A Time for New Dreams'' (2011)
| awards = [[Man Booker Prize]] 1991
| website = {{url|https://benokri.co.uk/}}
}}

'''Ben Okri''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE|FRSL}} (born 15 March 1959) is a [[Nigerians|Nigerian]] poet and novelist.<ref name=britishcouncil>"[http://literature.britishcouncil.org/ben-okri Ben Okri"], British Council, ''Writers Directory''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302145724/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/ben-okri |date=2 March 2012 }}.</ref> Okri is considered one of the foremost African authors in the [[postmodern literature|post-modern]] and [[postcolonial literature|post-colonial]] traditions,<ref name=guardian-profile>"[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jun/12/benokri Ben Okri]," Editors, ''The Guardian'', 22 July 2008.</ref><ref name=mo>Stefaan Anrys, "[http://mo.be/node/22211 Interview with Booker Prize laureate Ben Okri]," ''Mondiaal Nieuws'', 26 August 2009.</ref> and has been compared favourably to authors such as [[Salman Rushdie]] and [[Gabriel García Márquez]].<ref>Robert Dorsman, [http://nigeria.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=408&x=1 "Ben Okri"], ''Poetry International Web'', 2000. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116083112/http://nigeria.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=408&x=1 |date=16 January 2013 }}.</ref> In 1991, Okri won the [[Booker Prize]] with his novel ''[[The Famished Road]]''.

==Biography==
Ben Okri is a member of the [[Urhobo people]]; his father was Urhobo, and his mother was half-[[Igbo people|Igbo]] ("from a royal family").<ref name=britishcouncil/><ref name=freespirit>{{Cite news|author=[[Maya Jaggi]]|date=10 August 2007|title=Free spirit|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/11/fiction.benokri|access-date=2020-05-30|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He was born in [[Minna]] in [[Geopolitical zones of Nigeria|west central Nigeria]] to Grace and Silver Okri in 1959.<ref name=freespirit /> His father, Silver, moved his family to London when Okri was less than two years old<ref name=mo/> so that he could study law.<ref>Juliet Rix, [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jun/26/ben-okri-family-values "Ben Okri: My family values"], ''The Guardian'', 25 June 2010.</ref> Okri thus spent his earliest years in London and attended primary school in [[Peckham]].<ref name=guardian-profile/> In 1966, Silver moved his family back to Nigeria,<ref name="BlackPast">{{cite web|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/okri-ben-1959/|title=Ben Okri (1959–)|website=[[BlackPast]]|author=Paul Frailey|date=28 December 2011|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> where he practised law in [[Lagos]], providing free or discounted services for those who could not afford it.<ref name=freespirit/> After attending schools in [[Ibadan]] and [[Ikenne]], Okri began his secondary education at Urhobo College at [[Warri]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ben-Okri|title=Ben Okri|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|author=((The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica))|date=11 March 2021|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jun/12/benokri Ben Okri profile], ''The Guardian''.</ref> in 1968, when he was the youngest in his class.<ref name="BlackPast"/> His exposure to the [[Nigerian civil war]]<ref name=sethi>[[Anita Sethi]], [http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/books/ben-okri-novelist-as-dream-weaver "Ben Okri: novelist as dream weaver"], ''TheNational'', 1 September 2011.</ref> and a culture in which his peers at the time claimed to have seen visions of spirits,<ref name=mo/> later provided inspiration for Okri's fiction.

At the age of 14, after being rejected for admission to a short university program in physics because of his youth and lack of qualifications, Okri experienced a revelation that poetry was his chosen calling.<ref name=scotsmaninterview/> He began writing articles on social and political issues, but these never found a publisher.<ref name=scotsmaninterview/> He then wrote short stories based on those articles, and some were published in women's journals and evening papers.<ref name=scotsmaninterview/> Okri claimed that his criticism of the government in some of this early work led to his name being placed on a death list, and necessitated his departure from the country.<ref name=mo/> In 1978, Okri moved back to England and went to study comparative literature at [[Essex University]] with a grant from the Nigerian government.<ref name="ST">{{cite news|author=Nicola Venning|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/time-and-place-ben-okri-flxf60hl7x2|title=Time and place: Ben Okri|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]|date= 3 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=scotsmaninterview/> When funding for his scholarship fell through, however, Okri found himself homeless, sometimes living in parks and sometimes with friends. He describes this period as "very, very important" to his work: "I wrote and wrote in that period... If anything [the desire to write] actually intensified."<ref name=scotsmaninterview/>

Okri's success as a writer began when he published his debut novel ''Flowers and Shadows'' in 1980, at the age of 21.<ref name=britishcouncil/> From 1983 to 1986, he served as poetry editor of ''[[West Africa (magazine)|West Africa]]'' magazine,<ref name="BlackPast"/> and was also a regular contributor to the [[BBC World Service]] between 1983 and 1985, continuing to publish throughout this period.<ref name=britishcouncil/>

His reputation as an author was secured when his novel ''[[The Famished Road]]'' won the Booker Prize for Fiction in 1991,<ref name=britishcouncil/><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/mar/15/ben-okri-the-famished-road-was-written-to-give-myself-reasons-to-live "Ben Okri: 'The Famished Road was written to give myself reasons to live'"], ''The Guardian'', 15 March 2016.</ref> making him the youngest ever winner of the prize at the age of 32.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03rxtfp "Ben Okri"], ''The Cultural Frontline'', BBC World Service, 1 May 2016.</ref> The novel was written during the three years from 1988 that Okri lived in a [[Notting Hill]] flat rented from publisher friend [[Margaret Busby]], and he has said: "Something about my writing changed round about that time. I acquired a kind of tranquillity. I had been striving for something in my tone of voice as a writer — it was there that it finally came together.... That flat is also where I wrote the short stories that became ''Stars of the New Curfew''."<ref name="ST" />

==Literary career==
[[File:Quote by Ben Okri on the Memorial Gates at the Hyde Park Corner end of Constitution Hill in London, UK.jpg|thumb|Quote from Ben Okri's ''Mental Fight'' on the [[Memorial Gates, London]]]]
Since the publication in 1980 of his first novel, ''Flowers and Shadows'', Okri has risen to an international acclaim, and he often is described as one of Africa's leading writers.<ref name=guardian-profile/><ref name=mo/> His best known work, ''[[The Famished Road]]'', which was awarded the 1991 [[Booker Prize]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Booker Prizes Backlist {{!}} The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/fiction/backlist/1991|access-date=2021-01-08|website=thebookerprizes.com}}</ref> along with ''[[Songs of Enchantment]]'' (1993)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-385-47154-1|title=Songs of Enchantmen|website=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=30 August 1993|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/ben-okri/songs-of-enchantment/|title=Songs of Enchantment|website=[[Kirkus Reviews]]|date=15 July 1993|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> and ''Infinite Riches'' (1998) make up a trilogy that follows the life of Azaro, a spirit-child narrator, through the social and political turmoil of an African nation reminiscent of Okri's remembrance of war-torn Nigeria.<ref name=britishcouncil/>

Okri's work is particularly difficult to categorise. Although it has been widely categorised as [[Postmodern literature|post-modern]],<ref name=higher-realities>Douglas McCabe. "'Higher Realities': New Age Spirituality in Ben Okri's ''The Famished Road''." ''Research in African Literatures'', vol. 36, no. 4 (2005), 1–21.</ref> some scholars have noted that the seeming realism with which he depicts the spirit-world challenges this categorisation. If Okri does attribute reality to a spiritual world, it is claimed, then his "allegiances are not postmodern [because] he still believes that there is something ahistorical or transcendental conferring legitimacy on some, and not other, truth-claims."<ref name=higher-realities/> Alternative characterisations of Okri's work suggest an allegiance to [[Yoruba people|Yoruba folklore]],<ref>[[Ato Quayson]], ''Transformations in Nigerian Writing'' (Oxford: James Currey, 1997).</ref> [[New Age]]ism,<ref name=higher-realities/><ref name=spiritual-realism>[[Anthony Appiah|Anthony K. Appiah]], "Spiritual Realism." Review of ''The Famished Road'', by Ben Okri. ''The Nation'', 3–10 August 1992, 146–148.</ref> spiritual realism,<ref name=spiritual-realism/> [[magic realism|magical realism]],<ref name=dreams-of-freedom/> visionary materialism,<ref name=dreams-of-freedom/> and [[existentialism]].<ref>Ben Obumselu, "Ben Okri's ''The Famished Road'': A Re-Evaluation." ''Tydskrif vir Letterkunde'', vol. 48, no. 1 (2011), 26–38.</ref>

Against these analyses, Okri has always rejected the categorisation of his work as magical realism, claiming that this categorisation is the result of laziness on the part of critics and likening this categorisation to the observation that "a horse ... has four legs and a tail. That doesn't describe it."<ref name=mo/> He has instead described his fiction as obeying a kind of "dream logic,"<ref name=sethi/> and stated that his fiction often is preoccupied with the "philosophical conundrum ... what is reality?"<ref name=scotsmaninterview/> insisting that:

:"I grew up in a tradition where there are simply more dimensions to reality: legends and myths and ancestors and spirits and death ... Which brings the question: what is reality? Everyone's reality is different. For different perceptions of reality we need a different language. We like to think that the world is rational and precise and exactly how we see it, but something erupts in our reality which makes us sense that there's more to the fabric of life. I'm fascinated by the mysterious element that runs through our lives. Everyone is looking out of the world through their emotion and history. Nobody has an absolute reality."<ref name=sethi/>

He notes the effect of personal choices, "Beware of the stories you read or tell; subtly, at night, beneath the waters of consciousness, they are altering your world."<ref>[http://wordsmith.org/words/superbity.html "A Thought for Today ... Ben Okri"], Wordsmith.org, 15 March 2017.</ref>

Okri's short fiction has been described as more realistic and less fantastic than his novels, but these stories also depict Africans in communion with spirits,<ref name=britishcouncil/> while his poetry and nonfiction have a more overt political tone, focusing on the potential of Africa and the world to overcome the problems of modernity.<ref name=britishcouncil/><ref>Ben Okri, [http://www.thersa.org/events/audio-and-past-events/2011/a-time-for-new-dreams "A Time for New Dreams"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119011208/http://www.thersa.org/events/audio-and-past-events/2011/a-time-for-new-dreams |date=19 January 2012 }}, an interview with Claire Armitstead, ''RSA''. London, 4 April 2011.</ref>

In the [[2001 Queen's Birthday Honours]] he was appointed an [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]] for services to Literature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1391193.stm|title=Ben Okri: A writer honoured|publisher=BBC News|date=13 June 2001|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>

Okri was made an honorary vice-president of the English Centre for the [[International PEN]] and a member of the board of the [[Royal National Theatre]].<ref name=britishcouncil/> On 26 April 2012, Okri was appointed the new vice-president of the [[Caine Prize for African Writing]], having been on the advisory committee and associated with the prize since it was established 13 years prior.<ref>Katie Allen, [http://www.thebookseller.com/news/okri-made-caine-prize-vice-president.html "Okri made Caine Prize vice-president"], ''The Bookseller'', 26 April 2012.</ref>

==Influences==

Okri has described his work as influenced as much by the philosophical texts in his father's book shelves, as it was by literature,<ref name=scotsmaninterview>[https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/interview-ben-okri-booker-prize-winning-novelist-and-poet-2461748 "Interview: Ben Okri – Booker prize-winning novelist and poet"], ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 5 March 2010.</ref> and Okri cites the influence of both [[Francis Bacon]] and [[Michel de Montaigne]] on his ''A Time for New Dreams''.<ref>Saskia Vogel, "[http://www.granta.com/New-Writing/Interview-Ben-Okri Interview: Ben Okri"], ''Granta Magazine'', 7 April 2011.</ref> His literary influences include ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'', ''[[Arabian Nights]]'', Shakespeare's ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'',<ref name=sethi/> and Coleridge's "[[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]]".<ref name=scotsmaninterview /> Okri's 1999 epic poem, ''Mental Fight'', also is named after a quotation from the poet [[William Blake]]'s "[[And did those feet in ancient time|And did those feet ...]]",<ref>Ben Okri, ''Mental Fight: An Anti-Spell for the 21st Century'' (London: Phoenix House, 1999), 1.</ref> and critics have noted the close relationship between Blake and Okri's poetry.<ref name=dreams-of-freedom>Matthew J. A. Green, "Dreams of Freedom: Magical Realism and Visionary Materialism in Okri and Blake", ''Romanticism'', vol. 15, no. 1 (2009), 18–32.</ref>

Okri also was influenced by the [[oral tradition]] of his people, and particularly, his mother's storytelling: "If my mother wanted to make a point, she wouldn't correct me, she'd tell me a story."<ref name=sethi/> His first-hand experiences of civil war in Nigeria are said to have inspired many of his works.<ref name=sethi />

On the final day of the 2021 [[COP26]] climate meeting in Glasgow, Okri wrote about the existential threat posed by the [[climate crisis]] and how ill{{nbhyph}}equipped humans seem to be to confront the prospect of their own self-inflicted extinction. Indeed, Okri says "[w]e have to find a new art and a new psychology to penetrate the apathy and the denial that are preventing us making the changes that are inevitable if our world is to survive."<ref name="okri-2021">
{{cite news
| last1 = Okri | first1 = Ben
| title = Artists must confront the climate crisis – we must write as if these are the last days
| date = 12 November 2021
| work = The Guardian
| location = London, United Kingdom
| issn = 0261-3077
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/12/artists-climate-crisis-write-creativity-imagination
| access-date = 2021-11-12
}}
</ref>

==Awards and honours==
{{more citations needed|section|date=July 2017}}

* 1987: [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]] (Africa Region, Best Book) – ''Incidents at the Shrine''<ref name=encyclopedia.com>{{Cite web|title=Ben Okri {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/okri-ben-1959|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref>
* 1987: [[Aga Khan Prize for Fiction]] – ''The Dream Vendor's August''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Acclaimed Author – Ben Okri |url=https://thelondonnigerian.com/2014/09/16/acclaimed-author-ben-okri/|last=Chief Editor|first=|date=2014-09-16|website=The London Nigerian - Community News and Events for Nigerians in UK|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* 1988: [[Guardian Fiction Prize]] – ''Stars of the New Curfew'' (shortlisted)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=2012-02-13|title=Ben Okri erupts at editor over 'rewriting' claim|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/feb/13/ben-okri-robin-robertson-rewriting|access-date=2020-05-30|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* 1991 to 1993: [[Fellow Commoner in Creative Arts]], [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Creative Arts Fellowship marks 50 years|url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/creative-arts-fellowship-marks-50-years/|publisher=Trinity College, Cambridge|language=en-US|date=21 September 2017|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* 1991: [[Booker Prize]] – ''[[The Famished Road]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Famished Road {{!}} The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/books/famished-road-by|website=thebookerprizes.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* 1993: [[Chianti Ruffino-Antico Fattore International Literary Prize]] – ''The Famished Road''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ben Okri - Literature|url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/ben-okri|website=literature.britishcouncil.org|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* 1994: [[Premio Grinzane Cavour]] (Italy) -''The Famished Road''<ref name=encyclopedia.com />
* 1995: [[Crystal Award]] ([[World Economic Forum]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ben Okri|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/authors/1006492/ben-okri.html|website=www.penguin.co.uk|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* 1997: Honorary Doctorate of Literature, awarded by [[University of Westminster]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ben Okri - OnlineNigeria.com|url=https://onlinenigeria.com/nigerianliterature/?blurb=643|last=Aghadiuno|first=Eric|website=onlinenigeria.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* 1999: {{interlanguage link|Premio Palmi|it}} (Italy) – ''Dangerous Love''<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniVerse :: A United Nations of Poetry :: Ben Okri|url=http://www.universeofpoetry.org/nigeria.shtml|website=www.universeofpoetry.org|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* 2001: [[Order of the British Empire]] (OBE)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ben Okri features in Glo/CNN African Voices|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/06/ben-okri-features-in-glocnn-african-voices/|date=2011-06-24|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* 2002: Honorary Doctorate of Literature, awarded by [[University of Essex]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honorary Graduates - Honorary Graduates - University of Essex|url=https://www1.essex.ac.uk/honorary_graduates/or/2002/ben-okri-oration.aspx|website=www1.essex.ac.uk|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* 2003: Chosen as one of [[100 Great Black Britons]]<ref>[https://100greatblackbritons.com/list.html ''100 Great Black Britons''] website.</ref>
* 2004: Honorary Doctor of Literature, awarded by [[University of Exeter]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ben Okri|url=https://www.cccb.org/en/participants/file/ben-okri/35369|website=CCCB|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* 2008: International Literary Award Novi Sad ([[International Novi Sad Literature Festival]], Serbia)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Novi Sad International Literature Festival - Literature Across Frontiers|url=https://www.lit-across-frontiers.org/international-novi-sad-literature-festival/|website=www.lit-across-frontiers.org|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* 2009: Honorary Doctorate of Utopia, awarded by [[Universiteit voor het Algemeen Belang]], Belgium<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jWR4nWwWgU "Honorary Degree in Utopia for Ben Okri - Antwerp, Belgium 2010"], Youtube, 10 March 2015.</ref>
* 2010: Honorary Doctorate, awarded by [[School of Oriental and African Studies]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=SOAS Awards Honorary Doctorate to Mr Ben Okri OBE|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/fellows/ben-okri-obe/|website=www.soas.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* 2010: Honorary Doctorate of Arts, awarded by the [[University of Bedfordshire]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-23 |title=South African university honours Nigerian author, Ben Okri |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/04/south-african-university-honours-nigerian-author-ben-okri/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2014: [[Honorary Fellow]], [[Mansfield College, Oxford]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Booker Prize-winning author in conversation for Ken Hom annual lecture - Oxford Brookes University|url=https://www.brookes.ac.uk/about-brookes/news/booker-prize-winning-author-in-conversation-for-ken-hom-annual-lecture/|website=www.brookes.ac.uk|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* 2014: Bad Sex in Fiction Award, ''[[Literary Review]]''<ref>Jonathan Beckman, [http://www.literaryreview.co.uk/badsex2014.php "Twitching Fairy Penguin"], ''Literary Review'', December 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-30307247 "Bad Sex in Fiction: Ben Okri scoops 2014 prize"], BBC News, 3 December 2014.</ref>

==Works==

=== Novels ===
* ''Flowers and Shadows'' (Harlow: [[Longman]], 1980)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Okri, Ben.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1043417403|title=Flowers and shadows|year=1989|orig-year= 1980|publisher=Longman|isbn=0-582-03536-8|oclc=1043417403}}</ref>
* ''The Landscapes Within'' (Harlow: Longman, 1981)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ben Okri Bibliography: Primary Sources|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/okri/boprim.html|website=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* ''[[The Famished Road]]'' (London: [[Jonathan Cape]], 1991)<ref>{{Cite news|date=1991-10-23|title=Nigerian Wins British Fiction Award|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/23/books/nigerian-wins-british-fiction-award.html|access-date=2020-05-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ''[[Songs of Enchantment]]'' (London: Jonathan Cape, 1993)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/book-review-dreams-boy-earth-songs-enchantment-ben-okri-cape-14-99-pounds-1499011.html|title=BOOK REVIEW / Dreams of a boy on earth: 'Songs of Enchantment' - Ben Okri: Cape, 14.99 pounds|author=Paul Taylor|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=21 March 1993}}</ref>
* ''[[Astonishing the Gods]]'' (London: [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]], 1995)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ben Okri, Writer, Author, Nigeria Personality Profiles|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Personality-Profiles/Writers/Ben-Okri.html|website=www.nigeriagalleria.com|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* ''[[Dangerous Love (novel)|Dangerous Love]]'' (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://headofzeus.com/books/9781784081867|title=Dangerous Love|publisher=House of Zeus|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
* ''Infinite Riches'' (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015|title=Ben Okri: A Selective Bibliography|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/613493|journal=Callaloo|language=en|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1004–1005|doi=10.1353/cal.2015.0165|issn=1080-6512}}</ref>
* ''[[In Arcadia]]'' (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hickling|first=Alfred|date=2002-10-12|title=Review: In Arcadia by Ben Okri|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/oct/12/fiction.benokri|access-date=2020-05-30|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* ''[[Starbook]]'' (London: [[Rider (imprint)|Rider Books]], 2007)<ref name=freespirit />
* ''[[The Age of Magic]]'' (London: Head of Zeus, 2014)<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-12-03|title=Author Okri receives bad sex prize|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-30307247|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>
* ''[[The Freedom Artist]]'' (London: Head of Zeus, 2019)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Book of the day {{!}} The Freedom Artist by Ben Okri review – wake-up call of a world without books|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/feb/12/the-freedom-artist-ben-okri-review|newspaper=The Guardian|author=Stephanie Merritt|language=en|access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Poetry, essays and short story collections ===

* ''Incidents at the Shrine'' (short stories; London: [[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]], 1986)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ben Okri Biography|url=https://biography.jrank.org/pages/4642/Okri-Ben.html|website=biography.jrank.org|language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref>
* ''Stars of the New Curfew'' (short stories; London: [[Secker & Warburg]], 1988)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Alleyne|first=Richard|date=2012-02-11|title=Ben Okri 'disappointment' at editor he claims re-wrote his work|journal=Daily Telegraph|language=en-GB|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/9075093/Ben-Okri-disappointment-at-editor-he-claims-re-wrote-his-work.html|access-date=2020-05-31|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>
* ''An African Elegy'' (poetry; London: Jonathan Cape, 1992)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visiting Professor - Ben Okri OBE FRSL — University of Leicester|url=https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/english/creativewriting/people/visiting-professor-ben-okri-obe-frsl-1|last=mjs76|website=www2.le.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref>
* ''Birds of Heaven'' (essays; London: Phoenix House, 1996)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gray|first=Rosemary|date=2018-07-01|title=Ben Okri's Aphorisms: "Music on the Wings of a Soaring Bird"|url=https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/ajis/7/2/article-p17.xml|journal=Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=17–24|doi=10.2478/ajis-2018-0042|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ''A Way of Being Free'' (essays; London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson: 1997; London: Phoenix House, 1997)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://headofzeus.com/books/9781784081843|title=A Way of Being Free|publisher=Head of Zeus|date=9 October 2014|isbn=9781784081843}}</ref>
* ''Mental Fight'' (poetry: London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999; London: Phoenix House, 1999)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/aug/21/1|title=A man in two minds|newspaper=The Guardian|author=[[Roy Hattersley]]|date=21 August 1999}}</ref>
* ''Tales of Freedom'' (short stories; London: Rider & Co., 2009)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Daniel|first=Lucy|date=2009-04-30|title=Tales of Freedom by Ben Okri: review|journal=Daily Telegraph|language=en-GB|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/5251547/Tales-of-Freedom-by-Ben-Okri-review.html|access-date=2020-05-31|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>
* ''A Time for New Dreams'' (essays; London: Rider & Co., 2011)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ben Okri Bibliography: On the Internet|url=http://www.cerep.ulg.ac.be/okri/boonline.html|website=www.cerep.ulg.ac.be|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref>
* ''Wild'' (poetry; London: Rider & Co., 2012)<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/ces/4959|title='Through a Bending Light': Ben Okri’s Poetic Commitment|author=Kathie Birat|journal=Commonwealth Essays and Studies|volume=38 |issue=1|date=2015|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
*''The Mystery Feast: Thoughts on Storytelling'' (West Hoathly: Clairview Books, Ltd, 2015)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/under-the-sun-a-meditation-by-ben-okri-on-stories-1.2416769|title=Under the Sun: a meditation by Ben Okri on stories|author=Ben Okri|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=4 November 2015}}</ref>
* ''The Magic Lamp: Dreams of Our Age'', with paintings by Rosemary Clunie (Apollo/Head of Zeus, 2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nbmagazine.co.uk/the-magic-lamp-dreams-of-our-age-by-ben-okri/|title=The Magic Lamp: Dreams of Our Age by Ben Okri|website=NB Magazine|author=Philipa Coughlan|date=1 February 2019|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2018/03/ben-okri-s-magic-lamp-collection-morally-ambiguous-tales-our-trying-times|title=Ben Okri's The Magic Lamp is a collection of morally ambiguous tales for our trying times|author=Rebecca swirsky|website=New Statesman|date=10 March 2018|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
* ''Rise Like Lions: Poetry for the many'' (as editor; London: [[Hodder & Stoughton]], 2018)<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://socialistreview.org.uk/438/rise-lions-poetry-many|title=Books {{!}} Rise Like Lions: Poetry for the Many|website=Socialist Review|author=Jeff Jackson|issue=438|date=September 2018}}</ref>
* ''Prayer for the Living: Stories'' (London: Head of Zeus, 2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://headofzeus.com/books/9781789544589|title=Prayer for the Living|publisher=Head of Zeus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-immensity-of-brevity-on-ben-okris-prayer-for-the-living/|title=The Immensity of Brevity: On Ben Okri's 'Prayer for the Living'|author=Babi Oloko|website=Los Angeles Review of Books|date=2 February 2021|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
* ''A Fire in My Head: Poems for the Dawn'' (London: Head of Zeus, 2021)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/ben-okris-first-poetry-collection-eight-years-goes-head-zeus-1208570|title=Ben Okri's first poetry collection in eight years goes to Head of Zeus|magazine=[[The Bookseller]]|author=Tamsin Hackett|date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2021/01/ben-okris-first-poetry-collection-in-nine-years-is-out-now/|title=Ben Okri's First Poetry Collection in Nine Years is Out Now|author=Angeline Peterson|website=[[Brittle Paper]]|date=15 January 2021|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>

=== Film ===

* ''[[N – The Madness of Reason]]'' (feature film, directed by [[Peter Krüger]], 2014)<ref>[http://www.blinkerfilm.de/?p=1720&lang=en "N – The Madness of Reason"], '' Blinkerfilm'', 9 March 2015.</ref>

===Online fiction===
* {{cite journal|last1=Okri|first1=Ben|date=February 1, 2021|title=A Wrinkle In The Realm |journal=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/02/08/a-wrinkle-in-the-realm }}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Relevant literature==
*Irene, Michael Oshoke. 2015. ''Re-inventing oral tradition in Ben Okri's trilogy : The Famished Road, Songs of Enchantment and Infinite Riches''. Anglia Ruskin University, doctoral dissertation.

==External links==
* [https://benokri.co.uk/ Official website]
* [https://aalbc.com/authors/author.php?author_name=Ben+Okri Ben Okri's AALBC.com Author Profile]
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Ben-Okri/66916042616 Ben Okri's official Facebook Page]
* [https://www.myspace.com/ben_okri Ben Okri's MySpace page]
* Ben Okri's [https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/ben-okri official page on the Booker Prizes website].
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMJI8cRcbAQ Full length You Tube video of Ben Okri winning the 1991 Booker Prize].
* [http://www.ulg.ac.be/facphl/uer/d-german/L3/boindex.html The Ben Okri Bibliography] – an extensive bibliography of works by and about Ben Okri. Also includes a short biography and an introduction to his work.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2009/07/090720_theforum_190709.shtml Audio: Ben Okri in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme] [[The Forum (BBC World Service)|''The Forum'']], 19 July 2009.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120119011208/http://www.thersa.org/events/audio-and-past-events/2011/a-time-for-new-dreams Ben Okri on RSA Audio], 4 April 2011.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130112215218/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/ontheline/explore/poetry/benokri.htm "The Awakening Age"], a poem by Ben Okri.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2039260.stm "Draw"], a poem by Ben Okri.
* [http://www.tate.org.uk/40artists40days/ben_okri.html "Lines in Potentis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114154002/http://www2.tate.org.uk/40artists40days/ben_okri.html |date=14 November 2017 }}, a poem by Ben Okri.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/aug/21/poetry.usa "Children of the Dream"], a poem by Ben Okri.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426203857/http://odewire.com/54290/dancing-with-change.html "Dancing With Change"], a poem by Ben Okri.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130112232352/http://www.rhgdigital.co.uk/blogs/ebury/?p=196 "I sing a new freedom"], a poem by Ben Okri.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130112232126/http://www.rhgdigital.co.uk/blogs/ebury/?p=349 "As clouds pass above our heads..."], a poem by Ben Okri.
* [http://riderbooks.tumblr.com/post/3100139249/new-year-poem-from-ben-okri-o-that-abstract-garden "O That Abstract Garden"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112232126/http://riderbooks.tumblr.com/post/3100139249/new-year-poem-from-ben-okri-o-that-abstract-garden |date=12 January 2013 }}, a poem by Ben Okri.
* [https://www.whyarewehere.tv/people/ben-okri/ Ben Okri: An extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?' documentary series].

{{Ben Okri}}
{{Booker Prize}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Okri, Ben}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Minna]]
[[Category:Urhobo people]]
[[Category:Nigerian male novelists]]
[[Category:Booker Prize winners]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Essex]]
[[Category:English people of Nigerian descent]]
[[Category:Nigerian fantasy writers]]
[[Category:Magic realism writers]]
[[Category:Black British writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century Nigerian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Nigerian novelists]]
[[Category:Weird fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century male writers]]

Douglas Stuart (writer)

2022-03-21T13:34:37Z

82.71.1.207: /* External links */ added a link to Douglas Stuart's official page on the Booker Prizes' website.

{{short description|Scottish writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Douglas Stuart
| image = Douglas Stuart (2021) - 2.png
| caption = Douglas Stuart in 2021
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|31 May 1976|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sighthill, Glasgow]], Scotland
| birth_name =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Novelist
* fashion designer}}
| spouse = Michael Cary
| education = {{plainlist|
* {{nowrap|[[Heriot-Watt University|Scottish College of Textiles]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}
* [[Royal College of Art]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])}}
| notable works = ''[[Shuggie Bain]]'' (2020)
| awards = [[2020 Booker Prize]]
| website = {{website|https://www.douglasdstuart.com/}}
| citizenship = {{flatlist|
*[[British nationality law|British]]
*[[Citizenship of the United States|American]]
}}
}}
'''Douglas Stuart''' (born 31 May 1976)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/douglas-stuart|title=Douglas Stuart|publisher=The Booker Prizes|access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> is a [[Scottish-American]] writer and fashion designer. His [[debut novel]], ''[[Shuggie Bain]]'', was awarded the [[2020 Booker Prize]].

== Early life ==
Stuart was born in [[Sighthill, Glasgow|Sighthill]], a housing estate in [[Glasgow]], Scotland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Millen |first=Robbie |date=15 September 2020 |title=Why Douglas Stuart's Shuggie Bain deserves to win the Booker prize |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-truly-deserves-a-shot-at-the-booker-prize-9lfwgtzck |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=[[The Times]]}}</ref> He was the youngest of three siblings. His father left him and his family when he was young, and he was raised by a single mother battling alcoholism and addiction.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Alter|first=Alexandra|date=23 October 2020|title=How 'Shuggie Bain' Became This Year's Breakout Debut|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/books/douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> His mother died from alcoholism-related health issues when he was 16. Subsequently, when he would go on to write his debut Booker Prize-winning novel, ''[[Shuggie Bain]]'', the book would be inspired by his struggles, his mother's struggles as she battled alcoholism and his relationship with his mother.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 November 2020|title=Shuggie Bain's tale tells us that the Booker prize has matured|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/nov/22/new-voices-now-speak-louder-than-old-giants-booker-prize-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain|first=Alex|last= Clark|author-link=Alex Clark (journalist)|access-date=24 November 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Speaking about his mother, he says: "My mother died very quietly of addiction one day."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=20 November 2020|title=Douglas Stuart's "Shuggie Bain" wins the Booker Prize|work=[[The Economist]] (Prospero blog)|author=E.C.|url=https://www.economist.com/prospero/2020/11/20/douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-wins-the-booker-prize|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> After his mother's death, he lived with his older brother before moving into a [[boarding house]] when he was 17.<ref name=":5" />

Writing on ''[[Lithub]]'' about working-class living in the late 1970s and 1980s, Stuart notes that he grew up in a house without books and surrounded by poverty. This was the time when [[Thatcher Era|Thatcher-era]] economic policies had "decimated the working man," moving industry away from the west coast of Scotland, leaving behind mass unemployment, alcoholism, and drug abuse.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2020|title=Poverty, Anxiety, and Gender in Scottish Working-Class Literature|url=https://lithub.com/poverty-anxiety-and-gender-in-scottish-working-class-literature/|first=Douglas|last=Stuart|access-date=24 November 2020|website=Literary Hub|language=en-US}}</ref>

He received a bachelor's degree from the [[Heriot-Watt University|Scottish College of Textiles]] (now Heriot-Watt University) and a master's degree from the [[Royal College of Art]] in [[London]].<ref name=":2" /> He had no formal education in literature and notes that while he wanted to study [[English literature]] in college, he was discouraged from choosing the subject by a teacher who mentioned that it would "not suit someone from his background," resulting in Stuart subsequently studying textiles instead.<ref name=":5" />

== Career ==
Stuart moved to [[New York City]] at the age of 24 to begin a career in [[fashion design]]. He worked for many brands, including [[Calvin Klein (company)|Calvin Klein]], [[Ralph Lauren Corporation|Ralph Lauren]], [[Banana Republic]] and [[Jack Spade]], for more than 20 years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Alter |first=Alexandra |date=23 October 2020 |title=How 'Shuggie Bain' Became This Year's Breakout Debut |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/books/douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Stuart balanced his writing with his design job. It is noted that he started writing his first novel when he was balancing 12-hour shifts as a senior director of design at [[Banana Republic]].<ref name=":3" />

Prior to his first novel being published, his works were featured on ''[[The New Yorker]]'' and on ''[[LitHub]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Douglas Stuart {{!}} The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/author/douglas-stuart|access-date=24 November 2020|website=thebookerprizes.com}}</ref>

His first novel, ''[[Shuggie Bain]]'', won the [[2020 Booker Prize]], chosen by a judging panel comprising [[Margaret Busby]] (chair), [[Lee Child]], [[Sameer Rahim]], [[Lemn Sissay]], and [[Emily Wilson (classicist)|Emily Wilson]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=19 November 2020 |title=Douglas Stuart wins Booker prize for debut Shuggie Bain |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/19/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize-for-debut-shuggie-bain |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>[https://thebookerprizes.com/books/shuggie-bain-by-douglas-stuart ''Shuggie Bain''], The Booker Prizes website.</ref> Stuart is the second Scottish author to win the Booker Prize in its 51-year history,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/douglas-stuart-interview-shuggie-bain-b1760532.html|title=Booker prize winner Douglas Stuart: 'Homophobia makes you think there's something broken'|first=Martin|last=Chilton|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=26 November 2020|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> after it was awarded in 1994 to [[James Kelman]] for ''[[How Late It Was, How Late]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Judith |date=15 November 2020 |title=Douglas Stuart's Shuggie Bain could be second Scottish book to win Booker prize |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/18872482.douglas-stuarts-shuggie-bain-second-scottish-book-win-booker-prize/ |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]}}</ref> a book Stuart has credited with changing his life, since it was "one of the first times he had seen his people and dialect on the page".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/douglas-stuart-wins-2020-booker-prize-for-shuggie-bain-1.4414025|title=Douglas Stuart wins 2020 Booker Prize for Shuggie Bain|first=Martin|last=Doyle|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=19 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bookbrunch.co.uk/page/article-detail/douglas-stuart-wins-booker-prize/|title=Douglas Stuart wins Booker Prize|website=BookBrunch|date=20 November 2020|access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/booker-prize/news/interview-longlisted-author-douglas-stuart|title=Interview with longlisted author Douglas Stuart|publisher=The Booker Prizes|date=11 August 2020|access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref> Stuart said: "When James won in the mid-90s, Scottish voices were seen as disruptive and outside the norm."<ref name=":4" />

''Shuggie Bain'' was also longlisted for the 2021 [[Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/longlist-for-2021-carnegie-medals-announced/|title=Longlist for 2021 Carnegie Medals Announced|work=[[American Libraries]]|date=26 October 2020|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> shortlisted for the 2020 [[Center for Fiction First Novel Prize]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/newsbrief/index.html?record=2816|title=2020 Center for Fiction First Novel Prize Longlist|website=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=22 July 2020|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> and was a finalist for both the 2020 [[Kirkus Prize]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/kirkus-prize-finalists-are-announced/|title=Kirkus Prize Finalists Are Announced|first=Michael|last=Schaub|website=Kirkus|date=9 September 2020|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> and the 2020 [[National Book Award for Fiction]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/10/national-book-award-2020-finalists.html|title=The National Book Awards Finalists Hath Arrived|website=[[Vulture.com]]|first=Madison Malone|last=Kircher|date=6 October 2020|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2020|title=National Book Awards 2020 shortlists announced|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/10/07/157689/national-book-awards-2020-shortlists-announced/|access-date=7 October 2020|website=Books+Publishing|language=en-AU}}</ref> However, when Stuart wrote the novel, responses from publishers were not as encouraging, with the book being rejected by 32 US publishing companies<ref name=ES /> (as well as a dozen in the UK),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/scottish-booker-prize-winner-shuggie-bain-was-rejected-by-44-publishers-bg0p0hcn6#:~:text=Scottish%20Booker%20prize%20winner%20Shuggie%20Bain%20was%20rejected%20by%2044%20publishers,-Mark%20Macaskill&text=A%20Scottish%20novel%20that%20scooped,themes%20of%20addiction%20and%20poverty.|title=Scottish Booker prize winner Shuggie Bain was rejected by 44 publishers|first=Mark|last=Macaskill|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=29 November 2020}}</ref> before it was finally sold to American independent publisher [[Grove Atlantic]],<ref name=":3" /> who published it in [[hardcover]] on 11 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shuggie Bain |url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/shuggie-bain/ |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=[[Grove Atlantic]]}}</ref> ''Shuggie Bain'' was later published in the United Kingdom by the [[Picador (imprint)|Picador]] imprint of [[Pan Macmillan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart |url=https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/douglas-stuart/shuggie-bain/9781529019278 |access-date=24 November 2020 |publisher=Pan Macmillan}}</ref>

The novel received generally favourable review coverage once it was published, including in ''[[The Observer]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/aug/09/shuggie-bain-by-douglas-stuart-review-lithe-revelatory-debut|title=Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart review – lithe, revelatory debut|first=Alex|last=Preston|newspaper=The Observer|date=9 August 2020}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/11/books/review/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart.html|title=In 1980s Glasgow, a World of Pain Made Bearable by Love|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Leah Hager |last=Cohen|date=11 February 2020}}</ref> ''[[The Scotsman]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/book-review-shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-2950033|title=Book review: Shuggie Bain, by Douglas Stuart|first=Allan|last=Massie|author-link=Allan Massie|newspaper=The Scotsman|date=21 August 2020}}</ref> the ''[[The Times Literary Supplement|TLS]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/shuggie-bain-douglas-stuart-review-toby-lichtig/|title=Glasgow kiss: A love letter to a troubled city in Shuggie Bain by Douglas Stuart|work=TLS|first=Toby |last=Lichtig|date=11 September 2020}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Shougat|date=31 October 2020|title=A terrible beauty: Review of 'Shuggie Bain' and 'Real Life'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-terrible-beauty-review-of-shuggie-bain-and-real-life/article32979838.ece|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and elsewhere. The book was praised for its authentic portrayal of post-industrial working-class Glasgow of the 1980s and early 1990s, and also for his capture of the "wry, indefatigable [[Glaswegian]] voice in all its various shades of wit, anger and hope."<ref name=":1" /> Speaking at the Booker Prize award ceremony, [[Margaret Busby]], chair of the panel, noted that the book was destined to be a classic, and went on to describe the work as a "moving, immersive and nuanced portrait of a tight-knit social world, its people and its values."<ref name=":4" />

In November 2020, Stuart revealed that he had finished his second novel, tentatively titled ''Loch Awe'', also set in mid-1990s Glasgow.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Brian |date=19 November 2020 |title=Booker Prize: Glasgow author Douglas Stuart wins with debut novel Shuggie Bain |url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/booker-prize-glasgow-author-douglas-stuart-wins-debut-novel-shuggie-bain-3041779 |access-date=19 November 2020 |website=The Scotsman}}</ref> The book is a love story between two young men, set against the backdrop of post-industrial Glasgow, with its territorial gangs, and divisions across sectarian lines. In his words, the book is about "[[toxic masculinity]]" and the violence that can stem from pressures on working-class boys to "man-up".<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2020|title=Shuggie Bain|url=https://booksfromscotland.com/2020/08/shuggie-bain/|access-date=24 November 2020|website=Books from Scotland|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Douglas Stuart {{!}} 'Representation of the working-class is essential for diversity in literature' |work=[[The Bookseller]]|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/profile/douglas-stuart-1219122|first=Caroline|last=Carpenter|date=15 September 2020|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> The novel, titled ''Young Mungo'', is scheduled to be published by Grove Press on 5 April 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Mungo |url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/young-mungo/ |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=[[Grove Atlantic]]}}</ref> and by Picador on 14 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Mungo by Douglas Stuart |url=https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/douglas-stuart/young-mungo/9781529068764 |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=www.panmacmillan.com}}</ref>

In a conversation with 2019 Booker winner [[Bernardine Evaristo]] on 23 November, [[livestreamed]] as a [[Southbank Centre]] event, Stuart said: "One of my biggest regrets I think is that growing up so poor I almost had to elevate myself to the middle class to turn around to tell a working-class story."<ref name=ES>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/the-londoner-booker-winners-bernadine-evaristo-and-douglas-stuart-say-publishers-are-too-middleclass-b77730.html|title=The Londoner: Booker winners Douglas Stuart and Bernadine Evaristo say publishers are too middle-class|newspaper=[[Evening Standard]]|date=24 November 2020}}</ref> Discussing the "middle-class" publishers' rejections he had received for ''Shuggie Bain'', he told Evaristo: "Everyone was writing these really gorgeous letters. They were saying 'Oh my god this will win all of the awards and it's such an amazing book and I have never read anything like that, but I have no idea how to market it'."<ref name=ES /> Stuart said in a 2021 conversation with the [[Duchess of Cornwall]] that winning the Booker Prize transformed his life.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/shuggie-bain-author-douglas-stuart-tells-duchess-of-cornwall-about-how-booker-prize-win-transformed-his-life-3444287|newspaper=The Scotsman|title=Shuggie Bain author Douglas Stuart tells Duchess of Cornwall about how Booker Prize win 'transformed' his life|first=Tom|last=Horton|date=3 November 2021}}</ref>

Stuart's second novel, ''Young Mungo'', prior to its 2022 publication was described by ''Oprah Daily'' as "a beautiful novel about family love and the dangers of being different in a violent, hyper-masculine world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oprahdaily.com/entertainment/books/a38255299/douglas-stuart-young-mungo/|title=Exclusive Cover Reveal: Douglas Stuart's New Book, ''Young Mungo''|first=Hamilton|last=Cain|website=Oprah Daily|date=17 November 2021|access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Stuart holds dual British and American citizenship.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Allfree|first=Claire|date=15 September 2020|title=The Booker Prize has abandoned Britain|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/booker-prize/booker-prize-has-abandoned-britain/|url-access=subscription|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> He is gay and lives in [[East Village, Manhattan]], with his husband, Michael Cary, an art curator at the [[Gagosian Gallery]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Alter|first=Alexandra|date=19 November 2020|title=Douglas Stuart Wins Booker Prize for 'Shuggie Bain'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/books/booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-shuggie-bain.html|access-date=24 November 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Selected awards and honours ==
* 2020: [[Booker Prize]] for ''[[Shuggie Bain]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Booker Prize 2020 |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/fiction/2020 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=[[Booker Prize|The Booker Prizes]]}}</ref>
* 2020: [[Waterstones]] Scottish Book of the Year (''Shuggie Bain'')<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chandler |first=Mark |date=16 November 2020 |title=Shuggie Bain named Waterstones Scottish Book of the Year |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/shuggie-bain-named-waterstones-scottish-book-year-1225995 |access-date=11 December 2021 |magazine=[[The Bookseller]]}}</ref>
* 2021: [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]]: [[Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Winners |url=https://artsandletters.org/pressrelease/2021-literature-award-winners/ |date=29 March 2021|access-date=11 December 2021 |website=American Academy of Arts and Letters}}</ref>
* 2021: [[British Book Awards]]: Overall Book of the Year (''Shuggie Bain'')<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Comerford |first=Ruth |date=13 May 2021 |title=Stuart's Shuggie Bain bags Book of the Year at the British Book Awards 2021 |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/stuart-s-shuggie-bain-bags-book-year-british-book-awards-2021-1259528 |access-date=11 December 2021 |magazine=The Bookseller}}</ref>
* 2021: British Book Awards: Debut Book of the Year (''Shuggie Bain'')<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Books of the Year - Fiction: Debut {{!}} British Book Awards 2021 |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/british-book-awards/fiction-debut |access-date=11 December 2021 |magazine=The Bookseller}}</ref>
* 2021: [[Independent Publisher Book Awards]]: Europe Best Regional Fiction (Bronze)<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Independent Publisher Book Awards Results |url=http://www.independentpublisher.com/article.php?page=2478
|access-date=11 December 2021 |website=[[Independent Publisher Book Awards]]}}</ref>
* 2021: Honorary degree from [[Heriot-Watt University]] for services to fashion and literature<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/19777854.scottish-booker-prize-winner-douglas-stuart-given-honorary-degree/|title=Scottish Booker Prize winner Douglas Stuart given honorary degree|newspaper=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]|first=Gregor|last=Young|date=11 December 2021}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Novels ===
* {{Cite book |last=Stuart |first=Douglas |title=Shuggie Bain: A Novel |title-link=Shuggie Bain |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-8021-4804-9 |location=New York |author-mask=1}} UK, [[Picador (imprint)|Picador]].
* {{Cite book |last=Stuart |first=Douglas |title=Young Mungo: A Novel |publisher=Grove Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-8021-5955-7 |location=New York |author-mask=1}} UK, [[Picador (imprint)|Picador]].

=== Short fiction ===
* {{Cite magazine |last=Stuart |first=Douglas |author-mask=1 |date=13 January 2020 |title=Found Wanting |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/01/13/found-wanting |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Stuart |first=Douglas |author-mask=1 |date=14 September 2020 |title=The Englishman |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/09/14/the-englishman |magazine=The New Yorker}}

=== Essays ===
* {{Cite magazine |last=Stuart |first=Douglas |author-mask=1 |date=10 February 2020 |title=Poverty, Anxiety, and Gender in Scottish Working-Class Literature |url=https://lithub.com/poverty-anxiety-and-gender-in-scottish-working-class-literature/ |magazine=[[Literary Hub]]}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official|https://www.douglasdstuart.com}}
* Douglas Stuart's [https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/douglas-stuart official page on the Booker Prizes website].
* Cressida Leyshon, [https://www.newyorker.com/books/this-week-in-fiction/douglas-stuart-01-13-20 "Douglas Stuart on Growing Up Queer Before the Internet"], ''The New Yorker'', 6 January 2020.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/21/booker-winner-douglas-stuart-i-owe-scotland-everything "Interview | Booker winner Douglas Stuart: 'I owe Scotland everything'"], ''The Guardian'', 21 November 2020.

{{Booker Prize}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stuart, Douglas}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Glasgow]]
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Art]]
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Scottish novelists]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:Scottish male novelists]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Scottish fashion designers]]
[[Category:Booker Prize winners]]
[[Category:American gay writers]]
[[Category:American LGBT novelists]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from Scotland]]
[[Category:LGBT people from New York (state)]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century LGBT people]]

Booker Prize

2022-01-24T14:11:35Z

82.71.1.207: /* See also */

{{Short description|British literary award}}
{{For|the related prize given to an author of any nationality for a book in English and published in the United Kingdom or Ireland|International Booker Prize}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox award
| name = The Booker Prize
| current_awards =
| image =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best novel of the year written in English
| reward = £50,000
| presenter = [[Booker Group|Booker, McConnell Ltd]] (1969–2001) [[Man Group]] (2002–2019) [[Michael Moritz#Philanthropy|Crankstart]] (2019 onwards)
| country =
| location = [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]], London, England
| year = {{start date and age|1969}}
| year2 =
| website = {{URL|http://www.thebookerprizes.com/}}
}}
The '''Booker Prize,''' formerly known as the '''Booker Prize for Fiction''' (1969–2001) and the '''Man Booker Prize''' (2002–2019), is a [[Literary award|literary prize]] awarded each year for the best novel written in English and published in the United Kingdom or Ireland. The winner of the Booker Prize receives international publicity which usually leads to a sales boost.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2008/10/booker-prize-british-literary |title=The Booker's Big Bang |author= Sutherland, John |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=9 October 2008 |access-date=3 September 2009}}</ref> When the prize was first created, only novels written by [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], Irish, and South African (and later Zimbabwean) citizens were eligible to receive the prize; in 2014 it was widened to any English-language novel — a change that proved controversial.<ref name=judges2014/><ref name="BBC_rulechange2">{{cite news |title='A surprise and a risk': Reaction to Booker Prize upheaval |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24126882 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 September 2013 |date=18 September 2013}}</ref> A seven person panel constituted by authors, librarians, literary agents, publishers, and booksellers is appointed by the Booker Prize Foundation.

A high-profile literary award in [[British culture]], the Booker Prize is greeted with anticipation and fanfare.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bob |last=Hoover |url=http://old.post-gazette.com/pg/08041/855698-44.stm|title='Gathering' storm clears for prize winner Enright |work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |date=10 February 2008 |access-date=10 February 2008 |quote=In America, literary prizes are greeted with the same enthusiasm as a low Steelers draft choice. Not so in the British Isles, where the $98,000 Man Booker Fiction Prize can even push Amy Winehouse off the front page – at least for a day. The atmosphere around the award approaches sports-championship proportions, with London bookies posting the ever-changing odds on the nominees. Then, in October when the winner is announced live on the BBC TV evening news, somebody always gets ticked off.}}</ref> Literary critics have noted that it is a mark of distinction for authors to be selected for inclusion in the [[Short list|shortlist]] or to be nominated for the "longlist".<ref name=":0" />

A sister prize, the [[International Booker Prize]], is awarded for a book translated into English and published in the United Kingdom or Ireland.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Booker Prizes |publisher=Booker Prize Foundation |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/}}</ref>

==History and administration==
The prize was established as the Booker Prize for Fiction after the company [[Booker Group|Booker, McConnell Ltd]] began sponsoring the event in 1969;<ref name=history>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/oct/18/booker-prize-history-controversy-criticism |title=Man Booker Prize: a history of controversy, criticism and literary greats |first =Katy |last=Stoddard|work=The Guardian |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011}}</ref> it became commonly known as the "Booker Prize" or simply the "Booker."

When administration of the prize was transferred to the Booker Prize Foundation in 2002, the title sponsor became the investment company [[Man Group]], which opted to retain "Booker" as part of the official title of the prize. The foundation is an independent registered charity funded by the entire profits of Booker Prize Trading Ltd, of which it is the sole shareholder.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/legal |title=Booker Prize: legal information |work=bookerprize.com |access-date=3 September 2009}}</ref> The prize money awarded with the Booker Prize was originally £21,000, and was subsequently raised to £50,000 in 2002 under the sponsorship of the Man Group, making it one of the [[List of the world's richest literary prizes|world's richest literary prizes]].

===1969–1979===

In 1970, [[Bernice Rubens]] became the first woman to win the Booker Prize, for ''[[The Elected Member]]''.<ref>Kidd, James (5 March 2006), [http://www.scmp.com/article/539083/brief-history-man-booker-prize "A Brief History of The Man Booker Prize"], ''South China Morning Post''.</ref> The rules of the Booker changed in 1971; previously, it had been awarded retrospectively to books published prior to the year in which the award was given. In 1971 the year of eligibility was changed to the same as the year of the award; in effect, this meant that books published in 1970 were not considered for the Booker in either year. The Booker Prize Foundation announced in January 2010 the creation of a special award called the "[[Lost Man Booker Prize]]", with the winner chosen from a longlist of 22 novels published in 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/stories/1317 |title=The Lost Man Booker Prize announced |work=bookerprize.com |access-date=31 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202172535/http://themanbookerprize.com/news/stories/1317 |archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref>

[[Alice Munro]]'s ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (book)|The Beggar Maid]]'' was shortlisted in 1980, and remains the only short story collection to be shortlisted.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/jul/13/big-novels-2012|title=Dear Life: Stories by Alice Munro (Chatto & Windus, November) |work=The Guardian |date=13 July 2012 |access-date=13 July 2012 |quote=As the only writer to sneak on to the Booker shortlist for a collection of short stories (with ''The Beggar Maid'' in 1980), Alice Munro easily deserves to end our list of the year's best fiction.}}</ref>

[[John Sutherland (author)|John Sutherland]], who was a judge for the 1999 prize, has said: {{quote|There is a well-established London literary community. [[Salman Rushdie|Rushdie]] doesn't get shortlisted now because he has attacked that community. That is not a good game plan if you want to win the Booker. [[Norman Mailer]] has found the same thing in the US – you have to "be a citizen" if you want to win prizes. The real scandal is that [Martin] [[Martin Amis|Amis]] has never won the prize. In fact, he has only been shortlisted once and that was for ''[[Time's Arrow (novel)|Time's Arrow]]'', which was not one of his strongest books. That really is suspicious. He pissed people off with ''[[Dead Babies (novel)|Dead Babies]]'' and that gets lodged in the culture. There is also the feeling that he has always looked towards America.<ref name=booker_fixed>{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Moss |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/sep/18/bookerprize2001.thebookerprize |title=Is the Booker fixed? |work=The Guardian |date=18 September 2001 |access-date=18 September 2001}}</ref>}}

In 1972, winning writer [[John Berger]], known for his [[Marxism|Marxist]] worldview, protested during his acceptance speech against Booker McConnell. He blamed Booker's 130 years of sugar production in the Caribbean for the region's modern poverty.<ref name=white/><ref name="John Berger on the Booker Prize (1972)">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otu4tjqrOk0 "John Berger on the Booker Prize (1972)"], YouTube.</ref> Berger donated half of his £5,000 prize to the [[Black Panther Party#Groups and movements inspired by the Black Panthers|British Black Panther movement]], because it had a socialist and revolutionary perspective in agreement with his own.<ref name=history/><ref name=white>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=White |url=http://archive.guardian.co.uk/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=R1VBLzE5NzIvMTEvMjUjQXIwMTEwMA==&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom |title=Berger's black bread |work=The Guardian |date=25 November 1972}} p. 11.</ref><ref name="Speech by John Berger on accepting the Booker Prize for Fiction at the Café Royal in London on 23 November 1972">[http://gostbustere.tumblr.com/post/17158444595/speech-by-john-berger-on-accepting-the-booker-prize-for Speech by John Berger on accepting the Booker Prize for Fiction] at the Café Royal in London on 23 November 1972.</ref>

===1980–1999===

In 1980, [[Anthony Burgess]], writer of ''[[Earthly Powers]]'', refused to attend the ceremony unless it was confirmed to him in advance whether he had won.<ref name=history/> His was one of two books considered likely to win, the other being ''[[Rites of Passage (novel)|Rites of Passage]]'' by [[William Golding]]. The judges decided only 30 minutes before the ceremony, giving the prize to Golding. Both novels had been seen as favourites to win leading up to the prize, and the dramatic "literary battle" between two senior writers made front-page news.<ref name=history/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.guardian.co.uk/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=R1VBLzE5ODAvMTAvMjIjQXIwMDEwNA==&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom |title=Lord of the novel wins the Booker prize |first= W. L. |last=Webb|work=The Guardian |date=22 October 1980}} p. 1.</ref>

In 1981, nominee [[John Banville]] wrote a letter to ''[[The Guardian]]'' requesting that the prize be given to him so that he could use the money to buy every copy of the longlisted books in Ireland and donate them to libraries, "thus ensuring that the books not only are bought but also read — surely a unique occurrence."<ref name=history/><ref>Banville, John (15 October 1981), [http://archive.guardian.co.uk/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=R1VBLzE5ODEvMTAvMTUjQXIwMTQwMg==&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom "A novel way of striking a 12,000 Booker Prize bargain"], ''The Guardian'', Letters to the editor, p. 14.</ref>

Judging for the 1983 award produced a draw between [[J. M. Coetzee]]'s ''[[Life & Times of Michael K]]'' and [[Salman Rushdie]]'s ''[[Shame (Rushdie novel)|Shame]]'', leaving chair of judges [[Fay Weldon]] to choose between the two. According to Stephen Moss in ''The Guardian'', "Her arm was bent and she chose Rushdie," only to change her mind as the result was being phoned through.<ref name=booker_fixed/>

In 1992, the jury split the prize between [[Michael Ondaatje]]'s ''[[The English Patient]]'' and [[Barry Unsworth]]'s ''[[Sacred Hunger]]''. This prompted the foundation to draw up a rule that made it mandatory for the appointed jury to make the award to just a single author/book.

In 1993, two of the judges threatened to walk out when ''[[Trainspotting (novel)|Trainspotting]]'' appeared on the longlist; [[Irvine Welsh]]'s novel was pulled from the shortlist to satisfy them. The novel would later receive critical acclaim, and is now considered Welsh's masterpiece.<ref>{{cite news |first=Alan |last=Bissett |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2012/jul/27/booker-prize-bias-english?intcmp=239|title=The unnoticed bias of the Booker prize |work=The Guardian |date=27 July 2012 |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref>

The choice of [[James Kelman]]'s book ''[[How Late It Was, How Late]]'' as 1994 Booker Prize winner proved to be one of the most controversial in the award's history.<ref>{{cite news |first=Robert |last=Winder |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/highly-literary-and-deeply-vulgar-if-james-kelmans-booker-novel-is-rude-it-is-in-good-company-argues-1442639.html |title=Highly literary and deeply vulgar: If James Kelman's Booker novel is rude, it is in good company, argues Robert Winder |work=The Independent |date=13 October 1994 |quote=James Kelman's victory in the Booker Prize on Tuesday night has already provoked a not altogether polite discussion...}}</ref> [[Rabbi]] [[Julia Neuberger]], one of the judges, declared it "a disgrace" and left the event, later deeming the book to be "crap"; [[WHSmith]]'s marketing manager called the award "an embarrassment to the whole book trade"; [[Waterstones|Waterstone's]] in [[Glasgow]] sold a mere 13 copies of Kelman's book the following week.<ref>{{cite news |first=Maeve |last=Walsh |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/it-was-five-years-ago-today-how-controversial-it-was-how-controversial-1081947.html |title=It was five years ago today: How controversial it was, how controversial |work=The Independent |date=21 March 1999}}</ref> In 1994, ''The Guardian''{{'}}s literary editor [[Richard Gott]], citing the lack of objective criteria and the exclusion of American authors, described the prize as "a significant and dangerous iceberg in the sea of British culture that serves as a symbol of its current malaise."<ref name=history/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.guardian.co.uk/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=R1VBLzE5OTQvMDkvMDUjQXIwMjIwMQ==&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom |title=Novel way to run a lottery |last=Gott |first= Richard|work=The Guardian |page=22|date=5 September 1994}}</ref>

In 1997, the decision to award [[Arundhati Roy]]'s ''[[The God of Small Things]]'' proved controversial. [[Carmen Callil]], chair of the previous year's Booker judges, called it an "execrable" book and said on television that it should not even have been on the shortlist. Booker Prize chairman [[Martyn Goff]] said Roy won because nobody objected, following the rejection by the judges of [[Bernard MacLaverty]]'s shortlisted book due to their dismissal of him as "a wonderful short-story writer and that ''[[Grace Notes]]'' was three short stories strung together."<ref>{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Glaister |url=http://www.sawnet.org/news/news220.html |title=Popularity pays off for Roy |work=The Guardian |date=14 October 1997 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050227170112/http://sawnet.org/news/news220.html |archive-date=27 February 2005}}</ref>

===2000–present===

Before 2001, each year's longlist of nominees was not publicly revealed.<ref>{{cite news |first=Emma |last=Yates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/aug/15/bookerprize2001.thebookerprize |title=Booker Prize longlist announced for first time |work=The Guardian |date=15 August 2001 |access-date=15 August 2001}}</ref> In 2001, [[A. L. Kennedy]], who was a judge in 1996, called the prize "a pile of crooked nonsense" with the winner determined by "who knows who, who's sleeping with who, who's selling drugs to who, who's married to who, whose turn it is".<ref name=booker_fixed/>

The Booker Prize created a permanent home for the archives from 1968 to present at [[Oxford Brookes University]] Library. The Archive, which encompasses the administrative history of the Prize from 1968 to date, collects together a diverse range of material, including correspondence, publicity material, copies of both the Longlists and the Shortlists, minutes of meetings, photographs and material relating to the awards dinner (letters of invitation, guest lists, seating plans). Embargoes of ten or twenty years apply to certain categories of material; examples include all material relating to the judging process and the Longlist prior to 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brookes.ac.uk/library/special-collections/publishing-and-literary-prizes/booker-prize-archive/ |title=Booker Prize Archive |publisher=Oxford Brookes University |access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref>

Between 2005 and 2008, the Booker Prize alternated between writers from Ireland and India. "Outsider" [[John Banville]] began this trend in 2005 when his novel ''[[The Sea (novel)|The Sea]]'' was selected as a surprise winner:<ref>{{cite news|first=John|last=Ezard|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/oct/11/books.bookerprize2005?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487|title=Irish stylist springs Booker surprise|newspaper=The Guardian|date=11 October 2005|access-date=11 October 2005}}</ref> [[Boyd Tonkin]], literary editor of ''[[The Independent]]'', famously condemned it as "possibly the most perverse decision in the history of the award" and rival novelist [[Tibor Fischer]] poured scorn on Banville's victory.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sarah|last=Crown|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/culturevultureblog/2005/oct/10/banvillescoops1?INTCMP=SRCH|title=Banville scoops the Booker|newspaper=The Guardian|date=10 October 2005|access-date=10 October 2005}}</ref> [[Kiran Desai]] of India won in 2006. [[Anne Enright]]'s 2007 victory came about due to a jury badly split over [[Ian McEwan]]'s novel ''[[On Chesil Beach]]''. The following year it was India's turn again, with [[Aravind Adiga]] narrowly defeating Enright's fellow Irishman [[Sebastian Barry]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Charlotte|last=Higgins|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/charlottehigginsblog/2009/jan/28/costabookaward-poetry|title=How Adam Foulds was a breath away from the Costa book of the year award|newspaper=The Guardian|date=28 January 2009|access-date=28 January 2009}}</ref>

[[File:The Man Booker Prize 2015 logo.png|thumb|upright=.75|2015 logo of the then Man Booker Prize]]

Historically, the winner of the Booker Prize had been required to be a citizen of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the Republic of Ireland, or Zimbabwe. It was announced on 18 September 2013 that future Booker Prize awards would consider authors from anywhere in the world, so long as their work was in [[English language|English]] and published in the UK.<ref name=Gompertz>[[Will Gompertz|Gompertz, Will]] (18 September 2013), [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24145501 "Global expansion for Booker Prize"], BBC News.</ref> This change proved controversial in literary circles. Former winner [[A. S. Byatt]] and former judge [[John Mullan (academic)|John Mullan]] said the prize risked diluting its identity, whereas former judge A. L. Kennedy welcomed the change.<ref name=judges2014>{{cite web |title=Meet The Man Booker Prize 2014 Judges |url=http://themanbookerprize.com/news/2013/12/12/meet-man-booker-prize-2014-judges |publisher=The Booker Prizes|date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="BBC_rulechange2" /><ref name=Sian>{{cite news|first=Sian|last=Cain|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/feb/02/publishers-call-on-man-booker-prize-to-drop-american-authors|title=Publishers call on Man Booker prize to drop American authors|work=The Guardian|date=2 February 2018|access-date=15 February 2018}}</ref> Following this expansion, the first winner not from the Commonwealth, Ireland, or Zimbabwe was American [[Paul Beatty]] in 2016. Another American, [[George Saunders]], won the following year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/oct/17/man-booker-prize-2017-second-american-author-george-saunders-lincoln-in-the-bardo |title=Man Booker prize goes to second American author in a row|first=Sian|last=Cain|work=The Guardian|date=17 October 2017|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> In 2018, publishers sought to reverse the change, arguing that the inclusion of American writers would lead to homogenisation, reducing diversity and opportunities everywhere, including in America, to learn about "great books that haven't already been widely heralded."<ref name=Sian/>

[[Man Group]] announced in early 2019 that the year's prize would be the last of eighteen under their sponsorship.<ref>{{cite news|first=Caroline|last=Davies|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/27/booker-prize-trustees-search-for-new-sponsor-after-funding-dropped|title=Booker prize trustees search for new sponsor after Man Group exit|work=The Guardian|date=27 January 2019|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref> A new sponsor, [[Michael Moritz#Philanthropy|Crankstart]] – a [[charitable foundation]] run by [[Michael Moritz|Sir Michael Moritz]] and his wife, Harriet Heyman – then announced it would sponsor the award for five years, with the option to renew for another five years. The award title was changed to simply "The Booker Prize".<ref>{{cite news|first=Alison|last=Flood|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/feb/28/booker-prize-silicon-valley-billionaire-takes-over-as-new-sponsor|title=Booker Prize: Silicon Valley Billionaire Takes Over as New Sponsor|work=The Guardian|date=28 February 2019|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Gompertz|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-47393880|title=Booker Prize finds new funder in billionaire Sir Michael Moritz|work=BBC News|date=28 February 2019|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

In 2019, despite having been unequivocally warned against doing so, the foundation's jury – under the chair [[Peter Florence]] – split the prize, awarding it to two authors, in breach of a rule established in 1993. Florence justified the decision, saying: "We came down to a discussion with the director of the Booker Prize about the rules. And we were told quite firmly that the rules state that you can only have one winner...and as we have managed the jury all the way through on the principle of consensus, our consensus was that it was our decision to flout the rules and divide this year’s prize to celebrate two winners."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/booker-prize-split-between-atwood-and-evaristo-judges-rebel-against-rules-1098761|first=Mark |last=Chandler|author2= Benedicte Page|title=Booker double welcomed by booksellers |work= The Bookseller|date=14 October 2019|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref> The two were British writer [[Bernardine Evaristo]] for her novel ''[[Girl, Woman, Other]]'' and Canadian writer [[Margaret Atwood]] for ''[[The Testaments]]''. Evaristo's win marked the first time the Booker had been awarded to a black woman, while Atwood's win, at 79, made her the oldest.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-16|title=Bernardine Evaristo becomes first black woman to win a Booker; all you need to know about her|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/margaret-atwood-bernardine-evaristo-booker-2019-6069458/|access-date=2020-06-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-15|title=Atwood and Evaristo share Booker Prize|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50014906|access-date=2020-06-03}}</ref>

==Judging==
The selection process for the winner of the prize commences with the formation of an advisory committee, which includes a writer, two publishers, a literary agent, a bookseller, a librarian, and a chairperson appointed by the Booker Prize Foundation. The advisory committee then selects the judging panel, the membership of which changes each year, although on rare occasions a judge may be selected a second time. Judges are selected from amongst leading literary critics, writers, academics and leading public figures.

The Booker judging process and the very concept of a "best book" being chosen by a small number of literary insiders is controversial for many. ''[[The Guardian]]'' introduced the "Not the Booker Prize" voted for by readers partly as a reaction to this.<ref name="notthebooker">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/series/not-the-booker-prize | title=Not the Booker prize | newspaper= The Guardian | date=16 October 2017}}</ref>
Author [[Amit Chaudhuri]] wrote: "The idea that a 'book of the year' can be assessed annually by a bunch of people – judges who have to read almost a book a day – is absurd, as is the idea that this is any way of honouring a writer."<ref name="bookercrit">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/16/booker-prize-bad-for-writing-alternative-celebrate-literature | title=My fellow authors are too busy chasing prizes to write about what matters |first= Amit |last=Chaudhuri|newspaper=The Guardian | date=15 August 2017}}</ref>

The winner is usually announced at a ceremony in London's [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]], usually in early October.

==Legacy of British Empire==
The scholar Luke Strongman noted that the rules for the Booker prize as laid out in 1969 with recipients limited to novelists writing in English from Great Britain or nations that had once belonged to the [[British Empire]] strongly suggested the purpose of the prize was to deepen ties between the nations that had all been a part of the empire.{{sfn|Strongman|2002|page=x}} The first book to win the Booker, ''Something to Answer For'' in 1969, concerned the misadventures of an Englishman in [[history of Egypt|Egypt]] in the 1950s at the time when British influence in Egypt was ending.{{sfn|Strongman|2002|page=xxi}} Strongman wrote that most of the books that have won the Booker Prize have in some way been concerned with the legacy of the British Empire, with many of the prize winners having engaged in imperial nostalgia.{{sfn|Strongman|2002|page=x}} However, over time many of the books that won the prize have reflected the changed balance of power from the emergence of new identities in the former colonies of the empire, and with it "culture after the empire".{{sfn|Strongman|2002|page=xx}} The attempts of successive British officials to mold "the natives" into their image did not fully succeed, but did profoundly and permanently change the cultures of the colonised, a theme which some non-white winners of the Booker prize have engaged with in various ways.{{sfn|Strongman|2002|page=xxi}}

==Winners==
{{See also|List of winners and shortlisted authors of the Booker Prize}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Author
! Title
! Genre(s)
! Country
|-
| 1969
! [[P. H. Newby]]<ref name="Newby">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Looking back at the Booker: PH Newby|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2007/nov/21/lookingbackatthebookerph|work=The Guardian|date=21 November 2007}}</ref>
| ''[[Something to Answer For]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1970
! [[Bernice Rubens]]<ref name="Rubens">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Looking back at the Booker: Bernice Rubens|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2007/dec/12/lookingbackatthebookerber|work=The Guardian|date=12 December 2007}}</ref>
| ''[[The Elected Member]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1971
! [[V. S. Naipaul]]<ref name="Naipaul">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Looking back at the Booker: VS Naipaul|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2007/dec/21/lookingbackatthebookervs|work=The Guardian|date=21 December 2007}}</ref>
| ''[[In a Free State]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|-
| 1972
! [[John Berger]]<ref name="Berger">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Looking back at the Booker: John Berger|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jan/09/lookingbackatthebookerjoh|work=The Guardian|date=9 January 2008}}</ref>
| ''[[G. (novel)|G.]]''
| [[Experimental novel]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1973
! [[J. G. Farrell]]<ref name="Farrell">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Looking back at the Booker: JG Farrell|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jan/23/lookingbackatthebookerjg|work=The Guardian|date=23 January 2008}}</ref>
| ''[[The Siege of Krishnapur]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|Ireland}}
|-
| rowspan=2| 1974
! [[Nadine Gordimer]]<ref name="Gordimer">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Looking back at the Booker: Nadine Gordimer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/feb/27/lookingbackatthebookernad|work=The Guardian|date=27 February 2008}}</ref>
| ''[[The Conservationist]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
! [[Stanley Middleton]]<ref name="Middleton">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Looking back at the Booker: Stanley Middleton|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/mar/13/holidaystanleymiddleton|work=The Guardian|date=13 March 2008}}</ref>
| ''[[Holiday (novel)|Holiday]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1975
! [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]]
| ''[[Heat and Dust]]''
| Historical novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|Germany}}
|-
| 1976
! [[David Storey]]<ref name="Saville">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: Saville|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/nov/18/david-storey-monty-python|work=The Guardian|date=18 November 2008}}</ref>
| ''[[Saville (novel)|Saville]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1977
! [[Paul Mark Scott|Paul Scott]]<ref name="Staying">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: Staying On|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/dec/19/booker-india|work=The Guardian|date=22 December 2008}}</ref>
| ''[[Staying On]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1978
! [[Iris Murdoch]]<ref name="murdoch">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: The Sea, the Sea|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/feb/10/iris-murdoch-sea-booker|work=The Guardian|date=11 February 2009}}</ref>
| ''[[The Sea, the Sea]]''
| [[Philosophical novel]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|Ireland}}
|-
| 1979
! [[Penelope Fitzgerald]]<ref name="Offshore">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: Offshore|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/mar/13/booker-prize-fitzgerald-offshore|work=The Guardian|date=13 March 2009}}</ref>
| ''[[Offshore (novel)|Offshore]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1980
! [[William Golding]]<ref name="Passage">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: Rites of Passage|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/apr/14/booker-william-golding-rites-passage|work=The Guardian|date=15 April 2009}}</ref>
| ''[[Rites of Passage (novel)|Rites of Passage]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1981
! [[Salman Rushdie]]<ref name="Children">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Midnight's Children is the right winner|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jul/10/bestofbooker|work=The Guardian|date=10 July 2008}}</ref>
| ''[[Midnight's Children]]''
| [[Magic realism]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1982
! [[Thomas Keneally]]<ref name="Schindler">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: Schindler's Ark|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/may/15/booker-club-schindlers-ark-keneally|work=The Guardian|date=15 May 2009}}</ref>
| ''[[Schindler's Ark]]''
| [[Biographical novel]]
| {{flag|Australia}}
|-
| 1983
! [[J. M. Coetzee]]<ref name="Michael">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: Life and Times of Michael K|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jun/16/booker-club-jm-coetzee|work=The Guardian|date=16 June 2009}}</ref>
| ''[[Life & Times of Michael K]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
| 1984
! [[Anita Brookner]]<ref name="Hotel">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: Hotel du Lac|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/aug/05/booker-club-hotel-du-lac|work=The Guardian|date=5 August 2009}}</ref>
| ''[[Hotel du Lac]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1985
! [[Keri Hulme]]<ref name="Hulme">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: The Bone People by Keri Hulme|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/nov/19/booker-club-bone-people|work=The Guardian|date=20 November 2009}}</ref>
| ''[[The Bone People]]''
| [[Mystery novel]]
| {{flag|New Zealand}}
|-
| 1986
! [[Kingsley Amis]]<ref name="Devils">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: The Old Devils|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2010/feb/15/booker-old-devils-kingsley-amis|work=The Guardian|date=16 February 2010}}</ref>
| ''[[The Old Devils]]''
| [[Comic novel]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1987
! [[Penelope Lively]]<ref name="Moon">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: Moon Tiger|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2010/mar/19/booker-club-moon-tiger|work=The Guardian|date=19 March 2010}}</ref>
| ''[[Moon Tiger]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1988
! [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]]<ref name="Carey">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Looking back at the Booker: Peter Carey|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/may/28/lookingbackatthebookerpet|work=The Guardian|date=28 May 2008}}</ref>
| ''[[Oscar and Lucinda]]''
| Historical novel
| {{flag|Australia}}
|-
| 1989
! [[Kazuo Ishiguro]]<ref name="Remains">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: The Remains of the Day|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2010/nov/26/booker-club-remains-day|work=The Guardian|date=26 November 2010}}</ref>
| ''[[The Remains of the Day]]''
| Historical novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1990
! [[A. S. Byatt]]
| ''[[Possession (Byatt novel)|Possession]]''
| Historical novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1991
! [[Ben Okri]]<ref name="Famished">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: The Famished Road|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2011/jan/20/booker-club-famished-road|work=The Guardian|date=20 January 2011}}</ref>
| ''[[The Famished Road]]''
| Magic realism
| {{flag|Nigeria}}
|-
| rowspan=2| 1992
! [[Michael Ondaatje]]<ref name="Patient">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: The English Patient|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2011/mar/04/booker-club-english-patient-ondaatje|work=The Guardian|date=4 March 2011}}</ref>
| ''[[The English Patient]]''
| [[Historiographic metafiction]]
| {{flag|Canada}}
|-
! [[Barry Unsworth]]<ref name="Hunger">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: Sacred Hunger|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2011/jun/10/booker-club-sacred-hunger-barry-unsworth|work=The Guardian|date=10 June 2011}}</ref>
| ''[[Sacred Hunger]]''
| Historical novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1993
! [[Roddy Doyle]]
| ''[[Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|Ireland}}
|-
| 1994
! [[James Kelman]]<ref name="Kelman">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: How Late It Was, How Late by James Kelman|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/14/booker-club-james-kelman-how-late|work=The Guardian|date=14 September 2011}}</ref>
| ''[[How Late It Was, How Late]]''
| [[Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)|Stream of consciousness]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1995
! [[Pat Barker]]<ref name="Barker">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Looking back at the Booker: Pat Barker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jun/06/lookingbackatthebookerpat|work=The Guardian|date=6 June 2008}}</ref>
| ''[[The Ghost Road]]''
| [[War novel]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1996
! [[Graham Swift]]<ref name="Swift">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: Last Orders by Graham Swift|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/jul/24/booker-club-graham-swift-last-orders|work=The Guardian|date=24 July 2012}}</ref>
| ''[[Last Orders]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1997
! [[Arundhati Roy]]
| ''[[The God of Small Things]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|India}}
|-
| 1998
! [[Ian McEwan]]<ref name="Amsterdam">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker club: Amsterdam by Ian McEwan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/06/booker-club-amsterdam-ian-mcewan|work=The Guardian|date=6 December 2011}}</ref>
| ''[[Amsterdam (novel)|Amsterdam]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 1999
! [[J. M. Coetzee]]<ref name="Coetzee">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Looking back at the Booker: JM Coetzee|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/jun/24/lookingbackatthebookerjm|work=The Guardian|date=24 June 2008}}</ref>
| ''[[Disgrace (novel)|Disgrace]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
| 2000
! [[Margaret Atwood]]
| ''[[The Blind Assassin]]''
| Historical novel
| {{flag|Canada}}
|-
| 2001
! [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]]
| ''[[True History of the Kelly Gang]]''
| Historical novel
| {{flag|Australia}}
|-
| 2002
! [[Yann Martel]]
| ''[[Life of Pi]]''
| [[Fantasy novel|Fantasy]] and [[adventure novel]]
| {{flag|Canada}}
|-
| 2003
! [[DBC Pierre]]
| ''[[Vernon God Little]]''
| [[Black comedy]]
| {{flag|Australia}}
|-
| 2004
! [[Alan Hollinghurst]]
| ''[[The Line of Beauty]]''
| Historical novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| 2005
! [[John Banville]]
| ''[[The Sea (novel)|The Sea]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|Ireland}}
|-
| 2006
! [[Kiran Desai]]
| ''[[The Inheritance of Loss]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|India}}
|-
| 2007
! [[Anne Enright]]
| ''[[The Gathering (Enright novel)|The Gathering]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|Ireland}}
|-
| 2008
! [[Aravind Adiga]]<ref name="Tiger">{{cite news|last1=Jordison|first1=Sam|title=Booker Club: The White Tiger|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/aug/22/theindianeconomicmiraclemi|work=The Guardian|date=22 August 2008}}</ref>
| ''[[The White Tiger (Adiga novel)|The White Tiger]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|India}}
|-
| [[2009 Man Booker Prize|2009]]
! [[Hilary Mantel]]
| ''[[Wolf Hall]]''
| Historical novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| [[2010 Man Booker Prize|2010]]
! [[Howard Jacobson]]
| ''[[The Finkler Question]]''
| [[Comic novel]]
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| [[2011 Man Booker Prize|2011]]
! [[Julian Barnes]]
| ''[[The Sense of an Ending]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| [[Man Booker Prize 2012|2012]]
! [[Hilary Mantel]]
| ''[[Bring Up the Bodies]]''
| Historical novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| [[2013 Man Booker Prize|2013]]
! [[Eleanor Catton]]
| ''[[The Luminaries]]''
| Historical novel
| {{flag|New Zealand}}
|-
| [[2014 Man Booker Prize|2014]]
! [[Richard Flanagan]]
| ''[[The Narrow Road to the Deep North (novel)|The Narrow Road to the Deep North]]''
| Historical novel
| {{flag|Australia}}
|-
| [[2015 Man Booker Prize|2015]]
! [[Marlon James (novelist)|Marlon James]]
| ''[[A Brief History of Seven Killings]]''
| Historical/experimental novel
| {{flag|Jamaica}}
|-
| [[2016 Man Booker Prize|2016]]
! [[Paul Beatty]]
| ''[[The Sellout (book)|The Sellout]]''
| Satirical novel
| {{flag|United States of America}}
|-
| [[2017 Man Booker Prize|2017]]
! [[George Saunders]]
| ''[[Lincoln in the Bardo]]''
| Historical/experimental novel
| {{flag|United States of America}}
|-
| [[2018 Man Booker Prize|2018]]
! [[Anna Burns]]
| ''[[Milkman (novel)|Milkman]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2019 Man Booker Prize|2019]]
! [[Margaret Atwood]]
| ''[[The Testaments]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|Canada}}
|-
! [[Bernardine Evaristo]]
| ''[[Girl, Woman, Other]]''
| Experimental novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|-
| [[2020 Booker Prize|2020]]
! [[Douglas Stuart (writer)|Douglas Stuart]]
| ''[[Shuggie Bain]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|United States of America}}
|-
| [[2021 Booker Prize|2021]]
! [[Damon Galgut]]
| ''[[The Promise (Galgut novel)|The Promise]]''
| Novel
| {{flag|South Africa}}
|-
|}

==Special awards==
In 1993, to mark the prize's 25th anniversary, a ''"Booker of Bookers" Prize'' was given. Three previous judges of the award, [[Malcolm Bradbury]], David Holloway and W. L. Webb, met and chose [[Salman Rushdie]]'s ''[[Midnight's Children]]'', the 1981 winner, as "the best novel out of all the winners".<ref>{{cite news|first=John|last=Mullan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jul/12/saturdayreviewsfeatres.guardianreview31|title=Lives & letters, Where are they now?|work=The Guardian|date=12 July 2008|access-date=11 September 2011}}</ref>

In 2006, the Man Booker Prize set up a "Best of Beryl" prize, for the author [[Beryl Bainbridge]], who had been nominated five times and yet failed to win once. The prize is said to count as a Booker Prize. The nominees were ''[[An Awfully Big Adventure (novel)|An Awfully Big Adventure]]'', ''[[Every Man for Himself (novel)|Every Man for Himself]]'', ''[[The Bottle Factory Outing]]'', ''[[The Dressmaker (Bainbridge novel)|The Dressmaker]]'' and ''[[Master Georgie]]'', which won.

Similarly, [[The Best of the Booker]] was awarded in 2008 to celebrate the prize's 40th anniversary. A shortlist of six winners was chosen and the decision was left to a public vote; the winner was again ''Midnight's Children''.<ref>{{cite news|first=Michelle| last=Pauli|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,2258500,00.html|title=Best of the Booker|work=The Guardian|date=21 February 2008|access-date=3 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7499495.stm|title=Rushdie wins Best of Booker prize|work=BBC News|date=10 July 2008|access-date=3 September 2009}}</ref>

In 1971, the nature of the Prize was changed so that it was awarded to novels published in that year instead of in the previous year; therefore, no novel published in 1970 could win the Booker Prize. This was rectified in 2010 by the awarding of the "[[Lost Man Booker Prize]]" to [[J. G. Farrell]]'s ''[[Troubles (novel)|Troubles]]''.<ref>
{{cite news|last=Melvern |first=Jack|title=J G Farrell wins Booker prize for 1970, 30-year after his death|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article7131357.ece|access-date=23 December 2010|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=20 May 2010 }}</ref>

In 2018, to celebrate the 50th anniversary, the Golden Man Booker was awarded. One book from each decade was selected by a panel of judges: Naipaul's ''[[In a Free State]]'' (the 1971 winner), Lively's ''[[Moon Tiger]]'' (1987), Ondaatje's ''[[The English Patient]]'' (1992), Mantel's ''[[Wolf Hall]]'' and Saunders' ''[[Lincoln in the Bardo]]''. The winner, by popular vote, was ''The English Patient''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://themanbookerprize.com/goldenmanbooker/news/english-patient-michael-ondaatje-wins-golden-man-booker-prize|title=The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje wins the Golden Man Booker Prize|publisher=The Booker Prizes|date=8 July 2018}}</ref>

==Nomination==
Since 2014, each publisher's imprint may submit a number of titles based on their longlisting history (previously they could submit two). Non-longlisted publishers can submit one title, publishers with one or two longlisted books in the previous five years can submit two, publishers with three or four longlisted books are allowed three submissions, and publishers with five or more longlisted books can have four submissions.

In addition, previous winners of the prize are automatically considered if they enter new titles. Books may also be called in: publishers can make written representations to the judges to consider titles in addition to those already entered. In the 21st century the average number of books considered by the judges has been approximately 130.<ref>{{cite web |first=Philip|last= Jones|author2= Joshua Farrington|title=Man Booker Prize reveals criteria changes |work=[[The Bookseller]] |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/man-booker-prize-reveals-criteria-changes |date=18 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=Gompertz />

==Related awards for translated works==
A separate prize for which any living writer in the world may qualify, the [[Man Booker International Prize]] was inaugurated in 2005. Until 2015, it was given every two years to a living author of any nationality for a body of work published in English or generally available in English translation. In 2016, the award was significantly reconfigured, and is now given annually to a single book in English [[translation]], with a £50,000 prize for the winning title, shared equally between author and translator.

A Russian version of the Booker Prize was created in 1992 called the [[Booker-Open Russia Literary Prize]], also known as the Russian Booker Prize. In 2007, Man Group plc established the [[Man Asian Literary Prize]], an annual literary award given to the best novel by an Asian writer, either written in English or translated into English, and published in the previous calendar year.

As part of ''[[The Times]]''{{'s}} [[Cheltenham Literature Festival|Literature Festival]] in [[Cheltenham]], a Booker event is held on the last Saturday of the festival. Four guest speakers/judges debate a shortlist of four books from a given year from before the introduction of the Booker prize, and a winner is chosen. Unlike the real Man Booker (1969 through 2014), writers from outside the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] are also considered. In 2008, the winner for 1948 was [[Alan Paton]]'s ''[[Cry, the Beloved Country]]'', beating [[Norman Mailer]]'s ''[[The Naked and the Dead]]'', [[Graham Greene]]'s ''[[The Heart of the Matter]]'' and [[Evelyn Waugh]]'s ''[[The Loved One]]''. In 2015, the winner for 1915 was [[Ford Madox Ford]]'s ''[[The Good Soldier]]'', beating ''[[The Thirty-Nine Steps]]'' ([[John Buchan]]), ''[[Of Human Bondage]]'' ([[W. Somerset Maugham]]), ''[[Psmith, Journalist]]'' ([[P. G. Wodehouse]]) and ''[[The Voyage Out]]'' ([[Virginia Woolf]]).<ref>Haslam, Sara (13 October 2015), [http://www.fordmadoxfordsociety.org/blog/fords-the-good-soldier-wins-the-cheltenham-booker-1915-at-2015-festival "Ford's The Good Soldier Wins The Cheltenham Booker 1915 at 2015 Festival"]. Ford Madox Oxford Society. Retrieved 27 November 2016.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Novels|Literature|Writing|Ireland}}
* [[International Booker Prize]]
* [[List of British literary awards]]
* [[List of literary awards]]
* [[Commonwealth Foundation prizes|Commonwealth Writers Prize]]
* [[Grand Prix of Literary Associations]]
* [[Costa Book Awards]]
* [[Prix Goncourt]]
* [[Governor General's Awards]]
* [[Giller Prize|Scotiabank Giller Prize]]
* [[Miles Franklin Award]]
* [[Russian Booker Prize]]
* [[Baillie Gifford Prize|Samuel Johnson Prize (non-fiction)]]
* [[German Book Prize|German Book Prize (Deutscher Buchpreis)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [[Hermione Lee|Lee, Hermione]] (1981). [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article4991293.ece "The Booker Prize: Matters of judgment"]. ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'', reprinted 22 October 2008.
*{{cite book |last1=Strongman |first1=Luke |title=The Booker Prize and the Legacy of Empire |date=2002 |publisher=Rodopi |location=Amsterdam |isbn=9042014989}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.brookes.ac.uk/library/special-collections/publishing-and-literary-prizes/booker-prize-archive/ The Booker Prize Archive] at [[Oxford Brookes University]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929040559/http://www.turbobooksnob.com/ A primer on the Man Booker Prize and critical review of literature]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130915095000/http://artupdate.com/en/man-booker-prize-2013-longlist-shortlist/ Man Booker Prize 2013 Longlist announced 23 July 2013, updated with Shortlist 10 September 2013]

{{Booker Prize}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Booker Prize| ]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1968]]
[[Category:British fiction awards]]
[[Category:English-language literary awards]]
[[Category:Booker authors' division]]
[[Category:Oxford Brookes University]]

International Booker Prize

2022-01-24T14:10:30Z

82.71.1.207: /* See also */

{{short description|International literary award}}
{{for|the related prize given to an author writing in English|The Booker Prize}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox award
| name = International Booker Prize
| current_awards =
| image = Ismail_Kadare (portret).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Inaugural winner [[Ismail Kadare]]
| awarded_for = Best book in English or in English translation
| presenter = [[Booker Prize Foundation]]
| country = United Kingdom
| reward = £50,000
| year = {{start date and age|2005}}
| year2 =
| website = {{URL|https://thebookerprizes.com/the-international-booker-prize}}
}}
The '''International Booker Prize''' (formerly known as the '''Man Booker International Prize''') is an international [[literary award]] hosted in the [[United Kingdom]]. The introduction of the International Prize to complement the [[Man Booker Prize]] was announced in June 2004.<ref name="Debate">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4112179.stm|title=Readers debate world Booker prize|date=20 December 2004|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> Sponsored by the [[Man Group]], from 2005 until 2015 the award was given every two years to a living author of any nationality for a body of work published in English or generally available in English translation.<ref name="Times">{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article6371639.ece|title=Alice Munro announced as Man Booker International Prize winner|last=Crerar|first=Simon|date=27 May 2009|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> It rewarded one author's "continued creativity, development and overall contribution to fiction on the world stage",<ref name="Spark">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4277897.stm|title=Spark heads world Booker nominees|date=18 February 2005|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> and was a recognition of the writer's body of work rather than any one title.

Since 2016, the award has been given annually to a single book translated into English and published in the United Kingdom or Ireland, with a £50,000 prize for the winning title, shared equally between author and translator.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Booker Prizes |publisher=Booker Prize Foundation |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/}}</ref><ref name="shaffi">{{cite web |url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/man-booker-306625 |title='Reconfiguration' of Man Booker International Prize |work=The Bookseller |author=Sarah Shaffi |date=7 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2015}}</ref>

Crankstart, the [[charitable foundation]] of [[Michael Moritz|Sir Michael Moritz]] and his wife, Harriet Heyman began supporting The Booker Prizes on 1 June 2019. From this date, the prizes will be known as The Booker Prize and The International Booker Prize. Of their support for The Booker Prize Foundation and the prizes, Moritz commented: "Neither of us can imagine a day where we don’t spend time reading a book. The Booker Prizes are ways of spreading the word about the insights, discoveries, pleasures and joy that spring from great fiction".

==History==

===Pre-2016===
Whereas the Man Booker Prize was open only to writers from the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], Ireland, and Zimbabwe, the International Prize was open to all nationalities who had work available in English including translations.<ref name="Atwood">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6550001.stm|title=Atwood on World Booker shortlist|date=12 April 2007|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> The award was worth £60,000 and given every two years to a living author's entire body of literature, similar to the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]].<ref name="Spark"/> The Man Booker International Prize also allowed for a separate award for translation. If applicable, the winning author could choose their translators to receive a prize sum of £15,000.<ref name="Quit">{{cite news|first=Carmen|last=Callil|author-link=Carmen Callil|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/may/21/man-booker-international-carmen-callil|title=Why I quit the Man Booker International panel|date=21 May 2011|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=21 May 2011}}</ref>

The 2005 inaugural winner of the prize was Albanian writer [[Ismail Kadare]]. Praising its concerted judgement, the journalist Hephzibah Anderson noted that the Man Booker International Prize was "fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel".<ref>{{cite news|last=Anderson|first=Hephzibah|title=Alice Munro: The mistress of all she surveys|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/31/alice-munro-man-booker-prize-profile|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=31 May 2009}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
|- bgcolor="#505050"
!Year
!Author
!Country
!Translator
!Language

|-
| 2005
| [[Ismail Kadare]]
| Albania
| N/A
| Albanian
|-
| 2007
| [[Chinua Achebe]]
| Nigeria
| N/A
| English
|-
| 2009
| [[Alice Munro]]
| Canada
| N/A
| English
|-
| 2011
| [[Philip Roth]]
| USA
| N/A
| English
|-
| 2013
| [[Lydia Davis]]
| USA
| N/A
| English
|-
| 2015
| [[László Krasznahorkai]]
| Hungary
|[[George Szirtes]] and [[Ottilie Mulzet]]
| Hungarian
|-
|}

===2016 onwards===
In July 2015 it was announced that the [[Independent Foreign Fiction Prize|''Independent'' Foreign Fiction Prize]] would be disbanded.<ref name=shaffi/> The prize money from that award would be folded into the Man Booker International Prize, which would henceforth act similarly to the ''Independent'' prize: awarding an annual book of fiction translated into English, with the £50,000 prize split between author and translator.<ref name=orthofer>{{cite web |url=http://www.complete-review.com/saloon/archive/201507a.htm#rv1 |title=Man Booker Independent International Foreign Fiction Prize |work=[[complete review]] |author=Michael Orthofer |date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2015}}</ref> Each shortlisted author and translator receives £1,000. Its aim is to encourage publishing and reading of quality works in translation and to highlight the work of translators. Judges select a longlist of ten books in March, followed by a shortlist of five in April, with the winner announced in May.<ref>{{cite web|title=Evolution of the Man Booker International Prize announced {{!}} The Man Booker Prizes|url=http://themanbookerprize.com/resources/media/pressreleases/2015/07/07/evolution-man-booker-international-prize-announced|website=themanbookerprize.com|access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
|- bgcolor="#505050"
!Year
!Author
!Country
!Translator
!Country
!Work
!Language

|-
| 2016
| [[Han Kang]]
| South Korea
| [[Deborah Smith (translator)|Deborah Smith]]
| United Kingdom
| ''[[The Vegetarian]]'' ''(채식주의자)''
| Korean
|-
| 2017
| [[David Grossman]]
| Israel
| [[Jessica Cohen]]
| Israel/UK/US
| ''[[A Horse Walks Into a Bar]]'' ''(סוס אחד נכנס לבר‎)''
| Hebrew
|-
| 2018
| [[Olga Tokarczuk]]
| Poland
| [[Jennifer Croft]]
| United States
| ''[[Flights (novel)|Flights]]'' (''Bieguni'')
| Polish
|-
|2019
| [[Jokha al-Harthi]]
| Oman
| [[Marilyn Booth]]
| United States
| ''Celestial Bodies'' (''سـيّـدات الـقـمـر، روايـة'')
| Arabic
|-
|2020
| [[Marieke Lucas Rijneveld]]
| Netherlands
| [[Michele Hutchison]]
| United Kingdom
| ''[[The Discomfort of Evening]]'' (''De avond is ongemak'')
| Dutch
|-
|2021
| [[David Diop (novelist)|David Diop]]
| France
| [[Anna Moschovakis]]
| United States
| ''[[At Night All Blood Is Black]]'' (''Frère d'âme'')
| French
|-
|}

==Nominations==

===2005===
The inaugural Man Booker International Prize was judged by [[John Carey (critic)|John Carey]] (Chair), [[Alberto Manguel]] and [[Azar Nafisi]].<ref name="FirstB">{{cite news|date=2 June 2005|title=Albanian wins first world Booker|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4604409.stm|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> The nominees were announced on 2 June 2005 at [[Georgetown University]] in Washington, D.C.<ref name="Spark" /> Albanian novelist Ismail Kadare was named the inaugural International Prize winner in 2005.<ref name="FirstB" /> Head judge, Professor John Carey said Kadare is "a universal writer in the tradition of storytelling that goes back to Homer."<ref name="FirstB" /> Kadare said he was "deeply honoured" at being awarded the prize.<ref name="FirstB" /> Kadare was also able to select a translator to receive an additional prize of £15,000.<ref name="FirstB" /> The writer received his award in [[Edinburgh]] on 27 June.<ref name="FirstB" />
;Winner
*[[Ismail Kadare]]

;Nominees
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Margaret Atwood]] (Canada)
* [[Saul Bellow]] (US)
* [[Gabriel García Márquez]] (Colombia)
* [[Günter Grass]] (Germany)
* [[Ismail Kadare]] (Albania)
* [[Milan Kundera]] (Czech Republic)
{{col-break}}
* [[Stanisław Lem]] (Poland)
* [[Doris Lessing]] (UK)
* [[Ian McEwan]] (UK)
* [[Naguib Mahfouz]] (Egypt)
* [[Tomas Eloy Martinez]] (Argentina)
* [[Kenzaburō Ōe]] (Japan)
{{col-break}}
* [[Cynthia Ozick]] (US)
* [[Philip Roth]] (US)
* [[Muriel Spark]] (UK)
* [[Antonio Tabucchi]] (Italy)
* [[John Updike]] (US)
* [[A.B. Yehoshua]] (Israel)
{{col-end}}

===2007===
The 2007 prize was judged by [[Elaine Showalter]], [[Nadine Gordimer]] and [[Colm Tóibin]].<ref name="Atwood" /> The nominees for the second Man Booker International Prize were announced on 12 April 2007 at [[Massey College]] in Toronto.<ref name="Atwood" /> Nigerian author Chinua Achebe was awarded the International Prize for his literary career in 2007.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite news|date=13 June 2007|title=Nigeria author wins Booker honour|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6745609.stm|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> Judge Nadine Gordimer said Achebe was "the father of modern African literature" and that he was "integral" to world literature.<ref name="Nigeria" /> Achebe received his award on 28 June in [[Oxford]].<ref name="Nigeria" />
;Winner
* [[Chinua Achebe]]

;Nominees
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Chinua Achebe]] (Nigeria)
* [[Margaret Atwood]] (Canada)
* [[John Banville]] (Ireland)
* [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]] (Australia)
* [[Don DeLillo]] (US)
{{col-break}}
* [[Carlos Fuentes]] (Mexico)
* [[Doris Lessing]] (UK)
* [[Ian McEwan]] (UK)
* [[Harry Mulisch]] (Netherlands)
* [[Alice Munro]] (Canada)
{{col-break}}
* [[Michael Ondaatje]] (Sri Lanka/Canada)
* [[Amos Oz]] (Israel)
* [[Philip Roth]] (US)
* [[Salman Rushdie]] (India/UK)
* [[Michel Tournier]] (France)
{{col-end}}

===2009===
The 2009 prize was judged by [[Jane Smiley]] (Chair), [[Amit Chaudhuri]] and [[Andrey Kurkov]].<ref name="Munro">{{cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=27 May 2009|title=Alice Munro wins Man Booker International prize|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/27/alice-munro-man-booker-international-prize|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> The nominees for the third Man Booker International Prize were announced on 18 March 2009 at [[The New York Public Library]].<ref>{{cite news|date=18 March 2009|title=E.L. Doctorow Among Nominees For International Book Prize|work=[[Huffington Post]]|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/18/el-doctorow-among-nominee_n_176652.html|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> Canadian short story writer Munro was named the winner of the prize in 2009 for her lifetime body of work.<ref name="Munro" /> Judge Jane Smiley said picking a winner had been "a challenge", but Munro had won the panel over.<ref name="Munro" /> On Munro's work, Smiley said "Her work is practically perfect. Any writer has to gawk when reading her because her work is very subtle and precise. Her thoughtfulness about every subject is so concentrated."<ref name="Munro" /> Munro, who said she was "totally amazed and delighted" at her win, received the award at [[Trinity College, Dublin]] on 25 June.<ref name="Times" /><ref name="Munro" />
;Winner
* [[Alice Munro]]

;Nominees
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]] (Australia)
* [[Evan S. Connell]] (US)
* [[Mahasweta Devi]] (India)
* [[E. L. Doctorow]] (US)
* [[James Kelman]] (UK)<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/mar/18/booker-international-prize-shortlist "James Kelman is UK's hope for Man Booker international prize"] [[The Guardian]]. Accessed 22 October 2016</ref>
{{col-break}}
* [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] (Peru)
* [[Arnošt Lustig]] (Czech Republic)
* [[Alice Munro]] (Canada)
* [[V. S. Naipaul]] (Trinidad/UK)
* [[Joyce Carol Oates]] (US)
{{col-break}}
* [[Antonio Tabucchi]] (Italy)
* [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] (Kenya)<ref>[http://themanbookerprize.com/author/ngugi-wa-thiong%E2%80%99o "Ngugi Wa Thiong’o"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023061714/http://themanbookerprize.com/author/ngugi-wa-thiong%E2%80%99o |date=23 October 2016 }} Booker Prize Foundation. Accessed 22 October 2016</ref>
* [[Dubravka Ugrešić]] (Croatia)
* [[Lyudmila Ulitskaya]] (Russia)
{{col-end}}

===2011===
The 2011 prize was judged by [[Rick Gekoski]] (Chair), [[Carmen Callil]] (withdrew in protest over choice of winner) and [[Justin Cartwright]].<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Laura|date=19 May 2011|title=Feminist judge resigns after Philip Roth wins Man Booker International Prize|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booker-prize/8521557/Feminist-judge-resigns-after-Philip-Roth-wins-Man-Booker-International-Prize.html|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> The nominees for the fourth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 30 March 2011 at a ceremony in Sydney, Australia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lea|first=Richard|author2=Hill, Amelia|date=30 March 2011|title=Man Booker Prize: Shortlist unveiled for the 'Olympics of literature'|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/mar/30/man-booker-prize-nominees-announced|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> [[John le Carré]] asked to be removed from consideration, saying he was "flattered", but that he does not compete for literary prizes.<ref name="Cold">{{cite news|last=Ginnane|first=Virginia|date=30 March 2011|title=Le Carre cold on book prize nomination|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/le-carre-cold-on-book-prize-nomination-20110330-1cfmn.html|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> However, judge Dr Rick Gekoski said although he was disappointed that le Carré wanted to withdraw, his name would remain on the list.<ref name="Cold" /> American novelist Roth was announced as the winner on 18 May 2011 at the Sydney Writers' Festival.<ref name="RothBBC">{{cite news|date=18 May 2011|title=Philip Roth wins the Man Booker International Prize|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13436735|access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref> Of his win, Roth said "This is a great honour and I'm delighted to receive it."<ref name="RothBBC" /> The writer said he hoped the prize would bring him to the attention of readers around the world who are not currently familiar with his body of work.<ref name="RothBBC" /> Roth received his award in London on 28 June; however, he was unable to attend in person due to ill health, so he sent a short video instead.<ref name="RothBBC" /><ref>{{cite news|date=29 June 2011|title=Philip Roth win divided panel, Man Booker judge admits|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13956612|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> After Roth was announced as the winner, Carmen Callil withdrew from the judging panel, saying "I don't rate him as a writer at all... in 20 years' time will anyone read him?" Callil later wrote an editorial in ''The Guardian'' explaining her position and why she chose to leave the panel.<ref name="Quit" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=18 May 2011|title=Judge withdraws over Philip Roth's Booker win|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/may/18/judge-quits-philip-roth-booker|access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref>
;Winner

*[[Philip Roth]]

;Nominees
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Wang Anyi]] (China)
* [[Juan Goytisolo]] (Spain)
* [[James Kelman]] (UK)
* [[John le Carré]] (UK)
* [[Amin Maalouf]] (Lebanon)
{{col-break}}
* [[David Malouf]] (Australia)
* [[Dacia Maraini]] (Italy)
* [[Rohinton Mistry]] (India/Canada)
* [[Philip Pullman]] (UK)
* [[Marilynne Robinson]] (US)
{{col-break}}
* [[Philip Roth]] (US)
* [[Su Tong]] (China)
* [[Anne Tyler]] (US)
{{col-end}}

===2013===
The 2013 prize was judged by [[Christopher Ricks]] (Chair), [[Elif Batuman]], [[Aminatta Forna]], [[Yiyun Li]] and [[Tim Parks]].<ref name="Lea">{{cite news|last=Lea|first=Richard|date=24 January 2013|title=Man Booker International prize 2013 reveals shortlist|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jan/24/man-booker-international-prize-2013-shortlist|access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> The nominees for the fifth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 24 January 2013.<ref name="Prize2013b">{{cite web|date=24 January 2013|title=Man Booker International Prize 2013 Finalists Announced|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/man-booker-international-prize-2013-finalists-announced|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924192855/http://themanbookerprize.com/news/man-booker-international-prize-2013-finalists-announced|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=26 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Marilynne Robinson was the only writer out of the ten nominees who had been nominated for the prize before.<ref name="Prize2013b" /> Lydia Davis, best known as a short story writer, was announced as the winner of the 2013 prize on 22 May at a ceremony at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in [[London]].<ref name="2013win" /> The official announcement of Davis' award on the Man Booker Prize website described her work as having "the brevity and precision of poetry." Judging panel chair [[Christopher Ricks]] commented that "There is vigilance to her stories, and great imaginative attention. Vigilance as how to realise things down to the very word or syllable; vigilance as to everybody's impure motives and illusions of feeling."<ref name="Prize2013">{{cite web|date=22 May 2013|title=Lydia Davis wins the Man Booker International Prize 2013|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/lydia-davis-wins-man-booker-international-prize-2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826185202/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/lydia-davis-wins-man-booker-international-prize-2013|archive-date=26 August 2014|access-date=2013-05-22|publisher=Man Brooker Prize}}</ref>
;Winner
*[[Lydia Davis]]<ref name="2013win">{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10074108/Man-Booker-International-Prize-2013-Lydia-Davis-wins.html | title=Man Booker International Prize 2013: Lydia Davis wins | work=The Daily Telegraph | date=22 May 2013 | access-date=2013-05-22 | author=Stock, Jon}}</ref>

;Nominees
* [[U R Ananthamurthy]] (India)
* [[Aharon Appelfeld]] (Israel)
* [[Lydia Davis]] (US)
* [[Intizar Hussain]] (Pakistan)
* [[Yan Lianke]] (China)

===2015===
The 2015 prize was judged by [[Marina Warner]] (Chair), [[Nadeem Aslam]], [[Elleke Boehmer]], Edwin Frank and [[Wen-chin Ouyang]].<ref name="2015mbip">{{cite web|date=March 24, 2015|title=The Man Booker International Prize 2015 Finalists' List Announced|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/man-booker-international-prize-2015-finalists%E2%80%99-list-announced|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090417/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/man-booker-international-prize-2015-finalists%E2%80%99-list-announced|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=March 24, 2015|publisher=The Man Booker Prizes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The nominees for the sixth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 24 March 2015.<ref name="2015mbip" /> László Krasznahorkai became the first author from [[Hungary]] to receive the Man Booker award. The prize was given to recognise his "achievement in fiction on the world stage". [[United Kingdom|British]] author [[Marina Warner]], who chaired the panel of judges that selected Krasznahorkai for the award, compared his writing to [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]] and [[Samuel Beckett|Beckett]]. Krasznahorkai's translators, [[George Szirtes]] and [[Ottilie Mulzet]], shared the £15,000 translators' prize.<ref name="visionary">{{cite news|date=19 May 2015|title=Man Booker International prize 2015 won by 'visionary' László Krasznahorkai|agency=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/19/man-international-booker-2015-laszlo-krasznahorkai|access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref>
;Winner
*[[László Krasznahorkai]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-32789001|title=Hungarian Laszlo Krasznahorkai wins Man Booker International Prize|date=May 20, 2015}}</ref>

;Nominees

* [[César Aira]] (Argentina)
* [[Hoda Barakat]] (Lebanon)
* [[Maryse Condé]] (Guadeloupe)
* [[Mia Couto]] (Mozambique)
* [[Amitav Ghosh]] (India)

===2016===
The 2016 prize was judged by [[Boyd Tonkin]] (Chair), [[Tahmima Anam]], [[David Bellos]], Daniel Medin and [[Ruth Padel]].<ref name="SCain">{{cite web|last=Cain|first=Sian|date=14 April 2016|title='Exhilarating' Man Booker International shortlist spans the world|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/14/orhan-pamuk-man-booker-internationalprize-2016-shortlist-elena-ferrante-yan-lianke|access-date=15 April 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The nominees for the seventh Man Booker International Prize were announced on 14 April 2016.<ref name="obs">{{cite web|last=Lusa|first=Agência|title=José Eduardo Agualusa entre os finalistas do Man Booker International Prize 2016|url=http://observador.pt/2016/04/14/jose-eduardo-agualusa-os-finalistas-do-man-booker-international-prize-2016/|access-date=14 April 2016|work=Observador|language=pt}}</ref> The six nominees were chosen from a longlist of thirteen.<ref name="SCain" /><ref>[http://themanbookerprize.com/resources/media/pressreleases/man-booker-international-prize-2016-longlist-announced The Man Booker International Prize 2016 Longlist Announced] Retrieved 15 April 2016.</ref> Han became the first Korean author to win the prize and, under the new format for 2016, Smith became the first translator to share the prize. British journalist [[Boyd Tonkin]], who chaired the judging panel, said that the decision was unanimous. He also said of the book "in a style both lyrical and lacerating, it reveals the impact of this great refusal both on the heroine herself and on those around her. This compact, exquisite and disturbing book will linger long in the minds, and maybe the dreams, of its readers."<ref>{{cite news|title=Han Kang's The Vegetarian wins Man Booker International Prize|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-36303604|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref>
;Winner
*[[Han Kang]] (South Korea), [[Deborah Smith (translator)|Deborah Smith]] (translator), for ''[[The Vegetarian]]''

;Shortlist
*[[José Eduardo Agualusa]] (Angola), [[Daniel Hahn]] (translator), for ''[[A General Theory of Oblivion]]'' ''(Teoria Geral do Esquecimento)''
*[[Elena Ferrante]] (Italy), [[Ann Goldstein (translator)|Ann Goldstein]] (translator), for ''The Story of the Lost Child'' ''(Storia della bambina perduta)''
*[[Yan Lianke]] (China), [[Carlos Rojas (sinologist)|Carlos Rojas]] (translator), for ''The Four Books'' ''(四書)''
*[[Orhan Pamuk]] (Turkey), Ekin Oklap (translator), for ''[[A Strangeness in My Mind]]'' ''(Kafamda Bir Tuhaflık)''
*[[Robert Seethaler]] (Austria), [[Charlotte Collins]] (translator), for ''A Whole Life'' ''(Ein ganzes Leben)''

;Longlist
*[[Maylis de Kerangal]] (France), Jessica Moore (translator), for ''[[The Heart (novel)|Mend the Living]]'' ''(Réparer les vivants)''
*[[Eka Kurniawan]] (Indonesia), Labodalih Sembiring (translator), for ''Man Tiger'' ''(Lelaki Harimau)''
*[[Fiston Mwanza Mujila]] (Democratic Republic of Congo), [[Roland Glasser]] (translator), for ''Tram 83''
*[[Raduan Nassar]] (Brazil), Stefan Tobler (translator), for ''A Cup of Rage'' ''(Um Copo de Cólera)''
*[[Marie NDiaye]] (France), Jordan Stump (translator), for ''Ladivine''
*[[Kenzaburō Ōe]] (Japan), [[Deborah Boliver Boehm]] (translator), for ''[[Death by Water (novel)|Death by Water]]'' ''(水死)''
*[[Aki Ollikainen]] (Finland), Emily Jeremiah & Fleur Jeremiah (translator), for ''White Hunger'' ''(Nälkävuosi)''

===2017===
The 2017 prize was judged by Nick Barley (Chair), [[Daniel Hahn]], [[Helen Mort]], [[Elif Shafak]] and [[Chika Unigwe]]. The longlist for the eighth Man Booker International Prize was announced on 14 March 2017, and the shortlist on 20 April 2017. The winner was announced on 14 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Man Booker International Prize 2017 Longlist Announced|url=http://themanbookerprize.com/news/man-booker-international-prize-2017-longlist-announced|website=themanbookerprize.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Man Booker International Prize 2017 shortlist announced|url=http://themanbookerprize.com/news/man-booker-international-prize-2017-shortlist-announced|website=themanbookerprize.com|language=en}}</ref> Grossman became the first Israeli author to win the prize, sharing the £50,000 award with Cohen. Nick Barley, who is the director of the [[Edinburgh International Book Festival]], described the book as "an ambitious high-wire act of a novel [that] shines a spotlight on the effects of grief, without any hint of sentimentality. The central character is challenging and flawed, but completely compelling." The novel won over 126 other contenders.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 June 2017|title=Man Booker International Prize: David Grossman wins for stand-up comic novel|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-40286540|access-date=15 June 2017}}</ref>
;Winner
*[[David Grossman]] (Israel), [[Jessica Cohen]] (translator), for ''[[A Horse Walks Into a Bar]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/david-grossman-wins-man-booker-international-prize/article19053557.ece|title=David Grossman wins Man Booker International Prize|last=AP|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-20|language=en}}</ref>
;Shortlist
*[[Mathias Énard]] (France), [[Charlotte Mandell]] (translator), for ''Compass'' ''(Boussole)''
*[[Roy Jacobsen]] (Norway), Don Bartlett and Don Shaw (translators), for ''The Unseen'' ''(De usynlige)''
*[[Dorthe Nors]] (Denmark), Misha Hoekstra (translator), for ''Mirror, Shoulder, Signal'' ''(Spejl, skulder, blink)''
*[[Amos Oz]] (Israel), [[Nicholas de Lange]] (translator), for ''Judas'' ''(הבשורה על-פי יהודה)''
*[[Samanta Schweblin]] (Argentina), [[Megan McDowell]] (translator), for ''[[Fever Dream (Samanta Schweblin novel)|Fever Dream]]'' ''(Distancia de rescate)''

;Longlist
*[[Wioletta Greg]] (Poland), Eliza Marciniak (translator), for ''Swallowing Mercury'' ''(Guguly)''
*[[Stefan Hertmans]] (Belgium), David McKay (translator), for ''War and Turpentine'' ''(Oorlog en terpentijn)''
*[[Ismail Kadare]] (Albania), John Hodgson (translator), for ''[[The Traitor's Niche]]'' ''(Kamarja e turpit)''
*[[Jón Kalman Stefánsson]] (Iceland), Phil Roughton (translator), for ''Fish Have No Feet'' ''(Fiskarnir hafa enga fætur)''
*[[Yan Lianke]] (China), [[Carlos Rojas (sinologist)|Carlos Rojas]] (translator), for ''The Explosion Chronicles'' ''(炸裂志)''
*[[Alain Mabanckou]] (France), Helen Stevenson (translator), for ''Black Moses'' ''(Petit Piment)''
*[[Clemens Meyer]] (Germany), [[Katy Derbyshire]] (translator), for ''Bricks and Mortar'' ''(Im Stein)''

===2018===

The 2018 prize was judged by [[Lisa Appignanesi]], {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|list=OBE, FRSL}} (Chair), [[Michael Hofmann]], [[Hari Kunzru]], Tim Martin and [[Helen Oyeyemi]]. The longlist for the ninth Man Booker International Prize was announced on 12 March 2018. The shortlist of six books was announced on 12 April 2018 at an event at Somerset House in London. The winner was announced on 22 May 2018 at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London. Tokarczuk is the first [[Literature in Poland|Polish author]] to win the award,<ref>{{cite news|title=Man Booker International Prize: Olga Tokarczuk is first Polish winner|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44219438|access-date=May 24, 2018|agency=BBC News}}</ref> and shared the prize with Croft.<ref>{{cite news|title=Polish novelist Olga Tokarczuk wins Man Booker International Prize for translated novel 'Flights'|url=http://www.dw.com/en/polish-novelist-olga-tokarczuk-wins-man-booker-international-prize-for-translated-novel-flights/a-43887975|access-date=May 25, 2018|agency=DW.com}}</ref> [[Lisa Appignanesi]] described Tokarczuk as a "writer of wonderful wit, imagination, and literary panache."<ref>{{cite news|title=Olga Tokarczuk becomes first Polish winner of International Man Booker Prize|url=https://home.bt.com/news/showbiz-news/olga-tokarczuk-becomes-first-polish-winner-of-international-man-booker-prize-11364273590189|access-date=22 May 2018|publisher=BT|date=22 May 2018}}</ref>

;'''Winner'''

* [[Olga Tokarczuk]] (Poland), [[Jennifer Croft]] (translator), for ''[[Flights (novel)|Flights]]'' (Fitzcarraldo Editions (UK) Riverhead Books (USA))<ref>{{Cite news|title=Olga Tokarczuk of Poland Wins Man Booker International Prize|language=en|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/books/booker-international-winner-olga-tokarczuk.html|access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Flights by Olga Tokarczuk {{!}} PenguinRandomHouse.com|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/565058/flights-by-olga-tokarczuk/9780525534198/|access-date=2018-08-17|website=PenguinRandomhouse.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

;Shortlist

* [[Virginie Despentes]] (France), [[Frank Wynne]] (translator), for ''Vernon Subutex 1'' (MacLehose Press)
* [[Han Kang]] (South Korea), [[Deborah Smith (translator)]], for ''The White Book'' (Portobello Books) ''(흰)''
* [[László Krasznahorkai]] (Hungary), [[John Batki]], [[Ottilie Mulzet]] & [[George Szirtes]] (translators), for ''[[The World Goes On]]'' (Tuskar Rock Press) ''(Megy a világ)''
* [[Antonio Muñoz Molina]] (Spain), Camilo A. Ramirez (translator), for ''Like a Fading Shadow'' (Tuskar Rock Press) ''(Como la sombra que se va)''
* [[Ahmed Saadawi]] (Iraq), [[Jonathan Wright (translator)|Jonathan Wright]] (translator), for ''Frankenstein in Baghdad'' (Oneworld) ''(فرانكشتاين في بغداد)''

;Longlist
* [[Laurent Binet]] (France), Sam Taylor (translator) for ''The 7th Function of Language'' (Harvill Secker) ''(La Septième Fonction du langage)''
* [[Javier Cercas]] (Spain), [[Frank Wynne]] (translator), for ''The Impostor'' (MacLehose Press) ''(El impostor)''
* [[Jenny Erpenbeck]] (Germany), [[Susan Bernofsky]] (translator), for ''Go, Went, Gone'' (Portobello Books) ''(Gehen, ging, gegangen)''
* [[Ariana Harwicz]] (Argentina), Sarah Moses & Carolina Orloff (translators), for ''Die, My Love'' (Charco Press) ''(Matate, amor)''
* [[Christoph Ransmayr]] (Austria), Simon Pare (translator), for ''The Flying Mountain'' (Seagull Books) ''(Der fliegende Berg)''
* [[Wu Ming-Yi]] (Taiwan), Darryl Sterk (translator), for ''The Stolen Bicycle'' (Text Publishing) ''(單車失竊記)''
* [[Gabriela Ybarra]] (Spain), [[Natasha Wimmer]] (translator), for ''The Dinner Guest'' (Harvill Secker) ''(El comensal)''

=== 2019 ===

The 2019 prize was judged by [[Bettany Hughes]] (Chair), [[Maureen Freely]], [[Angie Hobbs]], [[Pankaj Mishra]] and [[Elnathan John]]. The longlist for the Man Booker International Prize was announced on 13 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/03/14/129770/man-booker-international-2019-longlist-announced/|title=Man Booker International 2019 longlist announced|date=2019-03-14|website=Books+Publishing|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref> The shortlist was announced on 9 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Man Booker International Prize 2019 shortlist announced |url=https://themanbookerprize.com/resources/media/pressreleases/man-booker-international-prize-2019-shortlist-announced |website=Man Booker International |access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> The winner was announced on 21 May 2019; [[Jokha al-Harthi|Jokha Alharthi]] is the first author writing in Arabic to have won the Man Booker International Prize.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Flood |first1=Allison |title=Man Booker International prize: Jokha Alharthi wins for Celestial Bodies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/21/man-booker-international-prize-jokha-alharthi-wins-celestial-bodies-oman |website=The Guardian |date=21 May 2019 |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref>

;Winner

* ''Celestial Bodies'' by [[Jokha al-Harthi|Jokha Alharthi]] (Oman), translated from the Arabic by [[Marilyn Booth]] (Sandstone Press)
;Shortlist

* ''The Years'' ''(Les Années)'' by [[Annie Ernaux]] (France), translated from the French by Alison L Strayer (Fitzcarraldo Editions)
* ''The Pine Islands'' ''(Die Kieferninseln)'' by [[Marion Poschmann]] (Germany), translated from the German by [[Jen Calleja]] (Serpent's Tail)
* ''[[Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead]]'' ''(Prowadź swój pług przez kości umarłych)'' by [[Olga Tokarczuk]] (Poland), translated from the Polish by [[Antonia Lloyd-Jones]] (Fitzcarraldo Editions)
* ''The Shape of the Ruins'' ''(La forma de las ruinas)'' by [[Juan Gabriel Vásquez]] (Colombia), translated from the Spanish by [[Anne McLean]] (MacLehose Press)
* ''The Remainder'' ''(La resta)'' by [[Alia Trabucco Zeran]] (Chile), translated from the Spanish by [[Sophie Hughes]] (And Other Stories)

;Longlist

* ''Love in the New Millennium'' ''(新世纪爱情故事)'' by [[Can Xue]] (China), translated from the Chinese by Annelise Finegan Wasmoen (Yale University Press)
* ''At Dusk'' ''(해질무렵)'' by [[Hwang Sok-yong]] (South Korea), translated from the Korean by Sora Kim-Russell (Scribe)
* ''Jokes for the Gunmen'' ''(نكات للمسلحين)'' by [[Mazen Maarouf]] (Palestine-Iceland), translated from the Arabic by [[Jonathan Wright (translator)|Jonathan Wright]] (Granta)
* ''Four Soldiers'' ''(Quatre Soldats)'' by [[Hubert Mingarelli]] (France), translated from the French by Sam Taylor (Portobello)
* ''Mouthful of Birds'' ''(Pájaros en la boca)'' by [[Samanta Schweblin]] (Argentina), translated from the Spanish by [[Megan McDowell]] (Oneworld)
* ''The Faculty of Dreams'' ''(Drömfakulteten)'' by [[Sara Stridsberg]] (Sweden), translated from the Swedish by Deborah Bragan-Turner (MacLehose Press)
* ''The Death of Murat Idrissi'' ''(De dood van Murat Idrissi)'' by [[Tommy Wieringa]] (The Netherlands), translated from the Dutch by [[Sam Garrett]] (Scribe)

=== 2020 ===

The 2020 prize was judged by Ted Hodgkinson (Chair), [[Jennifer Croft]], [[Valeria Luiselli]], [[Jeet Thayil]] and Lucie Campos.<ref>{{cite web |title=Judges announced for the 2020 International Booker Prize |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/news/judges-announced-2020-international-booker-prize |website=The Booker Prize}}</ref> The longlist for the prize was announced on 27 February 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 International Booker Prize Longlist Announced |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/news/2020-international-booker-prize-longlist-announced |website=The Booker Prizes |publisher=The Booker Prizes |access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref> The shortlist was announced 2 April 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/news/2020-international-booker-prize-shortlist-announced|title=The 2020 International Booker Prize Shortlist Announced|publisher=The Booker Prizes|date=1 April 2020}}</ref> The winner announcement was originally planned for 19 May 2020, however due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] it was postponed to 26 August 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Booker Prizes |title=The 2020 International Booker Prize Winner Announcement Postponed |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/news/2020-international-booker-prize-winner-announcement-postponed |publisher=Booker Prizes |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

;Winner

* ''[[The Discomfort of Evening]]'' by [[Marieke Lucas Rijneveld]] (the Netherlands), translated from the Dutch by [[Michele Hutchison]] (Faber & Faber)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The International Booker Prize 2020 {{!}} The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/2020|access-date=2020-08-26|website=thebookerprizes.com}}</ref>
;Shortlist
*''The Enlightenment of The Greengage Tree'' ''(اشراق درخت گوجه سبز)'' by [[Shokoofeh Azar]] (Iran), translated from the Persian by Anonymous (Europa Editions)
*''The Adventures of China Iron'' ''(Las aventuras de la China Iron)'' by [[Gabriela Cabezón Cámara]] (Argentina), translated from the Spanish by [[Iona Macintyre]] and [https://www.ed.ac.uk/profile/fiona-mackintosh Fiona Mackintosh] (Charco Press)
*''[[Tyll (novel)|Tyll]]'' by [[Daniel Kehlmann]] (Germany), translated from the German by [[Ross Benjamin]] (Quercus)
*''[[Hurricane Season (novel)|Hurricane Season]]'' ''(Temporada de huracanes)'' by [[Fernanda Melchor]] (Mexico), translated from the Spanish by [[Sophie Hughes]] (Fitzcarraldo Editions)
*''[[The Memory Police]]'' ''(密やかな結晶)'' by [[Yōko Ogawa]] (Japan), translated from the Japanese by [[Stephen Snyder]] (Harvill Secker)
;Longlist

* ''Red Dog'' ''(Buys: 'n grensroman)'' by [[Willem Anker]] (South Africa), translated from the Afrikaans by [[Michiel Heyns]] (Pushkin Press)
* ''The Other Name: Septology I – II'' ''(Det andre namnet – Septologien I – II)'' by [[Jon Fosse]] (Norway), translated from the Norwegian by [[Damion Searls]] (Fitzcarraldo Editions)
* ''The Eighth Life'' ''(Das achte Leben (Für Brilka))'' by [[Nino Haratischwili|Nino Haratischvili]] (Georgia/Germany), translated from the German by [[Charlotte Collins]] and [[Ruth Martin (translator)|Ruth Martin]] (Scribe UK)
* ''[[Serotonin (novel)|Serotonin]]'' ''(Sérotonine)'' by [[Michel Houellebecq]] (France), translated from the French by [[Shaun Whiteside]] (William Heinemann)
* ''Faces on the Tip of My Tongue'' ''(Un renard à mains nues)'' by [[Emmanuelle Pagano]] (France), translated from the French by [[Sophie Lewis]] and [[Jennifer Higgins]] (Peirene Press)
* ''Little Eyes'' ''(Kentukis)'' by [[Samanta Schweblin]] (Argentina), translated from the Spanish by [[Megan McDowell]] (Oneworld)
* ''Mac and His Problem'' ''(Mac y su contratiempo)'' by [[Enrique Vila-Matas]] (Spain), translated from the Spanish by [[Margaret Jull Costa]] and [[Sophie Hughes]] (Harvill Secker)

=== 2021 ===
The 2021 prize was judged by [[Lucy Hughes-Hallett]] (Chair), [[Aida Edemariam]], [[Neel Mukherjee (writer)|Neel Mukherjee]], [[Olivette Otele]] and [[George Szirtes]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 2021 International Booker Prize longlist announcement {{!}} The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/news/2021-international-booker-prize-longlist-announcement|access-date=2021-03-30|website=thebookerprizes.com}}</ref> The longlist was announced on 30 March 2021, the shortlist on 22 April, and the winning author and translator on 2 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 June 2020|title=The 2021 International Booker Prize Winner announcement {{!}} The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/news/2021-international-booker-prize-winner-announcement|url-status=live|access-date=2 June 2021|website=The Booker Prizes}}</ref>

'''Winner'''

''[[At Night All Blood Is Black]]'' by [[David Diop (novelist)|David Diop]], translated from French by [[Anna Moschovakis]] (Pushkin Press)

'''Shortlist'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Booker Prize Shortlist|date=22 April 2021|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/apr/22/international-booker-prize-shortlist-led-by-books-pushing-the-boundaries-of-fiction|url-status=live}}</ref>

* ''The Dangers of Smoking in Bed'' ''(Los peligros de fumar en la cama)'' by [[Mariana Enríquez]], translated from Spanish by [[Megan McDowell]] (Granta Books)
* ''The Employees'' ''(De ansatte)'' by [[Olga Ravn]], translated from Danish by Martin Aitken (Lolli Editions)
* ''When We Cease to Understand the World'' ''(Un verdor terrible)'' by [[Benjamín Labatut]], translated from Spanish by Adrian Nathan West (Pushkin Press)
* ''In Memory of Memory'' ''(Памяти памяти)'' by [[Maria Stepanova (writer)|Maria Stepanova]], translated from Russian by [[Sasha Dugdale]] (Fitzcarraldo Editions)
* ''The War of the Poor'' ''(La Guerre des pauvres)'' by [[Éric Vuillard]], translated from French by Mark Polizzotti (Picador)
'''Longlist'''

* ''I Live in the Slums'' by [[Can Xue]], translated from Chinese by Karen Gernant & Chen Zeping (Yale University Press)
* ''The Pear Field'' ''(მსხლების მინდორი)'' by [[Nana Ekvtimishvili]], translated from Georgian by Elizabeth Heighway (Peirene Press)
* ''The Perfect Nine: The Epic Gikuyu and Mumbi'' ''(Kenda Mũiyũru: Rũgano rwa Gĩkũyũ na Mũmbi)'' by [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]], translated from Gikuyu by the author (Harvill Secker)
* ''Summer Brother'' ''(Zomervacht)'' by [[Jaap Robben]], translated from Dutch by David Doherty (World Editions)
* ''[[An Inventory of Losses]]'' ''(Verzeichnis einiger Verluste)'' by [[Judith Schalansky]], translated from German by Jackie Smith (MacLehose Press)
* ''Minor Detail'' ''(تفصيل ثانوي)'' by [[Adania Shibli]], translated from Arabic by [[Elisabeth Jaquette]] (Fitzcarraldo Editions)
* ''Wretchedness'' ''(Eländet)'' by [[Andrzej Tichý]], translated from Swedish by Nichola Smalley (And Other Stories)

=== 2022 ===
The 2022 prize will be judged by [[Frank Wynne]] (chair), [[Merve Emre]], [[Petina Gappah]], [[Mel Giedroyc]] and [[Jeremy Tiang]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2022 International Booker Prize: Judges Announced and Submissions Open {{!}} The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/news/2022-international-booker-prize-judges-announced-and-submissions-open|access-date=2021-07-24|website=thebookerprizes.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Booker Prize|Booker Prize for Fiction]]
*[[Man Asian Literary Prize]]
*[[National Book Award]]
*[[Prix Goncourt]]
*[[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]]
*[[Franz Kafka Prize]]
*[[List of literary awards]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://thebookerprizes.com/the-international-booker-prize Official website]

[[Category:2005 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2005]]
[[Category:International literary awards]]
[[Category:British fiction awards]]
[[Category:Translation awards]]
[[Category:Booker Prize|International]]
[[Category:English-language literary awards]]

International Booker Prize

2022-01-24T14:09:42Z

82.71.1.207:

{{short description|International literary award}}
{{for|the related prize given to an author writing in English|The Booker Prize}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox award
| name = International Booker Prize
| current_awards =
| image = Ismail_Kadare (portret).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Inaugural winner [[Ismail Kadare]]
| awarded_for = Best book in English or in English translation
| presenter = [[Booker Prize Foundation]]
| country = United Kingdom
| reward = £50,000
| year = {{start date and age|2005}}
| year2 =
| website = {{URL|https://thebookerprizes.com/the-international-booker-prize}}
}}
The '''International Booker Prize''' (formerly known as the '''Man Booker International Prize''') is an international [[literary award]] hosted in the [[United Kingdom]]. The introduction of the International Prize to complement the [[Man Booker Prize]] was announced in June 2004.<ref name="Debate">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4112179.stm|title=Readers debate world Booker prize|date=20 December 2004|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> Sponsored by the [[Man Group]], from 2005 until 2015 the award was given every two years to a living author of any nationality for a body of work published in English or generally available in English translation.<ref name="Times">{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article6371639.ece|title=Alice Munro announced as Man Booker International Prize winner|last=Crerar|first=Simon|date=27 May 2009|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> It rewarded one author's "continued creativity, development and overall contribution to fiction on the world stage",<ref name="Spark">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4277897.stm|title=Spark heads world Booker nominees|date=18 February 2005|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> and was a recognition of the writer's body of work rather than any one title.

Since 2016, the award has been given annually to a single book translated into English and published in the United Kingdom or Ireland, with a £50,000 prize for the winning title, shared equally between author and translator.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Booker Prizes |publisher=Booker Prize Foundation |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/}}</ref><ref name="shaffi">{{cite web |url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/man-booker-306625 |title='Reconfiguration' of Man Booker International Prize |work=The Bookseller |author=Sarah Shaffi |date=7 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2015}}</ref>

Crankstart, the [[charitable foundation]] of [[Michael Moritz|Sir Michael Moritz]] and his wife, Harriet Heyman began supporting The Booker Prizes on 1 June 2019. From this date, the prizes will be known as The Booker Prize and The International Booker Prize. Of their support for The Booker Prize Foundation and the prizes, Moritz commented: "Neither of us can imagine a day where we don’t spend time reading a book. The Booker Prizes are ways of spreading the word about the insights, discoveries, pleasures and joy that spring from great fiction".

==History==

===Pre-2016===
Whereas the Man Booker Prize was open only to writers from the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], Ireland, and Zimbabwe, the International Prize was open to all nationalities who had work available in English including translations.<ref name="Atwood">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6550001.stm|title=Atwood on World Booker shortlist|date=12 April 2007|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> The award was worth £60,000 and given every two years to a living author's entire body of literature, similar to the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]].<ref name="Spark"/> The Man Booker International Prize also allowed for a separate award for translation. If applicable, the winning author could choose their translators to receive a prize sum of £15,000.<ref name="Quit">{{cite news|first=Carmen|last=Callil|author-link=Carmen Callil|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/may/21/man-booker-international-carmen-callil|title=Why I quit the Man Booker International panel|date=21 May 2011|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=21 May 2011}}</ref>

The 2005 inaugural winner of the prize was Albanian writer [[Ismail Kadare]]. Praising its concerted judgement, the journalist Hephzibah Anderson noted that the Man Booker International Prize was "fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel".<ref>{{cite news|last=Anderson|first=Hephzibah|title=Alice Munro: The mistress of all she surveys|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/31/alice-munro-man-booker-prize-profile|access-date=28 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=31 May 2009}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
|- bgcolor="#505050"
!Year
!Author
!Country
!Translator
!Language

|-
| 2005
| [[Ismail Kadare]]
| Albania
| N/A
| Albanian
|-
| 2007
| [[Chinua Achebe]]
| Nigeria
| N/A
| English
|-
| 2009
| [[Alice Munro]]
| Canada
| N/A
| English
|-
| 2011
| [[Philip Roth]]
| USA
| N/A
| English
|-
| 2013
| [[Lydia Davis]]
| USA
| N/A
| English
|-
| 2015
| [[László Krasznahorkai]]
| Hungary
|[[George Szirtes]] and [[Ottilie Mulzet]]
| Hungarian
|-
|}

===2016 onwards===
In July 2015 it was announced that the [[Independent Foreign Fiction Prize|''Independent'' Foreign Fiction Prize]] would be disbanded.<ref name=shaffi/> The prize money from that award would be folded into the Man Booker International Prize, which would henceforth act similarly to the ''Independent'' prize: awarding an annual book of fiction translated into English, with the £50,000 prize split between author and translator.<ref name=orthofer>{{cite web |url=http://www.complete-review.com/saloon/archive/201507a.htm#rv1 |title=Man Booker Independent International Foreign Fiction Prize |work=[[complete review]] |author=Michael Orthofer |date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2015}}</ref> Each shortlisted author and translator receives £1,000. Its aim is to encourage publishing and reading of quality works in translation and to highlight the work of translators. Judges select a longlist of ten books in March, followed by a shortlist of five in April, with the winner announced in May.<ref>{{cite web|title=Evolution of the Man Booker International Prize announced {{!}} The Man Booker Prizes|url=http://themanbookerprize.com/resources/media/pressreleases/2015/07/07/evolution-man-booker-international-prize-announced|website=themanbookerprize.com|access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
|- bgcolor="#505050"
!Year
!Author
!Country
!Translator
!Country
!Work
!Language

|-
| 2016
| [[Han Kang]]
| South Korea
| [[Deborah Smith (translator)|Deborah Smith]]
| United Kingdom
| ''[[The Vegetarian]]'' ''(채식주의자)''
| Korean
|-
| 2017
| [[David Grossman]]
| Israel
| [[Jessica Cohen]]
| Israel/UK/US
| ''[[A Horse Walks Into a Bar]]'' ''(סוס אחד נכנס לבר‎)''
| Hebrew
|-
| 2018
| [[Olga Tokarczuk]]
| Poland
| [[Jennifer Croft]]
| United States
| ''[[Flights (novel)|Flights]]'' (''Bieguni'')
| Polish
|-
|2019
| [[Jokha al-Harthi]]
| Oman
| [[Marilyn Booth]]
| United States
| ''Celestial Bodies'' (''سـيّـدات الـقـمـر، روايـة'')
| Arabic
|-
|2020
| [[Marieke Lucas Rijneveld]]
| Netherlands
| [[Michele Hutchison]]
| United Kingdom
| ''[[The Discomfort of Evening]]'' (''De avond is ongemak'')
| Dutch
|-
|2021
| [[David Diop (novelist)|David Diop]]
| France
| [[Anna Moschovakis]]
| United States
| ''[[At Night All Blood Is Black]]'' (''Frère d'âme'')
| French
|-
|}

==Nominations==

===2005===
The inaugural Man Booker International Prize was judged by [[John Carey (critic)|John Carey]] (Chair), [[Alberto Manguel]] and [[Azar Nafisi]].<ref name="FirstB">{{cite news|date=2 June 2005|title=Albanian wins first world Booker|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4604409.stm|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> The nominees were announced on 2 June 2005 at [[Georgetown University]] in Washington, D.C.<ref name="Spark" /> Albanian novelist Ismail Kadare was named the inaugural International Prize winner in 2005.<ref name="FirstB" /> Head judge, Professor John Carey said Kadare is "a universal writer in the tradition of storytelling that goes back to Homer."<ref name="FirstB" /> Kadare said he was "deeply honoured" at being awarded the prize.<ref name="FirstB" /> Kadare was also able to select a translator to receive an additional prize of £15,000.<ref name="FirstB" /> The writer received his award in [[Edinburgh]] on 27 June.<ref name="FirstB" />
;Winner
*[[Ismail Kadare]]

;Nominees
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Margaret Atwood]] (Canada)
* [[Saul Bellow]] (US)
* [[Gabriel García Márquez]] (Colombia)
* [[Günter Grass]] (Germany)
* [[Ismail Kadare]] (Albania)
* [[Milan Kundera]] (Czech Republic)
{{col-break}}
* [[Stanisław Lem]] (Poland)
* [[Doris Lessing]] (UK)
* [[Ian McEwan]] (UK)
* [[Naguib Mahfouz]] (Egypt)
* [[Tomas Eloy Martinez]] (Argentina)
* [[Kenzaburō Ōe]] (Japan)
{{col-break}}
* [[Cynthia Ozick]] (US)
* [[Philip Roth]] (US)
* [[Muriel Spark]] (UK)
* [[Antonio Tabucchi]] (Italy)
* [[John Updike]] (US)
* [[A.B. Yehoshua]] (Israel)
{{col-end}}

===2007===
The 2007 prize was judged by [[Elaine Showalter]], [[Nadine Gordimer]] and [[Colm Tóibin]].<ref name="Atwood" /> The nominees for the second Man Booker International Prize were announced on 12 April 2007 at [[Massey College]] in Toronto.<ref name="Atwood" /> Nigerian author Chinua Achebe was awarded the International Prize for his literary career in 2007.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite news|date=13 June 2007|title=Nigeria author wins Booker honour|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6745609.stm|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> Judge Nadine Gordimer said Achebe was "the father of modern African literature" and that he was "integral" to world literature.<ref name="Nigeria" /> Achebe received his award on 28 June in [[Oxford]].<ref name="Nigeria" />
;Winner
* [[Chinua Achebe]]

;Nominees
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Chinua Achebe]] (Nigeria)
* [[Margaret Atwood]] (Canada)
* [[John Banville]] (Ireland)
* [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]] (Australia)
* [[Don DeLillo]] (US)
{{col-break}}
* [[Carlos Fuentes]] (Mexico)
* [[Doris Lessing]] (UK)
* [[Ian McEwan]] (UK)
* [[Harry Mulisch]] (Netherlands)
* [[Alice Munro]] (Canada)
{{col-break}}
* [[Michael Ondaatje]] (Sri Lanka/Canada)
* [[Amos Oz]] (Israel)
* [[Philip Roth]] (US)
* [[Salman Rushdie]] (India/UK)
* [[Michel Tournier]] (France)
{{col-end}}

===2009===
The 2009 prize was judged by [[Jane Smiley]] (Chair), [[Amit Chaudhuri]] and [[Andrey Kurkov]].<ref name="Munro">{{cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=27 May 2009|title=Alice Munro wins Man Booker International prize|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/27/alice-munro-man-booker-international-prize|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> The nominees for the third Man Booker International Prize were announced on 18 March 2009 at [[The New York Public Library]].<ref>{{cite news|date=18 March 2009|title=E.L. Doctorow Among Nominees For International Book Prize|work=[[Huffington Post]]|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/18/el-doctorow-among-nominee_n_176652.html|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> Canadian short story writer Munro was named the winner of the prize in 2009 for her lifetime body of work.<ref name="Munro" /> Judge Jane Smiley said picking a winner had been "a challenge", but Munro had won the panel over.<ref name="Munro" /> On Munro's work, Smiley said "Her work is practically perfect. Any writer has to gawk when reading her because her work is very subtle and precise. Her thoughtfulness about every subject is so concentrated."<ref name="Munro" /> Munro, who said she was "totally amazed and delighted" at her win, received the award at [[Trinity College, Dublin]] on 25 June.<ref name="Times" /><ref name="Munro" />
;Winner
* [[Alice Munro]]

;Nominees
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]] (Australia)
* [[Evan S. Connell]] (US)
* [[Mahasweta Devi]] (India)
* [[E. L. Doctorow]] (US)
* [[James Kelman]] (UK)<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/mar/18/booker-international-prize-shortlist "James Kelman is UK's hope for Man Booker international prize"] [[The Guardian]]. Accessed 22 October 2016</ref>
{{col-break}}
* [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] (Peru)
* [[Arnošt Lustig]] (Czech Republic)
* [[Alice Munro]] (Canada)
* [[V. S. Naipaul]] (Trinidad/UK)
* [[Joyce Carol Oates]] (US)
{{col-break}}
* [[Antonio Tabucchi]] (Italy)
* [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] (Kenya)<ref>[http://themanbookerprize.com/author/ngugi-wa-thiong%E2%80%99o "Ngugi Wa Thiong’o"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023061714/http://themanbookerprize.com/author/ngugi-wa-thiong%E2%80%99o |date=23 October 2016 }} Booker Prize Foundation. Accessed 22 October 2016</ref>
* [[Dubravka Ugrešić]] (Croatia)
* [[Lyudmila Ulitskaya]] (Russia)
{{col-end}}

===2011===
The 2011 prize was judged by [[Rick Gekoski]] (Chair), [[Carmen Callil]] (withdrew in protest over choice of winner) and [[Justin Cartwright]].<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Laura|date=19 May 2011|title=Feminist judge resigns after Philip Roth wins Man Booker International Prize|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booker-prize/8521557/Feminist-judge-resigns-after-Philip-Roth-wins-Man-Booker-International-Prize.html|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> The nominees for the fourth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 30 March 2011 at a ceremony in Sydney, Australia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lea|first=Richard|author2=Hill, Amelia|date=30 March 2011|title=Man Booker Prize: Shortlist unveiled for the 'Olympics of literature'|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/mar/30/man-booker-prize-nominees-announced|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> [[John le Carré]] asked to be removed from consideration, saying he was "flattered", but that he does not compete for literary prizes.<ref name="Cold">{{cite news|last=Ginnane|first=Virginia|date=30 March 2011|title=Le Carre cold on book prize nomination|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/le-carre-cold-on-book-prize-nomination-20110330-1cfmn.html|access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> However, judge Dr Rick Gekoski said although he was disappointed that le Carré wanted to withdraw, his name would remain on the list.<ref name="Cold" /> American novelist Roth was announced as the winner on 18 May 2011 at the Sydney Writers' Festival.<ref name="RothBBC">{{cite news|date=18 May 2011|title=Philip Roth wins the Man Booker International Prize|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13436735|access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref> Of his win, Roth said "This is a great honour and I'm delighted to receive it."<ref name="RothBBC" /> The writer said he hoped the prize would bring him to the attention of readers around the world who are not currently familiar with his body of work.<ref name="RothBBC" /> Roth received his award in London on 28 June; however, he was unable to attend in person due to ill health, so he sent a short video instead.<ref name="RothBBC" /><ref>{{cite news|date=29 June 2011|title=Philip Roth win divided panel, Man Booker judge admits|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13956612|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> After Roth was announced as the winner, Carmen Callil withdrew from the judging panel, saying "I don't rate him as a writer at all... in 20 years' time will anyone read him?" Callil later wrote an editorial in ''The Guardian'' explaining her position and why she chose to leave the panel.<ref name="Quit" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=18 May 2011|title=Judge withdraws over Philip Roth's Booker win|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/may/18/judge-quits-philip-roth-booker|access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref>
;Winner

*[[Philip Roth]]

;Nominees
{{col-start}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Wang Anyi]] (China)
* [[Juan Goytisolo]] (Spain)
* [[James Kelman]] (UK)
* [[John le Carré]] (UK)
* [[Amin Maalouf]] (Lebanon)
{{col-break}}
* [[David Malouf]] (Australia)
* [[Dacia Maraini]] (Italy)
* [[Rohinton Mistry]] (India/Canada)
* [[Philip Pullman]] (UK)
* [[Marilynne Robinson]] (US)
{{col-break}}
* [[Philip Roth]] (US)
* [[Su Tong]] (China)
* [[Anne Tyler]] (US)
{{col-end}}

===2013===
The 2013 prize was judged by [[Christopher Ricks]] (Chair), [[Elif Batuman]], [[Aminatta Forna]], [[Yiyun Li]] and [[Tim Parks]].<ref name="Lea">{{cite news|last=Lea|first=Richard|date=24 January 2013|title=Man Booker International prize 2013 reveals shortlist|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jan/24/man-booker-international-prize-2013-shortlist|access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> The nominees for the fifth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 24 January 2013.<ref name="Prize2013b">{{cite web|date=24 January 2013|title=Man Booker International Prize 2013 Finalists Announced|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/man-booker-international-prize-2013-finalists-announced|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924192855/http://themanbookerprize.com/news/man-booker-international-prize-2013-finalists-announced|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=26 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Marilynne Robinson was the only writer out of the ten nominees who had been nominated for the prize before.<ref name="Prize2013b" /> Lydia Davis, best known as a short story writer, was announced as the winner of the 2013 prize on 22 May at a ceremony at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in [[London]].<ref name="2013win" /> The official announcement of Davis' award on the Man Booker Prize website described her work as having "the brevity and precision of poetry." Judging panel chair [[Christopher Ricks]] commented that "There is vigilance to her stories, and great imaginative attention. Vigilance as how to realise things down to the very word or syllable; vigilance as to everybody's impure motives and illusions of feeling."<ref name="Prize2013">{{cite web|date=22 May 2013|title=Lydia Davis wins the Man Booker International Prize 2013|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/lydia-davis-wins-man-booker-international-prize-2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826185202/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/lydia-davis-wins-man-booker-international-prize-2013|archive-date=26 August 2014|access-date=2013-05-22|publisher=Man Brooker Prize}}</ref>
;Winner
*[[Lydia Davis]]<ref name="2013win">{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10074108/Man-Booker-International-Prize-2013-Lydia-Davis-wins.html | title=Man Booker International Prize 2013: Lydia Davis wins | work=The Daily Telegraph | date=22 May 2013 | access-date=2013-05-22 | author=Stock, Jon}}</ref>

;Nominees
* [[U R Ananthamurthy]] (India)
* [[Aharon Appelfeld]] (Israel)
* [[Lydia Davis]] (US)
* [[Intizar Hussain]] (Pakistan)
* [[Yan Lianke]] (China)

===2015===
The 2015 prize was judged by [[Marina Warner]] (Chair), [[Nadeem Aslam]], [[Elleke Boehmer]], Edwin Frank and [[Wen-chin Ouyang]].<ref name="2015mbip">{{cite web|date=March 24, 2015|title=The Man Booker International Prize 2015 Finalists' List Announced|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/man-booker-international-prize-2015-finalists%E2%80%99-list-announced|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090417/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/man-booker-international-prize-2015-finalists%E2%80%99-list-announced|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=March 24, 2015|publisher=The Man Booker Prizes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The nominees for the sixth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 24 March 2015.<ref name="2015mbip" /> László Krasznahorkai became the first author from [[Hungary]] to receive the Man Booker award. The prize was given to recognise his "achievement in fiction on the world stage". [[United Kingdom|British]] author [[Marina Warner]], who chaired the panel of judges that selected Krasznahorkai for the award, compared his writing to [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]] and [[Samuel Beckett|Beckett]]. Krasznahorkai's translators, [[George Szirtes]] and [[Ottilie Mulzet]], shared the £15,000 translators' prize.<ref name="visionary">{{cite news|date=19 May 2015|title=Man Booker International prize 2015 won by 'visionary' László Krasznahorkai|agency=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/19/man-international-booker-2015-laszlo-krasznahorkai|access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref>
;Winner
*[[László Krasznahorkai]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-32789001|title=Hungarian Laszlo Krasznahorkai wins Man Booker International Prize|date=May 20, 2015}}</ref>

;Nominees

* [[César Aira]] (Argentina)
* [[Hoda Barakat]] (Lebanon)
* [[Maryse Condé]] (Guadeloupe)
* [[Mia Couto]] (Mozambique)
* [[Amitav Ghosh]] (India)

===2016===
The 2016 prize was judged by [[Boyd Tonkin]] (Chair), [[Tahmima Anam]], [[David Bellos]], Daniel Medin and [[Ruth Padel]].<ref name="SCain">{{cite web|last=Cain|first=Sian|date=14 April 2016|title='Exhilarating' Man Booker International shortlist spans the world|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/14/orhan-pamuk-man-booker-internationalprize-2016-shortlist-elena-ferrante-yan-lianke|access-date=15 April 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The nominees for the seventh Man Booker International Prize were announced on 14 April 2016.<ref name="obs">{{cite web|last=Lusa|first=Agência|title=José Eduardo Agualusa entre os finalistas do Man Booker International Prize 2016|url=http://observador.pt/2016/04/14/jose-eduardo-agualusa-os-finalistas-do-man-booker-international-prize-2016/|access-date=14 April 2016|work=Observador|language=pt}}</ref> The six nominees were chosen from a longlist of thirteen.<ref name="SCain" /><ref>[http://themanbookerprize.com/resources/media/pressreleases/man-booker-international-prize-2016-longlist-announced The Man Booker International Prize 2016 Longlist Announced] Retrieved 15 April 2016.</ref> Han became the first Korean author to win the prize and, under the new format for 2016, Smith became the first translator to share the prize. British journalist [[Boyd Tonkin]], who chaired the judging panel, said that the decision was unanimous. He also said of the book "in a style both lyrical and lacerating, it reveals the impact of this great refusal both on the heroine herself and on those around her. This compact, exquisite and disturbing book will linger long in the minds, and maybe the dreams, of its readers."<ref>{{cite news|title=Han Kang's The Vegetarian wins Man Booker International Prize|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-36303604|access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref>
;Winner
*[[Han Kang]] (South Korea), [[Deborah Smith (translator)|Deborah Smith]] (translator), for ''[[The Vegetarian]]''

;Shortlist
*[[José Eduardo Agualusa]] (Angola), [[Daniel Hahn]] (translator), for ''[[A General Theory of Oblivion]]'' ''(Teoria Geral do Esquecimento)''
*[[Elena Ferrante]] (Italy), [[Ann Goldstein (translator)|Ann Goldstein]] (translator), for ''The Story of the Lost Child'' ''(Storia della bambina perduta)''
*[[Yan Lianke]] (China), [[Carlos Rojas (sinologist)|Carlos Rojas]] (translator), for ''The Four Books'' ''(四書)''
*[[Orhan Pamuk]] (Turkey), Ekin Oklap (translator), for ''[[A Strangeness in My Mind]]'' ''(Kafamda Bir Tuhaflık)''
*[[Robert Seethaler]] (Austria), [[Charlotte Collins]] (translator), for ''A Whole Life'' ''(Ein ganzes Leben)''

;Longlist
*[[Maylis de Kerangal]] (France), Jessica Moore (translator), for ''[[The Heart (novel)|Mend the Living]]'' ''(Réparer les vivants)''
*[[Eka Kurniawan]] (Indonesia), Labodalih Sembiring (translator), for ''Man Tiger'' ''(Lelaki Harimau)''
*[[Fiston Mwanza Mujila]] (Democratic Republic of Congo), [[Roland Glasser]] (translator), for ''Tram 83''
*[[Raduan Nassar]] (Brazil), Stefan Tobler (translator), for ''A Cup of Rage'' ''(Um Copo de Cólera)''
*[[Marie NDiaye]] (France), Jordan Stump (translator), for ''Ladivine''
*[[Kenzaburō Ōe]] (Japan), [[Deborah Boliver Boehm]] (translator), for ''[[Death by Water (novel)|Death by Water]]'' ''(水死)''
*[[Aki Ollikainen]] (Finland), Emily Jeremiah & Fleur Jeremiah (translator), for ''White Hunger'' ''(Nälkävuosi)''

===2017===
The 2017 prize was judged by Nick Barley (Chair), [[Daniel Hahn]], [[Helen Mort]], [[Elif Shafak]] and [[Chika Unigwe]]. The longlist for the eighth Man Booker International Prize was announced on 14 March 2017, and the shortlist on 20 April 2017. The winner was announced on 14 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Man Booker International Prize 2017 Longlist Announced|url=http://themanbookerprize.com/news/man-booker-international-prize-2017-longlist-announced|website=themanbookerprize.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Man Booker International Prize 2017 shortlist announced|url=http://themanbookerprize.com/news/man-booker-international-prize-2017-shortlist-announced|website=themanbookerprize.com|language=en}}</ref> Grossman became the first Israeli author to win the prize, sharing the £50,000 award with Cohen. Nick Barley, who is the director of the [[Edinburgh International Book Festival]], described the book as "an ambitious high-wire act of a novel [that] shines a spotlight on the effects of grief, without any hint of sentimentality. The central character is challenging and flawed, but completely compelling." The novel won over 126 other contenders.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 June 2017|title=Man Booker International Prize: David Grossman wins for stand-up comic novel|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-40286540|access-date=15 June 2017}}</ref>
;Winner
*[[David Grossman]] (Israel), [[Jessica Cohen]] (translator), for ''[[A Horse Walks Into a Bar]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/david-grossman-wins-man-booker-international-prize/article19053557.ece|title=David Grossman wins Man Booker International Prize|last=AP|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-20|language=en}}</ref>
;Shortlist
*[[Mathias Énard]] (France), [[Charlotte Mandell]] (translator), for ''Compass'' ''(Boussole)''
*[[Roy Jacobsen]] (Norway), Don Bartlett and Don Shaw (translators), for ''The Unseen'' ''(De usynlige)''
*[[Dorthe Nors]] (Denmark), Misha Hoekstra (translator), for ''Mirror, Shoulder, Signal'' ''(Spejl, skulder, blink)''
*[[Amos Oz]] (Israel), [[Nicholas de Lange]] (translator), for ''Judas'' ''(הבשורה על-פי יהודה)''
*[[Samanta Schweblin]] (Argentina), [[Megan McDowell]] (translator), for ''[[Fever Dream (Samanta Schweblin novel)|Fever Dream]]'' ''(Distancia de rescate)''

;Longlist
*[[Wioletta Greg]] (Poland), Eliza Marciniak (translator), for ''Swallowing Mercury'' ''(Guguly)''
*[[Stefan Hertmans]] (Belgium), David McKay (translator), for ''War and Turpentine'' ''(Oorlog en terpentijn)''
*[[Ismail Kadare]] (Albania), John Hodgson (translator), for ''[[The Traitor's Niche]]'' ''(Kamarja e turpit)''
*[[Jón Kalman Stefánsson]] (Iceland), Phil Roughton (translator), for ''Fish Have No Feet'' ''(Fiskarnir hafa enga fætur)''
*[[Yan Lianke]] (China), [[Carlos Rojas (sinologist)|Carlos Rojas]] (translator), for ''The Explosion Chronicles'' ''(炸裂志)''
*[[Alain Mabanckou]] (France), Helen Stevenson (translator), for ''Black Moses'' ''(Petit Piment)''
*[[Clemens Meyer]] (Germany), [[Katy Derbyshire]] (translator), for ''Bricks and Mortar'' ''(Im Stein)''

===2018===

The 2018 prize was judged by [[Lisa Appignanesi]], {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|list=OBE, FRSL}} (Chair), [[Michael Hofmann]], [[Hari Kunzru]], Tim Martin and [[Helen Oyeyemi]]. The longlist for the ninth Man Booker International Prize was announced on 12 March 2018. The shortlist of six books was announced on 12 April 2018 at an event at Somerset House in London. The winner was announced on 22 May 2018 at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London. Tokarczuk is the first [[Literature in Poland|Polish author]] to win the award,<ref>{{cite news|title=Man Booker International Prize: Olga Tokarczuk is first Polish winner|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44219438|access-date=May 24, 2018|agency=BBC News}}</ref> and shared the prize with Croft.<ref>{{cite news|title=Polish novelist Olga Tokarczuk wins Man Booker International Prize for translated novel 'Flights'|url=http://www.dw.com/en/polish-novelist-olga-tokarczuk-wins-man-booker-international-prize-for-translated-novel-flights/a-43887975|access-date=May 25, 2018|agency=DW.com}}</ref> [[Lisa Appignanesi]] described Tokarczuk as a "writer of wonderful wit, imagination, and literary panache."<ref>{{cite news|title=Olga Tokarczuk becomes first Polish winner of International Man Booker Prize|url=https://home.bt.com/news/showbiz-news/olga-tokarczuk-becomes-first-polish-winner-of-international-man-booker-prize-11364273590189|access-date=22 May 2018|publisher=BT|date=22 May 2018}}</ref>

;'''Winner'''

* [[Olga Tokarczuk]] (Poland), [[Jennifer Croft]] (translator), for ''[[Flights (novel)|Flights]]'' (Fitzcarraldo Editions (UK) Riverhead Books (USA))<ref>{{Cite news|title=Olga Tokarczuk of Poland Wins Man Booker International Prize|language=en|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/books/booker-international-winner-olga-tokarczuk.html|access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Flights by Olga Tokarczuk {{!}} PenguinRandomHouse.com|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/565058/flights-by-olga-tokarczuk/9780525534198/|access-date=2018-08-17|website=PenguinRandomhouse.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

;Shortlist

* [[Virginie Despentes]] (France), [[Frank Wynne]] (translator), for ''Vernon Subutex 1'' (MacLehose Press)
* [[Han Kang]] (South Korea), [[Deborah Smith (translator)]], for ''The White Book'' (Portobello Books) ''(흰)''
* [[László Krasznahorkai]] (Hungary), [[John Batki]], [[Ottilie Mulzet]] & [[George Szirtes]] (translators), for ''[[The World Goes On]]'' (Tuskar Rock Press) ''(Megy a világ)''
* [[Antonio Muñoz Molina]] (Spain), Camilo A. Ramirez (translator), for ''Like a Fading Shadow'' (Tuskar Rock Press) ''(Como la sombra que se va)''
* [[Ahmed Saadawi]] (Iraq), [[Jonathan Wright (translator)|Jonathan Wright]] (translator), for ''Frankenstein in Baghdad'' (Oneworld) ''(فرانكشتاين في بغداد)''

;Longlist
* [[Laurent Binet]] (France), Sam Taylor (translator) for ''The 7th Function of Language'' (Harvill Secker) ''(La Septième Fonction du langage)''
* [[Javier Cercas]] (Spain), [[Frank Wynne]] (translator), for ''The Impostor'' (MacLehose Press) ''(El impostor)''
* [[Jenny Erpenbeck]] (Germany), [[Susan Bernofsky]] (translator), for ''Go, Went, Gone'' (Portobello Books) ''(Gehen, ging, gegangen)''
* [[Ariana Harwicz]] (Argentina), Sarah Moses & Carolina Orloff (translators), for ''Die, My Love'' (Charco Press) ''(Matate, amor)''
* [[Christoph Ransmayr]] (Austria), Simon Pare (translator), for ''The Flying Mountain'' (Seagull Books) ''(Der fliegende Berg)''
* [[Wu Ming-Yi]] (Taiwan), Darryl Sterk (translator), for ''The Stolen Bicycle'' (Text Publishing) ''(單車失竊記)''
* [[Gabriela Ybarra]] (Spain), [[Natasha Wimmer]] (translator), for ''The Dinner Guest'' (Harvill Secker) ''(El comensal)''

=== 2019 ===

The 2019 prize was judged by [[Bettany Hughes]] (Chair), [[Maureen Freely]], [[Angie Hobbs]], [[Pankaj Mishra]] and [[Elnathan John]]. The longlist for the Man Booker International Prize was announced on 13 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/03/14/129770/man-booker-international-2019-longlist-announced/|title=Man Booker International 2019 longlist announced|date=2019-03-14|website=Books+Publishing|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref> The shortlist was announced on 9 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Man Booker International Prize 2019 shortlist announced |url=https://themanbookerprize.com/resources/media/pressreleases/man-booker-international-prize-2019-shortlist-announced |website=Man Booker International |access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> The winner was announced on 21 May 2019; [[Jokha al-Harthi|Jokha Alharthi]] is the first author writing in Arabic to have won the Man Booker International Prize.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Flood |first1=Allison |title=Man Booker International prize: Jokha Alharthi wins for Celestial Bodies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/21/man-booker-international-prize-jokha-alharthi-wins-celestial-bodies-oman |website=The Guardian |date=21 May 2019 |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref>

;Winner

* ''Celestial Bodies'' by [[Jokha al-Harthi|Jokha Alharthi]] (Oman), translated from the Arabic by [[Marilyn Booth]] (Sandstone Press)
;Shortlist

* ''The Years'' ''(Les Années)'' by [[Annie Ernaux]] (France), translated from the French by Alison L Strayer (Fitzcarraldo Editions)
* ''The Pine Islands'' ''(Die Kieferninseln)'' by [[Marion Poschmann]] (Germany), translated from the German by [[Jen Calleja]] (Serpent's Tail)
* ''[[Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead]]'' ''(Prowadź swój pług przez kości umarłych)'' by [[Olga Tokarczuk]] (Poland), translated from the Polish by [[Antonia Lloyd-Jones]] (Fitzcarraldo Editions)
* ''The Shape of the Ruins'' ''(La forma de las ruinas)'' by [[Juan Gabriel Vásquez]] (Colombia), translated from the Spanish by [[Anne McLean]] (MacLehose Press)
* ''The Remainder'' ''(La resta)'' by [[Alia Trabucco Zeran]] (Chile), translated from the Spanish by [[Sophie Hughes]] (And Other Stories)

;Longlist

* ''Love in the New Millennium'' ''(新世纪爱情故事)'' by [[Can Xue]] (China), translated from the Chinese by Annelise Finegan Wasmoen (Yale University Press)
* ''At Dusk'' ''(해질무렵)'' by [[Hwang Sok-yong]] (South Korea), translated from the Korean by Sora Kim-Russell (Scribe)
* ''Jokes for the Gunmen'' ''(نكات للمسلحين)'' by [[Mazen Maarouf]] (Palestine-Iceland), translated from the Arabic by [[Jonathan Wright (translator)|Jonathan Wright]] (Granta)
* ''Four Soldiers'' ''(Quatre Soldats)'' by [[Hubert Mingarelli]] (France), translated from the French by Sam Taylor (Portobello)
* ''Mouthful of Birds'' ''(Pájaros en la boca)'' by [[Samanta Schweblin]] (Argentina), translated from the Spanish by [[Megan McDowell]] (Oneworld)
* ''The Faculty of Dreams'' ''(Drömfakulteten)'' by [[Sara Stridsberg]] (Sweden), translated from the Swedish by Deborah Bragan-Turner (MacLehose Press)
* ''The Death of Murat Idrissi'' ''(De dood van Murat Idrissi)'' by [[Tommy Wieringa]] (The Netherlands), translated from the Dutch by [[Sam Garrett]] (Scribe)

=== 2020 ===

The 2020 prize was judged by Ted Hodgkinson (Chair), [[Jennifer Croft]], [[Valeria Luiselli]], [[Jeet Thayil]] and Lucie Campos.<ref>{{cite web |title=Judges announced for the 2020 International Booker Prize |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/news/judges-announced-2020-international-booker-prize |website=The Booker Prize}}</ref> The longlist for the prize was announced on 27 February 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 International Booker Prize Longlist Announced |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/news/2020-international-booker-prize-longlist-announced |website=The Booker Prizes |publisher=The Booker Prizes |access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref> The shortlist was announced 2 April 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/news/2020-international-booker-prize-shortlist-announced|title=The 2020 International Booker Prize Shortlist Announced|publisher=The Booker Prizes|date=1 April 2020}}</ref> The winner announcement was originally planned for 19 May 2020, however due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] it was postponed to 26 August 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Booker Prizes |title=The 2020 International Booker Prize Winner Announcement Postponed |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/news/2020-international-booker-prize-winner-announcement-postponed |publisher=Booker Prizes |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

;Winner

* ''[[The Discomfort of Evening]]'' by [[Marieke Lucas Rijneveld]] (the Netherlands), translated from the Dutch by [[Michele Hutchison]] (Faber & Faber)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The International Booker Prize 2020 {{!}} The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/2020|access-date=2020-08-26|website=thebookerprizes.com}}</ref>
;Shortlist
*''The Enlightenment of The Greengage Tree'' ''(اشراق درخت گوجه سبز)'' by [[Shokoofeh Azar]] (Iran), translated from the Persian by Anonymous (Europa Editions)
*''The Adventures of China Iron'' ''(Las aventuras de la China Iron)'' by [[Gabriela Cabezón Cámara]] (Argentina), translated from the Spanish by [[Iona Macintyre]] and [https://www.ed.ac.uk/profile/fiona-mackintosh Fiona Mackintosh] (Charco Press)
*''[[Tyll (novel)|Tyll]]'' by [[Daniel Kehlmann]] (Germany), translated from the German by [[Ross Benjamin]] (Quercus)
*''[[Hurricane Season (novel)|Hurricane Season]]'' ''(Temporada de huracanes)'' by [[Fernanda Melchor]] (Mexico), translated from the Spanish by [[Sophie Hughes]] (Fitzcarraldo Editions)
*''[[The Memory Police]]'' ''(密やかな結晶)'' by [[Yōko Ogawa]] (Japan), translated from the Japanese by [[Stephen Snyder]] (Harvill Secker)
;Longlist

* ''Red Dog'' ''(Buys: 'n grensroman)'' by [[Willem Anker]] (South Africa), translated from the Afrikaans by [[Michiel Heyns]] (Pushkin Press)
* ''The Other Name: Septology I – II'' ''(Det andre namnet – Septologien I – II)'' by [[Jon Fosse]] (Norway), translated from the Norwegian by [[Damion Searls]] (Fitzcarraldo Editions)
* ''The Eighth Life'' ''(Das achte Leben (Für Brilka))'' by [[Nino Haratischwili|Nino Haratischvili]] (Georgia/Germany), translated from the German by [[Charlotte Collins]] and [[Ruth Martin (translator)|Ruth Martin]] (Scribe UK)
* ''[[Serotonin (novel)|Serotonin]]'' ''(Sérotonine)'' by [[Michel Houellebecq]] (France), translated from the French by [[Shaun Whiteside]] (William Heinemann)
* ''Faces on the Tip of My Tongue'' ''(Un renard à mains nues)'' by [[Emmanuelle Pagano]] (France), translated from the French by [[Sophie Lewis]] and [[Jennifer Higgins]] (Peirene Press)
* ''Little Eyes'' ''(Kentukis)'' by [[Samanta Schweblin]] (Argentina), translated from the Spanish by [[Megan McDowell]] (Oneworld)
* ''Mac and His Problem'' ''(Mac y su contratiempo)'' by [[Enrique Vila-Matas]] (Spain), translated from the Spanish by [[Margaret Jull Costa]] and [[Sophie Hughes]] (Harvill Secker)

=== 2021 ===
The 2021 prize was judged by [[Lucy Hughes-Hallett]] (Chair), [[Aida Edemariam]], [[Neel Mukherjee (writer)|Neel Mukherjee]], [[Olivette Otele]] and [[George Szirtes]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 2021 International Booker Prize longlist announcement {{!}} The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/news/2021-international-booker-prize-longlist-announcement|access-date=2021-03-30|website=thebookerprizes.com}}</ref> The longlist was announced on 30 March 2021, the shortlist on 22 April, and the winning author and translator on 2 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 June 2020|title=The 2021 International Booker Prize Winner announcement {{!}} The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/news/2021-international-booker-prize-winner-announcement|url-status=live|access-date=2 June 2021|website=The Booker Prizes}}</ref>

'''Winner'''

''[[At Night All Blood Is Black]]'' by [[David Diop (novelist)|David Diop]], translated from French by [[Anna Moschovakis]] (Pushkin Press)

'''Shortlist'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Booker Prize Shortlist|date=22 April 2021|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/apr/22/international-booker-prize-shortlist-led-by-books-pushing-the-boundaries-of-fiction|url-status=live}}</ref>

* ''The Dangers of Smoking in Bed'' ''(Los peligros de fumar en la cama)'' by [[Mariana Enríquez]], translated from Spanish by [[Megan McDowell]] (Granta Books)
* ''The Employees'' ''(De ansatte)'' by [[Olga Ravn]], translated from Danish by Martin Aitken (Lolli Editions)
* ''When We Cease to Understand the World'' ''(Un verdor terrible)'' by [[Benjamín Labatut]], translated from Spanish by Adrian Nathan West (Pushkin Press)
* ''In Memory of Memory'' ''(Памяти памяти)'' by [[Maria Stepanova (writer)|Maria Stepanova]], translated from Russian by [[Sasha Dugdale]] (Fitzcarraldo Editions)
* ''The War of the Poor'' ''(La Guerre des pauvres)'' by [[Éric Vuillard]], translated from French by Mark Polizzotti (Picador)
'''Longlist'''

* ''I Live in the Slums'' by [[Can Xue]], translated from Chinese by Karen Gernant & Chen Zeping (Yale University Press)
* ''The Pear Field'' ''(მსხლების მინდორი)'' by [[Nana Ekvtimishvili]], translated from Georgian by Elizabeth Heighway (Peirene Press)
* ''The Perfect Nine: The Epic Gikuyu and Mumbi'' ''(Kenda Mũiyũru: Rũgano rwa Gĩkũyũ na Mũmbi)'' by [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]], translated from Gikuyu by the author (Harvill Secker)
* ''Summer Brother'' ''(Zomervacht)'' by [[Jaap Robben]], translated from Dutch by David Doherty (World Editions)
* ''[[An Inventory of Losses]]'' ''(Verzeichnis einiger Verluste)'' by [[Judith Schalansky]], translated from German by Jackie Smith (MacLehose Press)
* ''Minor Detail'' ''(تفصيل ثانوي)'' by [[Adania Shibli]], translated from Arabic by [[Elisabeth Jaquette]] (Fitzcarraldo Editions)
* ''Wretchedness'' ''(Eländet)'' by [[Andrzej Tichý]], translated from Swedish by Nichola Smalley (And Other Stories)

=== 2022 ===
The 2022 prize will be judged by [[Frank Wynne]] (chair), [[Merve Emre]], [[Petina Gappah]], [[Mel Giedroyc]] and [[Jeremy Tiang]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2022 International Booker Prize: Judges Announced and Submissions Open {{!}} The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/international-booker/news/2022-international-booker-prize-judges-announced-and-submissions-open|access-date=2021-07-24|website=thebookerprizes.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Booker Prize|Man Booker Prize for Fiction]]
*[[Man Asian Literary Prize]]
*[[National Book Award]]
*[[Prix Goncourt]]
*[[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]]
*[[Franz Kafka Prize]]
*[[List of literary awards]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://thebookerprizes.com/the-international-booker-prize Official website]

[[Category:2005 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2005]]
[[Category:International literary awards]]
[[Category:British fiction awards]]
[[Category:Translation awards]]
[[Category:Booker Prize|International]]
[[Category:English-language literary awards]]